Post on 13-Jan-2023
On the Road to Reconstructing the Past
Computer Applications
and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA)
Proceedings of the 36th International Conference
Budapest, April 2–6, 2008
Edited by
!"#$%&'()&!&*+(,&!&-.(/&01(2-0(3245(6"&7&!$-89
Budapest 2011
The 36th(:;;(.<-=&!&-.&(>2#(<!?2-9"&0(%8@('A&(BC-?2!92-(;.20&*8(<=(6.9&-.&#+('A&(D-#'9'C'&(<=(;!.A2&<E<?9.2E(6.9&-.&#(<=('A&( F'7F#(G<!H-0(I-97&!#9'8+('A&(BC-?2!92-(J2'9<-2E(KC#&C*+('A&(LC02M&#'(B9#'<!9.2E(KC#&C*+('A&(:&-'!2E( C!<M&2-(I-97&!#9'8+('A&(;!.A2&<E9-?C2(,<C-02'9<-(2-0('A&(/&#&2!.A(D-#'9'C'&(=<!(39#C2E9#2'9<-+(;!.A9'&.'C!&(2-0(;!.A2&<E<?8N
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Published by Archaeolingua Foundation
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© Archaeolingua Foundation and Individual Authors
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1. Introduction
The recent discovery of
the monastery founded
%8( R9<2..A9-<( 02( ,9<!&( 2'(
the end of the 12th century
9-( 'A&( CME2-0#( <=( 'A&( 69E2+(
<-( 'A&( #9'&( <=( )C!&( 3&'&!&(
-&2!( 6N( R9<72--9( 9-( ,9<!&(
(southern Italy), has been of
great interest for medieval
archaeology in Calabria
(Fig. 1cN(
D-( 'A9#( 2!&2+( DL;KU:J/(
in 2002 began an intensive
programme of archaeological
#C!7&8#N([A&(ME2.&(>A&!&('A&(
monastery was discovered
occupies the highest part of
2( 5-<EE( E89-?( 9-( 2( 72EE&8( 2'(
VWZW*( 2%<7&( #&2( E&7&EN( [A&(
Archaeological Landscapes through GIS (Cost Surface Analysis)
and Virtual Reality: A Case Study on the Monastic Site of
Jure Vetere (Calabria, Italy)
a9*9'!9#(ROUBIS1 – Francesca SOGLIANI2 – Francesco GABELLONE3 – Maria DANESE4(d(a9&?<(GNESI5
1–4Institute of Archaeological and Monumental Heritage
<=('A&(J2'9<-2E(/&#&2!.A(:<C-.9E(eDL;KU:J/c(
#&.'9<-(<=(f<'&-"2+(L2#9E9.2'2(2-0(G&..&+(fC?E92+(D'2E85;!.A&<G;L+(K2.&!2'2+(D'2E8
10N!<C%9#g9%2*N.-!N9'
Abstract
[A2-5#('<(!&.&-'(2!.A2&<E<?9.2E(!&#&2!.A(9-()C!&(3&'&!&+(2(*<-2#'9.(#9'&(>2#(09#.<7&!&0+(=<C-0&0(%8('A&(*<-5(R9<2..A9-<(
da Fiore (12th–13th .&-'C!8cN([A&(*CE'909#.9ME9-2!8(!&#&2!.A+(.2!!9&0(<C'(%8(DL;KU:J/(e&`.272'9<-#(9-(hWWhdhWWic+(MC'(9-(
&790&-.&(2(!&*2!52%E8(#9"&0(&..E\#'9.2E(.<-#'!C.'9<-N([A9#(#'C08(&`2*9-&#(A<>('A&('&!!9'<!8(<=()C!&(3&'&!&(>2#(&`ME<9'&0(
0C!9-?('A&(*&09&72E(&!2N([A&(02'2(M!<.&##&0(%8('A&(RD6(2MME9.2'9<-(A&EM(C#(!&.<?-9"&('A&(*29-(2!&2#(>A&!&('A&(*2'&!92E#(
.2*&(=!<*N([A&(RD6(#'C08+(A2#('><(*29-(.<*M<-&-'#@('A&(Q!#'(<-&(>2#(.<#'(#C!=2.&(2-2E8#9#+(C#&0('<(0&'&!*9-&(M!9-.9M2E(
&`ME<9'2'9<-('&!!9'<!9&#(-&2!%8('A&(#9'&+('A&(#&.<-0(<-&(>2#(2(*&'A<0(>A9.A(2EE<>#('<(0&'&!*9-&('A&(.E2##9Q.2'9<-(<=('A&(use
<=(M<'&-'92EE8(&`ME<9'2%E&(E2-0N(D-(2009'9<-('A&(E2%<!2'<!8(2-2E8#9#(<=(09==&!&-'(#<9E(#2*ME&#(A2#(2EE<>&0(C#('<(&72EC2'&('A&(
supportive capability of terrains and to come up with a hypothesis about the reconstruction of the plant landscape around
