Post on 23-Mar-2023
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1
�ÏÓ u×U `I\I“ ›³˜ uJ’¨< u›LI eU
UeÒ“ K›LI ’¨<:: ¾›KTƒ Ñ@� KJ’¨<'
�ÏÓ u×U `I\I“ �ÏÓ u×U SH]'
¾õ`É k” Ñ@�
›”}” w‰ u›UL¡ �”ѳK”
KeŸ?�‹” uS<K< ›”}” w‰ �”�ѳM”::
p’<” S”ÑÉ ›”} U^”
¾’³” ¾v["†¨<” S”ÑÉ U^”
Ÿ}q×G†¨< I´x‹ S”ÑÉ Öwk”
Ÿ›ð’ÑÖ< c−‹ ›"H@ÉU c¨<[”
›LI JÛLI JÛLI JÛLI JÃ! ¾SM°¡}™‹ ›Kn“ ¾SÚ[h¨< ’u=à ! ¾SM°¡}™‹ ›Kn“ ¾SÚ[h¨< ’u=à ! ¾SM°¡}™‹ ›Kn“ ¾SÚ[h¨< ’u=à ! ¾SM°¡}™‹ ›Kn“ ¾SÚ[h¨< ’u=Ã
uJ’¨< SNSÉ“ ŸuJ’¨< SNSÉ“ ŸuJ’¨< SNSÉ“ ŸuJ’¨< SNSÉ“ Ÿ����”Ÿ” G<K< vÖ^H†¨<“ ”Ÿ” G<K< vÖ^H†¨<“ ”Ÿ” G<K< vÖ^H†¨<“ ”Ÿ” G<K< vÖ^H†¨<“
vçÇH†¨< u?}cu< Là u[ŸƒI” uw²< ›¨<`Év†¨<&vçÇH†¨< u?}cu< Là u[ŸƒI” uw²< ›¨<`Év†¨<&vçÇH†¨< u?}cu< Là u[ŸƒI” uw²< ›¨<`Év†¨<&vçÇH†¨< u?}cu< Là u[ŸƒI” uw²< ›¨<`Év†¨<&
uG<K<U SM°¡}™‹“ ’u=Ä‹ LÃU uG<K<U SM°¡}™‹“ ’u=Ä‹ LÃU uG<K<U SM°¡}™‹“ ’u=Ä‹ LÃU uG<K<U SM°¡}™‹“ ’u=Ä‹ LÃU እእእእ”Ç=G< u[ŸƒI” ”Ç=G< u[ŸƒI” ”Ç=G< u[ŸƒI” ”Ç=G< u[ŸƒI”
›w³!›w³!›w³!›w³!
3
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#›M-›=TTI$ ¾T>K¨< nM uÓ`Éñ c=�à #S]’ƒ$
c=J” #›M-›=TU$ TKƒ ÅÓV #S]$ �”ÅTKƒ
’¨<:: u›=eLT© eÁT@¨< ÅÓV #›M-›=TTI$ TKƒ
#¾’w¿ (c.®.¨) }}Ÿ= uSJ” HÃT•�©U
HÃT•�© ÁMJ’< Ñ<ÇÄ‹” ›eSM¡„ G<K”}“©
eM×” ¾}Ô“çð$ �”ÅTKƒ c=J” #›M-›=TU$
TKƒ ÅÓV #’w¿ (c.®.¨)” }¡„ HÃT•�©U J’
HÃT•�© vMJ’< Ñ<ÇÄ‹ uS<K< Là ›ÖnLÃ
eM×” ¾}cÖ¬ c¬$ TKƒ c=J” #c¬$ ¾T>K¬
nM u›[w—¬“ u�”ÓK=´—¬ ›Ñvw ¾¨”É ë�
›SM"‹ uSJ’< c?ƒ K›=TU’ƒ �”ÅTƒ�ß
ÃÑMéM::
#›ÖnLà eM×”$ ¾T>K¬ ÅÓV ¾çKAƒ (cLƒ)
›=TV‹” (S]−‹) Ÿ²=I ¬ß ÁÅ`Ò†ªM:: U”U
እ”"D ¾cLƒ S]−‹U ›=TV‹ u=vK<U G<K”}“©
eM×” Ó” ¾L†¬U:: #¾’u=¿ }}Ÿ= uSJ”$ ¾T>K¨<
ÅÓV u’u=¿“ ›=TU S"ŸM ÁK¬” M¿’ƒ ÃÑMéM::
eK²=I ›=TS< eM×’<” ¾T>ÖkS¬ kØታ (Ÿ^c<
dÃJ” ¾’w¿ (c.®.¨) Uƒ¡ J• ’¬ TKƒ ’¬::
#›M-¤>LóI$ ¾T>K¬ nM ÅÓV #}}Ÿ=’ƒ $ TKƒ
c=J” #›M-¤K=óI$ ¾T>K¨< ÅÓV #}}Ÿ=$ TKƒ
4
’¬:: u›=eLT© ›Ñvu< ›M-¤>LóI እ“ ›M-¤K=óI ¾
›M-›=TTI እ“ ›M-›=TU ›Ã’ƒ ƒ`Ñ<U ›L†¨<::
#›M-©dÁI$ TKƒ #›Å^ (’<³²?) }cÜ’ƒ$
እ”ÅTKƒ c=J” #›M-ªc=$ TKƒ ÅÓV #›Å^
(’<³²?)¨<” ¾T>ðêU - GLò’~” ¾}[Ÿu$ TKƒ c=J”
uS<eK=V‹ É`d“ƒ ¬eØ ÁL†¨< xታ ¤>Ló“
¤K=óI "L†¨< xታ Ò` }Sddà ’¨<:: u`"ታ ¾J’<ƒ
kÅUƒ ’wÁƒ ¾}kÇT>¨< }}Ÿ= (¤K=óI) እ”Å’u\
Te}ªM ÁeðMÒM:: eK²=I ›w³—−‡ ’u=ÃU
¤K=óU ¾’u\ c=J” ›Ç=e IÓÒƒ” (g]¯”) ò¨<
¾SÖ< ’u=Áƒ Ó” ¾kÅUƒ ’u=Áƒ }}Ÿ= (¤K=óI)
›M}vK<U:: እ”Ç=G<U ’u=à dÃJ’< ¾’u=Áƒ }}Ÿ=
(¤K=ó) ¾}vK< c−‹ ’u\::
ÃI ¾›=TU’ƒ“ ¾¤K=ó’ƒ Ñ<Çà ¾S<eK=S<”
TIu[cw ¾ŸóðK“ uw²< u<É•‹ ›e}dcw“
õMeõ“ Là }ê°• uTU׃ u›LI ›”É’ƒ እU’ƒ
(}¨<H>É) u’u=Ã’ƒ (’<u<ª) Là እ”"D dÃk` ¾}KÁ¾
›e}dcw”“ M¿’ƒ ¾ðÖ[ ØÁo ŸJ’ c”w…M::
ÃI Ñ<ÇÃ uእeMU“ u›e}UIaƒ ¨<eØ K¡`¡`
Ÿulƒ `°f‹ kÇT>¨< ’¨<:: ¤>L󒃔 u}SKŸ}
S<eK=V‹ እMõ ›°Lõ SêNõƒ” êðªM:: Ÿò‚
¾}Åk’¨< ‹Ó` U” Séõ ›Kuƒ dÃJ” U” Séõ
¾KuƒU ¾T>K¨< ’¨<:: uእ”Ç=I ›Ã’ƒ ›ß` êG<õ
¬eØ eK እÁ”Ç’Æ ’Ñ` uØMkƒ Tp[w Ãp`“
5
u`°c< ²<]Á እ”"D” G<K<” S²`²` ¾TÃVŸ` ’Ñ`
’¨<:: ÃI‹ ›ß` êG<õ ¤>L󒃔 u}SKŸ} ÁK<ƒ”
Sc[ታ© M¿’„‹ KSÖkU ÁIM w‰ ’¬::
ÃI”” ØÁo u}SKŸ} S<eK=V‹ uG<Kƒ Ô^
እ”Å}ŸðK< Ÿ¨Ç=G< Td¨p ¾T>[Ç ÃSeK—M::
1. ›u<u¡` ¾SËS]Á¬ ¾pÆc< ’wà (c.®.¨)
¤K=óI እ”ÅJ’ ¾T>ÁU’< c<’>−‹'
2. ›K= ›=w” ›u< ×DK=w (®.c) ¾SËS]Á¨< ›=TU“
¤K=ó ’u` wK¨< ¾T>ÁU’< g=¯−‹
ÃI SW[ታ© M¿’ƒ K?KA‹ M¿’„‹” እ”ŨKÅ
uT>kØK<ƒ U°^ö‹ ¨<eØ ÃÑKéM::
¾M¿’„‹ TÖnKÁ ¾M¿’„‹ TÖnKÁ ¾M¿’„‹ TÖnKÁ ¾M¿’„‹ TÖnKÁ
pÆc< ’u=à (c.®.¨) uG<K<U ¾›=eLU u<É•‹ ²”É
}kvÃ’ƒ vK¨< (G<K<U uT>eTS<uƒ) NÇ=e
እ”Å}“Ñ\ƒ፡-
#¾’@ I´w (›<TI) ucv feƒ u<É•‹ ßóðLM::
Ÿ›”Æ u<É” ue}k` K?L¨< uS<K< Öò ’¨< (¾እdƒ
’¨<)$ TKታ†¨< Ãታ¨nM::
ŸÖò−‡ u<É•‹ LKSJ” ƒ¡¡K—¬” S”ÑÉ
