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K
OMPENDIUMPERANGKAANALAMSEKITAR
C
OMPENDIUMOFENVIRONMENTSTATISTICS
MALAYSIA
2013
Compendium of Environment Statistics
MALAYSIA
2013
ISSN 1511-3396
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
HARGA: RM 50.00
PRICE:
BOLEH DIPEROLEH DARI:OBTAINABLE FROM:
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KATA PENGANTAR
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar 2013 membentangkan perangkaan alam sekitar,
impak aktiviti manusia ke atas alam sekitar dan langkah yang diambil bagi mengurangkanimpak tersebut. Ia memfokuskan maklumat alam sekitar mengikut empat isu utama iaitu
Udara/Atmosfera, Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (Darat dan Marin), Tanah/Alam Sekitar
Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk.
Penerbitan ini merupakan satu usaha ke arah pembangunan pangkalan data alam sekitar
selaras dengan peranan Jabatan sebagai pusat penyimpanan perangkaan alam sekitar.
Jadual dan carta dimuatkan dalam penerbitan ini bagi memudahkan penggunamenganalisis data.
Jabatan merakamkan penghargaan dan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang terlibat
dalam menyumbang kepada penyediaan penerbitan ini. Ulasan dan cadangan ke arah
menambahbaik laporan ini pada masa hadapan amatlah dihargai.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia
Disember 2013
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ii
PREFACE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
The Compendium of Environment Statistics 2013 presents statistics on environment,
impacts of human activities on the environment and actions taken to minimise the impact.The report focuses on four main environmental issues namely Air/Atmosphere,
Water/Aquatic Environment (Inland and Marine), Land/Terrestrial Environment and Urban
Environment/Human Settlements.
This publication is an effort towards the development of a database for environmental
statistics in tandem with the Departments role as a central repository for environment
statistics. Tables and charts are presented in this publication to facilitate analyses byusers.
The Department would like to express its appreciation and gratitude to all parties involved
in contributing to this publication. Comments and suggestions towards improving future
reports would be greatly appreciated.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Chief Statistician, Malaysia
December 2013
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KANDUNGANCONTENTS
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
KATA PENGANTARPREFACE
SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
SENARAI LAMPIRAN
LIST OF APPENDICES
PENUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS
RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUM
FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM
BAB
CHAPTER
SATU: UDARA/ATMOSFERA
ONE: AIR/ATMOSPHERE
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Iklim
Climate
- PengenalanIntroduction
- Suhu
Temperature
- Taburan hujan
Rainfall distribution
- Purata kelembapan relatif
Mean relative humidity
MukaSurat
Page
i
ii
xv
xxiii
xxxi
xxxv
xxxix
3
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KANDUNGANCONTENTS
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Status kualiti udara
Air quality status
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Indeks Pencemaran Udara
Air Pollutant Index
B.2 Bahan pencemar udara
Air pollutant
- Ozon
Ground Level Ozone
- Plumbum
Lead
- Karbon Monoksida
Carbon Monoxide
- Sulfur Dioksida
Sulphur Dioxide
- Nitrogen Dioksida
Nitrogen Dioxide
- Habuk Halus
Particulate Matter
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Punca pencemaran udara
Sources of air pollution
C.2 Pelepasan bahan pencemar daripada punca utama
Emission of pollutants from main sources
- Kenderaan bermotor
Motor vehicles
Muka Surat
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7
13
20
21
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KANDUNGANCONTENTS
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
- Punca tetap
Stationary sources
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change
BABCHAPTER
DUA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARAT
TWO: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Pengenalan
Introduction
A.2 Sumber air
Water resources
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Kualiti air sungai
River water quality
- Pengkelasan air
Water classification
- Indeks Kualiti Air
Water Quality Index
B.2 Status kualiti air sungai
River water quality status
- Ammoniakal Nitrogen
Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Muka Surat
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29
29
30
31
2
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KANDUNGANCONTENTS
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
- Keperluan Oksigen BiokimiaBiochemical Oxygen Demand
- Pepejal Terampai
Suspended Solids
- Logam berat
Heavy metal
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Punca pencemaran air
Sources of water pollution
C.2 Sumber air mentah
Raw water resources
C.3 Air permukaan
Surface water
- Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar
Freshwater aquaculture production
C.4 Penggunaan baja
The use of fertilisers
- Baja
Fertilisers
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Kempen Cintailah Sungai Kita
Love Our River Campaign
D.2 Program Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
Department of Irrigation and Drainage programmes
Muka Surat
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34
34
34
36
37
37
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KANDUNGANCONTENTS
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
BAB
CHAPTER
TIGA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARIN
THREE: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Persekitaran marin
Marine environment
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Kualiti air marin
Marine water quality
- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai
Marine water quality status at coastal areas
- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala
Marine water quality status at estuary areas
- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau
Marine water quality status at island areas
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Tumpahan minyak
Oil spills
- Pengendalian kargo
Cargo throughput
C.2 Hakisan pantai
Coastal erosion
Muka Surat
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42
45
46
3
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KANDUNGANCONTENTS
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Aktiviti Pengurusan Zon Pantai
Coastal Zone Management Activities
BAB
CHAPTER
EMPAT: TANAH/ALAM SEKITAR TERESTRIAL
FOUR: LAND/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Lokasi
Location
- Topografi
Topography
A.2 Tanah bencah
Wetlands
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Definisi
Definition
- Jenis tanah bencah
Type of wetlands
- Hutan paya gambut
Peat swamp forest
- Hutan paya laut
Mangrove forest
A.3 Kepelbagaian biologi daratan
Terrestrial biodiversity
- Megakepelbagaian
Megadiversity
Muka Surat
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55
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KANDUNGANCONTENTS
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
JADUAL
TABLE
PETA
MAPS
LAMPIRAN
APPENDIX
GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Muka Surat
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187
191
225
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SENARAI CARTALIST OF CHARTS
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
CartaChart
Muka SuratPage
4.5 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Production of major timber products, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012
59
4.6 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut kawasan,
Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Forest area licensed for harvesting by region, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012
60
4.7 Pertumbuhan Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian (IPP) dan indeks sektor,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Industrial Production Index (IPI) and sector indices growth, Malaysia, 2008-2012
62
4.8 Pengeluaran simen, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Production of cement, Malaysia, 2008-2012
62
4.9 Pengeluaran minyak mentah, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Crude oil production, Malaysia, 2008-2012
63
4.10 Pengeluaran bersih gas asli, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Net production of natural gas, Malaysia, 2008-2012
63
4.11 Taburan peratus penjanaan tenaga elektrik campuran mengikut stesen,Malaysia, 2012
Percentage distribution of the generation of electricity mix by stations, Malaysia, 2012
64
Bab 5:
Chapter 5:
Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk
Urban Environment/Human Settlements
5.1 Purata kadar pertumbuhan penduduk tahunan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Average annual population growth rate, Malaysia, 2008-2012
69
5.2 Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 dan 2012
Population density by state, Malaysia, 2010 and 2012
70
5.3 Piramid penduduk, Malaysia, 2012
Population pyramid, Malaysia, 2012
72
5.4 Kadar mortaliti bayi dan kanak-kanak, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Infant and toddler mortality rate, Malaysia, 2008-2012
73
5.5 Jangkaan hayat ketika lahir mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Life expectancy at birth by sex, Malaysia, 2008-2012
74
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SENARAI CARTALIST OF CHARTS
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Carta
Chart
Muka Surat
Page
5.6 Bilangan hospital kerajaan dan swasta, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of government and private hospitals, Malaysia, 2008-2012
74
5.7 Bilangan katil hospital kerajaan dan swasta, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of government and private hospital beds, Malaysia, 2008-2012
75
5.8 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (doktor dan doktor gigi), Malaysia,
2008-2012
Number of trained medical personnel (doctor and dentist), Malaysia, 2008-2012
76
5.9 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (jururawat dan penolong jururawat),
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of trained medical personnel (nurse and assistant nurse), Malaysia, 2008-2012
76
5.10 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Quantity of scheduled waste generated, Malaysia, 2008-2012
77
5.11 Peratus buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut kategori, 2012
Percentage of scheduled waste generated by category, 2012
78
5.12 Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator,Malaysia, 2008-2012
Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerator, Malaysia, 2008-2012
79
5.13 Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of reported road accidents, Malaysia, 2008-2012
80
5.14 Bilangan kecederaan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of reported road casualties, Malaysia, 2008-2012
80
5.15 Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air terpilih, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of selected cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 2008-2012
81
5.16 Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2012
82
5.17 Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2012
83
5.18a Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of cases and incidence rate of dengue fever, Malaysia, 2008-2012
84
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SENARAI JADUALLIST OF TABLES
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Jadual
Table
Muka Surat
Page
Bab 2:
Chapter 2:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat
Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland
2.1 Rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Water treatment plants design capacity by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
119
2.2 Jumlah pengeluaran air yang dibekalkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Total production of water supplied by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
