Post on 08-May-2023
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Seminaire-El-Jadida
Le réseau des INSA
INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES DE LYON - FRANCE http://www.insa-lyon.fr
RouenRouenCréation : 1985
1 500 élèves
LyonLyonCréation : 1957
5 400 élèves
ToulouseToulouseCréation : 19632 500 élèves
StrasbourgStrasbourgCréation : 20031 440 élèves
RennesRennesCréation :
19661 600 élèves
3
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Seminaire-El-Jadida
L’INSA de Lyon : une école d’excellence
INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES DE LYON - FRANCE http://www.insa-lyon.fr
En 2008, l'INSA de Lyon a fêté la sortie de sa 47ème promotion,47ème promotion, soit plus de 31 000 ingénieurs31 000 ingénieurs diplômés de l'INSA de Lyon.
4
LGEF
Seminaire-El-JadidaINSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES DE LYON - FRANCE http://www.insa-lyon.fr
Formation d’ingénieurs en 5 ans
• • Une formation Une formation pluricompétence pluricompétence intégrant Science et intégrant Science et Technologie, Technologie, Art et Culture, ManagementArt et Culture, Management- un département des Humanités
- des sections Arts-Etudes (musique, danse, théâtre, arts-plastiques),
- une filière “Ingénieur-Entreprendre”
- une section Sport de Haut Niveau,- une vie associative intense
Sara El Bekri
Unique représentante du Maroc aux épreuves de natation
5
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Seminaire-El-Jadida
Formation d’ingénieurs en 5 ans
BACCALAURÉAT BACCALAURÉAT SCIENTIFIQUESCIENTIFIQUE
PREMIER CYCLE 2 ANSFILIÈRES INTERNATIONALES, SCAN
FILIÈRE FAS, FILIÈRE SPORT DE HAUT NIVEAU ET SECTIONS ARTS-ETUDES
SECOND CYCLE INGÉNIEUR3 ANS
DIPLÔME D ’INGÉNIEUR
12
34
5
DUT,DEUG, MATH SPE BTS
DUT+3 Maîtrise ou équivalent
DOCTORAT
VIE PROFESSIONNELLE
- Biochimie et Biotechnologies - Bioinformatique et Modélisation - Génie Civil et Urbanisme - Génie Electrique - Génie Energétique et Environnement - Génie Industriel - Génie Mécanique Conception - Génie Mécanique Développement - Génie Mécanique Procédés Plasturgie - Informatique - Science et Génie des Matériaux- Télécommunications, Services & Usages
12 FILIÈRES DE FORMATION12 FILIÈRES DE FORMATION
Master Recherche
Master Recherche 2ème année
INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES DE LYON - FRANCE http://www.insa-lyon.fr
6
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Une politique internationale volontariste
• 78% des élèves d’une promotion effectue un stage significatif à l’international.
• Plus de 220 universités220 universités partenaires dans le monde
• • AccueilAccueil croissant d'étudiants étrangers : - 72 nationalités - 28% d'étudiants étrangers accueillis
INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES DE LYON - FRANCE http://www.insa-lyon.fr
• • Filières internationales Filières internationales en 1er cycle:en 1er cycle: EURINSA, ASINSA, AMERINSA, SCAN
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Un grand centre de recherche et
de développement socio économique
- 1 500 publications et communications internationales.
- 130 thèses soutenues par an
23 laboratoires de recherche23 laboratoires de recherche- 515 enseignants-chercheurs et chercheurs
- 560 doctorants
- 250 étudiants en Master Recherche 2ème année dont une centaine d’élèves-ingénieurs. Stage de recherche en laboratoire de 4 à 6 mois.
- 15 brevets
INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES DE LYON - FRANCE http://www.insa-lyon.fr
8
LGEF
Seminaire-El-JadidaINSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES DE LYON - FRANCE http://www.insa-lyon.fr
Une recherche technologique centrée Une recherche technologique centrée sur les sciences pour l’ingénieur :sur les sciences pour l’ingénieur :
Un grand centre de recherche et
de développement socio économique
• • Matériaux :Matériaux : Matériaux de Fonction, Matériaux de Structures, Génie Civil, Métaux, Céramiques, Polymères.
• • Mécanique :Mécanique : Mécanique des Solides, Mécanique des Structures, Tribologie, Acoustique et Vibrations.
• • Environnement et Energie :Environnement et Energie : Sécurité des Systèmes, Procédés Propres, Déchets et Assainissement, Thermique, Ingénierie Urbaine, Management, Philosophie des Techniques et Epistémologie.