KTÓ–ƒ፤ SÇ” ¾T>g<“ ÃI ¡õõM S•\ Ádcv†¨<
6
G<K< dÃታ¡~ ¾²=‹” ¾›”ÇD u<É” p” S”ÑÉ KTÓ–
ƒ K?ƒ }p” c=Kñ •[ªM::
uእ`ÓØU ÃI ¾እ”Á”Ç”Æ c¨< ›”ÑwÒu= ØÁo
SJ”“ c−‹ G<K< U¡”Áƒ Te[Í” S]Á†¬
›É`Ѭ G<’@ታ¨<” uTS”“ uTØ“ƒ እ¬’~
እeŸ=ÒKØ É[e SታŸƒ ¾ÓÉ TK~ ›T^ß ¾K?K¬
እ`UÍ SJ” ›Kuƒ፡: እ¬’ታ¨< እeŸ=ታ¨p É[e ÅÓV
¨Å %EL SSKe“ }eó Sl[Ø ðêV ›ÃÑvU::
ÃI SJ” ¾T>‹K¬ Ó” SËS]Á ÁK¬” Sc[ታ©
M¿’ƒ“ ¾M¿’~ S”e›?−‹ U” እ”ÅJ’< uÓMê
K=ታ¨p“ ÓL© eT@ƒ“ u›K<vMታ Là ¾}Ñ’v ›=-
U¡”Áታ© ¾J’ eT@ታ‹”” Ñ}” u”èI Mx““
›e}ªê* ›°Ua ’Ña‹” uTe[Í ’Øw u’Øw
e”S[U`“ እ¨<’ታ¨<” ¾SkuM ´ÓÌ’ƒ“ ßõ”’ƒ”
e“e¨ÓÉ SJ’<” kÉT@ TekSØ እðMÒKG<::
uSJ’<U ÁK¨<U Sc[ታ© M¿’ƒ“ Ó߃ እ”Ç=G<U
እÁ”Ç”Æ u<É” ¾T>ÁekUÖ¨<” Te[Í ¡`¡` እ“
U¡”Áƒ ßU` kÉV Td¨l ÖnT> ÃSeK—M::
ª“ ª“ ØÁo−‡ ¾T>Ÿ}K<ƒ “†¨<::
7
1. ¾እÁ”Ç”Æ ’wà Uƒ¡ (¤K=óI) ¾SU[Ø“
eM×” ¾SeÖ~ Ñ<Çà ¾›LI õnÉ ’¨< ¨Ãe
¾ðKÑ<ƒ” c¨< ¾’wà Uƒ¡ ›É`Ѩ< ¾SU[Ö<
Swƒ ¾I´u< (›<T¨<) ’¨<;
2. uK?L¨< S”ÑÉ ÅÓV' ›LI ¨ÃU ’w¿ I´u<
¤K=óI እ”ȃ SU[Ø እ”ÅT>‹K< ¾T>ÑMê IÓ“
SS]Á KI´u< ÁekSÖ<ƒ ’Ñ` ›K ¨Ãe I´u<
u^c< ¤K=óI ŸSU[׆¨< uòƒ Á[klƒ“
¾}eTS<uƒ IÓ“ Å”w ›K ¨Ãe I´u< uÑ>²?¨<
ÁK¨<” ’v^© G<’@ታ U¡”Áƒ uTÉ[Ó“ u}Ñ–¨<
›Ò×T> SW[ƒ ¨<d’@¨<” ¨c’<; ÃI””e ¾TÉ[Ó
Swƒ ’u^†¨< ¨Ã;
3. ¾}¨d ’Ñ` ›=TU“ ¤K=óI KSJ” ¾T>Ául
pÉS G<’@ታ−‹“ }ðLÑ> ‹KAታ−‹ S•` እ”ÇKv†¨<
(U¡”Áታ© ÑKíU J’ cTÁ© IÓ) Õ` ÃJ”; "K<
U”É” “†¨<;
4. ¾›LI SM°¡}— ¤K=ó†¨<” S`ÖªM'
›MS[Ö<U; S`Ö¨< ŸJ’ T”” ’u`; "MS[Ö<
KU”;
5. ’u=¿ Ÿ²=I ¯KU uVƒ Ÿ}K¿ u%EL ¾d†¨< ¤K=ó
(}}Ÿ=) J• Ãታ¨p ¾’u[¨< T” ’¨<; K¤K=ó’ƒ
¾T>Ául G<’@ታ−‹ SKÁ“ ‹KAታe ’u[¨<;
8
Sc[Sc[Sc[Sc[ታታታታ© M¿’„‹© M¿’„‹© M¿’„‹© M¿’„‹
¾›=TTI“ ¤>LóI” G<“‚ }ðØa“ vI] kÉV
SÓKê Ñ>²? ¾T>qØw ÃSeK—M:: ¾›=TU’ƒ ª“
vI] U”É” ’¨<; uSËS]Á Å[Í ›=TU TKƒ
¾›”É Ó³ƒ Ѹ ¨ÃU S] ¨ÃU ”Ñ<e TKƒ ’¨<;
¨Ãe uUÉ` Là ¾›LI“ ¾’u=¿ Uƒ¡ ’¨<;
›=TTI“ ¤>Ló ¾’u=¿ Uƒ¡’ƒ }wKA እeŸታS’ É[e
ŸLÃ ¾}Ökc< ØÁo−‹ SMe ¾T>ÁÑ–<uƒ
uSËS]Á ¾’u=¿” SW[ታ© vI`Áƒ Là ¨<d’@
c=cØ w‰ ’¨<:: uSËS]Á ’u=¿ ¾”Ñ<d© Ó³ƒ S]
(›e}ÇÇ]) ’u\ ¨Ãe ¾›LI Uƒ¡ ¨ÃU ¨Ÿ=M
’u\; uT>K¨< LÃ ¾ÓÉ ¨<d’@ SeÖƒ ›Kw”::
uእeMU“ ታ]¡ ¨<eØ ¾’u=¿” }M°¢ ”Ñ<d©
S”Óeƒ/ Ó³ƒ” KSõÖ` ¾}VŸ[ እ`UÍ ›É`Ѩ<
¾¨cÆ u<É” እ”Å’u[ እ“¨<nK”:: ¾²=I u<É” እÃታ“
›e}dcw ld©' Gwƒ' ¨<uƒ“ GÃM ’u`:: ¾’u=¿”
}M°¢ ›LTU u²=I G<’@ታ ’u` ¾}Ñ’²u<ƒ::
uÑ>²?¨< ¾’u[¨<” ld©“ ¾É”l`“ ›e}dcw
u}Ñ’²u<ƒ ›"D%E” ’u` ¾’u=¿”U }M°¢“ }Óv`
¾}[ÔS<ƒ::
¾›u< c<õÁ” ›T‹ ¾’u[¨< ®<ƒvI ›=w” [u=›I
¾l[Ãj‹” SM°¡ƒ K’u=¿ KTÉ[e }M¢ ’u`::
9
#S<NSÉ! ¾UƒðMѨ< ’Ñ` °¨<p““ eM×” ŸJ’'
uS" LÃ Ñ@ታ እ“Å`ÓHK”:: Ÿ}Ÿu[ u?}cw ¾J’‹
T>eƒ TÓvƒ ŸðKÓ¡U uGÑ\ ›K‹ ¾UƒvM ¨<w
c?ƒ እ”É`MHK”:: ¾w`“ ¾¨`p ¡U‹ƒU ¾Uƒh
ŸJ’ Ÿ²=IU uLà KTÉ[Ó ´ÓÌ ’”:: ’Ñ` Ó”
እ’²=I” ×±ታƒ” c=ÁSMŸ< ¾•\ƒ” ›Á„‰‹””
¾T>Áª`É ÃI” ewŸƒI” w‰ ›lUM”::$
l[Ãj‹ S<NSÉ (c.®.¨) ÃI”” Ndv†¨<” uÅeታ
እ”ÅT>kuM እ`ÓÖ™‹ J’¨< ÃÖvul ’u`:: ’Ñ` Ó”
pÆc< ’u=Ã(c.®.¨) ¾T>Ÿ}K¨< ›ÁI ÁKuƒ” Ÿc<^ 41
uSp^ƒ ’u` ULi ¾cÖ<ƒ::
ادقة عاعثل صقة ماعص تكمرضوا فقل أنذرفإن أع
ودثم13﴿و﴾
#(Ÿ(Ÿ(Ÿ(Ÿእእእእ¨<’¨<’¨<’¨<’ታታታታ¨<) ¾T>Áð’ÓÖ< (¾T>µ¨<) ¾T>Áð’ÓÖ< (¾T>µ¨<) ¾T>Áð’ÓÖ< (¾T>µ¨<) ¾T>Áð’ÓÖ< (¾T>µ\\\\) ŸJ’ u›É“ ) ŸJ’ u›É“ ) ŸJ’ u›É“ ) ŸJ’ u›É“
cS<É I´x‹ Là u¨[Ũ< ¯cS<É I´x‹ Là u¨[Ũ< ¯cS<É I´x‹ Là u¨[Ũ< ¯cS<É I´x‹ Là u¨[Ũ< ¯Ã’ƒ ¾Sw[p l× Ã’ƒ ¾Sw[p l× Ã’ƒ ¾Sw[p l× Ã’ƒ ¾Sw[p l×
›eÖ’pn‹%EKG<::›eÖ’pn‹%EKG<::›eÖ’pn‹%EKG<::›eÖ’pn‹%EKG<::$
®<ƒvI uULg< እÏÓ }Ñ`V ’u`:: uTeÖ”kmÁ¨<
ÓMî’ƒ“ q^Ø’ƒ }Å“ÓÙ ¡¨< ›K:: እeMU“”
vÃkuMU l[Ãj‹ S<NSÉ” (c.®.¨) እ”Ç=}¬ƒ“
ŸK?KA‹ Ôd−‹ Ò` }ÒõÙ Ñ<Ç¿” ¾ƒ እ”ÅT>ÁÅ`e
ŸÇ` J• w‰ Sታ²w እ”ÇKv†¨< SŸ^†¨<:: u²=I”
10
Ñ>²? S<NSÉ u®<ƒvI LÃU ÉÓUƒ c`…M wK¨<
ÅSÅS<:: (c=^I ›=w” H>hU 1: 313-4)