'A&(*&09&72E( #9'&N(,9-2EE8+(2(79!'C2E( !&.<-#'!C.'9<-(<=( 'A&(2-.9&-'(&-79!<-*&-'(%2#&0(<-( 'A&(RD6(M!<.&0C!&(>2#(.!&2'&0+(
>A9.A(<==&!#(2(_a(*<0&E(<=(2(*&09&72E(E2-0#.2M&(9-('A&(V_th(.&-'C!8N
Keywords
G2-0#.2M&( ;!.A2&<E<?8+( RD6+( 69'&( `ME<9'2'9<-( [&!!9'<!8+( :<#'( 6C!=2.&( ;-2E8#9#+( :E2##9Q.2'9<-( <=( G2-0(I#&+( 6CMM<!'97&(
:2M2%9E9'8(<=(G2-0+(_a(*<0&E+(39!'C2E(/&2E9'8
Fig. 1. Location map of Jure Vetere monastic settlement
(S. Giovanni in Fiore – CS, Italy).
Proceedings of the 36th CAA Conference, Budapest, 2–6 April 2008
X\\
Archaeological Landscapes through GIS (Cost Surface Analysis) and Virtual Reality
hill, the site of the medieval monastery, is delimited
to the south by the river Arvo and to the north by
2( '!9%C'2!8( <=( 'A&( ;!7<+( 2( #'!&2*( 5-<>-( 2#( jf9-<(
LC.2'<kN
[A2-5#( '<( 'A&( !&#CE'#( <=( 'A&( 2!.A2&<E<?9.2E(
!&#&2!.A(.2!!9&0(<C'(%8(DL;KU:J/+(9'(A2#(-<>(%&&-(
established that the site hosted an ecclesiastical
building (Fig. 2) of considerable dimensions,
oriented along an east-west axis, for which two
MA2#&#(<=(<..CM2'9<-(A27&(%&&-(!&.<?-9#&0@('A&(Q!#'+(
running from the last decade of the 12th century until
about 1213/1214, corresponds to the construction,
<..CM2'9<-(2-0(0&#'!C.'9<-(<=('A&(&-'9!&(%C9E09-?N(D-(
'A&(#&.<-0(MA2#&+(<=(#A<!'(0C!2'9<-+(><!5(>2#(.2!!9&0(
out on the restoration, rebuilding and occupation of
'A&(%C9E09-?+(C-'9E( 'A&(><!5(>2#(0&Q-9'97&E8(A2E'&0N(
It was, presumably, towards the end of the second
phase that the monastic community was permanently
*<7&0(&E#&>A&!&(2-0('A&(#9'&(>2#(2%2-0<-&0N
,!<*( 'A&( 0<.C*&-'2!8( #<C!.&#( >&( 5-<>( 'A2'(
%&=<!&( l.'<%&!( VhVX( 2( Q!&( .2C#&0( 'A&( 0&#'!C.'9<-(
of many of the structures standing at that time
e6<?E92-9(hWW\c. 790&-.&(<=('A9#(Q!&(A2#(%&&-('!2.&0(
archaeologically and has enabled the researchers to
0&0C.&('A2'('A&(Q!&(MC'(2-(&-0('<('A&(.<-#'!C.'9<-(<=('A&(
Q!#'(&..E\#'9.2E(%C9E09-?N(l-('A&(#9'&(<=('A9#(%C9E09-?(
a new one was built, with a semicircular apse, using
the walls of the central nave and shortening the area
<=('A&(M!&#%8'&!8(%8(2(=&>(*&'!&#N([A&(.<-#'!C.'9<-(
'&.A-9mC&( <=( 'A9#( #&.<-0( %C9E09-?+( .<**9##9<-&0(
%8( R9<2..A9-<n#( #C..&##<!+( ;%%<'( K2''&<+( !&o&.'#(
2-( 2!.A9'&.'C!2E( M!<4&.'( 0	?-&0( '<( !&.<7&!( #M2.&#(
and materials, as it is clear from the shortening of
the presbytery and the shifting of the apse, using
materials recycled from the masonry of the previous
%C9E09-?N([A9#(#&.<-0(%C9E09-?(E&='(-C*&!<C#('!2.&#@(
storage areas for lime and sand, holes for locating
scaffolding poles and an interesting “architectural
indicator”, consisting of a series of stones in the
southern part of the presbytery arranged in a curve
which had to become the arch of the semicircular
2M#&N( [A&( !&%C9E09-?( 0<&#(
not seem to have lasted as
long as the occupation of the
monastery which, despite
the efforts of the monastic
.<**C-9'8(=<EE<>9-?('A&(Q!&+(
A20( 0&Q-9'&E8( .<*&( '<( 2-(
