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PENGEMBANGAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK BIOMAS
SKALA KECIL DI INDONESIA
Indonesia Clean Energy Development (ICED) Project
Hanny J Berchmans
5 Desember 2012
Program Pengembangan Energi Bersih Indonesia (ICED)
• Adalah program yang dibiayai oleh USAID
• Jangka waktu 3.5 tahun (Maret 2011 – September 2014)
• Target propinsi: terbuka seluruh wilayah Indonesia
dengan fokus Aceh, Sumatra Utara dan Riau
• Pengembangan Proyek Energi Terbarukan yang dibantu:
Pembangkit listrik tenaga air, biomas, biogas, angin, solar
pv/hybird skala kecil (≤10 MW)
• Pengembangan Proyek Energi Efisiensi yang dibantu: di
sektor Industri, Bangunan dan Transportasi
• Hibah (grant) untuk pengembangan komunitas daerah
yang memanfaatkan energi terbarukan
ICED’s approach in developing the Clean Energy
Sector in Indonesia
3Archive number
Clean Energy Sectors / Market
Government / Policy Makers
PLN (Utilities Company)
Private Sectors
Policy & Coordination
Enabling a conducive
policy environment to
develop CE projects
1
Capacity Building &
Public Outreach
Developed capacity to
all stakeholders &
increase CE awareness
3
Project Development
Provide technical assistance to all
stakeholders in developing CE projects
2
4 million tons CO2e avoided
120 MW installed capacity
At least $120 million public and private funding
leveraged
At least 20 small and medium sized projects
implemented
1.2 million persons with increased access to clean
energy
$250 million in reduced subsidy due to tariff increase
and replacement of diesel fuel
ICED Target
RE Small Power market is shaped by stakeholders
4
Business Policy
Financing
– 26 Hydro Developers
– 4 Biogas Developers
– 2 Biomass Developers
– 1 EE Consultant
– 3 Corporation
– Ministry Energy
– Ministry Agriculture
– Bappenas
– PLN HQ & Regional
– Provincial & Regency
Gov
– Bank Indonesia
– 3 Commercial Banks
– 2 Syariah Banks
– 5 Non Bank Financial
Institutions
ICED Partners in Small Power
Market Observations
Limited number of successful operating
grid-connected projects
Projects are characterized as small but
complex in terms of site, resource and
technology
Growing interest from both domestic
and foreign sources of financing
Challenges in raising equity and with
bank loan collateral requirements
Regulatory uncertainty (Feed in Tariffs)
stalling development activities
Greater capacity needed in developers,
banks/FIs, PLN, Provincial/Regional
government
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Biomas(Agri
Waste)
Biogas(Agri
Waste)
Biomas(NonAgri
Waste)
Biogas(NonAgri
Waste)
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Singapura
Pilipina
Vietnam
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
AgriculturalBiomass
WoodyBiomass
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Pilipina
Vietnam
Source: USAID-ICED
Potensi Biomas di ASEAN
(dalam Juta Ton)
Kapasitas Terpasang
PLTB & PLTBG*
* Pembangkit Listrik yang tersambung ke Jaringan Listrik Nasional
Current Status Biomass Power Plant
10
ANAEROBIC
DIGESTER
54
STEAM
TURBINE
3
MSW
Number of Power Plant
Connected to PLN Grid
Excess Power IPP
Number of Power Plant in
Planning for 2012-2014
Total 72
MW
Total 782
MW
Excess Power IPP Internal Use
12
ANAEROBIC
DIGESTER
STEAM
TURBINE MSW
399.5 392
ICED project inventory status by provinces as of
September 2012
OTHER
PROVINCE
16
ACEH
65
NORTH
SUMATERA
26
7
RIAU
ICED Project Inventory
By Provinces
(Number of Projects)
Total 114
Projects
Other Tech Biogas / Biomass Hydro
ICED Project Inventory
By Provinces
(In Megawatt Equivalent)
73.2
11.8
543.7
171.0
Hydro Biogas / Biomass Other Tech
Total 799.2
Megawatt
OTHER
PROVINCE
ACEH NORTH
SUMATERA
RIAU
Indonesia has opportunities and challenges in
developing small scale RE Projects
1
Indonesia Condition
– Abundance of renewable energy
resources (rivers, ag. waste, solar etc)
– Electricity capacity shortages, unserved
communities
– Rising cost of oil, natural gas and coal
– Government targets for RE, EE and
GHG emissions reduction
CE Development Opportunities
– Established feed in tariff rate
– PLN required to “off take” electricity
– GOI direct appointment to developer
– Standard Power Purchase Agreement
– Reduces subsidy to PLN by reducing
use of diesel
– Banks, FIs and private equity financing
CE Development Challenges
– Lack of Project Financing
– Undercapitalized developers/sponsors
with limited track record;