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¨Å Ÿ}T¨< ukLK< SÓvƒ eLM‰K< vL (¨eð”Ø`)
uSÖkU Ønƒ ËS\66 uSeð”Ø\ É”ÒÄ‹”“
u�dƒ ¾}k×ÖK< ‹x−‹” ¨Å "°v ¨[¨\66 ¾"°v
×^ }nÖK pÆc< "°v uŸòM ¨ÅS::
(›M-c<¿Ö= - �]Ÿ<M ¤<Ló�' Ñê 209)
›M›M›M›M-¨K=É ¨K=É ¨K=É ¨K=É ����“ H“ H“ H“ H\\\\” ›M” ›M” ›M” ›M-[g=É[g=É[g=É[g=É
¾}K¾ ’Ñ` ¾KU uT>Ád´” G<’@� ¾}KSÅ Å”w
¾J’uƒ G<’@� ’¨< ÁK¨<::
›M-¨K=É ›=w” ¾²=É ›=w” ›wÉM SK=¡ K?L—¨<
¾›<SÁ−‹ ¤K=ó ’u`:: �`c<U uc"^U’~ ’¨<
¾T>�¨k¨<::
›”É K?K=ƒ Ÿ›”ÇD pUÖ< Ò` �¾Ö× ›Sg“ �eŸ
”Òƒ É[e ôi�¨< kØKA Kc<wH> cLƒ ¾T>Å[Ó Ø]
(›³”) }cT:: u²=I” Ñ>²? fL~” SU^ƒ (TcÑÉ)
ÁKuƒ pU×D �”ÅJ’‹ UKA }“Ñ[:: Ÿ²=ÁU pU×D
¾¤K=ó¨<” "v Kwd uGÃK— e"` ¨<eØ �”ÇK‹
fL~” ›cÑÅ‹::
162
(›M-Ç=Á` u¡]:- �]Ÿ<M ŸT>e' pê 2' Ñê 320 u’ªw ›ISÉ
G<c?” ¥” �]¡ ›ISÇ= u}vK¨< SêNõ ¨<eØ uÑê 328 LÃ
¾}Ökc: ›=w” h¡`:- ðª~M ¨õÁƒ' pê 4: Ñê 256-9)
Ÿ°K�ƒ ›”É k” u›e^−‡ ¾°ÉT@ ¡MM ¨<eØ
¾UƒÑ˜” ›”ÇD” MÌ” ›”ÇD ¾c?ƒ v]Á ›ÑMÒ¿
vK‹uƒ c=}“¢Lƒ ›¾‹::
Ÿ²=ÁU ÃI ›=eLU ›ÃÅKU:: ÃI ¾SÌc= GÃT•ƒ
’¨<:: u²=I” Ñ>²? ›M-¨K=É e”˜ (ÓØU) ›’u’u::
#Kc−‹ ULe (¨_) ¾T>Ú’p c¨< �Á²’ ÃV�M::
wMØ c¨< ¾ðKѨ<” Åe� G<K< ÁÑ—M::$
(›M-c<¿Ö=:- �]Ÿ<M ¤<Kó�: Ñê 291)
Ñ““¨< ¾›vc=Á−‹ ¤K=ó“ #¾›”É g=I ›”É
K?K=„‹$ ª’— vI] ¾J’¨< eSØ`“ �Lp ¤K=ó
}wKA ¾}’Ñ[Kƒ H\” ›M-[g=É Ÿ›”ÇD ¾T‹ ›v~
pUØ Ò` ›”fL KSÒðõ ðKÑ::
u²=I” Ñ>²? c?ƒ¾ª �”Ç=I ¯Ã’~ ’Ñ` ¾eÒ ´UÉ“
"L†¨< c−‹ Ò` �”ÅS}—ƒ �”ÅT>qÖ`“ �”Å
�“~ SqÖ` �”ÇKvƒ uÓMê ’Ñ[‹¨<:: u²=I” Ñ>²?
H\” ›M-nÇ= ›u< ¿c<õ” ›eÖ^“ õLÔ~” ÁTL
²”É nÇ=¨< u’Ñ\ Là õ`É �”Ç=cØ }Å[Ñ:: u²=I”
¨pƒ nÇ=¨< �”Ç=I ›K<:-
163
#Ÿ�’²=I fe~ ¾ƒ—¨< ÃuMØ �”ÅT>Å”p
›L¨<pU::$ ¾S<eK=S<” ”w[ƒ“ ÅU �”Çh
¾T>ݨƒuƒ �”Ë^ �“~” ¾TÁŸw[¨< ¤K=ó ¨ÃU
¾¤K=ó¨<” U™ƒ KTTELƒ ›hð[˜ ¾UƒMª v]Áª
›ÑMÒà ¨ÃU ›v~” ›ª`Ê Ÿ�”Ë^ �“~ Ò`
Ã}— ²”É K¤K=ó¨< õ`É ¾T>cØ nÇ= }w¨<::
(›M-c<¿Ö= �]Ÿ<M ¤<Kó�: Ñê 291)
u›LI õƒH©’ƒ“ u’u=Ä‹ u›LI õƒH©’ƒ“ u’u=Ä‹ u›LI õƒH©’ƒ“ u’u=Ä‹ u›LI õƒH©’ƒ“ u’u=Ä‹ ����”Ÿ””Ÿ””Ÿ””Ÿ”-¾Ki’ƒ (¾Ki’ƒ (¾Ki’ƒ (¾Ki’ƒ (����eSI) eSI) eSI) eSI)
����U’ƒ Là ÁK¨< }ê°•U’ƒ Là ÁK¨< }ê°•U’ƒ Là ÁK¨< }ê°•U’ƒ Là ÁK¨< }ê°•
c<’>−‹ #uU`Ý K}jS<ƒ ¤K=ó−‹$ ÁL†¨<
›e}dcw S<eK=S<” Iw[}cw KþK+" Ékƒ
�”ÅÇ[Ѩ<“ ÁKU”U Seð`ƒ“ e’-UÓv` KeM×”
vÅ[Ñ<ƒ }ÒÉKA“ ¨�Å^© GÃM w‰ eM×” LÃ
¾¨Ö<ƒ” Sѳƒ“ S�²´ ÓÉ �”ÅJ’v†¨< kÅU
c=M }ÑMéDM::
u²=IU ¾}’d I´u< KGÃT•�†¨< ÁL†¨<” �Ã�“
�U’ƒ uØpK< �”Ç=kÃ\ }ÑŪM::
uSËS]Á Å[Í ›w³—−‡ ¤K=ó−‹ U”U
¾GÃT•ƒ eT@ƒ ¾K?L†¨<“ Úª’ƒ ¾}’ðÒ†¨<
¾›LI õ^‰ ¾^n†¨< ’u\::
164
¾�”Ç=I ¯Ã’„‡” ¤K=ó−‹ ¤=LóI }kvÃ’ƒ
�”Ç=Áј KTÉ[Ó“ Øó�†¨< KSÅvue ’u=Ä‹
�”"D” eI}ƒ ÃðêTK<' ŸNÖ=›ƒ ¾ìÆ ›ÃÅK<U
wK¨< ›U’¨< K?L¨<”U KTdS” Ø[ƒ ›Å[Ñ<::
eK²=I ¾’u=Ä‹ �eSI (NÖ=›ƒ ¾Ki SJ”) �U’ƒ
}k¾[::
U”U �”"D K¤K=ó’ƒ x� ¾T>ul °¨<kƒ ¾}"’<“
›LI” ð] ¾J’< eM×” LÃ Ÿ’u[¨< S] uw²< SMŸ<
¾T>hK< uS„−‹ ¾T>qÖ\ c−‹ ¾’u\ u=J”U
x�¨< ŸT>Ñv†¨< uT”—¨<U Seð`ƒ wMÝ
LL†¨< c−‹ ÃMp x�¨< KTÃÑv†¨< ¾u�‹ KJ’<
c−‹ pÉT>Á SeÖƒ ‹Ó` ¾K¨<U KTKƒ }ÑŨ<
’u`::
g=¯−‹ x�¨< ¾T>Ñv¨< uLß c¨< �ÁK KTÃÑv¨<
Ku�‹ c¨< SeÖƒ Ö?“T ›e}dcw ›ÃÅKU
uTKƒ ¾²=I” ›c^` SØö’ƒ c=ÁÒMÖ< c<’>−‹
ÅÓV ›”É ’Ñ` u^c< Ø\U SØöU ¾K¨<U' ›LI
Á²²¨< T”—¨<U ’Ñ` Ø\ ’¨<' ›LI ¾ŸKŸK¨<
T”—¨<U ’Ñ` ÅÓV SØö ’¨< wK¨< Á¨<ÍK<::
#U¡”Áƒ$” u}SKŸ} uGÃT•ƒ ¨<eØ ¾ƒU x�
ÃÑ—M wK¨< áÇK<:: ¾c<’>−‹ #IÒ© ¤=LóI$
›e}dcw u�eMU“ ›e}UIa LÃ ¾T>ÁdÉ[¨<”
165
›ÖnLà }ê°• u´`´` KTekSØ ÃI x�¨<
›ÃÅKU:: u›ß\ ¾T>Ÿ}K<ƒ ’Øx‹” T”dƒ um
ÃJ“M ¾T>M ÓUƒ ›K˜::
�’²=I” ¤K=ó−‹ ŸØóƒ KTÇ”“ KSŸLŸM
�”Ç=G<U IÒ© KTeScM ’u=Ä‹” �eTI (�”Ÿ”-
¾Ki’ƒ) S”ðÓ dÃJ” ›LI”U #õƒI$ ›Mv
›Å[Ñ<ƒ::
Ÿ²=I }’e}” uÑÇ=` ¤<U ¾¨[Ũ<” ›ÁI
›eðLÑ>’ƒ“ ØpU ukLK< S[ǃ ÉLM::
#›”} SM°¡}— JÃ! ŸÑ@� ¾}¨[ÅMI” SM°¡ƒ