end by the middle of the 13th
century, as it is also clear from
'A&(>!9''&-(0<.C*&-'2'9<-N
It should be stressed that
the surveys on this site were
conducted in accordance with
the multidisciplinary approach
that characterises the series of
#'C09&#(5-<>-(2#( jG2-0#.2M&(
Archaeology” (Fig. 3) (Roubis
hWW\cN(
The landscape archae-
<E<?8(<=('A&(#9'&(<=()C!&(3&'&!&(
entailed the integration of histor ical, archaeological
(ex cavation and survey), ethno-archaeological, geo-
logic al, geo-pedological, botan ical (including pollen),
archaeometric and remote sensing data, processed
<-( .<*MC'&!N( [A&( !&#CE'#( M<9-'&0( '<( 'A&( &`9#'&-.&(
of a settlement model of a monastic type, which is
M<##9%E&('<(.A2!2.'&!9#&(2-2E8#9-?('A&(#M&.9Q.(M2''&!-#(
<=(E2-0(C#&N(,<!('A&(.<*MC'&!9#&0(*2-2?&*&-'(<=('A&(
data, a GIS platform was used, specially created to
&-.<C-'&!('A&(-&&0#(<=('A9#(!&#&2!.A(M!<4&.'N(
2. GIS analysis
[<(*<0&E(9-('A&(RD6(&-79!<-*&-'('A&(?!<>'A(<=('A&(
monastic community, we have made reference to the
“site exploitation territory” method (Renfrew and
L2A-(VZZV+(hhXdhhicN(S9'A('A9#(29*('><(*29-(2!&2#(
were considered to obtain the primary and secondary
materials necessary for life in the monastery: an
inner area (lying within a radius of about 20 minutes’
4<C!-&8c( .A2!2.'&!9#&0( %8( 9-'&-#97&( &`ME<9'2'9<-( <=(
Fig. 2. Jure Vetere: the monastic church discovered by archaeological excavations.
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Dimitris ROUBIS – Francesca SOGLIANI – Francesco GABELLONE – Maria DANESE – Diego GNESI
resources, and an outer area (lying within a radius
%&'>&&-(hW(2-0(^W(*9-C'&#n(4<C!-&8c(=<!(#C%#9092!8(
production activities of a more extensive nature
(Fig. 4cN
2.1. Cost surface analysis
The procedures followed in order to realize “site
exploitation territory” are generically described as a
#9*ME&(.<#'(#C!=2.&(2-2E8#9#(%8(09==&!&-'(2C'A<!#(e32-(
G&C#&-(hWWhcN(
[A&( Q!#'( #'2?&( <=( 'A&( M!<.&0C!&( 9#( 'A&( .!&2'9<-(
<=(2([DJ(*<0&E(=<!('A&(2!&2(ecreated from a 5-meter
contour)( 2-0( 2( .<-#&mC&-'92E( !2#'&!( E28&!( <=( #E<M&#(
0&!979-?( =!<*(9'N([A9#(#E<M&(.2-(%&(.2E.CE2'&0(C#9-?(
0&?!&&#(<!(M&!.&-'2?&(72EC&#N
The slope layer is the basic layer for two steps of
2-2E8#9#@('A&(Q!#'(<-&(9#('A&(.<#'(09#'2-.&(2-2E8#9#+('A&(
#&.<-0( 9#( 'A&( .E2##9Q.2'9<-(<=( 'A&(09==&!&-'( '8M&#( <=(
#<9E#N(
,<!(>A2'(.<-.&!-#('A&(Q!#'(#'&M(<=(2-2E8#9#('A&(
method used was cost weighted distance, in order to
.2E.CE2'&( 'A&( '9*&( =<!(>2E59-?( <-( =<<'( .<-#90&!9-?(
'A&( !&2E( '&!!9'<!92E( *<!MA(<E<?8N( [A&!&(=<!&+( 'A&(
calcu lation of the shortest path cannot be made by
reference to the concept of Euclidean distance, but
'A&(2-2E8#9#(-&&0&0('<(%&(#CMM<!'&0(%8('><(#M&.9Q.(
!2#'&!#@(.&EE#(<=( 'A&(Q!#'(!2#'&!(&`M!&##( 'A&( 4<C!-&8(
cost (the time) that does not depend only on the
Fig. 3. Diagram with the archaeological research method used on the site of Jure Vetere.
