Post on 08-Apr-2023
SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND AGRIBUSINESS
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
ASSESSMENT OF CONTRIBUTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY IN ACCESSING AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION OF MAIZE IN
KILOLO DISTRICT TANZANIA.
BY
YUSUPH NASIBU
AEA/D/12/T/0244
SUPERVISED BY
MR. C.G MAGOMBA
FEBRUARY, 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................iCHAPTER ONE..................................................1INTRODUCTION.................................................11.0 Background of the study..................................11.1 Problem statement and justification......................21.2 Objectives of the study..................................31.2.1General objective...........................................31.2.2 Specific Objectives........................................3
1.3 Hypotheses...............................................3CHAPTER TWO..................................................4LITERATURE REVIEW............................................42.0 Role of information in Agriculture.......................42.1 Sources of agricultural information for maize farmers....42.2 Contribution of ICT in accessing Agricultural Information 5
2.3 The Challenges facing maize farmers in accessingagricultural information.....................................7CHAPTER THREE................................................8RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.........................................83.0 Overview.................................................83.1 Description of the Study Area............................83.2 Research Design..........................................83.3 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size......................83.4 Data collection and Analysis.............................93.4.1 Primary Data...............................................93.4.2 Secondary Data.............................................9
3.4.3 Data Analysis..............................................9
3.5 SOURCES OF FUND AND BUDGET..............................10Table: 3 Budgets............................................103.6 SCHEDULE ACTIVITES 2014-2015............................11
i
Table: 4 Schedule of Activities.............................11REFERENCES..................................................12APPENDICES..................................................17APPENDIX I: Data Collection and Analysis....................17Table: 1 Data Collection Table Summary......................17APPENDIX II: Questionnaire..................................18
ii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the study
Maize is the major and most preferred staple food in Tanzania
(AATF, 2010). It accounts for 31 per cent of the total food
production and constitutes more than 75 per cent of the cereal
consumption in the country. Maize represents about 30 per cent
of the value of crop production in the country and 10 per cent
of total value added in agricultural sector respectively.
Maize also is not only a staple food crop in surplus regions
but a cash crop as well. For instance, in the Lake zone, maize
competes aggressively with cotton for land, labour, and
farmers (Sassi, 2004).
Agricultural information is a knowledge concerning
agriculture; it enhances transparency in the agricultural
sector. Accordingly an agricultural information system
consists of components (subsystems), information related
processes (generation, transformation, storage, retrieval,
integrations, diffusion and utilization), and in addition the
information exchange (communication) through networks is
critically important for successfully technology generation
and information transfer (IAALD, 2011)
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) advances since
the end of 20th century (NICTP, 2003). Pigato (2001) explain
that the current wave of globalization towards integration of
markets is spurred by the development of ICT including the
Internet, Mobile phones, and Satellite Networks. History has
shown that ICT can enable the realization of social1
development objectives to the extent that they can enable
appropriate and long lasting style changes (Mallaliev et al.,
2010). Thus the use of ICT take into accounts not only the
technologies itself but also the ultimate development
objective and other factors which have an impact on
sustainability.
In Africa, there is insufficient evidence to suggest a direct
link between ICT’s and development. Ngwenyama et al., (2006)
argues that recent studies have found a positive correlation
between investment in ICT’s and economic growth in development
countries, but evidence for developing countries is not as
extensive.
There is enormous hope that electronic ICTs can serve as an
effective tool to address the perpetual problem of information
asymmetry in the VC of agricultural products and agro-inputs
in developing countries. Consequently, several donors and
international agencies, including the World Bank and the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) are
promoting the use of e-based ICTs in smallholder agriculture
(Kadigi et al., 2013)
The importance of ICTs in development process was long
recognized and access to ICTs Was even made one of the targets
of the Millennium Development Goal No. 8 which emphasizes the
benefits of new technologies, especially ICTs in the fight
against poverty. With 10 percent increase in high-speed
internet connections, economic growth Increases by 1.3 percent
(World Bank, 2009). It is also observed that connectivity
2
whether the internet or mobile phones is increasingly bringing
market information, financial services, and health services to
remote areas, and is helping to change people's lives in
unprecedented ways (World Bank, 2009).