120
2.3 Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkan dengan air paip mengikut negeri dan
kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2012
Percentage of population supplied with piped water by state and areas, Malaysia,
2009-2012
121
2.4 Bilangan dan peratusan lembangan sungai yang diawasi mengikut kategori,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number and percentage of river basins monitored by category, Malaysia, 2008-2012
122
2.5 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Status of river water quality based on main pollutants, Malaysia, 2008-2012
122
2.6 Purata tahunan kepekatan logam berat di sungai, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Annual average concentration of heavy metals in river, Malaysia, 2008-2012
123
2.7a Bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari sungai mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2008-2012
Supply of raw water extracted directly from rivers by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
124
2.7b Bekalan air mentah yang diambil dari empangan mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2008-2012
Supply of raw water from storage dams by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
125
2.7c Bekalan air mentah bawah tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Supply of raw groundwater by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
126
2.8 Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Metered water consumption by sector and state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
127
2.9 Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number, area and production of freshwater aquaculture, Malaysia, 2009-2013
128
2.10 Pengeluaran dan import baja, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Production and import of fertilisers, Malaysia, 2009-2013
129
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SENARAI JADUALLIST OF TABLES
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Jadual
Table
Muka Surat
Page
2.11 Pengeluaran racun herba, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Production of herbicides, Malaysia, 2009-2013
129
2.12 Bilangan kejadian banjir yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of flood incident reported by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
130
2.13 Pendakwaan kesalahan bagi pencemaran air, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Offences prosecuted for water pollution, Malaysia, 2008-2012
131
Bab 3:Chapter 3:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: MarinWater/Aquatic Environment: Marine
3.1 Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran daripada akuakultur air payau/masin,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number, area and production from brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia,
2009-2013
132
3.2a Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Marin, Malaysia, 2010-2012
Marine water quality status at coastal areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2010-2012
133
3.2b Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2010-2012
Marine water quality status at estuary areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2010-2012
134
3.2c Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Marin, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Marine water quality status at island areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011 and 2012
135
3.3 Insiden tumpahan minyak di laut, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Oil spill incidents at sea, Malaysia, 2008-2012
136
3.4 Bilangan kes tumpahan minyak mengikut punca dan sebab, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of oil spill incidents by source and cause, Malaysia, 2008-2012
136
3.5 Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin mengikut kumpulan peralatan menangkap ikan,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Annual landings of marine fish by fishing gear group, Malaysia, 2009-2013
137
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SENARAI JADUALLIST OF TABLES
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Jadual
Table
Muka Surat
Page
3.6 Pengendalian kargo di pelabuhan terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2008-2012
Cargo throughput at selected ports, Peninsular Malaysia, 2008-2012
138
3.7 Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012
Distribution of coastal erosion areas in Malaysia, 2012
139
3.8 Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of marine water quality monitoring stations, Malaysia, 2008-2012
140
Bab 4:
Chapter 4:
Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial
Land/Terrestrial Environment
4.1 Jumlah keluasan tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Total land area by state, Malaysia, 2012
141
4.2 Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Area of peat swamp forest by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
142
4.3 Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Area of mangrove forest by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
143
4.4a Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012
Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012
144
4.4b Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Sabah, 2012
Gazetted protected area, Sabah, 2012
147
4.4c Kawasan perlindungan sepenuhnya, Sarawak, 2012
Totally protected area, Sarawak, 2012
148
4.4d Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet di bawah taman laut, Malaysia, 2012
Gazetted protected area of marine park, Malaysia, 2012
150
4.5 Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2008-2012
152
4.6 Keluasan hutan simpanan kekal, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Area of permanent reserved forest, Malaysia, 2008-2012
155
4.7 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Production of major timber products by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
156
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SENARAI JADUALLIST OF TABLES
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Jadual
Table
Muka Surat
Page
4.8 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut negeri,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Forest area licensed for harvesting by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
158
4.9 Keluasan bertanam bagi tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Planted area of major crops, Malaysia, 2008-2012
159
4.10 Pengeluaran tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Production of major crops, Malaysia, 2008-2012
160
4.11 Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Index of Industrial Production, Malaysia, 2008-2012
160
4.12 Pengeluaran galian mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Production of minerals by type, Malaysia, 2008-2012
161
4.13 Penjanaan tenaga elektrik mengikut kawasan dan stesen, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Electricity generated by region and station, Malaysia, 2008-2012
162
4.14 Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan dan digunakan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Electricity supplied and consumed, Malaysia, 2008-2012
163
4.15 Jalan raya mengikut jenis dan bidang kuasa, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Roads by surface type and jurisdiction, Malaysia, 2008-2012
164
4.16 Peruntukan dan perbelanjaan pembangunan hutan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Forest development allocation and expenditure, Malaysia, 2008-2012
165
4.17 Pembangunan sumber hutan dan pemeliharaan/pemuliharaan alam sekitar,
Semenanjung Malaysia, 2008-2012
Forest resource development and environmental conservation/rehabilitation, PeninsularMalaysia, 2008-2012
166
4.18 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sabah, 2008-2012
Forest resource development, Sabah, 2008-2012
167
4.19 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sarawak, 2008-2012
Forest resource development, Sarawak, 2008-2012
167
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SENARAI JADUALLIST OF TABLES
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Jadual
Table
Muka Surat
Page
5.12b Bilangan kes demam denggi berdarah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
177
5.13 Bilangan kes malaria mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of cases of malaria by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
178
5.14 Bilangan kematian mengikut jenis penyakit, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of deaths by type of diseases, Malaysia, 2008-2012
178
5.15 Bilangan kenderaan bermotor yang berdaftar mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of motor vehicles registered by type, Malaysia, 2008-2012
179
5.16 Ketibaan dan pelepasan kapal laut yang terlibat dalam perdagangan luar negeri
di pelabuhan terpilih, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Arrivals and departures of ocean-going vessel engaged in foreign trade at selected ports,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
180
5.17 Perangkaan kereta api, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Railway statistics, Malaysia, 2008-2012
181
5.18 Jumlah penumpang yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2008-2012Total number of passengers handled at airports, Malaysia, 2008-2012
181
5.19 Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Total cargo handled at airports, Malaysia, 2008-2012
182
5.20 Buangan terjadual yang diuruskan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Scheduled waste managed by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012
183
5.21 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dieksport mengikut jenis buangan, Malaysia,
2008-2012Quantity of scheduled waste exported by type of waste, Malaysia, 2008-2012
184
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SENARAI LAMPIRANLIST OF APPENDICES
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Lampiran
Appendix
Muka Surat
Page
1 Model Rangka Kerja Tekanan-Keadaan-Tindak Balas
Pressure-State-Response Framework Model
192
2 Senarai Ahli JAAMPAS
List of IACES Members
193
3 Perbandingan nilai IPU dengan tahap pencemaran dan kawalan kesihatan
Comparison of API values with level of pollution and health measures
194
4 Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara kepada manusia dan tumbuhan
Sources and effects of air pollutants on human and plants
195
5 Klasifikasi kualiti air berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti AirWater quality classification based on Water Quality Index
196
6 Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air dan kelas air dan kegunaan
Water Quality Index classification and water class and uses
197
7 Kriteria standard dan kualiti air marin
Marine water quality criteria and standards
198
8A Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi, Malaysia,
2011 dan 2012
Water quality status within Clean rivers basin monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012
199
8B Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar yang diawasi,
Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Water quality status within Slightly Polluted basin monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012
207
8C Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia,
2011 dan 2012
Water quality status within Polluted river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012
212
9A Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pantai, Malaysia, 2010-2012
Marine Water Quality Index for Coastal Water Status, Malaysia, 2010-2012
213
9B Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Kuala, Malaysia, 2010-2012Marine Water Quality Index for Estuary Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2010-2012
217
9C Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pulau, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Marine Water Quality Index for Island Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012
219
10 Nota dan Simbol
Notes and Symbols
220
11 Rujukan
References
222
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xxxv
PENUNJUK PENTINGKEY INDICATORS
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1.
