1 Pertemuan 1 TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI Matakuliah: H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER Tahun: 2005 Versi:...
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Transcript of 1 Pertemuan 1 TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI Matakuliah: H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER Tahun: 2005 Versi:...
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Pertemuan 1TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
Matakuliah : H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER
Tahun : 2005
Versi : 1/0
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Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• Mengidentifikasikan trend teknologi informasi di masa yang akan datang baik hardware, software, jaringan dan database
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Outline Materi
• Teknologi Informasi
• Teknologi Hardware
• Teknologi Software
• Teknologi Jaringan
• Teknologi Database
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Teknologi Informasi
• Information technology (IT) –
computer technology (hardware and software) for processing and storing information, as well as communications technology for transmitting information
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• Managing IT in business today is very different from managing in a prebrowser world
• Business managers now expect:– Information on firm’s internal operations– Data about external market conditions– Automated personal organizers– Networks always available– Applications that are easy to use
Teknologi Informasi
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• RECENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
TRENDS
– Hard to predict trends due to rate of change in IT industry
– Consider several mis-predictions …
Teknologi Informasi
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Teknologi Hardware
Computer Hardware: Faster, Smaller, Cheaper
• 1981: first IBM PC• 1990s: PCs commonplace• Now ...
– Easy-to-use operating system with graphical interface– Web browser ready– Point-and-click technology– Plays music and videos– Notebook versions common for business travel
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Teknologi Software
Computer Software: Standardized and Integrated
• Majority of microcomputers:– Microsoft Windows – operating system
software– Microsoft Office Suite – productivity software
• Word processing• Spreadsheet• Database• Presentation• E-mail• Web browser
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Teknologi Software
Enterprise system packages – software packages with integrated modules that pass common business transactions across groups, divisions, and national boundaries in “real time”
•Widely adopted by manufacturing and service firms of all sizes•Often tailored to specific industries•Integrate data across traditional and Web-based channels for internal use, customers, and suppliers
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Teknologi jaringan
Computer Networks: High Bandwidth, Global, and Wireless
• 1990s: – Standards for browser applications and Internet communications
(TCP/IP)– Fiber-optic lines used by more telecommunications providers– High-speed access (high-bandwidth lines) available both to businesses
and home owners• 2000:
– Commonplace for company networks linked to the Internet • 2003:
– Home owners using modems to connect to cable lines or digital subscriber lines (DSL) via telephone lines
• Today: – More companies investing in wireless technology
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Teknologi Database
• RDBMS
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Trends Teknologi Informasi
Traditional Ways to Compete
• Three ways to compete (Porter, 1980):– Cost – by being a low-cost producer of a good or
service– Differentiation – by offering products or services
customers prefer due to superiority with innovativeness, image, quality, or customer service
– Focus – competing on cost or differentiation within a specific market niche
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Trend Teknologi Informasi
• IT can help with cost– Examples:
• Automating transaction time• Shortening order cycle time• Providing operational information for decision making
• IT can help with differentiation– Examples:
• Giving sales personnel information to better serve customers
• Providing just-in-time supplies for customers• Creating new information-based products
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Trend Teknologi Informasi
New Ways to Compete
• Using the Internet – Examples:
• Entire travel industry restructured because of competition via the Internet
• Wal-Mart, Dell, and Lands’ End leverage Internet to compete
– Results: achieve additional cost savings, mass customize products, and reach even more customers
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Trend Working in An E-World
• Business invests more in IT support for today’s knowledge workers
• IT infrastructure now must support workers anytime and anywhere
• Sales force personnel are now telecommuters
• E-mail• Document sharing• Software to support collaborative teamwork• Videoconferencing
More Productive Teams
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Trend Working in An E-World
Virtual Organizations and Free Agents• Virtual Organizations
– Temporary alliances between organizations and individuals
– Contracts often gain scarce expertise or cheaper labor costs
– Some might have no real office; employees can be located anywhere
• Free Agents – Are telecommuters who do knowledge work without
being at a specific location– Have specialized skills and IT linkages to work as
independent contractors– Often post resumes and sell skills globally
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Trend Working in An E-World
• Advantages– Fast, convenient communication with cell phones– Vast amounts of “free” information via the Internet
