Rinjani Volcano: Past, Present, & Future“Geoseminar” Kementerian ESDM, Badan Geologi, Pusat Survei Geologi

Bandung, 3 Juni 2020 Heryadi Rachmat

BIODATA

• Nama : Heryadi Rachmat• Tempat/Tgl Lahir : Ketapang, 28 Oktober 1953• Jabatan sekarang : Dosen Magister Pariwisata Berkelanjutan UNPAD• Alamat Kantor : JL. Dipati Ukur No. 35, Bandung• Pendidikan : S1 & S3 FTG UNPAD, dan S2 MM UNRAM• Nomor HP : 08175741150• E-mail : heryadirachmat220@gmail.com

RIWAYAT PEKERJAAN1982-1986 : Pegawai Direktorat Vulkanologi1987-2010 : Pegawai Kanwil/ Dinas Pertambangan & Energi Prov. NTB (Jabatan terakhir Kepala Dinas).2010-2018 : Pegawai Museum Geologi - Badan Geologi, KESDM (Jabatan terakhir Perekayasa Ahli Utama).

RIWAYAT MENGAJAR, ORGANISASI, & PUBLIKASI2011- Sekarang : Kuliah Tamu perguruan tinggi di Indonesia untuk mata kuliah Vulkanologi, mitigasi bencana geologi, & geowisata.1984- Sekarang : Anggota & Pengurus Organisasi Profesi IAGI dan MAGI2018- Sekarang : Ketua Mayarakat Geowisata Indonesia (MAGI), Staf Khusus Pengurus Pusat IAGI &, Asesor Geowisata1998- Sekarang : Peserta Seminar (nasional & internasional), penulis buku Gunungapi, Bencana Geologi, Geowisata, Geopark, dan

sebagai Tim leader kegiatan Fieldtrip geowisata.

MEMPEROLEH PENGHARGAAN SEBAGAI:2001 : Presenter Terbaik pada Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan (PIT) IAGI & GEOSEA2004 : Presenter Terbaik pada PIT Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia (IAGI)2005 : Penulis Buku Gunungapi NTB dari Prof. Dr. J.A Katili2007 : Koordinator Bidang Geowisata dari Pengurus Pusat IAGI2008 : Ahli Kehormatan Geowisata dari Pengurus Pusat IAGI2009 : Penulis Buku Mitigasi Bencana Geologi dari Dr. Purnomo Yusgiantoro2009 : Aktivis Geowisata dari PP IAGI2018 : Penerima IAGI AWARD Bidang Geowisata dari PP IAGI.1994-2014 : PenerimaSatyalenca Karya Satya 10, 20, & 30 tahun dari Presiden Reublik Indonesia

Outline :

1. Introduction

2. The History of Rinjani

3. Rinjani Volcano in the Present

4. Rinjani in the Future

5. Conclusion

Rinjani VOLCANO

Indonesia is formed by the interaction of three large plates producing volcanic paths, magmaticpathways and sediment deposits, as well as forming geological diversity and geological heritage that

are potential to be developed into geotourism areas. Within a period of 800 years, Indonesia hasproduced three caldera with a diameter of± 7 km (Rinjani, Tambora, and Krakatau). The Rinjani

Caldera was formed due to a large eruption of the Old Rinjani Volcano (Samalas) in 1257, and wasjust discovered in the early 21st century based on the results of the C14 radiocarbon dating from

charcoal contained in pyroclastic flow deposits, and the analyses of aerosol sulfates stored in icesheets in the Arctic, North Pole and in Greenland, South Pole.

The morphological evolution of the Old Rinjani Volcano Complex can be divided into three periods,namely the periods pre-, syn-, and post-caldera formation. The pre-formation of the caldera is theconstruction phase of the Old Rinjani Volcano complex which reaches an altitude of 4000 meters

above sea level, and produces eruption products from basalt to dacite. The syn-caldera formation ismarked by eruption of the Plinian type of Old Rinjani Volcano, producing ± 40 km3 pyroclasticcomposed of dacitic with eruption column height reaching 43 km, and forming a caldera with a

diameter of 7 x 6 km and a depth of more than 600 meters. The severity of the eruption is told in thebook 'Babad Lombok' written on palm leaves that read "Mount Rinjani landslides, and Mount

Samalas collapsed and buried the Subdistrict of Hamlet which had just found its artifacts. The post-caldera formation is marked by the growth of Mt. Barujari and Mt. Rombongan in Rinjani Caldera, asa result of strombolian-type eruptions to volcanoes dominated by intermediate-composed (basaltic-

andesitic) lava flows.

Terbentuknya Pulau Lombok & Gunungapi Rinjani

Pergerakan Lempeng Australia yang merupakan lempengsamudra terus berlanjut mulai pada Zaman Tersier sampai

resen (sekarang), menabrak dan menyusup di bawah LempengEurasia yang merupakan lempeng benua, menghasilkan

deretan gunungapi Tersier sampai dengan Kuarter.

