JULO-JULO TEMBAK PHENOMENON IN PADANG CITY:
Evaluation Study On Role Baitul Mal Wa Tamwil (BMT) in Liberating
Society from Moneylenders
By: Dr. Rozalinda, M.Ag
Sharia Faculty Lecturer IAIN Imam Bonjol Padang
Abstract
The majority of small traders in Padang City borrow capital from moneylenders.In tradisional markets, the transaction between the merchant and the moneylenderspacked in form of julo-julo tembak and julo julo panjang. The chairmen julo julo lendthe capital to traders with additional interest. The problem in this study is what are thefactors that cause people still use the services of moneylenders? How does the role ofBMT in freeing people from the bondage of moneylenders?
The results of the study it is found that people still use the services ofmoneylenders because: First, demand for capital. Second, loan process is quick, theprocedure is easy. Third, the difficult access to the financial institutions. Fourth, less ofsocialization about the existence of BMT. Fifth, the low awareness of the practice ofreligion in usury prohibition. Meanwhile, BMT whose mission to free the society fromusury economy has not shown a significant of role.
Keywords: moneylender, usury, julo-julo tembak, julo-julo panjang,
microfinance.
A. Backgaround of the Problem
Policies about development of Islamic Microfinance
Institutions (LKMS) Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil (BMT) has an important
position for the improvement of living standards and the economy
ofr the society. Seeing this a strategic position, BMT is
expected to be a major pillar of national economic defense
system. BMT as Islamic Microfinance Institutions have a
significant role in helping small and medium-sized businesses.
The presence of BMT is considered capable of solving the problem
of capital experienced by small traders who are not able to
access credits on banking. These institutions play a role in
stimulating small businesses productive and release people from
the bondage of moneylenders.
However, existing fact on traditional markets in the city of
Padang, most traders borrow money from moneylenders. This happens
because they have difficulty borrowing money from financial
institutions, banks. They were forced to borrow money from
moneylenders, because moneylenders considered able to meet their
needs immediately, easier requirements despite high interest
rates.
In this market, the practice of moneylenders is done in form
Julo-julo Tembak. Managers called by the chairman Julo-julo or induak
julo-julo. The chairman Julo-julo Tembak lend capital to traders over a
certain period with the addition of interest. The Loans
Rp1,000,000,00 have to be paid for Rp1,200,000,00 during 40
days they have to pay Rp30,000,00 daily or Rp20,000,00 for 60
days. That was explained by Eti a chairman Julo-julo in Pasar Raya
Padang explaine.1 There are Many Practice money lenders in the
community of Padang that lead the small business merchants in the
city does not grow well. Most of its profits spent to pay teh
high loan, that is 20%.
1 Eti ( Mak gendut ), Chairman of Julo-julo, Interviews, Padang, May27, 2012.
Ideally, the presence of BMT can free people from the
bondage of moneylenders. But the fact, not all the people can
liberate themselves from the bondage of moneylenders. As
recognized by Anto, for those who want to get a quick funds, they
still asked their need to head Julo-julo, even though high interest
rates. The traders prefer to borrow from the chairman Julo-julo
because the process is faster. Just wait a few moments, funds can
be obtained immediately. If they go to BMT must meet
administrative requirements and surveyed at advance and take
three or four days.2
One phenomenon that is unique and deserves to be
investigated is fast growing of BMT in Padang. Since 1996 in
Padang it have been established, led by BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah,
based in Pasar Raya Padang. What's interesting is the placement
office of BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah took in market base region.
This market is the operational base of the chief Julo-julo Tembak
(lender) that offers financing services in a short time. 3
The problem why many people who use the services of
moneylenders ? what are the factors that cause people still use
the services of moneylenders, there have many BMT existed in
Padang City and easily accessible by the public. How the role of
BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah in freeing people from the bondage of
moneylenders.
2 Anto, Trader, Interviews, Pasar Raya, May 27, 2012.3 Ismail, Director of BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah, Interviews, Padang,
February 21, 2012.
B. Research Methodes
This research is a qualitative descriptive study, to find
express the role of BMT in freeing people from the bondage of
moneylenders and observe the factors that lead people still
depend on moneylenders. The source of the data in the study is
that people who have been involved in the practice of
moneylenders, ranging from head Julo-julo up to the merchants who
utilize the services of moneylenders. Because the population can
not be predicted, the sample taken throughsnowball sampling. In
addition, the data was also obtained from the BMT Taqwa
Muhammadiyah Padang.