Since agriculture is widely accepted as the foundation stone
of the economy of many countries. Many countries have not
successfully developed their economies without first
modernizing their agricultural activities. In Tanzania,
agriculture contribute 27% of GDP and 30% of total exports
with approximately 80% of Tanzania depend on agriculture for
living, (Koloseni and Shimba, 2012). This necessitates the
government of united republic of Tanzania to modernise
agricultural activities for economic development.
Improvement in agricultural activities involves a number of
key issues. It is not only about offering fertilizers,
tractors, power tillers, seeds and other agricultural
instruments to farmers but also extends to other issues such
as easy access to markets, extension services provision,
payment systems, supply chain management, training to farmers,
extension officers, change in organization structure and
traditional work practices, just to mention few (FAO, 2001)
1.1 Problem statement and justification
One of the big challenges facing the agriculture sector in
Tanzania is poor communication infrastructure (Koloseni and
Shimba, 2012). Taking into consideration that most of the
agricultural activities are practised in rural areas where
there is poor communication infrastructure. Poor
infrastructure make very difficult for transmitting of3
information regarding diseases outbreak, poor accessibility of
other information which are utmost important to maize
producers such as weather forecast, market prices, seeds and
fertilizers availability.
Recent development in ICT in Tanzania such as construction of
National ICT backbone, availability of mobile services, radio
and television transmission even in rural areas and
availability of tele-centres in rural areas can serves as a
framework for ICT service delivery related to agriculture
activities ( Koloseni and Shimba, 2012)
According to Durutan (1999) agricultural producers already
know that information is important and valuable and all they
need is its timely accessibility in order to improve
agricultural production. Although different reviews show the
importance of information and their sources in different
discipline but still very little is known about the
contribution of ICT in accessing agricultural information of
maize in Kilolo district Tanzania.
1.2 Objectives of the study
1.2.1General objectiveThe main objective of this research is to assess the
contribution of ICT in accessing agricultural information in
maize production.
1.2.2 Specific Objectivesi. To determine the contribution of ICT in increasing
the production of maize.
4
ii. To identify the social-economic factors limiting
maize producers to get agriculture information.
iii. To determine the accessibility of farmers to the
source of information.
1.3 Hypotheses
i. There is low contribution of ICT in accessingagricultural information of maize
ii. There are social economic factors limiting maizefarmers to get information
iii. Low access of maize farmers to the informationsources
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Role of information in Agriculture
Information is crucial for increasing agricultural production
and improving marketing and distribution strategies (Oladele,
2006). Information has consistently been a significant element
in the development of human society and has shaped over a long
period of time the way in which we think and act (Meyer,
5
2005). Information also opens windows of giving out
experiences, best practices, sources of financial aids and new
markets. By the same token, information enables farmers to
make informed decisions regarding production and marketing and
managing their lives successfully to cope with everyday
problems and to realize their opportunities (Matovelo, 2008;
Jerome and Theresa, 2009). As discussed by Aina et al (1995),
information has a vital part to play in improving and
sustaining agricultural production of any country or nation.
Also, Ochieng (1999) asserts that access to information is a
vital tool for empowering individuals to make informed
decisions or take action for them or for community
development. Supporting the above views, Durutan (1999), had
stated that agricultural producers already know that
information is important and valuable and all they need is its
timely accessibility in order to improve agricultural
production. According to Camble (1994), and Sturges and Neill
(1990), lack of adequate and relevant information has impacted
negatively on any development process including agriculture.
Ferris (2005) adds that access to accurate, timely and
appropriate information enables farmers to make better
decisions about what to produce, when to produce and where to
sell it than those who do not have such information.
Similarly, Byamugisha et al., (2008) note that the possible
benefits of using current agricultural information are
improvement in farming techniques and knowledge of when to use
manure or fertilizer, how to treat diseases and what crops to
plant.
