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Akuatikterbesar dalam BiosferStratifikasinya Fotikcahaya fotosintesis Afotikgelap Termoklinpertukaran panas cepat Bentikzona pasir sedimen Dentrituspengurai

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50.9 The distribution of major aquatic biomes

Zona Litoral pesisir Zona Limnetikmakin jauh

tepianplankton Zona Profundalzona dalam Danau Ologotrofikmiskin nutrien Danau Mesotrofiksedang Danau Eutrofikkaya nutrien

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50.10 Zonation in a lake

Karaketeristik? Marshair tak mengalir Swamplumpur Boggambut Basin WetlandCekungan dangkal Riverine Wetlandtepian Sungai Fringe Wetlandtepi danau besar

Berbatasan Dengan Mudflat & SaltmarshPengantar komunitas laut Zona Intertidalpasang surut Zona Neritikkontinental Zona oseanikDalam Zona pelagikvariasi kedalaman Zona bentikdasr laut

Contents50.13 Zonation in the marine environment

Zona Pasang surutterstratifikasi Terumbu Karangbioma pelagik Bioma pelagik oseanikmakin ke laut Bentoszona abisal

Kanopipucuk/tudung pohon Permafrosttundra Ekotonzonasi tak jelaszona tumpang

tindih Hutan Tropis Hutan savana Gurun Chapparal Padang rumput& hutam gugur temperata Hutan konifer Tundra

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50.15 The distribution of major terrestrial biomes

Pengukuran kepadatan Pola penyebaran Demografilife table Model Pertumbuhan populasi Faktor-faktor pembatas populasi

Contents52.3 Generation time and body size

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52.4 Survivorship curves

Contents52.11 Population growth predicted by the exponential model

Contents52.14 Population growth predicted by the logistic model

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52.15 Examples of logistic population growth

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52.21 Human population growth

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52.22 Changes in birth and death rates in Sri Lanka

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52.23 Age structures of three nations

Interaksi Interspecies: Timbul karena koevolusi

Predasi dan Parasitisme (+/-) Kompetisi (-/-) Komensalisme (-/0) Mutualisme (+/+)

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53.10 Competition in laboratory populations of Paramecium

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53.11 Resource partitioning in a group of sympatric lizards

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53.12 Character displacement: circumstantial evidence for competition in nature

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53.13 Experimental evidence for competition in nature

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53.21 The theory of island biogeography

Contents53.22 Species richness and island size

Level Trofik dalam Ekosistem Rantai makanan Jaring-jaring makanan Aliran Energi Siklus air,karbon,Nitrogen,Fosfor, Dampak negatif terhadap ekosistem

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54.1 Examples of terrestrial and marine food chains

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54.2 A food web

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54.5 An idealized pyramid of net productivity

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54.9 The water cycle

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54.10 The carbon cycle

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54.11 The nitrogen cycle

Contents54.12 The phosphorus cycle

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54.15 The loss of nitrate from a deforested watershed in the Hubbard BrookExperimental Forest

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54.16 Biological magnification of DDT in a food chain

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54.17 The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and average temperatures from 1958 to 1995