To obtain data on the phenomenon the moneylenders and role
BMT to overcome of moneylenders, this study capture the data
with: 1) an interview with the head Julo-julo, traders and the
BMT. 2) Observation, by observing the transactions done by
traders and head Julo-julo on the market. 3) Documentation of the
number of customers who use the services of Muhammadiyah Taqwa
BMT Padang and the number of traders in traditional markets in
Office Market Padang City.
C. BMT As Islamic Microfinance Institutions
Reluctance of the banking institutions in providing capital
for informal sector entrepreneurs, make them become them the
target of moneylenders. Therefore, one of which is expected to
be a source of capital for the small business sector are
microfinance institutions including Islamic microfinance
institutions such as BMT.4
BMT is an integrated independent business cored Baitul Mal
wa Tamwil with the activities to develop productive efforts in
improving the quality of small business economy. In addition, BMT
can also accept zakat, donation, and the charity, as well as
distribute.5 In contrast to other microfinance (microfinance
institutions), BMT as the Microfinance institution sharia has its
own privileges. BMT is not only as an intermediary microfinance
institutions purely business oriented, but it also has other
functions that are social function.
The general role of BMT is to provide guidance and funding
that based on sharia system. As an Islamic financial institution
that have direct contact with the small community life, the
existence of BMT has several roles namely, a) To far away people
from the non-Islamic economic practices, actively do
socialization among the people about the importance of the
Islamic economic system. This can be done with trainings on how
to Islamic trading. b) Conduct training and small business
financing. BMT should run actively the function as micro finance
institutions, for example by doing of mentoring, coaching,
4 Helmi Haludin, “Membangkit Kearifan Lokal dalam Pemberdayaan EkonomiSyariah, Paper presented at the Governing Council Seminar Silakda andIndonesian Intellectuals Association (ICMI) Regional Organization of Padang ,Padang April 28, 2012.
5 PINBUK BMT Pedoman Cara Pembentukan BMT Balai Usaha Mandiri Terpadu, (Jakarta:PINBUK , t , t ), p. 1.
counseling, and monitoring of the client businesses or the
general public. c) Removing dependence of people from
moneylenders. The Communities tyhat still depend moneylender
caused be moneylender able to meet the needs of the community in
the immediate funding problems. On short time BMT should be able
to serve the community better, for example, funds are always
available at any time, a simple procedure, and so forth.6
This means the existence of BMT plays a very important role
in order to empower the small economically community and to
releasi them from the bondage of moneylenders. In case, BMT can
be more proactive in accommodating the needs of the community,
especially small traders in their capital problems. The existence
of BMT has been able to become an alternative funding source for
small businessesman, especially small businessesman that are
informal.
D. Factors That Cause Publics Used Moneylenders Service
Accordance with the extent of the problem in this study,
this study only focused on the markets where BMT Taqwa
Muhammadiyah existing there. Namely Pasar Raya, Bandar Buat
Market, Lubuk Buaya Market, and Market Siteba.
The practices of moneylenders in the traditional markets in
the city of Padang had happened for long time. The business
sometimes done by a family, group or individual. For example, in6 Zainul Arifin, Dasar-dasar Manajemen Bank Syariah, (Jakarta: Alvabet ,
2002), p. 163-165.
the Pasar Bandar Buat, this business has been done by the family
for generations, so that the circulation of money among traders
has already they mastered. 7
Before explaining about the factors that cause people
utilize the services of moneylenders, previously will be
described the mechanism of the practice of moneylenders in the
traditional markets in the city of Padang. The forms of
transactions carried out by the lender in traditional markets in
the city of Padang is packaged in a Julo-julo Tembak and Julo-julo
Panjang.
1. Julo-julo Tembak
Julo-julo Tembak is a form velocity of money among chief or
head Julo-julo with people who need quick funds by receiving money
from the head of Julo-julo and re pay it fo certain period. For
example, someone who need of funds as much as Rp 1,000,000,00 it
will pay Rp1.200.000,00 to the head of Julo-Julo. She should pay
daily Rp30,000,00 for 40 days, or Rp20,000,00 for 60 days. The
loan as much as Rp3,000,000,00 it will be paid Rp3.600.000,00.