X\Z
Archaeological Landscapes through GIS (Cost Surface Analysis) and Virtual Reality
MA8#9.2E(09#'2-.&+(%C'(2E#<(<-(#M&.9Q.(*<!MA<E<?9.2E(
factors; every cell of the second raster indicates the
09!&.'9<-( <=( '!27&E( '<( %&( '25&-( '<( &-#C!&( 'A&( %&#'(
M2'AN( a9==&!&-'( 2MM!<2.A&#( 2!&( C#&0( '<( 'A9#( 29*+(
%<'A('<(<%'29-('A&(.<#'(!2#'&!(eL&EE(2-0(G<.5(hWWWp(
GE<%&!2(hWWWp(32-(G&C#&-(hWWhc+(2-0('<(<%'29-('A&(
09#'2-.&(!2#'&!(ea&(69E72(2-0(f9""9<E<(hWWVcN(,<!(>A2'(
concerns the cost raster, the mathematical formula
most used in literature is the Tobler Function
e[<%E&!(VZZ_c+(%C'(9-('A9#(#'C08(>&(C#&0(&`M!&##9<-#(
derived from empirical
*&2#C!&*&-'#( '25&-( >9'A(
Rf6N( D-( M2!'9.CE2!( '<( Q-0(
the relationship between
the morphological factor
(slope) and distance covered
time, we have proceeded
*259-?( e>9'A(Rf6(&*M9!9.2E(
measurements) the time to
>2E5( 2E<-?( 09==&!&-'( M2'A#+(
characterized by different
72EC&#( <=( #E<M&N( [A!<C?A( 2(
linear interpolation of these
measurements it is possible
to calculate how the speed
<=( >2E59-?( 9-( 'A&( #9-?E&( .&EE(
varies depending on the
slope (Fig. 5cN(
Fig. 5 shows the reported data,
diagrams, and the lines concerning
downhill and uphill, where X
represents the average slope of each
cell and Y represents the speed to
M2##( 'A!<C?A( 9'N( ,<!*CE2#( <%'29-&0(
are:
– in the case of uphill:
YqUWNWVX_XrWN]iXp
– in the case of downhill:
YqUWNWXZXrVNi]]i
– in the case of pathways
in the plains we calculated the
27&!2?&( #M&&0( =<C-0( &*M9!9.2EE8N(
[A&( #M&&0( <%'29-&0( 9#( &mC2E( '<(
Y(q(W+Zh_i^(*s#N(
With map algebra it is now possible
to transform the slope raster with the
values found; the result is an output
!2#'&!( >9'A( 'A&( 72EC&#( <=( >2E59-?(
speed sought for each cell (cell size
%&'>&&-( V( 2-0(X(*&'&!#cN([<(0&'&!*9-&(>A&'A&!( '<(
give to the raster containing the characteristic speed
<=(2#.&-'(<!(0&#.&-'(M2'A+(>&(Q!#'(.2E.CE2'&0('A&(!2#'&!(
containing the direction of slopes, and made use of
Boolean operators, following the procedure outlined
in Fig. 6, that is: if the aspect is included inside the
corner described by the perpendicular direction of
travel, then the slope can be considered downhill, or
*C#'(%&(.<-#90&!&0(9-(CMA9EEN
Fig. 4. Jure Vetere: cost surface analysis of the potential exploitation territory
around the monastic site.