(¾¯K=” ¤=KóI u}SKŸ}) ›¨<Ï:: ÃI”” "LÅ[Ó¡
SM°¡~” (¾›LI) G<K< ›LÅ[e¡U:: ›LI Ÿc−‹
(}”¢M“ �Ÿ<à }Óv`) ÃÖwkHM::$
¾�eLT© �U’ƒ“ }Óv` ”êI“ u›K= ¤=LóI LÃ
¾}Sc[} ’u`:: Á ›”É SM°¡ƒ vÃ}LKõ •a
G<K<U SM°¡ƒ �”ÇM}LKð ÃqÖ` ’u`::
¾GÃT•~ ›ÖnLà ÅI”’ƒ ŸpÆc< ’wà (c.®.¨)
u%EL u¯K=Ã ¤K=ó’ƒ LÃ ¾}Sc[} ’u` TKƒ ’¨<::
166
g=¯’ƒg=¯’ƒg=¯’ƒg=¯’ƒ ›=›=›=›=-Ç=V¡^c=Á© ’¨<; Ç=V¡^c=Á© ’¨<; Ç=V¡^c=Á© ’¨<; Ç=V¡^c=Á© ’¨<;
}nªT>−‰‹” ¾kÅUƒ ¤K=ó−‹”“ ›=TV‹”
¾cM×” iÓÓ` uSSMŸƒ g=¯’ƒ ›=-Ç=V¡^c=Á©
’¨< wK¨< ÁU“K<::
›e^ G<K~ ›=TV‹ uS<K< Ÿ›”É u?}cw ¾}Ñ–<
c=J’< ¾SËS]Á−‡ ›^ƒ ¤K=ó−‹ ÅÓV Ÿ}KÁ¾
Ôd ¾}¨<×Ö< ’u\:: eK²=I ¾c<’> S´Gw uSc[~
Ç=V¡^c=Á© �”ÅJ’“ ŸG<K< }S^ß �”ÅJ’
›É`Ѩ< ÓÑ^K<:: u›”í\ Ó” ¾g=¯ ›=TTI u²`
¾T>}LKõ Ÿ›”É u?}cw ¾S’Ú uSJ’< Ø\ ›"H@É
›ÃÅKU wK¨< ÃÑU�K<::
uSËS]Á Å[Í ›”É ¾S”Óeƒ e`¯ƒ u^c< Ø\
¨ÃU SØö K=J” ›Ã‹MU:: ¾Ø\’~ ¨ÃU
SØö’~ SÖ” ¾T>K"¨< eM×’<” ò¨< ¾S]’~”
e^ uT>c\ c−‹ ¾SØö’ƒ ¨ÃU Ø\’ƒ SÖ”
’¨<:: u²=I Sc[ƒ ug=¯−‹ �U’ƒ Sc[ƒ S]¨<
¨ÃU ›=TS< S°c<U (�”Ÿ”-¾Ki“ ŸT”—¨<U
�Ÿ<à }Óv^ƒ ¾ìÆ) “†¨< TKƒ e`¯}-S”Óe~U
(›e}ÇÅ\U) �ÏÓ õèU“ õƒH© ’¨< TKƒ ’¨<::
u›”É uŸ<M ¾SËS]Á¨< ›=TU ¾J’<ƒ u›=TU
¯K= ¾›ß` Ñ>²? ›e}ÇÅ` ¾’u[¨< ¨Å` ¾Ki õƒI“
167
uK?L¨< uŸ<M ÅÓV ’u=¿ (c.®.¨) eKSÚ[h¨<
›=TU - ›=TU ›M-SIÇ= (¾SÑKݨ<” Ñ>²? ›LI
ÁõØ”“) ¾}“Ñ\ƒ ƒ¡¡K—’~ ¾}[ÒÑÖ GÇ=e ÃÑ—
M:-
#ußq““ ›=-õƒH©’ƒ ¾UƒVLª” UÉ` uõƒI“
u�Ÿ<M’ƒ ÃVLM::$
(›u< Ǩ<É:- ›M-c<’”' pê 4' Ñê 106 9' ›ISÉ:- ›M-
S<e’É pê 1 Ñê 377' 430' pê 3' Ñê 28' ›M-HŸ=U:- ›M-
S<e}É[¡' pê 4' Ñê 557' 865)
eK²=I S’h‹” �”Ç=G< J” }wKA ÁK Te[Í
¾}kSÖ ›ÃÅKU G<K}—¨< Te}ªM ÁKw” ’Ñ`
ÅÓV G<K<U ¾c<’> ¤K=ó−‹ Ÿ›u< u¡` ËUa እeŸ
S<እ}c=U u=LI (¾›u=c=Á−‹” Y`¨-S”ÓYƒ u
656 H>Ï]Á/1258 ¯.¡ uSÑ`ce ›=^”” uѳ
uV”ÔK=Á©¨< ”Ñ<e JL¢¥” ¾}ÑÅK) ÁK<ƒ uS<K<
Ÿl_Ãi ’u\::
ታÇ=Á ÃI TKƒ ›”É u?}cw ŸUY^p ‰Ã“ እeŸ
eü” ÁK<ƒ” S<eK=V‹ KeÉeƒ }Ÿ<M U°} ¯Sታƒ
Ѳ< TKƒ ›ÃÅKU;
Ze}— ¾c<’> ¤K=óI Y`¯ƒ uÇ=V¡^c= LÃ
¾}SW[}uƒ ›Ò×T> ታÄ ›Ãታ¨pU::
¾SËS]Á¨< ¤K=ó” w”SKŸƒ eM×” KSq“ÖØ
168
¾un¨< I´u<” vd}ð U`Ý dÃJ” uØmƒ cHv−‹
u}Å[Ñ Ñ<v¯@ Ÿw²< wØwØ“ ›}"a uÓòƒ ¾}Ñ–
g<Sƒ ’¨<:: G<K}—¨< ¤K=ó ¾}S[Ö¨< ÅÓV
uSËS]Á¨< ¤K=ó ’¨<:: Ze}— ¤K=ó ¾}S[Ö¨<
ÅÓV KÃeS<L u›Ueƒ c−‹ uእ¨<’~ Ó” u›”É
c¨< ’¨<:: S<¯©ÁI ÅÓV YM×’<” ¾}[Ÿu¨<
u¨ታÅ^© HÃM ’¨<:: Ÿc< uòƒ ¾*K=Ò`Ÿ= (uØmƒ
c−‹/u<É” w‰ ¾T>Á´ eM×”) Ø\ UdK? ’¨<
TKƒ c=‰M Ÿc< u}L ÅÓV V“`Ÿ= (”Ñ<d© ›Ñ³´)
J• S×::
¾Ç=V¡^c= SÑKÝ cKJ’¨< እŸ<M’ƒ” u}SKŸ}
¾kÅUƒ S]−‹ }Óv` U” ÃSeM ’u` ¾T>K¨<”
T¾ƒ ÉLM::
®<S` ›[w ÁMJ’ c¨< ›[u=Á ¨<eØ "M}¨KÅ
ue}k` ›[w ŸJ’ c¨< S¨<[e እ”ÅTËM ¨<d’@
›e}LMö ’u`::
(TK=¡:- ›M-S<¨Öእ' pê 2: Ñê 60)
u}ÚT]U c<’>−‹ ¨Å É”l`“¨< ²S” ÅÓV
uSSKe u›w³—¨< ›[w ÁMJ’ c¨< ›[w ¾J’‹”
c?ƒ TÓvƒ ›ÃðkÉKƒU ’u`:: Ÿ²=IU ›Mö
l_Ãi ¨ÃU Pg=U ÁMJ’ c¨< l_Ãi ¨ÃU
Pg=U ¾J’‹ª” c?ƒ TÓvƒ ›Ã‹MU ’u`::
169
ug=¯ IÓ SW[ƒ Ó” v]Á (’í ¾¨× እ”"D” u=J”) ’í
¾J’‹” (v]Á ÁMJ’‹) c?ƒ TÓvƒ ÉLM:: (›M-
Ë´]:- ›M-ðmI ›KM S³IwM ›`u¯' pê 4' Ñê 60)
እLà ¾}Ökc¨< G<’@ታ uS<K< uG<K<U ²”É
¾T>ታ¨k¨<” kØKA ÁK¨<” ¾’u=¿” (c.®.¨) ›ªÏ
uSé[` ’¨< TKƒ ÉLM::
#›[w' ›[w vMJ’¨< LÃ ¾uLÃ’ƒ ¾K¨<U:: ›[w
ÁMJ’¨< ›[w uJ’¨< LÃU ¾uLÃ’ƒ ¾K¨<U:: ’ß
uØl` LÃ Øl`U u’ß LÃ ¾uLÃ’ƒ ¾K¨<U::
¾c¨< MÏ K›LI ÁL†¨< }pª (õ^‰) SÖ” "MJ’
ue}k` uK?L uT”—¨<U Seð`ƒ ›ÃuLKÖ<U::
¾c¨< MÏ uS<K< Ÿ›ÅU ’¨<' ›ÅU ÅÓV Ÿ›ð`
’¨<::$
(›M-c<¿Ö=:- ›M-Æ\M S”c<`' pê 6' Ñê 98)
u}ÚT]U ’u=¿ (c.®.¨) v]Á ¾’u[¨<”“ u%EL ’í
¾¨×¨<” ²?ÃÉ ›=w” G]e” ¾›Ô~” MÏ uSÇ`“
K›=ƒÄåÁ¨< v]Á u=LM l_Ãh©ƒ ¾J’‹ª”
¾›wÆ[IT” ›=w” ›¨<õ” እIƒ KÒw‰ uSeÖƒ
u}Óv` ÁekSÖ<ƒ”“ uõƒI ÁssS<ƒ” Y`¯ƒ
uS×e ’¨< ›[x‹ kÉV ¨Å ’u[¨< ÍH>K=Á
¾}SKc<ƒ::