• • Sciences et Technologie de l’Information Sciences et Technologie de l’Information et de la Communication :et de la Communication : Composants et Systèmes Electroniques, Informatique, Robotique, Micro et Nano-Technologies, Télécommunications, Traitement de l’Information.• • Biologie et Santé :Biologie et Santé : Ingénierie de la Santé, Biotechnologie, Biochimie et Pharmacologie, Biologie des Intéractions, Synthèse de Biomolécules, Ethique.
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Seminaire-El-Jadida
L'INSA de LYON est une grande école d'ingénieurs française en 5 ans, pluridsiciplinaire et internationale au coeur de l'espace européen de l'enseignement supérieur.
PALMARES -1ère école d'ingénieurs en 5 ans - Le Point - 01/2004- Classée 8ème école d'ingénieurs Française - Nouvel
Economiste - 02/2004- 2ème Ecole d'Ingénieur en recherche et Développement avec
un CA de 15,3 millions d'euros - Industries et Technologie - 11/2003
- 1er établissement français et 4ème établissement européen (hors universités) pour le flux annuel d'étudiants d'échanges - Bureau Socrates de Bruxelles - 2002
CHIFFRES CLES- 516 enseignants chercheurs- 505 Ingénieurs, Administratifs et Ouvriers de Service- 900 diplômés par an- 10 départements de spécialité- 27 laboratoires- 1050 contrats industriels pour un CA de 15,3 M d'euros- 23% d'étudiants étrangers- 75% des élèves d'une promotion font un séjour à
l'étranger
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Systèmes auto-alimentés et sans fil: Recupération d’energie avec des matériaux ferroélectriques
Daniel GuyomarDaniel Guyomar
LGEF, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France Email : daniel.guyomar@insa-lyon.fr
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Introduction to self-powered wireless systems
Introduction to ferroelectric materials (piezo/pyro electric)
Non-linear processing principle for energy conversion improvement
Applications to:* Self-powered semi-active vibration control* Energy harvesting* On vibrations* On temperature fluctuations
Conclusions
Outline
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Introduction to self-powered wireless systems
Introduction to ferroelectric materials (piezo/pyro electric)
Non-linear processing principle for energy conversion improvement
Applications to:* Self-powered semi-active vibration control* Energy harvesting* On vibrations* On temperature fluctuations
Conclusions
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
What is a smart system?Self powering and wireless data
transfer
RF receiver
Micro-controller+Actuator
High power supply 230V/50 Hz
Energy harvester (smart
material)
Energy management
Sensor+processi
ng
RF Transmitter
Ambient energy (solar, vibration, heat…)
EM waves
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Advantages of self-powered (battery-less) wireless systems1) Ecological benefit (no batteries disposal/ reduction of
chemical pollution)2) High industrial reliability (no wiring, no plugging)3) Cost reduction (no wiring, no plugging)4) Maintenance free5) No connection to external power supply
Two main favorable trends: 1) Electronic component consumption has drastically
decreased lately (cell phone effect)2) Energy harvester performances have been significantly increased
Self-powered wireless systems (sensors network powering , intelligent switch, structural health monitoring,…)
To increase self-powered systems performances Need to increase the harvested energy Need to improve the mechanical to electrical energy conversion in the piezoelectric material Non-linear processing of the output voltage
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Exemples de systèmes intelligents
Capteur
Émetteur RF
récupération de l’énergie vibratoire ambiante
Structure
Applications:TempératurePressionContrôle de santé
Amortissement vibratoire
Structure
Dispositif électromécanique autoalimenté assurant l’amortissement vibratoire de la structure
Récupération d’énergie
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Emetteur RF (<1mW)
Amortissement vibratoire
Récupération d’énergie
Raquette et ski Head ®
Autres exemples
Réseau de capteurs sans fil
Interrupteur sans fil Enocean ®
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Introduction to self-powered wireless systems
Introduction to ferroelectric materials (piezo/pyro electric)
Non-linear processing principle for energy conversion improvement
Applications to:* Self-powered semi-active vibration control* Energy harvesting* On vibrations* On temperature fluctuations
Conclusions
19
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Cham
p ap
pliqué
(V/m
m)
Champ appliqué en volts/mm
20
LGEF
Seminaire-El-JadidaDonne la valeur de la permitivité autour de E=0 (epsilon)
Polarisation en fonction du champ appliqué
Zone linéarisation autour de la polarisation remanente
Les ferroelectriques présentent une polarisation non nulle (rémanente) à champ nul
P(E) 0,1Hz
-4,00E-01
-3,00E-01
-2,00E-01
-1,00E-01
0,00E+00
1,00E-01
2,00E-01
3,00E-01
4,00E-01
-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Electric field (V/mm)
Pola
riza
tion
(C/
m²)
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Déformation en fonction de la polarisation
Zone linéarisation
Donne la valeur de la déformation à contrainte nulle (g)
La deformation est electrostrictive (paire avec la polarisation) comme une majorité de dielectriques. Dans un piezo,elle serait lineaire avec la polarisationPMN-40PT ceramic 0,1Hz
-0,15
-0,10
-0,05
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
-4,00E-01 -3,00E-01 -2,00E-01 -1,00E-01 0,00E+00 1,00E-01 2,00E-01 3,00E-01 4,00E-01
Polarization (C/m²)
Stra
in (
%)
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Déformation en fonction du champ appliqué
Zone linéarisation
Donne la déformation en fonction du champ à contrainte nulle(d)
S(E) 0,1Hz
-0,15
-0,10
-0,05
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Electric field (V/mm)
Stra
in (
%)
En combinant P(E) et S(P), on obtient le cycle S(E)
Tout se passe comme si le materiau était piezoelectrique mais avec un fort couplage
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
A partir de ces linéarisations, on trouve
La raideur du materiau varie en fonction de l’impedance aux bornes La capacité du matériau varie en fonction de l’état de contrainte
On voit que l’on peut créer:- une déformation à contrainte nulle!!- une contrainte à déformation nulle!!- un champ électrique à induction nulle!!- une induction (des charges) à champ nul!!