She should pay daily Rp60,000,00 for 60 days.8
2 . Julo-julo Panjang, or Julo-julo Banomor or Julo-julo Barisi.
At Julo-julo Panjang, participants are required to pay in
advance to a certain period eg six times, for members who wish to
receive money Julo-julo, it takes the serial numbers first. As7 Fazat Rafiah, Chairman of BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah Bandar Buat Market,
Interviews, Padang, August 1, 2012.8 Epa, Merchant, Chairman of Julo-julo, Interviews, Padang, July 22,
2012.
described Ermaini a merchant who also serves as chairman Julo-julo
in Pasar Lubuk Buaya Padang that participants pay to head Julo-
julo according to the number of rounds plus one or the term "Bakaki
Satu". For example, round 100 days, Rp11,000,00 installment, per
day, a participant pays to the head as much as 100 times.9
Mechanism Julo-julo Tembak and Julo-julo Panjang begins with
candidate borrower Julo-julo expressed his wish to borrow
sufficient funds to head of Julo-julo. Chairman of Julo-julo will give
the loan on that day. The loans that can be obtained from
1,000,000,00 until Rp5.000.000,00. Julo-julo Panjang on traditional
market in the city of Padang has not need specific requirements
and procedures. However, the element of trust Julo-julo of chairman
toward the candidate prospective borrower is very important,
because it will affect to lending given. Mechanism the
moneylenders practices packaging Julo-julo Tembak or Julo-julo Panjang
that occured in the traditional markets in the city of Padang on
generally the same. For late payments due to certain reasons, the
payment can be doubled in the next day or or given additional
amount of days the payment should be. The case like this do not
sanction. However, the person categorize in the " black list" by
the head of Julo-julo so that he will not be given a loan or will
not get additional loans any more. 10
Majority of street vendors in the markets in Padang admitted
that they participate in Julo-julo Tembak and panjang, banomor.
9 Ermaini, Trader, Interviews, Padang, August 2, 2012.10 Nel, Head of Julo-julo, Interviews, Padang, July 30, 2012.
Demand for Julo-julo Tembak is quite high. In a day a head Julo-julo
can rotate as much money Rp80.000.000, this declared by Darmalis,
a chairman Julo-julo who opened the business in Pasar Raya. 11
The high demand for the services of moneylenders in the
traditional market in the city of Padang is caused by several
factors as follows:
1. The need for capital and other urgent needs.
The main cause of the traders borrow money to moneylenders
are factors the need of capital or other urgent needs. The
traders borrow money to moneylenders to trade. They admitted
using Julo-julo Tembak is for capital needs and other needs. War, a
merchant, who had borrowed from the chairman of Julo-julo at Pasar
Raya Padang explained.12
2. The loan process is fast, easy procedure, and the repayment
period is relatively short.
Another reason traders borrow money to moneylenders is
because the loan process quickly and without any conditions. The
way is just convey the desire to borrow money to head Julo-julo,
someone immediately can get the loans on that day.13 The traders
used to familiar with Julo-julo because the procedure is easy, and
the process is fast, they can borrow money in real time without
being burdened with any requirement, just based on trust, and
without borg.14 Because this easyness, cause the the traders11 Darmalis, Chairman of Julo- julo, Interviews, Padang, July 21, 2012.12 War, Merchant, Interviews, Padang, July 30, 2012.13 En, Trader, Interviews, Padang, July 30, 2012.14 Kasmawati, Chairman of Julo-julo, Interviews, Padang, July 21, 2012.
enjoy to Julo-julo Tembak. This means that the existense of
moneylenders in the traditional markets because the traders need
funds quickly and there is no requirement needed. They are not
concerned about how much the interest, the most important thing
is get additional capital quickly. In addition, there is
dispentation if they can not pay, for example because of illness.
This situation can’t be met at the bank or BMT. The loans are
done in short term such as monthly, weekly, even daily. These
short term loans can only be made by the moneylenders.15
3. Difficulty accessing financial institutions.
Among the fundamental reason why traders prefer to use the
services of moneylenders is the difficulty of accessing financial
institutions including BMT. This is due to the process and
requirements to get financing from banks or BMT are assessed
complicated, there are many requirements, the survey should be
used, the procedure is long, there is slaughtering on the money
received. Meanwhile, the traders generally need fats money in
hurry.