6
2.1 Sources of agricultural information for maize farmers
Information source is an institution or individual that
creates or brings about a message (Statrasts, 2004). The
characteristics of a good information source are timelessness,
accuracy, relevance, cost effectiveness, trustworthiness,
usability, exhaustiveness and aggregation level (Statrasts,
2004). The selection of an information source depends on a
number of factors; including level of income, farm size, age,
geographical location, level of education (Riesenberg and Gor,
1999). Using the Indian NSSO 2003 survey, Adhiguru et al (2009)
found that small and marginal farmers accessed less
information and from fewer sources than medium and large Scale
farmers. Ogboma (2010), Meitei and Devi (2009), and Mtega and
Benard (2013),mentions some information sources used by
farmers in accessing their agricultural information
including ; newspapers, journals, bulletins, community
leaders, and famer groups. Another study by Daudu et al. (2009)
reported farmers to use agricultural extensions, posters,
Televisions, and Radio as their source of their information.
Furthermore, a study by (FAO, 1997) revealed that fellow
farmers, neighbors and farmers’ cooperative society used as
preference sources of information used by farmers in accessing
agricultural information. Ogboma (2010) noted the sources of
information used by farmers were personal experience,
workshops and Seminars, training, friends and neighbors,
Ministry of agriculture, magazines of agriculture, extension
7
officers, local Government officers, non-Government
organization, libraries of agriculture and posters. The study
by Daudu et al. (2013) in Nigeria further showed that the main
sources of information used by farmers in accessing
agricultural information were Extension agents, Friends, Radio
and Libraries. Similary, Bozi and Ozcatalbas (2010) revealed
that family members, neighbor farmer, extension services,
input providers and mass media were key sources of information
for Turkish farmers. Therefore, in view of the fact that each
farmer prefers certain information sources or channels over
others, it is important to do a thorough study before opting
for an information source and the scope to which the source of
information contributes in accessing agricultural information.
2.2 Contribution of ICT in accessing Agricultural Information
The Information and Communication Technology played a greater
role to enhance the sustainable livelihood of many people in
different parts of the world. According to World Bank (2007)
the contribution of ICT to rural livelihood in three aspects
i.e. Agricultural Extension, Access to market information,
access to weather information, disaster early warning and
country preparedness
1. Agricultural Extension
Extension organizations serve two vital roles in helping rural
communities access and use ICT as tools to improve their
livelihoods. First, these organizations often serve as a
crucial catalyst for awareness raising and advocacy, educating
and mobilizing rural stakeholders to demand strategies,8
policies and investments that will increase their access to
affordable ICT infrastructure and services. Examples from
the Caribbean, Sri Lanka, the Pacific Islands and Egypt
illustrate the valuable role that these organizations and
rural-based initiatives can play in amplifying the voice of
the rural poor in policy decisions and government initiatives
to increase affordable rural access.
By aggregating and educating the demand side, they help both
to express the need for and increase the livelihood of success
of such initiatives by giving government and the private
sector active and eager local partners. Second, these
organizations help the rural poor to understand, adapt and
effectively use these ICT tools and services once they are
available, in ways that will have positive impact on their
incomes and livelihoods (World Bank, 2007).
2. Access to Market Information
Among the wide range of factors shaping the incomes of rural
poor farmers, issues related to market information and
marketing effectiveness are crucial. Improving timely access
to information about market prices, about transport
arrangements and costs, about the locations and desires of
buyers, and about related issues such as weather has a
tangible positive impact on farmer incomes. Traditionally,
farmers have accessed this information largely through social
networks and broadcast media (particularly radio).
Among farmer organizations, SMS systems are proving their
worth by enabling farmers to compare prices in different
9
markets and to take a stronger negotiating position when
selling their produce (World Bank, 2011).
However, the spread of the Internet and particularly mobile
phones in rural areas is substantially expanding affordable
and timely access to relevant and accurate market information,
with positive effects both on farmers' incomes and on the
performance of rural agricultural markets overall hence
improve rural livelihood (World Bank, 2007).