Cette propriété, un peu surprenante, est liée au couplagemultiphysique entre les phénomènes électriques et les phénomènes mécaniques
Equations mécaniques EeScT tE
DhScT tD
Equations électriques eSED S
hSDE S
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Seminaire-El-Jadida
What’s “Piezoelectric Effect”CONVERSE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
IgniterMicrophonePressure Sensor
DIRECT PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
ClockSpeakerActuator
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
X 3
Polarisation en fonction de la températureZone
linéaire
Donne la polar en fonction de la température (effet pyro=p)
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Polarisation en fonction de la température pour différents champs
Champ E croissant
Zone linéarisation
Point de Curie125°C
Coefficient pyro (p) pour différents champs
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Si on veut recupérer de l’énergie avec un système “solid-state”, il faut un matériau qui convertisse très efficacement l’énergie ambiante. Autrement dit un materiau à très fort couplage energétique
Par exemple* un bon matériau piezoélectrique pour convertir l’énergie vibratoire* un bon matériau pyroélectrique pour convertir l’energie liée aux fluctuations de température
Les matériaux ferroelectriques remplissent ces deux fonctions. Le couplage dans ces matériaux peut être augmenter en jouant sur la structure physico-chimique mais il semble que nous ayons atteint un palier…
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Can the mechanical to electrical energy conversion in a piezomaterial be improved by shaping out the output piezo-voltage? …..Can be done but requires a non-linear voltage processing!
The energy conversion is an important issue since most of the structures are poorly coupled (Piezo-element bonded on a mechanical structure)
Need to increase the coupling for most applications but mainly for energy harvesting and Self-powered wireless systems (the energy source being low, a good conversion is needed to harvest a useable energy)
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LGEF
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Introduction to self-powered wireless systems
Introduction to ferroelectric materials (piezo/pyro electric)
Non-linear processing principle for energy conversion improvement
Applications to:* Self-powered semi-active vibration control* Energy harvesting* On vibrations* On temperature fluctuations
Conclusions
30
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
t
V2(t)u(t)
Very short Switching time
t
V(t)
V1(t)
Voltage V(t) = V1(t) +V2(t)V1(t) = Image of the strain (open-circuit voltage)V2(t) = Piecewise function proportionnal to
• Switching generates a dry friction force on the system• frequency independant works in low frequency regime
V2(t)V1(t)
t
V(t)=Switched voltage
t
)(usign When switching occurs at max or min
Non-linear processing principleCantilever beam
Piezo-element
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
t
t
VM
tIQMeV 2
Voltage Voltage
Current
0
Mechanical period
Switching time
First stage of the electrical ringing
The voltage inversion is done with a coil
To avoid the voltage ringing, the switch is opened when the current vanishes.
This resonant frequency is purely electric. There is no tuning on the mechanical resonance!.
The resonant frequency being high, the inductance value is small and….the coil is not buckly even for low mechanical resonances!
Non-linear processing principle
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2TIM E IN SECO NDS
PIEZ
O VOL
T. O
R DI
SPL.in
mm
DISPL.
OPENVO LTAG E
SSDS VOLT.
SSDI VO LT.
Piezoelectric elem ents
T1
T2 D2 D1
Switch control Voltage
monitoring
Dual M OSFET switch
Switching inductor
L
C o
Energy is required only for driving the transistors and for the switch control. Low energy requirements, the system can be easily self-powered
Non-linear processing principle
The switching results in a voltage magnification (better energy conversion) and a voltage shift in the time domain.
If the frequency of the vibration changes, switching will occur on the new max and min, The technique is insensitive to frequency drifts (variation of the BC, environmental changes). Broadband system, no tuning needed
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Displacement U
Switched voltage V
No contro
l
SSDS
SSDI-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2TIM E IN SECONDS
PIEZ
O V
OLT. O
R DI
SPL.in
mm
Voltage time waveforms
du.V. Area of the cycle= Converted energy
Unlike viscous forces, the shape of the cycle does not depend on the frequency Converted energy is independant of the frequency
Non-linear processing principle
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Energy balance derived from dynamic equation
Input energy Mechanical energies Mechanical losses Converted energy
Maximize
2 EF udt Muudt K udt Cu dt Vudt
convW Vudt
Optimization of converted energy How to shape the function versus ?
()u t()V t
Converted energy Electrostatic Energy
stored on the piezo itself
Extracted energyLosses in the
coilEnergy stored in
the storage capacitance
VIdtVCdtuVWconv2
021
Non-linear processing principle
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Dissipated energy
(viscous)21
02SE Vudt C V VIdt
Coupled energy Electrostatic energy
Extracted energy
No losses during the switch ( Resonant system driven by a pulsed force)
Fast conversion of the energyMechanical energy converted in electrical energy
Non-linear processing principle
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1V(t)u(t) Supplied energy
Mechanical energy
Electrostatic energy
Extracted energy
Time Time
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
V(t)
Slower energy conversion Vibration damping 10 times higher than the tuned resistance (purely passive approach)Mechanical energy Electrostatic energy Losses during the voltage inversion
Real case: Losses during the switch
=0.85
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 u(t)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Non-linear processing principle
Supplied energy
Mechanical energy
Extracted energy
Electrostatic energy
Dissipated energy (viscous)
Time Time
37
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Introduction to self-powered wireless systems
Introduction to ferroelectric materials (piezo/pyro electric)
Non-linear processing principle for energy conversion improvement
Applications to:* Self-powered semi-active vibration control* Energy harvesting* On vibrations* On temperature fluctuations
Conclusions
38
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Semi-active vibration control
2
14 11 1
SSDI
m
Ak Q
2 0.0092200 21dB
0.7m SSDI
kQ A
52 54 56 58 600
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
52 54 56 58 600
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Without control SSDITheoretic
alExperimental
F [Hz]
single mode and narrowband driving
coeffinversion
Unlike inductive passive damping, no tuning is needed The system is fully adaptative
Semi-active+self-powered system looks like purely passive device with increased damping performances
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Switching Strategy for multi-modal broadband systems
V
How to shape versus ?
What is best : Switching on all max (min)or Switching on specific ones ?
t
t
V???
Semi-active vibration control
Time
Displacement
21 k
N
kVdtuV
Vu
N high|Vk| low
N low|Vk| high
switch theduring jump voltage switch, ofnumber kVN
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Switching strategy
for broadband signals
Find the optimal switching sequence that maximizes
Need for a fast estimation of the time signal peak distribution to select the interesting maxima (highest peaks)
Can be done by computing a short term Probability Density Function of the voltage or displacement signals
2
1
N
kk
V
PSW 1
v²
FV² (v²)
2minv
22 2 2
VF v P V v
Switching condition:If the voltage reaches a amplitude greater than vmin , the switch occurs on the next maxima
2 2min
0dVdt
V v
Voltage Threshold
Semi-active vibration control
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W ithout Control
voltage inversion at each extremum
Probabilistic approach PSW=0.1
Normalized strain Piezovoltage [V]
t [s]
t [s]
t [s] 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 -1
-0.5
0 0.5
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 -50
-25
0 25
50
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 -1
-0.5
0 0.5
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 -100
-50
0 50
100
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 -1
-0.5
0 0.5
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 -200
-100
0 100
200
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
W ithout Control
voltage inversion at each extremum
t [s]
t [s]
