The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection
Oscar Strik
Centre for Language & Cognition GroningenUniversity of Groningen
Frysk FilologekongresLeeuwarden, 10 December 2014
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 1 / 23
Overview
a Weak, strong, irregular inflection
a Class composition of the Frisian verb system throughout history
a Changes in productivity
a Analogical modelling
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 2 / 23
Weak, strong, irregular inflectionDefinitions
Strong verbs:
preterite participle
No suffix (monosyllabic) Nasal suffix (e.g. -n)Often vowel alternation (ablaut) Often vowel alternation (ablaut)
(Prefix, e.g. ge-)
Examples:
Frisian help-e holp holp-en ‘help’Dutch lop-en liep ge-lop-en ‘walk’English break broke brok-en
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 3 / 23
Weak, strong, irregular inflectionDefinitions
Strong verbs:
preterite participle
No suffix (monosyllabic) Nasal suffix (e.g. -n)Often vowel alternation (ablaut) Often vowel alternation (ablaut)
(Prefix, e.g. ge-)
Examples:
Frisian help-e holp holp-en ‘help’Dutch lop-en liep ge-lop-en ‘walk’English break broke brok-en
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 3 / 23
Weak, strong, irregular inflectionDefinitions
Compare with weak verbs:
preterite participle
(Remains of a) dental suffix: (Remains of a) dental suffix:(e.g. -de, -te) (e.g. -d, -t)
(Prefix, e.g. ge-)
Examples:
Frisian wurk-je wurk-e wurk-e ‘work’Dutch hakk-en hak-te ge-hak-t ‘chop’English walk walk-ed walk-ed
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 4 / 23
Weak, strong, irregular inflectionDefinitions
Compare with weak verbs:
preterite participle
(Remains of a) dental suffix: (Remains of a) dental suffix:(e.g. -de, -te) (e.g. -d, -t)
(Prefix, e.g. ge-)
Examples:
Frisian wurk-je wurk-e wurk-e ‘work’Dutch hakk-en hak-te ge-hak-t ‘chop’English walk walk-ed walk-ed
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 4 / 23
Weak, strong, irregular inflectionDefinitions
Irregular verbs:
Difficult concept, because all patterns can — in principle — be described byrules.
In practice, ‘irregular’ is used mostly as description for verbs with extremelysmall or unique inflection patterns.
Examples:
Frisian hawwe hie hân ‘have’Frisian sykje socht socht ‘seek’Frisian lizze lei lein ‘lay, lie’
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 5 / 23
Weak, strong, irregular inflectionDefinitions
Irregular verbs:
Difficult concept, because all patterns can — in principle — be described byrules.
In practice, ‘irregular’ is used mostly as description for verbs with extremelysmall or unique inflection patterns.
Examples:
Frisian hawwe hie hân ‘have’Frisian sykje socht socht ‘seek’Frisian lizze lei lein ‘lay, lie’
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 5 / 23
Weak, strong, irregular inflectionDefinitions
Irregular verbs:
Difficult concept, because all patterns can — in principle — be described byrules.
In practice, ‘irregular’ is used mostly as description for verbs with extremelysmall or unique inflection patterns.
Examples:
Frisian hawwe hie hân ‘have’Frisian sykje socht socht ‘seek’Frisian lizze lei lein ‘lay, lie’
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 5 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemOld Frisian
S1 4%
S2 2% S3
3% S4 0%
S5 2%
S6 2%
S7 3%
W1 28%
W1 W2 2%
W2 54%
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 6 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemEarlyModern Frisian
S1 2%
S1b 1%
S2 2%
S3 3% S4
1% S5 2% S6
1% S7 1%
W1 19% W1 W2
8%
W2 60%
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 7 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemModern Frisian
assib 1%
IRR 2%
S1 2%
S1b 1% S2
2% S3 5% S4
0% S5 1%
S6 1% S7
1%
W1 18% W1 W2
10%
W2 56%
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 8 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemMain developments
☞ Not all weak verbs in Modern Frisian are represented in the charts ☜
Major trends:
a Decline of W1: 28 > 18%a Increase in W2 verbs: regular derivations, loans (not shown)a Increase in W1/W2 variation, particularly since EModFris
a A relatively stable proportion of strong verbs, but with internalfluctuations
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 9 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemMain developments
☞ Not all weak verbs in Modern Frisian are represented in the charts ☜
Major trends:
a Decline of W1: 28 > 18%
a Increase in W2 verbs: regular derivations, loans (not shown)a Increase in W1/W2 variation, particularly since EModFris
a A relatively stable proportion of strong verbs, but with internalfluctuations
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 9 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemMain developments
☞ Not all weak verbs in Modern Frisian are represented in the charts ☜
Major trends:
a Decline of W1: 28 > 18%a Increase in W2 verbs: regular derivations, loans (not shown)
a Increase in W1/W2 variation, particularly since EModFris
a A relatively stable proportion of strong verbs, but with internalfluctuations
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 9 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemMain developments
☞ Not all weak verbs in Modern Frisian are represented in the charts ☜
Major trends:
a Decline of W1: 28 > 18%a Increase in W2 verbs: regular derivations, loans (not shown)a Increase in W1/W2 variation, particularly since EModFris
a A relatively stable proportion of strong verbs, but with internalfluctuations
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 9 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemMain developments
☞ Not all weak verbs in Modern Frisian are represented in the charts ☜
Major trends:
a Decline of W1: 28 > 18%a Increase in W2 verbs: regular derivations, loans (not shown)a Increase in W1/W2 variation, particularly since EModFris
a A relatively stable proportion of strong verbs, but with internalfluctuations
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 9 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in weak classes
Relatively stable: both Old Frisian weak classes are preserved
On the whole, W2 is more productive when it comes to new verbs
a e.g. the highly recognisable -earje class eventually settled in W2, afterinitial variation
a Over 150 such verbs in Old/Middle Frisian, mostly administrativelanguage
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 10 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in weak classes
Relatively stable: both Old Frisian weak classes are preserved
On the whole, W2 is more productive when it comes to new verbs
a e.g. the highly recognisable -earje class eventually settled in W2, afterinitial variation
a Over 150 such verbs in Old/Middle Frisian, mostly administrativelanguage
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 10 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in weak classes
Relatively stable: both Old Frisian weak classes are preserved
On the whole, W2 is more productive when it comes to new verbs
a e.g. the highly recognisable -earje class eventually settled in W2, afterinitial variation
a Over 150 such verbs in Old/Middle Frisian, mostly administrativelanguage
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 10 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in weak classes
Relatively stable: both Old Frisian weak classes are preserved
On the whole, W2 is more productive when it comes to new verbs
a e.g. the highly recognisable -earje class eventually settled in W2, afterinitial variation
a Over 150 such verbs in Old/Middle Frisian, mostly administrativelanguage
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 10 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in weak classes
Increasing phonological distribution between W1 and W2 since EarlyModern Frisian:
10
existing verb, together creating a new verb. These verbs will not get their infinitival ending
from a synchronic phonological feature, but they will keep the ending the existing verb
already had. All 55 -earje verbs were also excluded from the analysis. We want to emphasize
that the forms we use here come from the dictionary. It is possible – even likely – that there is
variation between the dictionary and the forms used by individual speakers, or between
speakers.
The database of contemporary modern verbs contained an equal distribution of -je and
-e verbs: 75 -je verbs and 81 -e verbs. To be able to test the four hypotheses formulated
above, we need to specify the phonological and syllabic structures of all verbs included in the
analysis. For this we used the same categories used in the previous section, repeated below.
(6) Simple ≤ C
Complex > C
The results of the phonological analysis are shown below in table 8.
Monosyllabic
77 – 49%
Simple
56 – 73%
-je: 6 – 11%
-e: 50 – 89%
Complex
21 – 27%
-je: 9 – 43%
-e: 12 – 57%
Polysyllabic
79 – 51%
Simple
33 – 42%
-je: 14 – 42%
-e: 19 – 58%
Complex
46 – 58%
-je: 46 – 100%
-e: 0 – 0%
Table 8: Phonological structures of the novel verbs.
2.1 Hypothesis 1: polysyllabic -je and monosyllabic -e
This hypothesis implies that all polysyllabic verbs end in -je and all monosyllabic verbs end in
-e. Table 9 shows that the polysyllabic verbs do have a clear preference for having an
infinitival ending in -je, a feature that was also observed among the early modern Frisian
verbs. Also here, Pearson’s chi-square test was significant (χ²(1) = 47.57, P < 0.0001).
(Versloot & Zeijlstra, ms. — based on 156 new verbs)
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 11 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in weak classes
Increasing phonological distribution between W1 and W2 since EarlyModern Frisian:
10
existing verb, together creating a new verb. These verbs will not get their infinitival ending
from a synchronic phonological feature, but they will keep the ending the existing verb
already had. All 55 -earje verbs were also excluded from the analysis. We want to emphasize
that the forms we use here come from the dictionary. It is possible – even likely – that there is
variation between the dictionary and the forms used by individual speakers, or between
speakers.
The database of contemporary modern verbs contained an equal distribution of -je and
-e verbs: 75 -je verbs and 81 -e verbs. To be able to test the four hypotheses formulated
above, we need to specify the phonological and syllabic structures of all verbs included in the
analysis. For this we used the same categories used in the previous section, repeated below.
(6) Simple ≤ C
Complex > C
The results of the phonological analysis are shown below in table 8.
Monosyllabic
77 – 49%
Simple
56 – 73%
-je: 6 – 11%
-e: 50 – 89%
Complex
21 – 27%
-je: 9 – 43%
-e: 12 – 57%
Polysyllabic
79 – 51%
Simple
33 – 42%
-je: 14 – 42%
-e: 19 – 58%
Complex
46 – 58%
-je: 46 – 100%
-e: 0 – 0%
Table 8: Phonological structures of the novel verbs.
2.1 Hypothesis 1: polysyllabic -je and monosyllabic -e
This hypothesis implies that all polysyllabic verbs end in -je and all monosyllabic verbs end in
-e. Table 9 shows that the polysyllabic verbs do have a clear preference for having an
infinitival ending in -je, a feature that was also observed among the early modern Frisian
verbs. Also here, Pearson’s chi-square test was significant (χ²(1) = 47.57, P < 0.0001).
(Versloot & Zeijlstra, ms. — based on 156 new verbs)
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 11 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: S1
Split of Strong class 1:
pres. pret.sg. pret.pl. pret.ptc.PGmc +CeiC- +CaiC- +CiC- +CiC
S1 OFris rīda rēd ridden ridden ‘ride’
PGmc +Ceib- +Caib- +Cib- +CibS1b OWFris skriuwa skrēf skriouwen skriouw(e)n ‘write’
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 12 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: S1
Class S1(a) gradually declined over the centuries — though not as much asmost strong microclasses (OFris: 35 verbs, ModFris: 24 verbs)
Class S1b, however, has been moderately productive:
a 5 verbs in OWFris, but 10 in ModFris: bliuwe, driuwe, (kleauwe,) kliuwe,priuwe, riuwe, skriuwe, triuwe, wiuwe, wriuwe
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 13 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: S1
Class S1(a) gradually declined over the centuries — though not as much asmost strong microclasses (OFris: 35 verbs, ModFris: 24 verbs)
Class S1b, however, has been moderately productive:
a 5 verbs in OWFris, but 10 in ModFris: bliuwe, driuwe, (kleauwe,) kliuwe,priuwe, riuwe, skriuwe, triuwe, wiuwe, wriuwe
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 13 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: S1
Class S1(a) gradually declined over the centuries — though not as much asmost strong microclasses (OFris: 35 verbs, ModFris: 24 verbs)
Class S1b, however, has been moderately productive:
a 5 verbs in OWFris, but 10 in ModFris:
bliuwe, driuwe, (kleauwe,) kliuwe,priuwe, riuwe, skriuwe, triuwe, wiuwe, wriuwe
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 13 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: S1
Class S1(a) gradually declined over the centuries — though not as much asmost strong microclasses (OFris: 35 verbs, ModFris: 24 verbs)
Class S1b, however, has been moderately productive:
a 5 verbs in OWFris, but 10 in ModFris: bliuwe, driuwe, (kleauwe,) kliuwe,priuwe, riuwe, skriuwe, triuwe, wiuwe, wriuwe
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 13 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: “assibilation class”
The assibilation of past participles in several strong classes has given rise toa new microclass of strong verbs
Origin: stems ending in /-k/ + participle suffix +-ina-+sprek-ina- > spritzen
Most of these are S5 verbs with stem /-ek/: sprekke – sprutsen ‘speak’, brekke –brutsen ‘break’
☞ Some of these forms do not survive in ModFris, e.g. +baka – batzen‘bake’.
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 14 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: “assibilation class”
The assibilation of past participles in several strong classes has given rise toa new microclass of strong verbs
Origin: stems ending in /-k/ + participle suffix +-ina-+sprek-ina- > spritzen
Most of these are S5 verbs with stem /-ek/: sprekke – sprutsen ‘speak’, brekke –brutsen ‘break’
☞ Some of these forms do not survive in ModFris, e.g. +baka – batzen‘bake’.
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 14 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: “assibilation class”
The assibilation of past participles in several strong classes has given rise toa new microclass of strong verbs
Origin: stems ending in /-k/ + participle suffix +-ina-+sprek-ina- > spritzen
Most of these are S5 verbs with stem /-ek/: sprekke – sprutsen ‘speak’, brekke –brutsen ‘break’
☞ Some of these forms do not survive in ModFris, e.g. +baka – batzen‘bake’.
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 14 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: “assibilation class”
Little is left of the original S5 class, except for these assibilating verbs
In Modern Frisian, there are 8 assibilating S5 verbs, plus 3 from other strongclasses: brekke, dekke, rekke, sprekke, stekke, strekke, trekke, wreke + like, strike, lûke
Minimally productive: originally weak dekke ‘thatch’ joined this class
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 15 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: “assibilation class”
Little is left of the original S5 class, except for these assibilating verbs
In Modern Frisian, there are 8 assibilating S5 verbs, plus 3 from other strongclasses:
brekke, dekke, rekke, sprekke, stekke, strekke, trekke, wreke + like, strike, lûke
Minimally productive: originally weak dekke ‘thatch’ joined this class
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 15 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: “assibilation class”
Little is left of the original S5 class, except for these assibilating verbs
In Modern Frisian, there are 8 assibilating S5 verbs, plus 3 from other strongclasses: brekke, dekke, rekke, sprekke, stekke, strekke, trekke, wreke + like, strike, lûke
Minimally productive: originally weak dekke ‘thatch’ joined this class
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 15 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: “assibilation class”
Little is left of the original S5 class, except for these assibilating verbs
In Modern Frisian, there are 8 assibilating S5 verbs, plus 3 from other strongclasses: brekke, dekke, rekke, sprekke, stekke, strekke, trekke, wreke + like, strike, lûke
Minimally productive: originally weak dekke ‘thatch’ joined this class
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 15 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: S2
Strong class 2 has also disintegrated:
S2a — expected pattern ie – ea – e/ea — has fallen apart into a few smallergroups.
S2b — besides expected û/u – ea – e/ea — has some verbs with the ModFrispattern û – oe – û, e.g. rûke, slûpe, dûke)
a Participle vowel change from ABC to ABA happens more often inGermanic languages
a Origin of preterite vowel oe is unclear, however
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 16 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: S2
Strong class 2 has also disintegrated:
S2a — expected pattern ie – ea – e/ea — has fallen apart into a few smallergroups.
S2b — besides expected û/u – ea – e/ea — has some verbs with the ModFrispattern û – oe – û, e.g. rûke, slûpe, dûke)
a Participle vowel change from ABC to ABA happens more often inGermanic languages
a Origin of preterite vowel oe is unclear, however
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 16 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: S2
Strong class 2 has also disintegrated:
S2a — expected pattern ie – ea – e/ea — has fallen apart into a few smallergroups.
S2b — besides expected û/u – ea – e/ea — has some verbs with the ModFrispattern û – oe – û, e.g. rûke, slûpe, dûke)
a Participle vowel change from ABC to ABA happens more often inGermanic languages
a Origin of preterite vowel oe is unclear, however
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 16 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: S2
Strong class 2 has also disintegrated:
S2a — expected pattern ie – ea – e/ea — has fallen apart into a few smallergroups.
S2b — besides expected û/u – ea – e/ea — has some verbs with the ModFrispattern û – oe – û, e.g. rûke, slûpe, dûke)
a Participle vowel change from ABC to ABA happens more often inGermanic languages
a Origin of preterite vowel oe is unclear, however
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 16 / 23
Class composition of the Frisian verb systemDevelopments in strong classes: S2
Strong class 2 has also disintegrated:
S2a — expected pattern ie – ea – e/ea — has fallen apart into a few smallergroups.
S2b — besides expected û/u – ea – e/ea — has some verbs with the ModFrispattern û – oe – û, e.g. rûke, slûpe, dûke)
a Participle vowel change from ABC to ABA happens more often inGermanic languages
a Origin of preterite vowel oe is unclear, however
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 16 / 23
Analogical modellingMethodology
Diachronic dataset Old Frisian to Modern Frisian
Sources: Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Taaldatabank Frysk, WFT
Two analogical models were used to predict the outcomes (past tenseinflections) of all the verbs in my dataset: Analogical Modeling (Skousen 1989)and Minimal Generalization Learner (Albright &Hayes 2002)
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 17 / 23
Analogical modellingMethodology
Diachronic dataset Old Frisian to Modern Frisian
Sources: Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Taaldatabank Frysk, WFT
Two analogical models were used to predict the outcomes (past tenseinflections) of all the verbs in my dataset: Analogical Modeling (Skousen 1989)and Minimal Generalization Learner (Albright &Hayes 2002)
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 17 / 23
Analogical modellingAll verbs vs Changes only
42,68%
57,93%
55,06%
58,80%
37,31%
38,86%
61,55%
77,42%
67,80%
75,78%
60,04%
72,17%
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
AM
MGL
AM
MGL
AM
MGL
OFr
is >
EM
od
Fris
EMo
dFr
is >
Mo
dFr
isO
Fris
> M
od
Fris
All verbs
Changes only
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 18 / 23
Analogical modellingChanges: S>W, S>S, S disappears
34,09%
16,67%
52,27%
25,00%
35,29%
60,00%
33,33%
35,29%
0,00%
20,00%
26,83%
0,00%
50,00%
29,27%
8,33%
0,00%
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
sw
ss
sd
OFris > ModFris MGL
OFris > ModFris AM
EModFris > ModFris MGL
EModFris > ModFris AM
OFris > EModFris MGL
OFris > EModFris AM
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 19 / 23
Analogical modellingChanges: W>S, W>W,W disappears
46,51%
49,21%
66,67%
37,21%
85,71%
33,33%
44,44%
63,16%
52,94%
30,56%
77,44%
50,00%
35,71%
44,26%
63,64%
35,71%
52,46%
54,55%
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
ws
ww
wd
OFris > ModFris MGL
OFris > ModFris AM
EModFris > ModFris MGL
EModFris > ModFris AM
OFris > EModFris MGL
OFris > EModFris AM
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 20 / 23
Conclusions
a Modelling in two steps gives better results than one step modelling,particularly when modelling changes
a Changes from one weak class to another were predicted best
a Token frequency influence: analysis postponed (Early 2015)
☞ I’d be glad to provide more details where necessary. See my upcomingthesis (Strik 2015)
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 21 / 23
Conclusions
a Modelling in two steps gives better results than one step modelling,particularly when modelling changes
a Changes from one weak class to another were predicted best
a Token frequency influence: analysis postponed (Early 2015)
☞ I’d be glad to provide more details where necessary. See my upcomingthesis (Strik 2015)
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 21 / 23
Conclusions
a Modelling in two steps gives better results than one step modelling,particularly when modelling changes
a Changes from one weak class to another were predicted best
a Token frequency influence: analysis postponed (Early 2015)
☞ I’d be glad to provide more details where necessary. See my upcomingthesis (Strik 2015)
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 21 / 23
References
Albright A&Hayes B (2002). “Modeling English past tense intuitions with MinimalGeneralization”.http://web.mit.edu/albright/www/papers/AlbrightHayes02.pdf
Skousen R (1989). Analogical Modeling of Language. Dordrecht / Boston / London: Kluwer.
Strik O (2015). Modelling Analogical Change. A History of Swedish and Frisian Verb Inflection.PhD Thesis, University of Groningen
Versloot A P& Zeijlstra (manuscript). “Emerging rules: phonological analogiesamong regular verb classes in Frisian”.
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 22 / 23
Contact
[email protected] @qwallath
http://rug.academia.edu/oscarstrik
Oscar Strik (Groningen) The Evolution of Frisian Verb Inflection 10 dec 2014 — FFK, Leeuwarden 23 / 23
Top Related