Overweight and Obesity as Risk Factors for COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations and Death:
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
Legends for Supplemental Tables and Figures
Supplemental Figure 1. Forest plots, studies from the general population
Supplemental Figure 1.1. Forest plot illustrating the association between BMI continuous (1 unit increase) and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
Supplemental Figure 1.2. Forest plot illustrating the association between overweight and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
Supplemental 1.3. Forest plot illustrating the association between obese vs normal weight and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
Supplemental 1.4. Forest plot illustrating the association between obese vs non-obese and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
Supplemental 1.5. Forest plot illustrating the association between extreme obese vs normal weight and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
Supplemental 1.6. Forest plot illustrating the association between extreme obese vs non-obese and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
Supplemental 1.7. Forest plot illustrating the association between non-BMI defined obesity and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
Supplemental Figure 2. Funnel plots, studies from the general population
Supplemental 2.1. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for BMI continuous, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
Supplemental 2.2. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for overweight, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
Supplemental 2.3. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for obese vs normal weight, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
Supplemental 2.4. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for obese vs non-obese, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
Supplemental 2.5. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for extreme obese vs normal weight, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
Supplemental 2.6. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for extreme obese vs non-obese, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
Supplemental 2.7. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for non-BMI defined obesity, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
Supplemental Table 1. Characteristics and quality assessment of included studies
Supplemental Table 2. Pooled estimate of the association between obesity and COVID-19 outcomes, general
population and cohort studies.
Supplemental Table 3. Pooled estimate of the association between obesity and COVID-19 outcomes, general
population and prospective cohort studies.
References
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Supplemental Figure 1. Forest plots, studies from the general population
Supplemental 1.1. Forest plot illustrating the association between BMI continuous (1 unit increase) and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
Supplemental 1.2. Forest plot illustrating the association between overweight and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Supplemental 1.3. Forest plot illustrating the association between obese vs normal weight and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
(a)
(b)
(c)
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Supplemental 1.4. Forest plot illustrating the association between obese vs non-obese and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
(a)
(b)
(c)
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Supplemental 1.5. Forest plot illustrating the association between extreme obese vs normal weight and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
Supplemental 1.6. Forest plot illustrating the association between extreme obese vs non-obese and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations
of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
Supplemental 1.7. Forest plot illustrating the association between non-BMI defined obesity and (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV; (b) death; (c) the combinations of
outcomes pertaining to a severe disease.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Supplemental Figure 2. Funnel plots, studies from the general population
(a) (b) (c)
Supplemental 2.1. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for BMI continuous, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
(a) (b) (c)
Supplemental 2.2. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for overweight, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
(a) (b) (c)
Supplemental 2.3. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for obese vs normal weight, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
(a) (b) (c)
Supplemental 2.4. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for obese vs non-obese, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
(a) (b) (c)
Supplemental 2.5. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for extreme obese vs normal weight, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
(a) (b) (c)
Supplemental 2.6. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for extreme obese vs non-obese, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
(a) (b) (c)
Supplemental 2.7. Funnel plots with pseudo 95% confidence limits for non-BMI defined obesity, (a) hospital admission, ICU and IMV, (b) death, (c) combinations of outcomes pertaining to a severe disease
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Supplemental Table 1. Characteristics and quality assessment of included studies (n=208)
First Author Country Design Participants N Obesity classification COVID severity NOS
Abdel-Gelil G.1 Egypt prospective general population 114 BMI continuous severe pneumonia,
AKI, ICU
8
Abumayyaleh M.2 Multicounty retrospective general population 3635 BMI < 25, 25-30, >30 death 7
Agca M.3 Turkey retrospective general population 284 normal weight, overweight, obese ICU, IMV 7
Alguwaihes A. 4 Saudi Arabia retrospective adult 439 obese, non-obese death, ICU, IMV 7
Alkhatib A. 5 USA cross
sectional
African Americans 158 BMI continuous ICU 7
Almazeedi S. 6 Kuwait retrospective general population 1096 BMI<30, ≥30 death, ICU 8
Al-Sabah S. 7 Kuwait retrospective general population 1158 BMI:18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30–34.9, 35–39.9, ≥40
ICU 7
Al-Salameh A. 8 France retrospective general population 329 normal weight, overweight, obese ICU, death 8
Anderson M. 9 USA retrospective adult 2466 BMI <18.5, 18.5 to 24.9, 25 to
29.9, 30 to 34.9, 35 to 39.9, ≥40 death or intubation 8
Antwi-Amoabeng D. 10
USA retrospective general population 172 BMI> 30, <30 death 7
Apea V. 11 England prospective age > 16 years 1737 obese, non-obese death 7
Arshada S. 12 USA retrospective general population 2541 BMI<30, ≥30 death 7
Badedi M. 13 Saudi Arabia case-control general population 323 Obese, non-obese death 6
Bahl A. 14 USA prospective age ≥ 18 years 1461 BMI continuous death 8
Balfanz P. 15 Germany retrospective general population 125 obese, non-obese ARDS or death 7
Bellini B. 16 Italy retrospective general population 7540 BMI ≥30, <30 hospitalization 6
Bennett K. 17 Ireland retrospective general population 19789 BMI > 40, < 40 hospitalization,
ICU, death
7
Bhatt A. 18 USA retrospective patients with heart
failure
8383 Non-obese, obese, morbid obese death 6
Breland J. 19 USA retrospective U.S. army veterans 9347 BMI continuous hospitalization,
ICU, death
6
Brouqui P. 20 France retrospective age ≥ 18 years 1107 obese, non-obese death or ICU 7
Bunne K. 21 USA retrospective general population 124 visceral adipose tissue ICU or death 7
Cai H. 22 China retrospective general population 455 BMI continuous severe/critical 7
Cai Q. 1 23 China prospective adult 383 BMI <18.5, 18.5–23.9, 24.0–27.9,
≥28 severe COVID-19 8
Cai Q. 2 24 China retrospective general population 298 BMI continuous progression to
severity
7
Cai Shao-H. 25 China retrospective general population 96 BMI < 24, ≥24 ICU 7
Cao P. 26 China retrospective age ≥ 18 years 1637 underweight, normal, overweight,
obese
severe pneumonia,
oxygen therapy
7
Cariou B. 27 France retrospective patients with
diabetes
1020 BMI continuous IMV or death 6
Carillo-Vega M. 28 Mexico retrospective general population 9946 obese, non-obese hospitalization 7
Caussy C. 29 France retrospective general population 340 BMI≥ 30, <30 ICU 6
Cavallaro M. 30 England retrospective general population 13954 obesity (clinical) ICU, death 7
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Cedano J. 31 USA retrospective adult 448 BMI>30, <30 death 7
Chand S. 32 USA retrospective adult 300 BMI continuous death 6
Conway B. 33 USA retrospective general population 8810 obese, non-obese death 6
Coss-Rovirosa M. 34 Mexico retrospective age ≥ 18 years 355 normal weight, overweight, obese IMV 6
Cottini M. 35 Italy prospective age ≥ 18 years 338 obese, non-obese hospitalization 7
Cummins L. 36 England retrospective age ≥ 16 years 1781 obese, non-obese hospitalization,
ICU, death
8
Czernichow S. 37 France prospective age 18-79 years 5795 BMI <18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-
34.9, ≥ 40
death 8
Dana R. 38 France retrospective general population 222 BMI <30, 30-39, ≥ 40 Death 7
De Andrade C. 39 Brazil cross-
sectional
general population 89405 obese, non-obese death 7
Denova-Gutiérrez E. 40
Mexico cross-
sectional
general population 3844 obese, non-obese ICU 8
Di Bella S. 41 Italy prospective adult 132 neck circumference IMV 8
Docherty A. 42 UK prospective general population 20133 obese, non-obese death 8
Dres M. 43 Multicounty prospective age > 70 years 1199 BMI <25, 25-29.9, 30-34.9, 35-
39.9, ≥ 40
death 7
Eastment M. 44 Columbia retrospective U.S. army veterans 25925 BMI <18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-
34.9, 35-39.9, ≥40
hospitalization,
ICU, IMV, death
6
Ebinge J. 45 USA retrospective general population 442 BMI<30, ≥30 ICU or intubation 7
Elhadi M. 46 Libya prospective general population 465 BMI continuous death 8
Farrell R. 47 Ireland retrospective general population 257 overweight/obese, normal weight death, ICU 6
Favre G. 48 France retrospective general population 165 visceral fat IMV or death 6
Fernandes D. 49 USA retrospective,
prospective
children and youth
≤22 years
315 BMI ≥95th percentile for age and sex
ICU 7
Ferrando-Vivas P. 50 UK retrospective general population 9990 BMI continuous death 7
Filardo T. 51 USA retrospective general population 270 BMI ≥30, <30 death 7
Florence A. 52 France retrospective patients with
rheumatic and
inflammatory
diseases
694 BMI <30, 30–39.9, ≥40 ICU or death 6
Fox T. 53 USA retrospective age ≥18 years 355 BMI continuous death 7
Frank R. 54 USA retrospective general population 305 BMI <25, 25-30, 30-35, ≥35 intubation or death 7
Fresán U. 55 Spain prospective general population 1105 BMI ≥ 40, <40 hospitalization,
ICU or death
9
Fried M. 56 USA retrospective general population 11721 obese, non-obese IMV, death 7
Fu C. 57 USA case control general population 4184 underweight, overweight, normal
weight, obese, morbidly obese
death 7
Gao F. 58 China case control adult 150 BMI ≥25, <25 severe COVID-19 7
Gao M. 59 UK prospective general population 13503 BMI continuous hospitalization,
ICU, death
9
Garcıa-Alvarado F. 60 Mexico prospective general population 105 obese, non-obese death 8
Garibaldi B. 61 USA retrospective general population 832 BMI continuous severe disease
including death
8
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Gayam V. 62 USA retrospective African Americans 408 BMI continuous death 6
Giacomelli A. 1 63 Italy prospective general population 233 BMI ≥ 30, <30 death 8
Giacomelli A. 2 64 Italy prospective general population 520 obese, non-obese death 7
Goehler A. 65 USA retrospective general population 378 VAT, normal weight, overweight,
obese
death 6
Gonçalves D. 66 Brazil retrospective general population 182700 obese, non-obese IMV, ICU, death 6
Goodman K. 67 USA retrospective general population 42102 obese, non-obese death 7
Goyal P. 68 USA retrospective general population 1687 obese, normal weight death 8
Grosgurin O. 69 Switzerland retrospective general population 2607 BMI continuous ICU 6
Gu T. 70 USA retrospective general population 5698 BMI<18.5, 18.5 -24.9, 25-29.9, ≥30 hospitalization,
ICU
8
Gude-Sampedro F. 71 Spain retrospective general population 10454 obese, non-obese hospitalization,
ICU, death
7
Guerson-Gil A. 72 USA retrospective age ≥18 years 3530 BMI 18.5–24.9, <18.5, 25-29.9, 30-
34.9, ≥40
death, intubation 8
Gupta S. 73 USA retrospective age ≥18 years 2215 BMI <25, 25-29.9, 30-34.9, 35-
39.9, ≥40
death 7
Hajifathalian K. 74 USA retrospective age ≥18 years 770 BMI <18.5, 18.5-30, ≥30 ICU, IMV, death 7
Halasz G. 75 Italy retrospective general population 242 BMI 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-34.9,
35-39.9, ≥40
death 7
Hamer M. 76 UK prospective age 40 to 69 years 760 BMI<25, 25-30, ≥30 hospitalization 8
Hashemi N. 77 USA retrospective general population 363 obese, non-obese IMV, ICU, death 7
Hendren N. 78 USA Retrospective general population 7606 BMI <18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25.0-29.9,
30-34.9, 35.0–39.9, ≥40
death or
mechanical
ventilation
7
Huet T. 79 France prospective general population 96 BMI continuous IMV or death 8
Iaccarino G. 80 Italy cross-
sectional
general population 2378 obese, non-obese ICU 7
Ioannou G. 81 USA retrospective U.S. army veterans 10131 BMI < 18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25.0-29.9,
30-34.9, ≥35
hospitalization,
IMV, death
7
Jayanama K. 82 Thailand retrospective age ≥15 years 147 <18.5, 18.5-22.9; 23-24.9; ≥25 severe pneumonia 7
Kaeuffer C. 83 France prospective adult 1045 BMI <25, 25-29.9, ≥30 death 8
Kalligeros M. 84 USA retrospective adult 103 BMI <25, 25-29.9, 30-34.9, ≥35 ICU, IMV 7
Kang I. 85 Korea retrospective general population 3827 <18.5, 18.5-22.9, 23-24.9, 25.0-
29.9, ≥30
death 7
Karras A. 86 France retrospective general population 169 BMI continuous ICU, death 6
Kayem G. 87 France retrospective pregnant women 617 BMI>30, <30 oxygen requiring +
critical disease
7
Killerby M. 88 USA case control age ≥18 years 531 BMI<30, ≥30 hospitalization 8
Kim L. 89 USA retrospective general population 2491 BMI<30, ≥30 ICU, death 7
Kim Shin-W. 90 Korea retrospective general population 2254 BMI >25, <25 death 7
Kim So Y. 91 Korea retrospective general population 4057 BMI ≥25, <25 death 6
Kim T. 92 USA retrospective adult 10861 BMI<18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-
34.9, 35-39.9, ≥40
IMV, death. 8
Klang E. 93 USA retrospective general population 3406 BMI< 30, 30–40, ≥ 40 death 8
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Kompaniyets L. 1 94 USA retrospective age ≥18 years 148494 BMI <18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-
34.9, 35–39.9, 40–44.9, >45
hospitalization,
ICU, IMV, death
7
Kompaniyets L. 2 95 USA cross-
sectional
children age ≤ 18 43465 obese, non-obese hospitalization,
severe disease
(ICU, IMV, death)
7
Krause M. 96 USA retrospective general population 85 obese, non-obese death 7
Krishnamoorthy G. 97 USA retrospective age >15 years 744 BMI continuous death 7
Kristan M. 98 USA retrospective patient with
diabetes
569 BMI continuous hospitalization,
death
6
Kuderer N. 99 Multicounty retrospective patients with
cancer
928 obese, non-obese death 6
Lassale C. 100 UK retrospective middle-aged adults 640 BMI continuous hospitalization 8
Leoni M. 101 Italy retrospective general population 242 obese, non-obese death 6
Liu B. 102 Australia retrospective general population 4055 obese, non-obese ICU or death 7
Lohia P. 103 USA retrospective age ≥18 years 1871 obese, non-obese ICU, IMV, death 8
Louapre C. 104 France retrospective patients with
multiple sclerosis
347 BMI <30, ≥30 severe disease
including death
6
Lunski M. 105 USA retrospective patients with
cancer
5145 obese, non-obese death 7
Malavazos A. 106 Italy retrospective general population 215 waist circumference, obese, non-
obese
chest X ray
severity score
7
Marmarchi F. 107 USA retrospective age ≥18 years 288 BMI continuous death 6
Martinez-Portilla R. 108
Mexico retrospective women 181088 obese, non-obese ICU, IMV, death 7
McGurnaghan S. 109 Scotland retrospective general population 2724 BMI continuous death or ICU 6
Mejı´a F. 110 Peru retrospective adult 369 obese, non-obese death 7
Mejia-Vilet J. 111 Mexico prospective age >18 years 705 BMI > 30, <30 ICU 8
Menezes M. 112 Brazil retrospective pregnant women 2475 obese, non-obese ICU 6
Menezes S. 113 Brazil retrospective general population 10713 obese, non-obese hospitalization 7
Merzon E. 114 Israel retrospective 5 to 60-year-old 1870 obese, non-obese hospitalization 6
Monteiro A. 115 USA retrospective age >18 years 112 obese, non-obese death, ICU, IMV 6
Moon A. 116 Multicounty retrospective patients with
chronic liver
disease
152 BMI<30, ≥30 death 7
Mostaghim A. 117 USA retrospective age >18 years 789 BMI<30, 30-34.9 and >35 ICU 7
Motaib I. 118 Morocco retrospective adult 107 BMI<25, 25-29.9, ≥30 ICU 7
Muñoz-Price L. 119 USA cross-
sectional
general population 2595 BMI continuous hospitalization,
ICU, IMV, death
7
Munoz-Rodríguez J. 120
Spain prospective general population 12126 obese, non-obese death 8
Murillo-Zamora E. 121 Mexico retrospective age >18 years 66123 BMI<30, ≥30 death 7
Naaraayan A. 122 USA retrospective general population 348 normal weight, overweight, obese
1, obese 2, obese 3
death 7
Nachega J. 123 DRC retrospective general population 766 obese, non-obese death 7
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Nakeshbandi M. 124 USA retrospective general population 684 BMI 18.50-24.99, 25.00-29.99, ≥ 30
death, intubation 7
Nanda S. 125 USA retrospective age >18 years 1169 BMI continuous death or ICU 6
Neira D. 126 USA retrospective general population 10216 obese, non-obese hospitalization 7
Nijman G. 127 Netherlands prospective general population 1006 BMI continuous death 8
O’Horo J. 128 USA retrospective general population 7217 BMI <18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-
39.9, >=40
hospitalization 7
Okauchi Y. 129 Japan retrospective general population 133 BMI ≥25, <25 oxygen
requirement
6
Olivas-Martinez A. 130 Mexico prospective adult 800 normal, overweight, obese 1, 2, 3 death 7
Omrani A. 131 Qatar retrospective general population 5000 BMI continuous death, ICU 7
Ong S. 132 Singapore retrospective general population 182 BMI <25, ≥25 ICU, IMV, death 7
Pablos J. 133 Spain retrospective general population 456 obese, non-obese ICU or IMV or
death
7
Palaiodimos L. 134 USA retrospective general population 200 BMI <25, 25–34, ≥ 35 death, intubation 8
Parikh R. 135 USA retrospective general population 160 BMI>30, <30 death, IMV 6
Patel K. 136 UK retrospective middle-aged adults 13502 waist to hip ratio death 6
Pediconi F. 137 Italy retrospective general population 62 visceral adipose tissue ICU 6
Peña J. 138 Mexico retrospective general population 323671 obese, non-obese death 7
Peng Y. 139 China prospective cardiovascular
patients
244 BMI <24, ≥24 death 7
Petersen A. 140 Germany retrospective general population 30 visceral adipose tissue ICU, intubation 6
Peters S. 141 UK retrospective middle-aged adults 502493 BMI continuous death 6
Petrilli C. 142 USA prospective general population 2725 BMI <25, <25-29.9, 30-39.9, ≥ 40 hospitalization,
death
8
Pettit N. 143 USA retrospective general population 238 BMI <30, ≥30 death, admission
hypoxemia
7
Phipps M. 144 USA retrospective patients with liver
injury
2273 BMI > 35 death or discharge
to hospice
6
Pietri L. 145 France retrospective general population 113 BMI <25, <25-29.9, ≥ 30 ICU or death 7
Pouwels S. 146 Netherlands retrospective general population 143 BMI ≥30, <30 death 7
Prasannan L. 147 USA cross
sectional
pregnant patients 4873 BMI continuous severe COVID-19 6
Price-Haywood E. 148 USA retrospective general population 3481 BMI ≥30, <30 hospitalization,
death
7
Rapp J. 149 USA retrospective general population 4062 BMI >35, <35 death 6
Richardson S. 150 USA retrospective adults aged 18–39 1013 BMI>30, <30 death 7
Robles-Pérez E. 151 Mexico prospective social security
workers
7192 obese, non-obese death 7
Rodriguez-Gonzalez
C. 152
Spain retrospective general population 1255 BMI <30, ≥30 death 7
Rojas-Marte G. 153 USA retrospective age ≥18 years 238 obese, non-obese intubation 6
Rossi A. 154 Italy prospective general population 95 normal weight, overweight, obese death 9
Rossi P. 155 Italy prospective general population 2143 obese, non-obese hospitalization,
death
7
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Rottoli M. 156 Italy retrospective general population 482 BMI ≥30, <30 ICU, death 7
Rubio-Rivas M. 157 Spain retrospective general population. 12066 BMI continuous death 7
Salacup G. 158 USA retrospective general population 242 BMI continuous death 7
Sallis R. 159 USA retrospective age ≥18 years 48440 BMI <25, 25-29, 30-39, ≥40 hospitalization,
ICU, death
8
Sauver J. 160 USA retrospective general population 9928 under/normal weight, overweight,
obese
hospitalization or
death
7
Schavemaker R. 161 Netherlands prospective age ≥18 years 1122 BMI <25, 25-29, ≥30 death 8
Schmidt M. 162 Multicounty prospective age >16 years 4244 BMI <25, 25-29, ≥30 death 8
Schonfeld D. 163 Argentina retrospective general population 207079 obese, non-obese ICU or death 7
Schuelter-Trevisol F. 164
Brazil prospective general population 211 obese, non-obese ICU 8
Schwerzmann M. 165 Multicounty prospective patient with
congenital heart
disease
105 BMI >25, <25 hospitalization or
IMV or death
7
Seiglie J. 166 USA retrospective general population 450 BMI 18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, ≥ 30
ICU, IMV, death 7
Serván-Mori E. 167 Mexico cross
sectional
adult 795878 obese, non-obese hospitalization,
death
7
Shah P. 168 USA retrospective general population 522 BMI <30, 30-40, ≥ 40 death 7
Silva I. 169 Brazil retrospective age 20–59 159704 obese, non-obese death, ICU 6
Simonnet A. 170 France retrospective general population 124 BMI <25, 25-30, 30-35, >35 IMV 7
Singh S. 171 USA retrospective general population 41513 BMI ≥ 30, <30 death, IMV,
hospitalization
7
Smati H. 172 USA retrospective age ≥18 years 460 BMI <25, 25-29.9, ≥ 30 hospitalization 6
Smati S. 173 France retrospective patients with
diabetes
1965 BMI 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-34.9,
≥35
IMV, death 7
Sonmez A. 174 Turkey retrospective adult 18 426 obese, non-obese death 7
Suleyman G. 175 USA retrospective general population 463 BMI ≥40 ICU, IMV 7
Suresh S. 176 USA retrospective general population 1983 obese, non-obese ICU, IMV, death 7
Takemoto M. 177 Brazil cross-
sectional
obstetric patients 978 obese, non-obese death 6
Targhera G. 178 China retrospective general population 339 BMI ≥25, <25 severe COVID-19 7
Tartof S. 179 USA retrospective general population 6916 BMI <18.5, 18.5-24, 25-29, 30-34,
35-39, 40-44, ≥45
death 8
Tchang B. 180 USA retrospective age ≥18 years 3533 underweight, normal weight,
overweight, obese
IMV or ICU or
death
8
Thomson R. 181 UK prospective general population 156 obese, normal weight death 7
Timberlake D. 182 USA retrospective general population 295 obese ICU, IMV, death 7
Toussie D. 183 USA retrospective age 21 to 50 years 145 BMI <25, 26-30, 31-40, >40 hospitalization,
IMV
6
Tripathi S. 184 Multicounty retrospective age <18 years 795 BMI <5, 5-85, 85-95, ≥ 95 percentiles
critical illness
including death
7
Van Gerwen M. 185 USA retrospective general population 3703 BMI <25, 25-30, >30 hospitalization,
IMV, death
8
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Van Zelst C. 186 Netherland prospective age ≥18 years 166 hip to waist ratio intubation or ICU
Vial M. 187 Chile retrospective general population 381 BMI continuous ICU or death 7
Vouga M. 188 Multicounty case control pregnant women 926 BMI>30, <30 severe adverse
maternal outcomes
6
Wang J. 189 China retrospective general population 297 BMI < 24, 24-28, > 28 severe COVID-19 7
Wang JJ. 190 China retrospective general population 185 BMI continuous severe COVID-19 7
Wang Y. 191 China retrospective general population 97 BMI continuous death 7
Wang Z. 192 USA retrospective general population 6158 BMI continuous death 7
Wargny M. 193 France retrospective patients with
diabetes
2951 BMI continuous death 7
Watanabe M. 194 Italy retrospective general population 150 visceral adipose tissue ICU 7
Wei W. 195 USA retrospective general population 206741 BMI <18.5, 18.5-25, 25-30, 30-35,
35-40, ≥40
hospitalization 8
Weizman O. 196 France retrospective general population 2878 BMI continuous ICU or death 7
Williamson E. 197 UK retrospective general population 10926 obese, non-obese death 8
Wu X. 198 China retrospective general population 1091 underweight, normal weight,
overweight, obese
IMV, ICU, death 6
Yang Y. 199 China retrospective general population 143 visceral adiposity severe COVID-19 7
Yates T. 200 UK retrospective middle-aged adults 1001 BMI<18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, ≥30 severe COVID-19,
death
7
Yi P. 201 China retrospective general population 100 BMI continuous disease severity 6
Yordanov Y. 202 France prospective general population 7320 BMI ≤25, 25-30, >30 hospitalization or
death
7
Yoshida Y. 203 USA retrospective general population 776 BMI <25, 25-29.9, 30-34.9, 35-
39.9, ≥40
ICU, IMV, death 7
Yu T. 204 China cross-
sectional
general population 95 BMI continuous pneumonia
exacerbation
7
Zaferani A. 205 Iran retrospective general population 192 BMI continuous severe disease 6
Zhang J. 206 China retrospective general population 463 BMI: 18.5–23.9, 24.0–27.9, > 28.0 ICU or IMV 7
Zheng K. 207 China retrospective patients with fatty
liver disease
66 BMI >25, <25 severe COVID-19 6
Zhu Z. 208 UK retrospective middle-aged adults 489769 BMI <18.5, 18.5-25, 25-30, 30-35,
35-40, ≥40
severe COVID-19 7
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Supplemental Table 2. Pooled estimate of the association between obesity and COVID-19 outcomes, general population and cohort studies (n=158)
Exposure Studies with single outcomes Studies with combinations of outcomes c
Hospital admission + ICU +IMV d Hospital admission ICU a IMV b Death
BMI continuous (5 units) Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
1 1.22 (1.16 to 1.28)
4 1.28 (1.00 to 1.69)
0
14 1.10 (1.00 to 1.16)
12 1.34 (1.16 to 1.54)
4 1.28 (1.10 to 1.54)
Overweight vs normal weight Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
7 1.22 (1.07 to 1.39)
10 1.20 (1.01 to 1.43)
12 1.22 (1.09 to 1.37)
20 1.00 (0.90 to 1.10)
8 1.18 (1.00 to 1.39)
21 1.19 (1.12 to 1.28)
Obese vs normal weight Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
8 1.40 (1.20 to 1.62)
11 2.08 (1.51 to 2.87)
11 2.15 (1.68 to 2.76)
26 1.24 (1.11 to 1.38)
9 1.44 (1.26 to 1.64)
22 1.73 (1.53 to 1.97)
Obese vs non-obese Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
10 1.76 (1.50 to 2.07)
20 1.81 (1.53 to 2.14)
13 1.65 (1.39 to 1.97)
48 1.25 (1.17 to 1.32)
11 1.88 (1.44 to 2.45)
32 1.74 (1.59 to 1.92)
Extreme obese vs normal weight Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
4 1.98 (1.76 to 2.23)
4 1.81 (1.08 to 3.05)
2 3.03 (1.92 to 4.77)
11 1.96 (1.61 to 2.38)
2 1.69 (1.42 to 2.01)
8 2.08 (1.53 to 2.81)
Extreme obese vs non-obese Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
2 3.08 (1.60 to 5.92)
2 3.95 (1.08 to 14.46)
2 2.39 (1.96 to 2.91)
7 2.37 (1.75 to 3.21)
2 1.69 (1.31 to 2.19)
4 3.19 (2.17 to 4.70)
Non-BMI define obesity e Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
0
3 1.79 (1.00 to 3.21)
2 1.27 (1.13 to 1.42)
1 2.00 (1.32 to 3.02)
5 1.58 (1.14 to 2.20)
4 1.32 (1.16 to 1.49)
a ICU, intensive care unit b IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation, or intubation. c Studies whose endpoint was the combination of two or more of the following: hospital admission, ICU, IMV, death or other conditions pertaining to a severe disease. d Pooled of studies included in hospital admission, ICU and IMV. e non-BMI defined obesity include neck circumference, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, visceral adipose tissue.
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Supplemental Table 3. Pooled estimate of the association between obesity and COVID-19 outcomes, general population and prospective cohort studies (n=29)
Exposure Hospital admission + ICU +IMV a
Death Studies with combinations of outcomes b
BMI continuous (5 units) Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
1 1.34 (1.15 to 1.69)
4 1.10 (0.95 to 1.22)
2 0.95 (0.73 to 1.28)
Overweight vs normal weight Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
1 1.30 (1.08 to 1.57)
6 1.09 (0.94 to 1.26)
1 1.39 (1.13 to 1.71)
Obese vs normal weight Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
1 1.80 (1.47 to 2.20)
8 1.43 (1.10 to 1.85)
1 1.57 (1.25 to 1.97)
Obese vs non-obese Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
4 3.24 (1.39 to 7.56)
7 1.36 (1.23 to 1.51)
1 2.30 (1.29 to 4.10)
Extreme obese vs normal weight Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
1 2.45 (1.79 to 3.36)
3 1.99 (1.29 to 3.05)
0 -
Extreme obese vs non-obese Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
1 2.20 (1.65 to 2.93)
0 -
1 2.30 (1.20 to 4.40)
Non-BMI define obesity c Number of studies Pooled OR, 95% CI
1 1.26 (1.12 to 1.42)
0 -
1 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20
a Pooled of studies included in hospital admission, ICU and IMV. The estimates for hospital admission, ICU and IMV were not showed separately because of low number of studies. b Studies whose endpoint was the combination of two or more of the following: hospital admission, ICU, IMV, death or other conditions pertaining to a severe disease. c Non-BMI defined obesity include neck circumference, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, visceral adipose tissue.
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
References
1. Abdel-gelil GSG. High Body Mass Index and Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ): A Cohort Study. 2021;9(1):16-22.
doi:10.11648/j.ijacm.20210901.14
2. Abumayyaleh M, Núñez Gil IJ, El-Battrawy I, et al. Does there exist an obesity paradox in COVID-19? Insights of the international HOPE-COVID-19-
registry. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2021.02.008
3. Agca M, Tuncay E, Yildirim E, et al. Is obesity a potential risk factor for poor prognosis of covid-19? Infect Chemother. 2021. doi:10.3947/IC.2021.0026
4. Alguwaihes AM, Al-Sofiani ME, Megdad M, et al. Diabetes and Covid-19 among hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia: a single-centre retrospective study.
Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020. doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01184-4
5. Alkhatib AL, Kreniske J, Zifodya JS, et al. BMI is Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Intensive Care Unit Admission in African Americans. Obesity.
2020. doi:10.1002/oby.22937
6. Almazeedi S, Al-Youha S, Jamal MH, et al. Characteristics, risk factors and outcomes among the first consecutive 1096 patients diagnosed with COVID-19
in Kuwait. EClinicalMedicine. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100448
7. Al‐Sabah S, Al‐Haddad M, Al‐Youha S, Jamal M, Almazeedi S. COVID ‐19: Impact of obesity and diabetes on disease severity . Clin Obes. 2020.
doi:10.1111/cob.12414
8. Al-Salameh A, Lanoix JP, Bennis Y, et al. The association between body mass index class and coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes. Int J Obes. 2021.
doi:10.1038/s41366-020-00721-1
9. Anderson MR, Geleris J, Anderson DR, et al. Body Mass Index and Risk for Intubation or Death in SARS-CoV-2 Infection : A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Ann Intern Med. 2020. doi:10.7326/M20-3214
10. Antwi-Amoabeng D, Beutler BD, Awad M, et al. Sociodemographic Predictors of Outcomes in COVID-19: Examining the Impact of Ethnic Disparities in
Northern Nevada. Cureus. 2021. doi:10.7759/cureus.13128
11. Apea VJ, Wan YI, Dhairyawan R, et al. Ethnicity and outcomes in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 infection in East London: An observational cohort
study. BMJ Open. 2021. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042140
12. Arshad S, Kilgore P, Chaudhry ZS, et al. Treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and combination in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Int J
Infect Dis. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099
13. Badedi M, Makrami A, Alnami A. Co-morbidity and blood group type risk in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A case–control study. J Infect Public Health.
2021. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.035
14. Bahl A, Van Baalen MN, Ortiz L, et al. Early predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 in a large American cohort. Intern Emerg Med.
2020. doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02509-7
15. Balfanz P, Hartmann B, Müller-Wieland D, et al. Early risk markers for severe clinical course and fatal outcome in German patients with COVID-19. PLoS
One. 2021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246182
16. Bellini B, Cresci B, Cosentino C, et al. Obesity as a risk factor for hospitalization in COronaVirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) patients: Analysis of the Tuscany
regional database. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.11.030
17. Bennett KE, Mullooly M, O’Loughlin M, et al. Underlying conditions and risk of hospitalisation, ICU admission and mortality among those with COVID-19
in Ireland: A national surveillance study. Lancet Reg Heal - Eur. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100097
18. Bhatt AS, Jering KS, Vaduganathan M, et al. Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure Hospitalized With COVID-19. JACC Hear Fail. 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2020.11.003
19. Breland JY, Wong MS, Steers WN, Yuan AH, Haderlein TP, Washington DL. BMI and Risk for Severe COVID-19 Among Veterans Health Administration
Patients. Obesity. 2021. doi:10.1002/oby.23121
20. Brouqui P, Amrane S, Million M, et al. Asymptomatic hypoxia in COVID-19 is associated with poor outcome. Int J Infect Dis. 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.067
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
21. Bunnell KM, Thaweethai T, Buckless C, et al. Body composition predictors of outcome in patients with COVID-19. Int J Obes. 2021. doi:10.1038/s41366-
021-00907-1
22. Cai H, Yang L, Lu Y, et al. High body mass index is a significant risk factor for the progression and prognosis of imported COVID-19: a multicenter,
retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2021. doi:10.1186/s12879-021-05818-0
23. Cai Q, Chen F, Wang T, et al. Obesity and COVID-19 Severity in a Designated Hospital in Shenzhen, China. Diabetes Care. 2020. doi:10.2337/dc20-0576
24. Cai Q, Huang D, Ou P, et al. COVID-19 in a designated infectious diseases hospital outside Hubei Province, China. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2020. doi:10.1111/all.14309
25. Cai SH, Liao W, Chen SW, Liu LL, Liu SY, Zheng ZD. Association between obesity and clinical prognosis in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Infect Dis
Poverty. 2020. doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00703-5
26. Cao P, Song Y, Zhuang Z, et al. Obesity and covid-19 in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes. 2021. doi:10.2337/db20-0671
27. Cariou B, Hadjadj S, Wargny M, et al. Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study.
Diabetologia. 2020. doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05180-x
28. Carrillo-Vega MF, Salinas-Escudero G, García-Peña C, Gutiérrez-Robledo LM, Parra-Rodríguez L. Early estimation of the risk factors for hospitalization and
mortality by COVID-19 in Mexico. PLoS One. 2020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238905
29. Caussy C, Pattou F, Wallet F, et al. Prevalence of obesity among adult inpatients with COVID-19 in France. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020.
doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30160-1
30. Cavallaro M, Moiz H, Keeling MJ, McCarthy ND. Contrasting factors associated with COVID-19-related ICU admission and death outcomes in hospitalised
patients by means of Shapley values. PLoS Comput Biol. 2021. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009121
31. Cedano J, Fabian Corona E, Gonzalez-Lara M, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 in an intensive care unit of a community
hospital; retrospective cohort study. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2021. doi:10.1080/20009666.2020.1830516
32. Chand S, Kapoor S, Orsi D, et al. COVID-19-Associated Critical Illness—Report of the First 300 Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units at a New York
City Medical Center. J Intensive Care Med. 2020. doi:10.1177/0885066620946692
33. Conway BJ, Kim JW, Brousseau DC, Conroy M. Heart Disease, Advanced Age, Minority Race, and Hispanic Ethnicity Are Associated With Mortality in
COVID-19 Patients. WMJ. 2021.
34. Coss-Rovirosa MF, Aguilar-Soto M, Cuenca D, et al. Are overweight and obesity risk factors for invasive mechanical ventilation in severe coronavirus
disease 2019 pneumonia? Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2021. doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000350
35. Cottini M, Lombardi C, Berti A, et al. Obesity is a Major Risk Factor for Hospitalization in Community-Managed COVID-19 Pneumonia. Mayo Clin Proc.
2021. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.01.021
36. Cummins L, Ebyarimpa I, Cheetham N, Tzortziou Brown V, Brennan K, Panovska-Griffiths J. Factors associated with COVID-19 related hospitalisation,
critical care admission and mortality using linked primary and secondary care data. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2021. doi:10.1111/irv.12864
37. Czernichow S, Beeker N, Rives-Lange C, et al. Obesity Doubles Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in
Paris Hospitals, France: A Cohort Study on 5,795 Patients. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020. doi:10.1002/oby.23014
38. Dana R, Bannay A, Bourst P, et al. Obesity and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure. Int J Obes. 2021. doi:10.1038/s41366-
021-00872-9
39. de Andrade CLT, de Aguiar Pereira CC, Martins M, Lima SML, Portela MC. COVID-19 hospitalizations in Brazil’s Unified Health System (SUS). PLoS
One. 2020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243126
40. Denova-Gutiérrez E, Lopez-Gatell H, Alomia-Zegarra JL, et al. The Association of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Hypertension with Severe Coronavirus
Disease 2019 on Admission Among Mexican Patients. Obesity. 2020. doi:10.1002/oby.22946
41. Di Bella S, Cesareo R, De Cristofaro P, et al. Neck circumference as reliable predictor of mechanical ventilation support in adult inpatients with COVID-19:
A multicentric prospective evaluation. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2021. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3354
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
42. Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation
Protocol: Prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1985
43. Dres M, Hajage D, Lebbah S, et al. Characteristics, management, and prognosis of elderly patients with COVID-19 admitted in the ICU during the first wave:
insights from the COVID-ICU study: Prognosis of COVID-19 elderly critically ill patients in the ICU. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):1-11.
doi:10.1186/s13613-021-00861-1
44. Eastment MC, Berry K, Locke E, et al. BMI and Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Among US Veterans. Obesity. 2021;29(5):900-908. doi:10.1002/oby.23111
45. Ebinge JE, Achamallah N, Ji H, et al. Pre-existing traits associated with Covid-19 illness severity. PLoS One. 2020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236240
46. Elhadi M, Alsoufi A, Abusalama A, et al. Epidemiology, outcomes, and utilization of intensive care unit resources for critically ill COVID-19 patients in
Libya: A prospective multi-center cohort study. PLoS One. 2021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251085
47. Farrell RJ, O’Regan R, O’Neill E, et al. Sociodemographic variables as predictors of adverse outcome in SARS-CoV-2 infection: an Irish hospital experience.
Ir J Med Sci. 2021. doi:10.1007/s11845-020-02407-z
48. Favre G, Legueult K, Pradier C, et al. Visceral fat is associated to the severity of COVID-19. Metabolism. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154440
49. Fernandes DM, Oliveira CR, Guerguis S, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Clinical Syndromes and Predictors of Disease Severity in
Hospitalized Children and Youth. J Pediatr. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.11.016
50. Ferrando-Vivas P, Doidge J, Thomas K, et al. Prognostic Factors for 30-Day Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: An
Observational Cohort Study. Crit Care Med. 2020. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004740
51. Filardo TD, Khan MR, Krawczyk N, et al. Comorbidity and clinical factors associated with COVID-19 critical illness and mortality at a large public hospital
in New York City in the early phase of the pandemic (March-April 2020). PLoS One. 2020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242760
52. Florence A, Nassim AA, Jean-David A, et al. Severity of COVID-19 and survival in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory diseases: Data from the French
RMD COVID-19 cohort of 694 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218310
53. Fox T, Ruddiman K, Lo KB, et al. The relationship between diabetes and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a single-center retrospective analysis. Acta
Diabetol. 2021. doi:10.1007/s00592-020-01592-8
54. Frank RC, Mendez SR, Stevenson EK, Guseh JS, Chung M, Silverman MG. Obesity and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease
2019. Crit Care Med. 2020. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004553
55. Fresán U, Guevara M, Elía F, et al. Independent Role of Severe Obesity as a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Hospitalization: A Spanish Population-Based Cohort
Study. Obesity. 2021. doi:10.1002/oby.23029
56. Fried MW, Crawford JM, Mospan AR, et al. Patient Characteristics and Outcomes of 11,721 Patients with COVID-19 Hospitalized Across the United States.
Clin Infect Dis. 2020.
57. Fu C, Stoeckle JH, Masri L, et al. COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized patients with active cancer: Experiences from a major New York City health care
system. Cancer. 2021. doi:10.1002/cncr.33657
58. Gao F, Zheng KI, Wang XB, et al. Obesity Is a Risk Factor for Greater COVID-19 Severity. Diabetes Care. 2020. doi:10.2337/dc20-0682
59. Gao M, Piernas C, Astbury NM, et al. Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective,
community-based, cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00089-9
60. García-Alvarado FJ, Muñoz-Hernández MA, Moran Guel E, González-Martínez M del R, Macías Corral MA, Delgado-Aguirre HA. Risk Factors and Clinical
Phenotypes Associated with Severity in Patients with COVID-19 in Northeast Mexico. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2021. doi:10.1089/vbz.2021.0016
61. Garibaldi BT, Fiksel J, Muschelli J, et al. Patient Trajectories Among Persons Hospitalized for COVID-19 : A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2021.
doi:10.7326/M20-3905
62. Gayam V, Chobufo MD, Merghani MA, Lamichhane S, Garlapati PR, Adler MK. Clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality in African-Americans
with COVID-19 from an inner-city community teaching hospital in New York. J Med Virol. 2021. doi:10.1002/jmv.26306
63. Giacomelli A, Ridolfo AL, Milazzo L, et al. 30-day mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first wave of the Italian epidemic: A
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
prospective cohort study. Pharmacol Res. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104931
64. Giacomelli A, De Falco T, Oreni L, et al. Impact of gender on patients hospitalized for SARS-COV-2 infection: A prospective observational study. J Med
Virol. 2021. doi:10.1002/jmv.26933
65. Goehler A, Hsu T-MH, Seiglie JA, et al. Visceral Adiposity and Severe COVID-19 Disease: Application of an Artificial Intelligence Algorithm to Improve
Clinical Risk Prediction. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab275
66. Gonçalves DA, Ribeiro V, Gualberto A, Peres F, Luconi M, Gameiro J. COVID-19 and Obesity: An Epidemiologic Analysis of the Brazilian Data. Int J
Endocrinol. 2021. doi:10.1155/2021/6667135
67. Goodman KE, Magder LS, Baghdadi JD, et al. Impact of Sex and Metabolic Comorbidities on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Mortality Risk Across
Age Groups: 66 646 Inpatients Across 613 U.S. Hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1787
68. Goyal P, Ringel JB, Rajan M, et al. Obesity and COVID-19 in New York City: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2020. doi:10.7326/M20-2730
69. Grosgurin O, Leidi A, Farhoumand PD, et al. Role of Intermediate Care Unit Admission and Noninvasive Respiratory Support during the COVID-19
Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Respiration. 2021. doi:10.1159/000516329
70. Gu T, Mack JA, Salvatore M, et al. Characteristics Associated With Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes in an Academic Health Care System.
JAMA Netw Open. 2020.
71. Gude-Sampedro F, Fernández-Merino C, Ferreiro L, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic model based on comorbidities to predict COVID-19
severity: A population-based study. Int J Epidemiol. 2021. doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa209
72. Guerson-Gil A, Palaiodimos L, Assa A, et al. Sex-specific impact of severe obesity in the outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a large
retrospective study from the Bronx, New York. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021. doi:10.1007/s10096-021-04260-z
73. Gupta S, Hayek SS, Wang W, et al. Factors Associated with Death in Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the US. JAMA Intern Med.
2020. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3596
74. Hajifathalian K, Kumar S, Newberry C, et al. Obesity is Associated with Worse Outcomes in COVID-19: Analysis of Early Data from New York City.
Obesity. 2020. doi:10.1002/oby.22923
75. Halasz G, Leoni MLG, Villani GQ, Nolli M, Villani M. Obesity, overweight and survival in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: is there an
obesity paradox? Preliminary results from Italy. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020. doi:10.1177/2047487320939675
76. Hamer M, Kivimäki M, Gale CR, David Batty G. Lifestyle risk factors, inflammatory mechanisms, and COVID-19 hospitalization: A community-based
cohort study of 387,109 adults in UK. Brain Behav Immun. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.059
77. Hashemi N, Viveiros K, Redd WD, et al. S1162 Impact of Chronic Liver Disease on Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Multicenter
United States Experience. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020. doi:10.14309/01.ajg.0000706696.57772.59
78. Hendren NS, De Lemos JA, Ayers C, et al. Association of Body Mass Index and Age with Morbidity and Mortality in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19:
Results from the American Heart Association COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registry. Circulation. 2021. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051936
79. Huet T, Beaussier H, Voisin O, et al. Anakinra for severe forms of COVID-19: a cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020. doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30164-8
80. Iaccarino G, Borghi C, Carugo S, et al. Gender differences in predictors of intensive care units admission among COVID-19 patients: The results of the
SARS-RAS study of the italian society of hypertension. PLoS One. 2020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237297
81. Ioannou GN, Locke E, Green P, et al. Risk Factors for Hospitalization, Mechanical Ventilation, or Death among 10131 US Veterans with SARS-CoV-2
Infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):1-18. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22310
82. Jayanama K, Srichatrapimuk S, Thammavaranucupt K, et al. The association between body mass index and severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-
19): A cohort study. PLoS One. 2021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247023
83. Kaeuffer C, Le Hyaric C, Fabacher T, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with severe COVID-19: Prospective analysis of 1,045
hospitalised cases in North-Eastern France, March 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2020. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.48.2000895
84. Kalligeros M., Shehadeh F., Mylona E., et al. Association of Obesity with Disease Severity among Patients with COVID-19. Obesity. 2020.
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
85. Kang IS, Kong KA. Body mass index and severity/fatality from coronavirus disease 2019: A nationwide epidemiological study in Korea. PLoS One. 2021.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253640
86. Karras A, Livrozet M, Lazareth H, et al. Proteinuria and Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021.
doi:10.2215/cjn.09130620
87. Kayem G, Lecarpentier E, Deruelle P, et al. A snapshot of the Covid-19 pandemic among pregnant women in France. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2020.
doi:10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101826
88. Killerby ME, Link-Gelles R, Haight SC, et al. Characteristics Associated with Hospitalization Among Patients with COVID-19 — Metropolitan Atlanta,
Georgia, March–April 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6925e1
89. Kim L, Garg S, O’Halloran A, et al. Interim analysis of risk factors for severe outcomes among a cohort of hospitalized adults identified through the U.S.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated hospitalization surveillance network (COVID-NET). Clin Infect Dis. 2020.
doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.20103390
90. Kim SW, Kim SM, Kim YK, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 Cohort Patients in Daegu Metropolitan City Outbreak in 2020. J
Korean Med Sci. 2021. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e12
91. Kim SY, Yoo DM, Min C, Wee JH, Kim JH, Choi HG. Analysis of mortality and morbidity in covid-19 patients with obesity using clinical epidemiological
data from the korean center for disease control & prevention. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020. doi:10.3390/ijerph17249336
92. Kim TS, Roslin M, Wang JJ, Kane J, Hirsch JS, Kim EJ. BMI as a Risk Factor for Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in New York.
Obesity. 2021. doi:10.1002/oby.23076
93. Klang E, Kassim G, Soffer S, Freeman R, Levin MA, Reich DL. Severe Obesity as an Independent Risk Factor for COVID-19 Mortality in Hospitalized
Patients Younger than 50. Obesity. 2020. doi:10.1002/oby.22913
94. Kompaniyets L, Goodman AB, Belay B, et al. Body Mass Index and Risk for COVID-19–Related Hospitalization, Intensive Care Unit Admission, Invasive
Mechanical Ventilation, and Death — United States, March–December 2020. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2021. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7010e4
95. Kompaniyets L, Agathis NT, Nelson JM, et al. Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with Severe COVID-19 Illness among Children. JAMA Netw
Open. 2021. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11182
96. Krause M, Douin DJ, Kim KK, Fernandez-Bustamante A, Bartels K. Characteristics and Outcomes of Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients—An
Observational Cohort Study. J Intensive Care Med. 2021. doi:10.1177/0885066620954806
97. Krishnamoorthy G, Arsene C, Jena N, et al. Racial disparities in COVID-19 hospitalizations do not lead to disparities in outcomes. Public Health. 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.11.021
98. Kristan MM, Kim YK, Nelson T, et al. Predictors of Severe COVID-19 in Patients With Diabetes: A Multicenter Review. Endocr Pract. 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.05.011
99. Kuderer NM, Choueiri TK, Shah DP, et al. Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study. Lancet. 2020. doi:10.1016/S0140-
6736(20)31187-9
100. Lassale C, Gaye B, Hamer M, Gale CR, Batty GD. Ethnic disparities in hospitalisation for COVID-19 in England: The role of socioeconomic factors, mental
health, and inflammatory and pro-inflammatory factors in a community-based cohort study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.074
101. Leoni MLG, Lombardelli L, Colombi D, et al. Prediction of 28-day mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19: Development and internal validation of
a clinical prediction model. PLoS One. 2021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254550
102. Liu B, Spokes P, He W, Kaldor J. High risk groups for severe COVID-19 in a whole of population cohort in Australia. BMC Infect Dis. 2021.
doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06378-z
103. Lohia P, Kapur S, Benjaram S, Pandey A, Mir T, Seyoum B. Metabolic syndrome and clinical outcomes in patients infected with COVID-19: Does age, sex,
and race of the patient with metabolic syndrome matter? J Diabetes. 2021. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13157
104. Louapre C, Collongues N, Stankoff B, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA
Neurol. 2020. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2581
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
105. Lunski MJ, Burton J, Tawagi K, et al. Multivariate mortality analyses in COVID-19: Comparing patients with cancer and patients without cancer in
Louisiana. Cancer. 2021. doi:10.1002/cncr.33243
106. Malavazos AE, Secchi F, Basilico S, et al. Abdominal obesity phenotype is associated with COVID-19 chest X-ray severity score better than BMI-based
obesity. Eat Weight Disord. 2021. doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01173-w
107. Marmarchi F, Liu M, Rangaraju S, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Critically III Patients with COVID-19 by Race. J Racial Ethn Heal Disparities. 2021.
doi:10.1007/s40615-021-00966-0
108. Martinez-Portilla RJ, Sotiriadis A, Chatzakis C, et al. Pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection are at higher risk of death and pneumonia: propensity
score matched analysis of a nationwide prospective cohort (COV19Mx). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2021. doi:10.1002/uog.23575
109. McGurnaghan SJ, Weir A, Bishop J, et al. Risks of and risk factors for COVID-19 disease in people with diabetes: a cohort study of the total population of
Scotland. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30405-8
110. Mejía F, Medina C, Cornejo E, et al. Oxygen saturation as a predictor of mortality in hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 in a public hospital in Lima,
Peru. PLoS One. 2020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244171
111. Mejía-Vilet JM, Córdova-Sánchez BM, Fernández-Camargo DA, Méndez-Pérez RA, Morales-Buenrostro LE, Hernández-Gilsoul T. A risk score to predict
admission to the intensive care unit in patients with Covid-19: the ABC-GOALS score. Salud Publica Mex. 2020;63(1):1-11. doi:10.21149/11684
112. Menezes MO, Takemoto MLS, Nakamura-Pereira M, et al. Risk factors for adverse outcomes among pregnant and postpartum women with acute respiratory
distress syndrome due to COVID-19 in Brazil. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2020. doi:10.1002/ijgo.13407
113. Menezes Soares R de C, Mattos LR, Raposo LM. Risk Factors for Hospitalization and Mortality due to COVID-19 in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Am J Trop
Med Hyg. 2020. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0483
114. Merzon E, Weiss MD, Cortese S, et al. The Association between ADHD and the Severity of COVID-19 Infection. J Atten Disord. 2021.
doi:10.1177/10870547211003659
115. Monteiro AC, Suri R, Emeruwa IO, et al. Obesity and smoking as risk factors for invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19: A retrospective,
observational cohort study. PLoS One. 2020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238552
116. Moon AM, Webb GJ, Aloman C, et al. High mortality rates for SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease and cirrhosis:
Preliminary results from an international registry. J Hepatol. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.05.013
117. Mostaghim A, Sinha P, Bielick C, et al. Clinical outcomes and inflammatory marker levels in patients with Covid-19 and obesity at an inner-city safety net
hospital. PLoS One. 2020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243888
118. Motaib I, Zbiri S, Elamari S, Dini N, Chadli A, El Kettani C. Obesity and Disease Severity Among Patients With COVID-19. Cureus. 2021.