(›=w’<M kÃU:- ³ÆM S¯É' pÉ 4' Ñê 22)
¾g=¯ IÓ uT>Ÿ}K¨< SMŸ< uÓMê ÁekU×M:- #G<`
(’í) ¾J’‹” c?ƒ Kv]Á SÇ` ÃðkÇM' ›[w
170
¾J’‹” c?ƒU ›[w LMJ’ SÇ` ÉLM:: Ÿu’>
Pg=U ¾J’‹ c?ƒ Ÿu’> Pg=U ÁMJ’ ¨”É ¨ÃU
Ÿu’> Pg=U ¾J’” ¨”É Ÿu’> Pg=U ÁMJ’‹ c?ƒ
Ò` SÒvƒ ËLM/ƒ‹LK‹:: እ”Ç=G<U ŸGwታU
¨ÃU Ÿ}T[ u?}cw ¾J’‹” c?ƒ ›’e}— ƒUI`ƒ
¨ÃU Gwƒ ¨ÃU ¾Tßu` S<Á üK¨< c¨< Ò`
SÇ` ÃðkÇM::
(›M-S<Gmp ›M-H>K=:- g^›=›<M ›=eLU (Ÿ={u< ›M-’>üI) pê
4' Ñê 300)' ›M-HŸ=U:-U”GÌdK=’>”' (Ÿ={w ›M-’>üI) pê 2'
Ñê 279)
uÙ`’ƒ Ñ>²? ŸU`¢ ¾T>ј” ¾”w[ƒ ¡õõM
u}SKŸ} ’u=¿(c.®.¨) uõƒI“ uõŸ<M’ƒ LÃ
¾}Sc[} ›c^` ›ulS¨< ’u`:: u²S‰¨< LÃ
K}üðK<ƒ ›vLƒ uS<K< õŸ<M õ”Ç=ŸóðM ›É`Ѩ<
’u`::
›u< u¡` ÃI”’<” ’u=¿ (c.®.¨) ðKÓ }ŸƒK¨< ÃW\
’u`:: ’Ñ` Ó” ’u=¿ (c.®.¨) ŸV~ Ÿ›^ƒ ›Sƒ
u%EL u15—¨< H>Ï^ ®<S` ›W^\” uSk¾` K}KÁ¿
c¨‹' Ôd¨‹“ ’ÑÊ‹ ¾}KÁ¾ ›S{© É`h
(¡õõM) ›Å[Ñ:: u²=IU SW[ƒ K’u=¿ (c.®.¨) ›ve
u¯Sƒ 12000 ¨ÃU 2500 Ç=“`' K››=h 12000 Ç=“`
u¯Sƒ“ K}k\ƒ ¾’u=¿ (c.®.¨) vKu?„‹
KõÁ”ǔdž¨< u¯Sƒ 10000 Ç=“`' uuÉ` ²S‰ LÃ
K}üðK<ƒ KõÁ”ǔdž¨< 500 Ç=“`' uuÉ`“
171
uG<ÈÃu=ÁI SüŸM K}kLkK<ƒ ÅÓU 4000 Ç=“`'
ŸG<ÈÃu=ÁI u%EL“ ŸnÇ=c=ÁI uòƒ K}kLkK<ƒ
ÅÓV KõÁ”ǔdž¨< 3000 Ç=“` ÃÅ`d†¨< ¾’u[
c=J” ¾¯S{© ¡õÁ SÖ’< ke uke õ¾k’c H@Ê
u¯Sƒ õeŸ 2000 Ç=“` Å`f ’u`::
(›M-Öu] - ›M-{]¡: pê 4' Ñê 2411-4 ’>¢Mc” R.A. ›?
K=}[] H>eƒ] *õ ›[we Ñê 187)
ÃI ¾›W^` Y`¯ƒ ¾S<eK=S<” TIu[cw uS<e““
u^e ¨ÇÉ’ƒ ¨<eØ ²ðk¨<:: Gwƒ“ ”w[ƒ”
T"uƒ w†—¨< ¯LT“ ^°Ã õ¾J’ SØ„ ŸHÃT•ƒ
¾T>Ñ–¨< ØpU Ÿ²=I ÁKð õ”ÇMJ’ ¾{S’uƒ Ñ>²?
Là Å[c<:: ›e}dcv†¨< uS<K< uT‚]ÁM (le) LÃ
¾}Sc[} J• ’u`:: Gwƒ” u²?Ô‹ SüŸM õŸ<M
¾TŸóðM ›W^` K=ªØL†¨<“ SuuU ›M‰K<U::
¯K= ¾§K=ó’~” x{ õ”Å}[Ÿu uõƒI“ õ“ õŸ<M’ƒ
Là ¾}Sc[} ¾Gwƒ ¡õõM” ›eSM¡„ ÁÅ[Ѩ<
”ÓÓ` ukLK< ¾T>ªØL†¨<“ uÅe{ ¾T>kuK<ƒ
Y`¯ƒ ›M’u[U:: ÃI”” Ñ<Çà u}SKŸ} ›=TU
¯K= (®.c) ¾T>Ÿ}K¨<” õ”Å}“Ñ[ Ã’Ñ^M::
#ŸS<ËH>a‹U J’ (Ÿ’u=¿ (c.®.¨) Ò` ŸSü ¨Å
SÇ=“ ¾}cÅÆ) Ÿ›”ga‹ (eÅ} uS¨Ñ”
uSÇ=“ ¾SËDa‡ [ǃ ¾J’<) ¾’u=¿ (c.®.¨) cDx‹
uSJ“‹G< ›”Æ uK?L¨< Là ¾uLÃ’ƒ õ”ÇK¨<
¾T>cT‹G< üL‹G< ›”Áv^m¨< wMÝ ’Ñ` u›LI
172
òƒ w‰ SJ’<” ›e{¨<c<:: K›LI“ K’u=¿ Ø] ULi
¾cÖ' ¾DÃT•~” õ¨<’{ }kwKA ðpÊ ¾Ñvuƒ'
¨Å mwL‹” ò~” Áµ[ T”—¨<U c¨< u›=eLU
¨<cØ S<K< Swƒ“ uÓÈ{¨‡ Là õŸ<M ÑÅw
›K¨<:: õ“”} ¾›LI ›ÑMÒÄ‹ “‹G<:: Gwƒ“ ”w[~
u›ÖnLà ¾›LI ’¨<:: uSüŸL‹G< õŸ<M ßóðLM::
›”Æ ŸK?L¨< ¾}K¾ ØpU ¾T>Áјuƒ ›W^`
›Ã•`U::
(›=w” ›u=M GÇ=É-g`I' pê 7' Ñê 35-7' u}ÚT]U Ÿ›=TU
¯K= Øpf‹ u’IÌM uKÒI ¾Øpe lØ` 126 ÃSMŸ~)
Ÿ¯K= (®.c) §K=ó’ƒ uòƒ vK<ƒ DÁ ¯S{ƒ ¨<eØ
uõŸ<M’ƒ LÃ ÁM}SW[} ¾Gwƒ ¡õõM ¾KSÆ
¨Ñ•‹ ¯K= G<’@{¨‹” ›Ã„ ›e}Á¾ƒ õ”Ç=ÁÅ`Ó“
kÅU c=M ¾}KSŨ<” ›W^` õ”Ç=Ÿ}M U¡`
cÖ<ƒ:: J•U U”U K¨<Ø dÃS× c=k`“ ¯K=
KõeLU IÓÒƒ“ S`J¨‹ ¾É`É` kÇÇ õ”ÅK?K¨<
c=Á[ÒÓÖ< u¯K= LÃ c?^ Tk’vu` ËS\::
›<SÁ¨‹ ÉM” Ÿ}kÇÌ u%EL ›=-õƒD©“ õŸ<M
ÁMJ’¨< ¾Gwƒ ¡õõM Y`¯ƒ uS<eK=S< SüŸM
ÇÓU ›”c^`„ kÖK:: ›”É c¨< õeLU” u=kuM
õ”£ ¾S<eK=U’~” Swƒ ›ÁјU ’u`:: õ”Ç=Á¨<U
S<eK=U ÁMJ’< ¨”ÉV‰†¨< ¾}hK Swƒ
’u^†¨<:: ¾S<eK=V‡ G<’@{ S<eK=U üMJ’<ƒ õ”£
¾vc ’u` TKƒ ’¨<:: S<eK=U ÁMJ’< ¾›üvu=¨<
173
’ª]¨‹ Ï´ÁI ¾}c– k[Ø w‰ ßõK< ’u`::
S<eK=V‡ Ó” Ï´ÁU ²üU ßõK< ’u`::
u®<S` ›wÉM¯²=´ G<Kƒ ¯Sƒ }Ÿ<M ¾›e}ÇÅ`
²S” ue}k` u›<SÁ¨‹ ²S’ S”Óeƒ Ï´ÁI
ŸG<K<U ›[w ÁMJ’< ²?‘‹ (S<eK=V‹” ÚUa)
Ãcucw ’u`::
(›M-Öv]-›M-{]¡' pê 3' Ñê 1354-1367)
ÃI Y`¯ƒ U” ÁIM õeLU” õ”ÅÔÇ“ K=Áeј
¾T>‹K¨< ØpU ÃI ¾TÃvM ›=U”ƒ SJ’<”
SÑSƒ ›ÁÇÓƒU::
ª“ Ÿ}V‰†¨<“ Ÿ}V‰†¨< #›=eLT©$ “†¨<
¾}vK<ƒ GÑ^ƒ uS<K< õ”£ dÃk` ¨Å ›=eLU
Sk¾` ›M‰K<U ’u`:: ¾›[x‹” ¨[^ KØmƒ
Ñ>²?Áƒ w‰ SuuU ¾‰K<ƒ“ ŸSËS]Á¨< SuuU
u%EL ULi ¾cÖ<ƒ“ uõeü”“ Ÿ²=ÁU uð[”dà LÃ
uT>Å”p G<’@{ ›ÑMÓKAƒ ¾cÖ<ƒ v`ua‹ õ”£”
