THE STUDY ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF
PRACTICES OF ANCILLARY MATTERS AFTER
DIVORCE UNDER KADHIS‟ COURTS IN
ZANZIBAR
BY
MWINYI TALIB HAJI
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law
Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws
International Islamic University
Malaysia
MARCH 2013
ii
ABSTRACT
The objective of this thesis is to analyse the administration of ancillary matters after
divorce in the Kadhis‟ Courts in Zanzibar. This study examines the current law and
practice in administering ancillary matters among the parties after divorce. In this
respect, this study details many cases which prove that there is no proper provisions
and procedure which guide the Kadhis‟ Courts towards the proper administration of
ancillary matters after divorce. The study analyses the current administration of
ancillary matters after divorce in the Kadhis‟ Courts with the aim of identifying the
strengths and weaknesses of the present law. This study showed the shortcomings in
the administration of these matters before the Kadhis‟ Courts. Thus, the decided cases
collected from these courts prove to be significant in demonstrating the current
practices on the administration of these matters. A qualitative method which involves
unstructured interview, observation and collection of cases techniques was also
adopted. Again, a comparative study with other jurisdictions particularly Malaysia has
immensely contributed to this study. This study revealed that, though under Islamic
law the administration of ancillary matters after divorce is very crucial and need
special considerations, in Zanzibar, the Kadhis‟ Courts have no proper procedure and
mechanism to administer these matters. Thus, failure of having the comprehensive
provisions has caused many weaknesses and loopholes in the present administration of
Kadhis‟ Courts in dealing with ancillary matters in Zanzibar. Though there is a clear
involvement of the court on the issue of deferred mahr but the procedures and
enforcement measures in acquiring this right is still questionable. The study has also
shown that there is need to incorporate particular provisions within the Kadhis‟ Courts
Act which will not only extend the jurisdiction of these courts but also guide Kadhis
on administering ancillary matters that accrue after divorce. Due to the notable
outcomes of the major reforms which have taken place in Malaysia towards the
administration of Islamic family law including the administration of ancillary matters
after divorce under Sharī’ah Courts, its model has been adopted as a springboard for
the intended reform in the Kadhis‟ Courts in Zanzibar. It is evidenced from the
decided cases that, the proper administration of ancillary matters in Malaysia is not
only the result of proper provisions dealing with the matters but also the effective case
management under the Sharī’ah Courts. However, careful considerations have been
taken to ensure that the proposed reform suits the local circumstances, while at the
same time, emphasis is given on the need to re-orientate the society as well as the
Kadhis on how to deal with the cases involving the administration of ancillary matters
among the parties after divorce. Therefore, taking into consideration the Malaysian
model, the study has proposed particular provisions to be incorporated in the Kadhis‟
Courts Act in order to ensure the proper administration of ancillary matters after
divorce in Zanzibar.
iii
ملخص البحث
ىدف ىذه األطروحة ىو حتليل معاجلة األمور التبعية للطالق يف حماكم القضاة احمللية يف زجنبار. فيدرس طراف عقب الطالق. يف ىذا الصدد، ىذا البحث القانون احلايل وتطبيقو يف معاجلة األمور التبعية لأل
تسرد ىذه الدراسة العديد من احلاالت اليت تثبت عدم وجود أحكام وإجراءات حمددة ومناسبة ترشد حماكم القضاة يف إدارة األمور التبعية عقب الطالق. وحَتّلل الدراسة املعاجلة احلالية لألمور التبعية للطالق
احلاالتف وىكذا، مواطن القوة والضعف يف القانون احلايل.يف حماكم القضاة هبدف التعّرف على . وقد ىذه املسائل معاجلة يف املمارسات احلالية ُتظهر بوضوح ىذه احملاكم اليت مت مجعها من رة املقر
واملالحظةغري املهيكلة، ت ىذه الدراسة طريقة البحث النوعي الذي يشمل املقابلة اعتمداملاليزية ال سيما القضائية األخرى اهليئات مع قارنةاملدراسة وأيضاً، ال. احلاالتأساليب ومجع من كون أنو على الرغم ىذه الدراسة وكشفت. ىذه الدراسة بشكل كبري يف تسامه
اعتبارات وحتتاج إىل بالغ األمهية اً أمر لشريعة اإلسالميةحسب ا بعد الطالق التبعية األمور معاجلة. ىذه املسائل ة ملعاجلةاملناسبات واآلليات اإلجراء ا لديه تليس يف زجنبارإال أن حماكم القضاة خاصة
من مواطن العديدعن ةشامل قانونية حمددة و أحكام وجود عدم أسفرقد وبالتايل،على الرغم .يف زجنبار التبعية املسائل يف التعامل مع القضاة حملاكم احلالية دارةيف اإل والثغرات الضعف
يف اإلجراءات وتدابري اإلنفاذ إال أن املؤجل املهر شأن قضيةيف احملكمة من واضح تدخل وجود منإدراج إىل أن ىناك حاجة أيضا الدراسة وقد أظهرت . موضع تساؤل ال يزال ىذا احلق احلصول على
سُُتشد أيضاو ىذه احملاكم بل اختصاص تُوسع فقط اليت لنم القضاة حماك قانون يف خاصة أحكام انطالق كنقطة النموذج املاليزي اعتماد . متبعد الطالق حتصلاليت التبعية األمور معاجلة القضاة يف
لإلصالحات امللموسة النتائج بسبب زجنبار وذلك يف القضاة حماكم يف املقصود اإلصالح لعملية الطالق بعد التبعية األمور إدارة ذلك يف مبا اإلسالمي األسرة قانون إدارة يف ماليزيا حققتها اليت الرئيسية
ماليزيا يف التبعية للمسائل السليمة املعاجلة بأن فيها ُبت اليت احلاالت من ويتجلى .الشرعية حماكمها يف للحاالت الفعالة اإلدارة يف أيضا ولكن األمور مع التعامل يف حمددة ومناسبة ألحكام نتيجة فقط ليست