doi:10.7759/cureus.13165
119. Munõz-Price LS, Nattinger AB, Rivera F, et al. Racial Disparities in Incidence and Outcomes among Patients with COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2020.
doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.21892
120. Muñoz-Rodríguez JR, Gómez-Romero FJ, Pérez-Ortiz JM, et al. Characteristics and Risk Factors Associated With Mortality in a Multicenter Spanish Cohort
of Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia. Arch Bronconeumol. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2021.02.021
121. Murillo-Zamora E, Hernandez-Suarez CM. Survival in adult inpatients with COVID-19. Public Health. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.10.029
122. Naaraayan A, Nimkar A, Pant S, et al. Sex Disparity in the Effect of Obesity in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study From the
New York City Metropolitan Area. Cureus. 2021. doi:10.7759/cureus.15235
123. Nachega JB, Ishoso DK, Otokoye JO, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in Africa: Early insights from the
Democratic Republic of the Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-1240
124. Nakeshbandi M, Maini R, Daniel P, et al. The impact of obesity on COVID-19 complications: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Obes. 2020.
doi:10.1038/s41366-020-0648-x
125. Nanda S, Chacin Suarez AS, Toussaint L, et al. Body Mass Index, Multi-Morbidity, and COVID-19 Risk Factors as Predictors of Severe COVID-19
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Outcomes. J Prim Care Community Heal. 2021. doi:10.1177/21501327211018559
126. Neira D., Watts A, Seashore J, Polychronopoulou E, Kuo YF, Sharma G. Smoking and risk of COVID-19 hospitalization. Respir Med. 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106414
127. Nijman G, Wientjes M, Ramjith J, et al. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands: A competing
risk survival analysis. PLoS One. 2021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249231
128. O’Horo JC, Cerhan JR, Cahn EJ, et al. Outcomes of COVID-19 With the Mayo Clinic Model of Care and Research. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.12.006
129. Okauchi Y, Matsuno K, Nishida T, et al. Obesity, glucose intolerance, advanced age, and lymphocytopenia are independent risk factors for oxygen
requirement in Japanese patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Endocr J. 2021. doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0784
130. Olivas-Martínez A, Cárdenas-Fragoso JL, Jiménez JV, et al. In-hospital mortality from severe COVID-19 in a tertiary care center in Mexico City; causes of
death, risk factors and the impact of hospital saturation. PLoS One. 2021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245772
131. Omrani AS, Almaslamani MA, Daghfal J, et al. The first consecutive 5000 patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 from Qatar; a nation-wide cohort study.
BMC Infect Dis. 2020. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05511-8
132. Ong SWX, Young BE, Leo YS, Lye DC. Association of higher body mass index with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Younger Patients. Clin
Infect Dis. 2020. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa548
133. Pablos JL, Galindo M, Carmona L, et al. Clinical outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic
diseases: A multicentric matched cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218296
134. Palaiodimos L, Kokkinidis DG, Li W, et al. Severe obesity is associated with higher in-hospital mortality in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in the Bronx,
New York. Metabolism. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154262
135. Parikh R, Garcia MA, Rajendran I, et al. ICU outcomes in Covid-19 patients with obesity. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2020. doi:10.1177/1753466620971146
136. Patel KHK, Li X, Quint JK, Ware JS, Peters NS, Ng FS. Increasing adiposity and the presence of cardiometabolic morbidity is associated with increased
Covid-19-related mortality: results from the UK Biobank. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):144. doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00805-7
137. Pediconi F, Rizzo V, Schiaffino S, et al. Visceral adipose tissue area predicts intensive care unit admission in COVID-19 patients. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2020.12.002
138. Peña JE de la, Rascón-Pacheco RA, Ascencio-Montiel I de J, et al. Hypertension, Diabetes and Obesity, Major Risk Factors for Death in Patients with
COVID-19 in Mexico. Arch Med Res. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.12.002
139. Peng Y, Meng K, He M, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of 244 cardiovascular patients suffering from coronavirus disease in Wuhan, China. J Am
Heart Assoc. 2020. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.016796
140. Petersen A, Bressem K, Albrecht J, et al. The role of visceral adiposity in the severity of COVID-19: Highlights from a unicenter cross-sectional pilot study in
Germany. Metabolism. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154317
141. Peters SAE, MacMahon S, Woodward M. Obesity as a risk factor for COVID-19 mortality in women and men in the UK biobank: Comparisons with
influenza/pneumonia and coronary heart disease. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2021. doi:10.1111/dom.14199
142. Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New
York City: Prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1966
143. Pettit NN, MacKenzie EL, Ridgway JP, et al. Obesity is Associated with Increased Risk for Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Obesity.
2020. doi:10.1002/oby.22941
144. Phipps MM, Barraza LH, LaSota ED, et al. Acute Liver Injury in COVID-19: Prevalence and Association with Clinical Outcomes in a Large U.S. Cohort.
Hepatology. 2020. doi:10.1002/hep.31404
145. Pietri L, Giorgi R, Bégu A, et al. Excess body weight is an independent risk factor for severe forms of COVID-19. Metabolism. 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154703
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
146. Pouwels S, Ramnarain D, Aupers E, Rutjes‐weurding L, van Oers J. Obesity may not be associated with 28‐day mortality, duration of invasive mechanical
ventilation and length of intensive care unit and hospital stay in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2: A retrospective
cohort st. Med. 2021. doi:10.3390/medicina57070674
147. Prasannan L, Rochelson B, Shan W, et al. Social determinants of health and coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100349
148. Price-Haywood EG, Burton J, Fort D, Seoane L. Hospitalization and Mortality among Black Patients and White Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020.
doi:10.1056/nejmsa2011686
149. Rapp JL, Lieberman-Cribbin W, Tuminello S, Taioli E. Male Sex, Severe Obesity, Older Age, and Chronic Kidney Disease Are Associated With COVID-19
Severity and Mortality in New York City. Chest. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2065
150. Richardson S, Gitlin J, Kozel Z, et al. In-Hospital 30-Day Survival Among Young Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Cohort Study. Open Forum
Infect Dis. 2021. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab233
151. Robles-Pérez E, González-Díaz B, Miranda-García M, Borja-Aburto VH. Infection and death by COVID-19 in a cohort of healthcare workers in mexico.
Scand J Work Environ Heal. 2021. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3970
152. Rodriguez-Gonzalez CG, Chamorro-de-Vega E, Valerio M, et al. COVID-19 in hospitalised patients in Spain: a cohort study in Madrid. Int J Antimicrob
Agents. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106249
153. Rojas-Marte G, Hashmi AT, Khalid M, et al. Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19 Disease and High Oxygen Requirements. J Clin Med Res. 2021.
doi:10.14740/jocmr4405
154. Rossi AP, Gottin L, Donadello K, et al. Obesity as a risk factor for unfavourable outcomes in critically ill patients affected by Covid 19. Nutr Metab
Cardiovasc Dis. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.11.012
155. Rossi PG, Marino M, Formisano D, Venturelli F, Vicentini M, Grilli R. Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of COVID-19 patients in the Province of
Reggio Emilia, Italy. PLoS One. 2020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238281
156. Rottoli M, Bernante P, Belvedere A, et al. How important is obesity as a risk factor for respiratory failure, intensive care admission and death in hospitalised
COVID-19 patients? Results from a single Italian centre. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020. doi:10.1530/EJE-20-0541
157. Rubio-Rivas M, Corbella X, Mora-Luján JM, et al. Predicting Clinical Outcome with Phenotypic Clusters in COVID-19 Pneumonia: An Analysis of 12,066
Hospitalized Patients from the Spanish Registry SEMI-COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2020. doi:10.3390/jcm9113488
158. Salacup G, Lo KB, Gul F, et al. Characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients in an underserved-inner city population: A single tertiary center
cohort. J Med Virol. 2021. doi:10.1002/jmv.26252
159. Sallis R, Young DR, Tartof SY, et al. Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: A study in 48 440 adult patients. Br
J Sports Med. 2021. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080
160. St. Sauver JL, Lopes GS, Rocca WA, et al. Factors Associated With Severe COVID-19 Infection Among Persons of Different Ages Living in a Defined
Midwestern US Population. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.06.023
161. Schavemaker R, Schultz MJ, Lagrand WK, van Slobbe-Bijlsma ER, Neto AS, Paulus F. Associations of body mass index with ventilation management and
clinical outcomes in invasively ventilated patients with ards related to covid-19—insights from the provent-covid study. J Clin Med. 2021.
162. Schmidt M, Hajage D, Demoule A, et al. Clinical characteristics and day-90 outcomes of 4244 critically ill adults with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study.
Intensive Care Med. 2021. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06294-x
163. Schönfeld D, Arias S, Bossio JC, Fernández H, Gozal D, Pérez-Chada D. Clinical presentation and outcomes of the first patients with COVID-19 in
Argentina: Results of 207079 cases from a national database. PLoS One. 2021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246793
164. Schuelter-Trevisol F, Raimundo LJ, Soccas HD, et al. Assessment of patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in southern Santa Catarina. Rev Soc Bras Med
Trop. 2020. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0579-2020
165. Schwerzmann M, Ruperti-Repilado FJ, Baumgartner H, et al. Clinical outcome of COVID-19 in patients with adult congenital heart disease. Heart. 2021.
doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318467
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
166. Seiglie J, Platt J, Cromer SJ, et al. Diabetes as a risk factor for poor early outcomes in patients hospitalized with covid-19. Diabetes Care. 2020.
doi:10.2337/dc20-1506
167. Serván-Mori E, Seiglie JA, Gómez-Dantés O, Wirtz VJ. Hospitalisation and mortality from COVID-19 in Mexican indigenous people: A cross-sectional
observational study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2021. doi:10.1136/jech-2020-216129
168. Shah P, Owens J, Franklin J, et al. Demographics, comorbidities and outcomes in hospitalized Covid-19 patients in rural southwest Georgia. Ann Med. 2020.
doi:10.1080/07853890.2020.1791356
169. Silva I, de Faria NC, Ferreira ÁRS, Anastácio LR, Ferreira LG. Risk factors for critical illness and death among adult Brazilians with covid-19. Rev Soc Bras
Med Trop. 2021. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0014-2021
170. Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, et al. High Prevalence of Obesity in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Requiring
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. Obesity. 2020. doi:10.1002/oby.22831
171. Singh S, Bilal M, Pakhchanian H, Raiker R, Kochhar GS, Thompson CC. Impact of Obesity on Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the
United States: A Multicenter Electronic Health Records Network Study. Gastroenterology. 2020. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.028
172. Smati H, Cohen PA, Nagda D V., et al. Risk Factors for Hospitalization Among Patients with COVID-19 at a Community Ambulatory Clinic in
Massachusetts During the Initial Pandemic Surge. J Immigr Minor Heal. 2021. doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01189-5
173. Smati S, Tramunt B, Wargny M, et al. Relationship between obesity and severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from the
CORONADO study. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2021. doi:10.1111/dom.14228
174. Sonmez A, Demirci I, Haymana C, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with type 2 diabetes in Turkey: A nationwide study
(TurCoviDia). J Diabetes. 2021. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13171
175. Suleyman G, Fadel RA, Malette KM, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Morbidity Associated With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Series of Patients in
Metropolitan Detroit. JAMA Netw open. 2020. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12270
176. Suresh S, Siddiqui M, Abu Ghanimeh M, et al. Association of obesity with illness severity in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort
study. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2021.02.006
177. Takemoto M., Menezes M., Andreucci C., et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in obstetric patients with severe COVID-19 in Brazil: a
surveillance database analysis. BJOG. 2020.
178. Targher G, Mantovani A, Wang XB, et al. Patients with diabetes are at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19. Diabetes Metab. 2020.
doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2020.05.001
179. Tartof SY, Qian L, Hong V, et al. Obesity and Mortality Among Patients Diagnosed With COVID-19: Results From an Integrated Health Care Organization.
Ann Intern Med. 2020. doi:10.7326/M20-3742
180. Tchang BG, Askin G, Sahagun A, et al. The Independent Risk of Obesity and Diabetes and Their Interaction in COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Obesity. 2021. doi:10.1002/oby.23172
181. Thomson RJ, Hunter J, Dutton J, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to an intensive care unit in
London: A prospective observational cohort study. PLoS One. 2020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243710
182. Timberlake DT, Narayanan D, Ogbogu PU, et al. Severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with and without atopic disease. World Allergy Organ J.
2021. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100508
183. Toussie D, Voutsinas N, Finkelstein M, et al. Clinical and chest radiography features determine patient outcomes in young and middle-aged adults with
COVID-19. Radiology. 2020. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020201754
184. Tripathi S, Christison A, Levy E, et al. Hospital Pediatrics. 2021. doi:10.1542/hpeds.2021-006087
185. van Gerwen M, Alsen M, Little C, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of COVID-19 in New York City; a retrospective cohort study. J Med Virol. 2021.
doi:10.1002/jmv.26337
186. Van Zelst CM, Janssen ML, Pouw N, Birnie E, Castro Cabezas M, Braunstahl GJ. Analyses of abdominal adiposity and metabolic syndrome as risk factors
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
for respiratory distress in COVID-19. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2020. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000792
187. Vial MR, Peters A, Pérez I, et al. Covid-19 in South America: clinical and epidemiological characteristics among 381 patients during the early phase of the
pandemic in Santiago, Chile. BMC Infect Dis. 2020. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05665-5
188. Vouga M, Favre G, Martinez-Perez O, et al. Maternal outcomes and risk factors for COVID-19 severity among pregnant women. Sci Rep. 2021.
doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92357-y
189. Wang J, Zhu L, Liu L, et al. Overweight and Obesity are Risk Factors of Severe Illness in Patients with COVID-19. Obesity. 2020. doi:10.1002/oby.22979
190. Wang J, Su Y, Wang Q, et al. Sex differences in clinical characteristics and risk factors for disease severity of hospitalized patients with COVID‐19.
MedComm. 2021. doi:10.1002/mco2.66
191. Wang Y, Yao S, Liu X, Cao Y, Wang Y, Xie M. Risk factors of coronavirus disease 2019-related mortality and optimal treatment regimens: A retrospective
study. Med Sci Monit. 2021. doi:10.12659/MSM.926751
192. Wang Z, Zheutlin A, Kao YH, et al. Hospitalised COVID-19 patients of the Mount Sinai Health System: A retrospective observational study using the
electronic medical records. BMJ Open. 2020. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040441
193. Wargny M, Potier L, Gourdy P, et al. Predictors of hospital discharge and mortality in patients with diabetes and COVID-19: updated results from the
nationwide CORONADO study. Diabetologia. 2021. doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05351-w
194. Watanabe M, Caruso D, Tuccinardi D, et al. Visceral fat shows the strongest association with the need of intensive care in patients with COVID-19.
Metabolism. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154319
195. Wei W, Sivapalasingam S, Mellis S, Geba GP, Jalbert JJ. A Retrospective Study of COVID-19-Related Urgent Medical Visits and Hospitalizations After
Outpatient COVID-19 Diagnosis in the US. Adv Ther. 2021. doi:10.1007/s12325-021-01742-6
196. Weizman O, Mika D, Cellier J, et al. Characteristics and impact of cardiovascular comorbidities on coronavirus disease 2019 in women: A multicentre cohort
study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2021.04.002
197. Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020. doi:10.1038/s41586-
020-2521-4
198. Wu X, Li C, Chen S, et al. Association of body mass index with severity and mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia: a two-center, retrospective cohort study
from Wuhan, China. Aging (Albany NY). 2021. doi:10.18632/aging.202813
199. Yang Y, Ding L, Zou X, et al. Visceral Adiposity and High Intramuscular Fat Deposition Independently Predict Critical Illness in Patients with SARS-CoV-2.
Obesity. 2020. doi:10.1002/oby.22971
200. Yates T, Razieh C, Zaccardi F, et al. Obesity, walking pace and risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality: analysis of UK Biobank. Int J Obes. 2021.
doi:10.1038/s41366-021-00771-z
201. Yi P, Yang X, Ding C, et al. Risk factors and clinical features of deterioration in COVID-19 patients in Zhejiang, China: a single-centre, retrospective study.
BMC Infect Dis. 2020. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05682-4
202. Yordanov Y, Dinh A, Bleibtreu A, et al. Clinical characteristics and factors associated with hospital admission or death in 43 103 adult outpatients with
coronavirus disease 2019 managed with the Covidom telesurveillance solution: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(8):1158-1166.
doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.04.010
203. Yoshida Y, Gillet SA, Brown MI, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in women and men hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 in New Orleans.
Biol Sex Differ. 2021. doi:10.1186/s13293-021-00359-2
204. Yu T, Cai S, Zheng Z, et al. Association Between Clinical Manifestations and Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19. Clin Ther. 2020.
doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.04.009
205. Zaferani Arani H, Dehghan Manshadi G, Atashi HA, et al. Understanding the clinical and demographic characteristics of second coronavirus spike in 192
patients in Tehran, Iran: A retrospective study. PLoS One. 2021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246314
206. Zhang J, Xu Y, Shen B, et al. The association between obesity and severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective, single-center study,
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W
Wuhan. Int J Med Sci. 2021. doi:10.7150/ijms.54655
207. Zheng KI, Gao F, Wang XB, et al. Letter to the Editor: Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty
liver disease. Metabolism. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154244
208. Zhu Z, Hasegawa K, Ma B, Fujiogi M, Camargo CA, Liang L. Association of obesity and its genetic predisposition with the risk of severe COVID-19:
Analysis of population-based cohort data. Metabolism. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154345
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any relianceSupplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) bmjnph
doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375:e000375.0 2022;bmjnph, et al. Sawadogo W