¾SËS]Á¨< ¾g=¯ S”Óeƒ uVa¢ õeŸ=uuU É[e
›M}K¨Ö<U ’u`::
¾›=TU Nc” (®.c) ¾MÏ MÏ ¾J’¨<“ ¾›=É]d©
Y`¨-S”Óeƒ (789-985AD) Se^‹ ¾J’¨< ›=É]e
›=w” ›wÅLI u’c< Là u²S} Ñ>²? ›w³™‡
S<eK=V‹ ›M’u\U:: ÃI ¾Sר< ÅÓV kÅU c=M
u’u\ƒ wMg< Y`¯„‹ U¡”Áƒ ’¨<::
174
¾²=É ›=w” ›wÆMSK=¡ ¾›<SÁ−‹” ²¨<É vÖKk
Ñ>²?“ ¾²=É ›=w” ›u= S<eK=U Ç=“`” ¾Va¢ Ѹ
›É`Ô ujS Ñ>²?' ÃI ¾Va¢¨< Ñ» ¾²=É ŸcKS<ƒ
(S<eK=U ŸJ’<ƒ) ²?Ô‹ ÅÓV Ï´Á (k[Ø) Ãcuew
õ”Å’u[“ S<eK=U ŸSJ“†¨< uòƒ (ŸSeKT†¨<
uòƒ) ¨Å ’u\uƒ S”Å` õ”Ç=SKc< õ”ÇÅ[Ñ
õ”cTK”::
(›M-›T>” - ¾g=¯ ›=eLU ›=”dáKAúÇ=Á' pê 1' Ñê 38-41)
¾›=É]d©¨< Y`¨-S”Óeƒ ¾ þK=c= K¨<Ø“
›=eLT© Swƒ” KG<K<U S<eK=V‹ KTÇ[e
ÁÅ[Ѩ< S[v[w ¾v`ua‹” SK¨Ø (SeKU)
›eÑ–::
¾›[w ¾uLÃ’ƒ ›v²? U” ÁIM ¨<ewew“ Y`
¾cÅÅ eKSJ’< KT¾ƒ ¾kÅUƒ Ѹ−‹” ›e}dcw“
¨<d’@ TÖ?” um ÃJ“M:: ç¨<U u›[x‹ ¾}Á²
GÑ` ¨<eØ ›”É c¨< u=cMU (S<eK=U u=J”) Á
c¨< õ”Å S<eK=U ›Ã{ÃU' ›=eLT© Sw„‹”U
›ÁјU:: ÃI”” TÓ–ƒ ¾T>‹K¨< S<eK=U uSJ’<
w‰ dÃJ” K›”Æ ¾›[w Ôd Å”u— ¨ÃU ›ÑMÒÃ
c=J” w‰ ’¨<:: ›=eLT© Sw~” KTÓ–ƒ ›MöU
S<eK=U KSvM Ÿ›”Æ ›[w Ôd Ò` S¨Ç˃
õ”ÅSeð`ƒ Ã{à ’u` TKƒ ’¨<:: õ”Ų=I ¯Ã’~
¨ÇЋ #SªK=$ uSvM Ã{¨l ’u`::
175
õ”Ų=IU J’¨< Ó” õŸ<M’ƒ“ õƒI” SÔ“çõ
Ãp`“ ›UvÑ’” ’ʉ†¨< SdmÁ“ SdKmÁ
ÁÅ`’†¨< ’u`:: õ¾}¨dcu ¾Sר<” u=a¡^c= }Ñ”
uTÉ[Ó õ”ÅðKÑ< Ãݨ~v†¨<“ ¡w` õ”ÅK?K¨<
Ó®<´ ’Ñ` ÃqØa›†¨< ’u`::
›LG< }›L S<eK=S<” ¾SU^ƒ“ ¾Te}ÇÅ`
HLò’~” õ”Ÿ”-¾Ki“ eI}ƒ ›Mv KJ’<ƒ ›e^
G<K~ ›=TV‹ w‰ uSeÖƒ' ßq“”' ^e
¨ÇÉ’ƒ”' wØwØ”' ›hØ`”' ¾ÃeS<L“ ¾¨<gƒ
U`Ý”' ¾TIu^©“ ¾²` ›ÉKA õ”Ç=G<U ¾Ôd
²[˜’ƒ” ŸY` SW[~ ð’ÑK¨<::
u²` ¾T>}LKõ eM×”;u²` ¾T>}LKõ eM×”;u²` ¾T>}LKõ eM×”;u²` ¾T>}LKõ eM×”;
›”Ç”É c−‹ õ”ÅT>K<ƒ ¾g=¯ S´Gw ’w¿ (c.®.¨)
Ÿu?}cv†¨< ¾TÃ¨× u²` ¾T>}LKõ (Y`¨-
S”Óeƒ) Ku?}cv†¨< KTuuU ðMѨ< ’u` (u`ÓØ
dÃdüL†¨< k[ õ”Í=) wK¨< ÁU“K<::
’w¿ (c.®.¨) Ÿ õ”Ç=I ¯Ã’~ ¾^e ¨ÇÉ’ƒ vI]
¾ìÆ“ ¾’Ö< õ”ÅJ’< uSÓKî ¾g=¯ S´Gw Ÿ²=I
›”í` ¾}dd} ’¨< wK¨< ÓÑ^K<:: ’Ñ` Ó” õ’²=G<
c−‹ ÅÓV #›=TV‡ uS<K< Ÿl_Ãi “†¨<$ (›M-
››=S~ T>” l[Ãi) uTKƒ ’w¿ (c.®.¨) }“Ó[ªM
wK¨< òÓvK<::
176
{Ç=Á ¾²=I GÇ=e ƒ`Ñ<S< ’w¿ (c.®.¨) Ku?}cv†¨<
”Ñ<d© S”Óeƒ KTuuU ðMѨ< ’¨<;
’w¿ (c.®.¨) õ’²=I” nLƒ ¾}“Ñ\ƒ #Ÿ^e ¨ÇÉ’ƒ
eT@ƒ$ uS’ddƒ ’¨< K=vM ’¨< {Ç=Á; (›LI Ãp`
ÃuK”)::
kÅU c=M õ”Å}ÑKì¨< ›u< u¡` ›”dDa‹” (¾SÇ=“
c−‹”) Á[ÒÒ¨<“ ´U Ác—†¨< ’w¿ (c.®.¨)
Ÿl_Ãi õ”ÅJ’<“ ›[x‹ l_Ãi ÁMJ’” c¨< §K=ó
›É`Ѩ< SÁ´ õ”ÅTËK< uS“Ñ` õ”ÅJ’
}¨e„›M:: ÃI ¾SŸ^Ÿ]Á ›Ë”Ç ’u` ›”dDa‹”
´U Ác—†¨<::
ÃI”’<” U¡”Áƒ SW[ƒ uTÉ[Ó ŸpÆe ’wÃ
(c.®.¨) ¾u?}cw ›vLƒ (õ”Å ¯K= ÁK<ƒ) §K=ó
}Å`Ѩ< }S`Ö¨< u’u[ G<K<U uÅeታ Ã{²³†¨<
eK’u[ U”U wØwØ ‹Ó` ›Ã•`U ’u` TKƒ
’¨<::
¾¯K= (®.c) §K=ó J• SS[Ø” u}SKŸ} S<eK=U
ÁMJ’< ìGò−‹U w²< êðªM:: T>e}` c?Ç=KAƒ
¾T>Ÿ}K¨<” êö›M::
#¾¯K=à (®.c) u’w¿ (c.®.¨) S}"ƒ“ eM×” u²=I
SMŸ< ¾S}LKñ e`¯ƒ ŸSËS]Á¨< }kvÃ’ƒ
›Ó˜„ u’u` Ÿ²=Á uâL ¾}Ÿc}¨< ›eŸò enÓ
177
›=eLU” uS<eK=V‹ ÅU ¨<eØ ¾²ðk¨< ›d³˜
{]¡ ›ÃðÖ`U ’u`::$
Sedillot, L.P.E.A., Historie des Arabes (¾›[w— ƒ`Ñ<U) Ñê 126-7)
õ¨<’{¨< õ”Ç=I ¯Ã’„‡ }k“n™‹ (}nªT>−‹)
’Øu<” uõèU ›LÑ–<ƒU:: g=¯−‹ ›=TTI”
(S]’ƒ”) Ÿ²` ¨ÃU ¨<`e Ò` ›Áò¨< ›Ã}¨<
›Á¨<lU:: kÅU c=M õ”Å}ÑKç¨< ›=TU (S])
S°c<U (õ”Ÿ”-¾Ki) SJ” ›Kuƒ:: uG<K<U I´w
Là ¾uLÃ’ƒ” ¾}Ô“çð“ u›LI ¾}S[Ö SJ”
›Kuƒ::
J•U ÜÁK<“ Áh¨<” ›É^Ñ> ›LI u’w¿ ›=w^H>U
upÆc< ’wà (c.®.¨) Là uªK¨< ¨Å` ¾Ki ìÒ¨<'
õ¨<’{¨<“ u}Óv` ¾{¾¨< c=J” ’wÁ~” ¾}Ÿ<
§K=ó−‹ (›=TV‹) uS<K< ¾}Ñ–<ƒ Ÿ’wÁ~
u?}cw “†¨<:: ¾S]’~” (¾›=TT’~”) Seð`ƒ
TVLƒ ¾T>‹K< c−‹U ¾}Ñ–<ƒ Ÿ²` N[Ò†¨<
w‰ ’u`::
178
ªu= SéQõƒªu= SéQõƒªu= SéQõƒªu= SéQõƒ
− ›u< Ǩ<É' c<KÃT” ›=w” ›M-›i ›e ›M-›´Ç=
›e-dÍ=eታ’>: ›e-c<’”' "Ãa (k.¾)
− ›u< ›M-òÇ°' ›=TS<Ç=”' ›=eT›=M ›=w” ›K=