That is the reason, that most traders prefer to use the
services of the money lenders than to BMT. Financing process is
too long and use collateral. Because the complexity of the
requirements and procedures for financing at a bank or BMT, make
traders at Pasar Siteba Padang finally come to head Julo-julo.16
In addition, because they trade full day, it's difficult to go to15 Winda, Traders , Interviews, Padang, July 21, 2012.16 Bayu Abbas, Merchant, Customer of BMT, Interviews, Padang, July 19,
2012.
the bank. They are reluctant to leave their trade to take care of
all the requirements and come to BMT. So traders do not want to
borrow funds to BMT .
Even the traders who have long been a customers in BMT
admitted due to didn’t get funding from BMT make them finally go
to Julo-julo. They also admitted they have ever applied for a loan
to BMT, the loan process is difficult, requirements too much. In
the process of borrowing needs three times meeting with the BMT,
it did not get a loan. Finally, they borrow to the chairman Julo-
julo.17
4. Lack of socialization of the BMT.
Many street vendors still use the services of moneylenders
in traditional markets is due they don’t know the existence of
BMT. Some of the street vendors in Pasar Raya Padang are not
familiar with BMT at all. The reality is due to the lack of
socialization of the existence of Islamic Microfinance
Institutions that had stood since the 29 September 1996. With
time that a long enough, the existence of BMT should be well
known among traders where the BMT was located. The socialization
of the BMT to customers about Islamic microfinance institutions
is still limited. The lack of socialization of BMT and Islamic
economics to society, cause them do not know that borrow in BMT
less costly than to moneylenders. So they prefer to use Julo-julo
Tembak.18
17 Misnawati, Merchant, Interviews, Padang, August 2, 2012. 18 Robi Adrian and Bayu Abbas, Merchants, Customers BMT, Interviews,
Padang, July 19, 2012.
5. Low awareness of the practice of religion theaching in usury
prohibition.
Most traders understand that Julo-julo Tembak is hot money, not
a blessing, interest. So some of them do not participate Julo-julo
Tembak. even, there are traders who see Julo-julo Tembak was not
halal. They feel that the trade with the capital through
moneylenders money does have not a blessing. Most of its profits
spent to pay out the high interst which reached 20%. He must go
into debt and debt again, finally the money they get earned to
pay installment.19
Although the practice of moneylenders in the community in
the city of Padang resulted some of small traders in the city can
not growing, because Julo-julo Tembak is " hot money ". However,
the fact that most traders still depent their capital to the head
Julo-julo. The knowledge and understanding about usury prohibition
by some traders were ignored because of an urgent need.
According Fazat Rafiah, education and understanding of
religious factors also affect responden of the street vendors
toward moneylenders, when they need quickly funds, they come to
Julo-julo Tembak, even though they know that in BMT pay installment
is cheaper than Julo-julo Tembak. Because of their very need,
urgent, the issue of religious teachings, they ignore it.20
19 Fazat Rafiah, Chairman of BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah Pasar Bandar Buat,Interviews, August 1, 2012.
20 Fazat Rafiah, Chairman of BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah Pasar Bandar Buat,Interviews, August 1, 2012.
DEMAND Capital or other needsThe process is quick, simple procedure, without collateral
SUPPLYLoans are
packaged in-Julo-julo Julo-
tembak and Julo-julo panjang
The process is quick, simple procedure, without
collateralShort repayment
time, and flexible
Ironically, the heads Julo-julo scattered in the traditional
market in the city of Padang is mostly already performed the
pilgrimage in fact already repeatedly. However, according to
Kasmawati a chairman Julo-julo at Pasar Raya Padang their business
is not usury. He also admitted he was not a loan shark, his
bussiness is halal. He lend money to traders only to help.
According to the chairman Julo-julo that this business has been
operated since 1984, the business in which they carry out is
halal, for helping people in need of capital. They undergo this
effort by surroundig the market, so it is natural they ask more
for "balanjo" of capital provided to traders and the public.