Fig. 5. Jure Vetere: relationship estimation between slope (X) and walking speed (Y)
in three different terrains: uphill, downhill, plain.
480
Dimitris ROUBIS – Francesca SOGLIANI – Francesco GABELLONE – Maria DANESE – Diego GNESI
,9-2EE8+('<(*<7&(=!<*(>2E59-?(#M&&0#(!2#'&!('<('9*&(
!2#'&!+('A&(AC*2-(>2E59-?(#M&&0(>2#(2MM!<`9*2'&('<(
a uniform rectilinear motion in the individual pixels,
#<('A&(.&EE(#9"&(>2#(09790&0(%8('A&(#M&&0(<=(&2.A(.&EEN(
[A&( #&.<-0( !2#'&!+( C#&0( '<(*25&( 'A&( 2-2E8#9#+( >2#(
.2E.CE2'&0(>9'A(2(.<#'(>&9?A'&0(09!&.'9<-N(S9'A(9'(>&(
.2-(C-0&!#'2-0(>A9.A(9#('A&(%&#'(09!&.'9<-('<('25&('<(
*<7&(9-(#M2.&+(.&EE(%8(.&EE+(=!<*(2(0&'&!*9-&0(<!9?9-N(
Putting time raster and cost weighted direction raster
in cost weighted distance function, and considering a
>2E59-?('9*&(&mC2E('<(hW(*9-C'&#(2-0('<(V(A<C!+(9'(9#(
Q-2EE8(M<##9%E&('<(<%'29-('A&('><(2!&2#N
! !"#$%&&'()%*'+,"+-"$%,."/&0
The second step (Fig. 7) was to determine the
.E2##9Q.2'9<-(<=('A&(09==&!&-'('8M&#(
<=(M<'&-'92EE8(&`ME<9'2%E&(#<9E#N(
The GIS-based processing of
the geographical and territorial
information concerning the
different types of soils, also
made it possible to identify
various potentially exploitable
-79!<-*&-'2E( I-9'#( eEUs)
(Fig. 8cN( D-( <!0&!( '<( 2.A9&7&( 'A9#(
we have executed a procedure that
has transformed the relative value
percentages to the altitudes of the
soils in a scale of the degrees of
#E<M&N
On a more detailed
level, the agricultural soils
(particularly those suitable
for growing vegetables or
cereals, EUs 1 and 2) were
assumed to lie in areas
where the slope of the
terrain was no more than 13
0&?!&&#( <-( 27&!2?&N( D-( =2.'(
“analysis of prehistoric and
historical period agricultures
has usually assumed that
cultivation could only occur
without terracing on land
<=( E&##( 'A2-( VWt( '<( Vit( <=(
slope” (Bevan and Conolly
hWWhdhWWX+( Vh^dVh\cN( [A9#(
means that above these
values, in order to render
soils suitable for cultivation,
9'( 9#( -&.&##2!8( '<( .2!!8( <C'( '&!!2.9-?(><!5#N( D-( <C!(
.2#&( #'C08+( A<>&7&!+( 0C!9-?( 'A&( 9-'&-#97&( Q&E0(
#C!7&8#( 2!<C-0( )C!&( 3&'&!&+( >&( A27&( -<'( =<C-0(
'!2.&#(<=('&!!29-#(>9'A('&!!2.&#(2'(2EEN(/&?2!09-?('A&(
<'A&!( .2'&?<!9&#( <=( #<9E#( e.E2##9Q&0( <-( 'A&( %2#9#( <=(
L&72-( 2-0( :<-<EE8( hWWhdhWWX( A9#'<?!2*( Q?NXc+(
it was observed that: a) areas with a slope of more
than 13 degrees included terrain which, when free
<=( ><<0#( 2-0( *2mC9#( <!( 20&mC2'&E8( 0&=<!&#'&0+(
could be exploited mainly for short-range grazing
(EU 3); b) considering that at slopes of 30 degrees
or more the possibility of practicing long-term
intensive cultivation is drastically reduced, in these
areas (EU 4) it was assumed that the terrain was
suitable only for grazing (if not covered by forest)
and/or the intensive exploitation of forest; c) steeper
Fig. 6. Jure Vetere: method used to determine different terrains
(uphill, downhill, plain), considering the aspect raster and the travel direction.