3. Access to Weather Information, Disaster Early Warning and
Country Preparedness
The poor, especially the rural poor, are particularly
vulnerable to the negative effects of extreme weather and
natural disasters. Yet accurate forecasting and timely
warning can mitigate the effects of natural disasters such as
floods, and improved weather forecasting can improve crop
yields and lessen the effects of severe weather or drought.
ICT has a crucial role to play in all links of the chain, from
detection to modelling and forecasting to advance warning and
localization. Also ICT-enabled services often use multiple
technologies to provide Information by using different models
to provide rural farmers localized (non-urban) forecasts so
that they can prepare for weather-related events. In resource
constrained environments especially, providers use satellites
or remote sensors (to gather temperature data), Internet (to
store large amounts of data), and mobile phones (to
disseminate temperature information to remote farmers cheaply)
—to prevent crop losses and mitigate effects from natural
adversities (World Bank, 2011).10
Yet the vast majority of the poor in developing countries
still have very poor access to such information and very
little advance warning of adverse events. Accurate
forecasting, and the increasingly sophisticated computer
models that undergird it, depend on a vast array of data at a
global scale, and national meteorological organizations play a
key role both as suppliers of data for global forecasting and
as consumers of information and forecasting that they localize
and share (World Bank, 2007).
2.3 The Challenges facing maize farmers in accessing
agricultural information
Several Challenges facing farmers in accessing agricultural
information have been identified. For instance, according to
Aina (1990) revealed that the factors affecting the flow of
agricultural information to farmers in Africa include, the
limited number of radios and television sets, the low literacy
level of farmers, and the inadequate number of personnel
trained in agricultural information. Tologbonse et al. (2008)
found that challenges facing farmers in accessing agricultural
information were outdated information, language barrier, lack
of awareness on existence of different information sources,
lack of funds to acquire information and poor format of
information carrier. Furthermore, the study by Daudu (2009)
pointed out some of the problems encountered by farmers in
Nigeria in accessing agricultural information. These include
financial problems, inadequacy of facilities/professional,
incomplete or irrelevant information. Also, Byamugisha et al.
11
(2008), point out the challenges encountered by farmers in
Uganda when searching for agricultural information as lack of
cooperation from fellow farmers in sharing agricultural
information and language barriers Similarly, Babu et al. (2011)
conducted a study on farmers’ information needs and search
behaviors in Tamil Nadu. The findings from this study showed
that the major constraints facing farmers in accessing
information were poor availability, poor reliability, lack of
awareness of information sources available among farmers and
untimely provision of information. Furthermore, Mtega and
Benard (2013) carried out the study on the state of rural
information and communication services in Tanzania. The
findings from the referred study show that, poor/unreliable
information infrastructure, high illiteracy levels, low
income, lack of electricity and high cost of ICTs have limited
the accessibility of information services in rural areas.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Overview
This section describes methodological aspects related to the
proposed study, where by section 3.1 presents description of
the study area, section 3.2 presents research design, 3.3
presents sampling techniques and sample size, section 3.4
presents data collection and analysis methods.
12
3.1 Description of the Study Area
Kilolo is one of the four districts of the Iringa region of
Tanzania. It is bordered to the north and east by the Morogoro
region to the south by Mufindi district and to the west by
Iringa rural district. According to URT ( 2012) the population
of Kilolo district was 218,130.
Kilolo District is administratively divided into twelve wards
which is Dabaga, Idete, Ilula, Image, Irole, Mahenge, Mtitu,
Bagamoyo, Uhambingeto, Ukumbi, Ukwega and Udekwa.
3.2 Research Design
This study will be conducted in a one round survey using
cross-section research design. The cross section research
allows data collection at a single point of the study in one
time. The design is suitable for descriptive study for
determination of impacts between the variables. The design is
based on impacts between the variables. The design is precise
and favourable because of limitation of resource in terms of
time and funds.
3.3 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size
Simple random sampling method is employed to get a sample from
both male and female respondent to fill in questionnaires.
Proportionate stratified sampling is applied to get a
proportionate balance of male and female respondent. Two wards
are chosen then from each 20 respondent male and female will
13
be chosen randomly to fill the questionnaires. The reason
behind of choosing this sample is the population size of
people in this wards and heterogeneity of this population.