Moreover, they also borrow from the bank, there installments and
interest to be paid. According to them, it is impossible they
lend money freely without profit “maminjam anda”, while traders
get profit from the capital that they lend. The transaction is
done on the basis of compliance. So, his business is not usury.21
Transactions between traders with head Julo-julo is the same as
the interaction of supply and demand where moneylenders offer
money needed by traderslike that are able to be seen in the image
below:
Figure 1
Transactions Moneylenders in Traditional Markets in Padang
21 Kasmawati, Chairman of Julo-julo, Interviews, Padang, July 21, 2012.Mar, Chairman of Julo-julo, Interviews, Padang, July 30, 2012.
DEMAND Capital or other needsThe process is quick, simple procedure, without collateral
SUPPLYLoans are
packaged in-Julo-julo Julo-
tembak and Julo-julo panjang
The process is quick, simple procedure, without
collateralShort repayment
time, and flexible
Difficulty access financial institutionsLack of socialization BMT and Islamic economics
Lack of awareness about the practice of religion teaching about prohibition of usury
Urgent needs requires availability of funds rapidly. Only
moneylenders who they think is capable of helping them in
difficult moments like that, they do not care with high interest
as long as their needs are met. While the bank or BMT only able
to provide an attractive offer with a series of procedures and
requirements that precisely according to them is hard. From all
the hassle of obtaining a loan from a bank, or BMT, the ease of
obtaining loans from moneylenders, low educational background,
and the lack of information about BMT makes street vendor
concluded that only moneylenders the way out of their economic
problems daily. Moneylenders assumed by merchants has a
strategic role to overcome the problem of short term capital.
Surprisingly, facing money lenders who freely offer money in
the markets, government and related agencies seemed to keep
silent. Scholars and preachers seems let the usury practice
dominate the market. BMT or other microfinance institutions
passively waiting for traders to come to be in the customer.
From the business aspect, the chairman Julo-julo distribute
money to its members whereas a financial institution distribute
money to customers have the same position, both look for
profit. The difference lies only in the legality and contract.
Money lenders distribute fund and look for profit for personal
gain has no business legality. Meanwhile, financial institutions
distributing funds and looking for profits not for personal gain,
but for the benefit of the institution and the community together
as well as having a strong business legality. Financial
institutions doing business to collect funds and distribute it to
the people governed by laws and regulations.
If seen on the definition usury meaning, ziyadah is
additional capital more or less,22 So the practice Julo-julo Tembak
or Julo Julo Panjang/Banomor/Barisi, is usury. The word rente comes from
the Dutch "rente" which means the interest or profit. Actors
rente called rentenir. Rentenir is a person who informally
provide loans (loans) to customers by charging a very high
22 Sayyid Sabiq, Fiqh as- Sunnah, Juz III, (Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr, 1983), p.176.
interest, or often called lintah darat mean people who earn a
living with interest.23
In Islam, the practice of interest or usury prohibited.
Interest according to the scholars means additional money on
lending transaction (al-qard/credit) were calculated from capital
without take into consideration the results of the amount based
on capital a certain period, that be calculated with certainty in
advance based on a percentage of the amount of loan. Rente were
practiced by lenders in the study of jurisprudence called usury.
If we look at the meaning of interest or "balanjo" capital or "kaki
satu" it certainly is categorized nasiah usury, namely Additional
required taken by the loan from the debtor, as the balance of
debt payment delay.24
In addition, from the Islamic perspective, the financial
institution sharia as BMT or Islamic banks distribute funds to
its customers using the murabaha financing, mudharaba financing,
or bai bitsaman ajil of financing. Taking advantage in the purchase
contract or agreement for deviding results is allowed in Islam.
While money lenders distribute the funds to the community in the
form qardh or credit debts. In Islam, taking advantage in the
contract in dept is usury (riba). As pointed out in the prophetic
traditions.
23 Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Indonesia, Kamus Besar BahasaIndonesia, (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1990), p. 743.
24 Abdurrahman al-Juzairi, Ala al-Fiqh al -Arba'ah Mazahib, Juz III, (Mesir:Maktabah al-Kubra al-Tijariyah , 1969), p. 245.