Fig. 7. Jure Vetere: numerical values used to determine the
!"##$% "&$'()'*)!"(+),#-.)
481
Archaeological Landscapes through GIS (Cost Surface Analysis) and Virtual Reality
#C!=2.&#(2-0(2!&2#(<=(%2!&(!<.5(>&!&(.<-#90&!&0('<(%&(
non-productive (EU(icN(S&(C-0&!E9-&('A2'('A&(79!'C2E(
reconstruction in Fig. 10 has been realized due to all
'A&#&(M!<.&0C!&#(2-0(.E2##9Q.2'9<-#N
2.3. Supportive capability of soils and
.0(,'*'+,"+-"*10"2$%,*"$%,.&)%20
In the third step of the research, we have had to
evaluate the supportive capability and the behaviour
<=(#<9E#N(6<(>&(A27&('25&-(#<9E(#2*ME&#(>9'A(2(*2-C2E(
drill in different points outside the excavation area
and in some other nearby terrains carried out in
hWWh(2-0(#C..&##97&E8+(%&'>&&-(hWWX(2-0(hWWiN([A&(
E2%<!2'<!8(2-2E8#&#(.<-.&!-9-?('A&(mC2E9'8(<=(2729E2%E&(
soils for crop cultivation around the site allowed us to
7&!9=8('A&(E<>(=&!'9E9'8(<=('A&(#<9E#(eG2""2!9(et alN(hWW\+(
XZcN( D-( &==&.'( 'A&( .A&*9.2E( 2-0( MA8#9.2E( 2-2E8#9#(
demonstrated that soils derived from granitic bed
!<.5( >9'A( #2-08( 2-0( E9*8( '&`'C!&+( 2!&( .A&*9.2EE8(
2.909.(2-0(.<-'29-(=&>(-C'!9'9<-2E(&E&*&-'#N(S&(2E#<(
A27&('<(.<-#90&!('A&(!<.58(=&2'C!&(<=('A&(#<9E#+(>A9.A(
!&mC9!&#(2(?<<0(0&2E(<=(><!5('<(%&(&`ME<9'&0N(
From these analyses, and from the spatial
distribution of the soils in the GIS, it emerges that
9-( )C!&( 3&'&!&( 'A&( '&!!29-( #C9'2%E&( =<!( ?!2"9-?( >2#(
more abundant than soils suitable for agriculture,
thus indicating a monastic
economy based mainly on
E97&#'<.5( !&2!9-?N( [A&( #9'&( <=(
)C!&( 3&'&!&+( 0C!9-?( 9'#( 7&!8(
short medieval life, made
available an exploitable
territory of limited extension,
but it was able to provide
subsistence for a small
*<-2#'9.(.<**C-9'8N
Finally, the last phase
of the research, particularly
important for the processing
of the data via the GIS,
was the study of the
ancient environment which
surrounded the monastery
at the time of its foundation
2-0(0C!9-?( 9'#( %!9&=( E9=&N( [A&(
archaeo-botanical analyses
and the palynological
study made it possible to
reconstruct the environment,
and the vegetal landscape
of the tableland where the proto-monastery was
founded, providing the data necessary for interpreting
the dynamics of exploitation of the surrounding
land by the monastic community (Fiorentino et
alN( hWW\p( K&!.C!9( et alN( hWW\cN( [A&( 29*#( <=( 'A&#&(
#'C09&#(>&!&(%<'A('A&(5-<>E&0?&(<=('A&(&`ME<9'2'9<-(
<=( ME2-'( !&#<C!.&#( %8(*<-5#( 9-( 'A&( #A<!'( M&!9<0( <=(
occupation of the site and the reconstruction of the
plant landscape of the site where the monastery was
=<C-0&0N
3. The virtual reconstruction
The methodological basis of the virtualisation is
partly technical, due to the extensive use of Computer
R!2MA9.#('&.A-9mC&#+(2-0(M2!'E8(2-2E<?9.2E+(9N&N(%2#&0(
on the comparison of data originating from other
#9'&#(02'9-?(%2.5( '<( 'A&(#2*&(M&!9<0(2-0( E<.2'&0( 9-(
'A&(#2*&(!&?9<-(eR2%&EE<-&(hWW\cN(
The image in Fig. 9 shows a moment of daily life
9-( 'A&( #9'&( <=( )C!&(3&'&!&+( 79&>&0( 'A!<C?A(2( 79!'C2E(
camera which shows the remains visible today in
'A&9!(C-Q-9#A&0(#'2'&+($()%-/$, given that the building
>2#( 2%2-0<-&0( %&=<!&( 9'( >2#( .<*ME&'&0N(S&( 5-<>(
from the documentary sources and the archaeological
excavations that the monastic complex was almost
'<'2EE8(0&#'!<8&0(%8(2(Q!&+(2-0('A2'(2(-&>(.AC!.A(>2#(
Fig. 8. Jure Vetere: the Environmental Units of the potential exploitation territory
around the monastic site.