– Limited operating projects as examples
– Limited domestic capability in equipment
and services
ICED Approach
– Improve policy framework at national
and regional level
– Improve PPAs & other agreements
– Link financing sources with high quality
projects and companies
– Show case success stories, share
lessons learned
Tantangan didalam pengembangan PLTB & PLTBG
Barriers for Developments
Feedstock
Financial & markets
Infrastructure conditions
Regulatory Risks
Technology
1. BIOMASS FEED IN TARIFF
ISSUE
2. INCENTIVES ISSUE
3. PPA ISSUE
4. ELECTRICITY SUBSIDY
5. ETC.
1. LIMITED PLN GRID
2. LIMITED ROAD ACCESS
3. WATER AVAILIBILITY
4. LAND AVAILIBILITY
5. ETC.
1. LIMITED/NO PROJECT
FINANCE
2. HIGH RISK & INVESTMENT
COST
3. ETC.
1. INCOSISTENT QUALITY
2. CYLCICAL SUPPLY
3. COMPETITION WITH BIOMATERIAL USED
(COMPOST, ACTIVE CARBON, dll)
4. ETC.
1. UNPROVEN TECHNOLOGY
2. LACK OF CAPACITY
3. LACK OF SUCCESS STORY
4. LACK OF INFORMATION
5. HIGHER MAINTENANCE COST
6. ETC.
Characteristics of Biogas Power Plants
(Anaerobic Digester Type)
Key Characteristics:
• Use Reciprocating Gas Engines
• Can be used as CHP system
• Complexity: moderate
• Operational aspect: moderate
• Typical size < 3 MWe
• Technology status: Mature/Proven
• Reliability: High
• Fuel flexibility: Poor
Characteristics of Biomass Power Plants
(Direct Combustion Type)
Biom
ass
Steam
Electr
icity
Boiler
Dust
Bag
Ash
Source:
Takuma
Characteristic Value
Fuel flexibility High
Technology Status Mature/Proven
Typical Size > 5 MWe except for
cogeneration > 1 MWe
Reliability High
Complexity Moderate
Operational aspect Relatively easy
Thermal Efficiency Small (20% to 27%), but can be
as CHP* system (~ 80%)
Lifetime 5 – 15 years
* Combined Heat and Power
Abu pembakaran tankos meleleh dan membentuk Clinker/Lapisan Kerak
Lapisan kerak pada grate akan mengakibatkan terhentinya proses pembakaran dan menurunnya efisiensi boiler
Grate boiler yang bersih Pembentukan Clinker pada grate boiler
• Titik leleh rendah + ruang bakar yang kurang bersih pembentukan Clinker
• Clinker terbentuk di permukaan grate sehingga mengganggu proses pembakaran. Akibatnya, pengoperasian boiler harus diberhentikan berulang kali untuk keperluan servis dan pembersihan.
• Availibilitas sistem pembangkit akan menurun karena adanya waktu pemeliharaan yang lebih panjang
Source : USAID-ICED
Problem umum didalam pembakaran Tandan kosong kelapa sawit tanpa pretreatment)
Pabrik Kelapa Sawit
Cangkang
g Tandan Kosong
Moisture : 65 – 69%; Calorific Value : 18 MJ/kg
(0% m.c.); 4.3 MJ/kg (67% m.c.)