Udara/Atmosfera
Air/Atmosphere
a. Purata suhu (oC)
a
Mean temperature (oC)
- MaksimumMaximum
31.8 32.0 31.7 31.9 32.9b
- Minimum 24.0 24.3 24.1 24.2 24.9b
b. Jumlah hujan (mm)a
Total rainfall (mm)2,099.2 2,264.8 1,632.4 2,271.4 623.1
b
c. Purata kelembapan relatif (%)a
Mean relative humidity (%)81.2 83.4 83.6 82.1 78.5
b
d.Bacaan minimum dan maksimum Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU) bagi stesen terpilih
Minimum and maximum Air Pollutant Index (API) readings for selected stations
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
- Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 4 168 26 169 11 150 4 155 - -
- Larkin, Johor Bahru 2 99 15 111 3 84 2 137 - -
- Bandaraya Melaka 4 137 22 139 12 97 3 83 - -
- Seberang Jaya 5 106 28 93 6 98 6 105 - -
- Kuching 10 114 16 54 4 100 16 93 - -
- Miri 6 179 17 89 4 96 5 97 - -
- Kota Kinabalu 1 78 10 68 2 61 1 61 - -
e.Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca ('000 tan metrik)Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source ('000 tonnes)
- Kenderaan bermotorMotor vehicles
1,762.8 1,829.7 1,905.6 2,024.6 -
- Punca tetapStationary sources
762.2 733.1 749.9 779.6 -
i. IndustriIndustrial
166.3 113.9 116.4 86.4 -
ii. Stesen janakuasaPower plant
595.9 619.2 633.5 693.2 -
aMerujuk kepada Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA)Refer to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)
bJanuari hingga JunJanuary to June
IPU/API Status IPU/API status
050 Baik/Good
51100 Sederhana/Moderate
101200 Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy
201300 Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy
>300 Berbahaya/Hazardous
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xxxvi
PENUNJUK PENTINGKEY INDICATORS
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2. Alam Sekitar Air/AkuatikWater/Aquatic Environment
a. DaratInland
i. Lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi (bil.)Clean river basins monitored (no.)
70 65 76 74 -
ii. Lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemaryang diawasi (bil.)Slighty Polluted river basins monitored (no.)
64 65 53 54 -
iii. Lembangan sungai Tercemar yangdiawasi (bil.)Polluted river basins monitored (no.)
9 13 11 12 -
iv. Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkandengan air paipPercentage of population supplied with
piped water
93.0 94.2 94.4 94.7 -
b. MarinMarine
i. Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin (tan metrik)Annual landings of marine fish (tonnes) 1,393,226 1,428,881 1,373,105 1,472,240p 1,479,555e
ii. Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marinNumber of marine water quality monitoringstations
233 240 240 246 -
iii. Tumpahan minyak di laut (bil.)Oil spills at sea (no.)
21 16 14 21 -
3. Tanah/Alam Sekitar TerestrialLand/Terrestrial Environment
a. Jumlah kawasan berhutan (hektar)Total forested area (hectares)
18,243,922 18,084,029 17,999,847 18,091,013 -
b. Keluasan hutan paya gambut (hektar)Area of peat swamp forest (hectares)
1,067,374 1,068,506 1,067,947 1,067,436 -
c. Keluasan hutan paya laut (hektar)Area of mangrove forest (hectares)
536,291r 539,142
r 538,902
r 544,032 -
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xli
RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUMFRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Rangka kerja
Perangkaan yang diterbitkan di dalam KompendiumPerangkaan Alam Sekitar (KPAS) ini disusun
berdasarkan Framework For The Development of
Environment Statistics (FDES) 1984, United Nations .
Rangka kerja ini telah disesuaikan mengikut situasi
Malaysia sebagai Framework For The Development of
Environment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia 1998.
Penyusunan data mengikut empat klasifikasi media alam
sekitar dan dianalisis berdasarkan model Tekanan-
Keadaan-Tindak Balas (PSR) dari Rangka Kerja untuk
Pembangunan Perangkaan Alam Sekitar(FDES) yang
dibangunkan oleh Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD) seperti di
Lampiran 1.
Walau bagaimanapun, untuk kesesuaian di Malaysia,
format ini telah diubahsuai kepada model Keadaan-
Tekanan-Tindak Balas(SPR).
Kompendium ini menerangkan alam sekitar mengikut
klasifikasi media seperti berikut: Udara/Atmosfera,
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (darat dan marin),
Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar
Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk. Susunan kompendium
ini adalah seperti berikut: setiap bab mengandungi latar
belakang alam sekitar diikuti keadaan semasa
seterusnya menggambarkan bagaimana aktiviti manusia
memberi tekanan ke atas alam sekitar. Akhirnya tindak
balasyang sesuai diambil untuk mengurangkan tekanan
atau impak.
Punca data
Perangkaan dalam KPAS ini telah diperoleh menerusi
sumber data sekunder, rekod pentadbiran dan
perangkaan yang diterbitkan. Beberapa data sosio-
ekonomi berkaitan dengan perangkaan alam sekitar yang
telah dikumpul dan disimpan oleh Jabatan Perangkaan
secara langsung atau tidak langsung juga digunakan
untuk tujuan ini.
Framework
The statistics in this Compendium of EnvironmentStatistics (CES) is compiled based on Framework For
The Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) 1984,
United Nations. This framework was modified according
to Malaysias situation known as Framework For The
Development of Environment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia
1998. Compilation of data according to four environmental
media classifications and the analyses are based on the
Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model of the
Framework for the Development of Environment
Statistics (FDES) developed by the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as per
Appendix 1.
However, for Malaysias compatibality, the PSR format
was modified to State-Pressure-Response(SPR) model.
This compendium describes the environment according to
the following media classifications: Air /Atmosphere,
Water /Aquat ic Environment (inland and marine),
Land/Terrestr ial Environment and Urban
Environm ent/Human Sett lements. Its layout adopts the
following approach: each chapter outlines the
background of the environment, followed by a
description of the existing state. It thenproceeds to show
how human activities can put pressure on the
environment leading to appropriate responses taken to
minimise these stresses or impacts.
Data source
The statistics in the CES were obtained from secondary
data, administrative records and derived statistics. Some
of the socio-economic data that has been collected and
kept in Department of Statistics are directly or indirectly
relevant to environment statistics also been used for this
purpose.
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xlii
RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUMFRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Selain itu, data yang dibekalkan oleh Jabatan Alam
Sekitar (JAS) dan agensi kerajaan yang lain, terutamanya
ahli-ahli Jawatankuasa Antara Agensi mengenaiPerangkaan Alam Sekitar (JAAMPAS). Senarai penuh
ahli-ahli JAAMPAS seperti ditunjukkan di Lampiran 2.