املنشود اإلصالح أن من للتأكد بعناية االعتبارات اختاذ مت فقد ذلك، ومع .الشرعية احملاكم ظل يف اجملتمع توجيو إعادة إىل احلاجة على الُتكيز يتم نفسو، الوقت يف بينما احمللية، األوضاع مع يتناسب
بعد األطراف بني التبعية األمور مبعاجلة املتعلقة القضايا مع التعامل كيفية حول القضاة عن فضال قانون يف إلدراجها وحمددة معينة أحكام الدراسة اقُتحت املاليزي، النموذج وبناًء على اعتبار .الطالق .زجنبار يف الطالق بعد التبعية لألمور املعاجلة َسري حسن ضمان أجل من القضاة حماكم
iv
APPROVAL PAGE
The thesis of Mwinyi Talib Haji has been examined and is approved by the following:
_____________________________
Mahamad Arifin
Supervisor
_____________________________
Norliah Ibrahim
Co-supervisor
_____________________________
Roslina Che Soh
Internal Examiner
_____________________________
Mohd Na‟im Mokhtar
External Examiner
_____________________________
Mohamad Fauzan Noordin
Chairman
v
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where
otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently
submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.
Mwinyi Talib Haji
Signature ………………….. Date ……………………............
vi
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION
OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH
Copyright © 2013 by Mwinyi Talib Haji. All rights reserved.
THE STUDY ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRACTICES OF
ANCILLARY MATTERS AFTER DIVORCE UNDER KADHIS’ COURTS IN
ZANZIBAR
No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder
except as provided below.
1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research
may only be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.
2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies
(print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval
system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by
other universities and research libraries.
Affirmed by Mwinyi Talib Haji.
………………………… ..……………….
Signature Date
vii
In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful
This dissertation is dedicated to my dear parents, Mr. Talib Haji Jecha and Mrs.
Maua Mwinyi Haji.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praise be to Allah S.W.T. by whose infinite Mercy and Guidance for being able to
complete this thesis attributing all to His blessings. First of all, I owe my supervisor,
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mahamad Arifin, gratitude for his guidance and advice throughout
my studies. His diligence, analytical competence and constructive critical observations
served as an inspiration to me and play a pivotal role in producing the thesis in its
present form. I also express my most sincere appreciation to my co-supervisor Dr.
Norliah Ibrahim for her encouragements, supports, and professional insights in
directing me along this journey. My limitless gratitude also goes to the Administration
of the International Islamic University Malaysia for given the opportunity to complete
my program. My acknowledgements would be incomplete without extend my thanks
to all lecturers and staff of Kulliyyah of Laws for their helps and supports throughout
my studies.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to the Dārul Imān Charitable Organisation
and Zanzibar University for their financial assistance of this study from November
2009 to June 2012. To this effect, I take this opportunity to extend my sincere thanks
and gratitude to Prof. Dr. Mustafa A. A. Roshash, Vice-Chancellor of Zanzibar
University for his scholarly patronage, appreciation and concern for intellectual
attainment and development of human resources that inspired us to aspire for the
optimum height of academic excellence.
I would like to acknowledge many people who were helpful to me during the
research, study and the fieldwork. First and foremost I wish to express my deep
gratitude to the Registrar of Zanzibar High Court, Office of Registrar General,
Archives‟ Department, Office of Chief Kadhi and all selected Kadhis‟ Courts in
Zanzibar for the cooperation in giving me all the necessary information I needed in
completing my doctoral thesis.
For their suggestions and encouragement, I wish to record my appreciation to
my friends and colleagues, especially Mr. Mahmoud Abdulwahab Alawi, Advocate
Omar Mmad Mwarab, Mr. Yahya Khamis Hamad, Mr. Masoud Rashid Mohamed,
Hon. Issa Haji Ussi (Gavu), Mr. Abdulrahman Mohammed Dedes, and Mr. Rashid
Aziz Mukky. I take this opportunity to express my profound thanks to Dr. Ben O.
Emikpe for his assistance in editing work.
My utmost gratitude is to my father Talib Haji Jecha and my mother Maua
Mwinyi Haji for their encouragements, enormous support and constant love. They
have jointly been the source of inspiration that propels me to work harder. Their
guidance made me reach my goal of higher education. I also want to express my
heartfelt gratitude to my brother Haji Talib Haji for his supports all the while.
Last but not least to my dearest wife Fatma Omar Ali. I would like to express
my deepest and most profound emotional appreciation to her during the period of my
doctoral research, along with her endless support for my academic pursuits. I am most
grateful for her unstinting belief, understanding, tolerance and emotional
encouragement throughout the writing process. Without her support, none of this
would have been possible. May Allah reward you abundantly and grant you success in
your academic career too. To you all, I conclude by beseeching Allah to reward you:
Jazākumullahu khairan fī al-dunyā wa al-ākhirah!