Serat Untuk
keperluan
lain
Untuk Sumber Energi
Transportasi
Boiler / CHP Plant
Shredding/Chipping
Screw Pressing / Drying
Press into bales / pellets
Tengkulak
Tandan
Kosong
Pretreatment Tandan Kosong
Mengurangi ukuran dan kandungan air
Pengurangan Kandungan Air < 40%
23% berat Tandan Buah Segar
Transpotasi
LISTRIK
Pretreatment Tandan kosong kelapa sawit sebelum digunakan sebagai bahan bakar
• When project site is at a
distance from the biomass
source, Project Sponsor
may consider the use of fuel
pre-treatment technology to
optimize transportation cost
• Transporting feedstock with
relatively low energy or high
moisture content will be
very inefficient
• Pre-treatment at the palm-
oil miller or rice miller site
will be required: shredding,
pressing, and pelletization
Characteristics of Biomass Power Plants
(Gasification Type)
Key Characteristics:
• Use Reciprocating Gas Engines
• Can be used as CHP system
• High Complexity
• Operational aspect: Difficult
• Typical size < 3 MWe
• Technology status: early commercial
• Reliability: Poor to reasonable
• High Efficiency: ~ 47%
• Fuel flexibility: moderate
Biomass Gasification Power Projects in Indonesia
No Project Location Year
Operation
Capacity
(kVA)
Status
Note
1 PLTB Gasifikasi
EBTKE
Kab. Pelalawan-Riau 2009 110 Stop Pilot project
2 PLTB Gasifikasi
EBTKE
Kab. Indragiri Hulu-Riau
2010 150 Stop Pilot project
3 PLTB Gasifikasi
EBTKE
Kab. Siak-Riau
2010 150 Stop Pilot Project
4 PT. Navigat Organic Bali 2011 2000 In operation IPP, MSW
5 PT. Navigat Organic Bekasi-Jabar 2011 8000 In operation IPP, MSW
6 PT. ICPV Sei Dadap-North
Sumatera
2013 2000 In planning Captive, Palm
waste
7 IIEE & BNI Tabanan-Bali 2014 40 In planning Pilot project,
Internal use
Biomass Gasification Power Research & Development
in B2TE - BPP Teknologi
Fixed-bed gasification system pilot plant
50 kWthFluidized-bed
gasification system pilot
plant
Challenges in Gasification Technology Implementation
Gasification is complex and sensitive process
Handling residues (ash & tar) is time consuming and dirty work. Reliability of gas cleaning system
is often very low.
The physical and chemical properties of producer gas such as energy content, gas composition
and impurities vary time to time
Gasifiers have fairly strict requirements for fuel size, moisture and ash content. Inadequate fuel
preparation is an important cause of technical problems with gasifiers.
Installation is complex and require substantial investment for low capacity
Several manufacturers claim that gasifiers can be operated on all kinds of biomass. But, due to
physical and chemical properties variation in the biomass fuel many researches indicate that
gasifier is specifically designed for a particular type of fuel. Lack of technology development and manufacture within the country. Some demonstration plants
have been scaled up from university pilot projects but they have failed due to problems such as
tar condensation, insufficient gas flow rates and gas properties, higher ash content, etc.
Lack skill in operation & maintenance of plants is a major hurdle in fast penetration of biomass
gasification
No proper feasibility study
Summary of small Biomas/Biogas power application
Technology
Prime mover
type
Applications
Capital
Cost
O & M
cost
Effi-
ciency
Ramping
rate
Reliability Operational
flexibility
Complexity
Biomass
(direct
combustion)
Steam
Turbine
Low –
Medium
Medium Low Slow** High High Moderate
Biomass
(Gasification)
Reciprocating
engines
Medium Medium High Fast*** Low -
Moderate
Low High
Biogas (AD
digester)
Reciprocating
Engines, Gas
turbine
Medium
- High
Medium Low Fast***
High Moderate Moderate
**Steam turbine plants 1 -5%/min
*** Gas Engines 20%/min, Gas Turbine 20%/min
Risk Management in the development of Biomass/Biogas power projects
Identified Issues Mitigation
Fuel Supply Availability, energy content, Physical and
chemical characteristics, collection,
transportation, cost
Long term biomass contract supply: quality, cost, quantity and delivery
Technology Reliability, Capital Investment and O&M costs,
Space requirement
Follow best practice, engineering standard and use the most cost
effective technology
Environment & Social Water Availability for cooling and feed
Hydrology
Topography
Geology (including earth quake)
Technically safe site and ensure environment parameters are
respected i.e. air, waste water quality, noise. Public acceptance
Environment Analysis (UKL, UPL)
Project Developer Experience, equity Experienced management or consortium with experienced partners.