Kompendium ini merupakan sebahagian daripada
rancangan yang berterusan untuk mempersembahkan
perangkaan alam sekitar yang terpilih. Terdapat ruang
data yang masih perlu diliputi, terutamanya tentang flora
dan fauna, dan kepelbagaian biologi. Usaha telah
dimulakan bagi mengumpul beberapa perangkaan ini
melalui penyiasatan tetap. Beberapa seksyen dalam
kompendium ini telah ditambah baik dengan
pengumpulan data daripada penyiasatan-penyiasatan ini
dan juga lain-lain sumber. Penambahan tajuk bagi
seksyen yang sedia ada adalah berterusan.
Apart from this, data was also sourced from the
Department of Environment (DOE) and other Government
agencies, particularly, members of the Inter-AgencyCommittee on Environment Statistics (IACES). The full list
of IACES members is shown in Appendix 2.
This compendium is part of an ongoing programme to
present selected areas of environment statistics. There
are still data gaps to be covered, especially in the areas
of flora and fauna, and bio-diversity. Efforts have been
initiated to collect some of these statistics through regular
surveys. Some sections of the CES have been enhanced
with data collected from these surveys and also other
sources. The inclusion of new topics within the existing
sections is expected to continue.
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3
A. LATAR BELAKANGBACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
A.1 Iklim
Pengenalan
Malaysia terletak di zon khatulistiwa dan mengalami
iklim panas dan lembap. Pada amnya, ia mempunyai
suhu seragam, kelembapan tinggi dan jumlah hujan
yang banyak.
Suhu
Jadual A menunjukkan ringkasan perangkaan iklim di
stesen meteorologi terpilih pada 2012. Suhu tertinggi
direkodkan di stesen Subang (36.6C) dan bacaan
terendah di stesen Cameron Highlands (13.0C).
Taburan hujan
Pada 2012, hujan tahunan tertinggi dan terendah
masing-masing direkodkan di stesen Bintulu
(3,936.2mm) dan stesen Sitiawan (1,833.8mm).
A.1 Climate
Introduct ion
Malaysia is located in the equatorial zone and
experience the warm and humid climate. In general, it
has a uniform temperature, high humidity and abundant
rainfall.
Temperature
Table A shows the summary of climate statistics at
selected meteorological stations in 2012. The highest
temperature recorded at Subang station (36.6C) and
the lowest recorded at Cameron Highlands station
(13.0C).
Rainfall distr ibut ion
In 2012, theyearly highest and lowest rainfall recorded
at Bintulu station (3,936.2mm) and Sitiawan station
(1,833.8mm) respectively.
Jadual A: Ringkasan perangkaan iklim di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2012Table A: Summary of climate statistics at selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2012
IklimClimate
RekodRecord
StesenStation
SuhuTemperature
Suhu tertinggi (C)Highest temperature
36.6 Subang
Suhu terendah (C)Lowest temperature
13.0 Cameron Highlands
HujanRainfall
Hujan tahunan tertinggi (mm)Yearly highest rainfall
3,936.2 Bintulu
Hujan tahunan terendah (mm)Yearly lowest rainfall
1,833.8 Sitiawan
Purata kelembapan relatifMean relative humidity
Purata kelembapan relatif tertinggi (%)Highest mean relative humidity
90.8 Cameron Highlands
Purata kelembapan relatif terendah (%)Lowest mean relative humidity
77.4 Petaling Jaya
Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaSource: Malaysian Meteorological Department
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6
A. LATAR BELAKANGBACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Carta 1.2b:Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi Carta 1.2c: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologiterpilih, Sabah, 2011 dan 2012 terpilih, Sarawak, 2011 dan 2012
Chart 1.2b: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological Chart 1.2c: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorologicalstations, Sabah,2011 and 2012 stations, Sarawak,2011 and 2012
Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi MalaysiaSource: Malaysian Meteorological Department Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department
Purata kelembapan relatif
Pada 2012, purata kelembapan relatif bagi
Semenanjung Malaysia berada di antara 77.4 peratus
(Petaling Jaya) dan 90.8 peratus (Cameron Highlands).
Purata kelembapan relatif di Sabah berada di antara
80.3 peratus (Tawau) dan 84.4 peratus (Sandakan)
manakala di Sarawak berada di antara 82.0 peratus
(Miri) dan 85.5 peratus (Bintulu). [Jadual 1.1]
Mean relat ive hum idi ty
In 2012, the mean relative humidity for Peninsular
Malaysia was between 77.4 per cent (Petaling Jaya)
and 90.8 per cent (Cameron Highlands). The mean
relative humidity in Sabah was between 80.3 per cent
(Tawau) and 84.4 per cent (Sandakan) while in
Sarawak was between 82.0 per cent (Miri) and
85.5 per cent (Bintulu). [Table 1.1]
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Kuching Sibu Sri Aman Bintulu Miri
244
224 2
39
229
200
247
230
222
221
203
Jumlah hari hujanTotal rainy days
2011 2012
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sandakan Kudat Tawau Kota Kinabalu
239
233
201 2
16
217
212
199
195
Jumlah hari hujanTotal rainy days
2011 2012
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7
B. KEADAANSTATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
B.1 Status kualiti udara
Pengenalan
Udara terdiri daripada komposisi gas termasuk nitrogen
(lebih kurang 78.0 peratus), oksigen (lebih kurang
21.0 peratus) dan gas-gas lain (lebih kurang
1.0 peratus). Kesemua komponen ini memainkan
peranan penting dalam mengekalkan kehidupan.
Indeks Pencemaran Udara
Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) telah membangunkan
sistem indeks kualiti udara yang pertama dikenali
sebagai Indeks Kualiti Udara Malaysia (IKUM) pada
1993. Sistem indeks memainkan peranan penting
untuk memaklumkan status kualiti udara sekeliling,
yang terdiri daripada Baik sehingga Berbahaya. Indeks
Pencemaran Udara (IPU) telah diperkenalkan setelah
JAS mengkaji semula sistem indeks ini pada 1996.
JAS memantau kualiti udara negara melalui 52 stesen
pengawasan yang ditempatkan di seluruh negara.
Bahan pencemar udara yang diambilkira untuk mengira
IPU adalah Ozon (O3), Karbon Monoksida (CO),
Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2), Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) dan
Habuk Halus bersaiz kurang dari 10 mikron (PM10).
IPU dikategorikan sebagai Baik, Sederhana, Tidak
Sihat, Sangat Tidak Sihat dan Berbahaya [Lampiran 3]
seperti berikut:
B.1 Air qual i ty status
Introduct ion
Air is a composition of gases including nitrogen
(about 78.0 per cent), oxygen (about 21.0 per cent) and
other gases (about 1.0 per cent). All these components
play an important role in sustaining lives.
Air Pol lutant Index
The Department of Environment (DOE) has developed
its first air quality index system, known as the Malaysian
Air Quality Index (MAQI) in 1993. An index system
plays an important role in conveying the status of
ambient air quality, ranging from Good to Hazardous.
The Air Pollutant Index (API) was introduced when
DOE has revised its index system in 1996.
DOE monitors the countrys ambient air quality through
52 monitoring stations located throughout the country.
The air pollutants which were counted in computing the
API are Ground Level Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide
(CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
and Particulate Matter of less than 10 microns in size
(PM10).
