The Relationship of Orthodoxy and Prejudice Among ...

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Theses and Dissertations

1963

The Relationship of Orthodoxy and Prejudice Among Seminary The Relationship of Orthodoxy and Prejudice Among Seminary

Students of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Students of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Donald Sorensen Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Sorensen, Donald, "The Relationship of Orthodoxy and Prejudice Among Seminary Students of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints" (1963). Theses and Dissertations. 5130. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5130

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THETOE relationshipRELA OFi014ship ORTHODOXT AHDAXD PREJTOICE ahomAMONGanongahong saiimryS STUDEMAA

OF

RY

THE OHUROHMMICHMMIC OF jusJOSJESUS anistGHRISTMMISTanisz OF UTTERDAYIATTERUTTERlatter skinnSAIMTSSAINMDAY

A thesis

presented to tweteetheweebhe

graduate department of educationmutation

brighamBrig roungyounghamhaa university

in partial fulfillment

of the requirementsrequiresnents for the degree

master of arts

by

donald sorenseasorenseisorenseniSoren

july

beaseiseaben

1963

H

727.2723 1

60 & 81363

the writer desires to express his sincere appreciation to grdrodre

james Hno harrissharris chaimanchairmanchalmanchainman of mehis advisoz7adrlaoxy committeecaroitteecomitteeComit forbeetee his MWmaylay hours

spent in consultation his patiencepi understandingblencetience and oonsconsoona tractive

help with the preparation of thisthia thesis

sincere appreciation is alsoaleoaiso extended to drdrodvodve howard H barronterronmerron

sabermember of the advisory comitteecomiitteecamitteeComit and0.0tee to dr BEs wayne wright for theirmwtonymony kim suggestions and to saniasansasenia Bbo allred for the typing of the

manuscript

in a special way I1 wish to thank myisylumlem wisevisewire marllynmarilynmarliynMarnarnad andilyup our rowefourromrrour

children for their faith and considerate understanding of a much absent

husband and fattier

acvnu4leexts

thewriter

ocmetructive

xh

laber

ah

rivichapter

111 istrootgtiosIMMN 0OMGTIOX

rableTABLE OPOF COSTEMSCOMNTS

page

LET OF TABLES

lossIONS I1 if 0 0 S 0 10 0 0 0 0 31

dumarysuimarysumary of pindingsbindingsyinPindings

dlosnios

kak3

prejupoejudi oe

prejbrej ce

2

definitionDefideriderl ofaition tejwtexw 2

at2t20 REVMREVIEW OF literaturelitsratohelitlrature 3

the psychologypayhologypsycholosyPsycho oflosy projixdioe 3

measwomentsmeasureiaents of attitudes 7

attitude Towardtwardtowardminorities 14

attitudes toward religion and orthodoxyorthodcow

1

18

orthodoxy and rrejioe 23

swissuxy t

26

selection of sawlebanlebanie 26

instrtkoents 27

statistical amlysisam3yai8 30

TA

TOPUMM 0 f f 4 0

0 0 0 4 0 0 t 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 1

problem 0 0 0 0 6 4 9 & 0 4 asfs 0 1

delimitations 0 0 0 4

to a

9

1 0 10

S I1 I1 utas0101 217 25

3anznzRESEARCHreskBESE MSIGNabaiAROiabal 40

A &

4 FINDINGSfityitfir ampAMDANDDIOS istmpsetatiossIMURBUT t

4F & 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42

IQ 0 asfs 0 0 4 0 0 42

minority dhroupdrouporoups kak242

orthodwthodcosythodOrtho andndcotycosydW prejudice

Minorities

ipg14646

bepbsqigbs 0 0 f 0 0 0 0 840

appendixesAPPENDIM

Tv

chapter pagepagopage

5 SIMMARTSMOMY AWAHD conclusions 45

comiusiomgonclusionsconclusions

1

5

0 0 0 46

recoiygnendationsftcommndatiow

I1 orthodoxy and minoritygroups 0 0

3338

9 significance of differencediffers betweennaenasnce meansmea of boreboyeboysbors andgirlgirls with IQ

LIST OF tabtTABLESta37table page

number means and standard deviations on boys girlsand totals on variables of IQ

32

2 correlations and levels of significance fwforfoeroe boye girlsand total between the variablesvarlvari ofablis IQ orthodoxy andpreludizeprejwiicepreludicePreludice 33

3 number means and standard deviations for low IQ andhighhiohlohib IQ on variables of orthodoxy and minoritmnorityminorityminoret groups

36

6 significance of differencediffer betweenenoe iwanaiwand of lowiov andhigh IQ groupsgrope on antiantlantisanlisseadltimiti 0 3

7 significanceugwieanoe of difference between xneans of lowion andhigh IQ groups on attitude toward the segro

39

10 significance of difference between means of boys andgirlgijlzzirl with orthodoxy 39

11 significance of differencedarferdifferdarrer betweenenoe means of boys andgirls tb antisemitismantlanti semitism 4 4 0

1

4 0 0 & 0 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 0 0 0 a 0 0

20

psy groagrou 34

U4 correlationsconvlations and levels of significance between highand lowionloviov IQ and the variables of orthodoxy anti-semitism attitude toward the netronegro and attitudetoward the spanish african 4 0 t 0 0 0 35

5 significance of difference between eanemanelenegene of lowloirloviov andhigh JQIQ groups on orthodoxy 6 4 0 a 0 0 0 10

amghhi 37

to W

199 9 9 a 38

3 significancesigxaficanoe of ferencedifferenceferentedifdlfdir between neansmeansmanslans of lowloir andhigh IQ groups on attitude toward the spanish american

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

signMcanoe& a I1 0 4 a 0 11 0 0

with 40

12 significance of difference between means of boys andgirls withvith attitude toward the megnomegronegronagro U41

13 significance of difference between bisansmeans of boys andgirlsgens vathwithlabb attitude towardbowardtow the spanish Ameramerleanloanioanlean a a 0 ll4111

S

sabsataab

enoeenocenec laU asep

tto n ofor ogwoortlioxorortli rligiomuaiowiligioo&woox wllftfa aangamng paiepele who aienwledg4 IMW

berhlp lain th gatholuutmlu sawhshwh atwomalwted

I1

thatthesshetllmalima

A

1w

mft

rist

auteaent

off

of

latk4vl&ttw

wliiow

selasselntj

prefercaeprefer

moraqmourso

orrfirenecaewae

adand

wberhip

hwbowkowkew

U

achofchovhey

natnot

iknofito02

n

related

awffioioat

to

riurlw

attainawtainoortsis

to

minority

w

arettjrett

ioaida

nhien

aobxen

andw&addeddwa

lpiimfi&m

tworhe at

attitudes

oillyof

tiradestitwtetitades

towards

tmarbtcmrda

airitieft

mnoritieslowltaosMno

lwi

protedpiotedritie

ltmnt

te

atsy

aahmutbor

i

to

immsmixmrfl

mkewaamoa

vitcavitfa

a&

&2w

toplitaonpopliropli

tu4m6m

oathouoatiou

of

FW

mmtami

NWIMW

of

the church of awJ

toetobtae

lo10 191iyl ogh 191igiOUAW ljrve&fciatr oramrnmr Adaodfaod

wa

eitherwisher

61401

filihifiliht ctijrfersnea r no

datolodifferentdatoro betanbetwn t4e att&fiini dirdig 9uwtow of different reliioae

irr 1 narun 19121j 203teli I1& lammitatJanlamlautaujannita ibyIMYnitawits 1950 nobnott ofor

abitfbitthitthiothe tdlwstudi onlywiywir roubrelauroutreubbelau atmaramatmaamattatadoatkaattA to churchohurchthwoubadotadobads mnhtp avolbeausbeouabedua in

fraticmfrati secured

olnyomny 19 studdystukdy of wusioiw beliefsbailansbailard

lesaleaa teutoutenmwt than o0t aocoeefcoee whomho do ot snl9&litm luj turb-

eville ai4i lyd bro

ig19

lmaiza

aghugh

uau2Wbeltboltbelrwp

1

ah7h relationship hewenbewen raiawligiosrai4 xd prtjudlepm44i inis notaos imm3wmgwmOU

solsomsalW

inwauatwtavugato aport thetthatbhat peoplepaggie istedisteo aolenwiedge dmrh wabmhip

und to be leaieslaa tolerant

an te isxibjot wlliow preferesprefereapre hiahhiohcereefereacaree

3nnota4m3ot indiaafce hismilmirhiahla ruiouyruoreillyoveillyOv

gis&tsats&eilly

ity

oeiuouiuyof 19393.9 ettnaittnarawnato iagoruntjawk444iengaiago differdifferenocrUnt

an old

ft0 1

0daredstorOfedsftrw 10491

A ISO

0ts IMA wornormorAL A 0

cm

oto

mitatkrin

absy

ad

steli

fratick

annot

keiu

billyaahl

strw

edoneooneaonaniaamia edatiowloducatioml or socialeoeialsooial imilili

ferdrerd gentgenk

colatirolati O0 an orthodoxyorth

and

odow

prejudicepjudies towards minoritymin groupsoritT

2 whenuhen ooseparingcoinparingooincoinoose highparing and low intelligence group levelimiili how

strong i the relationsuprelatioibiprelation tobupsUp orthodoxy and to prejudiwprejudiao

3 how do boysboydboom cowarecokipareboware with girls with regard to the strength of

the relationship between orthodoxy andmidnid prejudice

delimitations

the bampiesamplebanlebanie idis limited totto students enrolledenroendo atllod the chunh of jesuejesusjosue

christ lmalnaof Alatterdaylatter saintsday seminary at mfordsaffordsanfordmrord arizona

mono attempt vabwasvasweswebwab ademdead to assifyclassifyol the students according to their

age or to the eoonamiaeaomaaioji

2

among the mormonscormonsMor hismons tadlystudy was to determine if orthodoxy awigawmgaafteo a ran-

dom samplesampiebampie off the mormonmornannorman alahomaherohalehft showshows a significant relationship in pre-

judice toward jew negroesNe andgroeso spanish africans the purposepurpopurpe of the

studlystudy was to answeranaver the followingfoll questionsmingningwing

1I Is there a eipuioantsignificant positive relationship between

of their parents

only one student bakingtaking the various scalessoalesbeeles wasvaiswalswalb a non honnonmorison

definition of termstamtag

orthodoxy in the present study this is defined asan adherence or

ooormingamiformingformingami to the principles andarldalla doctrines of the chwolachwofachvwoh of jesus christ

of latterdaylavterlattertatter saintisaintsdaydar

mormonsmarmommarcomMornornar Amons coronioncamon namenamnanenenenal applied to members of thebe cheahoxurobchwah of jesus

christ of attordaytOrdayblatterilatterAt saintselntay

minority jewsjonjogjegqroiapb negroesle andbeoogroO spanish americans area the

minority groups referredford to in the prwexit istudystudy

a

pro

J e S MN

is

& 4 S

WK aabarb

t jes

itr p went

pJudicsudies

touwto4w

CHAPTER 2

rbvibi OFobi LITEUTURE

ISif bhethethokhebho tiber overflown into the city if the nile does not rlouflowriou

into the countryside if the heavelheweiiheavew remain unmoved if the earth quakes

if there is famine or pestilence at onoeonee the cry027aryeryezyony goes upupiapi to the lions

with the chriatiaxizristiara thisimaims remarkdemark by tertullian aokerminaolcexwnkerminwermanwerwinAo & jahoda

1901950igo points out in a amilsmil way that prejudice babbaghashab been one of the najor

problem of soclevsooietysociety sincebince early binetimtimetilbims it has been aidsaidbaidbald that prejudice

iais one of theeubieeuble problgroblproblempropuo ofbl ourowroar times for which everyoneeve hasryoneryona a theory butbat

no one an answeranaver ft bettelheimbettelheiabettelhetzBettel &heimheiahetzhelzhelm janmitzjanotrilti 195010to egoremoreger adequately the problem with whichhiehbieh thibthinthis paper is con-

cerned is to deal rithwithvith five major areasaneas the psychology of prejudice

the types of measurements of attitudes studies about attitudes to-

ward minority groups orthodoxy andaad religious attitudeattitudes and orthodyorthodoafthodyas it relates to prejudice bowardtoward minority grouper

itheitoetherhe ptychologyrgyctoologyptochology of prejudiceprejlioeprejudiae

prejudice i commonlycomionlycowcoMeow regardedionly as a feeling of dislikedielike against a

specific groups adomo prealselbrmwrilk levinslevirmon on & sanfordsantordamord 1901950igop

f

102po webster defines prejudioeprejudice as&8 preconceived judgaattanumtvnum orTop1mionopijoionjattftt

unreasonablerowable predilection or objectionobject especiallyilonllonlion an opinion or lean-

ing

loan-

ing adverseadvereealveree to anything withoutidlthowbwithont just grounds or before sufficient know-

ledge bettelheim 19319530 p 4 anfortahportanport 119 p 9 states racialdacial

prejudice in verywryvenyyery flat termstenasbennswenas thuieetamia prejudice is an antipathy based

EW

rflms

al vfta&S

4

anaverft 0

problexvith

is a i 7

group frenkel k Levinwonirmon S

or

ald

adamo

eramia

weswasweb

atlaagla

statuelstatual

it my be directed toward a group aas a whole or toward an indivi-

dual because he is a mamberjmbermwmber of that group at another time 1952 he

said it na a sywtomsyptoasyp oftomtoabom the authoritarian personality whose early

childhood babbaahashab predisposed him to prejudiced behavior

whenlihen do prejudices start their development within thetb persona-

lity roungtoungyoung 1930 gaybgaysbayt it is a common assumption monglonggong ninforsedwdjeitoraiedu people

to think that prejudices against raaespdedeadedes wligioxarougiorap andaaaaad divergmitdivergmtdivendiver groupsgropegmt

are innateixmateinmate physiology andsuadadad psyehologypsychology givegiro no epportsupport to any ewh thothe-

ory trager & yarrow 1921952 feelfoolreelfeol that they start at an early ageago to

develop attitudes toward different racialwoialraoial andaad religiousrelrei groupsgrotgroiigims allportailportpi

& kramer 1946 specify they first develop during the school yearnyesyosyea be

tween the ages of 6 and 16 andam especiallypeei&uy in the age range 12 to 16

jahoda deutsch & cook 19511915 mention sometimebaaghiggbigg of the factors that

engender prejudices and place khenthemthenkhem in three groupe 1 irrational

emotional reactions 2 cixltralcoulturalcoul conflicttaralturaltarai and 3 conflictoonfliet of inter-

est

inter-

eat these are ballyusuallyuallywaily closely intermingled chein 1946 classifies

prejudices in four types 1 informational where prejudiceprejbrej isas associ-

ated with Msmisinformationinformation unsound premisespromises or faulty wayswayavaya of thinmng

2 conformity qereinhere prejudice is associated with the need to conform

with the social norms 3 status where prejudiasprejwiice is associatedassoeiated withnith

material advantageaktanaftan orkagetAgebage gains in ego status and 4 emotionalew wherewhoretimalprejudiceprejbrej isas associated with otherothar psychological needs of the personpensonpersona

bettelheimBettel &heimheinhelm janowitzJano 1901950witas point ouboatout that personality structwestmotwestruc aloneaalonetwe j

cannotcagot entirely explain by people set mtout to discrisrilmte against par

ticularnicular ethnic grupsgiupsgroupsp or why theythoy areaxeereaze morenore disoriminatingdiscrlxinatingdiscriminating of one arnupgroixparoup

4

aponupon faulty and an inflexible generalisationvneralizationgeneralization it mymaynay be felt or expres-

sed

16p

M IONI ON

th AILKA ylaILKgla

why disc to

igil

igo

lon

eldeeldseide

krekraere

bilthbuth 1949 agree that the raorezaorexmv equalstatusequaloqual contactoontactojostatus the lessloseleseiese pre-

judice sherif & cantril 1947 emphasizeemphasiae

acquiresaqthetthathatkhethet

hiseresAresrresthet

prejudice

individual0

againsta

usuallyta

J

minorityainorityainoalnomino

as

groupriby01tyrity not primarilyPri fromsrmmrily

feureu

judijadi

fromyng Usthe point of view of litwatwelitwa thetwevwe seriesaeriesserlesberlesbarles on prejudice sponsored

by theUs americanamerAver jeriahjeviahjwuhloanioanican gomitteegcmitteo adorn0 et aia3&i 1950xfof bettelheimbettlheimbettelhoixBettl &haimheimhalm

janowitzjknovitzs 190igo aozwackanaankanaanAc & jahodajahada 190igo0.0 massing 13019019501350 lowenthal &

chaternngutemmiChAterguaGut 1901950igonnengiemmiengy is the most extensivetionsivetiention

ackermn

alvesivealvs

& jahodajaho&jahob 1901950 foundround that depressed patients are rarely

prejudiced zeugozelldazengo 1953 indicated that children notnov knowing mohmchah about

certain racesraereerea or nationalities hadbadbsd few favorable conceptaconcepts of themtheaotheae in

earlier studies zup 19371931 195010 discovereddU thatcovered iirenchildrenii&en concepts

rairroredairvor thetho concepts ofa their eiderselders and the patternspattespatteapettes and atereotyptasttrootypes

of their socialzoul environmentbonvionvi kxifirowunt is confinaedcf1raod alsoalloaldoaidoailoaleo bytoyloviov allport & kramr

1946 jahoda & others l9l1951igl191igitigciglal andmiduld salagersaenorsasager l931953tig193olg ackermanAtel &mn jahoda

1901950 on thetie contrary roundfoundrownd thattobatzahatbabat antlantianbi sematicsemticsexlua attitudes are not

necessarily dependantdependentdepenadeperAdepend onanant the existence of auchsuchaach attitudes in the famllffax&lv

there soemsoombeesaneesaseem to be amewesmsgge dibagreeznentdisagreenwt aeas to how prejudice is inculcated

in the personalitypersona ofUV children allportauporautor & krainer 16196 anid rosenameaamen

kabkah

enreariierilerller

aermed

prejbrej as

5

than anotherotherootherean n aleytheyalay reelfeeltoolroel that defensive needsneeuneau of the individual the econ-

omic

econ-

e

soon-

e and social structurestruc ofbamtambal the community and the ethnic realities of

the moment mustmst also be taken into account

baytondayton 1946 dieouaoesuseauses personality and prejudice by saying thabthaithat

ini mamgnyn instancesr prejudiceejudiasta leadsmeagov thethoW individual to feelings of supe-

riority and aomtimnismatimassma thetimas desire rorforf sooialsocialor acceptanceaccept mymaynayeweaweeme lead to the

acquisition of prejudice

therethorerhonerhene hayehavebavebaye beenbe nuiaeroueramerm studies done in the area of prejudice

d

e a in

utemtmv pv4 a

1950j n

ot

a

ed

tonee 5

t

he in 4vjftal

igo

tle

136

1937

ramere

pvn

coedveedweed

incine

wategate keepers

brejprej ce

6

contact with thisthu minority grmpgroupsarmp but chiefly fron contact with the pre-

vailing attitude toward this minority group newebeitewcorobe 1950 has a sim-

ilar view that a personsperson behavior is often influenced more by his moti-

vated relationship to a group than by his actual membership in it3ettelheimbebtelheimbertelheim & janowitz 1901950 in their study of personality and

prejudice among war veteransvetYet statederanseraasedans that intoleranceintoleranintolerant is always an ou-

tlet for hostility and that the penpewon who has not been able to develop

a wellintegratedwellweilweli integratediategrated personality will have a hostile dischargedisodisa ofharge tension

he willwin be intolerant of those groups against whoa hostilityhobhos myty barelysafelyoaroafoer

be

ely

directed including ethnic minorities bayton 1961946 refersreters to whisthisthudischarge of tension as displacement ilehellelie called it the transferencetransfer ofenoe

an emotion from one object to another in other wordswordes 9 our aggressions

toward one person are ametimesbosnetiiaesgmeame displacedtimes to other people

harlan 19121942 and levinson & sanford 19uo1944 noted a direct rela-

tion between imamincome of parents and prejudice

how can we overcome prejudice and what is the result of those

who continue to maintainmin ittaiji saenger tig1931953 and tragertrazertrader & larrowyarrow 1921952

agree that teachers are in a key position as in the pro-

cess of socialoem changchange in a large neasuremeasuremasurelasure they determinedet personallyerminet

the kindswinds of values and attitudes which will be comunicatedcommunicated to chil-

dren day after day and year after year one of the majormjor keyswajswarsk to make

people happier ieis to educate themtheathamthl to be tolerant mackenzie 1945

lists seven ways to educate people in this regard t 1 control your

volcevoice and gestures when speaking of people of other races or creedecreeds so

as not to mkmake themthesathena disparaging 2 through words and asiomsio teach

children to identify themselvesthe withelires children all over the world j

ohiefl

voed

4vi

s e

sic

intoleran 39

1950

igo

person

negebe

1953o19530

ariarl ulewie

ponron

akijierime weakensweakMeak ourowowpositionoppositioneriaexiserla posit aeaslojaiojaloia a nationsnationnatton

effects our personality and canoanean lead to beyerteyert pwsonalpenozialperpen disintegrationozial

ndand emotionalmotional disturbance on the part of the discriminatordiacriminatordtscriziaatordisdia bettelheimbqttelheicriminator