t [s]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm] Probabilistic approach PSW=0.1
Strain and voltage Free end beam displacement
Control Law AEdB Quadratic displacement mean value
AudB Energy criterion
Switch on each extremum
-4.89 dB -3.81 dB
Probabilistic – PSW=0.1
-6.50 dB -7.67 dB
Semi-active vibration control: pulsed signal
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida42
W ithout Control
voltage inversion at each extremum
Probabilistic approach
Normalized strain Piezovoltage [V]
t [s]
t [s]
t [s] 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 -1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 -10
-5
0
5
10
1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 -1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 -10
-5
0
5
10
1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 -1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 -20
-10
0
10
20
1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
voltage inversion at each extremum
Probabilistic approach
t [s]
t [s]
t [s]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
W ithout Control
Strain and voltage Beam free end displacement
White noise excitation – Vibration control simulation results (1)
The same random sequence was played in all cases
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
t [s]
[V]
14.9 14.92 14.94 14.96 14.98 15
Probabilist approach[V]
14.9 14.92 14.94 14.96 14.98 15-10
-5
0
5
10
Open-circuit voltage [V]
14.9 14.92 14.94 14.96 14.98 15-10
-5
0
5
10
Switching on all max/min
-10
-5
0
5
10
t [s]
t [s]
-15.6-4.1 0
[dB]
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-70
-60
-50-40
-30-20-10
0
Open circuit voltage
-8.0 -10.5-21.8
[dB]
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-70
-60-50-40
-30-20-10
0
Switching on all max/min
-12.6 -16.2 -19.2
[dB]
f [Hz]0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-70
-60-50-40
-30-20-100
Probabilist approach
Time waveforms
Displacement waveform spectrum
Voltage time waveforms
Semi-active vibration control: white noise signal
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Seminaire-El-Jadida
Energy requirements for self powering are compatible with the energy that could be harvestedA specific DSP component is under development
Advantage of the statistical moments approach: good result and robust easy to implement (few computation steps…low energy required)
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
tim e (s)
velo
city
(m/s)
with control
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
tim e (s)
velo
city
(m/s)
without control
Experimental results for a beam driven by a random signal
Beam tip velocity
With control
No control
Same time sequence
Semi-active vibration control: statistical approach
)()( uSTDumeanEstimator
Energy requirements for probability approach are too high
Simplified approach based on statistical moments (mean,STD..)
8 dB
45
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Introduction to self-powered wireless systems
Introduction to ferroelectric materials (piezo/pyro electric)
Non-linear processing principle for energy conversion improvement
Applications to:* Self-powered semi-active vibration control* Energy harvesting* On vibrations* On temperature fluctuations
Conclusions
46
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Load
structure
piezoelement
I
Rectifier circuit
StorageSSHI
structure
piezoelement
I
SSHI Load
AC
DC
Derived from Synchronized Switched Damping (SSD) technique
Energy harvesting on vibrations
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Standard approach (fixed displacement)V,VDC,u
I
t
t
2max 21
eEkPk
Optimal resistance
Max harvested power
opt02R
C
102 103 104 105 106 107 1080
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1P
Harvested power versus the load R
Energy cycle
R
V
u-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
I
rectifier
Storage capacitance
V
VDC
load
structure
Piezo-element
R
Energy harvesting on vibrations
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
SSHI approach (fixed displacement)
t
t
V,VDC,u
I,IS
2
max 2211
eEkPk
Optimal resistance
Max harvested power
opt0 1
RC
load
structure
Piezo-element
rectifier Storage capacitanceSSHI
V
VDC
I
IS
R
Energy harvesting on vibrations
102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 10100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
P in mW
R-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.20 0.20.40.60.81
-10-8-6-4-20246810
Energy cycle V
u
Harvested power versus the load R
Factor of 10
49
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida x 4
ElectromagnetDisplacementsensor
Cantileverbeam
Piezo
PARAMETERGenerator using PMN-0,25PT
material
CERAMIC SINGLE CRYSTAL
Short circuit res. Freq. f0 (Hz)Open circuit res. Freq. f1 (Hz)Open circuit damping coef. (10-3)Mech. Quality factor QmC0 (pF)k coupling coef.