Kala Miosen (11 juta tahun yg lalu), bergeraknya lempengAustralia ke arah utara yang bertumbukan dengan lempengEurasia, menghasilkan endapan gunung api submarine (OldAndesit Formation). Inilah awal terbentuknya pulau Lombok.

Block diagram penunjaman Lempeng Eurasia dg Lempeng Hindia Australia. Referensi: Robert Hall, etc

OAF

Rinjani

Tim Survei Kama Kusumadinata, 1969(Menggunakan peta topografi-1951)

Tim SurveiKama Kusumadinata, 1969(Ahli Gunungapi Pembuat Peta Spidol)

Tengengeansite

Padabalong site

Track to the lake

Track to Padabalong

Hasil Tim Survei Heryadi Rachmat, dkk. (1992-2016) -Perjalanan Sembalun-Danau Segara Anak

Camp Upstream Kokok Putih

Traveling – CampBarujari

Traveling – CampBarujari

Perjalanan Camp Kokok Putih- G. Barujari menyusuri tebing kaldera

Travelling Camp-Barujari

Mt. Barujari Beach

Mt. Barujari Peak

Perjalanan Camp Kokok Putih- Puncak G. Barujari menggunakan perahu ban mobil

G. Barujari pasca letusan 1994Lava flows 1994

Perjalanan Plawangan Senaru- Camp Kokok Putih- G. Barujari

Aiq Kalaq Hot Spring

Potensi mata air panas Aiq Kalaq di hulu Kokok Putih (Danau Segara Anak)

The lake of Segara Anak

Top of Mt. RinjaniTHE MAP OF TREKING RINJANI

Hot Spring Volcanic Bom

Foto album produk letusan dan kegiatan di KompleksGunungapi Rinjani dsk.

Bom hasil letusan G. Barujari 1994

Anak G. Barujari hasil letusan 1994

Letusan G. Barujari 1994 (malam)

Aliran Lava G. Barujari 1994

Letusan G. Barujari 1994 (siang)

Foto album kegiatan di Kompleks Gunungapi Rinjani dsk.

Peta penyebaran lava Pasca-Kaldera Rinjani

Lava Pra-1944 Lava 1994

Lava 2004Lava 1944

Lava 1966

Lava 2009

Lava 2015

Penampang Kaldera Rinjani (Samalas)

Aliran Lava G. Barujari 2015 dan Endapanpiroklastik Puncak G. Rinjani

BackgroundIndonesia is formed by the interaction of three large plates producing volcanic paths,

magmatic pathways and sediment deposits. Within a period of 800 years, Indonesia has produced threecaldera with a diameter of ± 7 km (Rinjani, Tambora, and Krakatau). The Rinjani Caldera was formeddue to a large eruption of the Old Rinjani Volcano (Samalas) in 1257, and was just discovered in the early21st century based on the results of the C14 radiocarbon dating from charcoal contained in pyroclasticflow deposits, and the analyses of aerosol sulfates stored in ice sheets in the Arctic, North Pole and inGreenland, South Pole.

The morphological evolution of the Old Rinjani Volcano Complex can be divided into threeperiods, namely the periods pre-, syn-, and post-caldera formation. The pre-formation of the caldera isthe construction phase of the Old Rinjani Volcano complex which reaches an altitude of 4000 metersabove sea level, and produces eruption products from basalt to dacite. The syn-caldera formation ismarked by eruption of the Plinian type of Old Rinjani Volcano, producing ± 40 km3 pyroclasticcomposed of dacitic with eruption column height reaching 43 km, and forming a caldera with a diameterof 7 x 6 km and a depth of more than 600 meters. The severity of the eruption is told in the book 'BabadLombok' written on palm leaves that read "Mount Rinjani landslides, and Mount Samalas collapsed andburied the Subdistrict of Hamlet which had just found its artifacts. The post-caldera formation is markedby the growth of Mt. Barujari and Mt. Rombongan in Rinjani Caldera, as a result of strombolian-typeeruptions to volcanoes dominated by intermediate-composed (basaltic-andesitic) lava flows.

