Klas : Osteichthyes/ teleostei/

teleostomi

• Subklas : Sarcoptrerygii /Paleopterygii

Jumlah Ordo 2 : Coelacanthiformes &

Dipteriformes

• Subklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii

Jumlah Ordo : 17

Sub klas Sarcopterygii

• Ciri-ciri

• Mempunyai P&V yg menonjol (lobate) dan

berdaging

• Sisik dengan endoskeletal yg kuat

Ordo : Coelacanthiformes

Bertulang rawan, sisik cycloid,

bentuk ekor diphycercal, tanpa sub

operculum

Coelacanthiformes

• Latimeria

• 2 dorsal fins

• fleshy fins

• intracranial joint

• morphology constant throughout

evolutionary history

•Unbranched lepidotrichia

“Sarcopterygii”

Actinistia

Ordo Dipteriformes

• Memp gelemb renang yg berhub dg

usus berfungsi sbg paru-paru.

• D,C,A bersatu ; V & P Lobate

(menonjol)

• Gigi palatin tanpa premaxilla &maxilla

• Makanan Invertebrata & tb-an air

• Kebanyakan telah jadi fosil

•earliest lungfishes- cosmoid scales

•modern forms- embedded

scales/continuous dorsal, anal and caudal

fins; spiral valve intestine

•tooth plates

•lack marginal tooth-bearing

jaw bone

•circulatory system

Dipnoi

Ceratodontidae

(Australian Lung Fishes)

• Tdpt sejak periode Triassic & banyak

yg sudah punah

• Conth species : Neoceratodus forsteri

• Ciri-ciri : sisik cycloid, sirip tebal spt

daun, distribusi Queensland, selama

musim panas bernafas dg paru-paru.

Neoceratodus forsteri

Lepidosirenidae

south American /African lung fishes

• Tubuh angulliform, sisik kecil V &P

spt cambuk. Saat musim kering

membuat sarang dari lendir & lumpur

(kepompong/cocoon)

• Contoh Protopterus sp (Afrika tengah)

Lepidosiren sp (Amerika Selatan)

African lung fishes Protopterus annectans

Cara mengambil udara

Subklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii

• Rangka dari tulang sejati, C homocercal

• Vertebrae dg cekungan di depan dsbt

amphicoelous.

• sisik cycloid, ctenoid sedikit yg ganoid.

• Lubang hidung tidak berhubungan dg

rongga mulut

• V & P tidak menonjol

• tdpt sejak periode permian sd sekarang

Ordo Polypteryformes (Bichirs)

• Tubuh bulat panjang, P menonjol &

bersisik, tanpa D diganti dg 8 finlet. C

diphycercal. Pernafasan tambahan

dg gelembung gas. Polypterus weeksi

• Originally placed with lobe-

finned Highly specialized

survivors of primitive

actinopterygians

•Dorsal fin spine pattern

•Retains thick scales

•Diphycercal tail

•Highly vascularized ventral

lungs-obligate air breathers

•

Polypteriformes

Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes • Primitive actin. single dorsal fin

•Teleosts- ant. spiny; post. soft rays

• Ganoid scales

•

•

•

•Toothed marginal jaw bones

•Toothed dermal bones in buccal cavity

•Dermal cheek bones form solid plate

•Lateral movements of cheek and palatoquadrate

limited

•Heterocercal caudal fin

Ordo Acipenceriformes

Sturgeon & Spoon bill

• Mulut di bagian ventral, bersisik atau tidak

• Hidung di ujung kepala & runcing

• C heterocercal

• Memp. Gelemb renang & operculum

• Fam : Acipenseridae, Hidung spt sekop

tdpt 4 helai sungut di depan mulut, badan

fusiform, mulut spt succer, usus spiral

• Acipenser oxyrhynchus

Sturgeon a. Acipenser fluvescens

b. Acipenser medirostris

•Living paddlefishes and sturgeons

•Highly modified jaws

•Heterocercal tail-cartilaginous

•Sturgeons- suction feeders; bony scutes

•Paddlefishes- filter feeder; reduced

scales

“Chondrostei”

Acipenseriformes

Spoon bill : Polyodon spathula terpedo, sisik ganoid di ekor, gigi kecil, hidung spt

dayung

Ordo : Amiiformes Hanya ada 1 sp hdp di Great Lake Florida

• Rahang pendek, sisik cycloid, D panjang

• Gel.renang dg ductus pneumaticus

• Contoh Bowfin (Amia calva) spot = jantan

Amiidae

•Dorsal lung

•New jaw opening mechanism via

interopercular bone Maxilla is free

from cheek- able to suction feed

more efficiently

Neopterygii

•Elongate jaws with toothed

infraorbitals

•Ganoid scales

•Ambush predators

•Dorsal bilobed lung

Lepisosteidae

- greater mobility of both fins and

cranial elements

Gars

Teleostei

•Homocercal tail

•Reduced scales

•Increased emphasis on suction feeding

•Major groups

•Osteoglossomorpha

•Elopomorpha

•Clupeomorpha

•Ostariophysi

•Euteleostei- difficult to characterize

with valid synapomorphies

Osteoglossomorpha

•218 species

•Tongue bite

•Basihyal-parasphenoid bite

•2 palatal bones are also toothed

Arapaima

Mormyrid

Knifefish

Tongue bite

Elopomorpha

•650 species

•Mostly true eels

•Bonefish, tenpounders, tarpon

Leptocephalus larvae

Clupeomorpha

•Anchovies, bream &

herrings

•290 species

•Plankton feeders

Clupea sp.