936,4938,41,752006460,065
883,7918,11,7820012000,271
Piezoelectric element:10 x 7 x 1 mm3
40 mm
7 mmThickness 1.5 mm
Steel beam
Piezo-element
x 4
Influence of material PMN-PTceramic/ PMN-PTsingle
crystal
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Standard
Parallel SSHI
Ceramic Single crystal25 µW
180 µW
490 µW
4.0 mW
Displacement amplitude: 150 µm
Factor x 20
Factor x 8
Performance comparison
Overall gain=160 !Influence of material: Factor 20
(coupling coefficient)Influence of harvesting strategy: Factor 8
51
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
V(t)
u(t)
Vrect(t)
W(t)
u(t)
Vrect(t)
V(t)
W(t)
Pulsed power response (experimental)
SSH Control DC
Without control DC
SSH control DC
Ratio
Harvested Energy
5.6mJ 7.6mJ 1.35
Harvesting time 6s 2s 0.33Max power 3mW 9mW 3
Standard DC
For pulsed vibrations (finite energy), the transfer from mechanical to electrical energy damps the signal and limits the conversion
52
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Introduction to self-powered wireless systems
Introduction to ferroelectric materials (piezo/pyro electric)
Non-linear processing principle for energy conversion improvement
Applications to:* Self-powered semi-active vibration control* Energy harvesting* On vibrations* On temperature fluctuations
Conclusions
53
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
The principles of standard and SSHI energy harvesting techniques remain the same for piezo and pyro harvester
It means that the switching approach can be applied directly for harvesting on temperature Standard technique:
Parallel SSHI M
AlpW 22
maxpyrostand
MAlpW 22
maxpyroSSHI2
Gain of 6 for =0.7
Energy harvesting on temperature variations
:Voltage inversion coefficient
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Experimental validation
Drier command
SSHI harvesting circuit
PVDF films Drier
Gain of 5.65
0 20 40 60 80 1000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
V DC
Harv
ested
Energy
per c
ycle (
J)
Theoretical standardExperimental standardTheoretical SSHIExperimental SSHI
Frequency=0.5HzTemp varia=1.27 K
Power=0.5mW
55
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Introduction to self-powered wireless systems
Introduction to ferroelectric materials (piezo/pyro electric)
Non-linear processing principle for energy conversion improvement
Applications to:* Self-powered semi-active vibration control* Energy harvesting* On vibrations* On temperature fluctuations
Conclusions
56
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Energy conversion improvement can be done using a non-linear approachEasy to integrate (no bulky electronics, electronic patch bonded on the piezo)Self adaptative (no resonance shift influence), no tuning neededPossible extension or the approach to other coupled systems (thermoelectric..)
Conclusion
Semi-passive vibration controlLeads to damping performances between purely passive and active controlSelf-powered/ adaptative/ broadbandNo needs for bulky amplifier or fast computer (no heavy computation involved)
Energy Harvesting on temperature variationsHarvested energy X 6 (based on SSHI approach)Energy is high but power remains low due to the slowness of thermal processes
Energy Harvesting on vibrationsHarvested energy X 10For a sismic harvester, the harvested energy in around 3mW/ Cubic centimeter/ 1gHarvested energy can be independant of electric load (the gain drops to 5)Efficient in the pulsed regime
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Self-powered structural Health monitoringSelf-powered structural Health monitoringPrinciple: The energy harvested on the bending modes is used to generate HF Lamb waves to monitor the structureThe structure is instrumented with a array of combined elements (US emitter/energy harvesters/ RF emitter)Once the harvested energy is high enough, a RF code is sent to let the receiver know which emitter is going to launch a Lamb wave. The receiver/ energy harvester makes a low energy consuming processing that monitors the waveform evolution between two successive shots. If the difference between two shots is higher than a threshold, a RF code is sent to a central unit (warning code)
Lamb wave Lamb wave receiver and receiver and energyenergy harvesterharvester
Autonomous Wireless Transmitter and Autonomous Wireless Transmitter and Energy HarvesterEnergy Harvester
ROUTEUR
Or
CENTRAL UNIT
RF link
Instrumented Structure
Instrumented Structure
Lamb wave
RF linkRF link
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Structural Health monitoring/ Structural Health monitoring/ Experimental set-up
Voltage and Energy requirement V= 2V to 8V E 5mJ
2 main functions driven by a PIC IDN code RF emission Lamb Wave emission
Structure of the self-powered Autonomous Wireless Transmitter (AWT)
– Notch 1: 0.2 mm deep– Notch 2: 0.3 mm deep
P1 Harvesting element
P2 Lamb wave emitter
P3 Lateral stress sensor
P4Lamb wave sensor
Wave processingand RF link
Notch
IDN
P1
SSH module
batte
ry
PIC16F688 dr
ive
r
P2 Lamb wave
IDN
VB
DO0 DO1
AI0
RF emitter GFRP beam
Thickness: 3mmLength: 40 cm
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– AWT energy consumption :
Structural Health monitoringStructural Health monitoring
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– Damage Index definition: trade-off computation cost/sensitivity
RMS-based Damage Index Energy requirement for RMS processing:1.5mJ for a 4ms signal duration
Structural Health monitoringStructural Health monitoring
2
1
2
1
)(
)()(v
v
v
v
dvvF
dvvFDvFDI
Standard
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Seminaire-El-Jadida
Mechanical energyElectrical energy
EAPE W
Electro-active polymersEnergy conversion in both ways
Actuators
Harvester or sensors
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LGEF
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The EA polymer approach (Advantages) Work limited to nano( macro)-filled polymers
(composite polymers) Light (spatial applications) Very Flexible (large deformation without breaking) A different trade-off in terms of mechanical potential
energy (large deformation, low modulus) Large strain (>20% for realistic modulus (similar to
muscle)) The max strain of a single crystal is around 0.3% !!! Properties can be modulated in a significant manner by
playing with the filler ratio (unlike ceramics) Easy and fast processes Can be spread over large surfaces Can be spread over almost any surface shape Low cost materials
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
The EA polymer approach (drawbacks ) Electroding is tricky due to the very large strain (electrodes are torn off fro high strains)
Polymer conduction varies rapidly around percolation.