482
Dimitris ROUBIS – Francesca SOGLIANI – Francesco GABELLONE – Maria DANESE – Diego GNESI
Fig. 9. Jure Vetere: virtual reconstruction of the monastic church from the south-west.
Fig. 10. Jure Vetere: virtual reconstruction of the medieval landscape from the south. 1) ecclesiastical building;
01)#2/$(34)51)!$6-)7$!(4)81)9,"//:4);1)<(=$/'(6-(&"!)>($&)?)@"/"A!-)!"(+)B)C'/&$ ,!&,/"!)3"/+-(#)"(+) -/-"!)%-!+#14)
D1)<(=$/'(6-(&"!)>($&)0)@"/"A!-)!"(+)B) -/-"!)%-!+#14)E1)<(=$/'(6-(&"!)>($&)5)@!"(+),#-+)*'/)3/"F$(3)G)2'&-(&$"!!:),#-+)
for cultivation); 8) Environmental Unit 4 (woods / land partially suitable for grazing);
9) stream Pino Bucato; 10) river Arvo.
483
Archaeological Landscapes through GIS (Cost Surface Analysis) and Virtual Reality
built on the site, differing slightly from the previous
<-&N([A&(&E&*&-'#(-&.&##2!8(=<!('A&(!&%C9E09-?(>&!&(
partly recovered from materials not damaged by
'A&( Q!&( 2-0( M2!'E8( &`'!2.'&0( =!<*( -&2!%8( mC2!!9&#+(
E<.2'&0( 9-( 'A&( #2*&( 72EE&8N( :<-#'!C.'9<-( .<-'9-C&0(
incessantly until the exact moment when it was
0&.90&0( '<( 2%2-0<-( 'A&( %C9E09-?( ><!5( 2-0( -<'( '<(
.<-'9-C&( >9'A( !&%C9E09-?( 2-8( =C!'A&!N( LE<.5#( E89-?(
on the ground in a curve, ready to be placed in their
Q-2E( M<#9'9<-+( M!<%2%E8( 2#( M2!'( <=( 2-( 2!.Ap( 2( #M2.&(
inside the side nave used to prepare the lime; holes
for scaffolding poles near the apse and along the
side nave; everything in and around the building
'&#'9Q&#( '<( 9'#( #C00&-(2%2-0<-*&-'N(SA2'( !&*29-#(
on the ground today is the starting point for us and
the stimulus to tell the whole story of this site, not
4C#'( 'A&(*<*&-'( >A&-( 9'( >2#( 2%2-0<-&0+( %C'( 9'( 9#(
also interesting to represent visually the organisation
of the building site, with scaffolding still in use, the
'<<E#+('A&(>2EE#(%C9E'(2%<7&('A&(E&7&E#(*2!5&0(%8(Q!&(
2-0('A&(*<-5#(M2'9&-'E8(&-?2?&0(9-('A&9!(><!5N
The reconstruction of the ancient landscape
(Fig. 10c(#<C?A'('<('25&(2..<C-'(<=(&7&!8(&E&*&-'('A2'(
*9?A'(A&EM(!&.!&2'&('A&(#.&-&N([A&(0&'29E&0(#'C08(<=(
spatial analysis based on GIS( e0&Q-&0( 2%<7&c+( 'A&(
archaeobotanical analysis and the study of pollen
#2*ME&#('25&-(=!<*(09==&!&-'(M<9-'#(<=('A&(&`.272'9<-(
area, has given information on the existence of
A<!'9.CE'C!2E( ?2!0&-#( 2-0( <M&-( #<>-( .&!&2E( Q&E0#(
(EUs 1, 2), land used for grazing (EU 3), woodlands
(EU 4), together with the existence in the surrounding
2!&2+( =<C-0( 0C!9-?( 'A&( Q&E0( #C!7&8#+( <=( #&7&!2E(