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract .................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract in Arabic .................................................................................................... iii
Approval Page .......................................................................................................... iv
Declaration Page ...................................................................................................... v
Copyright Page ......................................................................................................... vi
Dedication ................................................................................................................ vii
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. viii
List of Tables ........................................................................................................... xiii
List of Figures .......................................................................................................... xiv
List of Cases ............................................................................................................. xv
List of Statutes ......................................................................................................... xx
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... xxii
Translitaration .......................................................................................................... xxiii
CHAPTER 1: STATEMENT OF INTENT AND METHODOLOGY ............. 1
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................ 1
1.1 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................... 7
1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................... 7
1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................... 8
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study ........................................................ 8
1.5 Research Methodology.......................................................................... 10
1.6 Literature Review .................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER 2: EVOLUTION OF KADHIS’ COURTS IN ZANZIBAR .......... 28
2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................ 28
2.1 Zanzibar in General Perspective ............................................................ 28
2.2 General Overview on Zanzibar Legal System ....................................... 31
2.3 Historical Background of Kadhis‟ Courts in Zanzibar .......................... 35
2.4 The Establishment of Kadhis‟ Courts and Its Position .......................... 43
2.4.1 Zanzibar Constitution of 1984 ..................................................... 43
2.4.2 High Court Act No. 2 of 1985 ...................................................... 50
2.4.3 Kadhis‟ Courts Act No. 3 of 1985 ............................................... 52
2.5 Power and Jurisdiction of Kadhis‟ Courts ............................................. 53
2.6 Rule of Evidence and Procedure Applied in the Kadhis‟ Courts ........... 56
2.7 Appointment and Qualifications of Kadhis ............................................ 65
2.7.1 Appointment of Kadhi, Chief Kadhi and Deputy Chief Kadhi .... 67
2.7.2 Qualifications of Kadhis .............................................................. 68
2.8 Hierarchy of Appeals under Kadhis‟ Courts .......................................... 72
2.8.1 Appeals from District Kadhis‟ Court to the High Court .............. 72
2.8.2 The Preclusion of Tanzania Court of Appeal ............................... 77
2.9 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 82
x
CHAPTER 3: GENERAL OVERVIEW ON DIVORCE IN ZANZIBAR ....... 84
3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................ 84
3.1 The Trend of Divorce Rate in Zanzibar ................................................. 84
3.2 Reasons for the Increasing Rate of Divorce in Zanzibar ....................... 89
3.2.1 Life Difficulties ............................................................................ 90
3.2.2 Drunkenness ................................................................................. 91
3.2.3 Lack of Pre-Marriage Education .................................................. 93
3.2.4 Failure of the Parents to Play Their Role ..................................... 95
3.3 Divorce for Muslims as practiced in Zanzibar ....................................... 97
3.3.1 Talāq i.e. Repudiation by the Husband ........................................ 112
3.3.2 Divorce by Judicial Decree .......................................................... 128
3.3.2.1 Khulu’ i.e. Divorce by Redemption ................................... 128
3.3.2.2 Fasakh (Judicial Annulment) and its Grounds .................. 145
3.3.2.3 Misinterpretation made by Kadhis on Fasakh and
Khulu’ ............................................................................................ 159
3.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 162
CHAPTER 4: ADMINISTRATION OF ANCILLARY MATTERS
UNDER KADHIS’ COURTS IN ZANZIBAR .................................................... 164
4.0 Introduction ........................................................................................... 164
4.1 Mahr or Dower ....................................................................................... 164
