1

Pertemuan 1TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

Matakuliah : H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER

Tahun : 2005

Versi : 1/0

2

Learning Outcomes

Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa

akan mampu :

• Mengidentifikasikan trend teknologi informasi di masa yang akan datang baik hardware, software, jaringan dan database

3

Outline Materi

• Teknologi Informasi

• Teknologi Hardware

• Teknologi Software

• Teknologi Jaringan

• Teknologi Database

4

Teknologi Informasi

• Information technology (IT) –

computer technology (hardware and software) for processing and storing information, as well as communications technology for transmitting information

5

• Managing IT in business today is very different from managing in a prebrowser world

• Business managers now expect:– Information on firm’s internal operations– Data about external market conditions– Automated personal organizers– Networks always available– Applications that are easy to use

Teknologi Informasi

6

• RECENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

TRENDS

– Hard to predict trends due to rate of change in IT industry

– Consider several mis-predictions …

Teknologi Informasi

7

Teknologi Hardware

Computer Hardware: Faster, Smaller, Cheaper

• 1981: first IBM PC• 1990s: PCs commonplace• Now ...

– Easy-to-use operating system with graphical interface– Web browser ready– Point-and-click technology– Plays music and videos– Notebook versions common for business travel

8

Teknologi Software

Computer Software: Standardized and Integrated

• Majority of microcomputers:– Microsoft Windows – operating system

software– Microsoft Office Suite – productivity software

• Word processing• Spreadsheet• Database• Presentation• E-mail• Web browser

9

Teknologi Software

Enterprise system packages – software packages with integrated modules that pass common business transactions across groups, divisions, and national boundaries in “real time”

•Widely adopted by manufacturing and service firms of all sizes•Often tailored to specific industries•Integrate data across traditional and Web-based channels for internal use, customers, and suppliers

10

Teknologi jaringan

Computer Networks: High Bandwidth, Global, and Wireless

• 1990s: – Standards for browser applications and Internet communications

(TCP/IP)– Fiber-optic lines used by more telecommunications providers– High-speed access (high-bandwidth lines) available both to businesses

and home owners• 2000:

– Commonplace for company networks linked to the Internet • 2003:

– Home owners using modems to connect to cable lines or digital subscriber lines (DSL) via telephone lines

• Today: – More companies investing in wireless technology

11

Teknologi Database

• RDBMS

12

Trends Teknologi Informasi

Traditional Ways to Compete

• Three ways to compete (Porter, 1980):– Cost – by being a low-cost producer of a good or

service– Differentiation – by offering products or services

customers prefer due to superiority with innovativeness, image, quality, or customer service

– Focus – competing on cost or differentiation within a specific market niche

13

Trend Teknologi Informasi

• IT can help with cost– Examples:

• Automating transaction time• Shortening order cycle time• Providing operational information for decision making

• IT can help with differentiation– Examples:

• Giving sales personnel information to better serve customers

• Providing just-in-time supplies for customers• Creating new information-based products

14

Trend Teknologi Informasi

New Ways to Compete

• Using the Internet – Examples:

• Entire travel industry restructured because of competition via the Internet

• Wal-Mart, Dell, and Lands’ End leverage Internet to compete

– Results: achieve additional cost savings, mass customize products, and reach even more customers

15

Trend Working in An E-World

• Business invests more in IT support for today’s knowledge workers

• IT infrastructure now must support workers anytime and anywhere

• Sales force personnel are now telecommuters

• E-mail• Document sharing• Software to support collaborative teamwork• Videoconferencing

More Productive Teams

16

Trend Working in An E-World

Virtual Organizations and Free Agents• Virtual Organizations

– Temporary alliances between organizations and individuals

– Contracts often gain scarce expertise or cheaper labor costs

– Some might have no real office; employees can be located anywhere

• Free Agents – Are telecommuters who do knowledge work without

being at a specific location– Have specialized skills and IT linkages to work as

independent contractors– Often post resumes and sell skills globally

17

Trend Working in An E-World

• Advantages– Fast, convenient communication with cell phones– Vast amounts of “free” information via the Internet

• Disadvantages– Loss of individual privacy – Vulnerability to computer crimes– Social inequalities due to lack of access to computers

18

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

Information systems (IS) organization – department or unit that has primary responsibility for managing IT – hardware, software, networks, and IS professionals

Trend Working in An E-World

19

Accounting Era

Back-office computer automation began with accounting

1950s to mid-1960s

IS professionals were primary decision makers but reported into an accounting function

Transaction processing automated with use of computers for single functions

(transactions were aggregated and then processed in a single run or “batch” – magnetic tape storage)

Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

Trend Working in An E-World

20

Operational Era

Computer automation expanded to other functions

Began mid-1960s

Business managers became more involved in systems decision making

(as applications supported more business functions)

Online systems were introduced for transaction processing

(made possible by direct access storage devices using magnetic disks)

Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

Trend Working in An E-World

21

Information Era

IT investments to support the knowledge worker

Late 1970s – mid 1980s

End users became direct users of computer applications using user-friendly mainframe and microcomputer tools

Decision support systems that could “interact” with users were introduced

(made possible by software tools developed for direct end-user computing)

Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

Trend Working in An E-World

22

Network Era

IT investments in interenterprise systems

Began mid-1980s

Business managers began to take more of an “ownership” role in IT investments

Computer networking enabled applications with business partners

(custom-developed inter-organizational applications)

Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

Trend Working in An E-World

23

Internet Era

IT investments to support new kinds of e-business

Began mid-1990s with Web browser

Top management has taken a leadership role in IT decision making to ensure that IT investments are strategically aligned with the business

The Internet and Web-based applications provide a global reach to customers and business partners

(enabled by a standard communication protocol and standard Web browswer)

Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

Trend Working in An E-World

24

Figure 1.2 Three IT Assets

Managing the IT Assets

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

Trend Working in An E-World

25Figure 1.3 Enterprise IT Architecture (Based on Weil and Broadbent, 1998)

Managing the IT Assets

Trend Working in An E-World

26

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

People Roles

• IS Leaders• Other IS Managers• IS Professionals• Business Managers• End Users

Trend Working in An E-World

27

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

People Roles• IS Leaders

Chief Information Officer (CIO) – a firm’s high-level general IT asset manager with both technology and business leadership experience who, together with the executive management team, plans for integration of IT for strategic advantage

Trend Working in An E-World

28

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

People Roles

• Other IS Managers … accountable for:– Data centers– Network operations– New applications development

Trend Working in An E-World

29

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

People Roles

• IS Professionals … include:– Programmers– Software engineers– Systems analysts– Database developers– Web developers– LAN administrators– Technical support specialists

Trend Working in An E-World

30

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

People Roles

• Business Managers …– Are internal customers of the IT organization– Need to be IT-savvy– May jointly lead strategic IT projects– Provide other IT-related roles:

• Serve on committees to prioritize and approve IT requests• Act as sponsor or “owner” of an IT project• Serve as process or functional expert on project team• Participate in planning and execution of IT implementation

Trend Working in An E-World

31

THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS

People Roles

• End Users …– Provide business expertise to project teams– Participate in redesign of business processes– Give feedback to prototype screens and reports

during system development– Help gather customer input when they are directly

affected by IT project

Trend Working in An E-World

32

<< CLOSING>>

• Trend teknologi informasi– Hardware– Software– Network / jaringan– Database

• Working in An E-world– Accounting era– Operational era– Information era– Netrwork era– Internet era

33

• Teknologi Informasi

• Teknologi Hardware

• Teknologi Software

• Teknologi Jaringan

• Teknologi Database

TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI