1. Apa itu Sains?

Sains

•Pertumbuhan bayi

Contoh fenomena semulajadi

•Gerhana matahari•Peleburan ais• Pembentukkan pelangi

•Letupan gunung berapi.

Kajian yang sistematik tentang fenomena alam.

4 Geologi

6 Meteorologi

5 Astronomi

3 Kimia

1 Biologi

2 Fizik

Kajian tentang benda hidup

Kajian tentang tenaga dan kesannya ke atas jirim

Kajian tentang batuan, tanih dan mineral

Kajian tentang perubahan cuaca dan iklim

Kajian tentang jirim dan tindak balas antaranya.

Kajian tentang planet, bintang, dan objek lain dalam alam semesta

Bidang – bidang Sains

•Doktor•Pakar diet•Ahli botani•Ahli botani•Ahli farmasi•Ahli farmasi

•Ahli meteorologi•Ahli kimia•Jurutera•Arkitek•Saintis

•Angkasawan.

Kerjaya dalam sains

Kepentingan Sains

• Sains membantu kita memahami alam sekitar

• Sains meningkatkan taraf kehidupan

• Sains menawarkan kerjaya yang berasaskan sains

• Sains meyumbang kepada penemuan dan penciptaan baru.

2. A Science Laboratory

Hazard Symbols

Hazard Symbols

Symbol and meaning Examples

1

2

Highly flammable

Explosive

Petrol & Kerosene

Phosphorus

Alcohol / Ethanol

Sodium

Potassium

Hydrogen

Hazard SymbolsSymbol and meaning Examples

3

4Harmful / Irritant

Toxic / Poisonous

Chlorofom

Ammonia

Chlorine

Mercury Lead

Sodium cyanideHydrogen sulphide

Bromine

Hazard SymbolsSymbol and meaning Examples5

6

Corrosive

Radioactive

Sodium hydroxide

Hydrogen peroxide

Concentrated acids & alkalis

Uranium

Plutonium

Radium

Thorium

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

CONTAINER

Conical flaskRound-bottomed flaskFlat-bottomed flaskBeaker

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Filter funnel

To filter mixturesof solids and liquids

To containgas

Gas jarCrucible

For heating chemicals

Test tube holder

To hold test tubes

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

To hold hot objects

Crucible tongs

To conduct excess heat away

Wire gauze

To provide a flame for heating

Bunsen burner

To support apparatus during heating

Tripod stand

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Glass rod

For stirring liquids

For evaporating liquid from a solution

Evaporating dish

Syringe

To transfer small quantities of liquids

To hold the apparatus while experiments are being done

Retort stand and clamp

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

To measure time

Stop watch

To measure temperature

Thermometer

To measure the volume of solutions accurately

Measuring cylinder

To measure a small volume of solutions

accurately

BurettePipette

To measure a fixed volume of solutions

accurately

Suction pump

An instrument to measure electric

current

An ammeter

BUNSEN BURNER

Barrel

Collar

Air-hole

BaseGas inlet

1. Air-hole open 1. Air-hole close

2. Luminous-gives

out light 2. Non-luminous does not give out light 3. Gives out a lot of soot

3. Does not give out soot [Gas is completely burn]

4. Suitable for heating- very hot

4. Not suitable for heating-not very hot

BUNSEN BURNER

Just remember one side only

BUNSEN BURNER

Steps in lighting a Bunsen burner

1

2

4

3

Close the air hole by turning the collar

Light a match and bring it near the barrel

Turn on the gas pipe

Adjust the collar on the Bunsen burner

3. The Steps in a Scientific Investigation

Steps in a Scientific Investigation

1 Identify the problem2 Making a smart guess/ hypothesis3 Plan the experiment4 Control the variables5 Carry out the experiment6 Recording/Collect data7 Analysing the data8 Interpreting the data9 Making conclusions10 Writing reports

4. Physical Quantities and Their Units

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & THEIR UNITS

Quantity Unit Symbol of unit

Length metre m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Temperature kelvin K

Electric current ampere A

Physical quantity Measured by using

1. Length

2. Mass

3. Time

4. Temperature

5. Electric current

A metre rule

Lever balance

Beam balance

Electronic balance

A stop watch

A thermometer

An ammeter

PREFIXES

Prefix Symbol Value of prefix

kilo- k 1000

centi- c1

100

milli- m1

1000

Examples show how prefixes are used

5. Weight and Mass

1. The amount of matter in the object

1. The pull of the Earth on the object

2. Always the same anywhere

2. Not always the same- depends on the force of gravity 3. Measured by using a spring balance or a compression balance

3. Measured by using a lever balance or a triple- beam balance

4. Measured in kilograms 4. Measured in newtons

WEIGHT IS NOT THE SAME AS MASS

Balance for measuring Weight

Spring balance Compression balance

Balance for measuring Mass

Beam balanceLever balance

Electronic balance

WEIGHT AND MASS

MassWeight

1 kg

60 kg

Earth Moon Outer space

10 N 0 N

1 kg = 1 x ( gravity = 10 ) = 10 N

10/6 N

600 N 100 N 0 N60 kg 60 kg 60 kg

Triple beam balance Lever balance

Beam balance Lever balance

Balance for measuring Mass

6. Measuring Tools

Measurement of Length

4. An opisometer (map measurer)

● to measure the length of a crooked line

● to measure the length of a curved line

● to measure the length of long straight line

● to measure the length of short straight line

Measurement of Length

5. External callipers

6. Internal callipers

Measurement of Length

Measuring the thickness of a beaker

External diameter = 2.2 cm

Internal diameter = 2.1 cm

Thickness of the beaker = External diameter – Internal diameter 2

= 0.1 = 0.05 cm 2

4.8 cm – 4.6 cm

= 0.1 cm = 1mm

2

Measurement of Length

The correct way to read the scale on a ruler

Measuring a curved line using a thread and a ruler

Measurement of Area

1

PMR 2008

Measuring the volume of liquids

To measure the volume of liquids

To measure a small volume of liquids accurately

To measure a fixed volume of liquids accurately

Use a suction pump to suck liquid into a pipette. Do not use your mouth

Measuring the volume of liquids The correct way to read the scale on a

measuring cylinder

Measuring the volume of liquids The correct way to read the scale on a measuring cylinder

Measuring the volume of liquidsTo improve the accuracy of the reading

. use a hand lens to read the scale

. put a piece of white paper behind the scale

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD To measure the volume of regular and irregular solids

Estimating the volume of irregular solids

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Estimating the volume of a cork

Volume of the cork = ( 58 – 52 ) ml = 6 ml = 6 cm³

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Estimating the volume of irregular solids

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

EUREKA CAN