4.1.1 The Concept of Mahr in Islam ..................................................... 164
4.1.2 Position of Deferred Mahr ........................................................... 172
4.2 Recovery of Deferred Mahr as Practiced in Zanzibar .................... 174
4.2.1 Awareness of the Parties .............................................................. 176
4.2.2 Mechanism used in Kadhis‟ Courts ............................................. 178
4.3 Maintenance and Residence during „Iddah ............................................ 183
4.3.1 Position of Maintenance of Wife in Islam ................................... 183
4.3.2 Islamic Perception on Maintenance and Residence during
„Iddah .................................................................................................... 185
4.3.3 The issues of Maintenance and Residence as Perceived in
Zanzibar................................................................................................. 192
4.3.3.1 Awareness of the Parties .................................................... 192
4.3.3.2 Involvement of Kadhis‟ Courts .......................................... 195
4.4 Mut’ah or Consolatory Gift .................................................................... 197
4.4.1 The Concept of Mut’ah in Islam .................................................. 198
4.5 Mut’ah as Practiced in Zanzibar ............................................................ 200
4.5.1 Awareness of the Parties .............................................................. 200
4.5.2 Involvement of Kadhis‟ Courts .................................................... 201
4.6 Distribution of Matrimonial Property .................................................... 202
4.6.1 The Concept of Property and Its Ownership in Islam .................. 203
4.6.2 The Purpose of Dividing the Matrimonial Property .................... 207
4.7 Distribution of Matrimonial Property as Practiced in Zanzibar ............. 210
4.7.1 Awareness of the Spouses ............................................................ 212
4.7.2 Involvement of Kadhis‟ Court on Administering Matrimonial
Cases ..................................................................................................... 215
4.8 The Law and Procedures applied by Kadhis‟ Courts in administering
Ancillay Matters ........................................................................................... 220
4.9 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 223
xi
CHAPTER 5: ADMINISTRATION OF ANCILLARY MATTERS UNDER
SHARĪ’AH COURTS IN MALAYSIA: RELEVANCE OF THIS MODEL TO
ZANZIBAR ............................................................................................................ 225
5.0 Introduction ........................................................................................... 225
5.1 Background to the Introduction of Family Law in Malaysia ................. 226
5.2 Power of the Sharī’ah Courts to Administer Ancillary Matters ............ 230
5.3 Administration of Deferred Mahr in Malaysia ...................................... 231
5.4 The Rights to Residence and Maintenance during „Iddah ..................... 234
5.5 Mut’ah as a Statutory Right in Malaysia ................................................ 243
5.5.1 The Issue of Wife‟s Right to Mut’ah ........................................... 244
5.5.2 Quantum to be given for Mut’ah .................................................. 247
5.6 Harta Sepencarian or Distribution of Joint Owned Property ................ 253
5.6.1 Definition of Harta Sepencarian ................................................. 253
5.6.2 Historical Background of Harta Sepencarian.............................. 257
5.6.3 Provision Relating to Harta Sepencarian .................................... 263
5.6.4 Joint Efforts and the Sole Effort Property .................................... 271
5.6.5 The Position of EPF money ......................................................... 273
5.6.6 Proportion Based on Division ...................................................... 276
5.7 Steps Taken by Department of Sharī’ah Judiciary and Sharī’ah
Court….. ....................................................................................................... 279
5.7.1 Court-annexed Sulh ...................................................................... 279
5.7.2 The Establishment of Family Support Division .......................... 282
5.7.3 Issuance of Practice Directions by the Chief Justice of
Sharī’ah Court ....................................................................................... 284
5.7.4 E-Syariah ...................................................................................... 286
5.8 Provisions Dealing with Ancillary Matters in Other Jurisdictions ........ 288
5.8.1 Singapore ..................................................................................... 288
5.8.2 Brunei ........................................................................................... 294
5.8.3 Morocco ....................................................................................... 300
5.9 Relevancy of This Model to Kadhis‟ Courts in Zanzibar ...................... 304
5.10 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 306
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................ 308
