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CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGE NO
I Title page i
II Certificates ii
III Acknowledgement iii
IV Abstract iv
V Contents 1
1. Introduction 2
2. Literature Review 3
2.1 History of carbon fiber 3
2.2 Structure of carbon fiber 3
2.3 Classification of carbon fiber 4
3. Properties 6
4 Manufacturing (Synthesis) 10
4.1 Raw Materials 10
4.2 Manufacturing Principle 10
4.3 Flow Diagram of Process 11
4.4 Manufacturing process 12
4.5 Manufacturing Challenges 14
5. Applications of Carbon Fiber 15
6. Advantages & Disadvantages 17
6.1 Advantages of Carbon Fiber 17
6.2 Disadvantages of Carbon Fiber 18
7 Future of Carbon Fiber 19
7.1 Forecasted Carbon Fiber Demand 19
7.2 Future Trends 19
8 Conclusion 21
VI References 22
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1. INTRODUCTION
Carbon fiber is, exactly what it sounds like – fiber made of carbon. But,
these fibers are only a base. What is commonly referred to as carbon fiber is a material
consisting of very thin filaments of carbon atoms. When bound together with plastic polymer
resin by heat, pressure or in a vacuum a composite material is formed that is both strong and
lightweight.
Steel and other hard construction materials have revolutionized the field of
industry. Now, a stage has come that there is a need of a better material to catch up with the
growing needs and demands of the modern society. This need has bought up a newer material
to the field which is now known as Carbon Fibres. Carbon fibre is one of the latest
reinforcement materials used in composites. It's a real hi-tech material, which provides very
good structural properties, better than those of any metal. Carbon fibre has a tensile strength
almost 3 times greater than that of steel, yet is 4.5 times less dense. Carbon fibers are carbon
fibres with values of Young’s modulus between 150 and 275 to 300 GPa
Carbon fiber material has a wide range of applications, as it can be formed at various densities
in limitless shapes and sizes. Carbon fiber is often shaped into tubing, fabric, and cloth, and
can be custom-formed into any number of composite parts and pieces.
Carbon fiber is an incredibly useful material used in composites, and it will continue to grow
manufacturing market share. As more methods of producing carbon fiber composites
economically are developed, the price will continue to fall, and more industries will take
advantage of this unique material.
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 History of carbon fiber
First developed in 1958 in Cleveland, OH, by heating rayon strands , the result was
of relatively poor quality and strength. Then, a few years later, the Japanese developed a
chemical process for manufacturing it, which is still in use today. The quality, purity, and
strength of the Japanese carbon fibers were much improved over the rayon-based version.
In 1963, at Rolls Royce in England, industrial scale production and high quality and
strength standards were finally achieved with a new process. At this point, carbon fiber became
commercially viable for a few special applications. However, the implications of its brittle
nature were not fully appreciated, and led to aero engine failures.
Today, methods of carbon fiber manufacture vary in detail from company to company,
but are all based on one of three chemical sources - rayon, PAN (the Japanese approach), or
pitch (a product of petroleum refining). The production processes use a lot of energy for the
high temperatures required, leading to the relatively high (but still falling) cost of carbon fiber
2.2 Structure of carbon fiber
The atomic structure of a carbon fiber is similar to that of graphite, consisting of
carbon atom layers (graphene sheets) arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern, as shown in
Figure 1. Depending upon the precursors and manufacturing processes, layer planes in carbon
fibers may be either turbostratic, graphitic, or a hybrid structure. In graphitic crystalline
regions, the layer planes are stacked parallel to one another in a regular fashion. The atoms in
a plane are covalently bonded through sp2 bonding while the interaction between the sheets is
relatively weak Van der Waals forces. In a single graphitic crystal, d-spacing between two
graphene layers (d002) is about 0.335 nm. Elastic constants of these single crystals have been
calculated . C11 and C33 are 1,060 GPa and 36.5 GPa, respectively, but C44 for shearing is as
low as 4.5 GPa. However, the basic structural unit of many carbon fibers consists of a stack of
turbostratic layers. In a turbostratic structure, the parallel graphene sheets are stacked
irregularly or haphazardly folded, tilted, or split. It has been reported that the irregular stacking
and the presence of sp3 bonding can increase d-spacing to 0.344 nm . Johnson and Watt
investigated the crystallite structure of a PAN carbon fiber treated to 2,500 °C and reported
that the turbostratic crystallites had Lc (crystallite height) of at least 12 layer planes and La
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(crystallite width) of 6–12 nm. Both Lc and La tend to increase with the heat treatment
temperature
. Figure 1. A 6 μm diameter carbon filament (running from bottom left to top right)
compared to a human hair
2.3 Classification of carbon fiber
1. Based on carbon fiber properties, carbon fibers can be grouped into:
Ultra-high-modulus, type UHM (modulus >450Gpa)
High-modulus, type HM (modulus between 350-450Gpa)
Intermediate-modulus, type IM (modulus between 200-350Gpa)
Low modulus and high-tensile, type HT (modulus < 100Gpa, tensile strength > 3.0Gpa)
Super high-tensile, type SHT (tensile strength > 4.5Gpa)
2. Based on precursor fiber materials, carbon fibers are classified into:
PAN-based carbon fibers
Pitch-based carbon fibers
Mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers
Isotropic pitch-based carbon fibers
Rayon-based carbon fibers
Gas-phase-grown carbon fibers
3. Based on final heat treatment temperature, carbon fibers are classified into:
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High-heat-treatment carbon fibers (HTT), where final heat treatment temperature
should be above 2000°C and can be associated with high-modulus type fiber.