و ه�� ة� ف�� ع�� ف� ن� ى م� ر ج���� ���رض� ل ق� لم :ك��� ة وس��� ال رس�ول ال�لة ص�لى ال�لة ع�لي" ال: ق�� ة ق�� ى ال�لة ع�ي� ع�ن4 ع�لى رض�
ى هق� ي" ة ال�ب8 رج� ج�� ا. ا> ب?� وه ال�ر ن4 وج�� ة م� 25 وج�
All accounts payable including profitable are usury.
E. Role BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah in Frees Society of Moneylenders
Shackles
As described before, in general, traders in the tradisinal
markets in Padang City borrow money from moneylenders. Usurious
transactions are packaged in the form of Julo-julo Tembak and Julo-
julo Panjang. It has been applied since long time before the BMT
stood.
Discussion about the role of BMT in freeing people from
moneylenders will be focused on the process of financing at BMT,
socialization of Islamic economics done BMT to the community and
its role in freeing society from moneylenders.
1. Financing Process in the BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah
BMT efforts made to rid the society of moneylenders is in
the form of financing. BMT distributes financing to customers
still maintaining the precautionary principle with establish some
terms and procedures, they are a) There is a business and it has
25 Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Bayhaqi, Sunan al-Bayhaqi,(Assembly Dairah al-Maarif al-Nizamiyyah al-Kainah, 1344 H), Juz 2 p. 72.
been running for at least one year. b) There is a guarantee like
land certificates, gold, and deposits in BMT. c) Eligible
administration such as ID cards, family card and Certificate of
Business from the official market. The financing process need
three days, after the requirements are obtained, surveyed, the
the committee meeting, then disbursement. Financing process for
loans above Rp15.000.000,00, could reach four days or one week,
and loan for 50,000,000, the process could take more than a week.
This mechanism is done because the money distributed are customer
money. So there needs to be caution because it is a mandate. If
the some customer want to get load any more, his installment of
funding run smoothly, could be disbursed the next day because no
survey anymore.26
As with banks, BMT as financial institutions, in
distributing financing to community needs to pay attention to a
few key principles relating to the overall condition of the
customer candidate. This principle is known as the principle 5C,
namely the character, capacity, capital, colateral, and
conditions of economy.27 Mainly speaking, the process of
providing financing in BMT carried out in five stages, namely
finance proposal, finance analysis, finance committee meeting,
the binding of financing, and the disbursement of funds.
26 Ismail, Director of BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah, interviews, Padang, July25, 2012.
27 Veithzal Rivai, Islamic Financial Management, Jakarta Rajawali Press, 2008,p. 348-352.
Most traders in traditional markets in the city of Padang
are customers of BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah, they save their money
in BMT and get additional capital to finance trade. The processes
and the procedures financing in BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah are not
difficult.28
In addition, the traders in traditional markets there are
just being a customer savers in BMT. According to Eti a trader
Market Padang Siteba he takes advantage of BMT services only to
save money, to get financing they don’t want, because they are
lazy with conditions, and the procedure is very complicated have
quarantee, and should be surveyed first.29
There are also traders besides utilizing the services Julo-
julo and also use the services of BMT Tawqa Muhammadiyah to
obtain additional capital to trade them. Instead, head Julo-julo
also become customers in BMT Islamic microfinance institutions
whose mission is to free people from moneylenders. A few traders
in traditional markets in the city of Padang claimed that they
have borrowed to BMT. Installment in BMT, according to them,
lighter than the installments to chairman Julo-julo, but because
there is an urgent need, finally they back to Julo-julo Tembak.
That was sai by Arnalis a trader who borrows Julo-julo Tembak also
borrow at BMT. Borrowing to BMT the payment is lighter, but
28 Robi Adrian, Vendors, Customers BMT, Interviews, Padang, July 19,2012.
29 Eti and Imah, Traders, Interviews, Padang, July 22, 2012.
sometimes BMT requirements make difficult the traders to obtain
the loans. While Julo-julo meet the needs of merchants quicker.30
2. Socialization about BMT and Islamic Economics to the public
BMT efforts to educate and socialize BMT has been done since
BMT stands up, through lectures during prayer time at zhuhur,
through the brochures, or visiting the traders by marketing of
BMT to explain about BMT and its products. BMT socialization to
society done by penetrating the market and into the small
traders, socialization about BMT to society. Socialization obout
BMT lecturing to community was done in the form of education
about how to borrow money to BMT, what are the requirement, and
so on.31
To this day there has been no form of socialization BMT in
an attempt to minimize the practice of money lenders in the
market place where the BMT existed. BMT has never done
socialization to the dealer or lender about the prohibition of
usury or interest. Instead they have repeatedly perform the
pilgrimage. They themselves do not recognize that the business is
usury. Instead, they get angry when called moneylenders.
Justification of this business is their intention that just to
help traders who has trouble in the capital problem. According to
Kasmawati, chairman of Julo-julo at Pasar Raya Padang, he walked
around the market, the money that she spinned from bank, it has
30 Arnalis, Trader, Interviews, Padang, July 25, 2012.31 Syafri Muluk, Trader, Customer BMT, Interviews, Padang, August 1,
2012
also interest to be paid, so that ‘s why there are also interest
or “balanjo”.32
3. Role BMT in Liberating Society from the moneylender.
Generally, small traders or street lack shortage of
capital to run the business, also to fulfill their daily needs.
While, to obtain loans from formal financial institutions such as
banks is very difficult. Furthermore small traders are generally
not able to provide guarantees for lending purposes. As a
shortcut, mostly small traders in traditional markets as clients
of moneylenders. Reason to lending capital to moneylenders
among traders are "forced" to even though interest rates higher.
This activity takes place continuously until finally they become
dependent. However, most merchant user of moneylenders service in
the city of Padang claimed that they do not too unduly
disadvantaged by the presence of moneylenders.
The methods employed by chairman of Julo-julo in attracting
customers is creative enough, by offering an easy and fast
procedure without any requirement to make traders more enjoy it
despite high interest loans. They snare traders just based on
trust, so that when need money for capital and urgent need any
merchant immediately apply for a loan to the lender, although
according to them money Julo-julo Tembak is hot, not a blessing,
and so on. This is the phenomena in society of region that make
religion as power of community development with indigenous
32 Kasmawati, Chairman of Julo-julo, Interviews, Padang, July 21, 2012.
philosophy adat basandi Syarak Syarak basandi kitabullah, there are still
many who do not apply the knowledge of the prohibition of usury.
In general, street vendors in traditional markets used the
services of moneylenders in tackling the problem of their
capital. From the number of traders in the market Bandar buat,
according Fazat Rafiah, 70% use the services Julo-julo Tembak. After
BMT existed, there is about 40% can escape from a moneylender
with became BMT customer. Although they back and forth to Julo-
julo Tembak and to BMT, even doubling them. BMT efforts done in
freeing people from moneylenders is by offering financing with
the requirements and the procedures which is not like banking
standards.33
The traders needs is to get quick funds without the
requirements and easy procedures. While by moneylenders can meet
all the requirements and without any guarantee, so traders more
enjoy to Jolo-julo than BMT, although interest on the moneylenders
is much higher than the margin financing at BMT. That‘s why,
defeated by moneylenders. However, BMT still need to be careful
to apply the principle of financing. For BMT, financing analysis
needs to be done. BMT always try to speed up the financing
process. this is the weakness of BMT that can not provide the
funds immediately, because BMT need to do and through the
financing process correctly.34
33 Fazat Rafiah, Chairman of BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah Pasar Bandar Buat,Interviews, August 1, 2012
34 Ismail, Director of BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah, Interviews, Padang, July25, 2012.
From the fact, it can be concluded that BMT has not play a
significant role yet in freeing people from the bondage of
moneylenders. Not maximal effort performed BMT in freeing society
from the loan shark that they tend to be more proactive in
offering their services to merchants, it was evidenced by the
many traders who prefer to relate to the moneylenders.
It was also caused by the socialization have not been
widening up about the existence and function of BMT as Islamic
microfinance institutions in the community, especially to all
traders who are in the market where BMT located. According to
Juliar a trader in Pasar Siteba Padang she never propose a
financing to BMT, because they do not know the process and the
procedures, in addition, it also takes time to manage it. So that
these traders prefer to take Julo-julo because the process of
getting funds quickly and it does not need any requirement.35
Not maximal BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah in freeing people from
moneylenders can be seen from the imbalance between the number of
existing savers with the number of customers who receive
financing. This showssuggests that BMT only used to save fund,
while the people who receive funding until July 2012 very little,
as shown in the table below.