The API is categorised as Good, Moderate, Unhealthy,
Very Unhealthy and Hazardous [Appendix 3] as
follows:
Status Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU)Air Pollutant Index (API) status
IPU/API Status IPU/API status
050 Baik/Good
51100 Sederhana/Moderate
101200 Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy
201300 Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy
>300 Berbahaya/Hazardous
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9
B. KEADAANSTATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Carta 1.3c: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Kelantan, 2012
Chart 1.3c: Air quality status by station, Kelantan, 2012
Carta 1.3d: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Melaka, 2012
Chart 1.3d: Air quality status by station, Melaka, 2012
Carta 1.3e: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Negeri Sembilan, 2012
Chart 1.3e: Air quality status by station, Negeri Sembilan, 2012
1
Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment
Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 366 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 366 days is due to technical problems
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Kota Bharu Tanah Merah
279
8086
286
BaikGood
(0-50)
SederhanaModerate
(51-100)
BaikGood
(0 - 50)
SederhanaModerate
(51-100)Bilangan hariNumber of days
0
50
100
150200
250
300
350
Bandaraya Melaka Bukit Rambai
174
18
192
348
BaikGood
SederhanaModerate
BaikGood0 - 50
SederhanaModerate(51-100)Bilangan hari
Number of days
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Nilai Port Dickson Seremban
6086
164
305273
202
1 7
BaikGood
SederhanaModerate
Tidak SihatUnhealthy
BaikGood(0 - 50)
SederhanaModerate(51 - 100)
Tidak SihatUnhealthy
(101 - 200)Bilangan hariNumber of days
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B. KEADAANSTATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Carta 1.3f: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Pahang, 2012
Chart 1.3f: Air quality status by station, Pahang, 2012
Carta 1.3g: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Perak, 2012
Chart 1.3g: Air quality status by station, Perak, 2012
Carta 1.3h: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Pulau Pinang, 2012
Chart 1.3h: Air quality status by station, Pulau Pinang, 2012
1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment
Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 366 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 366 days is due to technical problems
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Balok Baru Jerantut Kuantan
154
295
233212
71
132
BaikGood
(0-50)
SederhanaModerate
(51-100)
BaikGood
(0 - 50)
SederhanaModerate
(51-100)Bilangan hariNumber of days
0
50
100
150200
250
300
350
Pegoh, lpoh Ser i Manjung Taiping Tanjung Mal im Tasek, lpoh
61
275260
231
151
303
90 105 114
215
2 21
BaikGood(0-50)
SederhanaModerate(51-100)
Tidak SihatUnhealthy(101-200)
BaikGood(0-50)
SederhanaModerate(51-100)
Tidak SihatUnhealhy(101-200)
Bilangan hariNumber of days
0
50
100
150
200
250
Perai Seberang Jaya USM
223
176 173
143
185 192
5 1
BaikGood(0-50)
SederhanaModerate(51-100)
Tidak SihatUnhealthy(101-200)
BaikGood
(0-50)
SederhanaModerate
(51-100)
Tidak SihatUnhealthy
(101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days
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B. KEADAANSTATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Carta 1.3i: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Sabah, 2012
Chart 1.3i: Air quality status by station, Sabah, 2012
Carta 1.3j: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Sarawak, 2012
Chart 1.3j: Air quality status by station, Sarawak, 2012
Carta 1.3k: Status kualiti udara1mengikut stesen, Selangor, 2012
Chart 1.3k: Air quality status by station, Selangor, 2012
1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of EnvironmentNota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 366 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikalNote: Stations with inadequate 366 days is due to technical problems
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Keningau Kota Kinabalu Sandakan Tawau
329 324354 341
37 4212
24
BaikGood
(0-50)
SederhanaModerate
(51-100)
BaikGood
(0-50)
SederhanaModerate
(51-100)Bilangan hariNumber of days
BaikGood(0 - 50)
SederhanaModerate(51-100)
Tidak SihatUnhealthy(101- 200)
Sangat Tidak SihatVery Unhealthy(201- 300)
BerbahayaHazardous(>300)
Bilangan hariNumber of days
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Ban tin g Klang Kuala Selan gor Petalin g Jaya Sh ah Alam
83 75
251
127100
278 276
109
235255
5 13 5 4 11
BaikGood
(0-50)
SederhanaModerate
(51-100)
Tidak SihatUnhealthy
(101-200)
BaikGood
(0-50)
SederhanaModerate
(51-100)
Tidak SihatUnhealthy
(101-200)Bilangan hariNumber of days
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B. KEADAANSTATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Carta 1.4: Bilangan hari bagi status kualiti udara1Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 1.4: Number of days for Unhealthy air quality status by station, Malaysia, 2012
1Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarAir quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment
B.2 Bahan pencemar udara
Bahan pencemar udara merupakan bahan kimia di
udara yang boleh membahayakan manusia dan alam
sekitar. Bahan pencemar boleh berbentuk partikel,
titisan cecair atau gas.
Terdapat enam bahan pencemar utama iaitu
Ozon (O3), Plumbum (Pb), Karbon Monoksida (CO),
Sulfur Dioksida (SO2), Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) dan
Habuk Halus bersaiz kurang dari 10 mikron (PM10).
Pencemaran udara berlaku apabila bahan pencemar
ini hadir di atmosfera. Punca dan kesan bahan
pencemar udara ditunjukkan seperti di Lampiran 4.
B.2 Air pol lutant
Air pollutant is a substance in the air that can be
harmful to human beings and the environment.
Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid
droplets or gases.
There are six main pollutants namely Ground Level
Ozone (O3), Lead (Pb), Carbon Monoxide (CO),
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and
Particulate Matter of less than 10 microns in size
(PM10). Air pollution occurs when these pollutants are
present in the atmosphere. The sources and effects of
air pollutants are shown in Append ix 4.
1
2
3
4
5
7
9
11
13
21
25
37
0 10 20 30 40
Kangar, Kota Tinggi, Langkawi, Nilai dan USM
Larkin, Pasir Gudang, Pegoh, Putrajaya dan Sri Aman
Alor Setar dan Sungai Petani
Petaling Jaya
Banting, Kuala Selangor dan Seberang Jaya
Port Dickson
ILP, Miri
Shah Alam
Klang
Tanjung Malim
Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
Bilangan hariNumber of days
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B. KEADAANSTATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Ozon
Ozon (O3) merupakan gas yang mengeluarkan bau
yang tidak menyenangkan, tidak berwarna dan
bertoksik. Pada lewat tengahari atau awal petang,
lazimnya kepekatan O3adalah tinggi dan mendominasi
bacaan IPU di sesetengah kawasan. Di bawah
pengaruh cahaya matahari, Nitrogen Oksida (NOx) dan
Sebatian Organik Meruap (VOC) yang dilepaskan dari
ekzos kenderaan bermotor dan industri bertindakbalas
bagi membentuk O3di permukaan bumi.
Kepekatan tertinggi bagi O3 dicatatkan di kawasan
bandar iaitu sebanyak 0.044 ppm diikuti oleh kawasan
industri, 0.041 ppm dan kawasan subbandar
0.039 ppm. Kepekatan di kawasan backgroundadalah
0.033 ppm. Purata tahunan kepekatan O3 di semua
stesen adalah di bawah Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara
Malaysia, 0.1 ppm.
Ground Level Ozone
Ground Level Ozone (O3) is a pungent, colourless and
toxic gas. By the late afternoon or early evening, O3
concentrations are typically high and dominates the API
readings in some areas. Under the influence of sunlight,
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs) emitted from motor vehicle exhaust and
industry react to form O3in the earth's surface.
The highest concentration of O3 recorded at urban area
at 0.044 ppm followed by industrial area, 0.041 ppm
and suburban area, 0.039 ppm. Background area
recorded concentration at 0.033 ppm. The annual
average concentration of O3 for all stations is under
Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines, 0.1 ppm.