Max strain decreases when conduction takes place Nano-micro particles are difficult to disperse in the polymer matrix. A certain lack of reproductibility
Properties vary with temperature close to transitions
64
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
The EA polymer approach at LGEF Conductive particle instead of ferroelectric particles Based on the belief that to increase d33 increase with
epsilon33 (true for ceramic) No conduction for large ratio, but the electrical field
does not get into the particle (ratio>100 in epsilon) In conductive particles the field is zero (for sure). To
cancel the imposed field, electrical charges accumulate at the interface. From outside, the conductive particle looks like a poled particles once included in an insulator
Polymer sample conduction around percolation threshold
65
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
The EA polymer approach at LGEF Conductive particle instead of ferroelectric particles Several routes to disperse the fillers
( carbon black particles, SIC carbon coated particles, CNT): Mechanical mixing of the fillers in the matrix
(mainly PU)+ Sonication Incorporate already dispersed elements (inks) in
the polymer Dye-cast or/ and spin coating
66
LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
H Voltage Ampli
Sig Gene
Current amplifier Ampli
Signal gene
Electro-magnet
Displacement sensor
A
dcdc ASEYMI .....2 1*13
3,4.1e-192602.2Polyéthylène1,4.1e-19280012Nylon4,19.1e-18408,2PU 1%C2,06.1e-18804,8PU 0.5%SiC3,40.1e-18 404,8PU pur
M*31 (m²/V²)Y(Mpa)εrType
Y
εr
Basic energy harvesting on electrostrictive polymers
Need to create a coupling strain/ electrical field
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LGEF
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Current modeling
I: CurrentS : StrainT :StressE : Electrical fieldD : InductionM13 : Electrostriction coefficientY : Young’s modulussE : Compliance coeffεT : Permittivity
A polymer surface (at rest)
A
dcdc ASEYMI .....2 1*13
11123311 .. TsEMS E
13313333 ...2. TEMED T
A field or a polar has to be imposed on the polymer to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
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Polymers for actuatorsNano-loaded Polymers: are they good actuators?Strain: >20% (larger than muscle)Light (spatial)A trade-off different from ferro-ceramic:High modulus but small strain for ceramics (difficult to transfert the power ! Small modulus but high strain for polymers
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Relaxation when working in the glassy/rubber transition
Not favorable for broadband actuatorsCreep and relaxation effect
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ApplicationsA large number or applications can be developped an probably will since thé Self-powered wireless technology is important nowdays. What scale? (macro-elemts (centimetric scale?) or micro elements based on micro-electronic technologiesFully self-powered systems can be developped but that requires to rethink the whole system (for instance in the health monitoring, thé signal process can’t be based on a Fourier approach…find something as efficient but less consummingVibration control: my feeling is that we can still improve performances in broad-band/ it can also be coupled with active control to end up with a non-bucky systemEA PolymersA competitive technology for actuators (with ceramic most or the thrust is used to compensate thé mechanical margins)Light, easy to make and low cost technologyCan be spread on large surface (compensate for the low coupling)Properties can be tailored by playing with thé fillersNon-linear techniques may be usefull to boost EAP performances in energy harvesting and/or vib damping
Conclusion
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• Epoxy cantilever with piezo inserts
•Electronic circuit for driving the switching of the voltage sources
• Measurement devices
Resonance sharpening: experimental set-up
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Quality factor augmentation up to 50%
Vibration amplification, and resonance frequency shifting
Non linearity and resonance hysteresis
Energy is fed to the system in this case1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
Frequency (Hz)
Displacement (mm)
Open circuit0 V2 V3,5 V5 V7,5 V9 V11,5 V13 V
Resonance sharpening: Experimental results
The driving force is constant!!
11.7 HZ 12.2 Hz
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LGEF
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Les différentes familles de EAP
“Artificial Muscle”
Electrostrictive Polymer
Dielectric Elastomer Dielectric Elastomer a.k.a. a.k.a.
ElectroelastomersElectroelastomers
IPMC
Conducting Polymers
GelsThermal and Others
Nanotubes
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In the case of integrated devices (e.g. MEMS harvester), a particular emphasis should be put on the low voltage level
This low level is a problem for voltage gaps of discrete components (such as the rectifier)
It is possible to limit these effects using particular configurations or techniques:
SSHI-MR
“Thresholdless rectifier’
Vthresh=2VD/m
US-Europe Worshop 81
LGEF-Standard interface:
2
0
2
maxstand
222
0
2
stand
2
2
M
M
L
L
uC
P
uCR
RP
A. Badel, 2005. “Récupération d’énergie et contrôle vibratoire par éléments piézoélectriques suivant une approche non linéaire”.