6.1 Summary ............................................................................................... 308
6.2 Recommendations .................................................................................. 311
6.3 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 314
Proposed Provisions on the Administration of Ancillary Matters after Divorce
in the Kadhis’ Courts Act in Zanzibar ................................................................ 316
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 330
APPENDIX I Zanzibar Map ................................................................................... 352
APPENDIX II Claims Filed to the Kadhis Courts within the Regions in
Unguja Island ........................................................................................................... 353
APPENDIX III Claims Filed to the Kadhis Courts in Unguja Island .................... 354
xii
APPENDIX IV Divorce Certificate ........................................................................ 355
APPENDIX V Marriage Certificate........................................................................ 356
APPENDIX VI List of Interviewees ...................................................................... 357
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.
3.1 Percentage of claims brought before the Kadhis‟s courts in
Unguja Island
94
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page No.
3.1 Number of marriage and divorce per year in Unguja Island 92
xv
LIST OF CASES
LOCAL CASES
Chief Kadhis’ Court/Appellate Kadhis’ Court
Amina Iddi Uledi v Rashid Abdalla Makame, Civil Appeal No. 8 of 2008
Ali Juma Ali v Mpaji Pandu Machano, Civil Appeal No. 24 of 2005
Asia Bakar Mussa v Ali Abrahman Ali, Civil Appeal No. 13 of 2010
Fadhil Haji Shaame v Mtumwa Suleiman Omar, Civil Appeal No. 49 of 2005
Juma Abdi Yakuti v Salama Abdi Salum, Civil Appeal No. 11 of 2008
Nasra Nassor Moh’d v Suleiman Marhun Hemed, Civil Appeal No. 187 of 2008
Suleiman Khatib Haufi v Mtumwa Bakari Seif, Civil Appeal No. 54 of 2009
Tabia Yusuf Hassan v Othman Abdulla Msuya, Civil Appeal No. 30 of 2005
District Kadhis’ Court of Kariakoo
Hawa Miraji Sadik v Abdul-Rahman Seif Juma, Civil Case No. 112 of 2004
Rehema Ali Mati v Matao Juma Matao, Civil Case No. 162 of 2003
Salama Shekhani Moh’d v Khalfan Said Seif, Civil Case No. 148 of 2005
Saumu Jamanda Tuwa v Ali Moh’d Hamdu, Civil Case No. 153 of 2005
Shahira Shaban Khamis v Makame Khamis Shaali, Civil Case No. 178 of 2005
District Kadhis’ Court of Makunduchi
Hazina Issa Ameir v Iddi Hababu Khamis, Civil Case No. 3 of 2010
Namboto Hassan Kesi v Hassan Abdalla Hussein, Civil Case of 2009
Salma Khamis Haji v Mohd Haji Kisube, Civil Case No. 5 of 2010
Tatu Ameir Ramadhan v Maulid Abdallah Ali, Civil Case No. 6 of 2010
Tatu Ameir v Haji Suleiman Makame, Civil Case No. 5 of 2009
District Kadhis’ Court of Mfenesini
Asma Shauri Kombo v Haji Muhamadi Hamdu, Civil Case No. 35 of 2009
District Kadhis’ Court of Mkokotoni
Abdulmalik v Mariam, Civil Case No. 44 of 1999
Fatma Juma Zubeir v Khamis Omar Mussa, Civil Case No. 46 of 2009
Fatma Kheir Issa v. Omar Zahor, Civil Case No. 7 of 2010
Hamad Haji v Msimu Buheti Kheir, Civil Case No. 1 of 2009
Hamdu v Rukia, Civil Case No. 38 of 1999
Makame v Mwajuma, Civil Case No. 36 of 1999
Miza Faki Ali v Hija Khamis Hija, Civil Case No. 18 of 2007
Mtumwa Makame Moh’d v Ali Kibata Mussa, Civil Case No. 135 2009
Patima Kheri Shaha v Sheha Pandu Mdungi, Civil Case No. 6 of 2010
Patima Shame Juma v Mshihiri Vuai Haji, Civil Case No. 9 of 2009
Sheha Zubeir Haji v Haji Ame Majuto & Pili Haji Ame, Civil Case No. 52 of 2009
Wachewaseme Mati Wadi v Ame Haji Ame, Civil Case No. 22 of 2010
xvi
District Kadhis’ Court of Mwanakwerekwe
Abdulla Ussu Alaiya v Salha Matias Ndude, Civil Case No. 459 of 2009
Amina Khamis Yussuf v Khamis Rashid Ali, Civil Case No. 22 of 2010
Arafa Mussa Soud v Mgeni Ibrahim Mussa, Civil Case No. 378 of 2008
Asha Mussa Iddi v Yussuf Mwadini Silima, Civil Case No. 257 of 2010
Asia Juma Chumu v Abdalla Juma Abdalla, Civil Case No. 225 of 2008
Asra Rashid Mselem v Habesh Yusuf Moh’d, Civil Case No. 347 of 2008
Biubwa Said Ali v Moh’d Yahya, Civil Case No. 389 of 2007
Chida Khamis Makame v Ali Mcha Khamis, Civil Case No. 683 of 2005
Chiku Abdalla Shaaban v Said Emanuel Juma, Civil Case No. 55 of 2008
Fatma Ali Hassan v Suleiman Mohamed Ali, Civil Case No. 315 of 2010
Fatma Juma Mzee v Salum Ali Chaku, Civil Case No 297 of 2007
Gheitha Rashid Nassor v Shabir Abdulrahman Moh’d, Civil Case No. 349 of 2010
Fatma Sinani Sarahani v Masoud Sultan Abdalla, Civil Case No. 359 of 2008
Hawa Kombo Khamis v Moh’d Kombo Khamis, Civil Case No. 313 of 2008
Idda Khamis Moh’d v Ally Ramadhan Vuai, Civil Case No. 151 of 2008
Jamila Benald Juwakim v Masoud Moh’d Masoud, Civil Case No. 412 of 2010
Khadija Iddi Omar v Ali Kalima Shija, Civil Case No 1 of 2008
Khadija Juma Rashid v Ali Makame Mtwana, Civil Case No 292 of 2010
Leila Omar Moh’d v Fakih Mwalim Fakih, Civil Case No. 21 of 2008
Maryam Abdalla Kheir v Juma Ali Kai, Civil Case No. 411 of 2010
Maryam Said Washoto v Salum Abdalla Nassor, Civil Case No. 496 of 2009
Mauwa Othman Khamis v Omar Zubeir Ali, Civil Case No. 52 of 52 of 2008
Maryam Rashid Khamis v Yahya Bakar Khamis, Civil Case No. 495 of 2007
Miza Mjombo Machano v Mtumwa Said Haji, Civil Case No. 260 of 2010
Mtumwa Ame Jecha v Stahabu Simai Mvuma, Civil Case No. 145 of 2007
Mtumwa Ramadhani Ali v Ramadhan Hussein, Civil Case No. 347 of 2008
Mwanaidi Haji Ali v Ramadhan Mselem Rajab, Civil Case No. 408 of 2010
Mwanaid Khamis Juma v Othman Hamad, Civil Case No. 391 of 2010
Nadra Ali Salum v Moh’d Salum Abdalla, Civil Case No. 10 of 2008
Naima Foum Bakari v Ramadhani Haji, Civil Case No 227 of 2008
Rahma Hamad v Suleiman Ameir Hamad, Civil Case No. 76 of 2008
Rahma Suleiman Seif v Abubakar Ahmed Abubakar, Civil Case No. 14 of 2008
Riziki Khamis Haji v Khamis Othman Haji, Civil Case No. 95 of 2008
Salama Assaa Juma v Ali Abeid Haji, Civil Case No. 71 of 2007
Salma Omar Moh’d v Salum Said Khamis, Civil Case No. 456 of 2006
Salum Ali Awadh v Rehema Abdalla, Civil Case No. 440 of 2007
Samina Ngowa Hamad v Ramadhan Omar Manyale, Civil Case No. 333 of 2007
Siti Ali Maalim v Moh’d Omar Moh’d, Civil Case No. 107 of 2008
Tatu Omar Ame v Said Habibu Khalfan, Civil Case No. 453 of 2010
Tatu Andrea v Mpemba Moh’d Mpemba, Civil Case No. 8 of 2008
Tatu Moh’d Omar v Jaala Bakari Jecha, Civil Case No. 604 of 2005
Ummy Saleh Juma v Mwinyi Mrisho Mahamoud, Civil Case No. 14 of 2007
Wahida Abdalla Balozi v Mtumwa Said Haji, Civil Case No. 284 of 2010
Zainab Abdul-Ghulam Hassan v Hassan Abdalla Hassan, Civil Case No. 16 of 2008
Zanini Mkuko Vuai v Rajab Abubakari, Civil Case No. 30 of 2008
xvii
District Kadhis’ Court of Mwera
Riziki Mohamedi Muhina v Rashid Bakar, Civil Case No. 14 of 2009
High Court
Ali Othman Bawazir v Maryam John Chande, Civil Appeal No. 12 0f 2002
Asha Abdalla Othman v Ali Muhsin Mohamed, Civil Case No. 9 of 2009
Biubwa Moh’d Said v Feisal Ali Sultan, Civil Appeal No. 13 of 2009
Haji Mcha Haji v Mkasi Ali Sheha, Civil Appeal No. 89 of 2001
Idrissa Hussein Mrisho v Sihaba Soud Waziri, Civil Appeal No. 30 of 2009
Jamal Moh’d Njati v Zainab Bakar Imba, Civil Appeal No. 12 of 2008
Juma Mrisho Matogo v Zakia Juma Shamte, Civil Appeal No. 24 of 2006
Khadija Mussa Hassan v Ali Moh’d Ali, Civil Appeal No. 37 of 2009
Makame Simai Haji v Tatu Kombo Suleiman, Civil Appeal No. 47 of 2005
Masoud Ali Kombo et al v Khalid Ali Kombo, Civil Appeal No. 16 of 1987
Mohamed Issa Abdalla and Husna Rashid Ali v Daudi Bakar Nyange and Maryam
Mohamed Issa, Civil Appeal No. 15 of 2005
Nassor Moh’d Ali v Mafunda Bakar Khamis, Civil Appeal No. 29 of 2008
Nassor Moh’d Ali v Mafunda Bakar Khamis, Civil Appeal No. 29 of 2008
Pili Pongwa Khamis v Ishau Abdalla Khami‟s Civil Appeal No. 19 of 2005
Shaaban Sabour Khamis v Maryam Msabah Muumin, Civil Appeal No. 38 of 2006
Regional Court at Vuga
Abdi Yakuti Nassor v Siti Abdalla Suleiman, Civil Appeal No. 18 of 2000
Hindiye Ali Abdalla v Hashim Ali Juma, Civil Case No. 73 of 2002
Husna Issa Seif v Idrisa Mussa Rashid, Civil Case No. 88 of 2001
Mkasi Ali Sheha v Haji Mcha Haji, Civil Case No. 89 of 1999
Shegele Khatib Hassan v Nachiya Hassan, Civil Appeal No. 10 of 2002
Shumbana Azizi Moh’d v Hamad Abdalla Bakar, Civil Appeal No. 12 of 2004
Zainab Abdalla Mussa v Mustafa Maulid Thabit, Civil Case No. 21 of 2007
Zulfa Lawrence Frank v Yussuf Uwesu Sultan, Civil Appeal No. 8 of 2010
Tanzania Court of Appeal
Mohamed Rafik Ishaq & Another v Anwar Hussein Jaffer & 2 Others, Civil Appeal
Case No. 35 of 1994
Zanzibar Archives
Amina bt Haji v Ali b. Omar ZNA, HC10/3302 (Unreported)
Hamida bt Machano v Yusuf Amani ZNA, HC10/3447
Khamisa bt Fundi v Ali bin Thawab ZNA, HC10/1122 (Unreported)
Mtumwa bt Athmani v Hamad bin Khamis ZNZ, HC10/1198
FOREIGN CASES
Brunei
Abdul Mohammad v Dayang Juliana MRHS/MAL/BM/106/2006
Dayangku Hajah Johanar v Pengiran Darussalam TSP/BM29/2002
Gani v Hayati MRHS/MAL/BM/234/2006
Haji Zainuddin v. Norainah MRHS/MAL/BM 548/2005
xviii
Hajah Norbiah v Haji Awang Danilt MRHS/MAL/BM/447/2004
Hajah Siti Rugayah v Haji Roslan MRHS/MAL/BM/366/2005
Norshalina v Pengiran Mahari MRHS/MAL/BM/529/2006
Pengiran Mohd Yussof v Dayang Erni Hayati@Nurul Hidayah
MRHS/MAL/BM/366/2003
India
Mohammad Ahmed Khan v Shah Bano Begum AIR 1985 SC 925
Malaysia
Abdul Rahman bin Ayob v Timah bt. Sulaiman (2000) Sharī’ah Appeal Court of
Negeri Sembilan, 8/2000 (Unreported)
Ahmad Shah bin Ahmad Tabrani v Norhayati bt Yusoff (2004) 17 JH 33
Ainon bte Abdul Aziz v Roslan bin Abdul Rashid [2006] 4 ShLR 88
Aminah bt Ahmad v Zaharah bt Sharif & Ors [2008] 3 ShLR 56
Boto v Jaafar [1985] 2 MLJ 98
Commissioner for Religious Affairs, Trengganu & Ors v Tengku Mariam [1969] 1
MLJ 110
Daud Anderson Macdonald v Norabi’ bt Muda [2011] 1 ShLR 62
Dzulfaezah bt Abdul Hamid v Izuddin bin Murshid [2009] 3 ShLR 125
Fakriah bt Yusoff v Zulkifli bin Ismail [2009] 1 ShLR 86
Haji Abdullah v Cik Bon (1977) 3 JH 110
Haji Abdul Rahman v Isngaton [1979] 1 JH (2) 71
Haminah Bee v Shamsudin (1979) 1 JH 71
Hazlina bte Hamidin v Muhamad Zaidi bin Majid
Hjh Nikmah bt Hj Abu Bakar v Hj Mohammad Satri bin Hj Omar [2010] 1 Sh LR 60
Hujah Lijah binti Jamal v Fatimah binti Mad Diah [1930] 16 MLJ 63
Ida Hidayati bt Taufiq v Ahmad Shukri bin Kassim [2009] 2 ShLR 132
Jaliah v Abubakar (1987) 7 JH 72
Jaliah bte Hassan v Abu Bakar bin Wan Abdullah (1990) 7 JH 73
Janat v Sheikh Khuda Bukhs (1911) 2 FMSLR 61
Khairul Faezah bte Haji Abdul Majid v Muhamad Salleh bin Bidin [2005] 1 ShLR
171
Maimunah v Abdullah (1987) 7 JH 88
Mariam bt Yaacob v Wahi bin Samah [2010] 1 ShLR 96
Mat Sharie bin Yaakub v Che Mas binti Abdullah [2006] 1 ShLR 105.
Mohamed Zakir bin Mohamed Zahir v Zainatun bt Mohd Zain [2010] ShLR 41
Mohd Akhir bin Man v Noriah by Hussin [2008] 3 ShLR 79.
Myriam v Ariff [1971] 1 MLJ 265
Murshida bte Mustakim v Hassim bin Abdullah [2006] 4 ShLR 43.
Nafsiah v Abdul Majid [1969] 2 MLJ 174 and 175
Ningal@Yang Chik bte Hashim v Jamal bin Abdul Rahman [1989] 2 MLJ xxxix
Noh bin Atan @Khamis v Shakila bte Mohamed [2004] ShLR 61
Noor Azma bt Sohari v Raduan bin Che Ros [2009] 4 ShLR 145.
Noor Bee v Ahmad Sanusi (1978) 1 JH 63
Norani bt Abd Rahman v Md Taib bin Hanapi [2008] 4 ShLR 79
Noraini bte Abdul Rashid v Dato’ Hamzah bin Zainuddin [2005] 4 ShLR 144.
Noridah bt Ab Talib v Hishamuddin bin Jamaluddin [2009] 4 ShLR 115
Norlia Bte Abd. Aziz v Md. Yusof Bin A. Rahman [2004] ShLR 113
xix
Normaidiah v Azhar (1979) 1 JH (2) 91
Norsiah bt Arshad v Marsum bin Paing [2009] 3 ShLR 64
Nurul Huda bt Ismail v Nurrizal bbin Ahmad Imran [2009] 1 ShLR 108
Overseas Investment Ptc v. Anthony William O’Brien (1980) 3 MLJ 332
Piah v Che Lah (1983) 3 JH 220
Rahaniah v Haji Ujang (1983) 4 JH 270
Ramah v Laton (1927) 6 FMSLR 116
Rasadah bt Hj Majid v Hj Zaini bin Hj Mohd Zain [2010] 3 ShLR 166
Rohaini bt Hassan v Julrizal bin Ahmad Bashah [2009] 2 ShLR 166
Rokiah bte Haji Abdul Jalil v Mohamed Idris bin Shasuddin [1989] 3 MLJ ix
Salma v Mat Akhir (1983) 5 JH 161
Shaik Abdul Latif & Ors. v Shaik Elias Bux [1975] 1 MLJ 30
Sharifah Mariam bt Syed Ibrahim v Abdul Malik Robinson [2009] 3 ShLR 56
Shariffa Zainab bt Syed Wadzid Ali v Ismail Fekri bin Ishak [2009] 2 ShLR 101
Siti Zamrah v Majid (1986) 6 JH 130
Suriah bte Hassan v Hamzah bin Mohd Nor [2007] 2 ShLR 81
Tengku Anun Zahrah binte Tengku Abdul Hamid v Dato Dr Hussein bin Mohamed
Yusof (1983) 3 JH 125.
Yang Chik v Abdul Jamal [1985] 6 JH. 146
Zainuddin v Anita [1982] 4 JH 73
Zainoon v Mohamed Zain (1980) II JH 160
Zarah v Zaidon (1983) 3 JH 225
Pakistan
Khurshid Bibi v Mohd Amin PLD 1967 SC 97
xx
LIST OF STATUTES
Zanzibar
Children‟s Act (6/2011).
Civil Procedure Decree (Cap. 8/1917).
Constitution of the State of Zanzibar 1963.
Courts Decree (No. 8/1908).
Court Decree (No. 20/1923).
Court Decree (No. 22/1963).
Existing Decree (No. 1/1964).
Foreign Jurisdiction Act 1890.
High Court Decree (No. 2/1964).
High Court Act (No. 2/1985).
Imperial Enactment (Application) Decree, 1939.
Kadhis‟ Court Regulations 1899.
Kadhis‟ Court Act (No. 3/1985).
Labour Relations Act (No. 1/2005).
Legal Practitioners Rules (Cap. 28/1946).
Magistrates Court Act (No. 6/1985).
Marriage and Divorce (Muslim) Registration Act 1936.
Miscellaneous Amendments Act (No.4/2002).
Native Courts Decree 1899.
Peoples‟ Courts Decree (No. 11/1969).
Establishment of the Office of Mufti Act (No. 9/2001).
Regional Administration Authority Act (No. 1/1992).
United Republic of Tanzania Constitution, 1977.
Zanzibar Constitution, 1984.