Intermediate-heat-treatment carbon fibers (IHT), where final heat treatment
temperature should be around or above 1500°C and can be associated with high-
strength type fiber.
Low-heat-treatment carbon fibers, where final heat treatment temperatures not greater
than 1000°C. These are low modulus and low strength materials.
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3. PROPERTIES
1-Carbon Fiber has High Strength to Weight Ratio (also known as specific
strength)
Strength of a material is the force per unit area at failure, divided by its density. Any
material that is strong AND light has a favourable Strength/weight ratio. Materials such as
Aluminium, titanium, magnesium, Carbon and glass fiber, high strength steel alloys all have
good strength to weight ratios.
The following table 3.1 are offered for comparison only and will vary depending on
composition, alloy, type of spider, density of wood etc. The units are kN.m/kg.
Carbon Fibre 2457
Glass Fibre 1307
Spider Silk 1069
Carbon Epoxy Composite 785
Balsa axial load 521
Steel alloy 254
Aluminium alloy 222
polypropylene 89
Nylon 69
Table 3.1
2- Carbon Fiber is very Rigid
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic is over 4 times stiffer than Glass reinforced plastic,
almost 20 times more than pine, 2.5 times greater than aluminium.
3- Carbon fiber is Corrosion Resistant and Chemically Stable.
Although carbon fiber themselves do not deteriorate measurably, Epoxy is sensitive to
sunlight and needs to be protected. Other matrices (whatever the carbon fiber is imbedded in)
might also be reactive.
Composites made from carbon fibre must either be made with UV resistant epoxy
(uncommon), or covered with a UV resistant finish such as varnishes.
4- Carbon fiber is Electrically Conductive
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This feature can either be useful or be a nuisance. In Boat building conductivity has to
be taken into account just as Aluminium conductivity comes into play. Carbon fiber
conductivity can facilitate Galvanic Corrosion in fittings. Careful installation can reduce this
problem.
Carbon Fiber dust can accumulate in a shop and cause sparks or short circuits in
electrical appliances and equipment.
5- Fatigue Resistance is good
Resistance to Fatigue in Carbon Fiber Composites is good. However when carbon fiber
fails it usually fails catastrophically without significant exterior signs to announce its imminent
failure.
Damage in tensile fatigue is seen as reduction in stiffness with larger numbers of stress cycles,
(unless the temperature is high). Carbon fiber is superior to E glass in fatigue and static strength
as well as stiffness.
6- Carbon Fiber has good Tensile Strength
Units are MPa This table 3.2 is offered as a comparison only since there are a great
number of variables.
Table 3.2
7- Fire Resistance/Non Flammable
Depending upon the manufacturing process and the precursor material, carbon fiber can
be be made to feel quite soft to the hand and can be made into or more often integrated into
protective clothing for firefighting. Nickel coated fiber is an example. Because carbon fiber is
Carbon steel 1090 3600
High density polyethylene (HDPE) 37
High density polyethylene 37
Stainless steel AISI 302 860
Aluminium alloy 2014-T6 483
E-Glass alone 3450
Carbon fiber alone 4127
Carbon fiber in a laminate 1600
Kevlar 2757
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also chemically very inert, it can be used where there is fire combined with corrosive agents.
Carbon Fiber Blanket used as welding protection.
8- Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Fiber
This table 3.3 is offered as a comparison. Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Fiber with
other
The units are W/(m.K)
Air .024
Aluminium 250
Concrete .4 - .7
Carbon Steel 54
Quartz 3
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy 24
Table 3.3
Special types of Carbon Fiber have been specifically designed for high or low thermal
conductivity. There are also efforts to Enhance this feature.
9- Low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
This is a measure of how much a material expands and contracts when the temperature
goes up or down.
Units are in Inch / inch degree F, as in tables 3.4
Steel 7
Aluminium 13
Kevlar 3 or lower
Carbon Fiber woven 2 or less
Carbon fiber unidirectional minus 1 to +8
Fiberglass 7-8
Brass 11
Table 3.4
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Low Coefficient of Thermal expansion makes carbon fiber suitable for applications where
small movements can be critical. Telescope and other optical machinery is one such
application.
10- Non Poisonous, Biologically Inert, X-Ray Permeable
These quality make Carbon fiber useful in Medical applications. Prosthesis use,
implants and tendon repair, x-ray accessories surgical instruments, are all in development.
Although not poisonous, the carbon fibers can be quite irritating and long term
unprotected exposure needs to be limited. The matrix either epoxy or polyester, can however
be toxic and proper care needs to be exercised.
11- Carbon Fiber is Relatively Expensive
Although it offers exceptional advantages of Strength, Rigidity and Weight reduction,
cost is a deterrent. Unless the weight advantage is exceptionally important, such as in
aeronautics applications or racing, it often is not worth the extra cost. The low maintenance
requirement of carbon fiber is a further advantage.
It is difficult to quantify cool and fashionable. Carbon fiber has an aura and reputation
which makes consumers willing to pay more for the cachet of having it. You might need less
of it compared to fiberglass and this might be a saving.
12- Carbon Fibers are brittle
The layers in the fibers are formed by strong covalent bonds. The sheet-like
aggregations readily allow the propagation of cracks. When the fibers bend they fails at very
low strain.
13- Carbon Fiber is not yet geared to Amateur techniques.
In order to maximize Carbon Fiber Characteristics, a relatively high level of technical
excellence must be achieved. Imperfections and air bubbles can significantly affect
performance. Typically, autoclaves, or vacuum equipment is required. Moulds and mandrels
are major expenses as well.
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4. MANUFACTURING (SYNTHESIS)
4.1 Raw Materials:
Carbon fiber is made from organic polymers, which consist of long strings of
molecules held together by carbon atoms. Most carbon fibers (about 90 percent) are made
from the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) process. A small amount (about 10 percent) are manufactured
from rayon or the petroleum pitch process. Gases, liquids, and other materials used in the
manufacturing process create specific effects, qualities, and grades of carbon fiber. The highest
grade carbon fiber with the best modulus properties are used in demanding applications such
as aerospace.
4.2 Manufacturing Principle:
The manufacturing process for producing carbon fibers involved highly controlled steps
of heat treatment and tension to form the appropriately ordered carbon structure. Rayon,
Pitchhas been largely supplanted as a precursor by Polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Polyacrylonitrile
precursors produce much more economical fibers because the carbon yield is higher and
because PAN-based fibers do not intrinsically require a final high-temperature “graphitization”
step. Polyacrylonitrile-based fibers having intermediate- modulus values of about 240 to 310
GPa (35 to 45 _ 106 psi), combined with strengths ranging from 3515 to 6380 MPa (510 to 925
ksi), are now commercially available. Because carbon fibers display linear stress-strain
behavior to failure, the increase in strength also means an increase in the elongation-to-failure.
The commercial fibers thus display elongations of up to 2.2%, which means that they exceed
the strain capabilities of conventional organic matrices. The diameter of carbon fibers typically
ranges from 8 to 10 lm (0.3 to 0.4 mils).
The process for making carbon fibers is part chemical and part mechanical Plastics are
drown into long strands or fibers and then heated to a very high temperature without allowing
it to come in contact with oxygen. Without oxygen, the fiber cannot burn. Instead, the high
temperature causes the atoms in the fiber to vibrate violently until most of the non-carbon atoms
are expelled. This process is called carbonization and leaves a fiber composed of long, tightly.