›=w” TIS<É ›M-›¿u=: ›ƒ-�]¡ (›M-S<¦}c`
›M-ug`)' u?\ƒ (k.¾)
− ›ISÉ' ›u< ›wÅLI' ›ISÉ ›=w” S<NSÉ ›=w”
G”uM: ›M-S<e’É' "Ãa 1313 H>Ï^
− S<GSÉ �“ ›T>\ Ç=”& ñMŸ<’̓ ò ›=TTI ¨
cLƒ' LJ`' 2— � ƒU 1950
− ›M-›LTI ›M-H>K=' ›u< S”c<`' ›M-Gc” ›=w”
¿c<õ ›=w” ›K= ›=w” ›M-S<ÖG` ›M-›cÇ=: ›M-vu<
›M-HÇ= ›g`' Eng. Tr, W.M. Miller, Luzac and
Co.,London 1958
− ›M-›T>”' Gc”: ›=eLT>¡ g=¯ ›=”dáKAúÇ=Á'
u?\ƒ (k.¾)
− ›M-›T>’>' ›i-g?á ›wÆ ›M-G<c?Ô ›=w” ›ISÉ
›ƒ-}w]²= ›”’Ëò: ›M-ÑÇ=`' 3— �ƒU' u?\ƒ
1967
− ›U]ƒd]' ›<uÃÅLI: ›`ÍG< ›M-S×K=w' LJ`
1318 H>Ï^
− ›M-›Ág=' ›u< ’É`' S<GSÉ ›=w” Se›<É ›e-
c<KT> ›e-cS`k”Ç=: ›ƒ-}õc=`' }I^” (k.¾)
− ›M-uÑ©' ›u< S<NSÉ' ›M-G<c?Ô ›=w” Se›<É
›i-hò¯>: ›ƒ-}õc=` (S°K=S< ò }”²=M)' u¾›M-
Ÿ”²= ›ƒ-}õc=` ¾Ó`Ñ@ Te�¨h "Ãa 1955
179
− ›M-uÃHm' ›u< ›wÅLI' S<NSÉ ›=w” ›M-
G<c?Ô ›”-’Ãdu<] ›i-hò¯>: ÅL›=M ›=w” ›”-
’<u<ªI' "Ãa 1969
− ›M-u<¥]' ›u< ›wÅLI' S<NSÉ ›=w” ›=eT›=M:
›e-cH>I' "Ãa (k.¾)
− CARLYLE, T.: On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic
in History, Edinburgh edition (n.d)
− DAVENPORT,J.: An Apology for Mohammad and the
Koran, London, 1869
− ›É-Ç=Á` u¡]' G<c?Ô ›=w” S<NSÉ ›i-hò¯>:
ታ]¤<” ¤T>e' "Ãa 1283 H>Ï^
− óÃÉ ›M-"h’>ƒ' S<NSÉ S<Ic=”: ›ƒ-}õc=`
(›e-dò)' ÖI^” 1374 H>Ï^
− ›M-Ò”Í=' ›u< ›wÅLI' S<NSÉ ›=w” ¿c<õ ›i-
hò¯>: Ÿ=ó¾~ ×K=w (ò S“mw ›K= ›=w” ›u=
×K=w)' ›”’Ëõ ›M-›i[õ (›=^p) 1937
− ›M-Ò³K=' ›u< GT>É' S<NSÉ ›=w” S<NSÉ
›ƒ-~c= ›i-hò¯>: ›=IÁ ›<K<T> Ç=”' u?\ƒ 1975
− Ñ>Ác< Ç=”' S<NSÉ ›=w” ËLK< Ç=” ^U-ù] Ñ>Ác<
›M-K<Òƒ' ’ªM Ÿ=j` K<¡•¨< 1867
− GIBBON, E: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
The modern Library, New York, (n.d)
− ›M-GŸ=U' ›u< ›wÅLI' ›=w” ›M-uÀ' S<NSÉ
›=w” ›wÅLI - ›’Ãdu<] ›i-hò¯>: ›M-S<e}É[¡
(›L ›e-cH>¤Ã”)' GÃÅ[vÉ 1335 H>Ï^
− ›M-GŸ=U' ›e-cÃÉ S<Ic=” ›M-ÖvÖv›=: T>”GÌ
dK=H>”' Ç\ ²G^' u?\ƒ' 10— � ƒU
− ›M-GS<À' ›u< ›=eGp' ›=w^H>U ›=w” S<NSÉ
›M-̪Ò>: ó^›=É ›e-c=UÖÔ' u?\ƒ 1978
180
− ›=w” ›wÉM u`' ›u< ›<S`' ¿c<õ ›=w” ›wÅLI
›M-l`Ö<u= ›M-TK=Ÿ=: ›M-›=e+›w ò T°]ð+
›M-›eGw' "Ãa 1960
− ›=w” ›u= ›M-NÇ=É' ›=²< Ç=” ›wÆ ›M-NT>É:
h`I ’IÍ= ›M-vLÒI' Ówê' 2— �ƒU
− ›=w” ›M-›c=`' ›u< ›M-Nc”' ›=²< Ç=”' ›K= ›=w”
S<NSÉ ›M-˲] ›i-hò¯>: ›M-"T>M (ò ታ]¡)'
u?\ƒ 1965' ›<eÆ ›M-ÒvI' "Ãa 1285 H>Ï^
− ›=w” NË` ›M-›enL’>' g=Gu< Ç=”' ›u< ›M-ðÉM'
›ISÉ ›=w” ›K= ›i-hò¯>: ðƒG< ›M-v] (ò g`I
cH>I ›M-u<¥])' "Ãa 1379
− ›=w” NË` ›M-GÃ}T>' ›u< ›M-›ve' ›ISÉ
›=w” S<NSÉ ›M-SŸ= ›i-hò¯>: ›e-cª¯>m ›M-
S<I]nI' (k.¾)
− ›=w” Ÿc=`' ›u< ›M-òÇ' ›=eT›=M ›=w” ›<S`
›É-Ç=Tim ›i-hò¯>: ›M-u=ÇÁI ¨ ›”’>HÁI'
u?\ƒ' 1— � ƒU 1966
− ›=w” ›M-kÃU' ›u< ›wÅLI' S<NSÉ ›=w” ¾²=É
›M-k´©’>: ›e-c<’”' ÅMH> (k.¾)
− ›=w” ›M-kÃU' ›u< ›wÅLI' S<NSÉ ›=w” ›u=
u¡` ›=w” kÀT> ›M-˨<²=ÁI ›É-Ç=Sim ›i-
hò¯>: ³Æ ›M-T¯É' "Ãa 1950
− ›=w” l}ÃvI' ›u< S<NSÉ' ›wÅLI ›=w”
S<eK=U ›É-Ç=“ª]: ›M-›=TTI ¨ c=ÁdI' "Ãa
1967 �“ u?\ƒ 1981
− ›=w” c¯É ›wÅLI' SNSÉ ›=w” c¯É ›M-
vÓÇÇ=: ›M-Öunƒ (›M-Ÿu`)' u?\ƒ (k.¾)
− ›=w” hŸ=`' S<NSÉ ›=w” hŸ=` ›M-Ÿ<Ö<u=: óª~
›M-¨óÁƒ' u?\ƒ 1974
181
− IRVING, Washington (1783-1859): Mahomet and His
Successors, London, (Part of the Astor Prose serios), 1905
− ›M-Ëde' ›u< u¡`' ›ISÉ ›=w” ›K= ›`-^²= ›M-
G’ò: ›I"S< ›M-l`›”' ›=eታ”u<M 1335 H>Ï^
− ›M-˲=]' ›wÆ^IT” ›=w” S<NSÉ: ›M-òpI
›KM S³H>u= ›M-›`u¯' u?\ƒ 1919
− ›M-¤Ö=w ›M-vÓÇÇ=' ›u< u¡`' ›ISÉ ›=w” ›K=
›i-hò¯>: ታ]¡ vÓÇÉ' u?\ƒ (k.¾)
− ›M-"+w ›M-¤ª]´T>' ›u< ›M-S<›¾É' ›M-
S<¨ðp ›=w” ›ISÉ ›M-G’ò: ›M-S“mw' ›M-
’Ëõ ›M-›i^õ (›=^p) 1965