The History Of Rinjani Caldera (Samalas)

Barujari Volcano1994

Barujari Volcano2015

Rinjani Caldera 1257

Lava Pra-Kaldera

Piroklastik Pasca Kaldera

Lava Pasca Kaldera

Piroklastik Sin-Kaldera

Bowen’s Reaction Series I Model terjadinay magma mixing dan Mingling

Model Vulkanisme eksplosif dan ViskositasClassification of Volcanic Rocks

Model Terjadinya Magmatic Differentiation

Rombongan and Barujari Lava Flows (1944-1994).• Lava flows of Rombongan and Barujari (1944-2004) generally range between

basalt andesite-basalt and pyroxene andesite. These are porphyritic andintergranular texture with plagioclase, ortho-clino pyroxene (augit and diopsid),

olivine and opaque minerals phenocrysts (0.1 - 2 mm), the pyroxene and olivineminerals are frequently found amongst the irregular and elongated plagioclase

minerals. Apart from phenocryst, the plagioclase is also found as ground mass inmicrolite forms. This plagioclase is also often associated with opaque minerals,

pyroxene and glassy ground mass. The crystals are generally subhedral to euhedralshaped. Based on extinction angle of the Albite, Carlsbad-Albit twin and lots of

zoning, they are mostly labradorite.

Courtecy Kang Zaenudin

Barujari Lava flows 2015: Type-1 and type 3groundmass found in 2015 (mingling).

• Barujari Lava Flows 2015:• 2 Large Plagioclase with Synneusis textured

(top) two zonation with oscillatory rimand coarse sieve core

• (bottom) similar outer layer with the top butcomposed of clear & coarse sieve texture

• Show little broken texture

THE RESULT OF RADIOCARBONDATING MEASUREMENT

Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Geological Research and DevelopmentCentre;Sampling Date: 2000; Sampel No. : ARANG/CHARCOAL – KALDERARINJANI

Location : Korleko - LombokTime (min.) Anti-Coin () Activity (com) ()100.00 324.00 18.00 3.24 0.18100.00 318.00 17.83 3.18 0.18100.00 337.00 18.36 3.37 0.18100.00 328.00 18.11 3.28 0.18100.00 311.00 17.64 3.11 0.18100.00 337.00 18.36 3.37 0.18100.00 322.00 17.64 3.22 0.18100.00 310.00 17.61 3.10 0.18100.00 330.00 18.17 3.30 0.18100.00 328.00 18.11 3.28 0.18

Total1000.00 3245.00 56.96 3.24 0.06

Background counting (marble) = .99 .02 (cpm)Sample counting (Ct) = 3.26 .06 (cpm)

= {( 3.24 .06) – ( .99 .02)} x f (f=1)= 2.25 .063 (cpm)

Modern Carbon = 14.4 .05 (cpm)(Oxalia acid, 95% Activity)Age = 18496 x log (14.4 2.25)

= 14911 Yearsdt = 8032.93 x {( .05 / 14.4 )2 + ( .063 / 2.25)2)^(1/2)

= 227 YearsAGE = 14860 230 B.P. (1950)AGE = 14860 230 B.P. (1950)AGE = B.C.

MEASURING DATE : 24-11-2000; DARWIN A SIREGAR Courtesy P3G

Diagram Peccerillo & Taylor (1976) BerdasarkanKandungan K2O dan SiO2 dari Lava Pra (L-PSM & L-PSN) dan Lava Pasca Kaldera Rinjani

Lava Pra-Kaldera

Lava Pasca Kaldera

Hasil analisis Diagram Peccerillo & Taylor (1976) BerdasarkanKandungan K2O dan SiO2 dari Piroklastik Sin, Pra, & Pasca Kaldera Rinjani

Piroklastik Sin Kaldera

Piroklastik Pasca Kaldera

Piroklastik Pra Kaldera

Hasil analisis SEM sampel piroklastik Samalas SIN 1c(yang ditemukan juga sama dengan yang ada di kedua kutub)

a. Zoom 50x c. Zoom 500x

b. Zoom 200x d. Zoom 5000x

a. Zoom 50x c. Zoom 500x

b. Zoom 200x d. Zoom 5000x

Hasil analisis SEM sampel piroklastik Samalas SIN 3b(yang ditemukan juga sama dengan yang ada di kedua kutub)

Background by Andi volcano

MODEL MAGMATISMA & VOLKANISMA GUNUNGAPI RINJANI PRA KALDERA

Background by Andi volcano

MODEL MAGMATISMA & VOLKANISMA GUNUNGAPI RINJANI PASCA KALDERA

Hasil Tim Survei Akira Takada, 2002-2003

Peta Lokasi Sampling dan Hasil datingCharcoal Pada Pembentukan Kaldera

Rinjani (Samalas)

Peta geologi Kompleks Gunungapi Rinjani

Hasil TimSurveiFrank

Lavigne,2012-2013

1167 1284

Hasil Radiocarbon dating dari 22 contoharang kayu di dalam endapan piroklastik

Background by Andi volcano

1257

Hasil analisis sulfat aerosol & Glas shardpada lapisan es di kedua Kutub

Clip Oppenheimer Peneliti endapan

hasil letusan Samalas 1257 di

Kutub Utara & Kutub Selatan 2013

RINJANI VOLCANO IS SUITABLE TO BE PROPOSED AS GEOPARK

1. Important Geology Value2. Nice View and Landscape3. Enviromental Orientation4. Science and Education Oriented5. Local Community Involvement6. Establisment of RTMB Organization Committee7. Joint with universities, Research Body, Enviromental