Carta 1.5: Purata tahunan kepekatan Ozon mengikut l and use, Malaysia, 2012Chart 1.5: Average annual concentration of Ground Level Ozone by land use, Malaysia, 2012
Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
lndustriIndustrial
BandarUrban
Sub bandarSub Urban
Background
0.0410.044
0.039
0.033
ppm
Kawasan Industri Bandar Subbandar BackgroundIndustrial area Urban Suburban
ppm
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B. KEADAANSTATE
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Sulfur Dioksida
Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) adalah sejenis gas reaktif yang
tidak berwarna, mempunyai bau yang tajam, merengsa
serta mudah larut dalam air. Sumber utama SO2 di
udara ialah aktiviti industri yang memproses
bahan-bahan yang mengandungi sulfur, contohnya
penjanaan elektrik daripada arang batu, minyak atau
gas yang mengandungi sulfur.
Kepekatan tertinggi SO2 direkodkan di kawasan industri
iaitu 0.0022 ppm diikuti oleh kawasan bandar
(0.0018 ppm) dan subbandar (0.0015 ppm). Kawasanbackgroundmencatatkan kepekatan pada 0.0009 ppm.
Sulphur Dioxide
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is a colourless, pungent, irritating
and water-soluble reactive gas. The main source of SO2
in the air is industrial activity that processes materials
that contain sulfur, e.g the generation of electricity from
coal, oil or gas that contains sulphur.
The highest level of SO2 concentration recorded at
industrial area which accounted for 0.0022 ppm
followed by urban areas (0.0018 ppm) and suburbanareas (0.0015 ppm). Background area recorded
concentration at 0.0009 ppm.
Carta 1.8: Purata tahunan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2012Chart 1.8: Average annual concentration of Sulphur Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2012
Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment
Nitrogen Dioksida
Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) terbentuk di persekitaran
udara melalui pengoksidaan Nitrogen Monoksida (NO).
Gas bertoksik berwarna merah keperangan ini
mempunyai bau yang kuat dan tajam.
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is formed in the ambient air
through the oxidation of Nitrogen Monoxide (NO). This
reddish brown toxic gas has a sharp and pungent
odour.
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
Kawasan industriIndustrial area
BandarUrban
SubbandarSuburban
Background
0.0022
0.00180.0015
0.0009
pp m
Kawasan industri Bandar Subbandar BackgroundIndustrial area Urban Suburban
ppm
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C. TEKANANPRESSURE
UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
C.1 Punca pencemaran udara
Sumber utama bagi pencemaran udara di Malaysiaadalah pelepasan daripada punca tetap (perindustrian
termasuk stesen janakuasa), kenderaan bermotor dan
aktiviti pembakaran terbuka.
Kenderaan bermotor menyumbang 68.5 peratus
pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara. Punca tetap dan
punca-punca lain masing-masing menyumbang
26.4 peratus dan 5.1 peratus.
C.1 Sources of air pol lut ion
The main sources of air pollution in Malaysia areemissions from stationary sources (industries including
power plants), motor vehicles and open burning
activities.
Motor vehicles contributed 68.5 per cent of the
emission of pollutants to the atmosphere. Stationary
sources and other sources accounted for 26.4 per cent
and 5.1 per cent respectively.
Carta 1.11: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca, Malaysia, 2012Chart 1.11: Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source, Malaysia, 2012
1Termasuk hotel, pusat komersial, institusi dan pasar malam Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarIncludes hotels, commercial centres, institutions and night markets Source: Department of Environment
Carta 1.12 menunjukkan pelepasan mengikut bahan
pencemar ke udara pada 2012. CO menyumbang
peratus tertinggi (63.4%), diikuti oleh NO2 (29.7%),
SO2(6.7%) dan PM (0.2%).
Chart 1.12 shows the emission of pollutants to the
atmosphere in 2012. CO contributed the highest
percentage (63.4%), followed by NO2 (29.7%),
SO2(6.7%) and PM (0.2%).
Punca tetapStationary sources
26.4%
Kenderaan bermotorMotor vehicles
68.5%
Lain-lain1
Others
5.1%
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C. TEKANANPRESSURE
UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Carta 1.15: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui industri, Malaysia,2011 dan 2012
Chart 1.15: Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from stationary sources through industries, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012
Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
CO NO2 SO2 PM
11.9
62.5
30.6
11.39.4
56.9
19.8
0.2
Tan metrik ('000)Tonnes
2011 2012
CO NO2 SO2 PM
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D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITARRESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
UDARA/ATMOSFERAAIR/ATMOSPHERE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
D.1 Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara berperanan sebagai
satu rangka kerja untuk menggerak dan memberikan
panduan kepada agensi kerajaan, industri, komuniti
dan juga pihak berkepentingan dalam menghadapi
cabaran perubahan iklim secara menyeluruh dan
bersepadu. Dasar ini menitikberatkan pengukuhan
keupayaan negara agar impak perubahan iklim dapat
dikurangkan di samping menggalakkan langkah
mitigasi yang boleh mempertingkatkan pembangunan
secara lestari.
Menyedari hakikat kesan dan impak negatif perubahan
iklim, Malaysia mengambil tindakan untuk
mengarusperdanakan respons nasional bagi
memantapkan matlamat pembangunan ekonomi, sosial
dan alam sekitar berdasarkan prinsip berikut:
1. Pembangunan Secara Lestari
Mengintegrasikan respons perubahan iklim ke
dalam pelan rancangan negara bagi memenuhi
aspirasi ke arah mencapai pembangunan lestari.
2. Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar dan SumberAsli
Memperkukuhkan pelaksanaan pelbagai tindakan
perubahan iklim yang menyumbang kepada
pemuliharaan alam sekitar dan penggunaan
sumber asli secara lestari.
3. Pelaksanaan Secara Bersepadu
Mengambil kira isu perubahan iklim ke dalam
pelaksanaan program pembangunan di semua
peringkat.
4. Penglibatan yang Berkesan
Meningkatkan penglibatan semua pihak
berkepentingan dan kumpulan utama bagi
pelaksanaan tindakan mengenai perubahan iklim
secara berkesan.
D.1 National Policy o n Climate Change
The National Policy on Climate Change serves as the
framework to mobilize and guide government agencies,
industry, community as well as other stakeholders and
major groups in addressing the challenges of climate
change in a concerted and holistic manner. Emphasis is
on strengthening capacity of the nation to reduce its
vulnerability to climate change whilst promoting
mitigation responses that also enhance sustainable
development.
Malaysia recognises the adverse effects and impacts of
climate change and undertakes to mainstream national
responses that consolidate economic, social and
environmental development goals based on the
following principles:
1. Development on a Sustainable Path
Integrate climate change responses into national
development plans to fulfil the countrys aspiration
for sustainable development.
2. Conservat ion of Environment and Natural
Resources
Strengthen implementation of climate change
actions that contribute to environmental
conservation and sustainable use of natural
resources.
3. Coordinated Implementat ion
Incorporate climate change considerations into
implementation of development programmes at all
levels.
4. Effective Participatio n
Improve participation of stakeholders and major
groups for effective implementation of climate
change responses.
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B. KEADAANSTATE
ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARATWATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
B.1 Kualiti air sungai
Kualiti air sungai dipantau oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar(JAS) berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA). Sampel air
yang diambil dari stesen pengawasan dianalisis untuk
mengukur IKA. Ia bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti status
kualiti air sungai, mengesan perubahan dalam kualiti air
serta mengenal pasti sumber pencemaran. Terdapat
812 stesen manual yang terletak di 140 lembangan
sungai untuk mengumpul dan merekod data kualiti air
sungai di Malaysia. [Lampiran 8A, 8B dan8C]. Kualiti air
sungai diklasifikasikan kepada tiga kategori iaitu Bersih,
Sederhana Tercemar dan Tercemar seperti ditunjukkan
di Lampiran 5.
Pengkelasan Air
Pengkelasan air telah diperkenalkan untuk memudahkan
pihak berkuasa mengawal dan menguatkuasa peraturan
yang diperuntukan di bawah Akta Kualiti Alam
Sekeliling 1974. Ia juga memudahkan penyeragaman
penilaian kualiti air di seluruh negara. Pengkelasansungai dilaksanakan setiap tahun berdasarkan IKA dan
Interim Standard Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (INWQS) iaitu
Kelas I, II, III, IV dan V. [Lampiran 6]
Indeks Kualiti Air
Sampel air diambil dari stesen pengawasan dianalisis
mengikut enam parameter untuk mengukur IKA.