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4.3 Flow Diagram of Process:
Figure.4.1: Flow Diagram of Process
Acrylonitril
Solvent
Comonomer
Polymerization
Solution Spinning
Spinning
Rinsing
Post-Treatment
Precursor
Precursor
Oxidization(250-350⁰C in the
air)
Carbonization(1000-1500⁰C in
inert carbon gas)
Surface
treatment
Sizing
treatment
Graphitizati-
on
Surface
treatment
Sizing treatment
Carbon Fiber Graphite Fiber
Cat
alys
t
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4.4 Manufacturing process :
Pyrolysis is the processes of inducing chemical changes by heat-for a instance, by
burning a length of yarn & causing the material to carbonize & become black in color. The
temperature of carbonizing range up to about 1500°C; for graphitizing to 3000°C, Here is a
typical sequence of operations used to form carbon fibers from polyacrylonitrile(PAN).
Spinning:-
1. Acrylonitrile plastic powder is mixed with another plastic, like methyl acrylate or
methyl methacrylate, and is reacted with a catalyst in a conventional suspension or solution
polymerization process to form a polyacrylonitrile plastic.
2. The plastic is then spun into fibers using one of several different methods. In some
methods, the plastic is mixed with certain chemicals and pumped through tiny jets into a
chemical bath or quench chamber where the plastic coagulates and solidifies into fibers. This
is similar to the process used to form polycyclic textile fibers. In other methods, the plastic
mixture is heated and pumped through tiny jets into a chamber where the solvents evaporate,
leaving a solid fiber. The spinning step is important because the internal atomic structure of the
fiber is formed during this process.
3. The fibers are then washed and stretched to the desired fiber diameter. The stretching
helps align the molecules within the fiber and provide the basis for the formation of the tightly
bonded carbon crystals after carbonization.
Stabilizing:-
4. Before the fibers are carbonized, they need to be chemically altered to convert their
linear atomic bonding to a more thermally stable ladder bonding. This is accomplished by
heating the fibers in air to about 390-590° F (200-300° C) for 30-120 minutes. This causes the
fibers to pick up oxygen molecules from the air and rearrange their atomic bonding pattern.
The stabilizing chemical reactions are complex and involve several steps, some of which occur
simultaneously. They also generate their own heat, which must be controlled to avoid
overheating the fibers. Commercially, the stabilization process uses a variety of equipment and
techniques. In some processes, the fibers are drawn through a series of heated chambers. In
others, the fibers pass over hot rollers and through beds of loose materials held in suspension
by a flow of hot air. Some processes use heated air mixed with certain gases that chemically
accelerate the stabilization.
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Carbonizing:-
5. Once the fibers are stabilized, they are heated to a temperature of about 1,830-5,500°
F (1,000-3,000° C) for several minutes in a furnace filled with a gas mixture that does not
contain oxygen. The lack of oxygen prevents the fibers from burning in the very high
temperatures. The gas pressure inside the furnace is kept higher than the outside air pressure
and the points where the fibers enter and exit the furnace are sealed to keep oxygen from
entering. As the fibers are heated, they begin to lose their non-carbon atoms, plus a few carbon
atoms, in the form of various gases including water vapor, ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and others. As the non-carbon atoms are expelled, the remaining
carbon atoms form tightly bonded carbon crystals that are aligned more or less parallel to the
long axis of the fiber. In some processes, two furnaces operating at two different temperatures
are used to better control the rate de heating during carbonization.
Treating the surface:-
6. After carbonizing, the fibers have a surface that does not bond well with the epoxies
and other materials used in composite materials. To give the fibers better bonding properties,
their surface is slightly oxidized. The addition of oxygen atoms to the surface provides better
chemical bonding properties and also etches and roughens the surface for better mechanical
bonding properties. Oxidation can be achieved by immersing the fibers in various gases such
as air, carbon dioxide, or ozone; or in various liquids such as sodium hypochlorite or nitric
acid. The fibers can also be coated electrolytically by making the fibers the positive terminal
in a bath filled with various electrically conductive materials. The surface treatment process
must be carefully controlled to avoid forming tiny surface defects, such as pits, which could
cause fiber failure.
Sizing:-
7. After the surface treatment, the fibers are coated to protect them from damage during
winding or weaving. This process is called sizing. Coating materials are chosen to be
compatible with the adhesive used to form composite materials. Typical coating materials
include epoxy, polyester, nylon, urethane, and others.