Organization, Government and Local Communities8. Received “World Legacy Award” 2004, and “Tourism for

Tomorrow Awards” 2005 & 2008.9. Rinjani area was proposed in 2009 to GGN, but it was

not established because some problems to decide thedeliniation area due to The National Strategic area

Sumber : Tim Geopark Rinjani

Sumber : Tim Geopark Rinjani

LUAS KAWASAN: 3.065 km2

KOORDINAT:1160 00’ 32” – 1160 45” 59’ BT &

80 12” 10” – 80 41” 48’ LS.TEMA GEOPARK RINJANI:

‘KALDERA DENGAN GUNUNG API AKTIFTERTINGGI DI INDONESIA’

BUPATI LOMBOK TIMUR SAAT PERESMIAN MAKET GUNUNG RINJANI DI SEMBALUN

Rapat persiapan workshop internasional Geopark Di Bali &Kunjungan para Asesor ke Lombok

Penjelasan tentang isi dari tulisan pada daun lontar

Publikasi tentang G Rinjani berupa Guide Book ofRinjani Caldera (CoV-8 field trip) dan Bukuberjudul Rinjani From Eevolution to geopark

KONTAK ENDAPAN PIROKLASTIK HASIL LETUSAN G. SAMALAS 1257 DENGAN LAPISAN TANAH (Atas)KAWASAN PERKAMPUNGAN (DIDUGA SEBAGAI DUSUN PAMATAN) DI TANAH BEAQ YANG TERTIMBUN (Bawah)

Singkapan batuan dan model 'Signboard' di Kawasan G. Rinjani

Rombongan Tim Gabungan dari Kemenpar, Kemenhut,Taman Nasional G. Rinjani, & IAGI ke lokasi Tanaq Beak, Lombok Tengah

Rinjani Volcano in The Present

• Sebagai bagian utama dari UGG Rinjani Lombok• Memiliki Badan Pengelola Geopark yang berpengalaman• Memiliki Pusat Informasi Geologi (PIG) foto2 PIG• Memiliki pemandu Geowisata yang bersertifikat BNSP• Memiliki kelompok binaan geowisata yang sudah terlatih• Sudah mempunyai agenda untuk mengadakan kegiatan pembinaan melalui Geopark to

School atau School to Geopark contoh

PENETAPAN RINJANI SEBAGAI UGG & SEKALIGUS MENJADI TUANRUMAH PERTEMUAN APGN TAHUN 2019 DI LOMBOK

School to Geopark

Pembinaan kegiatan River Tubbing, Camping, Soft Trekking

Kerajinan Ketak

Rinjani in The Future:

• Melalukan Penelitian Arkeologi pada lokasi artefak yang ditemukan tertimbun saatpembentukan kaldera Rinjani

• Pembuatan Site Museum pada lokasi ditemukannya artefak yang dilengkapai denganberbagai sarana edukasi

• Meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan Pemandu, melalui pemantapan atau diklatbersertifikat BNSP

• Melengkapi signbord di setiap destinasi (geosite), sesuai pedoman• Meningkatkan kualitas sarana dan prasarana destinasi sesuai standar Internasional

Geoparks and education for disaster prevention

Geotourism for general public

• Self-guided tour• Guided tour• Mass tour

Development of multi-purposed educational program

Educational signboards for self-guided tours

• Multilingual description (Korean, Chinese, English and Japanese)• Simple and easy to understand• Detailed information should be provided by written publications.• Individual guides using audio/video aids

Signboards• Airmed for elementary students and children• Should be variably designed depending upon thecharacteristics of the tour areas

Mt. Unzen Disaster Memorial Hall

When you come to our geopark, you should come here first

The Heisei-eruption Theater in Unzen Disaster Memorial Hall

The road of pyroclastic flow

A sceneｏｆ burnt-out land

Elementary school burntby pyroclastic flow

Houses buried bydebris flow

lesson of the disaster in hometown bydisaster narrative volunteers

In order to share…And, enjoyed the foot spa!

“Treasure stone hunting tour” in Unzenvolcanic area geopark

Children and participants are looking fortheir favorite stone together to makeoriginal rock specimen!

very hot! They are enduring theheat of hot spring.

MAKET MUSEUM GEOLOGI NTB, YANG DILENGKAPI ROOFTOP DENGANTEROPONG KE ARAH G. RINJANI....SEMOGA TERWUJUD

SEMINAR NASIONAL GEOPARK G. RINJANI PERTAMA DIADAKAN DI LOMBOK, DIHADIRIOLEH PEMDA, PERWAKILAN PERGURUAN TINGGI GEOLOGI, KEMENPAR, KEMENHUT,

IAGI, & MASYARAKAT