Parameter tersebut terdiri daripada Keperluan Oksigen
Biokimia (BOD5), Keperluan Oksigen Kimia (COD),
Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N), Pepejal Terampai (SS),
nilai pH dan Oksigen Terlarut (DO). [Lampiran 6]
B.1 River water quality
River water quality monitored by the Department ofEnvironment (DOE) is based on Water Quality Index
(WQI). Water samples collected from monitoring stations
are analysed to derive the WQI. Its aim is to identify the
status of river water quality, to detect changes in water
quality and also to identify the pollution sources. A total of
812 manual stations are located within 140 river basins
for collecting and recording the river water quality data in
Malaysia. [Append ix 8A, 8B and8C]. The river water
quality is classified into three categories i.e. Clean,
Slightly Polluted and Polluted as shown inApp endix 5.
Water Classi f icat ion
The water classification is introduced to facilitate the
authorities in controlling and enforcing rules stipulated
under Environmental Quality Act 1974. It is also used to
facilitate the standardisation of water quality assessment
throughout country. The classification of river water isimplemented every year based on WQI and Interim
National Water Quality Standards (INWQS) which are
Class I, II, III, IV and V. [Appendix 6]
Water Quality Index
Water samples collected from monitoring stations are
analysed according to the following six parameters to
derive the WQI. The parameters comprised of
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N),
Suspended Solids (SS), pH value and Dissolved Oxygen
(DO). [Appendix 6]
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B.2 Status kualiti air sungai
Ammoniakal Nitrogen
Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N) adalah komponen nitrogen
yang digunakan sebagai penunjuk untuk menentukan
pencemaran oleh kumbahan. Ia terhasil daripada aktiviti
mikrobiologi dan biasanya wujud di dalam air permukaan
dan air bawah tanah. Sumber utama bagi bahan
pencemar NH3-N adalah kumbahan domestik dan ladang
ternakan.
Peratusan lembangan sungai bersih daripada NH3-N
menurun kepada 25.0 peratus pada 2012 berbanding
29.3 peratus pada 2011. Penurunan peratusan
lembangan sungai bersih secara tidak langsung
meningkatkan peratusan bagi lembangan sungai yang
sederhana tercemar (47.9%) dan lembangan sungai
yang tercemar (27.1%) pada 2012.
B.2 River water qual i ty status
Ammon iacal Nitrogen
Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) is a component of nitrogen
which is adopted as an indicator to determine pollution by
sewage. It is formed from microbiology activity and
usually exists inside surface water and groundwater. The
main sources of NH3-N were domestic sewage and
livestock farming.
The percentage of clean river basins water that is free
from NH3-N decreased to 25.0 per cent in 2012 as
compared to 29.3 per cent in 2011. The decreased in the
percentage of clean river basins indirectly increases the
percentage of slightly polluted river basins (47.9%) and
polluted river basins (27.1%) in 2012.
Carta 2.1: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Ammoniakal Nitrogen,Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 2.1: Status of river water quality based on Ammoniacal Nitrogen pollutant, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment
Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia
Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD5) merujuk kepada
ukuran jumlah oksigen terlarut yang diperlukan untuk
mengurai bakteria dalam sisa organik di dalam sampel
air. Pertambahan BOD5 di dalam lembangan sungai,
kebiasaannya disebabkan oleh sisa kumbahan yang
tidak dirawat atau separa rawat daripada industri asas
tani dan pembuatan.
Bioch emical Oxygen Demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) refers to the
amount of dissolved oxygen required for the bacterial
decomposition of organic waste in water samples. The
increase in BOD5 in river basins is due to untreated or
partially treated sewage, discharge from agro-based and
manufacturing industries.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
50.3
39.1
24.529.3
25.026.6
32.9
46.1 45.7 47.9
23.1
28.0 29.425.0
27.1
BersihClean
Sederhana TercemarSlightly Polluted
TercemarPolluted
PeratusPer cent
BersihClean
Sederhana TercemarSlightly Polluted
TercemarPolluted
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ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARATWATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
Carta 2.3: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Pepejal Terampai,Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 2.3: Status of river water quality based on Suspended Solids pollutant, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Sumber: Jabatan Alam SekitarSource: Department of Environment
Logam berat
Logam berat ialah logam yang mempunyai molekul tinggi
seperti kuprum, zink, kadmium, nikel, plumbum, arsenikdan raksa yang biasa digunakan dalam industri untuk
menghasilkan pengeluaran. Pencemaran logam berat
biasanya terjadi apabila pembuangan sisa tidak dirawat
dengan sempurna oleh sektor industri disalurkan
ke dalam lembangan sungai. Kewujudan logam berat
melebihi piawaian akan memberi kesan yang
membahayakan kesihatan manusia dan alam sekitar.
Heavy metal
Heavy metals are metals with high molecules such as
copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead, arsenic and mercuryusually used by industries in their production. Heavy
metal pollution usually occurs when inadequately treated
waste water by the industrial sector is discharged into the
river basins. The presence of heavy metals exceeding
the standard is harmful and poses risk to human health
and environment.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
39.9 37.8
47.6
56.4
68.6
23.1 22.418.8 18.6 20.0
37.0 39.8
33.6
25.0
11.4
PeratusPer cent
BersihClean
Sederhana TercemarSlightly Polluted
TercemarPolluted
BersihClean
Sederhana TercemarSlightly Polluted
TercemarPolluted
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C. TEKANANPRESSURE
ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARATWATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
C.4 Penggunaan baja
Baja
Baja ialah sebatian kimia yang diberikan kepada
tumbuhan untuk menggalakkan pertumbuhan dan
meningkatkan hasil tanaman. Baja terbahagi kepada dua
jenis:
i. Baja organik
Baja organik atau baja asli dihasilkan menggunakan
bahan organik atau daripada pereputan
tumbuhan/haiwan/organisma hidup.
ii. Bukan organik
Baja bukan organik atau baja kimia/buatan
dihasilkan melalui proses kimia mudah menggunakan
bahan kimia bukan organik atau galian.
C.4 The use of ferti l is ers
Ferti l isers
Fertilisers are chemical compounds applied to stimulate
plant growth and increase crop yield. There are two types
of fertilisers i.e. organic and inorganic.
i . Organic ferti l is er
Organic or natural fertiliser is composed mainly from
organic material or decayed plant/animal/living
organism.
i i . Inorg anic ferti l isers
Inorganic or chemical fertilisers/artificial fertilisers are
manufactured by a simple chemical process with
inorganic chemical materials or minerals.
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A. LATAR BELAKANGBACKGROUND
ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARINWATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
A.1 Persekitaran marin
Malaysia dikurniakan dengan banyak pulau sertakawasan pantai dan laut yang mana persekitarannya
kaya dengan sumber akuatik. Kualiti air marin
memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pemuliharaan
sumber alam semulajadi ini.
Pada 2013, jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air
payau/masin dianggarkan 73.6 peratus daripada jumlah
pengeluaran akuakultur negara manakala 26.4 peratus
daripada pengeluaran air tawar. Pengeluaran ini
meningkat sebanyak 17.0 peratus daripada 634.4 ribu
tan metrik pada 2012 kepada 743.0 ribu tan metrik pada
2013.
A.1 Mar ine environm ent
Malaysia is blessed with numerous islands, coastal andmarine areas where the environment is rich in aquatic
resources. Marine water quality plays an important role in
the conservation of this natural resources.
In 2013, total estimated production of
brackishwater/marine aquaculture contributed
73.6 per cent of the total aquaculture production while the
remaining 26.4 per cent was from freshwater production.