193 it arp thetle personality of the one holding it the prejudiced

pensonperson becomes small and eanmeanneannaan andaxi theuie kindlienkindlieyr and cooperativecooper aldeaidesidebideative of

hishi nature becomes dwarfedArar itredfed iais impossible poror haiahiia to get alonaion with

a wideadeude variety of people or to MX well with uvonauvone who is different

fronfrom himselfhiihiahll okenj&ie04aakenziemelsMelfmeis 1945

measurezaents1012reawntsa1640 of attitudesattlAtti

the

tWos

measurement of attitudes logicallylogic fallsanyaUy into five categoriescateyories

prejbrej oes

prejbrej cedoed

7

3 take everyeveny flancefiancedeesianceseesce to showahwshw you do not believe in segregationisegregation 4 donitdont

callcail people of other races and nationalities bar their current derogatorydero

lmimtivesdjuajuoutives

atoryatony

i have children face their prejudice at an early age 5

6 aaaociationassociat1onassociation iis important espeeiallrpecial3y with children they babstbaxst knowteoy

people of other acesrooesmces not just know about themathemjthemthamthan andaad 7 study moremornormorgnorg about

other peoples

5

st

jpmeenoweee

diprejudiceprePye hurbshurbahurtshurushumusjadicejudice everyoneoteeTeove ijaoluding diaylminatorserimiuatorryonemyone and tictintictiavictimo itcauses aastewstevaste in huan resources and talent ji ItIit lowersloweralovers standards leadsleada

to juvenile delinquency and arijiitilowers

warps

alonz

aeuodsp

the

i

oustomscustomsstoma history ji etoetcebo top try andaad understand themo

baruchbarachbadach 1946 suggests wewo use radloradioradios motion picturespiotureepiaturespicpiopiaplopla andtureatureeturestunes the press to

circulatecirrcirocino truetrwulate and positive ijafoctiatioationbation about minority groupgroupasgroppas

position

cateyories

questiomairesquestioonairea andarld interviewinterviemsinterviewspinterviews uhethetibleuiblesp socioosio etri aathodssietbods akalinaoalinscalinj attit-

udes projective etaodaethodaet andaodaoods disguised objective tests of social attit-

udes jahoda & others 1911951igithe lainjainmainiainmalnnain concern of this paper iais to review the coaling of attit-

udes and th use of projective methodsethodaxa as theirthey both deal withvith the study

metrio

evert

aan

histhischis latter scalestalestaie has become a classic techniquedealutealu inbiquexique the me4asurxneasur

inV ofing attitudes toward ethnic groups

teisleis 1.9191949 explained how

bogardus3ogardus3oaarduz stressed thathatthab social4 distance6 reflects attitudes towards ronscrouperowsG

iglg

iteiitel m

zedsed itemitems

ardasandas

careaarefullyrully standardistandardized

indivindia abdualaldual

fromfron the combinationcombinecombinz ofstionttion his responses to the various iteiasi venas

christlechristick

stancestakoe

scaacale

loudesltudes

of orthodoxorthodoxy and prejudice toward minority raupsravtpara

the

ups

purposes of questionnaires which ronzform attitude scales is to

suwiarizesurize in a score or soalescaleboale position uiethe individualindividualtsindividuals responsests to a

number of aarefullycarefully the separate items or questions

in attitudlnalattitudinalattitudattitude scaleslial are uallyusually not of interestintereat in themselvesthemselvesjthemelves ratherratnerrauner

the interest is in the total scorescove which results for each individual

a second criteriaaritercriter requires that the

piterasiterasiterw differentiate anongamonganon&anona the people whomho at different points along the

dimensiondi beingmenson measured jahoda & others isiljlj151 appp 13513713137135

bogardusao3o

137

wasardus one of the first to concern himselfhl ithwithwelfweir the stan-

dardization of an attitude scale christiechristiek & jahoda 1254 this ledlead

to the establishment of his familiarfamliarpandliarrandPandrahm socialliarilar distancestanoe scale bogardusBo

1933

ardus

it is concoBoomooncomposedposed of a number of

ideisiteis selected so as to provideir aovide measurenaesaenie ofasure the degree of social accep-

tability of any nationality roupgroupnoupdoup the individualincmvidualls attitudeattlatti istude measuredrneajBea

bybj

sured

the closeness of relationship that hejaejuezue is willing to accept healeaienie

socialdistancesocial scaledistance is siinlesixaplesiiple to administeradiaadsa andinister score is widely used

in the ioasurementineasureruent of eumicaumic attitudes but la notriot so simple to interpretinverpretinver

itpret

has been criticized for ignoring the problemprobien of equality of intervals

betweenbet theween variousyarious steps of the scale

y g

ws

v in se-

lecting items for inclusionL inw agussionlussion scale two criteria are commonlyccroonlycomtonlycom usedtonly

piretfirst the items must elicit responses that are psychologically related

to the attitude being measured

cmteriaterlatenia

psychologicaly

9

alor

pp

e

dl

sic

atta3oept

r a cept

in ti-le UCS

t

themeivesmelves

Jm

Christiek

ilij

ule

ciaz

kaups

aurize

bally

capt

sliebalebaie

Thurschurschars tonn tpevpeape

tudiudtuu ts ae3e

boremoremone

ohveonte

ublebulb

iventren

varivarlationsactions

ailall

nedree

vieuie

pnekne

1 modified thothe thurstoneThurst teciniqetectealonecone in n attenatter fc to

sinrlifySL uiethetlebleuulenieilralfy siles- aleie constructionastructionastrictionco bfby dispcnslnjd itiispens1 10n judjcsA llelieileidivilthidlbilthvil madetheth

the

JTT

assimpti1onsswpfclon

audesud

tliatfchiteliat

lleliees

zbfcituaes3sttalmdes areoare distributed normallynoranorm only this assumpiseump

ttion he measured attitudes using standardindrrdindredst deviation unites 3etveen

oneeomee

hunnurhunstoneburstone

tat1ae4e

iccieiczie jud

9

and not toward individuals maielikalelumaielu 1954 udingusingwing a topical bogardusbogarduesbogardumgardumBogarBo

social

oueldues

distance formfoaroa found that social awarenesswirenesswarenesswiwa ofreness foreign studentsstudent is

substantiallysubbsubs greatergreabertantiri11y at rihambrihaabrihambrihan toung university and utah strateotate univer

ditsitsity than at thetilie universityUniver ofsitysitf utah

tneane next detelcrihentdeve inoimentopment the measureineaiaea ofduneouresure attitudes seem to havehcvelhiavelaveshiave

been when 3attellilattellbattell extended thetlle psychpsychophtsioalopivicalvicalopiopl niethmethodsods to stbmillsttimilt oderother

than sinplesirtlebirtle sensory valaesvaluesvaluesvaltilvai murstoneniurstoneMuraes jLstone heavebeaveC 1925192 ilellalialielle appliedap tiietietileulenieliedltedeted

pschofsizil procedures irith solmasoinesorma viriationsvariations to uie neasurentsurent1neamealeasureieasure ofantvnt

estimatedestimeftim degreessted4ted of eminence of scientificientiflcsu men thurstone 1923 was

the first to see the fruitful possibiulpossiepossib tiebtiesiesleslebt of these psychophjslcalpaychophsioil meth-

ods for the neasuresnentmasuremnt of attitudes in essence it consists of arranging

a series of opinions relevant to0 a 71veniren atttudeattrudeattattiattl objectobletudeuhdetade ranindaningct allaliail

the vayway froin niostjriiost favorable to mostnost unfavorablefavorab1 it edwileqwileqwilyeq spacedwIly inter1nteranter

vals alonsalonz a continumcontinntumcontinuaconti thenumnug n awraerore galesalescalegaie valuegluegiue endorsed by a31 subject

thus beanesbeonesbe zmerones meazuremeaeureleazure of his attitude with reference to the attitude

object scales havehpe been constructed delnllindejjbr ith attitwesattibzsdes toward war

tmmrdtoird bletlebheV rchurchae1e towardtwmrd cn pitalcapital funisjnienturtislmwnt7 etc there have been

severanseveralbeveralseveralseverssevera llqdtationsllmtitions1.13 to thurstone scales s thenulennie ramount of work in-

volved in constructingConstruct themtheajtheablnaina the dependence of the scale values upon the

opinion of judges aundgund the fact thabthat deferentdf attitudina1attitudlnalattitudinalrerentferent itternspjttcrnzinternsitmaynaynaf

terns

be expressed 1fan thevaeune sanesinesa score

1ccrt 1732

T ia

beco

h

es

11n 11

daiq7ae atuteinrit

lon v7ee i

o- nions

3

3

i

luh

1932

ule

lyls

aie

vree

sudent

rihan

vii

niest

noird

assume

adrae

tward

ariIRIartageroomeroaggra

generaligeneralized or mestermastermstenlster

ateatcabci patudespitudes should be iiientionediiabiitioned

briefly he scale discrimination technique of ward4ward6dwardazwarddward4 & iallpatrickkupatriak

191481948 combineombinescombinesa sameorosomeoloorl of the merito of the thurstone and likert becslwiquetealiniques

and et uietlletileule criterion of reproducibility inherent ilriilllilxi tiletaietlletiietale juttemanjutteianJutduttatelanteianan

zhethe

10

scale values obtained by thisthib method andaudadd ulathafcuia of arbitrarily assigningassiabsi

numericalnm

gang

valuesvaerical framfromfroza I11 to 5 to the various alternative responses he

obtained a correlation of 0290990.29opyoryogs liehelleile aloalsoaioalqaisoalao reported higher fficientscoefficientooeaoe of

reliability by this method than by the thurstone method of scoringsco

equating

ringo

the number of itesi waedusedwebtes hhe obtainedobealobtal higher aoexficiensooeffioiente of

correlationcowCoM forelation ten different attitude acalascales and every crouprouprroup aduredsured

likerts method has been criticized on uieuisule ground traatfcnatttaat it makes the

doubtful assumption of normalitynormlitynorm oflity distribution and also because scales

constructed without the use of judges correlated only 06 to 071 with

scales using the thurstoneIhu techniquerstow of construction reersRe iia1954liamaraMarsmera

another modification of the burstoneihuratonemurstoneMurIhurhunur methodratonestone iais miatmlat of &wmw

scale method remarsitearoarsItea iga1954roars it cancnoanc ben used to

measureeaaureneasureealure attitudes toward any group althou mawgnygay of the apeclfioapecjsic calebcaleascalesbalea

derived from the generalized scales have satisfactorysatisfaa reliabilitiesrellvellveillorybory

there

abilities

isin considerable doubt they measure the alqBWQ thingsvalsunisvalwalsuniwal ass scales de-

veloped for a speciaspecifieio purpose jahoda & otherlothers 191 hezaenaenne essential

differewerereefereediffer troffromemeewe the yhuratone11etoneinstonerhuYhu toodmethodratone is that the opinionsopl whichrhichthichchichmionaWions otituteeoastitutotithe

tutetate

soalescale are incompleteinooasputeinoomplete sentencesamtenoeasentenoessente withoutnoesdoesdaes subject thibthiathis being supplied

at the birotirotl4tle of masuremntp3wasurwnt so that attitudes toward any one of a large

group of attitude objects can vaudrymlidlyvaudly be manured on a single scalesoale

scorscoring is like the thurstoneThurhu methodmethoderatone

noIMOtwo

91

other method of scaling of attitudes

4

ned

iaaasured

065 th

sa s ales

meets

sed

0 65

kIkithoughthough

remers

ary

mood

lues

nad

kamera

aies

demars

puepuiplioedoad uvouco

cueoue

aeiael

dativeeative techniques attitiadattitudesattiattl aretiadvirdvlad inferred through interpretations of

various types of stimiistimalistimuli or behavior situationsituations rhethe term uprojectiveprojeotiveprojective

tealmiquesteolmiques

lifeelifep hiahishla meaningdnnaftdmn

P sigeigbig819

nifioanoesnificancesp patterpatterxpatterrwpatteripatterowpatt orrwerrerx feelings suahsub methodsethodala differ from standard-

ized tests in that taheytheytabey do not seek so mohmobmab to interpret individuals in

terrus of cultural norms as to describe the speciaspecifspecificia dimaiadymaiadynamio organizationorganis&aticaaorganisation

withinwrithurith alwiLri particular individualindividw A criticism of projective teohniqweateebmiques iinthtzetle difficultdifficulty in applylxappw4ng statistical measures of reliability and val-

idity and ukeythey also require highly trained people to adalnisteradiladaL andnister

anly themthaultham aeiawrsreimaersRei igaaaersmaerswaers tragertrager&tragert & larrow 1952192 tlast bomsomo0 of the

advances to projectiveprotective techniquetechniques as avoiding the social taboo against45 J

levsseys

arzerze

11

scalingscalin methodmetgr

metherhezhe

hod

scaleL analysis or seilogasoalogramsealogasoaiSoalSeascal methodogramiowaloga developed by guttman jahoda

k othersctarj 195l1951151iviivl has been applied profitably in publicopinionpublic studiesopinion lain

israel as well as in the TJ so13 aray it has a one of itaitite mainnainneinmeinmeln purposepurposes

the determination of whether thetaietale attitude or characteristic belniwbeing studied

is actually scalablesoaaoaaca orlableleble can be placed on a oontinumcoutimm to mawmww itsitita in-

tensity oamecae ofaf thehienieuke critic summJUTO of thisthia ethodwthodmethodmotnotmet arehod the laokluklack of clear

aningjasaningxwaainginsjasing of basic concepts the cumbersomenebsnessnebb of administrationacunirustration and the

aviwardnessamiwardnes of analysis to tegtfeettestfedttedt hypothesis of appr1mateapproxbate sociability

one of thebliebike main ijbutatioiiislb4itations ofox wyaw attitudeattitnd seale ieis that respon-

ses of tilethetlletiie individualindivi are very limited

an indirect mtohodjbithod using projectiveprotective teclmiquesteobntquas habhaehas in recent

rearsyearsjearsreard come to be an essential tool to the olinioalolini psychologistpaychoxogistpsychologlstcaicaloal is stillstuastearather exploratory and tentative in attitudinal aeasurecientaaaeuremut r pro

jettivejeotive

implies a field on unstructured material on which the indi-

vidual canoan project hishiahlahib personal waymy of seeing ilfelife

4 publicop

as

ure

A 16

owberameness

0

by

A sevs

wh

fi I1 a ter

am

op

de amdxwmdx tion ctcteristiceristic

1

otari

151

adwan tatesdates

151.151

sryapyery iain i&jushiddyed theb abibabdidabi3a

is allowed to ttpreaa his conflicts guilteulit feelingsrungs aggressionaganaggn ormsions other

motivations or attitudesatritattit throughmobwosmeb spontaneousspontemoSpon artionormumrtiontasotemotalo ofor clay fingerringernlntinrin

paints

ordoughI1 orp mdwadmad in the saxbemomsanaewonwan wayWV he my wmuse dolls or smallagliaqil toys

to presentrepresent emotionaliaed newwpeww or situationssitua andtiam thus work through

emotional stressesstresse whichvfiah ouldcouldouid be verbalized only mithwithideth prolonged and

giamgivmiwen

against the use of the above method forfarrorrovnov measuring attitudesattitudeeattitatrit becausew ofbe

theirthein uoklackuakinckieok of standardization levitt 1961956 amonganong utthebhe bettezbetterbettorbetbez known

typestype ofa projectiveprojietiwprojeative uobniquteoterriwgi ia bhatkhet of plaplayPIApley thwapy

orfofforsoreers promise of revealing attitudes and eaotiona as wellwuweilweli ass the

factualfacial content of the chilitachildtaobilds awarenessawaremasaremasaw of groupegroups facilitates Ustheuhe ex-

pression of needs fearsrearsfeafoarea andx conflicts and it permits the projection

of hostile feelings which could not beU expressedawewwe openly cmon directdi ques-

tions

lutmut

the projectiveprojieomtbprojeotive methods fabfannhoinhairab listoinulinto fwfo mwor sdawsdtoobniquesp thethoaW vwyer

bal the pictorial the playpujpleypuy and the psychodrmiapoehoda& rhethethfstafs verbalrhalrb&l technique

utilizes aword association whoreswhereinwhorei the subjectsubjectsubjo respondsm to a mletmletkllist of key words or phlesphrases there havebayheyhev been amnymny experiments using

the pictorialplotpiotpict techniqueorial proshamwpaoitoi&aeuglyProsha 1131943mw wiedwodmiedgodged bhothobhe tat toin a istwsy of

attitudes radke trager & davisdatis 1991949 edused the sejalsooialsojal episodesEpi

test

dodeesodeebodes

to measureneasure attitudes bowardtowardkoward declairacialmo and religious croupegroupe frome

laull9ul1941igli used politicalpoUtiponti cartoonscaioaical to acuteestljaulateamuteat discussiondiaodiso andusion to obtainobt&u in

lightesightesishts into political attitudes rosenzweigrosemRosom 1945neismaisnels usedus cartoonlikecartoon

drawings

likeilke

to assessasseasassels reactions to frustration NWmanynanyneny others suahsuchbuah aeas nodnorhoro-

wits & rmmvitsho3witis 1938138 holsomonhaswmeaiHaSHoleeshelhei 1943wm anidand barorobroro C17 hawbayhaqhayhav umedwedmedused thinthis

method to project attitudes of peoplepeaple muchruchruah criticismarluoi habhasbasbab beenbem iven

iniegnit

saedsood

atwabw

uonUOA

ofmoft

mowlmoti per

nietniev

gomonsomon

poadpoa&

motacmotavatromatiom

12

probing thethobhe araayeaarea of racial and 31tgiot attitoteaabblattattiahtahk in ITywagawag ohiltemiltemoh

that it offers

r VOW

A I1 A utS

A 1uil

uoWt W

mow

t

tim L itt9

a i A hw8 t tW 0

totea

Klct

ep

igl

amuonsona

dod

adaw

hasam

baid

au

habaiaeababasuring instrument iaU considered to be

valid to the amtextent thatthetbmat it produces relevantreirej infonaation0evant about thehe o-bject being measured aichhichhiah is freerree froefronfromreamrvan systematic distortindistortionsdistortiondibdistOrtinvortin magarmcnemarnagar

1161946 indicatesiaasiaatesindiatesIndi thatabesates validity amoandan be asioertainedaseertalmd tybr a varietyterivari ofLety

xaethodat1thods 1 sometime verbal behavior cancenan be checked directly against

n0merbalnororerbal overt bebaviorbetotiorbehaviorbebabehabehs andaadvior a owrelatioacorroutionroUtioncoroor established 2 validity

can be obtained by comparingam knownparingpaving attitudes as inferredinfer fromfrrd activity

or membershipmemberehipwabershipgaberwaber inship organizations with verbal responses 3 presumptive

evidenceevibtl candense bea secured by learning whether the scalesoale or question

lnainainndeinroin

lairaa13 resultsrosults jahoda & othen xlirpIMP ppo 93 forpw a aspringmiaaiiringasuring instrafinstra

mabmat to be valid the problem ia essentially bhatthat of supplying evidence

bhatthatkhat the device used measures or classifies the attitude or opinion itwaswab designed to measure mcmeiaar 19u6 p 296 in the wordswodds of jahoda

and associates 1911951s pa

menemeaeaitionition kenemrsibeewrIBeeKeNe 1946wr ps 29 it awswws that

when youYMyon repeat ura omiseasurement dby thetho sakesaie procedureproeedw it shouldshoul give

aiasilarblaaiaslasilar instdinst

13

strenuous erforteffort anotheramt teohnicpetoobniqvsherberben idis that of psychodapgyahowapsychodw istoereinvhavin the

individual expresses hishie fellingefeelingefselingsreefee aadassaandersaeryalinge attitudes lyby acting themthi out

begera 153 PPjppoappo 1213

the weasewee of measurementsmasurementslasuremasurelabure ofments attitude haweharehavharbhay increasinglyglygir been applied

in bhethe study of social behavior and in recent years have been used in re-

search in business governmentgom industry0 coronmityaaroncorontuftsufts interrelationsmityt andvya

in

0

educationeduodu

co

aessnersj

everyeryenycation

tat7195u

sneasureentMs ofI1 attitudesw shouldshoed1 be0 reliableISO andatt validitwoo rhethe

oomionlyooMdoncon acceptedionly asagowagemacemacowaago of reliabilitypliability amongwms psy0hologisteyoysts i l1 azeuraaeuraccur

adyeoy withwi which alan Isindividuals attattitude iais measuredmftaft orsured the degreedegodege of

error involved in assigning an individual to a lassclasselass or iniz establish-

ing hishie rankdentedenkenanknenk orderposiiiaaorderodder

93

H

a 01 otam

12 13

a OMMbamlam inaroinracent

ris the

tuftth individi pi

4 ACW inv01tod asa as

294 an

ams vnt

a iaeasuringwmwia9 troutruatiou tumt prodwe

zdwhih fr

4&91

psychodwas

indiyidividi

mrs

igi

ilg

chavin

al

bebbeetestueeveetveel between groups which on a priori grounds should differ in

their opinion about the given issueiabjagisb l14 the rabandratings of close acquain-

tances wnan be utilizedutilisedutilizedoutilizedo

iiilit24

differentiabeedifferentia

tabiltartitarbi

uldnid

benalwenal

ayaava itemsitem related to

prejudice which have been used in opinion poll andana questionnaires

of the numerous studies in this areaaroa the most prominent deal

with antisemitismsemitism and attitude towardtoomrdtoomre the neggo the californiac&lifornia group

adomoadorao & others 101950 spent rivefive yean TOon a alvayymwtyatvay abichimebvbich startedtayil withitiivith

antiantl soiiiitistn bubbutbab widened into n plorationexplorationam of the relationlationrewreo between

peraoxialitypersomutyp socialasial diqoriaiio&titojidisc andaaaaadendM poutiaalpoliiioalpoUt4 ideologyoologyidiaallaallaaia TWthyrhy 4

metraud thatteatmeat there is a close correlation between a number of deep

rooted persomlitypwomlifcy titatits and overt projudiooprjudioe thointimitntrho atybtystm4rsty aisoalaoalso succeededaucceededowoeoded

antsanti S bimtimkim

A newnownouneu saalescalesoale can be oheoked0hook9d against an olderolarscale for highhid corr1ationeorrtlatias 6 validity oancandan bbe obtained tyhenben limingfoxlowlagfolimingfoXlowfo

the a

englag

scale administration by intensive and extensive interviews in orderordsoedsordeto see whether theteeumemue firstf expressedwcpm positioned holdsamitpmit upionlon undermderader rmscrossrmeame exami-

nation cronbachgronbach 1991949 wyem therethemthenwhen uvare two basiobasicbaslobadio approaches to validityvailvajivall

logical iricalerical

diwdiVanalysis analysisamand intinempirical logicallogia analysis one att-

empts to judgejuigejulge precisely what thethoshe testteatustteab duresomeasureswuresomuresa in empirical analysisamlynisp

one attento to show that the taattauttestteat isin oorrolatedaaml&w with sesarae other variable

and therefore measures the salsam thing

attitude rowardtowardtwardrouard minorities

niehietherhe majority of literature onan the measuring of attitudes isio baaedbaabas

cmon

d

adletiadiestudieaadiestudiedti toward minoritymnorityzdaority droopsgrogpgroops aoaordlngaooordiisg to jahoda & otheraothers 191

from the point of view of measurement the lebmotlat extensivei analysisP ofIs

prejudice heshasbasbaahaa been prepared by humrhunz 1991949 his procedweprocedure consistedms

largelylarjlaro

isted

ingelyjely sorting and classifying allaliail the available

a tr tion tenai

mlwv

r d

prj ce po

at

an

24

igl

priorioni shoohoaho

lam

calirortu

lan

adamo iiiiftva4 ionanti8111 t bat

pij

arilfrilfrii

llaila

iglaigia

thowww

coneconogo women showed that the women who pos-

sessed

patpeturns

abitibit characteristiccharacterist fears securitiesinsecuritiesecurities and doubts whichvuchwuch

areartave associated with such backgrounds this was oonfinnedoon infinned a third

study 193loigl19310tigli19510193 wherelo the tendency of bixer prejudice scoresacores werewirewineminewene assaasswassocalsoc

latedlabed with greater antisemitismanuantiantl imersemitism intelligemeintehigesinteintelli loerlowerHigesgeme tavitatistatusy and

poor academic achievement

frnke1preiilcel braotrilk&vxwik & sanfordsamfordsantord 1945 frmf3m wheirtheir investigation of

antiantl semitisemtismsemitismsemisi in a group of college

baciabaciwawsmwsims confoonfirmd

3

in producing an instrumentinstrownt ronforrazsran measuringneazea thesesturing traits amonganong various

stratastrate of the population zhethe ethnocentrisxa scale la intended to jneasure

the inditidmfa readreadinessineasiness to aooept or oppose ethnooentrie ideology en

a wholewhoie theche soalseal consists of au3u iterrus and comprises three subscalessubbub

on

scales

Negroenegroeaji maoritiea iundaund patriotiasuPatriot theretherolasuiasu me a correlation of 80

between the sthnocentriametbaeentrism scales and thethisthle anbianti semitismsemitieinsemitigm scale by levinson

andsanford 1944yliagough 19la1953a indicatedidiaatedindioated a tendency foforror students acceptingaooeptiisgaocepting of

parental ideologyideo toloar have higher antlantianbi senilismsenitismsemaitism scores this study

yields flaadixsga ajimlr to QWW of gaisongailon it& sanford INA1944 ndand

yrilfronkol brmurwikapmwik & afordsaafoard5fordsanSaa 1roandfoard another study yby gough 19lb1951b

roundfoundfodrowndrod that the antisemiticanti studentssemitic were less tolerant of other races

and groups such as the chinese italiansiu3101 uegroee and russians as well

he aisoalsoalooalaoaioo found that the more prejudicedPrOw studentsneedMeed amcameoameoane from poorer haineshoineshomeharneshoma

and tendteadbaadband to essfaibit

eessqd a high degree of antiantl senitimseiaitiem werewaw ohameterizedcharacoharac mainlyterized by their

conlethconletettoompletecanietecon burrenderisurrsnrllburvenderBurlete torenderdendernender the need to be contentional the major problem

in these veawenvoa was not the antisemitismantianuantlamuang butsemitism the excessiveees needsive to con-

form tot particular0 socialpatpar patternsadularaoular in order to maintain social acceptance

it is a ocommcocsaon belief that in communities herewheuhe there are only a

IS

and Sanfordsamordsantord

1945

groess

a M avemwt 10

sm

aji

io

buhe

isa

stir

inva 1

aon

arm

ocomo

oathouthauth

hariharl 19121942 in his study3tudy of antianuantl 4semitigmsexaitifia

in the morthnorth and south discovered that female subjects were movemorenove favor-

able in their attitudes toward the jeusjoinsjews than maiesmalesmalasnaiasnales and that subjects

fronfrom the northern region were leslessleaiea favorable than subjects fromfr the south

johmsonjohnson 1934 andarldend patrickpatriekpatriok & siusisslu 1936 in their studies of the attit-

udes of college students twardtawaxd the nagrosegronegro fourasf3wadfourav as might be expected

that students who werewrelrelveweve bornborhor outside the south or who had spent ot of

their lives outside the south weremere considerably more sympathetic in

their feelingsreefee towardlinga the negro thanthaithal weremeremedewede southernersSoutsoat robertshemenahemerahebeda 1953193

roundfound a significantgnificant differencedlfdifdir inferenee the attitudes of negro youths toward

whites dependingdependim on whether they lived prijaarilyprinarllyprimprin inarlly the northmorth or the

south the negros attitudes positiveposipoaiposl ortive negativeneganeZa apparentlytiyetive depend

upon tlethotheuhe attitude of the whites poaitivepovitivepositivePoaiPovipoal reactionreactionstive on the part of the

whites tend to produce positive attitudes in the negromegronedronadro and visa versa

variousiriow scaleaseales luavehave beenbean developed to measure the attitudeattitudes of

people toward uietheulenie neronezronevo ash 19ui1954 hinckleyHin 1932ciLLey j meiaacisac nonecronevonerone 19371

and rosanderkosander 193739373.93719373937 the last three references used testoneihurtonethstone type

scales

in a aoudyatudyistudy of race attitudes and opinions of high school studentstudents

in provoprove utautah 3eisbeis 1949 roundfound relefemalefelereie intolerance towardtwardbward the negro

and the indiansadian kauch higher than liesmleslieb in the same study borsbeyboysbev were

slightljs1it1jslightslightly moremonenonere prejudiced toward the jews thanteanweanmeanthenbhan werevere the alrisgirlsalvis stembersteeber

simsin

prejbrej ce ww

decidedly higher than in an area whereimene mich greaterwaterwaver opportwltyoppwtwrilty for

equalstatusequal contactcontastatasstatus eats3sit8edtsotaots hanlanhanian

16

rewfewfour devishjwiahwevish individuals or razlliesfadjliearamlrazlfazl thereileslies iais little or no active anti-

semitism roaenblithrosenblith 1991949L howver discovered that in an area whereinhere

jobjoajewsjeb and negroes are varyvavyyazyyeryyany s11maallslisiigaall minorities the level of prejudice wt

k JO

most

a

sk

T

ad

op ons

t

si

lj

depend im

irion

wabwasvab

lsis

likeilke

racerece

japanJapazese

turbeville & hyde 1946p19lt6 ppo 10450 swmaridthsunarizedthe feelings of nnoravdavmnmennen of soienoe conaerningeaemingea attitudeseming toward minority grou by the foll-

owing statowntotetewntt neithermeither the mentality nor personaltyperaonalitypersonautypersopensopendo ofnaUty people is

determined by07 any racial characteristic suah as the hapeshape of the beadhead

color of skin texture of hair all experiments andandteststests showixow that no

one rao can be considered inferior or superior to any otherothir race

butyawty

prejbrej ce are

grouffgroufo

17

1961 roundfound that idlene identicalidea questionstical concerning negroes and jegjewjews

could be oomparedjoomparedicomoomcon prejudiceprejudiaepanediparedi toward th negro mawaswad MWmorebore prevalentPre andvalento

that mereawrelymere4 raidingraining the educationaledatadat isiIOTIlsilonalional wouldguidluid not necessarily reduce

prejudice againstagaimtasainst minorities lapiere 1928 foundfouadround practice and verbal

behavior inconsistent in hisLUhiahla studytwty of negrosegro discria&in&tiondiscdiac iniaimtion francfranofrance

and englaneaglandcenz1andoEaglan lailarsilailar fSi findingafindingsfinrin nuj indinga scutheasternaoathastemsoutheasternaoathasoutscutbout ariadnaariaonalkrizonastemheastern merenerevere discovered

bjby johnson 1961 in herharhavhev studastudjatwlr of student attitwieattitu& toward spanish

jewishjewishp legronegro heqcionxeadoano spanishamericaupspanish americanaserlean and americankneAne indianricannican

therhe harlem race riot of 1943 instigated a research by ciarlo

1944 whomho questioned harlem residentsresivesiveal ondentsdeAts their attitudes toward roaproqpzroupcroup

violence along simlaraimlar lines a study prompted by the los angeles

wootzoot auit11buitsuitbult riotriotsviotvlot vaswaawasvaa oondtootedcoadactedcondcoad byacted dumphyhishreyhumphyshreyHi 113451945 in detroit the pur-

pose of the investigation vm to cpareoap&recaparecaare the popular stereotype of

liexioani1exican americanasierioan youths brithirithwrith ththe social typostypstypes actuallyactisaotis exlatingexiztixgLatingexailyally itviaswasvoas concluded that mexicanmexioanilezicaa amerloanamirioanamerlean youths li all othera are molded

by the ocialsocial oulturalcultumlcultual forces withmithvith which they oomoaicomcab into contactct noact

other stast1 of antiminorityanti prejiadioeminority ax that of kingsley & carbonegarbone

1933 who investigated discrimimtiondiorimmtion againstaga thet italian ameriazzjuaaqrioan

and the studytxxdy of eorganmorganmonanmokan 151.51945 toward the japanesejapazese

the

4 n

i

a r

studies

dc

waa

uhrey

kaeming

ilow

lvegiveivodive

individuals a certain amount of exurnalwctemal and internalintern mritysecuritymr whitawrwhiteerwhiteedibyity& lotinskysotinslorlotinskrSotinlotins 1921952siorslorsiar believebelleve it to be bhethethobho eorecorecorbcozecote of oiviliasationoivluzation and the mainalainmaln

spring of moral valutisvaitvaliyali vanderveldtxe 1911951 feelsfoolsreelsreeis that religion contri-

butes to good rental health because it teachesbeaches the meaning of lifeilfe pro-

vides mantonmen with an nd a purposeparpopurpo a motive an object in liringuving when

a person know what he i living for he can acceptaeeeptaceept his lot withnithwith patistaspatierospatiftaspati

and

emmserosemmi

contentment waam esnaidereonaidercormidernaidereoreocor itwidermiderwiden aeas gimethingeathtngeimgimsiw vorthwhileworthidxileworthwhileething nuntzkimtkuntzruntz 1954

expresses the opinion that inspiringlnainains idealspiring noble sentimmtssentijnants wholesome

attitudes andarmm sublime vaieevaleevalues breareapear rooted in religionsreligionj he believesbelbolbei thebetheseievesleteslewes

to ftbe aaaa4athe fundamentalfwadaaientalfundamntal motivatinglaomvatingzotivating factorsfaetorofaetors in charactereharachara landisoter 19j

daildalldalibiily7

is18

litudesatbitiadesat toward religion and orthodoxy

orthodoxy lansmansmeans coratoor andreet soundsodbound in dootrinejdoetrineldocdoe holdingtrinel the

cormnonlyeoxroonlycorm acceptedaoeeptedacoeptednonlytonly faith hiohardriahardsRiaHio 13hardhards p 1 studies of religion

and orthodoxy in the attitudes of people have enteredcentered about topiostopicecopice suahswhewh

as the qwstionqiaaation of existence andmd naturenatare of diety the role of religion

in diily life degree of religion obseanceobservancesob acceptanceseance of miraclesmyaMra

beliefs

eleeolae

in imort&utjrjjtea&ortality and the changedhanee in these various beliefs and

practicesprapro

nyanyaay

alicesatices

parent o0 wishes to oreategreategreabe religious attitudes in ildrenohildrenchildrenoh

mgt care enough about it to develop acthebhe bostbeetbootbest religionsrelig attitudeslogiou un-sel

uns-

elf tibbettsTib 1933bettsbette p 122 religiousRelig edwateredwatoreducatorewatoreducatowaworediolioulol realizere tatthatbhat relig

awiouslous attitudes are developed like any other attitudes and therefore

the mansurwaentmasweront of attitudes ieis a distinctdiet fieldinot of interestinteinbe forrestreet themtheathelnotheine

whatjhatehat are bari of the needsneads and glueswinesvalues of religionveuroUnou tilliohtilliahhilliahgionglon

lgb193tig1958 indicates that interestinte inreet religioeubreugious aotivitiesaotivitieeactivities helps to ive

51isii

somebome

endand

hlorio

orthodorthid

01943t

who

amt

is

1955v

ee

slkr

igi

igl

bod

amb

mab

eor

ahat

arity

eving

richards

rellceliceil tiow

tainulinulio

pla715115

jnorakvoraksnorak 192329192323 hall & robinson 194219u2j andind 3 ntnTA

I1vav4 e sa tnte ciaclacinchurchurch fe1 ilsote conducedconlucedconl tacttlctuced unetheuhebhe

iiothcr

111

vasvae

L1

more

I1

iiqportantiiitoruint

U

in

0

deterninin the child B attitude tat1mininaminin6 rcrc

uieuleul churche uitilan was thetiie ratherfather

orthodoxyfn Lshas tacbeen 1assured to be typical of the olderidergider jersje rsirsins ofcf

life

katzgatz

othersothera 1949 fergnsonferusonferguson 1944 ndandaad harlaharlan 19421.942 found no relationshiprelatlons1iip

soodgood fairilyfaiailyfaiallv living spring

one of the first quantitative studies of religious beliefs is

that of leuba atzkats sa& allportyluportallbortyAlllillii 1931porty wherertxere he found men to be less or-

thodox than womenwanen this finding i vorytoryvery prevalent in manynany of the

studies in this area carter & strondstrongStron 1933gj lundberg 1926 j carisongarlsoncarlson

1934193u allportallporbailport & vernon 193119310 fergusonpergusonFer 19ki1944gwon fichterFi 1752192s1952ahter and

vernonvemonvennon 1950190 maslow igho1940 in his study on college doraenwomexiworaenwo foundraen that

those with high selfesteemseirself tendedesteem to be less religious than those idithirithorith

lolow esteem petersonPete 1931953rsonraon found a very slight relationship between

bexsex andA expressed 3religiosityreugios 7amonganong brighambrigha toulu universiauniversityuniversitUniver studenstudentssitin the findingsfindinjs of vemon 1951955 there is soxnewhatoriewhatrrieorie ofwhat a variance ithwithsithvith

the comaonlycorffaonlycoma heldyieldheidonly opinion that femlesfebles tend more to extreineextremieex orthodoxorthodoxytremsetreinetremietrense

thanunan do males it was found that the males tend toward the

uieula nhanta

bunhun

iacipaci

tsetso

bucanc

clrtlr

19

pr 166 believesbeilebelic thatveaTeateb th religious person is the happy sturewtureivaturep and

welladjustedwell personadjusted rhosethose whomhomno are truly religiousrelinallnail possess7 theiouslousloua traitsout 0 which good human adjustment and ood

of t1inb5in continnuifountirrawu blatha is ai1i langerlarger percenbepercenteperc ofenbe iirlcs erewerewene foulifouxiftouiad be

bab6 pxtreel orthqox or extreiaeliextrexnci unortlodcxunort1lodc rolford pl5

stuc

iu

cx ruicrtal bnc jr of sordesorz fictjrs socsacsooinflucnoii ithe socalsocll fclltucr f

college stustastudentsdentsealcbalc notednte6 udotu&ot whereidierc ulctoonic jarvitsjariitsraraatsianijarilani ndalaibsitslbs tue childcholchoi differeddiffereodiffereridlfdiffdifdirin

olle ereo

church

e

affi3itionaffinitionaffta7

S

thecioritiori

ci

childch waswae1110 fvorablefavorableless revor toabicabie the church t r

1r1erhere the 11a bolonhelon je to the sanesame

thef

of

11 uba Lr

is

ad ty

s ev

fexiiales

t

orthinarthinor oxthinthir x

tu cdae

bur 1

4w ed onu 1 coleol tl

4akolkkol oia411 i r var deterninin

in

0

1923 29

n

i

jr

exextrentestrentes011 ze

fereri

o n

Lindersonderson

Jtharahersherg

ene

rindin

solz

gile

opu

1742

coni

commonly

nten

ante

an

igiigl

eueneeluenee

20

at all between religionism scores and age vernonvermon 1951955 ndand call

1991959 in their studies with mormon subjects discovereddisoovered that as age in-

creases orthodoxy decreases it was found that the mostoat orthodox morkornor

mons were in the 18 and 19 year old ages an explanation of the above

factor is that the mormon church arrlescarriesarries on an extensive program for

its young people which mymaymaj serveser to keep their activity at a high level

also at this age there maybay be a tendency to accept unquestionably the

teachingteachings of the church withoutvithout muchmahwuchmchlah criticalariti evaluationaaloalaai on the part of

the individual at this age the influence of the parents is still of

importance vernon 19

various scales of orthodoxyorthodoorthodox andendV religion have been formatedfonnulatedforoatedfergusfergusonfenguson on 1u191uo developed a religionism scale for the measurement of

attitudes toward okdgod evolution and birth controlscontrol his study was ra-

ther extensiveexter inwive that he had over 2002500 subjects representing 18 dif-

ferent collegesolleges and universities he found that jewish children were

morenore liberal than either catholic or protestants garlsoncarlson 19341.934 had

similar results in that jewish students were mostnost liberal in their at-

titude on social questions protestant students followed next and

tholiecatholicCa students were the least liberal brown & lowelove 1911951 construc-

ted an inventory of religiousRelrei belieffbeliefabeliefigims in their study of protestant

undergraduates reliability of the entire scale was 8 by use of the

spearmanspearmnspeermanspearen brombrown formlafonmilaforklaronfonform andmilamiiala validity was established after comparing

replies given to a personal data tomformforetoafoa with scores on the inventory it-self A significant tendencyten indenoy the direction of a more liberal rerelig-

iosity with increasing years in college was found catholics asan a

groupgroups scored considerably moreorenore orthodorthodoxorthid than protestants as a group

tendencyto

at

e 1955

th

spearmanbrown

disoovered

87

au

.8787

ieseloseloss religiousreligion conceptsconaonoon andoepts propositions than do college freshenfreish

thurstonetbwstomirhurstone

mn

& chaw 1928 developeddmmdom ononeloped of the first religiousreligion scalescales

called the attitude tward the churche reliability of the whole testby the spearwmspearmnspearen broto toruforu mswaswab estimated to be a relationcorrelationoor of 94

they found that catholiccatholics to be mostssoetbostsloet orthodox then protestant and jawsjirsjews

last twotiro scales have been developed to measure attitudes toward the

mormon churchohwrohchuroh eardyhardy 1949 Vevernonglaoninon 195451955195419 555

natnab

scorepschrep

21

it was also foundround that thebhewha religious person had greater emotionalewt sta-

bility

ionallonallonai

than the nonbelievernon believer dudycha 1933 continued the above study

whaenwhen he roundfound the often reported result that seniors in college believe

in 1

the hardy scale had a

epiit801t hairhalf reliability of 9.9 ihrldeneeevi&uweIhrlbari fordencedenee good to excellent validity

for the saalescalesealebaale vasWSUBwas obtained rrsrym the several criterionoriteriworiterioneriorierl measuresterionteriw and

whenihenthen uleythey were combined into a composite criterion sore a correlation

ratio of 79479 waswe obtained for obinedcomabinedob criterionined coresscores against soale

scores indicating a close relationship between the two A number of

correlatescorrelate of attitudes bwardtwardtowardwwardboward the church were obtained but little or

no relationship wasOTSwesweb found to exist between attitudes toward the church

and ageagdaad sex and amountvat of formal education since theuteuke vernon scale

of church orthodoxy we used in the mainminmeinmeln study of this paper it villbe discussed in chapter 3

solsowsamsal studies havehaw been ldamau in connection withmith mormon populations

in regard to various attitudes bartlettbertlett 1952192 conducted a study of

attitudes of members towardbowardbouardtouard the church welfare program he found that

members who werenerevere thevienieule most favorable toward the welfare program had less

income were the raastoetraost active in attendance heldboldheidhoid a favorable attitude

toward the leaders of the church and had more informationinform aboutbiontionblon thefiketike

fomdthe

95

orthodwwwas

sone

bet

794.794

22

program lee 1960 usingwingging the tennesseeTe departmentdeparteentdepartmntDeparteemessee of mental health

selfconceptselfseifseir scaleconcept to measureneasure self concept and the allport vemon and

lindseylindzeyLinds studysey of values scale to measure the religious interest of his

subjects found there was no significant relationship between positive

self concept and religious interest ellworthnis cig198tig1958worth ccaapleteda researchtedtad

in factors affecting religious activity he concluded at the 01 level

of confidenceconfide thatncenee among active amberswmbersmesibersme thesuberssibers ractorfactor of spiritual exper-

ience was significantly more often occurrent than any other single fac-

tor also significantyignificant3jrsignificancy more inactive membersembersla had theidletjiethie factor of external

negative pressure during childhood than did active ubjectsubjeatssubject smithslaithsnith

1956 undertook to testfeetfest the hypothesis that embersmembersas of the momonmormonhomon

charchchurch whobho live among a preponderance of fellow ja mbersembersabers are morezore likely

to be orthodoxortorv inhodosK living their religion than are embersmemberssi of the churchshurch10hurch

whovrhoinho live scattered amonganong a preponderance of non moronsmormonscormons he concluded

that there isin no significant differencesdiffer inencee orthodoxy of moromemonaoncmormme in

cities wherefaerehaerebaere they preponderate fronfroiafrom aitiesqitiesarties where they are a all min

orityority1arityin a very sixllar stwvetucty to the above smith 1981958 P0 27 dial

covered that although mormonsM arebonsmons remarkably similar wherever they are

found very different ecological differences do appear both in propor-

tion adjudged by their bishops to be orthodox in their religion and in

responses pertaining to possession in their homes of forbidden ord

of wisdom itemsitem mlsthisnis wawas significant at the 0.0 level of confidence

small

s

word

nt

ail

138

05

stav

1.1

.0505

wienmienwhen tested with another group the

religion scalebdaleboale had a relationcorrelationoor002 of 60 withiriluxirilua the thurstone & chavechaye scale

for meuringbeaawingdeuringmeaBeambameu attitudeawingringzingving towardtouard the cheahohwshchwah rheyibeythey roundfound that those subjects

scoring high on the religion sealegeeleseelegeale aloalsoeioelo scored high TOon the antisemitismantiantl

and

semitism

antiinbiantl negromegro soalesscales significant at the 01 level rheythey concluded

that statingelatingstebing religions preference mewaswab not adequate criterion henvhenahen inves-

tigating attitudesattitude toward minorities aas it didntdidnt

igllgb

90go 95gs

23

orthodoxyorthodoayorthodwq andtedmed prejudice

there are rewfewrem studies which spoificallyspeoifioally show the relationship

between religious orthodoxy and prejudice toward minority groupgroups these

are istiaetillistiu somewhat vagueyague saesoesme investigators report that a statemanetatentstatematetastate oftentmalmatlalreligioureligiouareligionrelig affiliationioulog by a person tends to makemicemiderake himbixbim lessleeslose tolerant than

those not profeasing affiliation othere have found a lighteughtaught or no dif-

ference between the attitudesattitude of msmbw of different religionreligioiaareligiow

artillyortillyORola &tilly oillyotuinybilly 1954 condcandconductedactednoted a study concernedooaeerad with the

attitudes towardboirard jewsJWQ and negroesie heldholdheidgroe by catholicoathCath collegeolio studentsstusto

and

denta

the relationshiprelatigmshiprelationshlp between thesethebe attitudesablatL andtude their attitudes toward

certain teachings of the catholic church rheythey adteinieteredred the 2 item

levins on & sanfordsantord antianbianki seadtionsemi m scalesoalesoelebisuis a 16 itemiten scale to measuremasurelasure atatlabl

titudetitule towardt4ward the negrosegrosagro and a 16 item scalesoaleboale adapted from one developed

by fiehterpfiohterfichterFiehfloh toterpters measure the extent to which the subjects agreedaged with the

catholicoathGath churcholio0110 on certain religiouareligioureligionrelig questionslouiou the antinegroantiantl negro scale

had a splithalfsplit reliabilityhalf of .9393 raised to 96 and the religion soalescale

a reliability of .9090 raised to 95.95

explain hwhowhaw orthodox

the individualdividualllaisalia waayaawasvas in hibhisbisbib religious convictions the reliability of the

antiantl sesiitisaa scalesaalebaaledaale will be discussed in chapter 3

professing

M 1 8

f 52

levinson

re iftimm ity

sealealso

antinegro

antis biltimwll

a

tigating

S

93

nadBadded religion are lessleas pre-

judiced taanthan those who accept it the factor of religious dencedxationsdenwinatione

was not proven to be very signiasignifleant

rather significant resultaresults were obtained fromfro the study of tur-

beville & hyde 1946 p hgo450 of attitudes toward the negro among col-

lege studentstudents in louisiana inla spite of the fact that one of the car-

dinal tenets of christianity i the brotherhood of allaualiail makindmnkind two

uleuie leasless prejudicedprejudice

adorno & otherothersothen 1950 in a social studies seriesaeriesserles on prejudice

sponsoredaponsoredapons byored the americanamerlean jewish comdltteegowitteecowitGowitcomit notedbeetee that subjects who

profess to somBOWsam religious affiliation bressexpreawress noreawemorenwe prejudice than those

mhorhowho do not or the people whoiaoimo reject organisorganisbad

ak2k

allport nd krainer 1946 roundfound that prejudice WMwas lowest among

jews and thobethose professing no religious affiliation nnieflierhorhe highesthiihijhll scoresiest

were anongamong catholicsat thoseholics subjectssubject whoicho reported marked or moderate

influence of religious training grewre significantly more prejudiced

childrenchi ofid collegeren trainedbrained parentparentsparenta tended to be freer from prejudice

than the ildrenchildrenlidrenoh of noncollegenon trainedcollege parents

the investigation by rosenblithiloeenblithroeenblith 1949 constituted almost a

strict repetition of the allport & kramer shuotwtystuo 1946 withmithvith sowBOWatomslamsiam addi-

tional questions included on other minority groups and whether the sub-

ject was a veteran or not she confirmed at the

disagredisagree t

prejbrej ced

level of signifi-

cance nostoatmost of the allport & gramerkramer findingsrinfin including prejudice iais

higher among the romanroln catholicsgabGatoab thanholice in anyaayarv other religious group

one point of disagreement however wabwiswas in their finding that subjectsu

who

hectebeatereported marked or moderate influence of religious training are sig-

nificantly more prejudiced in both casescaesoasesdaescaseb the rosenblith groupsgroup are

almost evenly divided between the moremormod and tiltii

ft I1z11

and

nd

wer

5

a inainelna 4 q e t

f na

st nsoredns

ar ranidadranizadranizad

thanthosewho

significant

is

nificantly

do

ost

iho

lest

khi

awty

prejbrej ca

prejbrej aeaceaaesce a

2

groups of largely nonghristianeohristiawnon consisting of jews and nonreligiousnon

personapersons

religious

or other than protestant or catholic werewregrelnewene moreaweaaenore willingid thanalinglling

the christians to practice thiathiswhis prime doctrine of christianity itwawaswab roundfoundfoldrold that the jewish group itself a conscious mizioritysrilnoritymizio aswaswabrity thietiietilethle

most liberal of all the religiousrelrei sectssootsigims the nonreligiousnon religious or otlerother waeyaewaswab

the next moatmostnostnoat liberal the protestant next and the catholic the least

liberalslibeilbe theseralsralorais saibaibalsambaldal adingsfindingsakingsf are confirmed alaoalsoaiso by Lelevinsonlevinsoa&vinsonTinson sanfordsarSax&

1944

iford

and sappenfieldSappe la194401944oofield

smary

an attempt has beenbean mdmadenade lylor the writer to give a background of

literature for the present researchresearohresearoh it has dealt with the research

and measuremntsmeasurewntsmeasurements of attitudesattlatti whichtadestadeabades havehavhayhaye been developed in the follow-

ing areatargast psychology of prjwulo the variontarioosvariow types of attitude

measurement tudi about attitatritudeode toward minority groups orthodoxy

and religiousreligion attiattlattitudesattitudetudasal and orthodoxythodyor and its relationship with mino-

rity groupgroups

thererheve is still a definite need for continued research as it per-

tains to orthodoxy and prejwdiae instruments to neasuremeasure attitudes in

this area as a general ruleraleraie laoklaak standardization the present study

i limited in its scope to fulfill the abowabove needs

25

studies attitudes

is

I1 a

byrebyne

bedsed on membersibersir of the church of jesus ghristchrist of latterdaylatter day

tsetso the affordsaffordarfordarrond high school

had been integrated with a necrolegronegro school and a spanish aisericanahseAise schoolricanvicanvlcan

from outside the districtdistricts the impetus for the negro integration cansecausecamecanie

from a supreme court decision regarding segregation as unconstitutional

although the spanish AmerAlaealnearneamericanricanioanloanican school had not been intentionally segre-

gated its location in a emailsnailsmil town almost totally Spanispanish american

practically made it so thusthue the present high school has a racially

mixed student body with the whitevalteimite studentstude in the majority and negromegronegros

ewishjetiiahdewish and

american

spanish

students

americanAsie

members

studentstueturicanvicanvlcan

of

indentadenkadenke

the

the

mooneoonminorityminori

church

twowretyokre

and

spanish

one nonmoroonnonnou

were

momon

included in the sample

nabsnats

CHAPTER 3

SEMCHREPEAECHUSEMCHU

selection

DESIM

of samplesampiespie

the subjects of the study were drawn from the total number of

llomonllormonclomon students enrolled in fiveriqrive classes taught by the writerwiterlitergiter and two

classes of a colleague in the L D S seminary program at the saffordpafford

arizonairizona high school the study samplesampiebampie numbered ilg19149 of a possible 16

students and comprised all thobethosewhose whomho completed the experimental proced-

ures outlined belowbein the samplesampiebampie of 119149 reflected a cross asectionaction of

freshmen t sophomores juniorsjimiors and seniors iain the seven classes selected

in the stadystudy the school is in the southeasternsoutheast part of the state and

has an enrollment between 00 and 0 studentsstuden

instruments

the vernon scale of church orthcnixsyorthodw was chosen as the instrument

to measure religious orthodoxy aas it had the definite advantage of bein

standardistandardized

R ptapt4zR

collsague L se

165

500 550

spanishaxierican

J

e

em

ish

ilg

mommominominom1 andreligious

prepnenne

iaolaolaa the value obtained wa 96 raised

to .9898 lwinsonlevinson&Lw &inson sanfordsantord 19lil19h4p ppo 354o3540

methe reliability was

calculated by the plitsalf method of correlating the total scores of

each subject on theteemeebhe odd and even items and correctingcorreo thisting valuewinevaine by

means of the spearmanbrownspearman mauiaforaulaformulaoraulaformuamulafortulafobrown

pospobi

waswab

scoriscari0 ng on the vernonvelmon scale was on a three to five point scale

in each stataaentstatmftt the itelitem varied so thatthab agreement with smesollesoile itemsitemitelwould indicate orthodoxy while agreement with others would indicate

unortbodoocyunorthodwo highhib scores in either case represented an orthodoxortont posi-

tion

hodakhodax

scores on theuie twelve itelitem in the scale were computedcoaputedacmputed for each

subject a high score indicating orthodoxyorthodoayorthodwq and a low score indicating

unorthodoxytunorthodoxyounorthodoxthe levinsonLevi &nsonnaon sanford antisiitisaantlanti scalesemitlim designed to measureneasurenie

the

asure

attitude of the subjectsubjects toward the jews wa used in this study

because of it excellent reliability and validity

lainsonlevinsons

27

saintspaints it wastwas used to measure the extent to umichwhich the subjects agreed

with the homonmormonhormon church on certain social mom1morale and religious questions

the itkisiteasitwis of the scale were found to have a coefficient of reproducibil

ity of 91 as shown bytoy the pretest data analysis Vernovemon 1951955p ppo 32j325o3250

rar1r the method of dichotomization the itera were found to be scalablesealable with

a coefficient of reproducibility of 39 A4 sampiesample of the vernon scale

of church orthodoxy is found in appendix A

scoring

As a prelimnayy procedure to validatevallyalivail thedate 2 itenitealitem scale it was

administeredadrdnistered to thirteen nonjewishnon graduatejewish students and faculty membersmiiwrimil

inbr

the departmentDeparteeDepartnt of psychology at the universityttnivereity of califomlanomiaimuiamulaoliai theesubjects were allaliailalaaia known liberals whorhoiho were openly opposed to prejudice

their low meannean score of 86 0 wabwaawas taken as evidence that the scale had

someSOSIBgome validity other evidence on validity was obtained by comparing the

mean scores of subjects grouped according to one significant variable or

was

its

e9811

ry 52

ca

groupedaccording

nv

yo

split halfhair

Anent

98

86086086.0

signifsigniaicanticart

28

another

the scoring on the levinaonlevinsonLevi &naon sanford antisemitismantiantlanbi scalesemitism i not

according to the conventional fivepointfive marldngmrlcingmarlingpoint system the argument

for the procedure used is that three degreedegreesdegreg of agrementagreientarrementag andrement disagree-

ment can be readily distinguished and that machwach of the difficultycreated by a erozeroeerodero score can be madenade unnecessary by not havingbaring one As

in tuietiletheuuietae scale by vemon high scores were an indication of an antisemiticanti

attitudei

semitic

while lclow scores indicatedindic acitedited favorable attitude toward the jews

A sturglesaxqplesturple of the levinson & sanfordanford& antisemitismantiantl semitism scale is found inappendix 3

the hinckley soalsealsealesoaiscale on attitude toward the negrosegro edited by L L

thurstone waswag used in thisthia stadyatufstudy because of its shortnessshormshort themesseess facilityin dministeringidminiateringadministering and scoring and itsita high reliability and relidityvauditygelidityvaUd

comparison

ttyityof three setsete ocof saalescale valuesvs wswereweveliteilielile corelatedcor3latedcormlatedcorncorm echethelated correla-

tion between the scale values of group I1 and group II11 yielded a pearson

coefficient of 980 the correlationcongelation between the scale values of group

I1 and snoapgroup III111IMlii was 93

A comparisonparisoneanconeat of the scaleecal values which the various groups gave to

the 32 statewntsstatekientb of the final scale was made although the stzitementsstateawitstatewere

anitawit

chosen because of their scaleseale valuesvalmsbalms in croup3roup 1I it is significant

that group II11 places them in thealeakeuke aasamebabebebe rank order in which they were placed

by group I1 thisibis steansxaaansrteans that the scale hichwhichaich was constructed on the

basis of the sortingshortingssor oftings troupgroup I11 can measureneasure the attitudes of jroupcroupgroupirogro 11IIup

as wellwlllilliiweilweli as it can theteemueume attitudeattitudes of group I1 misthismlsnis is venyveryyery definite evi

dence in favordavor of the objective validity of the scalesoaleso hinckleyaleaie 1932

p 293

thisimis thurstone

is

le

betweenthe

935

293

th t

type scale had twowo ronasfonasfomsronusboms which could be used fomoforoformfoaA

erisuris adrxinlstercdadrxinistercd to tibia subjects niehiethe scale hadbad sixteen itamitisitem that

allailali

owrburbun

tasbas

agyaryremmtremmt

tiddytildy

jectsejects

studastudv its confidential

nature o0

andaikiarkiadd an explanation of marking instructions studentsStiM werelOTita en

couragercouragedcou toraged be frank andind honest in marldngxoartcing the items on adladi scale

eachdach student wasiras assignedsignedansnas i special neabernwabernunbor so that hisbiabis identity

would be concealedconceconae toaled all except the examiner whosenhosemhosemchose knowledgekno oflede the

special rambersnwbqtq was esaentialessential in order to obtain IQ scores from thetukeutke high

school

29

tilethetiietlle subject marked as to his agreaaent or disagreementdisagreemnt A4 plus sign

designated the subjectsubjects agreement and R erozero designated the subjectsubjectsa

disreoaentdisadiso aeh7aahgreewnt itemiteaitam on the scale wasnasnagwag iven a sauiesailesoblesobie value 1 sub-

ject score was the mediannedlanmedinedinedl scalesoilesohleschiescann tiuetluealuevnle of 11 the statements he en-

dorsed A splesamplesampiespieaple of theviebheulenie hinckley scalesoalescaleso onaleaie attitude toward the negro

andod its adaptation to asureisieasurejwasurellieisieiske attitude towardtward the spanish ainericanarwricanalneAine arerican

foundsoundcound in appendix C and D respectivelyoectivelyresreg

procedures

rhethe four scales used in tilevietiietlleulewie studytixdy were administered to the sub-

jects nearneir the end of the school year therne vernon soale of church ortho-

doxy and the hinckleyrinHin sciesclescaleoldey cmon attitudeittitudek7ttitude toward the megronegro were administer-

ed to the sevensewn a lasseslissesbasses anon one day the followingfobfoU dayomingcuing the levinsonLevin ut&somscmbom

sinfordanford antisemitismantiantl semitism soale and an adaptationanadaptationinadaptation of th hinckleynokleyHt scale

referred to above to measuremasureneasure attitudes toward the spanish arwricanmerioanmarioanA were

given

at the time of each administration a brief explanation was given

to the subjects indicatingindicatiagindicatingr the purpose of the twr it

this litter procedure wabTOBwasmab acemplishedaeeciplished after the termination of

school vaenlaenwhen the writer had access to thetiletuletike school files intelligence

scores were obtained from the otis quick beorisseoris mental ability testtat

A

lue

the

i

quickscoring

1

scoring

ach iven

dhe

rhe

nne

marling

reemt

baah

inbeintoinko oesoev weremerevere

compared with the bottom 2 per centdent and boys were compared with girlszaniszadis

on each of the samesawsambambame variable ie intelligenceintelli orthodoxorthodoxygencegenoe and preju-

dice the significance of differences in each of the latter comparisons

was determined by use of t ratio between means

aeneen lain additimaaddi thetiontimtop 2 per cent of the total toupsgroupie in terms of intelligence

riexie the reutionshipsrelationahipe between

a intelligenceintelligenoeinteuigenaeintelli andsencegenoecence orthodoesyorthodwwp b intelligence and prejwiceprejtidioe tomedtrdtomrd

minority srmSTWgrmgroups andwi oc0 orthodoxy and prejudicebrejprej

30

tabulationrahuDabu oflation raw scores mawaswab nademade and placed cmon a chartabartahart to conoon

solidate the information necessary for statistialgtatiatiealstatisticalstatist analysisiallallai the scor-

ing of each of the scalessoales is discusseddiacwssed beloerbelowrbelow in connection with each of

thetiietile instrmwtsinsfcrueients used

statistical analysis

fouoiringfouawingfonFoU theowingawing selection of the sampiesample and aaninistration of each

of the scales statistical analysis was made by the pearsonpearon product

moment correlation coefficientefficientoo to determlinedeteresixiedeterEsi

a tionblonzion

inte geneegenesgence

27

27

yp

oo00mlations

majornajor questions to be answered in this study con-

cerned 1 the relationshiprelationahip of IQ to orthodoxyorihodoayorthodoxf and to prejwiieeprejwuee toward

minority groups 2 the strength of the relationship of the aboveabote var-

iables among person of high 3 aaas comparedcomoom withlathvithvathlabhparedpaned the relatimhiprelatiowhip angwmgsngthose of lowloir iqj 3 th strength of thewuiewule rlationehipwlauoiismp of the above ararirar

canoan

fagnifigni oance

CHAPTER 4

ANDASDannF

someSOMsamsone

iI1

of

TIONSrionsUDIVW

the WLW

IQ

the

or

n

S americanizerAzerimer

with

loanioanlean

the intercorrelationsinter ofcorrelations the owe variablestorlTOriworl

fromproabranbrwn

ableabie

table 2 it oa be pointed wtoutoub thattheat all correlations were

signifteantsiifioaait at the 0 icvICTlev of oonfidenoeooictfidenoe or bettedbetterbettervithwithvithsathsith twovirotvovvo eeptiomeeaaeptiom

there werevere no igoifioaat relatim6hiprelatioashiprelationship for girlsgirl between IQ and antiantiooantlanbiantico

semitism and orthodoxyorthodosyortont andhodosy antiantl scisitiaa

it may be of interest to note that for boysboysa girls and total

sanlesamplesanie betgebetweenbetwe the variables of IQ andsodend anbiantianki seaaiti8 a negative borreoorre

lation was found this indicatesindi thatcaUs as IQ increases antisemitismantiantl semitism

05 leyellevel

si w1oazt

antis tisaetisaf

var-

iables arwngaiqiotg boys as compared with thetbsbbsbhe relationship among girls cor-

relations and t ratios werewrelrelne canipatedoofcteacanidort frompated the data shownshonn in appendixippenAppen Ssodixdiz

table I11 represents the numbernumnux meanslwmanmaansherber and standard deviation for

boyboys garibgiribgirlst and total sampleampleampiebampie oa the foumingfolloiriag variablestwriablwivarivarl iqjiitjiablest othoorthoI1

dw antiantl smtisjisexdtisz attitude toward the segnosegronegro and attitude toward the

spanish americanaarioanamerioanaerAarAmeraner

table

loanioan

2 showshon the oorrelatiowcoyrlattoeoi and the llieimlellis of bignifiaanei

for boys siriagirls andalid totaltotelbotelbobal bampiesample betanbetweenbetwn IQ andam thethe variables of or-

thodoxy

or-

tho antisemitismantiantl semitismdozydoxydazy attitude boward the negro and spaaidhtho

S

S ti

mig

ang

bho

arang

couming

giugik314

vaiswaisvals significant for borsboys and totaltotel at tb .0000oos005 level of

cmfidmoeconfidenceoconfidences

anong loysboysloyb girls and total sampiesemplebampie it iais observed atbhatthatwhat when IQ

increases orthodoscyorthodwj prejudice bokardtowardboward the negromegro andaxi prejudice toward

the spanish americanawrioanamerioananerAmer alsoalaoaisoioanloan increaseiaore&aeinoreasein sigpifioantsipfficantcreaseorease at the O0 level of con

fidencefidenoemidencefiAAs

dencedenoe

orthodossyorthodwqort increasesinerineyhodoskyhodossy aaammgamigeases boyboys girls and bobaltotaltotals antiantl seadtianseanitiaa

decreases butbatbubhub prejudice toward a negromegro and prejudice towardtofrd the spaniacspaxsiehspaniah

american irreaseiwreaseirreasair allreaberease significantaignifioantsignifioant at the 0 leveilevel of confidence or

M-OPM-OF IQ ORMODOXTorthodoxANDAKD MIMRITY boosBOWSGROUPSnoos

roysbeysboysacts n7unms74

mean

SD

eirlsoirlsgirls12712.71257

1475m75

10691106.91loggi

570

mean

lle11711lie1157

gogu6094

SD

106log

57 5066

168.6016860

116911.69nogg

totallt6

564956

6644

mli9ntvxl49

120912.09

8668.6649

mean

orthodoxy

7417.41

6462

SD

1821.82

69.636963

1044

IQ

.7070

9149

attitudeattitu

10601106.01logoi

47028

decreases

14

toward

18245

66

this

spanishSpa

u66

ae

americannislaniala

.7373

681468.14

antianuantl

1088

selmitismsamibisffi

71.137113

18939189.3913909

gg36

00oo

ariarl

ivlivi

05ov

orthodorthid

32

namzTASLETANZ 1

sitoiberSiTO MEANSiBER A stailmkrdstahoird ITOATIOIB OHON BOYS GIRLSOIRIAMDAND TOTALTOTALS OSON VARUN7asiaslss

3

17893178.931789317833

9.696

attitudetowardnegrosegro

62.776277

AND

82

10646 46- 56

SD l2la12 09 5 5965

the .005005

the

127 70

ugg

73 loik

05

nau

mlih

ltv

05.05

.0505

hllkibkilkihlialka

00oq

00oq

oo00

oo00

00oo

00oo

00oo

00oq

00oo

378373

oo00

00oo

00oo

oo00

00oo

oo00

00oo

00oo

00oq 00oo

00oo

oso050 40050005

antiantl semitiezsemtiam

lialilai

33

TABLETAEU 2

cobheutioliscomCOW AMDA41ations LEVEW OPOF skaiifioaltossiovicanceSIOVIC FORANCE borsBOYS gnuAND TOTAL BEMMNBETWEEM THE VARIABIVAHIABLES OPOF IQ

CRTHODOXYCKEHODOXT AND PREMICEPRBJTOIGE

variable

NO

IQ orthodcowortbodoay

4

IQ

344

WW

anti 3.3

005

boys

semtismsemitism

4231231.231

349

girisgirls

iqattitudeIQ attitude

.3232352

.071071

005

tobaltotal

toward

139.1390439.0439439

005

.238238

348

negro

itu414.414

426

.226226

005oos


.233233

waw5

016.0160016

005

.236236

toward

u68

234

0378373.373spanish

nys

ibliau134

025

.236236

amricanalaerloanafrican

P

353.353

q0050.050

348.348

orthodmqorthodcaey

00.00

ie

.0000oos

.226226

0005

antiantl

00.00

P

tot

436.436

orthodovorthodloasy

q0

.0000

r

AI

005.005

.0000

NOn0na

P

.0000005

.0202

.0000

.0000

00.00

.0000005

.0202

NO

.0000005

.0000

.0202

.0000oos005

alxaixair

.0000

r

.0000

.0000

.0000oos005

anti demitissemitistoward spanishamerleanamerican 463.463 005

attitude

3u3o3430343

rowardrewardtowardrowand

.0000005

neironegro

30430.430

attitude

0010005

toward00spanish .3131americanAi .0000li8lv481rican .1212

00.00

00500

M

semitismcism 355 005

0050

semitism

orthodworthodoosy

0

attitudetoward negromegro

0025

w463 waw5 005

semitismatism attitudettitudeA

005

0 0

531.531 005 512 .005005W 0

attitudetowardtosmrd spanishamericanalaeAlaaaraarican

attitudetoward negro

a

r

231

32

139

233 02

071

238

olg

ibl

353

02

02

226

236

236

226

31 12

343

0025

005

348

436

seni

463 430

531

qa

qa

orthodox

005.005

0025.0025 005.005

005.005

005.005 005.005

I1GM MEASS AID 9txnmrdstaiq&rd demriom borFORyosyor LWlai IQ ANDAITO

eiahiaHIXelaeimelm IQ OKON OTOFVAPUXZS ORTHODOXY

AMAIDtid MISOEIITTMINMU

lowlorlol

woupsMOUPS

IQ HUO

mean

SD

iiihiiii 1 UO

mean

SD

IQ

91291.2

374

1201120.1

6796.796079

4774774.77

661166.11

49504

orthtdcwortbodcotgr

1691169.1iggi

942

3.26326

9

4383

4542

67.2067206720

9749.74

anti

50

attitude

9919gig319

73.087308

ITI

send boirardtowardbowardkoward

19

attitudeattitadeattitu&Attiattl

7.20720

iihT

tiba degrohegro

towardbadetadebude

11

200.6020060 606860.68goga

spanish

649364

adriaanamerioanamriaanAmeramen

Is

93

loanioanican

I1D

00oo

00oo

nuonho

yeronero

funrun

lihaih

34

better

it is indicated that henwhen antisemitismanti increasessemitism prejudice to-

ward the negro and spanish american decreases among each croupgroupzroup of the

sampieasaplesamplesaplelapieasallea significant at the .0000oos005 level of confidence

As prejudice toward the negro increasesinarea itbesosesobesa is noted that so doeadoes

prejudice towardtowsrdbowardtowardbowardbowstowsbowa therd spanish asricanaaiericanawricanAw significantrican at the .0000005 level of

confidence

table 3 shoqshow the number neansmeans and standardetan deviationsdevladeTiadard fortlonationa the

iwlowloh 27 per cent IQin and the highhizhdizh 27 per cent IQ on the variables of or

thodoovttkxiossy antirantiantl

1111m

91

740

12015

S-D

semitism attitudeattiattl bovardtowardbowardbouardtudetodevode the degrohegroYs andro attitude towardamitmi

the

ard

spanishpanish axaericanjuwrican

tahleTABLErahleTA 3

3

120 15

326

preo ce

nho

574 974

005.005

005.005

01oi

09og

liii09og

00oo

00oo

00oo

00oo

00oo

linhin

050ogo

ogo050

bitititiaaa4astiAUTI11t1astl semitismsemirismse241tiskv ATTITUMATTITOBE touardTOKAHDTMRD THE

SECEO a10a11s ATTITUDE TOWARDTCMARD teeSHEzee sp01msbliaal AMSRICASANMICAN

variable

iqorthodoxyorthodoxyIQ

iqantisemitism 0151


NO

towardHONO

0420tt2

segronegro

.0202025

SONO

015.015


.010010

.186186

towardroward

.0202025

NO

spanish

HONO

15111.11.151american

.0202

MDNO

orthodoxyanti

314

orthodoxy

.050050

.0909seditionsemition .3939

025.025

antiantl

.0202

477

NO0359

.311311

high

.0000005005.005

463.463

.0808

IQ

29.29

attitudeAttiattl

.0000005005.005

.307307

r

.0000005

towardtowardtud

.302302302orthodoxyattitudeorthodoxy

.2828

P

negromegro

.0000050.050torwardtowardrowarddorwardattitude

340.340

09509.09

attitude

antisemitismattitude472.472

antiantl semitismsamulsemulspanish

P

025

NO-

IQ

toward

toward .0000oos005005.005

american

NO

529

antiantl

spanish

nagromegronegro

085

095.095

005.005

semitism

american

anti

40

low

semitisrsemittssemitism

ft

IQ

attitude

UP

r

toward

ma

.166166

spanish

ft

ll11

amrioanajsierioan

.0101

3

table 4 represents the correlationcorrelations and the level of significance

between high and low IQ and orthodoxy antisemitismantiantl semitism attitude toward the

negro and attitude toward the spanish americanamorArorarmr

TABLEtat&

ioanloanican

k4

omrmationscokreiarioms AMDAND levelsLLTELS OF sicinvicancesigbaigahge enemMWEM himlHIMI AND LOWICWdowdov IQ addAMDAND

leeIKETHEtee VARIABLESVARTAMES 0OF ORTHODOXYQRIBODOXT

orthodoxyattitudegowanitowanitmmrd negro

35

Xr40ro

0P lepimp M 0 0 N WM

284

i MP i annnow

orthodoxy attitude

attitude

39

311

08

307

28

02

olo

02

02

02

186

29

elsi

015

151

095

463

025 472

340

095.095

025.025

025.025

orthodwworthodoor increases antisemitismantlantianbi semitism de-

creases but prejudice toward the negro and spanish american increases

significant at the .0202025 level of confidence or better except on the low

IQ group on prejudice toward the spanish americanafricansignificant negative correlations may be noted in both low and

high IQ groixpsgavups between antisemitismantlaatiantiabbiabblanbi prejudicesemitism towardtouard the negromegro and

spanish american in other words as&8 antisemitismanti increasessemitism prejudice

tmmrdtogttoottoog therd negro andaraaroano spanish american decreasesdecreasedacreaseorease

table 5 ohms thiethethlekhe niberptswsssw neszamewsnelsnelbneama standard deviationdeviations difference

of meanspmwsf t test and the level of significance between low andradaad high

IQ groupsgroup on the variable of orthodoxy

mkemaenae

00oo

36

table U4 indicatesiraicatesirAi nocates significant relationship between low and

high IQ groups andendandthethe variables with exception of prejudice toward theuieule

spanish Ameramericanioanloanican As IQ increased in the lowlewiem IQ grappgrwppgrorupt prejudice toward

the spanish american increased significantly at the 02 level of con-

fidence

ABAs wfmaynay be observed whaenwhen

025

TA

significancesitmipig&soesicnificance OPOF ottiaiceCEOTTI OPCFWIVEEalceaiCE LOWX

ANDASSMU

HIhiceRICENS

IQ OROUPSBOCTPS OSON ORTHODOXYORTRODOXY

numbednumber mean SD am1mM t p

lowlewlenlonlou IQ kak040 438343 637686376.3783

high IQ 40 495049 3313.31303133150

differenceDiffer 5675.67enoe kl4714 .0000005.00500571

fidence

orthodourdoor

so

02

nibert

025.025

00oo

37

from table 5 a significant difference at the 005 level of con-

fidence may be observed orthodoxy is highest among theteemee highhiohlo IQ croup3roup

table 6 represents the numbernumbers means standard deviationsdeviation dif-

ference of meanswansmans t test and the level of significance between low and

high IQ groups on the variable of antisemitismantiantl semitism

TABUSTA 6BLE

simificancesiwificamce OF differenceDIFFMMME ofkansMANS UKLOWloh AMDAND

earHARemr IQ stroups3bwps3troups OH090 ANTISamANTI9 tis14smitismsemitism

lumberdamber meanM SDean 34 t p

low IQ 40 200.6020060 66.966696

high IQ 1040 169.1516915 hs9945ogg

difference 314531 2452.4545 .0202025

table 6 shows a significant difference at the .0202025 level of con-

fidence between the high and the lowion IQ groups on antisemitismantiantlantisanti6 anti-

semitism

semitismsa

is highest among the lowlewiem IQ group

table 7 represents the emberlotb&iwsnmberl neansmeanslalygalp standard deviationdeviationzv dif-

ference

zv

of means t testteat and the levelleyelillili of significance between low and

high IQ groups on the variable of attitude toward the negromegro

rabletablerabiezablezabie 7 showsshow a bignisbignifleant difference at the .0000wa level of con-

fidence between the high and the lowiw IQ groups on attitiideattitwie toward the

negro prejudice towardtwardbowardbward the megro is highest amonganong thebhe high IQ group

tablefabletabie 83 represents the numberoeraoeda meams andardstandardaldard deviations dif-

ferences of mealmeansneal t test and the level of significance between low and

sig cant

u

meansv

aiinificant w5

neg4654m a a

werp s p

ferences

sp

S

6

02

02

evs a

025.025

00oo

00oo

00oo

oos005

38

high IQ groups on the variable atof attitude toward thetho spanish americanAmri

fromfram

canecano

table 8 it can be noted that a significant differencediff atereneeereneo theteeumemue

.0000005.005 levellevei of confidence between the hiihighhilhll and lowlewioulaw IQ groups on attitude

towardtward the spanish koricananerioankmricanAnerkm prejudicericanioanloanican towardtwardbwardwward the spanishspezish american ishighest amonganong the high IQ groupgrows

rimaTABUSTAXX 7

significancesicbotioamgesianificance 0OF dipfs8shoeD semenCE mekssMEANSMUSS OPOF LOW imdAMDANDindHIMHICB IQ OROOPSGROMdrobarob OKon ATTIPTOEittATTatr TOWARD lesTSSlee seoNEMOxeo

number mean SD EMDK t p

lwlow IQ UO40 606860.686063 99.

high IQ UO40 67.206720 9309.309030930

ferencedifferencefereneeterence 6.262652dlfDifdir

955

3.103103110310 .0000005.005005

rableTABLETA 8

sionifigancesioctiqasoe OF DIFEBEMO beewibeew2MMEN mallmsllIMNS OF LOWIWlov ANDAMD HIOKHIGHIQ BOM oaON JITTITMATTITOBE TOWARDTOKARB nimSIErim spiseSPASESPANIM AKMCAaffiaigas

numberhumber meanMMnean SD EKDK t p

lwLOW IQ 40ito140 6936.93649369364 977971974914993

high 40

14

IQ 73.087308 7.20720

difference 81 426 .0000oos005

DIFFE CEC m

8 15

62

nierom

haeahaen

69gg

iollol

39

table 9 shows the nmbernberpamber zalanszaeansmaawp standard deviations difference

of means t tttentteetbeet and the level of significance between boys and girls

oaon the variable of IQno

table 9 indicatesindi nooates e4pifioanteigxsifioaat difference between boysboya and girle91215

faaeafaea IQ iais ooncermdoooneeamadt

9TWBU

siqmiyicalksbsignvicance OF sibteeffisiicbD BETWFMGE neassMEAKSKUM 0OF

boisaoisBDYSborsboysadys AMDAND VQOSagngn WMwnmtw IQ

number mean SD OCDK t p

boys 74 10601106.01logoi 1261265

airle3irl3irle 75 10691106.91loggi 11.6116ngs

differmieedifferameDiffer 0.90090090ogoemeame 1a80448 MONO

table 10 represent the niabernwabernumberinumnuenae rabanaraeanameansjberjberi standard deviations dif-

ference of meansneansjwj t taatteattest and level of significance between boys and girlson the variable of orthodox

10TA

sinificancssiorfficsasigb OPOF OPOFdiffnmcesorsSOTSBOYSbors

BETWUNASD

MMSmlsanasasasGMW mmvilsvlis

limber

ORTHODOXY

meanmnnean SD EM t

BOYSsoyaboya

p

gerisdirlgirlsderlderi

74 .82824582 574

75 5695.697287.28472847.284728 .6969

difference 1161.16lav 11.1551.55 MONO

a leance

mwj

ilg

lab

82728

ilg

liflirbif

ho40

it is apparent fronfrom table 104ere104 isere no significant difference

between boys and girlgirls in regard to orthodoxy

ii11

table 11 shows the numbernumbers mean standard deviations differencediff

of

eleeemeeelceeanseanaweansneans t test and levellerellevei of significance between borsbeyboysbembomboms and girlgirls cmon the

variable of antiantl hamitismseaadlti8ramitism

11313.1TA

situfmance8i3niyi2ahge

MOF diffbieuce betweenSBTWEEMWTWEEN MEANSMPANS OF

BOYS AND ommOMWcmaacma WMWHH AIMSEWISMlimAKTIAIMalm

number mean SD CMDM t p

boys 74711 18939189039 6136135

girls 7 16860168060 6.8685687

difference 9219.219021 2.1212152152.15 .0202025

table 11 indicates a iifleant difference at the 02 level of

confidence between boyeboys and girls toin regard to antisemitismanti prejudicesemitism

toward the jews seemsewsseensaws to be higher amongarong boys than girls

table 12 representspresentare the number ji meanscleans standard derladeriademlalions j dif-

ference of means t test and level of significance between boyboys and girlson the variable of attitude toward the negro

table 12 points out a significant difference at theotheo 225 level

of confidence between boysboyabays and girls in regard to attitude toward the

negrosegro prejudiceprejbrej isce highest among the girlgirls

table 13 shows the number memsmomsmomb standardstanstarsbar deviationsmardAardmavd difference

of mernsmeans t test and levels of significance between boyboys and girls on

10 re

D MMCE

75

significant 025

deviations

S SEWISM

68

21 02

ene

II11

miaMINSIMMIUME opor vmmssssdiff MUMSMSETWM melmsWANSkans apCF BMBOXSborsANDAHD aisis vieaWITHvithvinh ATTITODEittATTirr rowardTWARDTCWARD nissis NEMO

number mean SD IMDK t p

boyaBOYS 74 62.776277 1177

girisgirls 775 66.66gg .7272

mfferaaediffftvn 3673.673067 2162.16 .0202025

tama

siocticahossizifiame13

orOF ditsbhesksedif7xhi BETWEMBETWEEN mansMEASSWANSW OPOFANS BOSBOYSbors indAMDAND OIRLSvithWITHWIMvitevim ATTITTOBatrATT TWBUID TBE spaneSPARE americalAM

number

ITUDS

mean SD 1 t p

BOYSbeysbomssamssara tk74

mrlaaria

68014

7

10.881088

75 711371.13710133113 7441

difference 2.99299 1.96196 MONO

prejbrej as

41

the variable of attitude towardbovard thethotae spanish americanAmralvtable

laaniaanidan

13 indicatesirAi therethevecates is no gnifioantsignificants difference between

boysboy and girls in regard to prejudice toward the spanish asricanamericanawrican this

doeadoes not say that both groups are not prejudiced towardtward the spanumspaniehspanuh

abricamericanamric

TAMthl 12

TA

j ikij

D RIglnGAN

DM

Awvicanricanvlcan

72

216 02

ikic

8728.72

prejbrej ae

42

sugary of findings

IQ

inlkaihk the present study it wabwagwas found that a IQ increased prejudice

toward the jews decreased but prejudice toward the negro and spanish

americanasleAsie increasedrican

antiantl senilismseariltisbisenitism scores were roundfound to be highest among the low IQ

groupITMP this is confirmed by boughqoughgough 19lc1951c who found greater anti

serisemisarilisa associated with lower intelligence lower statusstatam and poorer

academic achievement prejudice towardtowaxdtoardcoard the negro and spanish american

were highest among the high IQ group A possible explanation of the

findingsfindingc of the present study would be the socio80010 economiceoonasaieeconmic levelsae1e of

the groups concerned and alaoalso thetoeumemue predominant mormonMOCTIOH culture of the

area

there was no significant difference between boysboya and girls on

IQ the high IQ group of the total sample tended to be more orthodox

than the low IQ groupgroups

minority group prejudice

the study of stember 1961 in which prejudice toward the negronedroneddo

was found to be higher than prejudioeprejudice toward the jewjews was confirmed by

the present study

oeloeigeisgeibgelb 1949 concluded that boyboys are morewyemyemre prejudicedprejbrej towardoed the

jewjewsjens and girls more prejudiced toward the negronagro and this was also found

to be so by the present study

as

0

S inte e

along

eatznatisnatiieats

erlyeflyerix frosi contact withvath the wilingprevailingpre attitude toward

the minority group sherif & cantril 1947

orthodoxy and prejudice

the prevalent concept that women are more orthodox than menraennen

katz & kilAllkiiluportportsporto 193119311 gartercarter & strong 193319331 lundburg 192611926 garlson

193141934 allport & vernonvemonvennon 1931 fergusonPergusfergus leail4ai1944iiwi and fichter 1952 was

not brought out in the present studyafiady hono significant differencediffer wasWBBvaswabvabenoe found

between boys and girls in regard to orthodoxyortho vernondW 19551955 using a

mormon samplebampiesarsax howeverapieaple discovered a larger percentage of mennen to be ex

trexoelytrenev orthodoxortho ordoadox unorthodox than worn

kak343

rosenblittaosenblithrosenblitk 1949 discoverdiacovereddiscoveddladiadisdib thatcoveredcoved in an area where jegjewjews are a

bahbmhanority the level ofot prejudice wawabwas decidedly higher the present

study roundfound no babisbasicbasis for the above

ooughbough 19lb1951b foundround antisemiticantlanti semitic students to be intolerant aloalsoaioaiso

of other races and groupsgroups but the current research roundfound them moreacreaonemone tol-erant than students who werewregrelre not antiantl senitiosbltio howeverHow wheneverl prejwiioeprejudiaeprejudice

toward the negro increasedlnorinor soeased did prejudiceprejwiic towardtouard the spanish africanaarieaaamricanAarieAm

A

rican

possible explanation of why the measuremntemeasureinents of the present

salebalebaie indicated less antisemitismantiantl semitism andactaannaanni morelore prejudiceprejiidioeprejudioe toward the negromegro

would be their social

prejudice against a minority group results not primarily from contact

with it but chieflyohiefly

smallanority

it

aa

cm

religious heritage it waswswab noted in the

review of literature that the childrenschildren concepts mirrored the concepts

of their elders and the patterns and stereotypestereotypes of their social envi-

ronment alportauport & kramr 19461 jahoda & others01iexotierotler 1951191igi saenger 19531952

aarle

cultural

prenev

prejbrej ce

44

rkeikebrierhe study of cbeilv & keiuoeiu 1954 concerned with attitudes

of catholic studenstudents toward jews and negroes found that thobethose subjects

scoringcoringc high on thethi religion scale also scored high on the antisemitismanti

and

semitism

antiantl liebroliegronegro scales the aboveabave aswabwas confirmed amonamongamond thetiietile present momonnomon

sample with regardreardnegardre toardavd prejudice toward ubetheuhe Tniegro and spanish asricanbut

46

notnoitono confirmedfdaito with antisemitismantiantl semitism

0 0 re11v

dt

sp niahnivh

te

bhe

av

research of the relationship between orthodoxy and prejudice isnot consistent some studies report those who acknowledge church membe-

rship to be less tolerant than those who do not other investigatorinvestigators

find either slight differences or no differences amongaxaong the attitudes of

bembers3nembersvembers of different religions still others find important differences

in acceptance of orthodox religious beliefs and attitudes toward mino-rity groups t

the main questions the study attempted to answer were the following

Is there a significantignificant positive relationship between ortho-

doxy and prejudice towards minority groups

2 when comparing high and low intelligence group levels how

strong is the relationshiprelatiwbhiprelatiouship to orthodoseyorthodworthortho anddWodosey to prejudice

3 how do boy compare with girls with regard to the strength of

the relationship between orthodwworthodoacy and prejudice

the vernon scale of church orthodoxy was medusedwed to measure religious

orthodworthodosxyiortho thedW levinson & sanford anbianti semiticssemtisasemitiss scale was usedwedged to easuremeasureneasurebasure

attitude toward moetoethekhe jerajjewajjews the hinckleynokleyHi scale on attitude toward the negro

was used to measure antinegroantimegroantiantl negroMegronaronero feelingreeung j and an adaptation of hinckleysscale was used to measure attitude bwardtwardtowardwward the spanish americanoajfiericaniamricanoAmrialvi

thenierhe

danocanodane

sample consisted of 74 boysboy and 7 girls representing a

cross section of mormon students enrolled at safford high school in south-

eastern arizonaAritrllri allllonaaBonailona subjects were mormons except one

pearson product monentmomentmanent correlationscorrelatiozcorrelation were computed betweenbetwebetge allanailalivariables of the study and t teststestwestwebb were used to discover differences

findings

1 there was a significant relationship between orthodoxy amiand

prejudice toward the megronegronedro and the spanish american but not between

fntapter 5vn

ism A-Rr

different st

1

inte gence

75

somesoisesomsboise implications of thetoegoegme findings mightblight be

worthy of considerationconsider theationo low antiseaaiticantiantl feelingsmiticsaitic lyby the high IQ

prejbrej ceeces whywiyuhrnhy does the orthodox person show higher prejudice

toward the negro and spanish american Is it because the socialeconomicsocial

factors

economic

influence himhiahla more than the christian principles helieilehie espouses

why does the higher intekligenceintemjlgenceintelligence group show inoremorenorelnore prejudice towardtward thenegromegro and panishspanish13 american why do people who believe the constitution

to be a heavenly inspiredpined doeentdocisaent refrain fronfrom accepting its tenets as

it relates to prejudice toward minorities answers to thebethesetimbe questions

mightright possibly be roundfound bytv further research

although the bisesisesizebize of the sample and the peculiarities of the geo-

graphical area where the sludgystudy was takentatkentakken prevent a broad generalization

of the church aas a whole

3 prejudice toward the megnomegronegro and the spanish african was high

est among the high IQ group

46

orthodoxy and antisesiitismantlanti2

semitismsemdtism

the lowlewiem IQ group was more antiantlantisemitic thenthem the high IQ group

30 prejbrej ce

4 the high IQ group mewaswab more orthidorthodoxorthod than the low IQ group

50 hono significant difference was noted between borsboys and girlson IQ

6 boys were moreacrenoremovenove prejudiced toward theteemee jews while girls were

more prejudiced toward the negro

7 9 hono significant difference was roundfound between boysborsbaomboom and girls inregard to orthodoxy

83 other studies seem to indicate that the more orthodorthodoxorthid a person

is the moreinorelnore he tends to be prejudiced toward all minority groups thepresent study showsshow this to be the case with attitude toward thetoegoegme negromegro

and the spanish american but not so with attitude toward the jews

discussion

many questions arise in uievietheulebhe mind of the writer concerning ortho-

doxy and prejudice

semitico

docent

rocroerec nendations

econeaon c

aftafta

this assumption is confirmed by you 19jlc1951c who showed low intelligenceand low socioecononiosocio statuseconomie to be associated with high antisemitismantiantlprejudice

semitism

toward the negromegro in the present study igatigbtmight be the result of

soneswesanesme of the followingroufoUron factorsfactorasfaofacraoowing atoras the prevailing attitude of the south

toward the megronegro b the attitude toward skin color 0a the fact thatwith few exceptions they are in the lower social economic groups d

their occupational levellerellevei which iis predcoinantlypredoainantlypredominantly that of fieldxieldbield laborerlaborers

ranch hands gardeners janitorsjani 3toietoistore and bomsowsomebambomsbams semiskilleddemlasemiasemibenibenl a technicians4skillede partial segregation in the area and f the mormonmomonmonon doctrine that

the negro cannot hold the priesthood

recommendations

in light of the current racial strife throughout the comerycomtry itmightslightnight perhaps be reemphasizedemphasizedre in the seminariesswin thatariesarieearles even though thenegro cannot hold the priesthood tolerance should be shown toward them

to clarify the stand of the church in thisthuthib regard would be the desired

effect A educationreeducationre program of tolerance toward allaualiail minorities should

be inculcated in hasierhosierhonier and achrolachool3chools to prmoteprooaotepromote the christian principlesprinciple of

this mjor national issue recomiendationsrecommendations for futurerabuze studiestudiealudiea might in-

clude the administration of the scales used here in other geographical

areas and the usewe of scales to determinedeterssinedeberndeters prejudicetinesineline toward other minority

groups includinginc otherludina christian religionreligionse classificationse of subjects

as to econoaaic educational and social level would alsoalaoaiso proveprow interesting

47

group a pointed out in the findings mightslight be attributed to the factthatthabwiat the relatively few jwjews who liveuve in the area are in the upper socialand economic levellevei mostmoatmoab of irthumirtumvhm are businesmenbuainessctenbusinessmenbusinhusinhubin oresmen professional people

as

gough

p

jor

rou iglic

hebhesrebresyreby

nedronegroeddoedcoagro pre

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o

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trestbrest

1

johnson patricia T A ottreyotrrey of racial prejudiceprejxadioeprejudioe overt and covertand measures of buchsuchsuah prejudiceprejbrej unpublishedco mastermaters thesisutah state univer 1961

J

and reuliousligioueugious interesttrostin of fifty college studentsstud unpublishedunpwushodmts mastersthesis brigham young uniyeryunivrovUniuniv 1960yery

leuinsonletinsonlevimonsTinsonLeLev Dimons J & sanford R N A boalescalesoale for the measurement of antisenitimgessitiaasenibenlbemi Jtiltim pgyxholps7ohol 19440 1717s 339339370370a370

levitt E B the development of iejudioetprejudieet a critique of the horowitz6racesfaces testfeettebbtedt childamid prolpidv 196 27s27t 155171Xiss155

likert

171

RRs A technique for the laeasureiaentneasareamt of attitudes krabarobkrah pwpcyqhol

44L

tothesisp

j

Tne

ro landto 102uni

Ws

thesisp

eos

As

0 onommo 0 N O0

lp 19451945.

7Tar opinion et

4 4

pawaholos 190 27s 3894ja4

rov

s

s

440

rev

yonae

19919morgan jijo J B attitudes of students toward japaneseJapaz Jebeese soc

peychalpeycholpeyghplPey 19cholchoi 21 219227219

wcombe

227

T sooi&l peyohology hevhewnowsevsov tork the dradendiydendr7den presspreas 1947lgb

oeilyoreillroreillaOeOReil 0ilyliy117lr Ttojtootej & oeillyreillysOeilly

stratr

intlat J opinorizattitatrit besbearevresbev 1949s19lt9i 330 2021320521302031320205

patrialpatriotepatriakpetriPatriPatpet

21321303133130

Joteriak B & simsresrol

hah4 introduotionintroduationintroduction to opinion and attitude measurement mwnownovnevrorkyorkyorki

pi

W

harperNO

&Wbrotherslarothwbrotberslarot ift

9hw JA

52

maleaumalelu S sonesonasamsomasom charaoteristlasoharaoteristios of the attitudes of african collegestudents in cutahutah bowardtoward foreign students unpublished goterssarfcersmotorgotorthesis brigham yog univer igil1954

maslowmabMas Aloir H A test forfarrorrov dominancedanldaBidaul feelingnaneenancenence in college women J socsocosocepayaholPPay iglo1940igho9yho1pahoiahol 1212s 22702552702255

massing

270

P W rehtsmalhheaygal for amtjctbgtion sevsewnew rorkyortetyorkhortet harperharrt & brothersbrotfaers

J religiousHelig beliefsiouslous of catholicoathoGathostudentsetudentsawuetuawa

liaIialicanddentsdenta their attitiadattlatti bowardtowardbudetudetiadbiad idnoritiesmnoritiea JjabnosjabnomJAbvahpahalmoym socsoonomnoa

payaholpgycholtu

PaY 191954o19540aholcholchoi 949 378380378

parrypamyparmy

380

H J protestantapprotestant catholicsgatholiocathGathap andolio0110 prejudice it jo

M attitudes toward thethiethle negro of northernand southeeouthwn collegeoollege students J soogoo pholppayoholphalpPay 1936oholcholchoi to 19220192204192 204

peterson

200

E

i

T expressed religiosity of 70 brigham toungroung uniteruniverstudentsstudentastu unpublisheddenta mastersastersestersesberssi thesis brigham roungyoangToungtounguniveruniver 19319530

proshansky Hho M A projectiveprojeetiteprojeative methodtoithod for the study of attitudes

Is

ho

do utionwtion

bo1945

N

sewenewe cmbej Sociallallai 282.8es 4

ot sovuaents a

i i il M I1 NO 0 NOWumm NON I1 N IN

V

006ow01owm

to 570

Jlanamahqotoilbnam soc pbycholpexcholopezPex 1943cholo 38380 39339393395393 39539

radkeradtke marianmariamarienmarlenmarla & sutherland ean childrens concepts and attitudesattitudeabout minority and ajcoril airioanamricanafricanAiralz groupsioanloan J eribao psyohols1949 UOkoo400kop 449468lag449

rwaaem

it468kgb

H H

jeanmajority ed harcholparcholpayParaholcholahoi

q inion195i

richards S L oleoxetherhe oburtonohurehoburon in warigartrevwaz and peacemace salt lake oitytcityicitti zionsprinting and pieta oo00 131943 0

RoberrobertsobertsboberbobenR H W priorserviceprior artitlesattitudeaattitlesattitudetitlesatservice toward whitesirti ofite 219 negroveteranswt Jerans negro edleaedteaedmo 193 22 u6455465

rosander A C an attitude soaisoalscalesoale basedbaaed upon behavior situationsJ socbooboc psychalpsycholpsycholejPsych 1937 8 3163

rosenblith

16

judy F A replication of someSOTOsamosammgome roots of prejudice

nw 1 1

1 455 465WWWWANINO

Jabnormabnomabdom boegocsocbocsoe pslaholpajrchol 199J UU4419491t 47009470 09439

tB a

ol

MftW

N 000 0

olej

soo

rog

meen

beilly

ua195301953.0

kewmewNOWkevkovtorkyork

ofpfjohnscsmscam

eoinvolrgiaentgimolrment4gwiley & sons j meinaino 17191

smith wes EW A pilot studystur of the osaparatireacopaxative orthodoxyortho ofdoV membersmambo of

weiZoiweamras

lo10

negnag

loeioe

davdaw

oagotcagot theuniver of chicago presspreas 1933

tillichtilliehTiltii PFilchliehiloh the lost dimensiondimerdimardinar inmionxionwion religion the sanmsatgydaysamm evmiingEXRLpost june 3 1981958 979

Thurstthurstone

0

onecne L

ftswomwww

L an experimental staystuystudy of nationalitynaticmalitynationa1ity preferenoespreferencesepreferencepreferencesJ

seeneno payoholegycholPayEgybly 1928nhoioholcholobolchoi 1 40542540kog405hog

Thurstoneniuretonethurstone2niu

tiati2425

Lretone L & chavechevedhave E J the iieasurejoent of attitude chicagothe niveruniverniTerIT of chicago press 129

r

trager helen 3 & tarrontTarroNf narianmarianfuriannarlan HR ihndexdezaez leliileyiilearn atwhat theytiykiy live newhewnowyorkiyorkstorki harper & brothers 1921952

turbevillelurbeville

NO

G3gp & hytehylehyde HR E A selected sampiesample of attitudes oflouisiana state univer students toward the negros a study inpublic opinionvp socialinion forcestforoegiforcesv 1946 duji2uji24t 4474500UUTO447 4500

53

rosenweigrosenzweig S theisielyle pictureassociationpicture methodassociation and its application ina study of reactionreactiaoareactiow to frustration J peteperepets 191igligi 1 3233 23

the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday in three urbansettings brigham toung universitytfadlwraityvniversity tlbraryuteaiy special collectionoolleationa19

sidlthsrdths W E an ecological staarstinty of LDSlasins orthodoxy birilgaa&ighm younguniversityUniver librarylitaraiyjiLibreity speoialspenialaryarr collectionscollectionigonectionsCollect 1981958lgblonaionikoni

stember 01G H educationedlaEdwa andtionvionvlon attitude ohamaham seirneirnewsew yorks institute ofhwianhwanhmanemancwian re3ton8relat leresaI1 1961iggion

telford p 0 W an experimental study of somebome factorractorfacton inflaminginflwmingneing thesocial attitudes of college studmtsetvdeicliastud Jjomtsmba socgloesioe pgyiholdteho15

193u19344p

x

tibbets

421428421

1nltibbet8nl

428

As quoted in developingDevelop attitudesattitudedUog in childrenchiun proceed-ings of whethe midwestaidwestmidaidnid confenteeonferenoeconfenoeconfwest ofenoe the chicago association forhildchild study and parental educationedmedw marohxarohbarohationo 1932

eI17177.17

po p 1945t 14 j

0

2952295 2

Is o0 e 0y

1956

ja ni 1961

so

a chicanotghioagochicagotGhioChiagoza

T Z ngpobiposiposy 14

11

p zoimras

11p

OFANW 000

saenger 0t the sooialgooialgodialsocial oholoyohops ofloy silicelyiieesiwice

sponsebvesbeb

2

p

amr torkatorktrorkt harper fc&

brothers

sappeafteldsappeisrfield

1

BS BR the responsessponvessponges of catholics protestant and jewishstudentsstuatu todenta the menace oheeklistehfacklistohee Jklist soadoadoc psrcholpgjrcholi igia194411944.1 202929929

sherif

299

M & cantril H the miygholoffr

pap

lyp

cho

nuu

soo900socswo noy

aerioanamrioan forkand lehilehl utahotaiotsa lusLBSLDS seiinarisemlmrieisSeisel unpublishedinari nastermasternabber a thesiathesisbrixabrij roungh univer 1901950igo

vernonjtemonveaonvenon 0 M14 an inquiry into scalabilitylabilityaoaacasoa of church orthodoxyortho sociolsooiolkocioldWsoasoc300 reqresseq 19 39 3232732432732

vemontemon

327

3ofacleopa me140ileidolle background factors related to church orthodossyorthodwqort sooialocialsocialShodossyforces 191955v au3u34t 25225422252

whitmrpwhi Htar L & kotinskyKoti buthruthhuthnelsy itWO personalitpexonalitypersonaliaPersonpecson inalitalltailt the imtherie report of bhe&ethe mdimawymidnid valtelaitevalbeanburyantury bousebowebogehogehouse odafcecqcohrconret

rorrej

aarbuaakbuy

sooialsocial

U

vanderveldt J ligionreligionHe andarid mentalcental healthhealtha mentkentmont hy 131191 3535t 151181131ibiiblvernonvernona 0 M A study of cerwincertain religious beuersbeliefsbehers andarid practicerpracticeapractioespractic of a

selectedelected group of armientaatmientastwwnts frakfrokfromfrob the pleasant trovedrovegrov

genet payoholpy0holejpazPay 193ohol 33 171178171 178

54

v

n iry39s 324

e aaoa ofclldrenaandaimiaikiarki

hildrenyouth new yorks harper & brothers 19219520

roungtoung KI1 sooialjpoloy mewmennownovnev yorktwin alfred A ghopfknopfshopf 1930

zeligszelig roseboseroae racial attitudesattiattl ofbomeatodeabumes children aaas expressedaqpaased by their con-cepts of races sociolcociol sqrfi n 9 1937 21 3613713613710361 3713710

zeligs rose whildinghildinchildrens concepts and stereotypestereotypes of turk portuguesePortugrumanian

meesweeparab ineechinesechineeGh french canadian mulatto south asricanawricanarserioanArserioAw

hamalianhawaiianjo

hamaHavarican

andiianilanllan australian J

pzohologyp

j

19530 33v

eaAerioanloan

254

9oo

an

ubah

nie ae

serfi

00mm

saronostrono ly agreeagneeagne agree undecided disagree stronglatronglystronglystrongestronatron disagreeygly5 4 3 2 1

3 heibe financial contributions asked by the church are too highstrongly agree asreeasrea undecided disagree strongly disagree

1 2 3 1 5

9 it would be desirable if the bishops could receive a salary fortheir church work and therefore devote fullruilruli timethae to church workworkoworkestrongly areearreea agreerree undecided disagree strongly disagreedisa

1kak3 reevee

2 3 4 5

10 do30 youjou agree with the present stand of the churchchuh on theuieule word ofwisdomyes undecided no

3 2 1

APPENDIX A

THE 7srhom staleSCAIBSCALE QPOF OMMIOBCRCK orthodcagtoft

nanemaxaename

ODOU

age sex oradejrade humber

itistsoctioastrnstructioms PLEASEFISASE CIRCLEcirome MEEHS ANSIMAISLESANS weichWHICHwelchIM APPLIES TO TOOYOUyovtov perscmllipersomurPERSO

1

muiMUr

do you usually attend sacramentSacra meetingsweatingentweekly 000.0every 1twoto weelaireelcsweelm monthly on special occasions nevernev

55. 4 3 2 1

2 if you live ithwithvith your famuvpfasrijy do you participate in family piyenpiyerprayerplyerdo nottkttakt confuse withvith blessing on01 the food

daily weekly monthly irregularly never do not live with ramlyfamilyramiy6

VMoiaoilora

t

5 4 3 2 i13 do you break the word of wisdomwisdon with reference to coffee or tea

beer or strongerstr alcoholicongeronZer beverages or tobaccoregularly occasionally rarelyrawlyranly never

1 2 3 4

4 testimony meetings are enjoyable meetingsniesierie toeting attendstrongietronglystrongvebronEtron agreeglygirdir agreeagneeagne undecided disagreedladiadib stronglyaree disagree

5 4 3 2 1

5 following the teachingstea ofchinga the church willwm help one get aheadfinanciallystrongly agree agreeadree undecided disagree strongly disagree

5 h4 3 2 1

6 during the year 19621952.1952 did youpay a rullfullruliruilfuirui tithe1 payray a part tithe pay no tithing

3 2 1

7 the church possesses divine authoritytronslytronskytronslysiy

aree

undecidedaided

a ree a4

a ree

rea

APPSHDIXAPPENWIX A continued

11 do you agree with moetoethebhe present standaland of the church on the youthprogramsyes undecided no

3 2 1

12 the presentpreipret Gtteneralenralsentbent authorities are inspired in their decisionswith reference to ohwohohurchchurch matteramattersdatsatdetstrongly tragreeagnee agreagrreeairree mdecidedundecided disagree strongly disagree

5 4 3 2 1

SOORINIGI arvdANDAIND nrmiryretationbmsrerationanswers

M

on

0

each

0

item

gommSOMM

were

IIAM

sivengiven

0

a

0

nT

ft

Oricali

value

N

s

mowMOM

which was not ineluded on theuie original scale giren to subjects these values weresumwdswroed A high score indicated aaan orthodox person and a low scoreacoreindicatednellea anbedted unorthodox person

for raw scores on orthodoxy see appendix 3

naaenase

sumid

ballywallywaily

APPRIDIXappehd2x B

rheTSETHEreb MVINSON ANDAMD SAVORDSASFOKD antlANTIaati SMITISMSEMITISM SCALE

r3st2votiohs THIS IS AN 3tosti3at3dhI OFSTIGATION GENERAL PUBLIC OPINIONOPIMIOH coaCONOMAN

imam3ehhbi3immm JMSHJEWIM people zheTHEzee FOLLOWINGFQLLOWISO AREABE STATEMTS witeWITHW

WIMmimwlm SOMESOM PEOPIZPEOPIEpeople acheea5heeambe4ambel ANDASO OMEMSOTSSBS disacassDISADISAM PMASEPLEASS7 maryMARXMARK4

dialEAGHdlcedicedidi OHE ISIN effleffleTHEche lertISFTLEFT MASSIM accordinoAOCORDINOCORDINGACOrgm0 TO tileTHEtiietlle AMXHTAXOMT oftourYOUR ale24sltagre2m OR disaaiehdisammi IE BT USINSUSING THE tollaiksfollournrumodTOL

scaldSCALESCAM

fLaIKS

as3s3 firmfimfirnflaria strong agreementiagmementoagreementsagree undoubtedlymentamentinenta true in

aquaountry

2 moderate agrementjagreecsentj truetrw in mw cases often trueIsI1 slaitsliitsli&htslight agreement true in smesomesamesoae caacascasesa occasionally1 slight dibagreeibentjdisagreement 23102 raisefalseraiae than true2 moderatoode3itemoderate disagmementjdisagreesient duallywuallyually not the caseleaselcabel probably wrong3t strong disagreementsdiagresntjdisagreementodisagree aanmantomentomants absolute misconceptimrxniseonceptioni false

jl it would hurt the business of a large concern if it had too mwwaygaygavjewish employees

2 the jews should makemke a sincere effort to rid themselvesthe ofmelves theirconspicuous and irritating faults if they really want to stopbeing persecuted

JL in order to maintain a nice residential neighborhood it is bestto prerentprevent jews from living in it

4 narwarvar shows up thetiletuleuuie fact that the jews ar not patriotic nor willingto make sacrifices for their country

the best way to beat the commistcomiunistcommiso menace in this countryaountryrountry is tocontrol the jewish elementeleiaantelemntelelaeleia whichentant guides it

6 jews seemseen to prefer the most luxuriousluious extravagant and sensualwaynay ofaf living

7 much resentment against jews stensstemsstemstenasteg fronfrom their tendency to kepkeepapart and to exclude textilestentilesgentilesten fromtiles jewish social life

8 college shouldshmid adopt a quota system by which they limitllantilant thenumber of jews in fields which havehaw too amnymny jews now

9 the jews mustmstastabt bbe considered a bad influence on christian cultureand civilization

10 in order to handle the jewish problem sentillessentiles3entilesSen musttiles roebroefmeet rirefireririewith fire and use the sameSBMsam ruthless tactics with the jews thatthe jews use with gentilesgtentiles3entiles

r3stru73t10 Z

0

greneral

more

3 j

I1

r ir are

ti34W

CaSSIG

MM

agmemento greneral

men

odeliteat

5358

APMDIX BD conumodeontinwd

JLLjulgul the jewishswishrewish districtsdistri inotsats moetmostmoett cities are results of the alannishol&zmishclannishnessneasnebsnebb and sticktogethernessstick oftogetherness jews

dealdeai

strbbr tingchristian manaremnnersmanwre and doumatcustorosoumatstoroscu

18 it i not wise for a christian to be seen too much with jewejews aashe might be taken for a jewy or be looked down upon by hischristianhristian1 friends

jlejl9 kihen jewjews create large funds for educational or scientific re-search it i mainly a desire for rainfaimfalm and publicpublio notice ratherthan a really sincere scientific interest

j20 there is something different and strandestrange about jews one neyerneverw

mowsknoisrs what they are thinking or planningamingpl nor whatubab mikesmakeslikesbakes theltthemtheinthentaentick

j21 the jewish problem is so general and deep that one often doubtsthat democraticdemodenodemocra methodmethodsoratiotictio can ever solve it

j2

etinggetting

wholerwholep

12 jewsjewjeg my hayeharehavehereheye moral atandardaabanatan thatdarda they applypply in their dealingwith each other but with christiana they areane unsornpulou80rwalow ruth-less amiand undependable

jlejl313 on the iifaole the jews haraharehavahave probably contributed leaslose to americanafricanlife than anyazyamy otherothen groupswapgnapgnup

14 oneom thing that habhas hindered the jews framfromcram establishingau their own

nation is the fact that they reallyreany have no culture of theirthirtair wnowninstead they tend to copy the things thattaat areayeays important to thenative citizens of vhatmmrwfaateroy oometryoimtryoomtry they are inino

1 A stepstop tward solvingoltlng the jewish probillaprobileamam1pro wouldbliembilea be to preventjewsjensjeus ffronr tting into superiorporiorperionperlonsv profitable0 pwitionepositunspositprotprof inUnsitablebitable societyjeoeietyfor a while at least

jl6jle the truetrwtru christianchrischrls cantianblanwian mawmvw forgive the jew for their wuolarualorualdixionfixionf ofon christchaschrs

17

tjewsjwsaws 4jogo too far in hiding thelttheir jewishnessjevishnessjowishno especially such exoz

aishteningstraighteningtrems nosesas waandaadchanging imitatingnames

A major fault of the jews Is their conesetconeeitconesitnesitconoconeco overbearingeitelt prideand their idea that they are a chosen race

j23 one of the first steps to be taken in oleaningaleazinggleaningoieolealeacleaolea upaningzingeningming the moviesand generally improving the situation in hollywood is to putan end to jewish domination there

11

00hrishnisslanssiens a j

b

16 MT

no as

is

19 V

is

20

21

22

23

884

til

aply

ja

jampjmmp

9

AYPENDIXAPPSIDIX B3 continuedconfined

24 there is little hope of correcting the racial defects of thejews since these defects are simply in their blood

2 one big trouble with jews ieis that they are never contented butalways try for the best jobs and the most money

26 the trouble with letting jews into a nice neighborhood is thatthey gradually give it a typical jewish atmosphereAmo

27

sphere

it is wrong for jews and gentiles to intermarryinterinarry

23 one trouble with jewish business men is that they stick togetherand connive so that a dentilegentile doesnt have a fair chance incompetition

29 no matter how americanized a jew maymynay seem to be there is alwayssomethingbomethingsomethin7somBom basicallyething jewish underneath a loyalty to jewry andmd ae

manner that is never totally changed

30 jewish millionaires may do a certain amountawuntahunt to help their owndowndoun

people but little of their money oesroebloeb into worthwhile americancauses

31 most hotels should deny admittance to jews as a general rule

32 rhefhe jews first loyalty is to jewry ratherratI thangierliergler to nishislis country

33 it is best that jews should have their own fraternities andsororities since they have their own particular interests andactivitiestivities which bhethe can best engage inli togetherZethergetherdetherto just schristians get along best in allchristianallailali christianchriatian fraternities

3 jewish power andind controlont inrolroi money matters is far out of pro-portion to the number of jews in the total population

3 jewish leaders should encourage jews to be more inconspinumincoaspinuousto keep out of professions and activities already overcrowdedoverwith

cradedcrowdedjews and to keep out of the public notice

36 1I can hardly image nyselanyselfbqeelf marrying a jew

37 the jews should give up their ununchristianchristian religion with allaliailal itsItrangestrangemi custonscustomscustom kosherko dietisher special holidays etc and par-ticipate actively and sincerely in christian13hristianhristian religionrelinellneil

33

dionZion

there is19 little doubt that jewish pressure is largely responsiblefor bhethe USCTS getting into the war with 3exnwmylierswyllerlierslyswy

59

25

he

0 Aa tivi ties they ust asesi411

34

35

interihanrynarrybanry

13

soo500soe

ybonpton

locksolookso manners and breeding

1343 there are a few exceptions but in genevalgeneral jews are pretty mchmehmahalike

49 jews should be more concerned with their personal appearanceappear andaladaindanceanae

60

APPERIXAPPENDIX B continued

39 the jews keep too mch to themselves instead of taking thew proper interest in munitycomunitycommunityco problems and good governmentgovgoe

UO40

ermento

jews seem to havehareharghayghaye an aversion to plain hard workvork they tend tobe a parasitic elementel ineisent society by finding easy non productivepwhtijobs

ul- it is sometljaessometirwa 11allailali right to ban jews from certain apartmenthouses

42 jews tend to remain a foreign element in amerialafricanameriac society to0

preserve their old social standards and to resist bhethe americanway of life

jtbjt3 districts containing amnywayumny jews always beemseendeen to be aihsiaarhellyeilyeliy dirty 9

shabby and unattractive

JA it would be to the bestbeatbeav interestinterests of all if the jews wouldwoud formtheir own nation and keep more to theruselves

bureaus in washington and they have too mchmohmah control over ournational policies

46 anyoneaayoneaarone who employs manymewbanynewbew people should be careful not to hire alarge percentage of jews

jiaji7 ne general fault of jews is their over aggressiveness a strongtendency always to display their jewish looks

not be so dirty nd spinellyspielly and unkept

0 there awsewsseems to be sonesorosomesolosorl revolutionary streak in the jewish akemakebakenakeup as shown by the fact that there are so many jewish communistsand agitators

jl the jews should not pry so mahmuchmehaeh into christian activities andorganizations nor seek so muchauchnuch recognition wdand prestige fronfromyroachristians

j2 jews tend to lower the general standard of living by theirwillingness to do the most menial work andind to live under standardsthat are far below average

mtheamerican

43

44thenwelves

45 cherethere are too manynany jewisjews in the various federal agencies andwashin artonrton

47 one

and smellyeliyeily

51

52

nonproductive

ja

scarimscoring

givenleen

61

APPENDIX 3 continued

RCORING AWDAND interpretation

answers with positive mabewmwbewutunbere designated agreement to statexnentsstaterantsstate onrentsrants thescale answers with negative numbersambers designateddisagreementdesignated disagreement to statementsjents on the scaleboale swricalnilnit valuescaloaloai were iven to eaoneaobeaoheach answer whichwas seamedswamedswwwad according to values samnshownshmn below

37 1 5 2226 13 3 1

A high score indicated an unfavorable prejudiced attitude toward thejews and a low score indicated a favorable attitude towardboward the jewjewsjex

for raw scorescores on antisemitismantlantianbi semitism see appendix

3 72 6 1 3

2 2

B

giyenzivenlyenglyen

twewoe

artATT TOWARDTOWAM THE NDMO

yonforborbomyoa A

WRIMWIITEwrin rour NAME HEREHEIME numberSOMBERNUMBM

airiaa3eairij SEXSSX MADEGKADE ISIN nimhiahHIMnith SMOOLSCHOOL

this is a study of attitudes toward the segronegro on this page youwillvill find sixteen statement expressingexpress differentingini attitudestoward the negro put a plus markmrk 0 if you agree with thestatement put a 0 erozero if you disagree with the stabelstatementstatemif fou cannot decide about a statementstAt yougentment my narkbarkmark it with aquestion markmrknark

this is19 not an examination people differ in their opinionsabout what is right and wrong in this issue please indicateyour own attitude by a plus markmrkmerk when you agree and by a zeroaeroserosevosedowhen you disagree

segronegro

APPENDIX G

ME h1nomeethinoklsr SCALI OF ajtinme

JL the difference between the black and white races is not one ofmere degree but of kind

j2 the educated negro is less of a burden on the courts and is lessloselikely to becamebecoasiebeeamebeebec aoasie dependent or a defective than the educatedwhite an

3 iono negro should hold an office of trust honor or profit

4 the legronegro should not be simply the doormadoormt of asricanasierlcanawrican civil-ization

J I1 place the negro on the samesaniesanle social basis asan I1 would a mulemulesmulee

j&6 the negronedro should be iven the samesainesarne educational advantages asthe white inanman

7 I1T am not at all interested in how thetoeshe negro rates socially

3 inherently the ero and the whitealbemite man are equal

9 rhefhethe inability of the negroes to develop outstanding leadersdooms theinthemthen to a low place in society

10 nosiollo degrokegronero has the slightest right to resent or even questionquestionsthe illegal killing of one of his race

p

a

1

2

man

iflegral

iza tion

nt

ja

ja

scaleecalebaalesaaleboale value of allanaliail the statements heendorseeindorseedorseein below thetha soalescaledaale valuesvalaes of the 16 items on the soalescaleseale are tabu-lated below

statetontState 1lontTOnt 2 3 ii4 5 6

peopleboplaoplepeopled

14 I1T would not patrmieptranizepatrPt amieranize hotel that accommodatesaoooimodateaaccoomodates degroemegroenegroeseMeNegroedroe

galatgalstgabat

sextilsemtilseutral positimpoeiuwpositum

7.070

ll11 G continuedontizraed

11 after you havehare educated the segronegro to the level of the whitewhito mnmnothere

OWWAPOW

willwin still be an impassableiiapassableiapassablepassableliaiiaiAlin gulf between them

jl5l meisie segronegro inis fully capable of sooklaleocialsoolal equality with the iwhtemanaannan o

0

bubbut he should not be o0 recognisedrocognizedrecognized until he iais bettertrainedtrai

jlejl3130

nedo

the negromegro ieis bybj no meamealmeanem fitritf forit social equality withirith the acmaaaaancommmostclonect white opia

JJ

00oo 96906gggoggsggis9.696 575.77.7 10.3103

statement 9 10 11 12 13 ll11 1 16

scale valusvalue 3353.5 111 12421 838.3 131 292.93 6.666 7.777

inmpuattonimtsbpagratios orsoorssOF

the

SCORES

following table enables one to interpret the individual acoresscoressorosborosbores aaas

lilwllvelllii aeas the average sorosaresore of a grop of individuals

0

66gg

preproprejudicedjuiced gaiatagainst the negronedro

ho404.0

90go

inalna

49hg

40ho

63

appm&o1ppsisix

1 it i possiblenoepoenos foreible the whitewhaitewhitw andaad segroneg raeesraess to be brotherbrothers inchrist without booming brothersbrottoea in law

3

scale vaigvalue 494.9 88.898.9 2.323 7.272 0.000oo

19 strongly prejudiced mtgainst the negrosegro

20 396989 liberal toward theteethogeegme megronedrovedro

9.090 109 very liberal toward the negro

for rrrw scores CNon attitudeattitwe towsrdtows therd megro aeesee appendixappexidix ES

12so

in

MW

goodwoosgoed4

7

14 15

6 9

inlaw16 zherhethe segroherosenonevo should havehare the advantage of all social benefits of

the white mn but be limited to hishiehib own race in the practicethereoftherethorebhore

SOORIM

of

k onspersonpenson score iein the nedlanmedian

groese

0 mwmm

72 loo

83 29 77

70

lav

89 23 57

35

moost

3.3tatement

appendixAPPSSDIXAFPM D

ATTITUDEATTITTOS TOWARD THE SPANISH AMERICAN

adaptation of nakleyhinckleynokleynakieyHi scale form A

this is a study of attitudesattitude toward the spanishspwishskwish amricanawrilcanafrican onthis page you will find sixteen statements expressing differentattitudes bowardtowardwaardwward the aurieanamrieanajaerican

onyontany the illegal killing of one of his race

11

binebrne

americanamarican andsindfind white races isnot one of mere degree but of kind

2

put a plus mark ifyou agree with the statement put a erozerosero 0 if you disagreewith the statement if you cannot decide about the stastatementtomentfomentyou wymaynaynar mark it with a question mark thibIMsthisrhib is not an examin-ation people differ in their opinions aboutabat what ieis wrong andright in this issue P please indicateindi youroate own attitude by apluspius mark whennhen you agree and by a zeroaeroserodero when you disagreed

JL the differencedifferdiffen betweeneneeenoe the spanish

the educated spanish adrieanaerieanaaerioam iais less of a burden on the courtsand leasless likelylikly to become a dependentdonndowndenn ordent a defectivedereadefeaderee thantive theeducated whitehite

3 mono spanish arloanaricanararicanafrican should hold an office of trustytrustbrust honor orprofit

it4 the spanish aiaerioanaiwrioan should not be simply the doormadooraatdoormt of americancivilization

J5 1I plaoeplaaeplaag the spanish

after you have educated the spanish ainerioanasierioan to the level of thewhite mnmannan there will still be an impassable gulf between them

IX

spanish Amricanean

pl disagree

1MOPMORMIW

american cmon the bamesawsamebawbam social basis as I1 woulda milemaemele

6 the spanish africanawrioanamrican should be given the same educational advan-tages as the white mnman

J7 1I am not at all interestinterested in how the spanishamericanspanish ratesratebitesamericansociallysocial

8

iyolyo

inherentlyInherent thelyt spanish

spanishamericans developoutstanding

WINNOWN questionquesti

1 owopm

od

americans

amerlean and the white manwnnan are equal

9 the inability of the spanish Ainericans to develop outstandingleaders dooms themteenthenmgee to a lowloir place in society

10 lo10no spanishamericanspanish hasamerican the slightest right to resent or even

veryverf liberal toward the spanish americanaaericanamerioan

for raw scores on attitude toward the spanish american see appendix BE

00oo gg36

iili

lgig

69gg

hgbg

40ho

rsonsesons scoresorebooredorebore is the median scale value of allaliail the statementsstate hematsindorse below the saalescalesoalebaale values of the 16 itesitemibes on the scale are tabu-lated below

statementStater 1 2 3 U4 5 6 7 a8

scale value 494.9 393.9 2.323 7.272 0.000 9.696 7.7 10.3103

tAtement 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

sealscale value 3 1.111 424.2 838.3 1.81918 2.929 66 7.777

itterpkeafatioef OF SCORESSPORES

the

NO

following table enables one to interpret the individual scores as

well as the average score of a group of individualindividuals

0

65

12 the spanishamericanspanish american is fully capable of social equality with thewhite manmn but he should not be so recognizedrecognisedreeognized until he is bettertrained

13 the spanishamericanspanish isarloanamerican by no meansmeamsneans fit for social equality withthe monestcommonestco white people

ll11 1I would not patronize a hotel that acocmgaodateacoawlodates spanish americans

151 it is possible for the white and spanish4mrioanspanish racesajsserican to bebrothersbrot inhnshrs ghristchrist without becoming brothers in law

16 the spanishamericanspanish shouldamerican have the advantage of all socialbenefits of the white mn but be ustedumted to his own race in thepractice thereof

sgorinq5gofing

A

ONWOM

persons

strongly prejudiced against the spanishamericanspanish

20

american

prejudiced against the spanishamericanspanishafricanspanish americanafrican404.0 neutral position

7.070 liberal toward the spanishamericanspanish

90

american

10.9109

e

14

ted

pedoin roebroes

s-tatement

ont

IRted

39 23 72 103

83 29 77

39

70 89

log

57

35 42 18

batement

ierma

6.969609goggag

898.939

1.919

393.9

5.757

353.5 7.77

i4rma ATION

686365

81aial

69gg

61gi

solo

66gg

63go

66gg

50so

66gg

67gt

1575

51si

54bk

log105 48 242

43 16

686.8636.3

165

46 130

464.6

ul41 163

7.7

l1 212

747.4

hi47 16156

6.666151.5757.5

38 217

646.4

7.979

49 157

515.1

U 262

747.4

0 117lit

6.76760715

43 70

5.151

3.3

AS AN

353.599.

scaleseale scale

828.2

ill111iiiililii 6.96999 6.161

101 535.3

1 545.4

au7u74 7.676

lu154ish 6.666326 6.363

46kg

64gh

3555

APPENDIX E2

raw scores of the subjects on the IQ the vernon scale of church orthodoxyOrtho

the

dWlevinson & sanford antisealantiantl bislatisiaseadsealsend soalescale the hinckleyHin scaleekley on attitude

towardrewardroward the negromegro and the adaptation of the hinckleynokleynakleynakieyHi scale on attitude

toward the spanish american

number

1

2

3

4 108103

5 lou104loh

6 103

hah949

7 79

40

3 10

43

9 113

10 102

11 ill111iiilii12 ill111ililillii13 102

51

1 iol104lobioblol1 117

16 9398

17 ill111iiilillii45

18 112

50

IQ0

106

scale

98

49

95

53

50

APPmix

45

154

57 60go6.060

14 41

51 5.353

serdtism

76

71

72

67

78

79

67

82

54

55

74

74

53

51

818.1313.1

ASA

scale

7.272

848.4

505.0

6.7676.66674

7.1711.1

1.1

787.8

6.767

555.5

68gb63

3888

71ti

69gg

3252

66gg

75ts

gl91

7873

kaha

hlli

65gg

hsbs

uau5 42 190 464.6 7.373

3 166 7.070 747.4

U 139 7.979 88.

1 15818isb 7.676 6.363

li 159189139 UI414.1 6.767179 6.262 74

39yay5 270 33. 7.07043 311 6.363 66.

2 2

70

125 52 16156 7.171 383.8

39 178173 6.767 7.373

44 263 6.868636.3 8.85842 28285 1.1

j 6.2624.4

3 16 77. 7.272

43 196 1.1 7.17149 133 7.878737.3 7.373703

0 203 7.272702 303.030

0 123 6.969 7.676

1

53

25

50

50

53

51

45

45

35

52 205 454.5 5.757

76

71

67 73

62

72

73

72

76

73

70

79

76 63

67

62

70

63

63

71

75

74

85

55

57

74

43

110UOiloiio

ill111liililuau343

97

47

1u2142

APPENDIX

190

323.2

E

6.666

6.363

continued

747.4

0

30U41

AS

279

IQAHAN

434.3

124

ashASA

number

7.171

12

50

scale

19

48282432

165

scalescale

20

90

scale

21

96

scale

22

102

0

23

107

16

24

127

7.676

2

106

77.

26

106

2

27

11

28

131

29

116ilg30

103

5431

118

32

117

33

102

34

73

3

84

36

92

5237 251

33

555.5

39

5o2sin502

UO40

2.2

2 20 U 7

7.575

757.5

515.1

8.585

656.5

liu114lih123

50

9

11

110UOliollo

0

34

scalesealeAS

42

scale

hi47

247

uau747

112

53

49

226

65

3933

180

43

2592947

UU44

ua113u82

U

ilg115

206

43

abu64b

lu154ish

46

3

47

23

64

ut44

235

3

uau848

105log

271

8.8

36

585.8

49

242

U

39

0

lu

210

646.4

ul41

1

89

23

454.5

747.4

235

46

52

98

228223

53

636.368

26

au8u84

271

646.4

u tok

46

109

136

6.6

565.66.655

ul41

101

203

6.06056 686.8636.3

11

U

UU

194

6.9696u646.4

94

0 221

6.0606.363

11

46 15616

6.262

6.0609

39 23253

343.4

7.7777t7

loh104lobiob

1 270

UU444.4

34

T

54

132

6.666

6.262

AKAN

6.969

66.

scaleASA

888.8

8.8

scale

828.2

66.

8.8

7.878t8T

6.060

9.9

8

6.060747.4

343.4

7.070

3.3

303.0

6.2626.1616.666

434.3

U

6.969

64ghau

60go

60go

6368

60go

69gg

60go

66gg

69gg

70to

61gi

66gg

69gg

6863

60go

8838

jhjb

64gh

64gh gg66

54bh

hhlb

65gs

6

7

3

9

60

61

62

63

64

IQ

123

112

11

so80

38

10

122

68

APPENDIXAPPODIX E continued

numberlumber

42

58 5945

52 58

50

51

54

h

1157 ils115

53 95

59

95

115 51

82

62

78

30

62

63

77

62

74

34

58

43

45

74

56

545.4

5.656

656.5

68gb63

glgi

61gi

60go10

72 107 hk44 258259

3 309

2 129

48 136

3 167

US45 87

1 96

49 202

SQ50 3

k 171

2747 15818153

0

gog509609sog

117

3

43

7

239

1 103

43 268263

54 UJ143

ANalg

scale

7.3737.3736.1616.8686.8686.1616.0606.1612.3236.3637.171

505.0

6.8636.368838.3

343.4

1.1

78

33.

100loo

7.676

51

9.9

7.272

61gi

50so

6368

69gg

60go

61gi

66gg

60go

73 log105 35

69gg

66gg

APPENDIX E continued

0 ASscale scalscale52 241

52 2

ut44 91

51rii 197

1 137

39 130

44 170

69

numbere

65 123

66 102 520

67 103

63 102

re

70 95

71 133

74 125 52W

75 123

V

77 log105

79 113 5130

35 8.58531 ils115 54

33 100loo 50

34 99 10 5.535 12 51

86 ioe104loe

10

73

73

68

68

23

63

71

83

76

72

76

73

77

71

73

26

83

67

35

78

71

33

83

ril

34

85

85

75

ak

6.868636.3

6.66669

7.171

121

7.373

51

6.0602.626

1k8.3836.76733.

6.96966.

353.5

88.

787.8

7.1713.333

8.3836.666606

77.

87 UO

los105ios 53

6.9696.0607.676

ASA

scale

7.373

7.7776.161

3.376

858.532 112

757.5

7375

67gt

66gg

66gg

60go 65

60go 535.3

loh104iollol10

108103

106

109

43

107

112

49

103410341.03

11tivilg

511

243

109

116

146

47

110

lih114

90

43

IQ

122

50

117

0

127

0

2104054

32

scale

173

5.656

AS

91

54

AKAN

scale

10

uau242

lo150

scale

10

121

3

8030

737.3

112

43

123

7.171

iob104lob

233

9.9

108103

51

96

6.76764

118na54

155135

34

6.666

118us4

13

7.171

116ilg

0 0

3

193

6.666

111iliiii1

163168iga

6.262

102

1

90

7.171

112

U

113

8u

101

3

176

747.4

93

54

99

7.676

747.4

3

244

6.060747.4

129

6.262020.2

66.

207

U

7.373

90

6.060

7.070

71i747.4tiitil

8.8

6.666

3.1818.131

575.7

6.0601

77.

6.161a05

747.4

704

696.91

6.363

737.3

66gg

7873

66gg

71ti

60go

61gi

69gg

7378

99gg

94gb

93gb

3181

74th

56jg

APPENDIX SE continued

number

8833

8939

90

91

92

93

94

9

96

97

9893

99

16

100

51

101

102

103

2

43

1

U

uau3

70

35

05L

95

3 4.4 747.4

131 1 51

45

503

115 5

71

71

62

71

76

62

57

73

77

73

73

71

73

70

63

75

74

74 74

74

02

74

au

7.3787.873

ASA

scale

737.3

7.777746.666

7.373

7.3737.1717.1717477.

6.6

595.9

757.5

54.54

545.4

ios105los rd 2n 6 4.4

66gg

66gg

glgi

6368

69gg

66gg

69gg

74th

65gg 64gh

64gh

64gh gl91

09og

APPENDIX E continued

numberKu

111illiliiiillalia

laberjaber

112

2

113111lin

3

lihlilt114illi

45

11511315

116LUilg

117

113

119

120

121

122

123

12u124

12

126

3273

128

129

130

131

132

133

IQ

93

103

74

102

uau646

102

3

224

107

U

167

113

42

283

116

u

190

122

49

273

103

3

116

112

32

222a2

103

48

93

113

lgb194igl

47

113

17175

42

66

190

3

117

108103

46

123

ihouto140ukoulo

49

110

llt6

646.4

2

14

10

203

6.767

515.1

31

6

111iliiii

143iha

6.767

1

6

122

211

5.7577.7

aa1a44

7.7

106

126

6u

1

101

181

3.333

uau646

0

199

6.666

42

scale

247

66.

AS

U

AN

5.7577.7

scale

4

scale

e

ASA

208

5

7.272

0.9696.909

scale

296 6.868747.4

7.171

7.373

66.

3.313

6.262

646.4

6.6

686.81151.15

7.272

646.4

6.666

6.161

6.262

33.

7.676

6.363

7.070

333.3

7.070

7.272

6.6

7.272

63

6.767

696.9609gog

1.1125

7.2727.676700

66.

6.767

333.3

6.66677.

71

kixnix 11APPE

aa1e

e

1

53

45

45

53

r4

35

1 27 52 6 7.711

U0

51

65

72

68

71

62

72

62

76

70

70

67

67

33

73

68

33

72

72

67

72

76

67

33

35

57

57

au

656.5

353.5

ltvtibtel

69gg

ggsg

66gg

66gg

3151

71ti

69gg

5550

APPENDIX S continued

0 AS AN ASA

kaaberkuaber 13 scale scale scalesoale scalegalesoaleoaleoaie

134 106log ut44 231 7.373 6.969

13 39 1 129 525.2 6.0606

136

o

30 26 16 3.3 595.9

137 3833 47 192 6.666 7.070

133138 113 53 159 6.666 7.070

1391191.19log1 107A 19 3 227 636.3 6.363

ihouto140uitnit 106 U la154 7.2727 7.272

ihllltl141ibiletl 100 47 222 77. 77.

142 111iliiii 09 134f 7.272 313.1

143 12u 441 210 3.3 636.3

lt4 90 33 252 1.1 626.2

au1u14 98935 47 147 7.777 777.7

16146 100 2 8333 7.171 7.272

147 102 53 177 626.2 7.171

143 108103 33 13153 696.9 0.7676.707

149249lug 11111a 50r

0 17900 555.5 767.6

72

INIDIX

nwber

135 2 60go

165 434.3 9

43

45

75 757.5

513

2

145

52

11

73

52

70

70

63 63

72 72

72

63

62

77 77

72

62 71

67

76

43

75

07

rao

0.0

METHErhe reiatiosshipreutioizhip OPOF ORTHODOXYORTHODOX AIMandalaxia PREJUDICE SEKMRY STUDENTSSTUDMITS

003 zheTHEmie QPOFf JESUSJUSv1wrclt MRISTOHRISTghristwrist OPOF LATTERDATLITTERDAYLITTER SAINTSSAIHTSdarDAY

an abstract

of a thesischesis

submitted to the

graduateaduateadu departmentate of sdacationedwationedmaEdwa

brigham

tion

roung universityversifyOni

in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for uietheulenie degree

master of artsants

by

donald sorensenSo

1963

reneen

adwateacuate

obartsofarts

a110 Tlilo

tembermemberbeaber

ibis abstract by donald sornsensorensen is accepted in its present

formfornronn by the graduateclxraduate department of educationstationelation as satisfying the abstract

thesis requireiaentrequirwinent for the degree of master of arts

julyjialyju3r 1963 signed s

crrqrrerrarr Jchairmenghairmnchairmn advisory ommitteegosaaitteegmmittee

7.7aberteaberte advisory smittegoismitteccmmdttescogGoicag

athuthlkhui

clegreeagree

juar

bg89

sedeed on members of the murah of jesusjebusjedus smietswiet2xistexist of latterday saintssaint

orthodorthid

ambovsamovs

ABSTMGT

researchbesBeeres ofearch the relationship between ortbodoaiy and prejudice

is not clear sanesme studies report those who acknowledge church ma

berehieberahipberehipbersbere tohip be leseleaelessieselebs tolerant than those ho do not other investiga-

tors find either slight differencesdiffer oremes no differences among the at-

titudes of members of differentdlfdifdir religionsUrentfent stinstillstibons others rindfindf tsiporisiporinpor

tanttentgentguntbant differencediffer inenaes acceptance of orthodox religious beliefs and at-

titudes towardboirard minorityainorityninoainoalno groritythe mainroainnoainrominmalnbain questions the study attempted to answer were the

following

1 Is there a significant positivepoeitiw relationshiplationship betweenbetibets ortho-

doxy

reen

and prejudice towards minority groupgroups

2 when amparingoosiparingam highhigthhagthparingpadingpaving and lr intelligenceintelli groupgenoegence lewilillsilis how

trmgstrong ieis the relationshiprelationehiprelatiorwhip to orthodoxyorthodoayorthodw and to prejtidiaeprejudioo

3 how do boyboysborbors compare with girlgirls with regard to theahe strength

of the relatiorwhiprelationahiprelationship between orthodoaqrorthaagrortha andagr prejudice

ethezhe subjects mistedo333isted of 74tittik baysboyabara and 7 girlsgirla remesentingsrepreaenungrenesreMesrewed aenting

cross section of hormonmormon studentsadenfeat enrolled at safford highelgh school in

southeastern arizona AHali subjectedsubjectesubjeats were mormons exceptsept one

the vernon scale of church orthodoxy was hosenchosen as the instruizatraizattamentmntmeatant to meluremeasure religious orthodoworthodoayorth asodoW it had the definite advantage

of being standardistandardized

it has a coefficient of reprodwibilityreproduoibilityreproducibility of 39-

1

prj ce

w

75

lationship

nho

trag

orthodox

pij

wasvasvab chosen aaas the

measurementmeasureasentsurementserement of attitude toward the jeusJWBjewsjeub because of its excellentexoezo re-

liabilityellenteilent

and validity items of this scale have a reliabilityreU ofability 96

therhe hinckleyHin scaleeldoy on attitude toward the negrosegro and an adaptation

of this scale w used to deasumineaauremeasumrneainearaea attitudesureaure toward the negro and the

spanish americanazerloanazerlean this aboveabor scale iraswaswab chosen because of it shortness

facility in administration and oringsooringsaoringsaaringsosa and its high reliabilityreliabreliah andty

validity the scale values have a mean reliabilityrehreU ofability 9

pearson product moment correlationscorrelacorreiacorrele wereverewerotiow oowutedooputed between allvariables of the study and t testatestsbesta to discoverdiaoorordiseoverdise differencesdifferenoeadifferenaesdifferover

the

enaes

followingolloving conclusionsocmolusio were made from the studyt8ti2icfy

1 there mswab a significant relationship between orthodoxyortho anddazydary

prejudice toward the nagromagronegro and the spanish american butbatbakbuk not between

orthodoxy and antiantlanbi seitiamsemitismo

2 lh lowlewiem IQ groupgude wawaswab re antisemiticantiantl thantalanwhansemitic the high IQ

grouproupe

3 prejudice towardboirardboward the segromegro and the spanish american wasvas

hiiesthieiesthiieste anongamong the high IQ groupegroups

4 the high iq group was morewwmope orthodox than the lowloilof IQ group

wabvaswae

ibsitslbs

noromoronore

lamTAriamrinson

neanesmea

tzerAzerkmerloanioan

rnnene

prejbrej ce

2

the harrinsonlevinstarrinson on & sanford antisemitismantlanti scalesemitism as

fac ty

folloving

rne

5 hono significant differencediffewnoedifferenoediffer wasenoe noted between bortsboys and girls

on IQin

6 boys were more prejudiced toward the jewsjm labile girls werewregrevere

more prejudiced bowardtowardbovard the negromagro

7 mono significantsignifioantsiznifiaant difference waswis found betweenbetireeabevibeti boyaboysreenreea and girls

in regardnegardvegard to orthodosxyorthodovorthodawdovdak

957

studst

orthodox

957.957

3

3 other studies seemseendeenbeembeen to indicate that the more orthodox a person

is the more he tends to be prejudiced toward all minority groupgroups the

present study showsshow this to be the cascaseoas with attitude toward the segronegro

and the spanish arorioanAror butioaniaanlaan not so with attitude bowardtowardknard the jewsspanishamriean

The Relationship of Orthodoxy and Prejudice Among ...

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