8. The coated fibers are wound onto cylinders called bobbins. The bobbins are loaded
into a spinning machine and the fibers are twisted into yarns of various sizes.
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4.5 Manufacturing Challenges
The manufacture of carbon fibers carries a number of challenges, including:
The need for more cost effective recovery and repair.
The surface treatment process must be carefully regulated to avoid creating pits that
could result in defective fibers.
Close control required to ensure consistent quality.
Health and safety issues
Skin irritation
Breathing irritation
Arcing and shorts in electrical equipment because of the strong electro-conductivity of
carbon fibers.
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5. APPLICATION OF CARBON FIBER
1. Carbon Fiber In Flight
Carbon fiber has gone to the moon on spacecraft, but it is also used widely in aircraft
components and structures, where its superior strength to weight ratio far exceeds that of any
metal. 30% of all carbon fiber is used in the aerospace industry. From helicopters to gliders,
fighter jets to microlights, carbon fiber is playing its part, increasing range and simplifying
maintenance.
2. Sporting Goods
Its application in sports goods ranges from the stiffening of running shoes to ice
hockey stick, tennis racquets and golf clubs. ‘Shells’ (hulls for rowing) are built from it, and
many lives have been saved on motor racing circuits by its strength and damage tolerance in
body structures. It is used in crash helmets too, for rock climbers, horse riders and motor
cyclists – in fact in any sport where there is a danger of head injury.
3. Military
The applications in the military are very wide ranging – from planes and missiles to
protective helmets, providing strengthening and weight reduction across all military
equipment. It takes energy to move weight – whether it is a soldier’s personal gear or a field
hospital, and weight saved means more weight moved per gallon of gas.
A new military application is announced almost every day. Perhaps the latest and most exotic
military application is for small flapping wings on miniaturised flying drones, used for
surveillance missions. Of course, we don’t know about all military applications – some carbon
fiber uses will always remain part of ‘black ops’ - in more ways than one.
4. Carbon Fiber at Home
The uses of carbon fiber in the home are as broad as your imagination, whether it is
style or practical application. For those who are style-conscious, it is often tagged as ‘the new
black’. If you want a shiny black bathtub built from carbon fiber, or a coffee table then you can
have just that, off the shelf. iPhone cases, pens and even bow ties – the look of carbon fiber is
unique and sexy.
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5. Medical Applications
Carbon fiber offers several advantages over other materials in the medical field,
including the fact that it is ‘radiolucent’ – transparent to X-rays and shows as black on X-ray
images. It is used widely in imaging equipment structures to support limbs being X-rayed or
treated with radiation.
The use of carbon fiber to strengthen of damaged cruciate ligaments in the knee is
being researched, but probably the most well known medical use is that of prosthetics –
artificial limbs. South African athlete Oscar Pistorius brought carbon fiber limbs to prominence
when the International Association of Athletics Federations failed to ban him from competing
in the Beijing Olympics. His controversial carbon fiber right leg was said to give him an unfair
advantage, and there is still considerable debate about this.
6. Automobile Industry
As costs come down, carbon fiber is being more widely adopted in automobiles.
Supercar bodies are built now, but its wider use is likely to be in internal components such as
instrument housings and seat frames.
7. Environmental Applications
As a chemical purifier, carbon is a powerful absorbent. When it comes to absorption
of noxious or unpleasant chemicals, then surface area is important. For a given weight of
carbon, thin filaments have far more surface area than granules. Although we see activated
carbon granules used as pet litter and for water purification, the potential for wider
environmental use is clear.
8. Diy
Despite its hi-tech image, easy to use kits are available enabling carbon fiber to be
employed in a wide range of home and hobby projects where not only its strength, but its visual
appeal is a benefit. Whether in cloth, solid sheet, tube or thread, the space age material is now
widely available for everyday projects
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6. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
6.1 Advantages of Carbon Fiber
Carbon fiber composites are extremely versatile. Vermont Composite’s engineering team has
the tools and experience to develop the optimal properties required for almost any application.
The properties of a carbon fiber composite structure depend on the selection of the components
and how they are arranged. The two principal elements of a carbon composite structure are the
matrix and the fibers.
Fiber can be individual strands or multiple strands braided. The selection of the fiber, its
orientation and its layering play a dominant role in determining the characteristics of the
finished structure.
The matrix serves to keep the fiber in the desired position. In addition, the matrix imparts
important properties to the composite structure.