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-With the parallel SSHI, the voltage inversion is done after the harvesting process, on displacement extrema
maxstandmaxpara
222
0
2
para
1214
PP
uCR
RP ML
L
Guyomar et al., 2005. “Towards energy harvesting using active materials and conversion improvement by nonlinear processing”, IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr..
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-With the series SSHI, the voltage inversion is done in the same time than the harvesting process, on displacement extrema
maxstandmaxser
222
0
22
ser
11
11214
PP
uCR
RP ML
L
Taylor et al., 2001. “The Energy Harvesting Eel: A Small Subsurface Ocean/River Power Generator”, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng..
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2
2SECE 0 stand max
04 4c M cuP f u P
C
Lefeuvre et al., 2005. “Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Device Optimization by Synchronous Electric Charge Extraction”, J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct.
In SECE the harvested energy is independent from the load
2 2
SECE 22
824
M MCF
M
k Q FPCk Q
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An intermediate capacitor can be used to decouple the extraction stage from the storage stage (DSSH):
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Harvesting on low level vibration
Smooth the harvesting process (higher availability of low level vib)
Harvesting on high frequency / low amplitude vibrations
Little energy per cycle but the number of cycles/seconds is high………….significant power
Piezoelement are sensitive to strain (not to the strain rate)…Voltage in range of diode gap …......… the standard harvesting techniques are not effective
Voltage transformer approach
The voltage gap is strongly reduced (divided by the transformer ratio)
The transformer increases the output voltage (better compatibility with electronic circuits)
Power management for low level Vibrations
The voltage gap is strongly reduced (divided by the transformer ratio)
The transformer increases the output voltage (better compatibility with electronic circuits)
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Harvested energy versus displacement
0 5 10 15 20 250
100
200
300
400
Displacem ent m agnitude (m )
Maximal harvested
powe
r (W)
Experim ental results
0 10 200
10
20
0 5 10 15 20 250
100
200
300
400
Displacem ent m agnitude (m )
Maximal harvested
powe
r (W)
Theoretical predictions
StandardSeries SSHISSHI-M R0 10 200
10
20
Experimental maximal output power as a function of the displacement magnitude
Displacement threshold for Standard and SSHI
Additional mass to lower the resonant frequency (1KHz)
The piezo generator is driven by a shaker A standard transformer is used in the experiment
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
102 104 1060
200
400
Load value
Harv
este
dPo
wer
( W)
Experimental results
102 1040
20
40
102 104 1060
200
400
Load value
Harv
este
dPo
wer ( W
)
Theoretical predictions
102 104
0
20
40
StandardSeries SSHISSHI-MR
StandardSeries SSHISSHI-MR
Parameters Value
Vibration frequency f0
1kHz
Force factor 8.3 mN.V-1
Diode threshold voltage VD
0.23 V
Clamped capacitance C0
312.5 nF
Inversion factor
0.33 for the series SSHI0.52 for the SSHI-MR
Transformer ratio m 22
Harvested energy versus load value
Gain of 60 compared to standard and 30 compared to SSHI
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LGEF
Seminaire-El-Jadida
Without Control DC
V(t)
u(t) Vrect(t)Vrect(t)u(t)
V(t)
Forced harmonic strain (experimental)
R=130k P=1.8mW R=560k P=8.4mW
SSH Control DC
89
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V(t)
u(t)
Vrect(t)
W(t)
u(t)
Vrect(t)
V(t)
W(t)
Pulsed power response (experimental)
SSH Control DC
Without control DC
SSH control DC
Ratio
Harvested Energy
5.6mJ 7.6mJ 1.35
Harvesting time 6s 2s 0.33Max power 3mW 9mW 3
Standard DC
For pulsed vibrations (finite energy), the transfer from mechanical to electrical energy damps the signal and limits the conversion
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Seminaire-El-Jadida
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1/ W ithout control 2/ Switch on each extremum 3/ Probabilistic approach with PSW=0.1
AE
1 2 3
Control Law AEdB AudB
Switch on each extremum
-4.89 dB -3.81 dB
Probabilistic – PSW=0.1
-6.50 dB -7.67 dB
91
Pulsed excitation – Vibration control simulation results (2)
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Control Law AEdB AudB
Switch on each extremum
-4.27 dB -2.96 dB
Probabilistic – PSW=0.1 -6.32 dB -8.49 dB0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1/ W ithout control 2/ Switch on each extremum 3/ Probabilistic approach with PSW=0.1
AE
1 2 3
White noise excitation – Vibration control simulation results (2)