− ›M-"+w ›ƒ-}w]²=' ¨K=¿ Ç=” S<NSÉ ›=w”
›wÅLI: T>i"~ ›M-Sdu=I' (¾�”ÓK=´— ƒ`Ñ<U)
James Robson ûŸ=e�”' 1975
− ›M-¥²=”' ›i-hò¯>: ›ƒ-}õc=` (K<vu< ›ƒ-}°©M
ò S¯’> ›ƒ-}”²=M)' "Ãa 1955
− ›M-¤³´' ›u< ›M-nc=U' ›K= ›=w” S<NSÉ
›=w” ›K=: Ÿ=ó¾~ ›M-›d`' ›=^” 1981
− ›M-SÏK=c=' ›M-›LTI' S<NSÉ vm` ›=w”
S<NSÉ }m: u=H\ ›M-›”ª`' }I^” 1392 H>Ï^
− TK=¡ ›=w” ›’e ›u< ›wÅLI' ›M-›euH> ›M-SÅ’>:
›M-S<¨×°' "Ãa 1353 H>Ï^
− ›M-T¨`Ç=' ›u< ›M-Gc”' ›K= ›=w” S<NSÉ
›=w” Gu=w ›i-hò¯>: ›M-›I"S< c<M×’>ÁI' "Ãa
1916
− MILLER, W.M., ›M-›LTI” ÃSMŸ~
− MIR AHMED ALI S.V., The Holy Quran, with English
translation and commentary, Karachi, 1964
182
− T>` ¦ª”É' S<NSÉ ›=w” ¦ª”É gI ›=w”
TIS<É: [¨<Å~ có°' ’ªM Ÿ=j` K<¡•¨< (k.¾)
− ›M-S<òÉ' ›i-g?á' ›u< ›wÅLI' S<NSÉ ›=w”
S<NSÉ ›=w” ›”’<°T”: ›M-›=`hÉ' }I^”'
1951 (¾�”ÓK=´— ƒ`Ñ<U I.K.H. Howard K”Å” 1981)
− ›M-S<Ó’>ÁI' S<NSÉ ËªÉ: ðMcðƒ ›=eLT>ÁI'
Ç\ }°\õ' u?\ƒ 1978
− ›M-S<Nmp ›M-H>K=' ’ÏS<Ç=”' ›u< ›M-nc=U'
Í°ð` ›=w” ›M-Gc”' ›=w” c¯>É ›M-G<³K=:
g^›=›< ›M-›=eLU' (Ÿ=ታu< ’>"I)' ›”-’Ëõ ›M-
›i[õ (›=^p) 1969
− ›M-S<H>w ›M-Öu]' S<H>u<Ç=”' ›u< ›M-›ve'
›ISÉ ›=w” ›wÅLI ›i-hò¯>: ²"›=` ›M-›<pv (ò
S“mu= ²© ›M-l`v)' u?\ƒ 1974
− S<eK=U' ›u< ›M-G<c?Ô' S<eK=U ›=w” ›M-NÍÏ
›”-’Ãdu<]: ›e-cH>I' "Ãa (k.¾)
− ›M-S<ታm ›M-H>”Ç=' ›L ›<Ç=”' ›K= ›=w” G<dT>
Ç=”: Ÿ”²<M-›<TM' GÃÅ^vÉ 1968
− ’ÏS< ›M-Gc”' cÃÉ: ›”-’<u<ªI ¨ ›M-¤=K=óI'
ƒ`Ñ<U K=n° ›K= HÃÅ]' K<¡•¨<' 1964
− ›”-’c›=' ›u< ›wÆ^IT”' ›ISÉ ›=w” ›K= ›i-
hò¯>: ›M-¤d ›=c< ›M-›K©ÁI' Ówê 1948 H>Ï^
− ’ªw ›ISÉ G<c?Ô ¥”: ታ]¡ ›ISÇ=' Hp w^²`e
(S¡}u ]´y=Á)' LJ` (k.¾)
− NICHOLSON, R.A. (1868-1945): A Literary History of the
Arabs, Cambridge, 1979
− ›M-lT>' g?á ›ve: cò’ƒ ›M-u=H`' ›”-’Ëõ
›M-›i[õ 1355 H>Ï^
− ›M-l”Ʋ=' ›e-cÃÉ c<KÃT” ›=w” ›=w^H>U ›M-
G’ò: ¾“u=° ›M-S¨ÇI' ›=eታ”u<M 1301 H>Ï^
183
− ›`-^Ç=' ›i-g]õ' ›u< ›M-Gc”' S<NSÉ ›=w”
›M-G<c?Ô ›M-S<d©: ’IÌ ›M-uKÑI' u?\ƒ 1967
− ›`-^²=' ð¦\ Ç=”' S<NSÉ ›=w” ›<S` ›i-
hò¯>: ›ƒ-}õc=\ ›M-Ÿu=`' "Ãa 1938
− RIZVI, S.S.A: Prophethood, Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania), 2nd
ed., 1975
− Justice of God, Mombasa (Kenya), ed., 1980
− ›e-cÆp' ›u< Í°ð`' S<NSÉ ›=w” ›K= ›=w”
›M-G<c?Ô' ›=w” vvªÃI ›M-lT>: ´LK< g^›=°'
›”-’Ëõ ›M-›i[õ 1966
− SEDILLOT, L.P.E.A., Historie des Arabes, (Arabic
translation Adil Zu’aytir), Cairo, 1948
− c=wØ ›=w” ›M-˨<²=' gUc<Ç=”' ¿c<õ ›=w” m³-
›<Ñ>M ›=w” ›wÅLI ›M-G’ò' }´Ÿ=[ƒ ¤ªc= ›M-
›<TI' }I^” (k.¾)
− c=Ç=p Gc” ¥”: S”GÌ ›M-¬c<M ›=L ›=eÖ=LH>
›HÇ=c= [c<M' I”É (k.¾)
− ›M-c<¿Ö=' ËLK<Ç=”' ›wÆ^IT” ›=w” ›u= u¡`
›=w” S<NSÉ ›i-hò¯>: K<vu< ’lM ò ›evu=
’<²<M' Ÿ }õc=` ›M-ËLKÔ Ò` ¾ታ}S' Ç\M
Ÿ=ታu= ›M-›[u=' u?\ƒ (k.¾) #ታ]¡ ›M-¤<K<ó°$'
"Ãa' 1952 ”ÓK=´— ƒ`Ñ<U Major H.s. Jarret, u
#¾¥K=õ ታ]¡$ `°e e`' "^ˆ 1977
− ›É-Æ\ ›M-S”c<`' u?\ƒ (k.¾)
− ›M-Öu]' ›=w” Ë]`' S<NSÉ: ታ]¡ ›M-›<SU
¨ ›M-S<K<¡' KÃÅ” 1980 እ“ Ówê (k.¾)
− ›ƒ-}õc=` (ÍT>° ›M-uÁ” ò }õc=] ›M-l`¯”)'
Ówê' u<Lp 1326 H>Ï^
184
− ›ƒ-}õታ³’>' c¯ÆÇ=”' Se›<É ›=w” ›<S` ›i-
hò¯>: g`I ›nÃÇ= ›”-’cò' ›=eታ”u<M' 1326
H>Ï^
− g`G< ›M-Snc=É ›M-×K=v”' ›=eታ”u<M' 1305
H>Ï^
− ›M-+`T>²=' ›u< ›=d' S<NSÉ ›=w” ›=d ›e-
c<KT>: ›M-cH>I' "Ãa 1292 H>Ï^
− ªH>Æ ²T”: }õc=` ªH>Ç=' LJ` (k.¾)
− ›”ª` ›M-K<ÒI' v”ÓKA` 1334 H>Ï^
− ›M-ªH>Ç=' ›u<M Gc”' ›K= ›=w” S<NSÉ ›M-
hò¯>' ›evu<M ’<²<M (k.¾)
− ›M-Á°lu=' ›=w” ªÇ=I' ›ISÉ ›=w” ›=eGp: ›M-
ታ]¡ u?\ƒ' 1960
− ›M-²S¦g]' TIS<É ›=w” ›<S` ›M-G’ò: ›M-
}õc=` (›M-Ÿhõ)' u?\ƒ (k.¾)