• Disadvantages– Loss of individual privacy – Vulnerability to computer crimes– Social inequalities due to lack of access to computers
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THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
Information systems (IS) organization – department or unit that has primary responsibility for managing IT – hardware, software, networks, and IS professionals
Trend Working in An E-World
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Accounting Era
Back-office computer automation began with accounting
1950s to mid-1960s
IS professionals were primary decision makers but reported into an accounting function
Transaction processing automated with use of computers for single functions
(transactions were aggregated and then processed in a single run or “batch” – magnetic tape storage)
Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras
THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
Trend Working in An E-World
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Operational Era
Computer automation expanded to other functions
Began mid-1960s
Business managers became more involved in systems decision making
(as applications supported more business functions)
Online systems were introduced for transaction processing
(made possible by direct access storage devices using magnetic disks)
Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras
THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
Trend Working in An E-World
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Information Era
IT investments to support the knowledge worker
Late 1970s – mid 1980s
End users became direct users of computer applications using user-friendly mainframe and microcomputer tools
Decision support systems that could “interact” with users were introduced
(made possible by software tools developed for direct end-user computing)
Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras
THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
Trend Working in An E-World
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Network Era
IT investments in interenterprise systems
Began mid-1980s
Business managers began to take more of an “ownership” role in IT investments
Computer networking enabled applications with business partners
(custom-developed inter-organizational applications)
Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras
THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
Trend Working in An E-World
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Internet Era
IT investments to support new kinds of e-business
Began mid-1990s with Web browser
Top management has taken a leadership role in IT decision making to ensure that IT investments are strategically aligned with the business
The Internet and Web-based applications provide a global reach to customers and business partners
(enabled by a standard communication protocol and standard Web browswer)
Figure 1.1 Five IS Management Eras
THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
Trend Working in An E-World
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Figure 1.2 Three IT Assets
Managing the IT Assets
THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
Trend Working in An E-World
25Figure 1.3 Enterprise IT Architecture (Based on Weil and Broadbent, 1998)
Managing the IT Assets
Trend Working in An E-World
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THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
People Roles
• IS Leaders• Other IS Managers• IS Professionals• Business Managers• End Users
Trend Working in An E-World
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THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
People Roles• IS Leaders
Chief Information Officer (CIO) – a firm’s high-level general IT asset manager with both technology and business leadership experience who, together with the executive management team, plans for integration of IT for strategic advantage
Trend Working in An E-World
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THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
People Roles
• Other IS Managers … accountable for:– Data centers– Network operations– New applications development
Trend Working in An E-World
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THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
People Roles
• IS Professionals … include:– Programmers– Software engineers– Systems analysts– Database developers– Web developers– LAN administrators– Technical support specialists
Trend Working in An E-World
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THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
People Roles
• Business Managers …– Are internal customers of the IT organization– Need to be IT-savvy– May jointly lead strategic IT projects– Provide other IT-related roles:
• Serve on committees to prioritize and approve IT requests• Act as sponsor or “owner” of an IT project• Serve as process or functional expert on project team• Participate in planning and execution of IT implementation
Trend Working in An E-World
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THE IS MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONS
People Roles
• End Users …– Provide business expertise to project teams– Participate in redesign of business processes– Give feedback to prototype screens and reports
during system development– Help gather customer input when they are directly
affected by IT project
Trend Working in An E-World
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<< CLOSING>>
• Trend teknologi informasi– Hardware– Software– Network / jaringan– Database
• Working in An E-world– Accounting era– Operational era– Information era– Netrwork era– Internet era
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• Teknologi Informasi
• Teknologi Hardware
• Teknologi Software
• Teknologi Jaringan
• Teknologi Database
TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI