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Theses and Dissertations
1963
The Relationship of Orthodoxy and Prejudice Among Seminary The Relationship of Orthodoxy and Prejudice Among Seminary
Students of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Students of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Donald Sorensen Brigham Young University - Provo
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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Sorensen, Donald, "The Relationship of Orthodoxy and Prejudice Among Seminary Students of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints" (1963). Theses and Dissertations. 5130. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5130
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THETOE relationshipRELA OFi014ship ORTHODOXT AHDAXD PREJTOICE ahomAMONGanongahong saiimryS STUDEMAA
OF
RY
THE OHUROHMMICHMMIC OF jusJOSJESUS anistGHRISTMMISTanisz OF UTTERDAYIATTERUTTERlatter skinnSAIMTSSAINMDAY
A thesis
presented to tweteetheweebhe
graduate department of educationmutation
brighamBrig roungyounghamhaa university
in partial fulfillment
of the requirementsrequiresnents for the degree
master of arts
by
donald sorenseasorenseisorenseniSoren
july
beaseiseaben
1963
H
727.2723 1
60 & 81363
the writer desires to express his sincere appreciation to grdrodre
james Hno harrissharris chaimanchairmanchalmanchainman of mehis advisoz7adrlaoxy committeecaroitteecomitteeComit forbeetee his MWmaylay hours
spent in consultation his patiencepi understandingblencetience and oonsconsoona tractive
help with the preparation of thisthia thesis
sincere appreciation is alsoaleoaiso extended to drdrodvodve howard H barronterronmerron
sabermember of the advisory comitteecomiitteecamitteeComit and0.0tee to dr BEs wayne wright for theirmwtonymony kim suggestions and to saniasansasenia Bbo allred for the typing of the
manuscript
in a special way I1 wish to thank myisylumlem wisevisewire marllynmarilynmarliynMarnarnad andilyup our rowefourromrrour
children for their faith and considerate understanding of a much absent
husband and fattier
acvnu4leexts
thewriter
ocmetructive
xh
laber
ah
rivichapter
111 istrootgtiosIMMN 0OMGTIOX
rableTABLE OPOF COSTEMSCOMNTS
page
LET OF TABLES
lossIONS I1 if 0 0 S 0 10 0 0 0 0 31
dumarysuimarysumary of pindingsbindingsyinPindings
dlosnios
kak3
prejupoejudi oe
prejbrej ce
2
definitionDefideriderl ofaition tejwtexw 2
at2t20 REVMREVIEW OF literaturelitsratohelitlrature 3
the psychologypayhologypsycholosyPsycho oflosy projixdioe 3
measwomentsmeasureiaents of attitudes 7
attitude Towardtwardtowardminorities 14
attitudes toward religion and orthodoxyorthodcow
1
18
orthodoxy and rrejioe 23
swissuxy t
26
selection of sawlebanlebanie 26
instrtkoents 27
statistical amlysisam3yai8 30
TA
TOPUMM 0 f f 4 0
0 0 0 4 0 0 t 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 1
problem 0 0 0 0 6 4 9 & 0 4 asfs 0 1
delimitations 0 0 0 4
to a
9
1 0 10
S I1 I1 utas0101 217 25
3anznzRESEARCHreskBESE MSIGNabaiAROiabal 40
A &
4 FINDINGSfityitfir ampAMDANDDIOS istmpsetatiossIMURBUT t
4F & 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42
IQ 0 asfs 0 0 4 0 0 42
minority dhroupdrouporoups kak242
orthodwthodcosythodOrtho andndcotycosydW prejudice
Minorities
ipg14646
bepbsqigbs 0 0 f 0 0 0 0 840
appendixesAPPENDIM
Tv
chapter pagepagopage
5 SIMMARTSMOMY AWAHD conclusions 45
comiusiomgonclusionsconclusions
1
5
0 0 0 46
recoiygnendationsftcommndatiow
I1 orthodoxy and minoritygroups 0 0
3338
9 significance of differencediffers betweennaenasnce meansmea of boreboyeboysbors andgirlgirls with IQ
LIST OF tabtTABLESta37table page
number means and standard deviations on boys girlsand totals on variables of IQ
32
2 correlations and levels of significance fwforfoeroe boye girlsand total between the variablesvarlvari ofablis IQ orthodoxy andpreludizeprejwiicepreludicePreludice 33
3 number means and standard deviations for low IQ andhighhiohlohib IQ on variables of orthodoxy and minoritmnorityminorityminoret groups
36
6 significance of differencediffer betweenenoe iwanaiwand of lowiov andhigh IQ groupsgrope on antiantlantisanlisseadltimiti 0 3
7 significanceugwieanoe of difference between xneans of lowion andhigh IQ groups on attitude toward the segro
39
10 significance of difference between means of boys andgirlgijlzzirl with orthodoxy 39
11 significance of differencedarferdifferdarrer betweenenoe means of boys andgirls tb antisemitismantlanti semitism 4 4 0
1
4 0 0 & 0 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 0 0 0 a 0 0
20
psy groagrou 34
U4 correlationsconvlations and levels of significance between highand lowionloviov IQ and the variables of orthodoxy anti-semitism attitude toward the netronegro and attitudetoward the spanish african 4 0 t 0 0 0 35
5 significance of difference between eanemanelenegene of lowloirloviov andhigh JQIQ groups on orthodoxy 6 4 0 a 0 0 0 10
amghhi 37
to W
199 9 9 a 38
3 significancesigxaficanoe of ferencedifferenceferentedifdlfdir between neansmeansmanslans of lowloir andhigh IQ groups on attitude toward the spanish american
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
signMcanoe& a I1 0 4 a 0 11 0 0
with 40
12 significance of difference between means of boys andgirls withvith attitude toward the megnomegronegronagro U41
13 significance of difference between bisansmeans of boys andgirlsgens vathwithlabb attitude towardbowardtow the spanish Ameramerleanloanioanlean a a 0 ll4111
S
sabsataab
enoeenocenec laU asep
tto n ofor ogwoortlioxorortli rligiomuaiowiligioo&woox wllftfa aangamng paiepele who aienwledg4 IMW
berhlp lain th gatholuutmlu sawhshwh atwomalwted
I1
thatthesshetllmalima
A
1w
mft
rist
auteaent
off
of
latk4vl&ttw
wliiow
selasselntj
prefercaeprefer
moraqmourso
orrfirenecaewae
adand
wberhip
hwbowkowkew
U
achofchovhey
natnot
iknofito02
n
related
awffioioat
to
riurlw
attainawtainoortsis
to
minority
w
arettjrett
ioaida
nhien
aobxen
andw&addeddwa
lpiimfi&m
tworhe at
attitudes
oillyof
tiradestitwtetitades
towards
tmarbtcmrda
airitieft
mnoritieslowltaosMno
lwi
protedpiotedritie
ltmnt
te
atsy
aahmutbor
i
to
immsmixmrfl
mkewaamoa
vitcavitfa
a&
&2w
toplitaonpopliropli
tu4m6m
oathouoatiou
of
FW
mmtami
NWIMW
of
the church of awJ
toetobtae
lo10 191iyl ogh 191igiOUAW ljrve&fciatr oramrnmr Adaodfaod
wa
eitherwisher
61401
filihifiliht ctijrfersnea r no
datolodifferentdatoro betanbetwn t4e att&fiini dirdig 9uwtow of different reliioae
irr 1 narun 19121j 203teli I1& lammitatJanlamlautaujannita ibyIMYnitawits 1950 nobnott ofor
abitfbitthitthiothe tdlwstudi onlywiywir roubrelauroutreubbelau atmaramatmaamattatadoatkaattA to churchohurchthwoubadotadobads mnhtp avolbeausbeouabedua in
fraticmfrati secured
olnyomny 19 studdystukdy of wusioiw beliefsbailansbailard
lesaleaa teutoutenmwt than o0t aocoeefcoee whomho do ot snl9&litm luj turb-
eville ai4i lyd bro
ig19
lmaiza
aghugh
uau2Wbeltboltbelrwp
1
ah7h relationship hewenbewen raiawligiosrai4 xd prtjudlepm44i inis notaos imm3wmgwmOU
solsomsalW
inwauatwtavugato aport thetthatbhat peoplepaggie istedisteo aolenwiedge dmrh wabmhip
und to be leaieslaa tolerant
an te isxibjot wlliow preferesprefereapre hiahhiohcereefereacaree
3nnota4m3ot indiaafce hismilmirhiahla ruiouyruoreillyoveillyOv
gis&tsats&eilly
ity
oeiuouiuyof 19393.9 ettnaittnarawnato iagoruntjawk444iengaiago differdifferenocrUnt
an old
ft0 1
0daredstorOfedsftrw 10491
A ISO
0ts IMA wornormorAL A 0
cm
oto
mitatkrin
absy
ad
steli
fratick
annot
keiu
billyaahl
strw
edoneooneaonaniaamia edatiowloducatioml or socialeoeialsooial imilili
ferdrerd gentgenk
colatirolati O0 an orthodoxyorth
and
odow
prejudicepjudies towards minoritymin groupsoritT
2 whenuhen ooseparingcoinparingooincoinoose highparing and low intelligence group levelimiili how
strong i the relationsuprelatioibiprelation tobupsUp orthodoxy and to prejudiwprejudiao
3 how do boysboydboom cowarecokipareboware with girls with regard to the strength of
the relationship between orthodoxy andmidnid prejudice
delimitations
the bampiesamplebanlebanie idis limited totto students enrolledenroendo atllod the chunh of jesuejesusjosue
christ lmalnaof Alatterdaylatter saintsday seminary at mfordsaffordsanfordmrord arizona
mono attempt vabwasvasweswebwab ademdead to assifyclassifyol the students according to their
age or to the eoonamiaeaomaaioji
2
among the mormonscormonsMor hismons tadlystudy was to determine if orthodoxy awigawmgaafteo a ran-
dom samplesampiebampie off the mormonmornannorman alahomaherohalehft showshows a significant relationship in pre-
judice toward jew negroesNe andgroeso spanish africans the purposepurpopurpe of the
studlystudy was to answeranaver the followingfoll questionsmingningwing
1I Is there a eipuioantsignificant positive relationship between
of their parents
only one student bakingtaking the various scalessoalesbeeles wasvaiswalswalb a non honnonmorison
definition of termstamtag
orthodoxy in the present study this is defined asan adherence or
ooormingamiformingformingami to the principles andarldalla doctrines of the chwolachwofachvwoh of jesus christ
of latterdaylavterlattertatter saintisaintsdaydar
mormonsmarmommarcomMornornar Amons coronioncamon namenamnanenenenal applied to members of thebe cheahoxurobchwah of jesus
christ of attordaytOrdayblatterilatterAt saintselntay
minority jewsjonjogjegqroiapb negroesle andbeoogroO spanish americans area the
minority groups referredford to in the prwexit istudystudy
a
pro
J e S MN
is
& 4 S
WK aabarb
t jes
itr p went
pJudicsudies
touwto4w
CHAPTER 2
rbvibi OFobi LITEUTURE
ISif bhethethokhebho tiber overflown into the city if the nile does not rlouflowriou
into the countryside if the heavelheweiiheavew remain unmoved if the earth quakes
if there is famine or pestilence at onoeonee the cry027aryeryezyony goes upupiapi to the lions
with the chriatiaxizristiara thisimaims remarkdemark by tertullian aokerminaolcexwnkerminwermanwerwinAo & jahoda
1901950igo points out in a amilsmil way that prejudice babbaghashab been one of the najor
problem of soclevsooietysociety sincebince early binetimtimetilbims it has been aidsaidbaidbald that prejudice
iais one of theeubieeuble problgroblproblempropuo ofbl ourowroar times for which everyoneeve hasryoneryona a theory butbat
no one an answeranaver ft bettelheimbettelheiabettelhetzBettel &heimheiahetzhelzhelm janmitzjanotrilti 195010to egoremoreger adequately the problem with whichhiehbieh thibthinthis paper is con-
cerned is to deal rithwithvith five major areasaneas the psychology of prejudice
the types of measurements of attitudes studies about attitudes to-
ward minority groups orthodoxy andaad religious attitudeattitudes and orthodyorthodoafthodyas it relates to prejudice bowardtoward minority grouper
itheitoetherhe ptychologyrgyctoologyptochology of prejudiceprejlioeprejudiae
prejudice i commonlycomionlycowcoMeow regardedionly as a feeling of dislikedielike against a
specific groups adomo prealselbrmwrilk levinslevirmon on & sanfordsantordamord 1901950igop
f
102po webster defines prejudioeprejudice as&8 preconceived judgaattanumtvnum orTop1mionopijoionjattftt
unreasonablerowable predilection or objectionobject especiallyilonllonlion an opinion or lean-
ing
loan-
ing adverseadvereealveree to anything withoutidlthowbwithont just grounds or before sufficient know-
ledge bettelheim 19319530 p 4 anfortahportanport 119 p 9 states racialdacial
prejudice in verywryvenyyery flat termstenasbennswenas thuieetamia prejudice is an antipathy based
EW
rflms
al vfta&S
4
anaverft 0
problexvith
is a i 7
group frenkel k Levinwonirmon S
or
ald
adamo
eramia
weswasweb
atlaagla
statuelstatual
it my be directed toward a group aas a whole or toward an indivi-
dual because he is a mamberjmbermwmber of that group at another time 1952 he
said it na a sywtomsyptoasyp oftomtoabom the authoritarian personality whose early
childhood babbaahashab predisposed him to prejudiced behavior
whenlihen do prejudices start their development within thetb persona-
lity roungtoungyoung 1930 gaybgaysbayt it is a common assumption monglonggong ninforsedwdjeitoraiedu people
to think that prejudices against raaespdedeadedes wligioxarougiorap andaaaaad divergmitdivergmtdivendiver groupsgropegmt
are innateixmateinmate physiology andsuadadad psyehologypsychology givegiro no epportsupport to any ewh thothe-
ory trager & yarrow 1921952 feelfoolreelfeol that they start at an early ageago to
develop attitudes toward different racialwoialraoial andaad religiousrelrei groupsgrotgroiigims allportailportpi
& kramer 1946 specify they first develop during the school yearnyesyosyea be
tween the ages of 6 and 16 andam especiallypeei&uy in the age range 12 to 16
jahoda deutsch & cook 19511915 mention sometimebaaghiggbigg of the factors that
engender prejudices and place khenthemthenkhem in three groupe 1 irrational
emotional reactions 2 cixltralcoulturalcoul conflicttaralturaltarai and 3 conflictoonfliet of inter-
est
inter-
eat these are ballyusuallyuallywaily closely intermingled chein 1946 classifies
prejudices in four types 1 informational where prejudiceprejbrej isas associ-
ated with Msmisinformationinformation unsound premisespromises or faulty wayswayavaya of thinmng
2 conformity qereinhere prejudice is associated with the need to conform
with the social norms 3 status where prejudiasprejwiice is associatedassoeiated withnith
material advantageaktanaftan orkagetAgebage gains in ego status and 4 emotionalew wherewhoretimalprejudiceprejbrej isas associated with otherothar psychological needs of the personpensonpersona
bettelheimBettel &heimheinhelm janowitzJano 1901950witas point ouboatout that personality structwestmotwestruc aloneaalonetwe j
cannotcagot entirely explain by people set mtout to discrisrilmte against par
ticularnicular ethnic grupsgiupsgroupsp or why theythoy areaxeereaze morenore disoriminatingdiscrlxinatingdiscriminating of one arnupgroixparoup
4
aponupon faulty and an inflexible generalisationvneralizationgeneralization it mymaynay be felt or expres-
sed
16p
M IONI ON
th AILKA ylaILKgla
why disc to
igil
igo
lon
eldeeldseide
krekraere
bilthbuth 1949 agree that the raorezaorexmv equalstatusequaloqual contactoontactojostatus the lessloseleseiese pre-
judice sherif & cantril 1947 emphasizeemphasiae
acquiresaqthetthathatkhethet
hiseresAresrresthet
prejudice
individual0
againsta
usuallyta
J
minorityainorityainoalnomino
as
groupriby01tyrity not primarilyPri fromsrmmrily
feureu
judijadi
fromyng Usthe point of view of litwatwelitwa thetwevwe seriesaeriesserlesberlesbarles on prejudice sponsored
by theUs americanamerAver jeriahjeviahjwuhloanioanican gomitteegcmitteo adorn0 et aia3&i 1950xfof bettelheimbettlheimbettelhoixBettl &haimheimhalm
janowitzjknovitzs 190igo aozwackanaankanaanAc & jahodajahada 190igo0.0 massing 13019019501350 lowenthal &
chaternngutemmiChAterguaGut 1901950igonnengiemmiengy is the most extensivetionsivetiention
ackermn
alvesivealvs
& jahodajaho&jahob 1901950 foundround that depressed patients are rarely
prejudiced zeugozelldazengo 1953 indicated that children notnov knowing mohmchah about
certain racesraereerea or nationalities hadbadbsd few favorable conceptaconcepts of themtheaotheae in
earlier studies zup 19371931 195010 discovereddU thatcovered iirenchildrenii&en concepts
rairroredairvor thetho concepts ofa their eiderselders and the patternspattespatteapettes and atereotyptasttrootypes
of their socialzoul environmentbonvionvi kxifirowunt is confinaedcf1raod alsoalloaldoaidoailoaleo bytoyloviov allport & kramr
1946 jahoda & others l9l1951igl191igitigciglal andmiduld salagersaenorsasager l931953tig193olg ackermanAtel &mn jahoda
1901950 on thetie contrary roundfoundrownd thattobatzahatbabat antlantianbi sematicsemticsexlua attitudes are not
necessarily dependantdependentdepenadeperAdepend onanant the existence of auchsuchaach attitudes in the famllffax&lv
there soemsoombeesaneesaseem to be amewesmsgge dibagreeznentdisagreenwt aeas to how prejudice is inculcated
in the personalitypersona ofUV children allportauporautor & krainer 16196 anid rosenameaamen
kabkah
enreariierilerller
aermed
prejbrej as
5
than anotherotherootherean n aleytheyalay reelfeeltoolroel that defensive needsneeuneau of the individual the econ-
omic
econ-
e
soon-
e and social structurestruc ofbamtambal the community and the ethnic realities of
the moment mustmst also be taken into account
baytondayton 1946 dieouaoesuseauses personality and prejudice by saying thabthaithat
ini mamgnyn instancesr prejudiceejudiasta leadsmeagov thethoW individual to feelings of supe-
riority and aomtimnismatimassma thetimas desire rorforf sooialsocialor acceptanceaccept mymaynayeweaweeme lead to the
acquisition of prejudice
therethorerhonerhene hayehavebavebaye beenbe nuiaeroueramerm studies done in the area of prejudice
d
e a in
utemtmv pv4 a
1950j n
ot
a
ed
tonee 5
t
he in 4vjftal
igo
tle
136
1937
ramere
pvn
coedveedweed
incine
wategate keepers
brejprej ce
6
contact with thisthu minority grmpgroupsarmp but chiefly fron contact with the pre-
vailing attitude toward this minority group newebeitewcorobe 1950 has a sim-
ilar view that a personsperson behavior is often influenced more by his moti-
vated relationship to a group than by his actual membership in it3ettelheimbebtelheimbertelheim & janowitz 1901950 in their study of personality and
prejudice among war veteransvetYet statederanseraasedans that intoleranceintoleranintolerant is always an ou-
tlet for hostility and that the penpewon who has not been able to develop
a wellintegratedwellweilweli integratediategrated personality will have a hostile dischargedisodisa ofharge tension
he willwin be intolerant of those groups against whoa hostilityhobhos myty barelysafelyoaroafoer
be
ely
directed including ethnic minorities bayton 1961946 refersreters to whisthisthudischarge of tension as displacement ilehellelie called it the transferencetransfer ofenoe
an emotion from one object to another in other wordswordes 9 our aggressions
toward one person are ametimesbosnetiiaesgmeame displacedtimes to other people
harlan 19121942 and levinson & sanford 19uo1944 noted a direct rela-
tion between imamincome of parents and prejudice
how can we overcome prejudice and what is the result of those
who continue to maintainmin ittaiji saenger tig1931953 and tragertrazertrader & larrowyarrow 1921952
agree that teachers are in a key position as in the pro-
cess of socialoem changchange in a large neasuremeasuremasurelasure they determinedet personallyerminet
the kindswinds of values and attitudes which will be comunicatedcommunicated to chil-
dren day after day and year after year one of the majormjor keyswajswarsk to make
people happier ieis to educate themtheathamthl to be tolerant mackenzie 1945
lists seven ways to educate people in this regard t 1 control your
volcevoice and gestures when speaking of people of other races or creedecreeds so
as not to mkmake themthesathena disparaging 2 through words and asiomsio teach
children to identify themselvesthe withelires children all over the world j
ohiefl
voed
4vi
s e
sic
intoleran 39
1950
igo
person
negebe
1953o19530
ariarl ulewie
ponron
akijierime weakensweakMeak ourowowpositionoppositioneriaexiserla posit aeaslojaiojaloia a nationsnationnatton
effects our personality and canoanean lead to beyerteyert pwsonalpenozialperpen disintegrationozial
ndand emotionalmotional disturbance on the part of the discriminatordiacriminatordtscriziaatordisdia bettelheimbqttelheicriminator
193 it arp thetle personality of the one holding it the prejudiced
pensonperson becomes small and eanmeanneannaan andaxi theuie kindlienkindlieyr and cooperativecooper aldeaidesidebideative of
hishi nature becomes dwarfedArar itredfed iais impossible poror haiahiia to get alonaion with
a wideadeude variety of people or to MX well with uvonauvone who is different
fronfrom himselfhiihiahll okenj&ie04aakenziemelsMelfmeis 1945
measurezaents1012reawntsa1640 of attitudesattlAtti
the
tWos
measurement of attitudes logicallylogic fallsanyaUy into five categoriescateyories
prejbrej oes
prejbrej cedoed
7
3 take everyeveny flancefiancedeesianceseesce to showahwshw you do not believe in segregationisegregation 4 donitdont
callcail people of other races and nationalities bar their current derogatorydero
lmimtivesdjuajuoutives
atoryatony
i have children face their prejudice at an early age 5
6 aaaociationassociat1onassociation iis important espeeiallrpecial3y with children they babstbaxst knowteoy
people of other acesrooesmces not just know about themathemjthemthamthan andaad 7 study moremornormorgnorg about
other peoples
5
st
jpmeenoweee
diprejudiceprePye hurbshurbahurtshurushumusjadicejudice everyoneoteeTeove ijaoluding diaylminatorserimiuatorryonemyone and tictintictiavictimo itcauses aastewstevaste in huan resources and talent ji ItIit lowersloweralovers standards leadsleada
to juvenile delinquency and arijiitilowers
warps
alonz
aeuodsp
the
i
oustomscustomsstoma history ji etoetcebo top try andaad understand themo
baruchbarachbadach 1946 suggests wewo use radloradioradios motion picturespiotureepiaturespicpiopiaplopla andtureatureeturestunes the press to
circulatecirrcirocino truetrwulate and positive ijafoctiatioationbation about minority groupgroupasgroppas
position
cateyories
questiomairesquestioonairea andarld interviewinterviemsinterviewspinterviews uhethetibleuiblesp socioosio etri aathodssietbods akalinaoalinscalinj attit-
udes projective etaodaethodaet andaodaoods disguised objective tests of social attit-
udes jahoda & others 1911951igithe lainjainmainiainmalnnain concern of this paper iais to review the coaling of attit-
udes and th use of projective methodsethodaxa as theirthey both deal withvith the study
metrio
evert
aan
histhischis latter scalestalestaie has become a classic techniquedealutealu inbiquexique the me4asurxneasur
inV ofing attitudes toward ethnic groups
teisleis 1.9191949 explained how
bogardus3ogardus3oaarduz stressed thathatthab social4 distance6 reflects attitudes towards ronscrouperowsG
iglg
iteiitel m
zedsed itemitems
ardasandas
careaarefullyrully standardistandardized
indivindia abdualaldual
fromfron the combinationcombinecombinz ofstionttion his responses to the various iteiasi venas
christlechristick
stancestakoe
scaacale
loudesltudes
of orthodoxorthodoxy and prejudice toward minority raupsravtpara
the
ups
purposes of questionnaires which ronzform attitude scales is to
suwiarizesurize in a score or soalescaleboale position uiethe individualindividualtsindividuals responsests to a
number of aarefullycarefully the separate items or questions
in attitudlnalattitudinalattitudattitude scaleslial are uallyusually not of interestintereat in themselvesthemselvesjthemelves ratherratnerrauner
the interest is in the total scorescove which results for each individual
a second criteriaaritercriter requires that the
piterasiterasiterw differentiate anongamonganon&anona the people whomho at different points along the
dimensiondi beingmenson measured jahoda & others isiljlj151 appp 13513713137135
bogardusao3o
137
wasardus one of the first to concern himselfhl ithwithwelfweir the stan-
dardization of an attitude scale christiechristiek & jahoda 1254 this ledlead
to the establishment of his familiarfamliarpandliarrandPandrahm socialliarilar distancestanoe scale bogardusBo
1933
ardus
it is concoBoomooncomposedposed of a number of
ideisiteis selected so as to provideir aovide measurenaesaenie ofasure the degree of social accep-
tability of any nationality roupgroupnoupdoup the individualincmvidualls attitudeattlatti istude measuredrneajBea
bybj
sured
the closeness of relationship that hejaejuezue is willing to accept healeaienie
socialdistancesocial scaledistance is siinlesixaplesiiple to administeradiaadsa andinister score is widely used
in the ioasurementineasureruent of eumicaumic attitudes but la notriot so simple to interpretinverpretinver
itpret
has been criticized for ignoring the problemprobien of equality of intervals
betweenbet theween variousyarious steps of the scale
y g
ws
v in se-
lecting items for inclusionL inw agussionlussion scale two criteria are commonlyccroonlycomtonlycom usedtonly
piretfirst the items must elicit responses that are psychologically related
to the attitude being measured
cmteriaterlatenia
psychologicaly
9
alor
pp
e
dl
sic
atta3oept
r a cept
in ti-le UCS
t
themeivesmelves
Jm
Christiek
ilij
ule
ciaz
kaups
aurize
bally
capt
sliebalebaie
Thurschurschars tonn tpevpeape
tudiudtuu ts ae3e
boremoremone
ohveonte
ublebulb
iventren
varivarlationsactions
ailall
nedree
vieuie
pnekne
1 modified thothe thurstoneThurst teciniqetectealonecone in n attenatter fc to
sinrlifySL uiethetlebleuulenieilralfy siles- aleie constructionastructionastrictionco bfby dispcnslnjd itiispens1 10n judjcsA llelieileidivilthidlbilthvil madetheth
the
JTT
assimpti1onsswpfclon
audesud
tliatfchiteliat
lleliees
zbfcituaes3sttalmdes areoare distributed normallynoranorm only this assumpiseump
ttion he measured attitudes using standardindrrdindredst deviation unites 3etveen
oneeomee
hunnurhunstoneburstone
tat1ae4e
iccieiczie jud
9
and not toward individuals maielikalelumaielu 1954 udingusingwing a topical bogardusbogarduesbogardumgardumBogarBo
social
oueldues
distance formfoaroa found that social awarenesswirenesswarenesswiwa ofreness foreign studentsstudent is
substantiallysubbsubs greatergreabertantiri11y at rihambrihaabrihambrihan toung university and utah strateotate univer
ditsitsity than at thetilie universityUniver ofsitysitf utah
tneane next detelcrihentdeve inoimentopment the measureineaiaea ofduneouresure attitudes seem to havehcvelhiavelaveshiave
been when 3attellilattellbattell extended thetlle psychpsychophtsioalopivicalvicalopiopl niethmethodsods to stbmillsttimilt oderother
than sinplesirtlebirtle sensory valaesvaluesvaluesvaltilvai murstoneniurstoneMuraes jLstone heavebeaveC 1925192 ilellalialielle appliedap tiietietileulenieliedltedeted
pschofsizil procedures irith solmasoinesorma viriationsvariations to uie neasurentsurent1neamealeasureieasure ofantvnt
estimatedestimeftim degreessted4ted of eminence of scientificientiflcsu men thurstone 1923 was
the first to see the fruitful possibiulpossiepossib tiebtiesiesleslebt of these psychophjslcalpaychophsioil meth-
ods for the neasuresnentmasuremnt of attitudes in essence it consists of arranging
a series of opinions relevant to0 a 71veniren atttudeattrudeattattiattl objectobletudeuhdetade ranindaningct allaliail
the vayway froin niostjriiost favorable to mostnost unfavorablefavorab1 it edwileqwileqwilyeq spacedwIly inter1nteranter
vals alonsalonz a continumcontinntumcontinuaconti thenumnug n awraerore galesalescalegaie valuegluegiue endorsed by a31 subject
thus beanesbeonesbe zmerones meazuremeaeureleazure of his attitude with reference to the attitude
object scales havehpe been constructed delnllindejjbr ith attitwesattibzsdes toward war
tmmrdtoird bletlebheV rchurchae1e towardtwmrd cn pitalcapital funisjnienturtislmwnt7 etc there have been
severanseveralbeveralseveralseverssevera llqdtationsllmtitions1.13 to thurstone scales s thenulennie ramount of work in-
volved in constructingConstruct themtheajtheablnaina the dependence of the scale values upon the
opinion of judges aundgund the fact thabthat deferentdf attitudina1attitudlnalattitudinalrerentferent itternspjttcrnzinternsitmaynaynaf
terns
be expressed 1fan thevaeune sanesinesa score
1ccrt 1732
T ia
beco
h
es
11n 11
daiq7ae atuteinrit
lon v7ee i
o- nions
3
3
i
luh
1932
ule
lyls
aie
vree
sudent
rihan
vii
niest
noird
assume
adrae
tward
ariIRIartageroomeroaggra
generaligeneralized or mestermastermstenlster
ateatcabci patudespitudes should be iiientionediiabiitioned
briefly he scale discrimination technique of ward4ward6dwardazwarddward4 & iallpatrickkupatriak
191481948 combineombinescombinesa sameorosomeoloorl of the merito of the thurstone and likert becslwiquetealiniques
and et uietlletileule criterion of reproducibility inherent ilriilllilxi tiletaietlletiietale juttemanjutteianJutduttatelanteianan
zhethe
10
scale values obtained by thisthib method andaudadd ulathafcuia of arbitrarily assigningassiabsi
numericalnm
gang
valuesvaerical framfromfroza I11 to 5 to the various alternative responses he
obtained a correlation of 0290990.29opyoryogs liehelleile aloalsoaioalqaisoalao reported higher fficientscoefficientooeaoe of
reliability by this method than by the thurstone method of scoringsco
equating
ringo
the number of itesi waedusedwebtes hhe obtainedobealobtal higher aoexficiensooeffioiente of
correlationcowCoM forelation ten different attitude acalascales and every crouprouprroup aduredsured
likerts method has been criticized on uieuisule ground traatfcnatttaat it makes the
doubtful assumption of normalitynormlitynorm oflity distribution and also because scales
constructed without the use of judges correlated only 06 to 071 with
scales using the thurstoneIhu techniquerstow of construction reersRe iia1954liamaraMarsmera
another modification of the burstoneihuratonemurstoneMurIhurhunur methodratonestone iais miatmlat of &wmw
scale method remarsitearoarsItea iga1954roars it cancnoanc ben used to
measureeaaureneasureealure attitudes toward any group althou mawgnygay of the apeclfioapecjsic calebcaleascalesbalea
derived from the generalized scales have satisfactorysatisfaa reliabilitiesrellvellveillorybory
there
abilities
isin considerable doubt they measure the alqBWQ thingsvalsunisvalwalsuniwal ass scales de-
veloped for a speciaspecifieio purpose jahoda & otherlothers 191 hezaenaenne essential
differewerereefereediffer troffromemeewe the yhuratone11etoneinstonerhuYhu toodmethodratone is that the opinionsopl whichrhichthichchichmionaWions otituteeoastitutotithe
tutetate
soalescale are incompleteinooasputeinoomplete sentencesamtenoeasentenoessente withoutnoesdoesdaes subject thibthiathis being supplied
at the birotirotl4tle of masuremntp3wasurwnt so that attitudes toward any one of a large
group of attitude objects can vaudrymlidlyvaudly be manured on a single scalesoale
scorscoring is like the thurstoneThurhu methodmethoderatone
noIMOtwo
91
other method of scaling of attitudes
4
ned
iaaasured
065 th
sa s ales
meets
sed
0 65
kIkithoughthough
remers
ary
mood
lues
nad
kamera
aies
demars
puepuiplioedoad uvouco
cueoue
aeiael
dativeeative techniques attitiadattitudesattiattl aretiadvirdvlad inferred through interpretations of
various types of stimiistimalistimuli or behavior situationsituations rhethe term uprojectiveprojeotiveprojective
tealmiquesteolmiques
lifeelifep hiahishla meaningdnnaftdmn
P sigeigbig819
nifioanoesnificancesp patterpatterxpatterrwpatteripatterowpatt orrwerrerx feelings suahsub methodsethodala differ from standard-
ized tests in that taheytheytabey do not seek so mohmobmab to interpret individuals in
terrus of cultural norms as to describe the speciaspecifspecificia dimaiadymaiadynamio organizationorganis&aticaaorganisation
withinwrithurith alwiLri particular individualindividw A criticism of projective teohniqweateebmiques iinthtzetle difficultdifficulty in applylxappw4ng statistical measures of reliability and val-
idity and ukeythey also require highly trained people to adalnisteradiladaL andnister
anly themthaultham aeiawrsreimaersRei igaaaersmaerswaers tragertrager&tragert & larrow 1952192 tlast bomsomo0 of the
advances to projectiveprotective techniquetechniques as avoiding the social taboo against45 J
levsseys
arzerze
11
scalingscalin methodmetgr
metherhezhe
hod
scaleL analysis or seilogasoalogramsealogasoaiSoalSeascal methodogramiowaloga developed by guttman jahoda
k othersctarj 195l1951151iviivl has been applied profitably in publicopinionpublic studiesopinion lain
israel as well as in the TJ so13 aray it has a one of itaitite mainnainneinmeinmeln purposepurposes
the determination of whether thetaietale attitude or characteristic belniwbeing studied
is actually scalablesoaaoaaca orlableleble can be placed on a oontinumcoutimm to mawmww itsitita in-
tensity oamecae ofaf thehienieuke critic summJUTO of thisthia ethodwthodmethodmotnotmet arehod the laokluklack of clear
aningjasaningxwaainginsjasing of basic concepts the cumbersomenebsnessnebb of administrationacunirustration and the
aviwardnessamiwardnes of analysis to tegtfeettestfedttedt hypothesis of appr1mateapproxbate sociability
one of thebliebike main ijbutatioiiislb4itations ofox wyaw attitudeattitnd seale ieis that respon-
ses of tilethetlletiie individualindivi are very limited
an indirect mtohodjbithod using projectiveprotective teclmiquesteobntquas habhaehas in recent
rearsyearsjearsreard come to be an essential tool to the olinioalolini psychologistpaychoxogistpsychologlstcaicaloal is stillstuastearather exploratory and tentative in attitudinal aeasurecientaaaeuremut r pro
jettivejeotive
implies a field on unstructured material on which the indi-
vidual canoan project hishiahlahib personal waymy of seeing ilfelife
4 publicop
as
ure
A 16
owberameness
0
by
A sevs
wh
fi I1 a ter
am
op
de amdxwmdx tion ctcteristiceristic
1
otari
151
adwan tatesdates
151.151
sryapyery iain i&jushiddyed theb abibabdidabi3a
is allowed to ttpreaa his conflicts guilteulit feelingsrungs aggressionaganaggn ormsions other
motivations or attitudesatritattit throughmobwosmeb spontaneousspontemoSpon artionormumrtiontasotemotalo ofor clay fingerringernlntinrin
paints
ordoughI1 orp mdwadmad in the saxbemomsanaewonwan wayWV he my wmuse dolls or smallagliaqil toys
to presentrepresent emotionaliaed newwpeww or situationssitua andtiam thus work through
emotional stressesstresse whichvfiah ouldcouldouid be verbalized only mithwithideth prolonged and
giamgivmiwen
against the use of the above method forfarrorrovnov measuring attitudesattitudeeattitatrit becausew ofbe
theirthein uoklackuakinckieok of standardization levitt 1961956 amonganong utthebhe bettezbetterbettorbetbez known
typestype ofa projectiveprojietiwprojeative uobniquteoterriwgi ia bhatkhet of plaplayPIApley thwapy
orfofforsoreers promise of revealing attitudes and eaotiona as wellwuweilweli ass the
factualfacial content of the chilitachildtaobilds awarenessawaremasaremasaw of groupegroups facilitates Ustheuhe ex-
pression of needs fearsrearsfeafoarea andx conflicts and it permits the projection
of hostile feelings which could not beU expressedawewwe openly cmon directdi ques-
tions
lutmut
the projectiveprojieomtbprojeotive methods fabfannhoinhairab listoinulinto fwfo mwor sdawsdtoobniquesp thethoaW vwyer
bal the pictorial the playpujpleypuy and the psychodrmiapoehoda& rhethethfstafs verbalrhalrb&l technique
utilizes aword association whoreswhereinwhorei the subjectsubjectsubjo respondsm to a mletmletkllist of key words or phlesphrases there havebayheyhev been amnymny experiments using
the pictorialplotpiotpict techniqueorial proshamwpaoitoi&aeuglyProsha 1131943mw wiedwodmiedgodged bhothobhe tat toin a istwsy of
attitudes radke trager & davisdatis 1991949 edused the sejalsooialsojal episodesEpi
test
dodeesodeebodes
to measureneasure attitudes bowardtowardkoward declairacialmo and religious croupegroupe frome
laull9ul1941igli used politicalpoUtiponti cartoonscaioaical to acuteestljaulateamuteat discussiondiaodiso andusion to obtainobt&u in
lightesightesishts into political attitudes rosenzweigrosemRosom 1945neismaisnels usedus cartoonlikecartoon
drawings
likeilke
to assessasseasassels reactions to frustration NWmanynanyneny others suahsuchbuah aeas nodnorhoro-
wits & rmmvitsho3witis 1938138 holsomonhaswmeaiHaSHoleeshelhei 1943wm anidand barorobroro C17 hawbayhaqhayhav umedwedmedused thinthis
method to project attitudes of peoplepeaple muchruchruah criticismarluoi habhasbasbab beenbem iven
iniegnit
saedsood
atwabw
uonUOA
ofmoft
mowlmoti per
nietniev
gomonsomon
poadpoa&
motacmotavatromatiom
12
probing thethobhe araayeaarea of racial and 31tgiot attitoteaabblattattiahtahk in ITywagawag ohiltemiltemoh
that it offers
r VOW
A I1 A utS
A 1uil
uoWt W
mow
t
tim L itt9
a i A hw8 t tW 0
totea
Klct
ep
igl
amuonsona
dod
adaw
hasam
baid
au
habaiaeababasuring instrument iaU considered to be
valid to the amtextent thatthetbmat it produces relevantreirej infonaation0evant about thehe o-bject being measured aichhichhiah is freerree froefronfromreamrvan systematic distortindistortionsdistortiondibdistOrtinvortin magarmcnemarnagar
1161946 indicatesiaasiaatesindiatesIndi thatabesates validity amoandan be asioertainedaseertalmd tybr a varietyterivari ofLety
xaethodat1thods 1 sometime verbal behavior cancenan be checked directly against
n0merbalnororerbal overt bebaviorbetotiorbehaviorbebabehabehs andaadvior a owrelatioacorroutionroUtioncoroor established 2 validity
can be obtained by comparingam knownparingpaving attitudes as inferredinfer fromfrrd activity
or membershipmemberehipwabershipgaberwaber inship organizations with verbal responses 3 presumptive
evidenceevibtl candense bea secured by learning whether the scalesoale or question
lnainainndeinroin
lairaa13 resultsrosults jahoda & othen xlirpIMP ppo 93 forpw a aspringmiaaiiringasuring instrafinstra
mabmat to be valid the problem ia essentially bhatthat of supplying evidence
bhatthatkhat the device used measures or classifies the attitude or opinion itwaswab designed to measure mcmeiaar 19u6 p 296 in the wordswodds of jahoda
and associates 1911951s pa
menemeaeaitionition kenemrsibeewrIBeeKeNe 1946wr ps 29 it awswws that
when youYMyon repeat ura omiseasurement dby thetho sakesaie procedureproeedw it shouldshoul give
aiasilarblaaiaslasilar instdinst
13
strenuous erforteffort anotheramt teohnicpetoobniqvsherberben idis that of psychodapgyahowapsychodw istoereinvhavin the
individual expresses hishie fellingefeelingefselingsreefee aadassaandersaeryalinge attitudes lyby acting themthi out
begera 153 PPjppoappo 1213
the weasewee of measurementsmasurementslasuremasurelabure ofments attitude haweharehavharbhay increasinglyglygir been applied
in bhethe study of social behavior and in recent years have been used in re-
search in business governmentgom industry0 coronmityaaroncorontuftsufts interrelationsmityt andvya
in
0
educationeduodu
co
aessnersj
everyeryenycation
tat7195u
sneasureentMs ofI1 attitudesw shouldshoed1 be0 reliableISO andatt validitwoo rhethe
oomionlyooMdoncon acceptedionly asagowagemacemacowaago of reliabilitypliability amongwms psy0hologisteyoysts i l1 azeuraaeuraccur
adyeoy withwi which alan Isindividuals attattitude iais measuredmftaft orsured the degreedegodege of
error involved in assigning an individual to a lassclasselass or iniz establish-
ing hishie rankdentedenkenanknenk orderposiiiaaorderodder
93
H
a 01 otam
12 13
a OMMbamlam inaroinracent
ris the
tuftth individi pi
4 ACW inv01tod asa as
294 an
ams vnt
a iaeasuringwmwia9 troutruatiou tumt prodwe
zdwhih fr
4&91
psychodwas
indiyidividi
mrs
igi
ilg
chavin
al
bebbeetestueeveetveel between groups which on a priori grounds should differ in
their opinion about the given issueiabjagisb l14 the rabandratings of close acquain-
tances wnan be utilizedutilisedutilizedoutilizedo
iiilit24
differentiabeedifferentia
tabiltartitarbi
uldnid
benalwenal
ayaava itemsitem related to
prejudice which have been used in opinion poll andana questionnaires
of the numerous studies in this areaaroa the most prominent deal
with antisemitismsemitism and attitude towardtoomrdtoomre the neggo the californiac&lifornia group
adomoadorao & others 101950 spent rivefive yean TOon a alvayymwtyatvay abichimebvbich startedtayil withitiivith
antiantl soiiiitistn bubbutbab widened into n plorationexplorationam of the relationlationrewreo between
peraoxialitypersomutyp socialasial diqoriaiio&titojidisc andaaaaadendM poutiaalpoliiioalpoUt4 ideologyoologyidiaallaallaaia TWthyrhy 4
metraud thatteatmeat there is a close correlation between a number of deep
rooted persomlitypwomlifcy titatits and overt projudiooprjudioe thointimitntrho atybtystm4rsty aisoalaoalso succeededaucceededowoeoded
antsanti S bimtimkim
A newnownouneu saalescalesoale can be oheoked0hook9d against an olderolarscale for highhid corr1ationeorrtlatias 6 validity oancandan bbe obtained tyhenben limingfoxlowlagfolimingfoXlowfo
the a
englag
scale administration by intensive and extensive interviews in orderordsoedsordeto see whether theteeumemue firstf expressedwcpm positioned holdsamitpmit upionlon undermderader rmscrossrmeame exami-
nation cronbachgronbach 1991949 wyem therethemthenwhen uvare two basiobasicbaslobadio approaches to validityvailvajivall
logical iricalerical
diwdiVanalysis analysisamand intinempirical logicallogia analysis one att-
empts to judgejuigejulge precisely what thethoshe testteatustteab duresomeasureswuresomuresa in empirical analysisamlynisp
one attento to show that the taattauttestteat isin oorrolatedaaml&w with sesarae other variable
and therefore measures the salsam thing
attitude rowardtowardtwardrouard minorities
niehietherhe majority of literature onan the measuring of attitudes isio baaedbaabas
cmon
d
adletiadiestudieaadiestudiedti toward minoritymnorityzdaority droopsgrogpgroops aoaordlngaooordiisg to jahoda & otheraothers 191
from the point of view of measurement the lebmotlat extensivei analysisP ofIs
prejudice heshasbasbaahaa been prepared by humrhunz 1991949 his procedweprocedure consistedms
largelylarjlaro
isted
ingelyjely sorting and classifying allaliail the available
a tr tion tenai
mlwv
r d
prj ce po
at
an
24
igl
priorioni shoohoaho
lam
calirortu
lan
adamo iiiiftva4 ionanti8111 t bat
pij
arilfrilfrii
llaila
iglaigia
thowww
coneconogo women showed that the women who pos-
sessed
patpeturns
abitibit characteristiccharacterist fears securitiesinsecuritiesecurities and doubts whichvuchwuch
areartave associated with such backgrounds this was oonfinnedoon infinned a third
study 193loigl19310tigli19510193 wherelo the tendency of bixer prejudice scoresacores werewirewineminewene assaasswassocalsoc
latedlabed with greater antisemitismanuantiantl imersemitism intelligemeintehigesinteintelli loerlowerHigesgeme tavitatistatusy and
poor academic achievement
frnke1preiilcel braotrilk&vxwik & sanfordsamfordsantord 1945 frmf3m wheirtheir investigation of
antiantl semitisemtismsemitismsemisi in a group of college
baciabaciwawsmwsims confoonfirmd
3
in producing an instrumentinstrownt ronforrazsran measuringneazea thesesturing traits amonganong various
stratastrate of the population zhethe ethnocentrisxa scale la intended to jneasure
the inditidmfa readreadinessineasiness to aooept or oppose ethnooentrie ideology en
a wholewhoie theche soalseal consists of au3u iterrus and comprises three subscalessubbub
on
scales
Negroenegroeaji maoritiea iundaund patriotiasuPatriot theretherolasuiasu me a correlation of 80
between the sthnocentriametbaeentrism scales and thethisthle anbianti semitismsemitieinsemitigm scale by levinson
andsanford 1944yliagough 19la1953a indicatedidiaatedindioated a tendency foforror students acceptingaooeptiisgaocepting of
parental ideologyideo toloar have higher antlantianbi senilismsenitismsemaitism scores this study
yields flaadixsga ajimlr to QWW of gaisongailon it& sanford INA1944 ndand
yrilfronkol brmurwikapmwik & afordsaafoard5fordsanSaa 1roandfoard another study yby gough 19lb1951b
roundfoundfodrowndrod that the antisemiticanti studentssemitic were less tolerant of other races
and groups such as the chinese italiansiu3101 uegroee and russians as well
he aisoalsoalooalaoaioo found that the more prejudicedPrOw studentsneedMeed amcameoameoane from poorer haineshoineshomeharneshoma
and tendteadbaadband to essfaibit
eessqd a high degree of antiantl senitimseiaitiem werewaw ohameterizedcharacoharac mainlyterized by their
conlethconletettoompletecanietecon burrenderisurrsnrllburvenderBurlete torenderdendernender the need to be contentional the major problem
in these veawenvoa was not the antisemitismantianuantlamuang butsemitism the excessiveees needsive to con-
form tot particular0 socialpatpar patternsadularaoular in order to maintain social acceptance
it is a ocommcocsaon belief that in communities herewheuhe there are only a
IS
and Sanfordsamordsantord
1945
groess
a M avemwt 10
sm
aji
io
buhe
isa
stir
inva 1
aon
arm
ocomo
oathouthauth
hariharl 19121942 in his study3tudy of antianuantl 4semitigmsexaitifia
in the morthnorth and south discovered that female subjects were movemorenove favor-
able in their attitudes toward the jeusjoinsjews than maiesmalesmalasnaiasnales and that subjects
fronfrom the northern region were leslessleaiea favorable than subjects fromfr the south
johmsonjohnson 1934 andarldend patrickpatriekpatriok & siusisslu 1936 in their studies of the attit-
udes of college students twardtawaxd the nagrosegronegro fourasf3wadfourav as might be expected
that students who werewrelrelveweve bornborhor outside the south or who had spent ot of
their lives outside the south weremere considerably more sympathetic in
their feelingsreefee towardlinga the negro thanthaithal weremeremedewede southernersSoutsoat robertshemenahemerahebeda 1953193
roundfound a significantgnificant differencedlfdifdir inferenee the attitudes of negro youths toward
whites dependingdependim on whether they lived prijaarilyprinarllyprimprin inarlly the northmorth or the
south the negros attitudes positiveposipoaiposl ortive negativeneganeZa apparentlytiyetive depend
upon tlethotheuhe attitude of the whites poaitivepovitivepositivePoaiPovipoal reactionreactionstive on the part of the
whites tend to produce positive attitudes in the negromegronedronadro and visa versa
variousiriow scaleaseales luavehave beenbean developed to measure the attitudeattitudes of
people toward uietheulenie neronezronevo ash 19ui1954 hinckleyHin 1932ciLLey j meiaacisac nonecronevonerone 19371
and rosanderkosander 193739373.93719373937 the last three references used testoneihurtonethstone type
scales
in a aoudyatudyistudy of race attitudes and opinions of high school studentstudents
in provoprove utautah 3eisbeis 1949 roundfound relefemalefelereie intolerance towardtwardbward the negro
and the indiansadian kauch higher than liesmleslieb in the same study borsbeyboysbev were
slightljs1it1jslightslightly moremonenonere prejudiced toward the jews thanteanweanmeanthenbhan werevere the alrisgirlsalvis stembersteeber
simsin
prejbrej ce ww
decidedly higher than in an area whereimene mich greaterwaterwaver opportwltyoppwtwrilty for
equalstatusequal contactcontastatasstatus eats3sit8edtsotaots hanlanhanian
16
rewfewfour devishjwiahwevish individuals or razlliesfadjliearamlrazlfazl thereileslies iais little or no active anti-
semitism roaenblithrosenblith 1991949L howver discovered that in an area whereinhere
jobjoajewsjeb and negroes are varyvavyyazyyeryyany s11maallslisiigaall minorities the level of prejudice wt
k JO
most
a
sk
T
ad
op ons
t
si
lj
depend im
irion
wabwasvab
lsis
likeilke
racerece
japanJapazese
turbeville & hyde 1946p19lt6 ppo 10450 swmaridthsunarizedthe feelings of nnoravdavmnmennen of soienoe conaerningeaemingea attitudeseming toward minority grou by the foll-
owing statowntotetewntt neithermeither the mentality nor personaltyperaonalitypersonautypersopensopendo ofnaUty people is
determined by07 any racial characteristic suah as the hapeshape of the beadhead
color of skin texture of hair all experiments andandteststests showixow that no
one rao can be considered inferior or superior to any otherothir race
butyawty
prejbrej ce are
grouffgroufo
17
1961 roundfound that idlene identicalidea questionstical concerning negroes and jegjewjews
could be oomparedjoomparedicomoomcon prejudiceprejudiaepanediparedi toward th negro mawaswad MWmorebore prevalentPre andvalento
that mereawrelymere4 raidingraining the educationaledatadat isiIOTIlsilonalional wouldguidluid not necessarily reduce
prejudice againstagaimtasainst minorities lapiere 1928 foundfouadround practice and verbal
behavior inconsistent in hisLUhiahla studytwty of negrosegro discria&in&tiondiscdiac iniaimtion francfranofrance
and englaneaglandcenz1andoEaglan lailarsilailar fSi findingafindingsfinrin nuj indinga scutheasternaoathastemsoutheasternaoathasoutscutbout ariadnaariaonalkrizonastemheastern merenerevere discovered
bjby johnson 1961 in herharhavhev studastudjatwlr of student attitwieattitu& toward spanish
jewishjewishp legronegro heqcionxeadoano spanishamericaupspanish americanaserlean and americankneAne indianricannican
therhe harlem race riot of 1943 instigated a research by ciarlo
1944 whomho questioned harlem residentsresivesiveal ondentsdeAts their attitudes toward roaproqpzroupcroup
violence along simlaraimlar lines a study prompted by the los angeles
wootzoot auit11buitsuitbult riotriotsviotvlot vaswaawasvaa oondtootedcoadactedcondcoad byacted dumphyhishreyhumphyshreyHi 113451945 in detroit the pur-
pose of the investigation vm to cpareoap&recaparecaare the popular stereotype of
liexioani1exican americanasierioan youths brithirithwrith ththe social typostypstypes actuallyactisaotis exlatingexiztixgLatingexailyally itviaswasvoas concluded that mexicanmexioanilezicaa amerloanamirioanamerlean youths li all othera are molded
by the ocialsocial oulturalcultumlcultual forces withmithvith which they oomoaicomcab into contactct noact
other stast1 of antiminorityanti prejiadioeminority ax that of kingsley & carbonegarbone
1933 who investigated discrimimtiondiorimmtion againstaga thet italian ameriazzjuaaqrioan
and the studytxxdy of eorganmorganmonanmokan 151.51945 toward the japanesejapazese
the
4 n
i
a r
studies
dc
waa
uhrey
kaeming
ilow
lvegiveivodive
individuals a certain amount of exurnalwctemal and internalintern mritysecuritymr whitawrwhiteerwhiteedibyity& lotinskysotinslorlotinskrSotinlotins 1921952siorslorsiar believebelleve it to be bhethethobho eorecorecorbcozecote of oiviliasationoivluzation and the mainalainmaln
spring of moral valutisvaitvaliyali vanderveldtxe 1911951 feelsfoolsreelsreeis that religion contri-
butes to good rental health because it teachesbeaches the meaning of lifeilfe pro-
vides mantonmen with an nd a purposeparpopurpo a motive an object in liringuving when
a person know what he i living for he can acceptaeeeptaceept his lot withnithwith patistaspatierospatiftaspati
and
emmserosemmi
contentment waam esnaidereonaidercormidernaidereoreocor itwidermiderwiden aeas gimethingeathtngeimgimsiw vorthwhileworthidxileworthwhileething nuntzkimtkuntzruntz 1954
expresses the opinion that inspiringlnainains idealspiring noble sentimmtssentijnants wholesome
attitudes andarmm sublime vaieevaleevalues breareapear rooted in religionsreligionj he believesbelbolbei thebetheseievesleteslewes
to ftbe aaaa4athe fundamentalfwadaaientalfundamntal motivatinglaomvatingzotivating factorsfaetorofaetors in charactereharachara landisoter 19j
daildalldalibiily7
is18
litudesatbitiadesat toward religion and orthodoxy
orthodoxy lansmansmeans coratoor andreet soundsodbound in dootrinejdoetrineldocdoe holdingtrinel the
cormnonlyeoxroonlycorm acceptedaoeeptedacoeptednonlytonly faith hiohardriahardsRiaHio 13hardhards p 1 studies of religion
and orthodoxy in the attitudes of people have enteredcentered about topiostopicecopice suahswhewh
as the qwstionqiaaation of existence andmd naturenatare of diety the role of religion
in diily life degree of religion obseanceobservancesob acceptanceseance of miraclesmyaMra
beliefs
eleeolae
in imort&utjrjjtea&ortality and the changedhanee in these various beliefs and
practicesprapro
nyanyaay
alicesatices
parent o0 wishes to oreategreategreabe religious attitudes in ildrenohildrenchildrenoh
mgt care enough about it to develop acthebhe bostbeetbootbest religionsrelig attitudeslogiou un-sel
uns-
elf tibbettsTib 1933bettsbette p 122 religiousRelig edwateredwatoreducatorewatoreducatowaworediolioulol realizere tatthatbhat relig
awiouslous attitudes are developed like any other attitudes and therefore
the mansurwaentmasweront of attitudes ieis a distinctdiet fieldinot of interestinteinbe forrestreet themtheathelnotheine
whatjhatehat are bari of the needsneads and glueswinesvalues of religionveuroUnou tilliohtilliahhilliahgionglon
lgb193tig1958 indicates that interestinte inreet religioeubreugious aotivitiesaotivitieeactivities helps to ive
51isii
somebome
endand
hlorio
orthodorthid
01943t
who
amt
is
1955v
ee
slkr
igi
igl
bod
amb
mab
eor
ahat
arity
eving
richards
rellceliceil tiow
tainulinulio
pla715115
jnorakvoraksnorak 192329192323 hall & robinson 194219u2j andind 3 ntnTA
I1vav4 e sa tnte ciaclacinchurchurch fe1 ilsote conducedconlucedconl tacttlctuced unetheuhebhe
iiothcr
111
vasvae
L1
more
I1
iiqportantiiitoruint
U
in
0
deterninin the child B attitude tat1mininaminin6 rcrc
uieuleul churche uitilan was thetiie ratherfather
orthodoxyfn Lshas tacbeen 1assured to be typical of the olderidergider jersje rsirsins ofcf
life
katzgatz
othersothera 1949 fergnsonferusonferguson 1944 ndandaad harlaharlan 19421.942 found no relationshiprelatlons1iip
soodgood fairilyfaiailyfaiallv living spring
one of the first quantitative studies of religious beliefs is
that of leuba atzkats sa& allportyluportallbortyAlllillii 1931porty wherertxere he found men to be less or-
thodox than womenwanen this finding i vorytoryvery prevalent in manynany of the
studies in this area carter & strondstrongStron 1933gj lundberg 1926 j carisongarlsoncarlson
1934193u allportallporbailport & vernon 193119310 fergusonpergusonFer 19ki1944gwon fichterFi 1752192s1952ahter and
vernonvemonvennon 1950190 maslow igho1940 in his study on college doraenwomexiworaenwo foundraen that
those with high selfesteemseirself tendedesteem to be less religious than those idithirithorith
lolow esteem petersonPete 1931953rsonraon found a very slight relationship between
bexsex andA expressed 3religiosityreugios 7amonganong brighambrigha toulu universiauniversityuniversitUniver studenstudentssitin the findingsfindinjs of vemon 1951955 there is soxnewhatoriewhatrrieorie ofwhat a variance ithwithsithvith
the comaonlycorffaonlycoma heldyieldheidonly opinion that femlesfebles tend more to extreineextremieex orthodoxorthodoxytremsetreinetremietrense
thanunan do males it was found that the males tend toward the
uieula nhanta
bunhun
iacipaci
tsetso
bucanc
clrtlr
19
pr 166 believesbeilebelic thatveaTeateb th religious person is the happy sturewtureivaturep and
welladjustedwell personadjusted rhosethose whomhomno are truly religiousrelinallnail possess7 theiouslousloua traitsout 0 which good human adjustment and ood
of t1inb5in continnuifountirrawu blatha is ai1i langerlarger percenbepercenteperc ofenbe iirlcs erewerewene foulifouxiftouiad be
bab6 pxtreel orthqox or extreiaeliextrexnci unortlodcxunort1lodc rolford pl5
stuc
iu
cx ruicrtal bnc jr of sordesorz fictjrs socsacsooinflucnoii ithe socalsocll fclltucr f
college stustastudentsdentsealcbalc notednte6 udotu&ot whereidierc ulctoonic jarvitsjariitsraraatsianijarilani ndalaibsitslbs tue childcholchoi differeddiffereodiffereridlfdiffdifdirin
olle ereo
church
e
affi3itionaffinitionaffta7
S
thecioritiori
ci
childch waswae1110 fvorablefavorableless revor toabicabie the church t r
1r1erhere the 11a bolonhelon je to the sanesame
thef
of
11 uba Lr
is
ad ty
s ev
fexiiales
t
orthinarthinor oxthinthir x
tu cdae
bur 1
4w ed onu 1 coleol tl
4akolkkol oia411 i r var deterninin
in
0
1923 29
n
i
jr
exextrentestrentes011 ze
fereri
o n
Lindersonderson
Jtharahersherg
ene
rindin
solz
gile
opu
1742
coni
commonly
nten
ante
an
igiigl
eueneeluenee
20
at all between religionism scores and age vernonvermon 1951955 ndand call
1991959 in their studies with mormon subjects discovereddisoovered that as age in-
creases orthodoxy decreases it was found that the mostoat orthodox morkornor
mons were in the 18 and 19 year old ages an explanation of the above
factor is that the mormon church arrlescarriesarries on an extensive program for
its young people which mymaymaj serveser to keep their activity at a high level
also at this age there maybay be a tendency to accept unquestionably the
teachingteachings of the church withoutvithout muchmahwuchmchlah criticalariti evaluationaaloalaai on the part of
the individual at this age the influence of the parents is still of
importance vernon 19
various scales of orthodoxyorthodoorthodox andendV religion have been formatedfonnulatedforoatedfergusfergusonfenguson on 1u191uo developed a religionism scale for the measurement of
attitudes toward okdgod evolution and birth controlscontrol his study was ra-
ther extensiveexter inwive that he had over 2002500 subjects representing 18 dif-
ferent collegesolleges and universities he found that jewish children were
morenore liberal than either catholic or protestants garlsoncarlson 19341.934 had
similar results in that jewish students were mostnost liberal in their at-
titude on social questions protestant students followed next and
tholiecatholicCa students were the least liberal brown & lowelove 1911951 construc-
ted an inventory of religiousRelrei belieffbeliefabeliefigims in their study of protestant
undergraduates reliability of the entire scale was 8 by use of the
spearmanspearmnspeermanspearen brombrown formlafonmilaforklaronfonform andmilamiiala validity was established after comparing
replies given to a personal data tomformforetoafoa with scores on the inventory it-self A significant tendencyten indenoy the direction of a more liberal rerelig-
iosity with increasing years in college was found catholics asan a
groupgroups scored considerably moreorenore orthodorthodoxorthid than protestants as a group
tendencyto
at
e 1955
th
spearmanbrown
disoovered
87
au
.8787
ieseloseloss religiousreligion conceptsconaonoon andoepts propositions than do college freshenfreish
thurstonetbwstomirhurstone
mn
& chaw 1928 developeddmmdom ononeloped of the first religiousreligion scalescales
called the attitude tward the churche reliability of the whole testby the spearwmspearmnspearen broto toruforu mswaswab estimated to be a relationcorrelationoor of 94
they found that catholiccatholics to be mostssoetbostsloet orthodox then protestant and jawsjirsjews
last twotiro scales have been developed to measure attitudes toward the
mormon churchohwrohchuroh eardyhardy 1949 Vevernonglaoninon 195451955195419 555
natnab
scorepschrep
21
it was also foundround that thebhewha religious person had greater emotionalewt sta-
bility
ionallonallonai
than the nonbelievernon believer dudycha 1933 continued the above study
whaenwhen he roundfound the often reported result that seniors in college believe
in 1
the hardy scale had a
epiit801t hairhalf reliability of 9.9 ihrldeneeevi&uweIhrlbari fordencedenee good to excellent validity
for the saalescalesealebaale vasWSUBwas obtained rrsrym the several criterionoriteriworiterioneriorierl measuresterionteriw and
whenihenthen uleythey were combined into a composite criterion sore a correlation
ratio of 79479 waswe obtained for obinedcomabinedob criterionined coresscores against soale
scores indicating a close relationship between the two A number of
correlatescorrelate of attitudes bwardtwardtowardwwardboward the church were obtained but little or
no relationship wasOTSwesweb found to exist between attitudes toward the church
and ageagdaad sex and amountvat of formal education since theuteuke vernon scale
of church orthodoxy we used in the mainminmeinmeln study of this paper it villbe discussed in chapter 3
solsowsamsal studies havehaw been ldamau in connection withmith mormon populations
in regard to various attitudes bartlettbertlett 1952192 conducted a study of
attitudes of members towardbowardbouardtouard the church welfare program he found that
members who werenerevere thevienieule most favorable toward the welfare program had less
income were the raastoetraost active in attendance heldboldheidhoid a favorable attitude
toward the leaders of the church and had more informationinform aboutbiontionblon thefiketike
fomdthe
95
orthodwwwas
sone
bet
794.794
22
program lee 1960 usingwingging the tennesseeTe departmentdeparteentdepartmntDeparteemessee of mental health
selfconceptselfseifseir scaleconcept to measureneasure self concept and the allport vemon and
lindseylindzeyLinds studysey of values scale to measure the religious interest of his
subjects found there was no significant relationship between positive
self concept and religious interest ellworthnis cig198tig1958worth ccaapleteda researchtedtad
in factors affecting religious activity he concluded at the 01 level
of confidenceconfide thatncenee among active amberswmbersmesibersme thesuberssibers ractorfactor of spiritual exper-
ience was significantly more often occurrent than any other single fac-
tor also significantyignificant3jrsignificancy more inactive membersembersla had theidletjiethie factor of external
negative pressure during childhood than did active ubjectsubjeatssubject smithslaithsnith
1956 undertook to testfeetfest the hypothesis that embersmembersas of the momonmormonhomon
charchchurch whobho live among a preponderance of fellow ja mbersembersabers are morezore likely
to be orthodoxortorv inhodosK living their religion than are embersmemberssi of the churchshurch10hurch
whovrhoinho live scattered amonganong a preponderance of non moronsmormonscormons he concluded
that there isin no significant differencesdiffer inencee orthodoxy of moromemonaoncmormme in
cities wherefaerehaerebaere they preponderate fronfroiafrom aitiesqitiesarties where they are a all min
orityority1arityin a very sixllar stwvetucty to the above smith 1981958 P0 27 dial
covered that although mormonsM arebonsmons remarkably similar wherever they are
found very different ecological differences do appear both in propor-
tion adjudged by their bishops to be orthodox in their religion and in
responses pertaining to possession in their homes of forbidden ord
of wisdom itemsitem mlsthisnis wawas significant at the 0.0 level of confidence
small
s
word
nt
ail
138
05
stav
1.1
.0505
wienmienwhen tested with another group the
religion scalebdaleboale had a relationcorrelationoor002 of 60 withiriluxirilua the thurstone & chavechaye scale
for meuringbeaawingdeuringmeaBeambameu attitudeawingringzingving towardtouard the cheahohwshchwah rheyibeythey roundfound that those subjects
scoring high on the religion sealegeeleseelegeale aloalsoeioelo scored high TOon the antisemitismantiantl
and
semitism
antiinbiantl negromegro soalesscales significant at the 01 level rheythey concluded
that statingelatingstebing religions preference mewaswab not adequate criterion henvhenahen inves-
tigating attitudesattitude toward minorities aas it didntdidnt
igllgb
90go 95gs
23
orthodoxyorthodoayorthodwq andtedmed prejudice
there are rewfewrem studies which spoificallyspeoifioally show the relationship
between religious orthodoxy and prejudice toward minority groupgroups these
are istiaetillistiu somewhat vagueyague saesoesme investigators report that a statemanetatentstatematetastate oftentmalmatlalreligioureligiouareligionrelig affiliationioulog by a person tends to makemicemiderake himbixbim lessleeslose tolerant than
those not profeasing affiliation othere have found a lighteughtaught or no dif-
ference between the attitudesattitude of msmbw of different religionreligioiaareligiow
artillyortillyORola &tilly oillyotuinybilly 1954 condcandconductedactednoted a study concernedooaeerad with the
attitudes towardboirard jewsJWQ and negroesie heldholdheidgroe by catholicoathCath collegeolio studentsstusto
and
denta
the relationshiprelatigmshiprelationshlp between thesethebe attitudesablatL andtude their attitudes toward
certain teachings of the catholic church rheythey adteinieteredred the 2 item
levins on & sanfordsantord antianbianki seadtionsemi m scalesoalesoelebisuis a 16 itemiten scale to measuremasurelasure atatlabl
titudetitule towardt4ward the negrosegrosagro and a 16 item scalesoaleboale adapted from one developed
by fiehterpfiohterfichterFiehfloh toterpters measure the extent to which the subjects agreedaged with the
catholicoathGath churcholio0110 on certain religiouareligioureligionrelig questionslouiou the antinegroantiantl negro scale
had a splithalfsplit reliabilityhalf of .9393 raised to 96 and the religion soalescale
a reliability of .9090 raised to 95.95
explain hwhowhaw orthodox
the individualdividualllaisalia waayaawasvas in hibhisbisbib religious convictions the reliability of the
antiantl sesiitisaa scalesaalebaaledaale will be discussed in chapter 3
professing
M 1 8
f 52
levinson
re iftimm ity
sealealso
antinegro
antis biltimwll
a
tigating
S
93
nadBadded religion are lessleas pre-
judiced taanthan those who accept it the factor of religious dencedxationsdenwinatione
was not proven to be very signiasignifleant
rather significant resultaresults were obtained fromfro the study of tur-
beville & hyde 1946 p hgo450 of attitudes toward the negro among col-
lege studentstudents in louisiana inla spite of the fact that one of the car-
dinal tenets of christianity i the brotherhood of allaualiail makindmnkind two
uleuie leasless prejudicedprejudice
adorno & otherothersothen 1950 in a social studies seriesaeriesserles on prejudice
sponsoredaponsoredapons byored the americanamerlean jewish comdltteegowitteecowitGowitcomit notedbeetee that subjects who
profess to somBOWsam religious affiliation bressexpreawress noreawemorenwe prejudice than those
mhorhowho do not or the people whoiaoimo reject organisorganisbad
ak2k
allport nd krainer 1946 roundfound that prejudice WMwas lowest among
jews and thobethose professing no religious affiliation nnieflierhorhe highesthiihijhll scoresiest
were anongamong catholicsat thoseholics subjectssubject whoicho reported marked or moderate
influence of religious training grewre significantly more prejudiced
childrenchi ofid collegeren trainedbrained parentparentsparenta tended to be freer from prejudice
than the ildrenchildrenlidrenoh of noncollegenon trainedcollege parents
the investigation by rosenblithiloeenblithroeenblith 1949 constituted almost a
strict repetition of the allport & kramer shuotwtystuo 1946 withmithvith sowBOWatomslamsiam addi-
tional questions included on other minority groups and whether the sub-
ject was a veteran or not she confirmed at the
disagredisagree t
prejbrej ced
level of signifi-
cance nostoatmost of the allport & gramerkramer findingsrinfin including prejudice iais
higher among the romanroln catholicsgabGatoab thanholice in anyaayarv other religious group
one point of disagreement however wabwiswas in their finding that subjectsu
who
hectebeatereported marked or moderate influence of religious training are sig-
nificantly more prejudiced in both casescaesoasesdaescaseb the rosenblith groupsgroup are
almost evenly divided between the moremormod and tiltii
ft I1z11
and
nd
wer
5
a inainelna 4 q e t
f na
st nsoredns
ar ranidadranizadranizad
thanthosewho
significant
is
nificantly
do
ost
iho
lest
khi
awty
prejbrej ca
prejbrej aeaceaaesce a
2
groups of largely nonghristianeohristiawnon consisting of jews and nonreligiousnon
personapersons
religious
or other than protestant or catholic werewregrelnewene moreaweaaenore willingid thanalinglling
the christians to practice thiathiswhis prime doctrine of christianity itwawaswab roundfoundfoldrold that the jewish group itself a conscious mizioritysrilnoritymizio aswaswabrity thietiietilethle
most liberal of all the religiousrelrei sectssootsigims the nonreligiousnon religious or otlerother waeyaewaswab
the next moatmostnostnoat liberal the protestant next and the catholic the least
liberalslibeilbe theseralsralorais saibaibalsambaldal adingsfindingsakingsf are confirmed alaoalsoaiso by Lelevinsonlevinsoa&vinsonTinson sanfordsarSax&
1944
iford
and sappenfieldSappe la194401944oofield
smary
an attempt has beenbean mdmadenade lylor the writer to give a background of
literature for the present researchresearohresearoh it has dealt with the research
and measuremntsmeasurewntsmeasurements of attitudesattlatti whichtadestadeabades havehavhayhaye been developed in the follow-
ing areatargast psychology of prjwulo the variontarioosvariow types of attitude
measurement tudi about attitatritudeode toward minority groups orthodoxy
and religiousreligion attiattlattitudesattitudetudasal and orthodoxythodyor and its relationship with mino-
rity groupgroups
thererheve is still a definite need for continued research as it per-
tains to orthodoxy and prejwdiae instruments to neasuremeasure attitudes in
this area as a general ruleraleraie laoklaak standardization the present study
i limited in its scope to fulfill the abowabove needs
25
studies attitudes
is
I1 a
byrebyne
bedsed on membersibersir of the church of jesus ghristchrist of latterdaylatter day
tsetso the affordsaffordarfordarrond high school
had been integrated with a necrolegronegro school and a spanish aisericanahseAise schoolricanvicanvlcan
from outside the districtdistricts the impetus for the negro integration cansecausecamecanie
from a supreme court decision regarding segregation as unconstitutional
although the spanish AmerAlaealnearneamericanricanioanloanican school had not been intentionally segre-
gated its location in a emailsnailsmil town almost totally Spanispanish american
practically made it so thusthue the present high school has a racially
mixed student body with the whitevalteimite studentstude in the majority and negromegronegros
ewishjetiiahdewish and
american
spanish
students
americanAsie
members
studentstueturicanvicanvlcan
of
indentadenkadenke
the
the
mooneoonminorityminori
church
twowretyokre
and
spanish
one nonmoroonnonnou
were
momon
included in the sample
nabsnats
CHAPTER 3
SEMCHREPEAECHUSEMCHU
selection
DESIM
of samplesampiespie
the subjects of the study were drawn from the total number of
llomonllormonclomon students enrolled in fiveriqrive classes taught by the writerwiterlitergiter and two
classes of a colleague in the L D S seminary program at the saffordpafford
arizonairizona high school the study samplesampiebampie numbered ilg19149 of a possible 16
students and comprised all thobethosewhose whomho completed the experimental proced-
ures outlined belowbein the samplesampiebampie of 119149 reflected a cross asectionaction of
freshmen t sophomores juniorsjimiors and seniors iain the seven classes selected
in the stadystudy the school is in the southeasternsoutheast part of the state and
has an enrollment between 00 and 0 studentsstuden
instruments
the vernon scale of church orthcnixsyorthodw was chosen as the instrument
to measure religious orthodoxy aas it had the definite advantage of bein
standardistandardized
R ptapt4zR
collsague L se
165
500 550
spanishaxierican
J
e
em
ish
ilg
mommominominom1 andreligious
prepnenne
iaolaolaa the value obtained wa 96 raised
to .9898 lwinsonlevinson&Lw &inson sanfordsantord 19lil19h4p ppo 354o3540
methe reliability was
calculated by the plitsalf method of correlating the total scores of
each subject on theteemeebhe odd and even items and correctingcorreo thisting valuewinevaine by
means of the spearmanbrownspearman mauiaforaulaformulaoraulaformuamulafortulafobrown
pospobi
waswab
scoriscari0 ng on the vernonvelmon scale was on a three to five point scale
in each stataaentstatmftt the itelitem varied so thatthab agreement with smesollesoile itemsitemitelwould indicate orthodoxy while agreement with others would indicate
unortbodoocyunorthodwo highhib scores in either case represented an orthodoxortont posi-
tion
hodakhodax
scores on theuie twelve itelitem in the scale were computedcoaputedacmputed for each
subject a high score indicating orthodoxyorthodoayorthodwq and a low score indicating
unorthodoxytunorthodoxyounorthodoxthe levinsonLevi &nsonnaon sanford antisiitisaantlanti scalesemitlim designed to measureneasurenie
the
asure
attitude of the subjectsubjects toward the jews wa used in this study
because of it excellent reliability and validity
lainsonlevinsons
27
saintspaints it wastwas used to measure the extent to umichwhich the subjects agreed
with the homonmormonhormon church on certain social mom1morale and religious questions
the itkisiteasitwis of the scale were found to have a coefficient of reproducibil
ity of 91 as shown bytoy the pretest data analysis Vernovemon 1951955p ppo 32j325o3250
rar1r the method of dichotomization the itera were found to be scalablesealable with
a coefficient of reproducibility of 39 A4 sampiesample of the vernon scale
of church orthodoxy is found in appendix A
scoring
As a prelimnayy procedure to validatevallyalivail thedate 2 itenitealitem scale it was
administeredadrdnistered to thirteen nonjewishnon graduatejewish students and faculty membersmiiwrimil
inbr
the departmentDeparteeDepartnt of psychology at the universityttnivereity of califomlanomiaimuiamulaoliai theesubjects were allaliailalaaia known liberals whorhoiho were openly opposed to prejudice
their low meannean score of 86 0 wabwaawas taken as evidence that the scale had
someSOSIBgome validity other evidence on validity was obtained by comparing the
mean scores of subjects grouped according to one significant variable or
was
its
e9811
ry 52
ca
groupedaccording
nv
yo
split halfhair
Anent
98
86086086.0
signifsigniaicanticart
28
another
the scoring on the levinaonlevinsonLevi &naon sanford antisemitismantiantlanbi scalesemitism i not
according to the conventional fivepointfive marldngmrlcingmarlingpoint system the argument
for the procedure used is that three degreedegreesdegreg of agrementagreientarrementag andrement disagree-
ment can be readily distinguished and that machwach of the difficultycreated by a erozeroeerodero score can be madenade unnecessary by not havingbaring one As
in tuietiletheuuietae scale by vemon high scores were an indication of an antisemiticanti
attitudei
semitic
while lclow scores indicatedindic acitedited favorable attitude toward the jews
A sturglesaxqplesturple of the levinson & sanfordanford& antisemitismantiantl semitism scale is found inappendix 3
the hinckley soalsealsealesoaiscale on attitude toward the negrosegro edited by L L
thurstone waswag used in thisthia stadyatufstudy because of its shortnessshormshort themesseess facilityin dministeringidminiateringadministering and scoring and itsita high reliability and relidityvauditygelidityvaUd
comparison
ttyityof three setsete ocof saalescale valuesvs wswereweveliteilielile corelatedcor3latedcormlatedcorncorm echethelated correla-
tion between the scale values of group I1 and group II11 yielded a pearson
coefficient of 980 the correlationcongelation between the scale values of group
I1 and snoapgroup III111IMlii was 93
A comparisonparisoneanconeat of the scaleecal values which the various groups gave to
the 32 statewntsstatekientb of the final scale was made although the stzitementsstateawitstatewere
anitawit
chosen because of their scaleseale valuesvalmsbalms in croup3roup 1I it is significant
that group II11 places them in thealeakeuke aasamebabebebe rank order in which they were placed
by group I1 thisibis steansxaaansrteans that the scale hichwhichaich was constructed on the
basis of the sortingshortingssor oftings troupgroup I11 can measureneasure the attitudes of jroupcroupgroupirogro 11IIup
as wellwlllilliiweilweli as it can theteemueume attitudeattitudes of group I1 misthismlsnis is venyveryyery definite evi
dence in favordavor of the objective validity of the scalesoaleso hinckleyaleaie 1932
p 293
thisimis thurstone
is
le
betweenthe
935
293
th t
type scale had twowo ronasfonasfomsronusboms which could be used fomoforoformfoaA
erisuris adrxinlstercdadrxinistercd to tibia subjects niehiethe scale hadbad sixteen itamitisitem that
allailali
owrburbun
tasbas
agyaryremmtremmt
tiddytildy
jectsejects
studastudv its confidential
nature o0
andaikiarkiadd an explanation of marking instructions studentsStiM werelOTita en
couragercouragedcou toraged be frank andind honest in marldngxoartcing the items on adladi scale
eachdach student wasiras assignedsignedansnas i special neabernwabernunbor so that hisbiabis identity
would be concealedconceconae toaled all except the examiner whosenhosemhosemchose knowledgekno oflede the
special rambersnwbqtq was esaentialessential in order to obtain IQ scores from thetukeutke high
school
29
tilethetiietlle subject marked as to his agreaaent or disagreementdisagreemnt A4 plus sign
designated the subjectsubjects agreement and R erozero designated the subjectsubjectsa
disreoaentdisadiso aeh7aahgreewnt itemiteaitam on the scale wasnasnagwag iven a sauiesailesoblesobie value 1 sub-
ject score was the mediannedlanmedinedinedl scalesoilesohleschiescann tiuetluealuevnle of 11 the statements he en-
dorsed A splesamplesampiespieaple of theviebheulenie hinckley scalesoalescaleso onaleaie attitude toward the negro
andod its adaptation to asureisieasurejwasurellieisieiske attitude towardtward the spanish ainericanarwricanalneAine arerican
foundsoundcound in appendix C and D respectivelyoectivelyresreg
procedures
rhethe four scales used in tilevietiietlleulewie studytixdy were administered to the sub-
jects nearneir the end of the school year therne vernon soale of church ortho-
doxy and the hinckleyrinHin sciesclescaleoldey cmon attitudeittitudek7ttitude toward the megronegro were administer-
ed to the sevensewn a lasseslissesbasses anon one day the followingfobfoU dayomingcuing the levinsonLevin ut&somscmbom
sinfordanford antisemitismantiantl semitism soale and an adaptationanadaptationinadaptation of th hinckleynokleyHt scale
referred to above to measuremasureneasure attitudes toward the spanish arwricanmerioanmarioanA were
given
at the time of each administration a brief explanation was given
to the subjects indicatingindicatiagindicatingr the purpose of the twr it
this litter procedure wabTOBwasmab acemplishedaeeciplished after the termination of
school vaenlaenwhen the writer had access to thetiletuletike school files intelligence
scores were obtained from the otis quick beorisseoris mental ability testtat
A
lue
the
i
quickscoring
1
scoring
ach iven
dhe
rhe
nne
marling
reemt
baah
inbeintoinko oesoev weremerevere
compared with the bottom 2 per centdent and boys were compared with girlszaniszadis
on each of the samesawsambambame variable ie intelligenceintelli orthodoxorthodoxygencegenoe and preju-
dice the significance of differences in each of the latter comparisons
was determined by use of t ratio between means
aeneen lain additimaaddi thetiontimtop 2 per cent of the total toupsgroupie in terms of intelligence
riexie the reutionshipsrelationahipe between
a intelligenceintelligenoeinteuigenaeintelli andsencegenoecence orthodoesyorthodwwp b intelligence and prejwiceprejtidioe tomedtrdtomrd
minority srmSTWgrmgroups andwi oc0 orthodoxy and prejudicebrejprej
30
tabulationrahuDabu oflation raw scores mawaswab nademade and placed cmon a chartabartahart to conoon
solidate the information necessary for statistialgtatiatiealstatisticalstatist analysisiallallai the scor-
ing of each of the scalessoales is discusseddiacwssed beloerbelowrbelow in connection with each of
thetiietile instrmwtsinsfcrueients used
statistical analysis
fouoiringfouawingfonFoU theowingawing selection of the sampiesample and aaninistration of each
of the scales statistical analysis was made by the pearsonpearon product
moment correlation coefficientefficientoo to determlinedeteresixiedeterEsi
a tionblonzion
inte geneegenesgence
27
27
yp
oo00mlations
majornajor questions to be answered in this study con-
cerned 1 the relationshiprelationahip of IQ to orthodoxyorihodoayorthodoxf and to prejwiieeprejwuee toward
minority groups 2 the strength of the relationship of the aboveabote var-
iables among person of high 3 aaas comparedcomoom withlathvithvathlabhparedpaned the relatimhiprelatiowhip angwmgsngthose of lowloir iqj 3 th strength of thewuiewule rlationehipwlauoiismp of the above ararirar
canoan
fagnifigni oance
CHAPTER 4
ANDASDannF
someSOMsamsone
iI1
of
TIONSrionsUDIVW
the WLW
IQ
the
or
n
S americanizerAzerimer
with
loanioanlean
the intercorrelationsinter ofcorrelations the owe variablestorlTOriworl
fromproabranbrwn
ableabie
table 2 it oa be pointed wtoutoub thattheat all correlations were
signifteantsiifioaait at the 0 icvICTlev of oonfidenoeooictfidenoe or bettedbetterbettervithwithvithsathsith twovirotvovvo eeptiomeeaaeptiom
there werevere no igoifioaat relatim6hiprelatioashiprelationship for girlsgirl between IQ and antiantiooantlanbiantico
semitism and orthodoxyorthodosyortont andhodosy antiantl scisitiaa
it may be of interest to note that for boysboysa girls and total
sanlesamplesanie betgebetweenbetwe the variables of IQ andsodend anbiantianki seaaiti8 a negative borreoorre
lation was found this indicatesindi thatcaUs as IQ increases antisemitismantiantl semitism
05 leyellevel
si w1oazt
antis tisaetisaf
var-
iables arwngaiqiotg boys as compared with thetbsbbsbhe relationship among girls cor-
relations and t ratios werewrelrelne canipatedoofcteacanidort frompated the data shownshonn in appendixippenAppen Ssodixdiz
table I11 represents the numbernumnux meanslwmanmaansherber and standard deviation for
boyboys garibgiribgirlst and total sampleampleampiebampie oa the foumingfolloiriag variablestwriablwivarivarl iqjiitjiablest othoorthoI1
dw antiantl smtisjisexdtisz attitude toward the segnosegronegro and attitude toward the
spanish americanaarioanamerioanaerAarAmeraner
table
loanioan
2 showshon the oorrelatiowcoyrlattoeoi and the llieimlellis of bignifiaanei
for boys siriagirls andalid totaltotelbotelbobal bampiesample betanbetweenbetwn IQ andam thethe variables of or-
thodoxy
or-
tho antisemitismantiantl semitismdozydoxydazy attitude boward the negro and spaaidhtho
S
S ti
mig
ang
bho
arang
couming
giugik314
vaiswaisvals significant for borsboys and totaltotel at tb .0000oos005 level of
cmfidmoeconfidenceoconfidences
anong loysboysloyb girls and total sampiesemplebampie it iais observed atbhatthatwhat when IQ
increases orthodoscyorthodwj prejudice bokardtowardboward the negromegro andaxi prejudice toward
the spanish americanawrioanamerioananerAmer alsoalaoaisoioanloan increaseiaore&aeinoreasein sigpifioantsipfficantcreaseorease at the O0 level of con
fidencefidenoemidencefiAAs
dencedenoe
orthodossyorthodwqort increasesinerineyhodoskyhodossy aaammgamigeases boyboys girls and bobaltotaltotals antiantl seadtianseanitiaa
decreases butbatbubhub prejudice toward a negromegro and prejudice towardtofrd the spaniacspaxsiehspaniah
american irreaseiwreaseirreasair allreaberease significantaignifioantsignifioant at the 0 leveilevel of confidence or
M-OPM-OF IQ ORMODOXTorthodoxANDAKD MIMRITY boosBOWSGROUPSnoos
roysbeysboysacts n7unms74
mean
SD
eirlsoirlsgirls12712.71257
1475m75
10691106.91loggi
570
mean
lle11711lie1157
gogu6094
SD
106log
57 5066
168.6016860
116911.69nogg
totallt6
564956
6644
mli9ntvxl49
120912.09
8668.6649
mean
orthodoxy
7417.41
6462
SD
1821.82
69.636963
1044
IQ
.7070
9149
attitudeattitu
10601106.01logoi
47028
decreases
14
toward
18245
66
this
spanishSpa
u66
ae
americannislaniala
.7373
681468.14
antianuantl
1088
selmitismsamibisffi
71.137113
18939189.3913909
gg36
00oo
ariarl
ivlivi
05ov
orthodorthid
32
namzTASLETANZ 1
sitoiberSiTO MEANSiBER A stailmkrdstahoird ITOATIOIB OHON BOYS GIRLSOIRIAMDAND TOTALTOTALS OSON VARUN7asiaslss
3
17893178.931789317833
9.696
attitudetowardnegrosegro
62.776277
AND
82
10646 46- 56
SD l2la12 09 5 5965
the .005005
the
127 70
ugg
73 loik
05
nau
mlih
ltv
05.05
.0505
hllkibkilkihlialka
00oq
00oq
oo00
oo00
00oo
00oo
00oo
00oq
00oo
378373
oo00
00oo
00oo
oo00
00oo
oo00
00oo
00oo
00oq 00oo
00oo
oso050 40050005
antiantl semitiezsemtiam
lialilai
33
TABLETAEU 2
cobheutioliscomCOW AMDA41ations LEVEW OPOF skaiifioaltossiovicanceSIOVIC FORANCE borsBOYS gnuAND TOTAL BEMMNBETWEEM THE VARIABIVAHIABLES OPOF IQ
CRTHODOXYCKEHODOXT AND PREMICEPRBJTOIGE
variable
NO
IQ orthodcowortbodoay
4
IQ
344
WW
anti 3.3
005
boys
semtismsemitism
4231231.231
349
girisgirls
iqattitudeIQ attitude
.3232352
.071071
005
tobaltotal
toward
139.1390439.0439439
005
.238238
348
negro
itu414.414
426
.226226
005oos
iqattitudeIQ attitude
.233233
waw5
016.0160016
005
.236236
toward
u68
234
0378373.373spanish
nys
ibliau134
025
.236236
amricanalaerloanafrican
P
353.353
q0050.050
348.348
orthodmqorthodcaey
00.00
ie
.0000oos
.226226
0005
antiantl
00.00
P
tot
436.436
orthodovorthodloasy
q0
.0000
r
AI
005.005
.0000
NOn0na
P
.0000005
.0202
.0000
.0000
00.00
.0000005
.0202
NO
.0000005
.0000
.0202
.0000oos005
alxaixair
.0000
r
.0000
.0000
.0000oos005
anti demitissemitistoward spanishamerleanamerican 463.463 005
attitude
3u3o3430343
rowardrewardtowardrowand
.0000005
neironegro
30430.430
attitude
0010005
toward00spanish .3131americanAi .0000li8lv481rican .1212
00.00
00500
M
semitismcism 355 005
0050
semitism
orthodworthodoosy
0
attitudetoward negromegro
0025
w463 waw5 005
semitismatism attitudettitudeA
005
0 0
531.531 005 512 .005005W 0
attitudetowardtosmrd spanishamericanalaeAlaaaraarican
attitudetoward negro
a
r
231
32
139
233 02
071
238
olg
ibl
353
02
02
226
236
236
226
31 12
343
0025
005
348
436
seni
463 430
531
qa
qa
orthodox
005.005
0025.0025 005.005
005.005
005.005 005.005
I1GM MEASS AID 9txnmrdstaiq&rd demriom borFORyosyor LWlai IQ ANDAITO
eiahiaHIXelaeimelm IQ OKON OTOFVAPUXZS ORTHODOXY
AMAIDtid MISOEIITTMINMU
lowlorlol
woupsMOUPS
IQ HUO
mean
SD
iiihiiii 1 UO
mean
SD
IQ
91291.2
374
1201120.1
6796.796079
4774774.77
661166.11
49504
orthtdcwortbodcotgr
1691169.1iggi
942
3.26326
9
4383
4542
67.2067206720
9749.74
anti
50
attitude
9919gig319
73.087308
ITI
send boirardtowardbowardkoward
19
attitudeattitadeattitu&Attiattl
7.20720
iihT
tiba degrohegro
towardbadetadebude
11
200.6020060 606860.68goga
spanish
649364
adriaanamerioanamriaanAmeramen
Is
93
loanioanican
I1D
00oo
00oo
nuonho
yeronero
funrun
lihaih
34
better
it is indicated that henwhen antisemitismanti increasessemitism prejudice to-
ward the negro and spanish american decreases among each croupgroupzroup of the
sampieasaplesamplesaplelapieasallea significant at the .0000oos005 level of confidence
As prejudice toward the negro increasesinarea itbesosesobesa is noted that so doeadoes
prejudice towardtowsrdbowardtowardbowardbowstowsbowa therd spanish asricanaaiericanawricanAw significantrican at the .0000005 level of
confidence
table 3 shoqshow the number neansmeans and standardetan deviationsdevladeTiadard fortlonationa the
iwlowloh 27 per cent IQin and the highhizhdizh 27 per cent IQ on the variables of or
thodoovttkxiossy antirantiantl
1111m
91
740
12015
S-D
semitism attitudeattiattl bovardtowardbowardbouardtudetodevode the degrohegroYs andro attitude towardamitmi
the
ard
spanishpanish axaericanjuwrican
tahleTABLErahleTA 3
3
120 15
326
preo ce
nho
574 974
005.005
005.005
01oi
09og
liii09og
00oo
00oo
00oo
00oo
00oo
linhin
050ogo
ogo050
bitititiaaa4astiAUTI11t1astl semitismsemirismse241tiskv ATTITUMATTITOBE touardTOKAHDTMRD THE
SECEO a10a11s ATTITUDE TOWARDTCMARD teeSHEzee sp01msbliaal AMSRICASANMICAN
variable
iqorthodoxyorthodoxyIQ
iqantisemitism 0151
iqattitudeIQ attitude
NO
towardHONO
0420tt2
segronegro
.0202025
SONO
015.015
iqattitudeIQ attitude
.010010
.186186
towardroward
.0202025
NO
spanish
HONO
15111.11.151american
.0202
MDNO
orthodoxyanti
314
orthodoxy
.050050
.0909seditionsemition .3939
025.025
antiantl
.0202
477
NO0359
.311311
high
.0000005005.005
463.463
.0808
IQ
29.29
attitudeAttiattl
.0000005005.005
.307307
r
.0000005
towardtowardtud
.302302302orthodoxyattitudeorthodoxy
.2828
P
negromegro
.0000050.050torwardtowardrowarddorwardattitude
340.340
09509.09
attitude
antisemitismattitude472.472
antiantl semitismsamulsemulspanish
P
025
NO-
IQ
toward
toward .0000oos005005.005
american
NO
529
antiantl
spanish
nagromegronegro
085
095.095
005.005
semitism
american
anti
40
low
semitisrsemittssemitism
ft
IQ
attitude
UP
r
toward
ma
.166166
spanish
ft
ll11
amrioanajsierioan
.0101
3
table 4 represents the correlationcorrelations and the level of significance
between high and low IQ and orthodoxy antisemitismantiantl semitism attitude toward the
negro and attitude toward the spanish americanamorArorarmr
TABLEtat&
ioanloanican
k4
omrmationscokreiarioms AMDAND levelsLLTELS OF sicinvicancesigbaigahge enemMWEM himlHIMI AND LOWICWdowdov IQ addAMDAND
leeIKETHEtee VARIABLESVARTAMES 0OF ORTHODOXYQRIBODOXT
orthodoxyattitudegowanitowanitmmrd negro
35
Xr40ro
0P lepimp M 0 0 N WM
284
i MP i annnow
orthodoxy attitude
attitude
39
311
08
307
28
02
olo
02
02
02
186
29
elsi
015
151
095
463
025 472
340
095.095
025.025
025.025
orthodwworthodoor increases antisemitismantlantianbi semitism de-
creases but prejudice toward the negro and spanish american increases
significant at the .0202025 level of confidence or better except on the low
IQ group on prejudice toward the spanish americanafricansignificant negative correlations may be noted in both low and
high IQ groixpsgavups between antisemitismantlaatiantiabbiabblanbi prejudicesemitism towardtouard the negromegro and
spanish american in other words as&8 antisemitismanti increasessemitism prejudice
tmmrdtogttoottoog therd negro andaraaroano spanish american decreasesdecreasedacreaseorease
table 5 ohms thiethethlekhe niberptswsssw neszamewsnelsnelbneama standard deviationdeviations difference
of meanspmwsf t test and the level of significance between low andradaad high
IQ groupsgroup on the variable of orthodoxy
mkemaenae
00oo
36
table U4 indicatesiraicatesirAi nocates significant relationship between low and
high IQ groups andendandthethe variables with exception of prejudice toward theuieule
spanish Ameramericanioanloanican As IQ increased in the lowlewiem IQ grappgrwppgrorupt prejudice toward
the spanish american increased significantly at the 02 level of con-
fidence
ABAs wfmaynay be observed whaenwhen
025
TA
significancesitmipig&soesicnificance OPOF ottiaiceCEOTTI OPCFWIVEEalceaiCE LOWX
ANDASSMU
HIhiceRICENS
IQ OROUPSBOCTPS OSON ORTHODOXYORTRODOXY
numbednumber mean SD am1mM t p
lowlewlenlonlou IQ kak040 438343 637686376.3783
high IQ 40 495049 3313.31303133150
differenceDiffer 5675.67enoe kl4714 .0000005.00500571
fidence
orthodourdoor
so
02
nibert
025.025
00oo
37
from table 5 a significant difference at the 005 level of con-
fidence may be observed orthodoxy is highest among theteemee highhiohlo IQ croup3roup
table 6 represents the numbernumbers means standard deviationsdeviation dif-
ference of meanswansmans t test and the level of significance between low and
high IQ groups on the variable of antisemitismantiantl semitism
TABUSTA 6BLE
simificancesiwificamce OF differenceDIFFMMME ofkansMANS UKLOWloh AMDAND
earHARemr IQ stroups3bwps3troups OH090 ANTISamANTI9 tis14smitismsemitism
lumberdamber meanM SDean 34 t p
low IQ 40 200.6020060 66.966696
high IQ 1040 169.1516915 hs9945ogg
difference 314531 2452.4545 .0202025
table 6 shows a significant difference at the .0202025 level of con-
fidence between the high and the lowion IQ groups on antisemitismantiantlantisanti6 anti-
semitism
semitismsa
is highest among the lowlewiem IQ group
table 7 represents the emberlotb&iwsnmberl neansmeanslalygalp standard deviationdeviationzv dif-
ference
zv
of means t testteat and the levelleyelillili of significance between low and
high IQ groups on the variable of attitude toward the negromegro
rabletablerabiezablezabie 7 showsshow a bignisbignifleant difference at the .0000wa level of con-
fidence between the high and the lowiw IQ groups on attitiideattitwie toward the
negro prejudice towardtwardbowardbward the megro is highest amonganong thebhe high IQ group
tablefabletabie 83 represents the numberoeraoeda meams andardstandardaldard deviations dif-
ferences of mealmeansneal t test and the level of significance between low and
sig cant
u
meansv
aiinificant w5
neg4654m a a
werp s p
ferences
sp
S
6
02
02
evs a
025.025
00oo
00oo
00oo
oos005
38
high IQ groups on the variable atof attitude toward thetho spanish americanAmri
fromfram
canecano
table 8 it can be noted that a significant differencediff atereneeereneo theteeumemue
.0000005.005 levellevei of confidence between the hiihighhilhll and lowlewioulaw IQ groups on attitude
towardtward the spanish koricananerioankmricanAnerkm prejudicericanioanloanican towardtwardbwardwward the spanishspezish american ishighest amonganong the high IQ groupgrows
rimaTABUSTAXX 7
significancesicbotioamgesianificance 0OF dipfs8shoeD semenCE mekssMEANSMUSS OPOF LOW imdAMDANDindHIMHICB IQ OROOPSGROMdrobarob OKon ATTIPTOEittATTatr TOWARD lesTSSlee seoNEMOxeo
number mean SD EMDK t p
lwlow IQ UO40 606860.686063 99.
high IQ UO40 67.206720 9309.309030930
ferencedifferencefereneeterence 6.262652dlfDifdir
955
3.103103110310 .0000005.005005
rableTABLETA 8
sionifigancesioctiqasoe OF DIFEBEMO beewibeew2MMEN mallmsllIMNS OF LOWIWlov ANDAMD HIOKHIGHIQ BOM oaON JITTITMATTITOBE TOWARDTOKARB nimSIErim spiseSPASESPANIM AKMCAaffiaigas
numberhumber meanMMnean SD EKDK t p
lwLOW IQ 40ito140 6936.93649369364 977971974914993
high 40
14
IQ 73.087308 7.20720
difference 81 426 .0000oos005
DIFFE CEC m
8 15
62
nierom
haeahaen
69gg
iollol
39
table 9 shows the nmbernberpamber zalanszaeansmaawp standard deviations difference
of means t tttentteetbeet and the level of significance between boys and girls
oaon the variable of IQno
table 9 indicatesindi nooates e4pifioanteigxsifioaat difference between boysboya and girle91215
faaeafaea IQ iais ooncermdoooneeamadt
9TWBU
siqmiyicalksbsignvicance OF sibteeffisiicbD BETWFMGE neassMEAKSKUM 0OF
boisaoisBDYSborsboysadys AMDAND VQOSagngn WMwnmtw IQ
number mean SD OCDK t p
boys 74 10601106.01logoi 1261265
airle3irl3irle 75 10691106.91loggi 11.6116ngs
differmieedifferameDiffer 0.90090090ogoemeame 1a80448 MONO
table 10 represent the niabernwabernumberinumnuenae rabanaraeanameansjberjberi standard deviations dif-
ference of meansneansjwj t taatteattest and level of significance between boys and girlson the variable of orthodox
10TA
sinificancssiorfficsasigb OPOF OPOFdiffnmcesorsSOTSBOYSbors
BETWUNASD
MMSmlsanasasasGMW mmvilsvlis
limber
ORTHODOXY
meanmnnean SD EM t
BOYSsoyaboya
p
gerisdirlgirlsderlderi
74 .82824582 574
75 5695.697287.28472847.284728 .6969
difference 1161.16lav 11.1551.55 MONO
a leance
mwj
ilg
lab
82728
ilg
liflirbif
ho40
it is apparent fronfrom table 104ere104 isere no significant difference
between boys and girlgirls in regard to orthodoxy
ii11
table 11 shows the numbernumbers mean standard deviations differencediff
of
eleeemeeelceeanseanaweansneans t test and levellerellevei of significance between borsbeyboysbembomboms and girlgirls cmon the
variable of antiantl hamitismseaadlti8ramitism
11313.1TA
situfmance8i3niyi2ahge
MOF diffbieuce betweenSBTWEEMWTWEEN MEANSMPANS OF
BOYS AND ommOMWcmaacma WMWHH AIMSEWISMlimAKTIAIMalm
number mean SD CMDM t p
boys 74711 18939189039 6136135
girls 7 16860168060 6.8685687
difference 9219.219021 2.1212152152.15 .0202025
table 11 indicates a iifleant difference at the 02 level of
confidence between boyeboys and girls toin regard to antisemitismanti prejudicesemitism
toward the jews seemsewsseensaws to be higher amongarong boys than girls
table 12 representspresentare the number ji meanscleans standard derladeriademlalions j dif-
ference of means t test and level of significance between boyboys and girlson the variable of attitude toward the negro
table 12 points out a significant difference at theotheo 225 level
of confidence between boysboyabays and girls in regard to attitude toward the
negrosegro prejudiceprejbrej isce highest among the girlgirls
table 13 shows the number memsmomsmomb standardstanstarsbar deviationsmardAardmavd difference
of mernsmeans t test and levels of significance between boyboys and girls on
10 re
D MMCE
75
significant 025
deviations
S SEWISM
68
21 02
ene
II11
miaMINSIMMIUME opor vmmssssdiff MUMSMSETWM melmsWANSkans apCF BMBOXSborsANDAHD aisis vieaWITHvithvinh ATTITODEittATTirr rowardTWARDTCWARD nissis NEMO
number mean SD IMDK t p
boyaBOYS 74 62.776277 1177
girisgirls 775 66.66gg .7272
mfferaaediffftvn 3673.673067 2162.16 .0202025
tama
siocticahossizifiame13
orOF ditsbhesksedif7xhi BETWEMBETWEEN mansMEASSWANSW OPOFANS BOSBOYSbors indAMDAND OIRLSvithWITHWIMvitevim ATTITTOBatrATT TWBUID TBE spaneSPARE americalAM
number
ITUDS
mean SD 1 t p
BOYSbeysbomssamssara tk74
mrlaaria
68014
7
10.881088
75 711371.13710133113 7441
difference 2.99299 1.96196 MONO
prejbrej as
41
the variable of attitude towardbovard thethotae spanish americanAmralvtable
laaniaanidan
13 indicatesirAi therethevecates is no gnifioantsignificants difference between
boysboy and girls in regard to prejudice toward the spanish asricanamericanawrican this
doeadoes not say that both groups are not prejudiced towardtward the spanumspaniehspanuh
abricamericanamric
TAMthl 12
TA
j ikij
D RIglnGAN
DM
Awvicanricanvlcan
72
216 02
ikic
8728.72
prejbrej ae
42
sugary of findings
IQ
inlkaihk the present study it wabwagwas found that a IQ increased prejudice
toward the jews decreased but prejudice toward the negro and spanish
americanasleAsie increasedrican
antiantl senilismseariltisbisenitism scores were roundfound to be highest among the low IQ
groupITMP this is confirmed by boughqoughgough 19lc1951c who found greater anti
serisemisarilisa associated with lower intelligence lower statusstatam and poorer
academic achievement prejudice towardtowaxdtoardcoard the negro and spanish american
were highest among the high IQ group A possible explanation of the
findingsfindingc of the present study would be the socio80010 economiceoonasaieeconmic levelsae1e of
the groups concerned and alaoalso thetoeumemue predominant mormonMOCTIOH culture of the
area
there was no significant difference between boysboya and girls on
IQ the high IQ group of the total sample tended to be more orthodox
than the low IQ groupgroups
minority group prejudice
the study of stember 1961 in which prejudice toward the negronedroneddo
was found to be higher than prejudioeprejudice toward the jewjews was confirmed by
the present study
oeloeigeisgeibgelb 1949 concluded that boyboys are morewyemyemre prejudicedprejbrej towardoed the
jewjewsjens and girls more prejudiced toward the negronagro and this was also found
to be so by the present study
as
0
S inte e
along
eatznatisnatiieats
erlyeflyerix frosi contact withvath the wilingprevailingpre attitude toward
the minority group sherif & cantril 1947
orthodoxy and prejudice
the prevalent concept that women are more orthodox than menraennen
katz & kilAllkiiluportportsporto 193119311 gartercarter & strong 193319331 lundburg 192611926 garlson
193141934 allport & vernonvemonvennon 1931 fergusonPergusfergus leail4ai1944iiwi and fichter 1952 was
not brought out in the present studyafiady hono significant differencediffer wasWBBvaswabvabenoe found
between boys and girls in regard to orthodoxyortho vernondW 19551955 using a
mormon samplebampiesarsax howeverapieaple discovered a larger percentage of mennen to be ex
trexoelytrenev orthodoxortho ordoadox unorthodox than worn
kak343
rosenblittaosenblithrosenblitk 1949 discoverdiacovereddiscoveddladiadisdib thatcoveredcoved in an area where jegjewjews are a
bahbmhanority the level ofot prejudice wawabwas decidedly higher the present
study roundfound no babisbasicbasis for the above
ooughbough 19lb1951b foundround antisemiticantlanti semitic students to be intolerant aloalsoaioaiso
of other races and groupsgroups but the current research roundfound them moreacreaonemone tol-erant than students who werewregrelre not antiantl senitiosbltio howeverHow wheneverl prejwiioeprejudiaeprejudice
toward the negro increasedlnorinor soeased did prejudiceprejwiic towardtouard the spanish africanaarieaaamricanAarieAm
A
rican
possible explanation of why the measuremntemeasureinents of the present
salebalebaie indicated less antisemitismantiantl semitism andactaannaanni morelore prejudiceprejiidioeprejudioe toward the negromegro
would be their social
prejudice against a minority group results not primarily from contact
with it but chieflyohiefly
smallanority
it
aa
cm
religious heritage it waswswab noted in the
review of literature that the childrenschildren concepts mirrored the concepts
of their elders and the patterns and stereotypestereotypes of their social envi-
ronment alportauport & kramr 19461 jahoda & others01iexotierotler 1951191igi saenger 19531952
aarle
cultural
prenev
prejbrej ce
44
rkeikebrierhe study of cbeilv & keiuoeiu 1954 concerned with attitudes
of catholic studenstudents toward jews and negroes found that thobethose subjects
scoringcoringc high on thethi religion scale also scored high on the antisemitismanti
and
semitism
antiantl liebroliegronegro scales the aboveabave aswabwas confirmed amonamongamond thetiietile present momonnomon
sample with regardreardnegardre toardavd prejudice toward ubetheuhe Tniegro and spanish asricanbut
46
notnoitono confirmedfdaito with antisemitismantiantl semitism
0 0 re11v
dt
sp niahnivh
te
bhe
av
research of the relationship between orthodoxy and prejudice isnot consistent some studies report those who acknowledge church membe-
rship to be less tolerant than those who do not other investigatorinvestigators
find either slight differences or no differences amongaxaong the attitudes of
bembers3nembersvembers of different religions still others find important differences
in acceptance of orthodox religious beliefs and attitudes toward mino-rity groups t
the main questions the study attempted to answer were the following
Is there a significantignificant positive relationship between ortho-
doxy and prejudice towards minority groups
2 when comparing high and low intelligence group levels how
strong is the relationshiprelatiwbhiprelatiouship to orthodoseyorthodworthortho anddWodosey to prejudice
3 how do boy compare with girls with regard to the strength of
the relationship between orthodwworthodoacy and prejudice
the vernon scale of church orthodoxy was medusedwed to measure religious
orthodworthodosxyiortho thedW levinson & sanford anbianti semiticssemtisasemitiss scale was usedwedged to easuremeasureneasurebasure
attitude toward moetoethekhe jerajjewajjews the hinckleynokleyHi scale on attitude toward the negro
was used to measure antinegroantimegroantiantl negroMegronaronero feelingreeung j and an adaptation of hinckleysscale was used to measure attitude bwardtwardtowardwward the spanish americanoajfiericaniamricanoAmrialvi
thenierhe
danocanodane
sample consisted of 74 boysboy and 7 girls representing a
cross section of mormon students enrolled at safford high school in south-
eastern arizonaAritrllri allllonaaBonailona subjects were mormons except one
pearson product monentmomentmanent correlationscorrelatiozcorrelation were computed betweenbetwebetge allanailalivariables of the study and t teststestwestwebb were used to discover differences
findings
1 there was a significant relationship between orthodoxy amiand
prejudice toward the megronegronedro and the spanish american but not between
fntapter 5vn
ism A-Rr
different st
1
inte gence
75
somesoisesomsboise implications of thetoegoegme findings mightblight be
worthy of considerationconsider theationo low antiseaaiticantiantl feelingsmiticsaitic lyby the high IQ
prejbrej ceeces whywiyuhrnhy does the orthodox person show higher prejudice
toward the negro and spanish american Is it because the socialeconomicsocial
factors
economic
influence himhiahla more than the christian principles helieilehie espouses
why does the higher intekligenceintemjlgenceintelligence group show inoremorenorelnore prejudice towardtward thenegromegro and panishspanish13 american why do people who believe the constitution
to be a heavenly inspiredpined doeentdocisaent refrain fronfrom accepting its tenets as
it relates to prejudice toward minorities answers to thebethesetimbe questions
mightright possibly be roundfound bytv further research
although the bisesisesizebize of the sample and the peculiarities of the geo-
graphical area where the sludgystudy was takentatkentakken prevent a broad generalization
of the church aas a whole
3 prejudice toward the megnomegronegro and the spanish african was high
est among the high IQ group
46
orthodoxy and antisesiitismantlanti2
semitismsemdtism
the lowlewiem IQ group was more antiantlantisemitic thenthem the high IQ group
30 prejbrej ce
4 the high IQ group mewaswab more orthidorthodoxorthod than the low IQ group
50 hono significant difference was noted between borsboys and girlson IQ
6 boys were moreacrenoremovenove prejudiced toward theteemee jews while girls were
more prejudiced toward the negro
7 9 hono significant difference was roundfound between boysborsbaomboom and girls inregard to orthodoxy
83 other studies seem to indicate that the more orthodorthodoxorthid a person
is the moreinorelnore he tends to be prejudiced toward all minority groups thepresent study showsshow this to be the case with attitude toward thetoegoegme negromegro
and the spanish american but not so with attitude toward the jews
discussion
many questions arise in uievietheulebhe mind of the writer concerning ortho-
doxy and prejudice
semitico
docent
rocroerec nendations
econeaon c
aftafta
this assumption is confirmed by you 19jlc1951c who showed low intelligenceand low socioecononiosocio statuseconomie to be associated with high antisemitismantiantlprejudice
semitism
toward the negromegro in the present study igatigbtmight be the result of
soneswesanesme of the followingroufoUron factorsfactorasfaofacraoowing atoras the prevailing attitude of the south
toward the megronegro b the attitude toward skin color 0a the fact thatwith few exceptions they are in the lower social economic groups d
their occupational levellerellevei which iis predcoinantlypredoainantlypredominantly that of fieldxieldbield laborerlaborers
ranch hands gardeners janitorsjani 3toietoistore and bomsowsomebambomsbams semiskilleddemlasemiasemibenibenl a technicians4skillede partial segregation in the area and f the mormonmomonmonon doctrine that
the negro cannot hold the priesthood
recommendations
in light of the current racial strife throughout the comerycomtry itmightslightnight perhaps be reemphasizedemphasizedre in the seminariesswin thatariesarieearles even though thenegro cannot hold the priesthood tolerance should be shown toward them
to clarify the stand of the church in thisthuthib regard would be the desired
effect A educationreeducationre program of tolerance toward allaualiail minorities should
be inculcated in hasierhosierhonier and achrolachool3chools to prmoteprooaotepromote the christian principlesprinciple of
this mjor national issue recomiendationsrecommendations for futurerabuze studiestudiealudiea might in-
clude the administration of the scales used here in other geographical
areas and the usewe of scales to determinedeterssinedeberndeters prejudicetinesineline toward other minority
groups includinginc otherludina christian religionreligionse classificationse of subjects
as to econoaaic educational and social level would alsoalaoaiso proveprow interesting
47
group a pointed out in the findings mightslight be attributed to the factthatthabwiat the relatively few jwjews who liveuve in the area are in the upper socialand economic levellevei mostmoatmoab of irthumirtumvhm are businesmenbuainessctenbusinessmenbusinhusinhubin oresmen professional people
as
gough
p
jor
rou iglic
hebhesrebresyreby
nedronegroeddoedcoagro pre
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and reuliousligioueugious interesttrostin of fifty college studentsstud unpublishedunpwushodmts mastersthesis brigham young uniyeryunivrovUniuniv 1960yery
leuinsonletinsonlevimonsTinsonLeLev Dimons J & sanford R N A boalescalesoale for the measurement of antisenitimgessitiaasenibenlbemi Jtiltim pgyxholps7ohol 19440 1717s 339339370370a370
levitt E B the development of iejudioetprejudieet a critique of the horowitz6racesfaces testfeettebbtedt childamid prolpidv 196 27s27t 155171Xiss155
likert
171
RRs A technique for the laeasureiaentneasareamt of attitudes krabarobkrah pwpcyqhol
44L
tothesisp
j
Tne
ro landto 102uni
Ws
thesisp
eos
As
0 onommo 0 N O0
lp 19451945.
7Tar opinion et
4 4
pawaholos 190 27s 3894ja4
rov
s
s
440
rev
yonae
19919morgan jijo J B attitudes of students toward japaneseJapaz Jebeese soc
peychalpeycholpeyghplPey 19cholchoi 21 219227219
wcombe
227
T sooi&l peyohology hevhewnowsevsov tork the dradendiydendr7den presspreas 1947lgb
oeilyoreillroreillaOeOReil 0ilyliy117lr Ttojtootej & oeillyreillysOeilly
stratr
intlat J opinorizattitatrit besbearevresbev 1949s19lt9i 330 2021320521302031320205
patrialpatriotepatriakpetriPatriPatpet
21321303133130
Joteriak B & simsresrol
hah4 introduotionintroduationintroduction to opinion and attitude measurement mwnownovnevrorkyorkyorki
pi
W
harperNO
&Wbrotherslarothwbrotberslarot ift
9hw JA
52
maleaumalelu S sonesonasamsomasom charaoteristlasoharaoteristios of the attitudes of african collegestudents in cutahutah bowardtoward foreign students unpublished goterssarfcersmotorgotorthesis brigham yog univer igil1954
maslowmabMas Aloir H A test forfarrorrov dominancedanldaBidaul feelingnaneenancenence in college women J socsocosocepayaholPPay iglo1940igho9yho1pahoiahol 1212s 22702552702255
massing
270
P W rehtsmalhheaygal for amtjctbgtion sevsewnew rorkyortetyorkhortet harperharrt & brothersbrotfaers
J religiousHelig beliefsiouslous of catholicoathoGathostudentsetudentsawuetuawa
liaIialicanddentsdenta their attitiadattlatti bowardtowardbudetudetiadbiad idnoritiesmnoritiea JjabnosjabnomJAbvahpahalmoym socsoonomnoa
payaholpgycholtu
PaY 191954o19540aholcholchoi 949 378380378
parrypamyparmy
380
H J protestantapprotestant catholicsgatholiocathGathap andolio0110 prejudice it jo
M attitudes toward thethiethle negro of northernand southeeouthwn collegeoollege students J soogoo pholppayoholphalpPay 1936oholcholchoi to 19220192204192 204
peterson
200
E
i
T expressed religiosity of 70 brigham toungroung uniteruniverstudentsstudentastu unpublisheddenta mastersastersestersesberssi thesis brigham roungyoangToungtounguniveruniver 19319530
proshansky Hho M A projectiveprojeetiteprojeative methodtoithod for the study of attitudes
Is
ho
do utionwtion
bo1945
N
sewenewe cmbej Sociallallai 282.8es 4
ot sovuaents a
i i il M I1 NO 0 NOWumm NON I1 N IN
V
006ow01owm
to 570
Jlanamahqotoilbnam soc pbycholpexcholopezPex 1943cholo 38380 39339393395393 39539
radkeradtke marianmariamarienmarlenmarla & sutherland ean childrens concepts and attitudesattitudeabout minority and ajcoril airioanamricanafricanAiralz groupsioanloan J eribao psyohols1949 UOkoo400kop 449468lag449
rwaaem
it468kgb
H H
jeanmajority ed harcholparcholpayParaholcholahoi
q inion195i
richards S L oleoxetherhe oburtonohurehoburon in warigartrevwaz and peacemace salt lake oitytcityicitti zionsprinting and pieta oo00 131943 0
RoberrobertsobertsboberbobenR H W priorserviceprior artitlesattitudeaattitlesattitudetitlesatservice toward whitesirti ofite 219 negroveteranswt Jerans negro edleaedteaedmo 193 22 u6455465
rosander A C an attitude soaisoalscalesoale basedbaaed upon behavior situationsJ socbooboc psychalpsycholpsycholejPsych 1937 8 3163
rosenblith
16
judy F A replication of someSOTOsamosammgome roots of prejudice
nw 1 1
1 455 465WWWWANINO
Jabnormabnomabdom boegocsocbocsoe pslaholpajrchol 199J UU4419491t 47009470 09439
tB a
ol
MftW
N 000 0
olej
soo
rog
meen
beilly
ua195301953.0
kewmewNOWkevkovtorkyork
ofpfjohnscsmscam
eoinvolrgiaentgimolrment4gwiley & sons j meinaino 17191
smith wes EW A pilot studystur of the osaparatireacopaxative orthodoxyortho ofdoV membersmambo of
weiZoiweamras
lo10
negnag
loeioe
davdaw
oagotcagot theuniver of chicago presspreas 1933
tillichtilliehTiltii PFilchliehiloh the lost dimensiondimerdimardinar inmionxionwion religion the sanmsatgydaysamm evmiingEXRLpost june 3 1981958 979
Thurstthurstone
0
onecne L
ftswomwww
L an experimental staystuystudy of nationalitynaticmalitynationa1ity preferenoespreferencesepreferencepreferencesJ
seeneno payoholegycholPayEgybly 1928nhoioholcholobolchoi 1 40542540kog405hog
Thurstoneniuretonethurstone2niu
tiati2425
Lretone L & chavechevedhave E J the iieasurejoent of attitude chicagothe niveruniverniTerIT of chicago press 129
r
trager helen 3 & tarrontTarroNf narianmarianfuriannarlan HR ihndexdezaez leliileyiilearn atwhat theytiykiy live newhewnowyorkiyorkstorki harper & brothers 1921952
turbevillelurbeville
NO
G3gp & hytehylehyde HR E A selected sampiesample of attitudes oflouisiana state univer students toward the negros a study inpublic opinionvp socialinion forcestforoegiforcesv 1946 duji2uji24t 4474500UUTO447 4500
53
rosenweigrosenzweig S theisielyle pictureassociationpicture methodassociation and its application ina study of reactionreactiaoareactiow to frustration J peteperepets 191igligi 1 3233 23
the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday in three urbansettings brigham toung universitytfadlwraityvniversity tlbraryuteaiy special collectionoolleationa19
sidlthsrdths W E an ecological staarstinty of LDSlasins orthodoxy birilgaa&ighm younguniversityUniver librarylitaraiyjiLibreity speoialspenialaryarr collectionscollectionigonectionsCollect 1981958lgblonaionikoni
stember 01G H educationedlaEdwa andtionvionvlon attitude ohamaham seirneirnewsew yorks institute ofhwianhwanhmanemancwian re3ton8relat leresaI1 1961iggion
telford p 0 W an experimental study of somebome factorractorfacton inflaminginflwmingneing thesocial attitudes of college studmtsetvdeicliastud Jjomtsmba socgloesioe pgyiholdteho15
193u19344p
x
tibbets
421428421
1nltibbet8nl
428
As quoted in developingDevelop attitudesattitudedUog in childrenchiun proceed-ings of whethe midwestaidwestmidaidnid confenteeonferenoeconfenoeconfwest ofenoe the chicago association forhildchild study and parental educationedmedw marohxarohbarohationo 1932
eI17177.17
po p 1945t 14 j
0
2952295 2
Is o0 e 0y
1956
ja ni 1961
so
a chicanotghioagochicagotGhioChiagoza
T Z ngpobiposiposy 14
11
p zoimras
11p
OFANW 000
saenger 0t the sooialgooialgodialsocial oholoyohops ofloy silicelyiieesiwice
sponsebvesbeb
2
p
amr torkatorktrorkt harper fc&
brothers
sappeafteldsappeisrfield
1
BS BR the responsessponvessponges of catholics protestant and jewishstudentsstuatu todenta the menace oheeklistehfacklistohee Jklist soadoadoc psrcholpgjrcholi igia194411944.1 202929929
sherif
299
M & cantril H the miygholoffr
pap
lyp
cho
nuu
soo900socswo noy
aerioanamrioan forkand lehilehl utahotaiotsa lusLBSLDS seiinarisemlmrieisSeisel unpublishedinari nastermasternabber a thesiathesisbrixabrij roungh univer 1901950igo
vernonjtemonveaonvenon 0 M14 an inquiry into scalabilitylabilityaoaacasoa of church orthodoxyortho sociolsooiolkocioldWsoasoc300 reqresseq 19 39 3232732432732
vemontemon
327
3ofacleopa me140ileidolle background factors related to church orthodossyorthodwqort sooialocialsocialShodossyforces 191955v au3u34t 25225422252
whitmrpwhi Htar L & kotinskyKoti buthruthhuthnelsy itWO personalitpexonalitypersonaliaPersonpecson inalitalltailt the imtherie report of bheðe mdimawymidnid valtelaitevalbeanburyantury bousebowebogehogehouse odafcecqcohrconret
rorrej
aarbuaakbuy
sooialsocial
U
vanderveldt J ligionreligionHe andarid mentalcental healthhealtha mentkentmont hy 131191 3535t 151181131ibiiblvernonvernona 0 M A study of cerwincertain religious beuersbeliefsbehers andarid practicerpracticeapractioespractic of a
selectedelected group of armientaatmientastwwnts frakfrokfromfrob the pleasant trovedrovegrov
genet payoholpy0holejpazPay 193ohol 33 171178171 178
54
v
n iry39s 324
e aaoa ofclldrenaandaimiaikiarki
hildrenyouth new yorks harper & brothers 19219520
roungtoung KI1 sooialjpoloy mewmennownovnev yorktwin alfred A ghopfknopfshopf 1930
zeligszelig roseboseroae racial attitudesattiattl ofbomeatodeabumes children aaas expressedaqpaased by their con-cepts of races sociolcociol sqrfi n 9 1937 21 3613713613710361 3713710
zeligs rose whildinghildinchildrens concepts and stereotypestereotypes of turk portuguesePortugrumanian
meesweeparab ineechinesechineeGh french canadian mulatto south asricanawricanarserioanArserioAw
hamalianhawaiianjo
hamaHavarican
andiianilanllan australian J
pzohologyp
j
19530 33v
eaAerioanloan
254
9oo
an
ubah
nie ae
serfi
00mm
saronostrono ly agreeagneeagne agree undecided disagree stronglatronglystronglystrongestronatron disagreeygly5 4 3 2 1
3 heibe financial contributions asked by the church are too highstrongly agree asreeasrea undecided disagree strongly disagree
1 2 3 1 5
9 it would be desirable if the bishops could receive a salary fortheir church work and therefore devote fullruilruli timethae to church workworkoworkestrongly areearreea agreerree undecided disagree strongly disagreedisa
1kak3 reevee
2 3 4 5
10 do30 youjou agree with the present stand of the churchchuh on theuieule word ofwisdomyes undecided no
3 2 1
APPENDIX A
THE 7srhom staleSCAIBSCALE QPOF OMMIOBCRCK orthodcagtoft
nanemaxaename
ODOU
age sex oradejrade humber
itistsoctioastrnstructioms PLEASEFISASE CIRCLEcirome MEEHS ANSIMAISLESANS weichWHICHwelchIM APPLIES TO TOOYOUyovtov perscmllipersomurPERSO
1
muiMUr
do you usually attend sacramentSacra meetingsweatingentweekly 000.0every 1twoto weelaireelcsweelm monthly on special occasions nevernev
55. 4 3 2 1
2 if you live ithwithvith your famuvpfasrijy do you participate in family piyenpiyerprayerplyerdo nottkttakt confuse withvith blessing on01 the food
daily weekly monthly irregularly never do not live with ramlyfamilyramiy6
VMoiaoilora
t
5 4 3 2 i13 do you break the word of wisdomwisdon with reference to coffee or tea
beer or strongerstr alcoholicongeronZer beverages or tobaccoregularly occasionally rarelyrawlyranly never
1 2 3 4
4 testimony meetings are enjoyable meetingsniesierie toeting attendstrongietronglystrongvebronEtron agreeglygirdir agreeagneeagne undecided disagreedladiadib stronglyaree disagree
5 4 3 2 1
5 following the teachingstea ofchinga the church willwm help one get aheadfinanciallystrongly agree agreeadree undecided disagree strongly disagree
5 h4 3 2 1
6 during the year 19621952.1952 did youpay a rullfullruliruilfuirui tithe1 payray a part tithe pay no tithing
3 2 1
7 the church possesses divine authoritytronslytronskytronslysiy
aree
undecidedaided
a ree a4
a ree
rea
APPSHDIXAPPENWIX A continued
11 do you agree with moetoethebhe present standaland of the church on the youthprogramsyes undecided no
3 2 1
12 the presentpreipret Gtteneralenralsentbent authorities are inspired in their decisionswith reference to ohwohohurchchurch matteramattersdatsatdetstrongly tragreeagnee agreagrreeairree mdecidedundecided disagree strongly disagree
5 4 3 2 1
SOORINIGI arvdANDAIND nrmiryretationbmsrerationanswers
M
on
0
each
0
item
gommSOMM
were
IIAM
sivengiven
0
a
0
nT
ft
Oricali
value
N
s
mowMOM
which was not ineluded on theuie original scale giren to subjects these values weresumwdswroed A high score indicated aaan orthodox person and a low scoreacoreindicatednellea anbedted unorthodox person
for raw scores on orthodoxy see appendix 3
naaenase
sumid
ballywallywaily
APPRIDIXappehd2x B
rheTSETHEreb MVINSON ANDAMD SAVORDSASFOKD antlANTIaati SMITISMSEMITISM SCALE
r3st2votiohs THIS IS AN 3tosti3at3dhI OFSTIGATION GENERAL PUBLIC OPINIONOPIMIOH coaCONOMAN
imam3ehhbi3immm JMSHJEWIM people zheTHEzee FOLLOWINGFQLLOWISO AREABE STATEMTS witeWITHW
WIMmimwlm SOMESOM PEOPIZPEOPIEpeople acheea5heeambe4ambel ANDASO OMEMSOTSSBS disacassDISADISAM PMASEPLEASS7 maryMARXMARK4
dialEAGHdlcedicedidi OHE ISIN effleffleTHEche lertISFTLEFT MASSIM accordinoAOCORDINOCORDINGACOrgm0 TO tileTHEtiietlle AMXHTAXOMT oftourYOUR ale24sltagre2m OR disaaiehdisammi IE BT USINSUSING THE tollaiksfollournrumodTOL
scaldSCALESCAM
fLaIKS
as3s3 firmfimfirnflaria strong agreementiagmementoagreementsagree undoubtedlymentamentinenta true in
aquaountry
2 moderate agrementjagreecsentj truetrw in mw cases often trueIsI1 slaitsliitsli&htslight agreement true in smesomesamesoae caacascasesa occasionally1 slight dibagreeibentjdisagreement 23102 raisefalseraiae than true2 moderatoode3itemoderate disagmementjdisagreesient duallywuallyually not the caseleaselcabel probably wrong3t strong disagreementsdiagresntjdisagreementodisagree aanmantomentomants absolute misconceptimrxniseonceptioni false
jl it would hurt the business of a large concern if it had too mwwaygaygavjewish employees
2 the jews should makemke a sincere effort to rid themselvesthe ofmelves theirconspicuous and irritating faults if they really want to stopbeing persecuted
JL in order to maintain a nice residential neighborhood it is bestto prerentprevent jews from living in it
4 narwarvar shows up thetiletuleuuie fact that the jews ar not patriotic nor willingto make sacrifices for their country
the best way to beat the commistcomiunistcommiso menace in this countryaountryrountry is tocontrol the jewish elementeleiaantelemntelelaeleia whichentant guides it
6 jews seemseen to prefer the most luxuriousluious extravagant and sensualwaynay ofaf living
7 much resentment against jews stensstemsstemstenasteg fronfrom their tendency to kepkeepapart and to exclude textilestentilesgentilesten fromtiles jewish social life
8 college shouldshmid adopt a quota system by which they limitllantilant thenumber of jews in fields which havehaw too amnymny jews now
9 the jews mustmstastabt bbe considered a bad influence on christian cultureand civilization
10 in order to handle the jewish problem sentillessentiles3entilesSen musttiles roebroefmeet rirefireririewith fire and use the sameSBMsam ruthless tactics with the jews thatthe jews use with gentilesgtentiles3entiles
r3stru73t10 Z
0
greneral
more
3 j
I1
r ir are
ti34W
CaSSIG
MM
agmemento greneral
men
odeliteat
5358
APMDIX BD conumodeontinwd
JLLjulgul the jewishswishrewish districtsdistri inotsats moetmostmoett cities are results of the alannishol&zmishclannishnessneasnebsnebb and sticktogethernessstick oftogetherness jews
dealdeai
strbbr tingchristian manaremnnersmanwre and doumatcustorosoumatstoroscu
18 it i not wise for a christian to be seen too much with jewejews aashe might be taken for a jewy or be looked down upon by hischristianhristian1 friends
jlejl9 kihen jewjews create large funds for educational or scientific re-search it i mainly a desire for rainfaimfalm and publicpublio notice ratherthan a really sincere scientific interest
j20 there is something different and strandestrange about jews one neyerneverw
mowsknoisrs what they are thinking or planningamingpl nor whatubab mikesmakeslikesbakes theltthemtheinthentaentick
j21 the jewish problem is so general and deep that one often doubtsthat democraticdemodenodemocra methodmethodsoratiotictio can ever solve it
j2
etinggetting
wholerwholep
12 jewsjewjeg my hayeharehavehereheye moral atandardaabanatan thatdarda they applypply in their dealingwith each other but with christiana they areane unsornpulou80rwalow ruth-less amiand undependable
jlejl313 on the iifaole the jews haraharehavahave probably contributed leaslose to americanafricanlife than anyazyamy otherothen groupswapgnapgnup
14 oneom thing that habhas hindered the jews framfromcram establishingau their own
nation is the fact that they reallyreany have no culture of theirthirtair wnowninstead they tend to copy the things thattaat areayeays important to thenative citizens of vhatmmrwfaateroy oometryoimtryoomtry they are inino
1 A stepstop tward solvingoltlng the jewish probillaprobileamam1pro wouldbliembilea be to preventjewsjensjeus ffronr tting into superiorporiorperionperlonsv profitable0 pwitionepositunspositprotprof inUnsitablebitable societyjeoeietyfor a while at least
jl6jle the truetrwtru christianchrischrls cantianblanwian mawmvw forgive the jew for their wuolarualorualdixionfixionf ofon christchaschrs
17
tjewsjwsaws 4jogo too far in hiding thelttheir jewishnessjevishnessjowishno especially such exoz
aishteningstraighteningtrems nosesas waandaadchanging imitatingnames
A major fault of the jews Is their conesetconeeitconesitnesitconoconeco overbearingeitelt prideand their idea that they are a chosen race
j23 one of the first steps to be taken in oleaningaleazinggleaningoieolealeacleaolea upaningzingeningming the moviesand generally improving the situation in hollywood is to putan end to jewish domination there
11
00hrishnisslanssiens a j
b
16 MT
no as
is
19 V
is
20
21
22
23
884
til
aply
ja
jampjmmp
9
AYPENDIXAPPSIDIX B3 continuedconfined
24 there is little hope of correcting the racial defects of thejews since these defects are simply in their blood
2 one big trouble with jews ieis that they are never contented butalways try for the best jobs and the most money
26 the trouble with letting jews into a nice neighborhood is thatthey gradually give it a typical jewish atmosphereAmo
27
sphere
it is wrong for jews and gentiles to intermarryinterinarry
23 one trouble with jewish business men is that they stick togetherand connive so that a dentilegentile doesnt have a fair chance incompetition
29 no matter how americanized a jew maymynay seem to be there is alwayssomethingbomethingsomethin7somBom basicallyething jewish underneath a loyalty to jewry andmd ae
manner that is never totally changed
30 jewish millionaires may do a certain amountawuntahunt to help their owndowndoun
people but little of their money oesroebloeb into worthwhile americancauses
31 most hotels should deny admittance to jews as a general rule
32 rhefhe jews first loyalty is to jewry ratherratI thangierliergler to nishislis country
33 it is best that jews should have their own fraternities andsororities since they have their own particular interests andactivitiestivities which bhethe can best engage inli togetherZethergetherdetherto just schristians get along best in allchristianallailali christianchriatian fraternities
3 jewish power andind controlont inrolroi money matters is far out of pro-portion to the number of jews in the total population
3 jewish leaders should encourage jews to be more inconspinumincoaspinuousto keep out of professions and activities already overcrowdedoverwith
cradedcrowdedjews and to keep out of the public notice
36 1I can hardly image nyselanyselfbqeelf marrying a jew
37 the jews should give up their ununchristianchristian religion with allaliailal itsItrangestrangemi custonscustomscustom kosherko dietisher special holidays etc and par-ticipate actively and sincerely in christian13hristianhristian religionrelinellneil
33
dionZion
there is19 little doubt that jewish pressure is largely responsiblefor bhethe USCTS getting into the war with 3exnwmylierswyllerlierslyswy
59
25
he
0 Aa tivi ties they ust asesi411
34
35
interihanrynarrybanry
13
soo500soe
ybonpton
locksolookso manners and breeding
1343 there are a few exceptions but in genevalgeneral jews are pretty mchmehmahalike
49 jews should be more concerned with their personal appearanceappear andaladaindanceanae
60
APPERIXAPPENDIX B continued
39 the jews keep too mch to themselves instead of taking thew proper interest in munitycomunitycommunityco problems and good governmentgovgoe
UO40
ermento
jews seem to havehareharghayghaye an aversion to plain hard workvork they tend tobe a parasitic elementel ineisent society by finding easy non productivepwhtijobs
ul- it is sometljaessometirwa 11allailali right to ban jews from certain apartmenthouses
42 jews tend to remain a foreign element in amerialafricanameriac society to0
preserve their old social standards and to resist bhethe americanway of life
jtbjt3 districts containing amnywayumny jews always beemseendeen to be aihsiaarhellyeilyeliy dirty 9
shabby and unattractive
JA it would be to the bestbeatbeav interestinterests of all if the jews wouldwoud formtheir own nation and keep more to theruselves
bureaus in washington and they have too mchmohmah control over ournational policies
46 anyoneaayoneaarone who employs manymewbanynewbew people should be careful not to hire alarge percentage of jews
jiaji7 ne general fault of jews is their over aggressiveness a strongtendency always to display their jewish looks
not be so dirty nd spinellyspielly and unkept
0 there awsewsseems to be sonesorosomesolosorl revolutionary streak in the jewish akemakebakenakeup as shown by the fact that there are so many jewish communistsand agitators
jl the jews should not pry so mahmuchmehaeh into christian activities andorganizations nor seek so muchauchnuch recognition wdand prestige fronfromyroachristians
j2 jews tend to lower the general standard of living by theirwillingness to do the most menial work andind to live under standardsthat are far below average
mtheamerican
43
44thenwelves
45 cherethere are too manynany jewisjews in the various federal agencies andwashin artonrton
47 one
and smellyeliyeily
51
52
nonproductive
ja
scarimscoring
givenleen
61
APPENDIX 3 continued
RCORING AWDAND interpretation
answers with positive mabewmwbewutunbere designated agreement to statexnentsstaterantsstate onrentsrants thescale answers with negative numbersambers designateddisagreementdesignated disagreement to statementsjents on the scaleboale swricalnilnit valuescaloaloai were iven to eaoneaobeaoheach answer whichwas seamedswamedswwwad according to values samnshownshmn below
37 1 5 2226 13 3 1
A high score indicated an unfavorable prejudiced attitude toward thejews and a low score indicated a favorable attitude towardboward the jewjewsjex
for raw scorescores on antisemitismantlantianbi semitism see appendix
3 72 6 1 3
2 2
B
giyenzivenlyenglyen
twewoe
artATT TOWARDTOWAM THE NDMO
yonforborbomyoa A
WRIMWIITEwrin rour NAME HEREHEIME numberSOMBERNUMBM
airiaa3eairij SEXSSX MADEGKADE ISIN nimhiahHIMnith SMOOLSCHOOL
this is a study of attitudes toward the segronegro on this page youwillvill find sixteen statement expressingexpress differentingini attitudestoward the negro put a plus markmrk 0 if you agree with thestatement put a 0 erozero if you disagree with the stabelstatementstatemif fou cannot decide about a statementstAt yougentment my narkbarkmark it with aquestion markmrknark
this is19 not an examination people differ in their opinionsabout what is right and wrong in this issue please indicateyour own attitude by a plus markmrkmerk when you agree and by a zeroaeroserosevosedowhen you disagree
segronegro
APPENDIX G
ME h1nomeethinoklsr SCALI OF ajtinme
JL the difference between the black and white races is not one ofmere degree but of kind
j2 the educated negro is less of a burden on the courts and is lessloselikely to becamebecoasiebeeamebeebec aoasie dependent or a defective than the educatedwhite an
3 iono negro should hold an office of trust honor or profit
4 the legronegro should not be simply the doormadoormt of asricanasierlcanawrican civil-ization
J I1 place the negro on the samesaniesanle social basis asan I1 would a mulemulesmulee
j&6 the negronedro should be iven the samesainesarne educational advantages asthe white inanman
7 I1T am not at all interested in how thetoeshe negro rates socially
3 inherently the ero and the whitealbemite man are equal
9 rhefhethe inability of the negroes to develop outstanding leadersdooms theinthemthen to a low place in society
10 nosiollo degrokegronero has the slightest right to resent or even questionquestionsthe illegal killing of one of his race
p
a
1
2
man
iflegral
iza tion
nt
ja
ja
scaleecalebaalesaaleboale value of allanaliail the statements heendorseeindorseedorseein below thetha soalescaledaale valuesvalaes of the 16 items on the soalescaleseale are tabu-lated below
statetontState 1lontTOnt 2 3 ii4 5 6
peopleboplaoplepeopled
14 I1T would not patrmieptranizepatrPt amieranize hotel that accommodatesaoooimodateaaccoomodates degroemegroenegroeseMeNegroedroe
galatgalstgabat
sextilsemtilseutral positimpoeiuwpositum
7.070
ll11 G continuedontizraed
11 after you havehare educated the segronegro to the level of the whitewhito mnmnothere
OWWAPOW
willwin still be an impassableiiapassableiapassablepassableliaiiaiAlin gulf between them
jl5l meisie segronegro inis fully capable of sooklaleocialsoolal equality with the iwhtemanaannan o
0
bubbut he should not be o0 recognisedrocognizedrecognized until he iais bettertrainedtrai
jlejl3130
nedo
the negromegro ieis bybj no meamealmeanem fitritf forit social equality withirith the acmaaaaancommmostclonect white opia
JJ
00oo 96906gggoggsggis9.696 575.77.7 10.3103
statement 9 10 11 12 13 ll11 1 16
scale valusvalue 3353.5 111 12421 838.3 131 292.93 6.666 7.777
inmpuattonimtsbpagratios orsoorssOF
the
SCORES
following table enables one to interpret the individual acoresscoressorosborosbores aaas
lilwllvelllii aeas the average sorosaresore of a grop of individuals
0
66gg
preproprejudicedjuiced gaiatagainst the negronedro
ho404.0
90go
inalna
49hg
40ho
63
appm&o1ppsisix
1 it i possiblenoepoenos foreible the whitewhaitewhitw andaad segroneg raeesraess to be brotherbrothers inchrist without booming brothersbrottoea in law
3
scale vaigvalue 494.9 88.898.9 2.323 7.272 0.000oo
19 strongly prejudiced mtgainst the negrosegro
20 396989 liberal toward theteethogeegme megronedrovedro
9.090 109 very liberal toward the negro
for rrrw scores CNon attitudeattitwe towsrdtows therd megro aeesee appendixappexidix ES
12so
in
MW
goodwoosgoed4
7
14 15
6 9
inlaw16 zherhethe segroherosenonevo should havehare the advantage of all social benefits of
the white mn but be limited to hishiehib own race in the practicethereoftherethorebhore
SOORIM
of
k onspersonpenson score iein the nedlanmedian
groese
0 mwmm
72 loo
83 29 77
70
lav
89 23 57
35
moost
3.3tatement
appendixAPPSSDIXAFPM D
ATTITUDEATTITTOS TOWARD THE SPANISH AMERICAN
adaptation of nakleyhinckleynokleynakieyHi scale form A
this is a study of attitudesattitude toward the spanishspwishskwish amricanawrilcanafrican onthis page you will find sixteen statements expressing differentattitudes bowardtowardwaardwward the aurieanamrieanajaerican
onyontany the illegal killing of one of his race
11
binebrne
americanamarican andsindfind white races isnot one of mere degree but of kind
2
put a plus mark ifyou agree with the statement put a erozerosero 0 if you disagreewith the statement if you cannot decide about the stastatementtomentfomentyou wymaynaynar mark it with a question mark thibIMsthisrhib is not an examin-ation people differ in their opinions aboutabat what ieis wrong andright in this issue P please indicateindi youroate own attitude by apluspius mark whennhen you agree and by a zeroaeroserodero when you disagreed
JL the differencedifferdiffen betweeneneeenoe the spanish
the educated spanish adrieanaerieanaaerioam iais less of a burden on the courtsand leasless likelylikly to become a dependentdonndowndenn ordent a defectivedereadefeaderee thantive theeducated whitehite
3 mono spanish arloanaricanararicanafrican should hold an office of trustytrustbrust honor orprofit
it4 the spanish aiaerioanaiwrioan should not be simply the doormadooraatdoormt of americancivilization
J5 1I plaoeplaaeplaag the spanish
after you have educated the spanish ainerioanasierioan to the level of thewhite mnmannan there will still be an impassable gulf between them
IX
spanish Amricanean
pl disagree
1MOPMORMIW
american cmon the bamesawsamebawbam social basis as I1 woulda milemaemele
6 the spanish africanawrioanamrican should be given the same educational advan-tages as the white mnman
J7 1I am not at all interestinterested in how the spanishamericanspanish ratesratebitesamericansociallysocial
8
iyolyo
inherentlyInherent thelyt spanish
spanishamericans developoutstanding
WINNOWN questionquesti
1 owopm
od
americans
amerlean and the white manwnnan are equal
9 the inability of the spanish Ainericans to develop outstandingleaders dooms themteenthenmgee to a lowloir place in society
10 lo10no spanishamericanspanish hasamerican the slightest right to resent or even
veryverf liberal toward the spanish americanaaericanamerioan
for raw scores on attitude toward the spanish american see appendix BE
00oo gg36
iili
lgig
69gg
hgbg
40ho
rsonsesons scoresorebooredorebore is the median scale value of allaliail the statementsstate hematsindorse below the saalescalesoalebaale values of the 16 itesitemibes on the scale are tabu-lated below
statementStater 1 2 3 U4 5 6 7 a8
scale value 494.9 393.9 2.323 7.272 0.000 9.696 7.7 10.3103
tAtement 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
sealscale value 3 1.111 424.2 838.3 1.81918 2.929 66 7.777
itterpkeafatioef OF SCORESSPORES
the
NO
following table enables one to interpret the individual scores as
well as the average score of a group of individualindividuals
0
65
12 the spanishamericanspanish american is fully capable of social equality with thewhite manmn but he should not be so recognizedrecognisedreeognized until he is bettertrained
13 the spanishamericanspanish isarloanamerican by no meansmeamsneans fit for social equality withthe monestcommonestco white people
ll11 1I would not patronize a hotel that acocmgaodateacoawlodates spanish americans
151 it is possible for the white and spanish4mrioanspanish racesajsserican to bebrothersbrot inhnshrs ghristchrist without becoming brothers in law
16 the spanishamericanspanish shouldamerican have the advantage of all socialbenefits of the white mn but be ustedumted to his own race in thepractice thereof
sgorinq5gofing
A
ONWOM
persons
strongly prejudiced against the spanishamericanspanish
20
american
prejudiced against the spanishamericanspanishafricanspanish americanafrican404.0 neutral position
7.070 liberal toward the spanishamericanspanish
90
american
10.9109
e
14
ted
pedoin roebroes
s-tatement
ont
IRted
39 23 72 103
83 29 77
39
70 89
log
57
35 42 18
batement
ierma
6.969609goggag
898.939
1.919
393.9
5.757
353.5 7.77
i4rma ATION
686365
81aial
69gg
61gi
solo
66gg
63go
66gg
50so
66gg
67gt
1575
51si
54bk
log105 48 242
43 16
686.8636.3
165
46 130
464.6
ul41 163
7.7
l1 212
747.4
hi47 16156
6.666151.5757.5
38 217
646.4
7.979
49 157
515.1
U 262
747.4
0 117lit
6.76760715
43 70
5.151
3.3
AS AN
353.599.
scaleseale scale
828.2
ill111iiiililii 6.96999 6.161
101 535.3
1 545.4
au7u74 7.676
lu154ish 6.666326 6.363
46kg
64gh
3555
APPENDIX E2
raw scores of the subjects on the IQ the vernon scale of church orthodoxyOrtho
the
dWlevinson & sanford antisealantiantl bislatisiaseadsealsend soalescale the hinckleyHin scaleekley on attitude
towardrewardroward the negromegro and the adaptation of the hinckleynokleynakleynakieyHi scale on attitude
toward the spanish american
number
1
2
3
4 108103
5 lou104loh
6 103
hah949
7 79
40
3 10
43
9 113
10 102
11 ill111iiilii12 ill111ililillii13 102
51
1 iol104lobioblol1 117
16 9398
17 ill111iiilillii45
18 112
50
IQ0
106
scale
98
49
95
53
50
APPmix
45
154
57 60go6.060
14 41
51 5.353
serdtism
76
71
72
67
78
79
67
82
54
55
74
74
53
51
818.1313.1
ASA
scale
7.272
848.4
505.0
6.7676.66674
7.1711.1
1.1
787.8
6.767
555.5
68gb63
3888
71ti
69gg
3252
66gg
75ts
gl91
7873
kaha
hlli
65gg
hsbs
uau5 42 190 464.6 7.373
3 166 7.070 747.4
U 139 7.979 88.
1 15818isb 7.676 6.363
li 159189139 UI414.1 6.767179 6.262 74
39yay5 270 33. 7.07043 311 6.363 66.
2 2
70
125 52 16156 7.171 383.8
39 178173 6.767 7.373
44 263 6.868636.3 8.85842 28285 1.1
j 6.2624.4
3 16 77. 7.272
43 196 1.1 7.17149 133 7.878737.3 7.373703
0 203 7.272702 303.030
0 123 6.969 7.676
1
53
25
50
50
53
51
45
45
35
52 205 454.5 5.757
76
71
67 73
62
72
73
72
76
73
70
79
76 63
67
62
70
63
63
71
75
74
85
55
57
74
43
110UOiloiio
ill111liililuau343
97
47
1u2142
APPENDIX
190
323.2
E
6.666
6.363
continued
747.4
0
30U41
AS
279
IQAHAN
434.3
124
ashASA
number
7.171
12
50
scale
19
48282432
165
scalescale
20
90
scale
21
96
scale
22
102
0
23
107
16
24
127
7.676
2
106
77.
26
106
2
27
11
28
131
29
116ilg30
103
5431
118
32
117
33
102
34
73
3
84
36
92
5237 251
33
555.5
39
5o2sin502
UO40
2.2
2 20 U 7
7.575
757.5
515.1
8.585
656.5
liu114lih123
50
9
11
110UOliollo
0
34
scalesealeAS
42
scale
hi47
247
uau747
112
53
49
226
65
3933
180
43
2592947
UU44
ua113u82
U
ilg115
206
43
abu64b
lu154ish
46
3
47
23
64
ut44
235
3
uau848
105log
271
8.8
36
585.8
49
242
U
39
0
lu
210
646.4
ul41
1
89
23
454.5
747.4
235
46
52
98
228223
53
636.368
26
au8u84
271
646.4
u tok
46
109
136
6.6
565.66.655
ul41
101
203
6.06056 686.8636.3
11
U
UU
194
6.9696u646.4
94
0 221
6.0606.363
11
46 15616
6.262
6.0609
39 23253
343.4
7.7777t7
loh104lobiob
1 270
UU444.4
34
T
54
132
6.666
6.262
AKAN
6.969
66.
scaleASA
888.8
8.8
scale
828.2
66.
8.8
7.878t8T
6.060
9.9
8
6.060747.4
343.4
7.070
3.3
303.0
6.2626.1616.666
434.3
U
6.969
64ghau
60go
60go
6368
60go
69gg
60go
66gg
69gg
70to
61gi
66gg
69gg
6863
60go
8838
jhjb
64gh
64gh gg66
54bh
hhlb
65gs
6
7
3
9
60
61
62
63
64
IQ
123
112
11
so80
38
10
122
68
APPENDIXAPPODIX E continued
numberlumber
42
58 5945
52 58
50
51
54
h
1157 ils115
53 95
59
95
115 51
82
62
78
30
62
63
77
62
74
34
58
43
45
74
56
545.4
5.656
656.5
68gb63
glgi
61gi
60go10
72 107 hk44 258259
3 309
2 129
48 136
3 167
US45 87
1 96
49 202
SQ50 3
k 171
2747 15818153
0
gog509609sog
117
3
43
7
239
1 103
43 268263
54 UJ143
ANalg
scale
7.3737.3736.1616.8686.8686.1616.0606.1612.3236.3637.171
505.0
6.8636.368838.3
343.4
1.1
78
33.
100loo
7.676
51
9.9
7.272
61gi
50so
6368
69gg
60go
61gi
66gg
60go
73 log105 35
69gg
66gg
APPENDIX E continued
0 ASscale scalscale52 241
52 2
ut44 91
51rii 197
1 137
39 130
44 170
69
numbere
65 123
66 102 520
67 103
63 102
re
70 95
71 133
74 125 52W
75 123
V
77 log105
79 113 5130
35 8.58531 ils115 54
33 100loo 50
34 99 10 5.535 12 51
86 ioe104loe
10
73
73
68
68
23
63
71
83
76
72
76
73
77
71
73
26
83
67
35
78
71
33
83
ril
34
85
85
75
ak
6.868636.3
6.66669
7.171
121
7.373
51
6.0602.626
1k8.3836.76733.
6.96966.
353.5
88.
787.8
7.1713.333
8.3836.666606
77.
87 UO
los105ios 53
6.9696.0607.676
ASA
scale
7.373
7.7776.161
3.376
858.532 112
757.5
7375
67gt
66gg
66gg
60go 65
60go 535.3
loh104iollol10
108103
106
109
43
107
112
49
103410341.03
11tivilg
511
243
109
116
146
47
110
lih114
90
43
IQ
122
50
117
0
127
0
2104054
32
scale
173
5.656
AS
91
54
AKAN
scale
10
uau242
lo150
scale
10
121
3
8030
737.3
112
43
123
7.171
iob104lob
233
9.9
108103
51
96
6.76764
118na54
155135
34
6.666
118us4
13
7.171
116ilg
0 0
3
193
6.666
111iliiii1
163168iga
6.262
102
1
90
7.171
112
U
113
8u
101
3
176
747.4
93
54
99
7.676
747.4
3
244
6.060747.4
129
6.262020.2
66.
207
U
7.373
90
6.060
7.070
71i747.4tiitil
8.8
6.666
3.1818.131
575.7
6.0601
77.
6.161a05
747.4
704
696.91
6.363
737.3
66gg
7873
66gg
71ti
60go
61gi
69gg
7378
99gg
94gb
93gb
3181
74th
56jg
APPENDIX SE continued
number
8833
8939
90
91
92
93
94
9
96
97
9893
99
16
100
51
101
102
103
2
43
1
U
uau3
70
35
05L
95
3 4.4 747.4
131 1 51
45
503
115 5
71
71
62
71
76
62
57
73
77
73
73
71
73
70
63
75
74
74 74
74
02
74
au
7.3787.873
ASA
scale
737.3
7.777746.666
7.373
7.3737.1717.1717477.
6.6
595.9
757.5
54.54
545.4
ios105los rd 2n 6 4.4
66gg
66gg
glgi
6368
69gg
66gg
69gg
74th
65gg 64gh
64gh
64gh gl91
09og
APPENDIX E continued
numberKu
111illiliiiillalia
laberjaber
112
2
113111lin
3
lihlilt114illi
45
11511315
116LUilg
117
113
119
120
121
122
123
12u124
12
126
3273
128
129
130
131
132
133
IQ
93
103
74
102
uau646
102
3
224
107
U
167
113
42
283
116
u
190
122
49
273
103
3
116
112
32
222a2
103
48
93
113
lgb194igl
47
113
17175
42
66
190
3
117
108103
46
123
ihouto140ukoulo
49
110
llt6
646.4
2
14
10
203
6.767
515.1
31
6
111iliiii
143iha
6.767
1
6
122
211
5.7577.7
aa1a44
7.7
106
126
6u
1
101
181
3.333
uau646
0
199
6.666
42
scale
247
66.
AS
U
AN
5.7577.7
scale
4
scale
e
ASA
208
5
7.272
0.9696.909
scale
296 6.868747.4
7.171
7.373
66.
3.313
6.262
646.4
6.6
686.81151.15
7.272
646.4
6.666
6.161
6.262
33.
7.676
6.363
7.070
333.3
7.070
7.272
6.6
7.272
63
6.767
696.9609gog
1.1125
7.2727.676700
66.
6.767
333.3
6.66677.
71
kixnix 11APPE
aa1e
e
1
53
45
45
53
r4
35
1 27 52 6 7.711
U0
51
65
72
68
71
62
72
62
76
70
70
67
67
33
73
68
33
72
72
67
72
76
67
33
35
57
57
au
656.5
353.5
ltvtibtel
69gg
ggsg
66gg
66gg
3151
71ti
69gg
5550
APPENDIX S continued
0 AS AN ASA
kaaberkuaber 13 scale scale scalesoale scalegalesoaleoaleoaie
134 106log ut44 231 7.373 6.969
13 39 1 129 525.2 6.0606
136
o
30 26 16 3.3 595.9
137 3833 47 192 6.666 7.070
133138 113 53 159 6.666 7.070
1391191.19log1 107A 19 3 227 636.3 6.363
ihouto140uitnit 106 U la154 7.2727 7.272
ihllltl141ibiletl 100 47 222 77. 77.
142 111iliiii 09 134f 7.272 313.1
143 12u 441 210 3.3 636.3
lt4 90 33 252 1.1 626.2
au1u14 98935 47 147 7.777 777.7
16146 100 2 8333 7.171 7.272
147 102 53 177 626.2 7.171
143 108103 33 13153 696.9 0.7676.707
149249lug 11111a 50r
0 17900 555.5 767.6
72
INIDIX
nwber
135 2 60go
165 434.3 9
43
45
75 757.5
513
2
145
52
11
73
52
70
70
63 63
72 72
72
63
62
77 77
72
62 71
67
76
43
75
07
rao
0.0
METHErhe reiatiosshipreutioizhip OPOF ORTHODOXYORTHODOX AIMandalaxia PREJUDICE SEKMRY STUDENTSSTUDMITS
003 zheTHEmie QPOFf JESUSJUSv1wrclt MRISTOHRISTghristwrist OPOF LATTERDATLITTERDAYLITTER SAINTSSAIHTSdarDAY
an abstract
of a thesischesis
submitted to the
graduateaduateadu departmentate of sdacationedwationedmaEdwa
brigham
tion
roung universityversifyOni
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for uietheulenie degree
master of artsants
by
donald sorensenSo
1963
reneen
adwateacuate
obartsofarts
a110 Tlilo
tembermemberbeaber
ibis abstract by donald sornsensorensen is accepted in its present
formfornronn by the graduateclxraduate department of educationstationelation as satisfying the abstract
thesis requireiaentrequirwinent for the degree of master of arts
julyjialyju3r 1963 signed s
crrqrrerrarr Jchairmenghairmnchairmn advisory ommitteegosaaitteegmmittee
7.7aberteaberte advisory smittegoismitteccmmdttescogGoicag
athuthlkhui
clegreeagree
juar
bg89
sedeed on members of the murah of jesusjebusjedus smietswiet2xistexist of latterday saintssaint
orthodorthid
ambovsamovs
ABSTMGT
researchbesBeeres ofearch the relationship between ortbodoaiy and prejudice
is not clear sanesme studies report those who acknowledge church ma
berehieberahipberehipbersbere tohip be leseleaelessieselebs tolerant than those ho do not other investiga-
tors find either slight differencesdiffer oremes no differences among the at-
titudes of members of differentdlfdifdir religionsUrentfent stinstillstibons others rindfindf tsiporisiporinpor
tanttentgentguntbant differencediffer inenaes acceptance of orthodox religious beliefs and at-
titudes towardboirard minorityainorityninoainoalno groritythe mainroainnoainrominmalnbain questions the study attempted to answer were the
following
1 Is there a significant positivepoeitiw relationshiplationship betweenbetibets ortho-
doxy
reen
and prejudice towards minority groupgroups
2 when amparingoosiparingam highhigthhagthparingpadingpaving and lr intelligenceintelli groupgenoegence lewilillsilis how
trmgstrong ieis the relationshiprelationehiprelatiorwhip to orthodoxyorthodoayorthodw and to prejtidiaeprejudioo
3 how do boyboysborbors compare with girlgirls with regard to theahe strength
of the relatiorwhiprelationahiprelationship between orthodoaqrorthaagrortha andagr prejudice
ethezhe subjects mistedo333isted of 74tittik baysboyabara and 7 girlsgirla remesentingsrepreaenungrenesreMesrewed aenting
cross section of hormonmormon studentsadenfeat enrolled at safford highelgh school in
southeastern arizona AHali subjectedsubjectesubjeats were mormons exceptsept one
the vernon scale of church orthodoxy was hosenchosen as the instruizatraizattamentmntmeatant to meluremeasure religious orthodoworthodoayorth asodoW it had the definite advantage
of being standardistandardized
it has a coefficient of reprodwibilityreproduoibilityreproducibility of 39-
1
prj ce
w
75
lationship
nho
trag
orthodox
pij
wasvasvab chosen aaas the
measurementmeasureasentsurementserement of attitude toward the jeusJWBjewsjeub because of its excellentexoezo re-
liabilityellenteilent
and validity items of this scale have a reliabilityreU ofability 96
therhe hinckleyHin scaleeldoy on attitude toward the negrosegro and an adaptation
of this scale w used to deasumineaauremeasumrneainearaea attitudesureaure toward the negro and the
spanish americanazerloanazerlean this aboveabor scale iraswaswab chosen because of it shortness
facility in administration and oringsooringsaoringsaaringsosa and its high reliabilityreliabreliah andty
validity the scale values have a mean reliabilityrehreU ofability 9
pearson product moment correlationscorrelacorreiacorrele wereverewerotiow oowutedooputed between allvariables of the study and t testatestsbesta to discoverdiaoorordiseoverdise differencesdifferenoeadifferenaesdifferover
the
enaes
followingolloving conclusionsocmolusio were made from the studyt8ti2icfy
1 there mswab a significant relationship between orthodoxyortho anddazydary
prejudice toward the nagromagronegro and the spanish american butbatbakbuk not between
orthodoxy and antiantlanbi seitiamsemitismo
2 lh lowlewiem IQ groupgude wawaswab re antisemiticantiantl thantalanwhansemitic the high IQ
grouproupe
3 prejudice towardboirardboward the segromegro and the spanish american wasvas
hiiesthieiesthiieste anongamong the high IQ groupegroups
4 the high iq group was morewwmope orthodox than the lowloilof IQ group
wabvaswae
ibsitslbs
noromoronore
lamTAriamrinson
neanesmea
tzerAzerkmerloanioan
rnnene
prejbrej ce
2
the harrinsonlevinstarrinson on & sanford antisemitismantlanti scalesemitism as
fac ty
folloving
rne
5 hono significant differencediffewnoedifferenoediffer wasenoe noted between bortsboys and girls
on IQin
6 boys were more prejudiced toward the jewsjm labile girls werewregrevere
more prejudiced bowardtowardbovard the negromagro
7 mono significantsignifioantsiznifiaant difference waswis found betweenbetireeabevibeti boyaboysreenreea and girls
in regardnegardvegard to orthodosxyorthodovorthodawdovdak
957
studst
orthodox
957.957
3
3 other studies seemseendeenbeembeen to indicate that the more orthodox a person
is the more he tends to be prejudiced toward all minority groupgroups the
present study showsshow this to be the cascaseoas with attitude toward the segronegro
and the spanish arorioanAror butioaniaanlaan not so with attitude bowardtowardknard the jewsspanishamriean
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