3.4 Data collection and Analysis
3.4.1 Primary DataThe data will be collected using structured questionnaires.
The questionnaires will consist of both open and closed-ended
questions prepared in English and translated in Swahili to
allow easy understand to the respondents.
3.4.2 Secondary DataIn order to obtain the readily available information with
regard to the stated objectives the data is obtained from
documentation of the area of study concerning the stated
objectives.
3.4.3 Data AnalysisPrimary data is summarized and coded before being entered into
computer for processing and manipulation, then Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS) will be used during the
analysis of data. Descriptive statistics analysis will be done
by computing frequencies, percentage, measures of central
tendency and measure dispersion The SPSS will ensure the
viability and reliability of data since it is employed to
analyze data from the field.
14
3.5 SOURCES OF FUND AND BUDGET
The study will cost 180,000 Tshs which will be provided by
higher education student loan board (HESLB) as detailed
bellow:
Table: 3 Budgets
S/NO DESCRIPTION ESTIMATED COST
1 Proposal
preparation,
typing and
printing
20,000.00/=
1 Transport 25,000.00/=
2 Stationary 25,000.00/=
15
3 Meals 40,000.00/=
4 Data collection 25,000.00/=
5 Data processing
analysis
10,000.00/=
6 Final report
preparation,
printing and
binding
25,000.00/=
7 Miscellaneous
expenses
10,000.00/=
Total 180,000.00
3.6 SCHEDULE ACTIVITES 2014-2015
Table: 4 Schedule of Activities
S/ ACTIVITIES NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY
16
N1. Preparation of
research proposal and questionnaires
2. Research proposal submission
3. Collection of data
4. Data analysis5. Final report
writing6. Submission of
the final report
17
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24
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: Data Collection and Analysis
Table: 1 Data Collection Table Summary
Specific Objectives Data Collection Data Analysis
To determine the
contribution of ICT
in improving maize
production
Questionnaires will
be used as a tool
for data collection,
where by data will
be obtained through
interviewing male
and female
respondent by using
the structured
questionnaires.
Statistical Package
for Social Science
(SPSS) will be used
during the analysis
of data.
To identify the
social-economic
Questionnaires will
be used as a tool
Statistical Package
for Social Science
25
factors limiting
maize producers to
get agriculture
information
for data collection,
where by data will
be obtained through
interviewing male
and female
respondent by using
the structured
questionnaires.
(SPSS) will be used
during the analysis
of data.
To determine the
accessibility of
farmers to the
source of
information
Questionnaires will
be used as a tool
for data collection,
where by data will
be obtained through
interviewing male
and female
respondent by using
the structured
questionnaires.
Statistical Package
for Social Science
(SPSS) will be used
during the analysis
of data.
26
APPENDIX II: Questionnaire
SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND AGRIBUSINESS
A Questionnaire for the Research on
ASSESSMENT OF CONTRIBUTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN ACCESSING INFORMATION OF MAIZE IN KILOLO
DISTRICT TANZANIA.
By: YUSUPH, NASIBU (AEA/D/12/T/0244)
3rd Year Student (Bachelor of Science in agricultural economicsand agribusiness) 2014/2015
I.BACKGROUND INFORMATION (Fill in the spaces provided)
1. Name of respondent…………………………………………………………………..
2. Date of interview……………………………………………………………………..
3. Name of the village ………………………………………………………………….
4. Ward……………………………… ………………………………………………….
5.
Division………………………………………….................................
.......................
II. PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS (Tick in the space provided or fill in the space
provided)
6. Age in years……………………………………………
7. Sex: (i) Male ( ) (ii) Female
( )
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Questionnaire No.
……………..
8. Marital status (i) Single ( ) (ii)
Married ( ) (iii) Divorced ( )
9. What is the level of your education?
(i) Primary education ( ) (ii)
Secondary education ( )
(iii) Diploma ( ) (iv) Certificate (
) (v) Degree ( )
Others (specify)……………………………………………………………………..