Provide enough equity or other source of income to manage risk.
Location Fuels vs. electricity distribution network Ensure that the location is ideal considering the fuel availability and
electricity load. Secure site
Legal Many permits : business, environment,
construction.
Ensure all permits are made available
Construction Delay Time, resource scheduling and project management. insurance
Cost Overrun Over budget Accurate feasibility study, Optimum engineering design and project
management, insurance
Operation & Maintenance Unexpected down time, materials used during
construction, equipment reliability
Implement best practice in operation and maintenance, follow design
specifications, insurance
Off taker Payment default Good profit and bankable off taker
Biomass & Biogas Business Model
• Biomass waste
• Liquid organic
waste (POME)
• Municipal waste
Resources
Private/BUMN/
public
Resources Owner
Resources
Owner
Third Party
Project Developer
Developers Mechanism
BOO
Own Project
BOT
Biomass & Biogas Business Structure
Commercial Project Development Stages
Project
Initiation
Feasibility
Study PPA Financing Constructi
on COD
Max 1 Year 1-2 Years
• Small-scale renewable energy Independent Power Project (IPP) may take 3 to 5 years from the project
initiation to commercial operation date (COD), during which Project Sponsor would have to identify project
opportunity, conduct feasibility study, obtain all relevant permits, enter into a Power Purchase Agreement
(PPA) with PLN as the traditional off-taker, reach financial closure, and implement the construction work.
• Under the MEMR Regulation No. 14/2012, Project Sponsor may enter into a PPA with PLN through a direct
appointment process, using a standard renewable energy Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) for a fixed
term (period) and at power purchase prices set by regulated feed in tariff (FIT) under MEMR Regulation No.
4/2012.
• While purchase price is fixed, it can be levelized or “front loaded” per guidance from PLN Director Decree.
• The PPA process has been standardized, and includes interaction with PLN and Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
7-8 months 6-12months
P22
WHAT CAN ICED DO?
• PROJECT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT:
Assisting its partners in realize the potential of small Biomass/Biogas power:
Identifying potential projects, reviewing feasibility studies, training in
assessing project viability and due diligence
GIS mapping of resources, projects, substations and 20 kV network
Maintaining an inventory of proposed RE projects under development,
sharing with interested banks and investors
Supporting the development of standardized PPA(s) and
interconnection procedures, guidelines and agreements
Facilitating meeting between ICED partner RE developers and
Financiers
Calculating the contribution of RE projects in terms of capacity,
investment, subsidy reduction, access, and GHG emissions
Limited cost sharing for RE Feasibility Study, Interconnection Study
WHAT CAN ICED DO?
• SMALL GRANT COMPONENT:
Development of pico/micro RE pilot project for community
development
OPPORTUNITIES:
Cost sharing on the development of micro scale biomass
gasification pilot projects for community development with
Financiers/EBTKE-ESDM/Small & Medium Business Enterprise
and University
AMOUNT:
Maximum grant: ~ 100,000 USD/proposal.
WHAT ICED HAS DONE?
• PROJECT DEVELOPMENT:
1. Provide Technical Assistance (Value Engineering) to 55 RE projects.
2. Capacity Building for 5 Banks and 4 Financial Institutions
3. Develop Pre-FS for Sinar Mas Biogas Projects
4. Develop Pre-FS for Kabupaten Kampar Biogas and Biogas Projects
5. Study tour to Thailand Biogas & Biomass power projects for key
stakeholders
6. Supporting PLN on the development of standardized PPA(s) and
interconnection procedures, guidelines and agreements
7. Development of GIS layer for 20 kV of PLN Grid in Aceh, North Sumatera
and Aceh. GIS inventory of Palm Oil Mills for Kabupaten Kampar
8. And more……
• SMALL GRANT COMPONENT:
1. Cost sharing with CSR BNI on the development of a micro scale biomass
gasification power project in Bali.
2. Green building certification in commercial sector with GBCI
For more information, contact:
Dr. Hanny J. Berchmans.
Project Development Manager
USAID-ICED Project
+628775006229
hannyjberchmans@gmail.com
Hanny.berchmans@iced.or.id