Foreign Statutes
Brunei
Emergency (Islamic Family Law) Order, 1999 (Amendment of 2010).
Egypt
Family Law Act 1979 (Amendment No. 1/2000).
Indonesia
Marriage and Divorce Law (No. 1/1974).
Jordan
Jordanian Law of Personal Status Act (No. 61/1976).
Kenya
Independence Constitution of Kenya, 1963.
Kenya Constitution, 2010.
xxi
Malaysia
Administration of Islamic Law Enactment of Terengganu (No. 4/1955).
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment of Kedah 1962 (No. 9/1962).
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment of Malacca (No. 1/1959).
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment of Negeri Sembilan (No. 15/1960).
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment of Penang (No. 3/1959).
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment of Perak (No. 11/1965).
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment of Perlis (No. 3/1963).
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment of Selangor (No. 3/1952).
Administration of the Law of the Religion of Islam Enactment of Pahang (No.
5/1956).
Administration of the Syariah Court Enactment of Kelantan (No. 3/1982) Amendment
Act No. 3, 2006.
Federal Constitution, 1988.
Islamic Family Law (Negeri Sembilan) Enactment (No. 11/2003).
Islamic Family Law (State of Kelentan) Enactment (No. 6/2002).
Islamic Family Law (State of Malacca) Enactment (No.12/ 2002).
Islamic Family Law (State of Pahang) Enactment (No. 3/2005).
Islamic Family Law (State of Perlis) Enactment (No. 7/2006).
Islamic Family Law (State of Selangor) Enactment (No. 2/2003).
Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 (No. 303).
Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 (No. 164).
Morocco
Morocco Family Code (Mudawwana) (No. 7/2004).
Nigeria
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999.
Singapore
Administration of Muslim Law Act No. 3/1966. (Revised Edition 1999).
Syria
Syrian Law of Personal Status Act (No. 34/1975).
Tunisia
The Tunisian Law of Personal Status, 1958 (Amendment) (Act No. 74/1993).
xxii
LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS
A. D Anno Domini (Year of Our Lord)
AMLA Administration of Muslim Law Act
All ER All England Law Report
Cap. Chapter
ed Edition
e. g (Exempligratia): For example
EPF Employment Provident Fund
et al (et alia): and others
etc (et cetera): and so forth
HC High Court
ibid (ibidem): in the same place
i.e. (id est): that is
JH Journal Hukum
IFLA Islamic Family Law Federal Territories Act
LRA Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act
MLJ Malaysian Law Journal
n Footnote
n.d. No date
NGO Non Government Organisation
No/ nos Number/numbers
n.p. No place: no publisher
P.LD. All Pakistan Legal Decision
RM Ringgit Malaysia
SALAN Southern Africa Legal Assistance Network
s.a.w Salallahu ‘alaihi wa salam, may peace and blessings of Allah
be upon him
ShLR Shariah Law Report
S.W.T Subhānanau wa ta‘ālā, glory be to Allah, the Most Exalted.
Tsh Tanzania Shilling
trans. Translator/translated by
v Versus, against
Vol. Volume
ZAFELA Zanzibar Female Lawyers Association
ZLSC Zanzibar Legal Services Centre
ZEDO Zanzibar Enterprise Development Organisation
xxiii
TRANSLITARATION
Table of the system of transliteration of Arabic words and names used by International
Islamic University Malaysia
b = ب z = ز f = ف
t = ت s = س q = ق
th = ث sh = ش k = ك
j = ج ṣ = ص l = ل
ḥ = ح dh = ض m = م
kh = خ ṭ = ط n = ن
d = د ẓ = ظ w = ھ
dh = ع = ٬ ذ h = و
r = ر gh = غ y = ي
Short: a = ʹ ; i = ˏ ; u = ʼ
Long: ā = ا ; ī = ي ; ū = و
Dipthong: ay = ا ي ; aw = ا و
1
CHAPTER ONE
STATEMENT OF INTENT AND METHODOLOGY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
One of the purposes of marriage is to establish a shared life which is full of love and
compassion. It is an undeniable fact that most married couples wish for an everlasting
marriage. Despite this wish, some of them have to end the marriage due to
unavoidable circumstances especially when the marriage has irretrievable broken
down and reconciliation is almost impossible.1 Despite the fact that divorce is allowed
in Islam, it is disliked by Allah. This is buttressed by the saying of the Messenger of
Allah s.a.w that:
Among the lawful matters the most disliked in the sight of Allah is the
divorce.2
Under Islamic perspective, once divorce has been granted, issues relating to
ancillary matters including maintenance and accommodation of the divorced wife, the
payment of mut’ah, division of matrimonial property acquired by the parties during
the time of their marriage, and even deferred mahr are very important. This is due to
the fact that, the decree of divorce has not only changed the status of the parties, but
carries with it certain rights and obligations especially with regards to financial
matters.
It is noted that, many Arab countries such as Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Morocco,
Iraq and Algeria have their own codified laws relating to family matters including
1 Sharī’ah has prescribed a very reasonable way for the separation between the parties to the marriage
when disunity and dissent between them emerged where they can find new ways on the changed
circumstances. 2 Ideally, divorce is permitted in Islam but stands as liking or commending act. The point to note is that,
Islamic law puts more emphasize on reconciliation as against divorce for the married couple. See Abu
Daud Sulayman bin Asha‟th, Al Sunan, Vol. 2, Lahore: Islamic Academy, 1983, at 169.