10. What is your main occupation?
(i) Peasant ( ) (ii) Business
person ( ) (iii) Public servant ( )
(iv) Others (specify)…………………………………………………………………….
III. HOUSEHOLD ACCESSIBILITY AND USE OF ICT (Tick in the space
provided or fill in the space provided)
11. Do you use and access radio?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No (
)
12. Do you use and access TV ‘stations?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No ( )
13. Do you own and use mobile phone?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No (
)
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If yes, which kind of mobile phone do you
use?
(i)Internet enable ( ) (ii) Not
internet enable ( ) (iii) I do not know ( )
14. What are the purposes of having mobile phone?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Does the use of mobile phone enhance you in
accessing agricultural information?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No (
) (iii) I do not know ( )
If yes, what is the most type of information?
(i) Input information ( ) (ii)Marketing
information ( ) (iii) weather information
(iv) Others (specify)………………………………………………………………
16. Do you access and use computer?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No ( )
If yes, when did you use computer?
(i) Yesterday (ii) last week (iii) last month (iv)
last year
17. Do you have an e-mail address?
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(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No
( )
If yes, whom are you communicating with via e-
mail?
(i) Extension officer (ii) input supplier (iii)
customer (iv) others………..(mention)
18. Does your income source sufficient handle any ICT
tool?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No ( )
19. Do you think the use of ICT tools can increases
efficient in your daily activities?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No ( )
20. Does the use of ICT save time in your daily
activities?
(i) Yes ( ) (ii) No ( )
21. Does the use of ICT improve social network?
(i) Yes ( ) (ii) No (
)
IV. CONSTRAINTS TO EFFECTIVE USE OF ICT (Tick in the space provided or
fill in the space provided)
22. What are the challenges facing you on using ICT?
i. …………………………………………………………………………………
ii. …………………………………………………………………………………
iii. …………………………………………………………………………………
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23. Does the use of ICT more cost fully in your daily
life?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No (
)
If yes, how does it cost? …………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
24. Is there inequality between men and women in your
household to access and control over mobile phone?
(i) Yes ( ) (ii) No
( )
If yes, who is more accessible?
1). Men ( ) (2) Women ( )
25. Does the ICT infrastructures in Tanzania favorable
to your daily activities?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No ( )
If no, what are the challenges?
i. …………………………………………………………………………………
ii. …………………………………………………………………………………
V. IMPACT OF ICT IN ACCESSING AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION (Tick in the
space provided or fill in the space provided)
26. Which type of ICT do you use in your daily
activities?
(i)TVs ( ) (ii) Radio ( )
(iii) Internet ( ) (iv) E-mail ( )
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(v) Mobile phone ( ) (iv) others………….
(Mention)
27. Does the use of ICT facilitate innovation in your
daily activities?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No (
)
28. What do you often communicate via ICT tools i.e.
mobile phones, e-mail?
(i) Social related issues i.e. greetings ( )
(ii) Business information (
)
(iii) All of the above
( )
29. Does the use of ICT help you to access market
information?
(i) Yes ( ) (ii) No ( )
30. Does the use of ICT help you to access to weather
information, disaster early warning and country
preparedness?
(i) Yes ( ) (ii) No (
) (iii) I do not know ( )
31. Does the use of ICT help you to access input
information?
(i) Yes ( ) (ii) No ( )
If yes, How?
………………………………….........................................
................
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32. Do you think the use of ICT can enhance your income
growth?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No (
)
33. Does the use of ICT tools improve your production of
maize?
(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No (
)
If yes, How? ………………………………………………………………………
34. Are there any crops your cultivating apart from
maize
(i) Yes ( ) (ii) No ( )
If yes, specify……………………………………………………………………...
35. What are the contributions of using ICT to your
agricultural activities?
i. …………………………………………………………………………………..
ii. …………………………………………………………………………………..
iii. …………………………………………………………………………………..
36. What are the disadvantages of using ICT in accessing
agricultural information?
i. ………………………………………………………………………………......
ii. …………………………………………………………………………………..
iii. ………………………………………………………………………………......
Thank you for filling the questionnaire.
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