#M!9-?#+(mC2!!9&#+(E9*&(59E-#(2-0(2-.9&-'(M2'A#N( 7&-(
'A&(o<!2(2-0(=2C-2(>&!&(0&!97&0(=!<*('A&(M29-#'259-?(
and detailed study of the bioarchaeological samples
'25&-(=!<*(72!9<C#(M<9-'#( 90&-'9Q&0( 9-#90&('A&(2!&2(
<=( &`.272'9<-N( [A&( !&.<7&!8( <=( #&&0#+( M2!'9.E&#( <=(
charcoal and other charred material was achieved by
means of micro-excavation and made it possible to
determine not only the types of species present, but
2E#<('A&9!(.<-.&-'!2'9<-N(
G9?A'( #9*CE2'9<-( '&.A-9mC&#( C#9-?( !2092-.&(
*2M#(<!(Ba/D+(#C%UM<E8?<-2E(09#ME2.&*&-'( =<!( 'A&(
.!&2'9<-(<=('A&(>2EE#+('A&(?&-&!2'9<-(<=(QE2*&-'#(=<!(
the patches of grass, advanced rigging and subdivision
surfaces for the poses and modelling of the human
Q?C!&#+(2!&(4C#'(#<*&(<=('A&(*2-8(=&2'C!&#(2MME9&0('<(
'A&(!&.<-#'!C.'97&(#'C08(<=()C!&(3&'&!&N(
[A&(.2#&(#'C08(0&#.!9%&0(A&!&(&-2%E&#(C#+('A2-5#(
to the use of technology, to open a window on our
M2#'( 2-0( e>&( 'A9-5( 9#( 'A&( '9*&( '<( M<9-'( 9'( <C'c( <-(
<C!( M2#'( E2-0#.2M&#+( %C'( 'A&( !&2E( <%4&.'97&( 9#( 2-0(
remains historical and archaeological research,
>A9.A+('A2-5#('<(39!'C2E(/&2E9'8(.2-(%&(-2!!2'&0(2-0(
!&M!&#&-'&0(2#(-&7&!(%&=<!&N([A&(2!.A2&<E<?9.2E(02'2(
in our possession were used to perform the virtual
reconstruction of the ecclesiastical complex in its
E2-0#.2M&( .<-'&`'( 9-( <!0&!( '<( &*MA2#9"&( 'A&( Q!#'(
evidence of “medieval monasticism” investigated
2!.A2&<E<?9.2EE8(9-(#<C'A(D'2E8+(9-('A&(69E2(*<C-'29-(
!&?9<-(<=(:2E2%!92N(
Acknowledgements
[A&(&`.272'9<-(<-( 'A&( #9'&(<=()C!&(3&'&!&(%&-&Q'&0(
from the participation of researchers from the
Institute of Archaeological and Monumental Heritage
eDL;Kc(<=( 'A&(:J/(2-0(<=( #'C0&-'#( =!<*( 'A&(f<#'U
?!20C2'&(6.A<<E(<=(;!.A2&<E<?8(<=(K2'&!2(eI-97&!#9'8(
<=(L2#9E9.2'2+(D'2E8cN(
,9?C!&#( V+( X+( \d]@( a9*9'!9#( /<C%9#( e?!2MA9.2E(
&E2%<!2'9<-cp(Q?C!&(h@(a9*9'!9#(/<C%9#(2-0(,!2-.&#.2(
6<?E92-9p( Q?C!&( _@( a9*9'!9#( /<C%9#( e092?!2*( >9'A(
the archaeological research method) and Francesco
R2%&EE<-&( e79!'C2E( !&.<-#'!C.'9<-( <=( 'A&( .AC!.Acp(
Q?C!&#( id^@(K2!92( a2-&#&( e?!2MA9.2E( &E2%<!2'9<-cp(
Q?C!&#( ZdVW@( ,!2-.&#.<( R2%&EE<-&( e79!'C2E(
!&.<-#'!C.'9<-cN(
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Dimitris ROUBIS – Francesca SOGLIANI – Francesco GABELLONE – Maria DANESE – Diego GNESI
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09( )C!&( 3&'&!&( e69E2( R!2-0&c( -&E( .<-'&#'<(
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,!2-.9#N