Certain ingredients may be added to the matrix during production that will provide additional
desired properties.
The Vermont Composites engineering team has many years of experience in fiber, matrix, and
ingredient selection to meet the performance requirements of the finished structure.
The following points highlight the principal advantages and characteristics of carbon fiber
composites.
Strength / Light Weight: For the same strength, carbon composites are 80% lighter than
steel and 60% lighter than aluminum.
Stiffness: Carbon composites exhibit higher stiffness to weight ratios than conventional
materials. Fatigue: Carbon Composites resist degradation in high fatigue applications
much better than conventional materials.
Corrosion Resistance: Carbon composites are essentially inert even in corrosive
environments.
Energy Dampening Carbon Composites can be constructed around foam cores that will
enable tremendous vibration dampening characteristics
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Thermal Expansion: This property can be tailored to match surrounding structures
thereby minimizing thermal stress.
Energy Transmission: Carbon composites can be made to absorb or transmit acoustical,
electromagnetic, and other types of energy.
Radar: Carbon composites can be made absorbing to radar.
Radiolucent: Carbon fiber composites allow superior radiation transmission and
provide for superb imaging quality.
Production Flexibility: Carbon composites can be easily formed into complex shapes.
Durability: Properly designed and fabricated, carbon composites exhibit very long life
characteristics even in harsh operating environments.
6.2 Disadvantages of Carbon Fiber
Carbon fiber will break or shatter when it’s compressed, pushed beyond its strength
capabilities or exposed to high impact. It will crack if hit by a hammer. Machining and
holes can also create weak areas that may increase its likelihood of breaking.
Relative cost – carbon fiber is a high quality material with a price to match. While prices
have dropped significantly in the past five years, demand has not increased enough to
increase the supply substantially. As a result, prices will likely remain the same for the
near future
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7. FUTURE OF CARBON FIBER
7.1 Forecasted Carbon Fiber Demand
Graph :5.1
7.2 Future Trends
Because of its high tensile strength and lightweight, many consider carbon fiber to be the most
significant manufacturing material of our generation. Carbon fiber may play an increasingly
important role in areas such as:
Energy. Windmill blades, natural gas storage and transportation, fuel cells.
Automobiles. Currently used just for high performance vehicles, carbon fiber
technology is moving into wider use. In December 2011 General Motors announced
that it is working on carbon fiber composites for mass production of automobiles.
Construction. Lightweight pre-cast concrete, earthquake protection.
2005 2011 2015 2020
Sport/Consumer 9 9 11 5
Aerospace 4.8 7 13 20
Industrial 11 30 68 121
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Car
bo
n F
iber
(M
T x
1,0
00
)
Forecasted Carbon Fiber Demand
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Aircraft: Defense and commercial aircraft. Unmanned aerial vehicles.
Oil exploration. Deep water drilling platforms, drill pipes.
Carbon nanotubes. Semiconductor materials, spacecraft, chemical sensors, and other
uses.
In 2005, carbon fiber had a $90 million market size. Projections have the market expanding to
$2 billion by 2015. To accomplish this, costs must be reduced and new applications targeted.
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8. CONCLUSION
There are many fibres which embedded in PMCs & to increase the strength
& desired properties of material. Out of which carbon & boron fibres are mostly used but
economical point of view carbon has low cost as compared to boron. Polymer matrix are used
in large quantities, in light of there room temperature properties, ease of fabrication & cost.
Carbon fibres are produced by many processes by using Reyon, Pitch or PAN as a precursor.
Pyrolysis of PAN produces fibres of high strength & stiffness. As CFRP is light in weight they
are used in aerospace & space application
Carbon Fibre is now an engineering material that must be designed, engineered and
manufactured to the same standards of precision and quality control as any other engineering
material. Carbon fibre thus has revolutionized the field of light weight materials. This can be
used as a substitute for steel without the most of latterâ„¢s difficulties like high weight, lack of
corrosion resistance etc. This is thus one of the future manufacturing materials
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REFERENCES:
1. “Carbon Fiber Composites” ; Deborah D. L. Chung; Butterworth-Heinemann;1994
2. “How To Fabricate Automotive Fiberglass & Carbon Fiber Parts”; Dan Burrill and
Jeffrey Zurschmeide
3. “Automotive Carbon Fiber Composites” ; Jackie D. Rehkopf ; SAE International
4. “Carbon Fibers and Their Composites” ; Peter Morgan ; CRC Press
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