Anchovies

Bream

Clupeomorph synapomorphies

3. Keeled belly

1. Connection between swimbladder and inner ear

2. Unique foramina in skull

Ostariophysi •75% of freshwater species of world

•6,000 species

•Gonorhynchiformes,Cypriniformes,

Characiformes, Siluriformes

Ostariophysan synapomorphies

•Alarm substance cells

•Specialized anterior vertebrae

allow for increased hearing

ability

Otophysi: Weberian apparatus

Euteleostei

• 25 Orders, 275 families, and 17,000 species

• Poorly defined traits join them together

– Nuptial breeding tubercles

– Adipose fin

– Membranous component to first uroneural

• Retained in primitive euteleosteans and lost

in more derived species

“Protacanthopterygii”

Onchorhynchus

Salmo salar

•Salmon and trout

Esociformes

•Pickerels and pikes

•Toothless maxilla forming part of gape

•Fin placement correlated with

predatory habits

Neoteleostei • retractor dorsalis (RD)

or retractor arcus

branchialium originates

from anterior vertebrae

and insert on

pharyngobranchials

Scopelomorpha-Lanternfishes •Pelagic marine fishes

•220 species

•Daily vertical

migrations-500m

•Photophores

•2 components of the

RD- increasing

emphasis on 3rd

pharyngobranchial

Lampridomorpha

-ribbonfishes and oarfishes

•Percopsiformes- trout perches, pirate

perches, cavefishes

•Gadiformes- cods, hakes, eelpouts

•Pelvic fins anterior to pectorals

•Mental barbels

•Prolific egg producers

•Batrachoidiformes- toadfishes

•Gobiesociformes- clingfishes;

modified pelvic fins

•Lophiformes- goosefishes,

anglerfishes, frogfishes, batfishes

Paracanthopterygii

Greatly

flattened skull

roof

Lophiiformes-

anglerfishes

-ilicium and esca:

modified dorsal spines

Some local paracanthopterygians

Theragra chalcogramma Merluccias productus

Lycodes palearis Gadus macrocephalus

paracanthopterygians

Lycodes pacificus

Porichthys notatus

Percomorpha

•More than 12,000 species

•Phylogeny largely unresolved

•Synapomorphies related to feeding

•Pharyngeal jaws for crushing

•Highly protrusible jaws

•

Atherinomorpha

• Guppies, mosquitofish,

flyingfish, halfbeaks

Gasterosteiformes

• Sticklebacks, seahorses,

trumpetfishes

• Bony abdominal plates

Scorpaeniformes

Sebastes

•Suborbital stay

•Strongly spinous fins

•Many spines on the head

Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus

Leptocottus armatus

Scorpaeniformes

Enophrys bison

Cyclopterus lumpus

Perciformes

Lepidogobius lepidus

Cymatogaster aggregata

Trichodon trichodon

Pleuronectiformes

Tetraodontiformes

•Bizzarofish

•Cowfish, pufferfish, porcupinefish,

molas Many use dorsal and anal fins for

locomotion

Ikan Mola-mola

Trends in fish evolution • Maxilla moves out of gape

• Premaxilla becomes sole toothed element

• Movement of both pectoral and pelvic fins

• Reduction in scales and increased

flexibility

• Swimbladder- increased

hydrostatic function

• Increasing cranial kinesis

•

•

Ordo Clupeiformes / Malacopterygii / Isospondyli

The hering like fishes

• Sub ordo clupeoidei Bandeng lelaki Elops saurus

• Famili Elopidae

Famili Notopteridae

• Badan pipih memanjang, tanpa sungut, badan &

kepala bersisik kecil. D tunggal dan terpisah dari C.

contoh ikan Belida Notopterus chilata

Fam Albulidae (Bone fishes)

• D didepan V, A jauh atau dekat dubur contoh

Albula vulpes (Bandeng cerurut)

Osteoglossidae

• Celah mulut lebar &miring D<A; P

memanjang di bag bawah badan

bersungut Sclerophages formosus

Fam. Clupeidae (Herring, Sardines)

• Tanpa jari-jari sirip keras.D pendek di tengah.

Tanpa V jika ada tidak sempurna

• Contoh ikan layang.terubuk, alosa dll

Famili Engraulidae (teri)