This production rose by 17.0 per cent from
634.4 thousand tonnes in 2012 to 743.0 thousand tonnes
in 2013.
Carta 3.1: Pengeluaranakuakultur air tawar dan air payau/masin, Malaysia, 2009-2013Chart 3.1: Productionof freshwater and brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Sumber: Jabatan PerikananSource: Department of Fisheries
135.2 155.4 122.2163.8
196.1
318.6
425.6 404.3
470.6
546.9
453.9
581.0
526.5
634.4
743.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
TahunYear
Air tawar Air payau/masin Jumlah pengeluaran
Tan metrik ('000)Tonnes
2009 2010 2011 2012p 2013
e
Freshwater Brackishwater/marine Total production
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B. KEADAANSTATE
ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARINWATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
B.1 Kualiti air marin
Program Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin Kebangsaan
telah dimulakan pada 1978 di Semenanjung Malaysia
dan diperluaskan ke Sabah dan Sarawak pada 1985 bagi
memelihara kualiti air marin daripada pembangunan
sekelilingnya. Stesen pemantauan air marin diwujudkan
di kuala sungai dan pantai bagi memantau perubahan
kualiti air marin.
Pada 2012, JAS telah membangunkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Marin (IKAM). IKAM merupakan bacaan yang digunakanuntuk mengukur status kualiti air marin mengikut
kategori. Indeks ini dibangunkan berdasarkan tujuh
parameter utama terdiri daripada Oksigen Terlarut (DO),
Nitrat (NO3), Fosfat (PO4), Unionized Ammonia (NH3),
Koliform Tinja, Minyak & Gris (O&G) dan Jumlah Pepejal
Terampai (TSS).
Nilai indeks dengan skala di antara 0 hingga 100
menetapkan kategori kualiti air daripada tahap Tercemar
hingga Terbaik.
B.1 Marine water qu ality
Marine Water Quality Monitoring Programme
commenced in 1978 for Peninsular Malaysia and was
extended to Sabah and Sarawak in 1985 to protect the
quality of marine water from surrounding development.
Monitoring stations has been established at estuaries
and coastal areas to monitor marine water quality.
In 2012, DOE has developed Marine Water Quality Index
(MWQI). The MWQI reading is used to measure thestatus of marine water quality by category. The index
was developed based on seven main parameters which
are Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Nitrate (NO3), Phosphate
(PO4), Unionized Ammonia (NH3), Faecal Coliform, Oil &
Grease (O&G) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS).
The index value with scales between 0 to 100 designate
the assigned categories of water quality ranging from
Excellent to Poor.
Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air Marin
Marine Water Quality Index classification
Nilai indeksIndex value
KategoriCategory
90 -100 Terbaik/Excellent
80 -
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D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITARRESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARINWATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
D.1 Aktiviti Pengurusan Zon Pantai
Menyedari kejadian hakisan pantai yang semakin
meningkat dan mengancam penduduk pantai serta
mengakibatkan kerugian sepanjang garis pantai,
Kerajaan telah menjalankan Kajian Hakisan Pantai
Kebangsaan dari November 1984 hingga Januari 1986.
Untuk menangani masalah ini, Kerajaan telah
menubuhkan Pusat Kejuruteraan Pantai di Jabatan
Pengairan dan Saliran pada 1987 untuk melaksanakan
rancangan kawalan hakisan pantai di seluruh negara.
Rancangan ini melibatkan dua strategi, iaitu strategijangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Strategi jangka
pendek melibatkan pembinaan projek kawalan hakisan
manakala strategi jangka panjang melibatkan
penambahbaikan pengurusan zon pantai dengan cara
yang bersepadu supaya kejadian hakisan pantai tidak
akan bertambah.
Antara langkah Tebatan Hakisan Pantai:
a) Kejuruteraan Berstruktur
i. Lapis lindung
ii. Groin
iii. Pemecah ombak
iv. Blok konkrit
v. Tembok pengawal muara
b) Kejuruteraan Tanpa Struktur
i. Penambakan pasir pantai
ii. Penanaman semula bakau
iii.Geotekstil tiubiv.Modul Penyamaan Tekanan
D.1 Coastal Zone Management A ctivit ies1
Realising the increasing incidences of coastal erosion
which threatens coastal population and leads to loss of
properties along the coastlines, the Government has
carried out the National Coastal Erosion Study from
November 1984 to January 1986.
In order to cope with this problem, the Government has
set up the Coastal Engineering Centre in the Department
of Irrigation and Drainage in 1987 to implement coastal
erosion control program throughout the country. The pro-
gram involves two strategies, i.e. short-term and long-term strategies. The short-term strategy involves con-
struction of erosion control projects and the long-term
strategy involves improving coastal zone management in
an integrated manner so that incidences of coastal
erosion will not increase.
Among Coastal Erosion Mitigation measures:
a) Hard Engineering
i. Revetment
ii. Groynes
iii. Breakwater
iv. Concrete blocks
v. Training wall
b) Soft Engineering
i. Beach nourishment
ii. Mangrove replanting
iii. Sediment filled geotextile breakwatersiv. Pressure Equalization Module
1Laman web Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia (http://www.water.gov.my)Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia official web site
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A. LATAR BELAKANGBACKGROUND
TANAH/ALAM SEKITAR TERESTRIALLAND/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013
A.1 Lokasi
Malaysia terletak di Asia Tenggara dengan garisan
khatulistiwa di antara latitud 1odan 7
outara dan longitud
100odan 119
otimur. Ia terdiri daripada 13 negeri dan tiga
Wilayah Persekutuan dengan keluasan tanah sebanyak
330,290 kilometer persegi. Ia dipisahkan oleh Laut China
Selatan kepada dua kawasan, Semenanjung Malaysia
dan Malaysia Timur (Sabah, Sarawak dan W.P. Labuan).
Topografi
Topografi Semenanjung Malaysia bertunjangkan
Banjaran Titiwangsa yang mengunjur utara ke selatan.
Banjaran Titiwangsa adalah yang terpanjang di
Semenanjung Malaysia, panjangnya 480 kilometer
dengan ketinggian di antara 900 meter hingga 2,100
meter dari aras laut. Gunung tertinggi di Semenanjung
Malaysia adalah Gunung Tahan.
Topografi Sabah adalah gabungan kawasan
bergunung-ganang, berpantai dan hutan hujan tropika.
Di bahagian barat adalah bergunung-ganang dengan tiga
gunung tertinggi di Malaysia, manakala di bahagian timur
pula merupakan zon tanah rata, kawasan rendah berpaya
dandelta. Banjaran Crocker adalah banjaran terpanjang
dan tertinggi di Malaysia yang memisahkan dataran
pantai barat daripada sebahagian Sabah di selatan
Gunung Kinabalu.
Topografi Sarawak menunjukkan pesisirannya yang
mendatar, bukit bukau yang sempit dengan banjaran
bergunung-ganang yang tinggi dan mengunjur sepanjang
negeri. Dua gunung yang tertinggi di Sarawak ialah
Gunung Murud dan Gunung Mulu.
A.1 Locat ion
Malaysia is located in South East Asia and lies between
1o
and 7olatitude north of the equator and longitude 100
o
and 119oeast. It consists of 13 states and three Federal
Territories and has a total land area of 330,290 square
kilometres. It is separated by the South China Sea into
two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia
(Sabah, Sarawak and W.P. Labuan).
Topography
The topography of Peninsular Malaysia is characterised
by the Titiwangsa Range which running from north to
south.Titiwangsa Range is the longest mountain range in
Peninsular Malaysia, extending 480 kilometre in length
and 900 metres to 2,100 metres in height above sea
level. The highest mountain in Peninsular Malaysia isGunung Tahan.
The topography of Sabah is a mix of mountainous region,
beaches and tropical rainforest. The western side is
mostly