Table 1
Number Customer Funding and Financing At Taqwa BMT Muhammadiyah
Padang
35 Juliar and Jawanis, Traders, Interviews, Padang, July 22, 2012.
BMT Taqwa
Muhammadiyah
Customer
Funding
Customer
FinancingPasar Raya 4814 person 296 personPasar Bandar Buat 2635 person 173 personPasar Lubuk Buaya 1509 person 201 personPasar Siteba 1001 person 148 person
Source: BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah in 2012
Based on this fact we can conclude BMT effort in hold the
task as Islamic microfinance institutions that play a role in
freeing the people from the economic practice of usury is not
maximized. BMT has not been proactive in meeting the needs of
merchants who have difficulty in the problem of capital. BMT
defeated quickly in offering services and products to merchants
in effort to minimize the bondage of moneylenders to the
merchant. On the other hand, the moneylenders are more proactive
in offering services to merchants who was difficulties of
capital. The moneylenders walk around the market as "mobile
banks", because they know exactly what is needed trader .
BMT concepts as Islamic mikrofinance institution, is the
concept of managing the funds at the lowest level of the
community is especially small traders. This activity aims to help
small merchants by providing financing in order to expand their
businesses and release the public from dependence on the
moneylenders.
To achieve that, BMT make breakthrough by 1) Active
sosialization in the community about the importance of the
Islamic economic system. 2) Provide the easeness of the process
and requirements of financing to customers in accordance with the
feasibility assessment. 3) Strengthening the institutions BMT
with character "pick up the ball". Not only easyness of the
requirements and procedures, fast service, sharia based
operations, but also the system "proactive" applied by BMT
managers should be added value for BMT which makes this Islamic
micro institutions can compensate and minimize the influence of
moneylenders in the community. System "pick up the ball" which
become BMT character is a strength that makes it closer to the
society. So that society could prefer to relate with BMT than to
moneylenders.
Ideally with this power, the movement toward liberation of
society from the bondage of moneylenders, usury and the crush of
poverty can be achieved. So that the movement towards economic
development of small communities which has equitable, justice,
and prosperous realized well. Islamic economics aims to improve
the life of the community in a fair and balanced. With this
foundation of all parties involved in the economic process will
not oppress or exploit each other. Moral values for the
fundamental part of economic activity. This is what to say by
changing the economic system and subordinate eksploitattif be
equitable economic system. Changing economic systems that contain
exploitative usury (zulm) be a fair economic system, which
contains a balance between the rich and the poor, who have less
capital with or without capital.
Through Islamic economic system the accumulation of wealth
by a group of people can be avoided, further distribution wealth
to the weak public can be done automatically. Through joint
freedom, the Islamic economic system provides opportunities and
equal access to everyone. Individual ownership is protected,
balanced with a sense of responsibility and a moral foundation
set up to be fair and balanced with no self-interest and ignore
others. All individuals have the opportunity and equal
opportunity to try and allocate its revenue efficiently without
disturbing the balance of the economy. Superiority of Islamic
economic system lies in the extent of harmony and balance can be
made between material and spiritual needs, social needs and
interests individual.
E. Conclusion
Although BMT Taqwa Muhamaddiyah who took traditional market
base in the city of Padang has been long established, people to
this day still use the services of moneylenders in overcoming
their capital problem. This is because: First, the need for
business capital and other urgent needs. Second, the loan process
is fast, easy procedure, and relatively short repayment period.
Third, the difficulty of accessing financial institutions
including BMT. Fourth, the lack of socialization of the BMT.
Fifth, lack of awareness on the issue of religious teaching in
practice usury prohibition.
Meanwhile, BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah as Islamic Microfinance
Institutions whose mission is to free people from economic usury
does not show significant role yet, because these institutions
are not being proactive in meeting the needs of small traders
toward their capital. This is evidenced by still a small number
of traders who obtained financing from the Islamic microfinance
institutions. So that, the traders who existed in the market
where BMT Taqwa Muhammadiyah be based prefer to use moneylenders
service in overcoming their capital problems. Its expected to the
more management of BMT to be proactive in meeting the needs of
society in terms of capitalization, so that dependence on
moneylenders can be minimized. To the missionaries are expected
to more often give enlightenment and awareness to the community
about the unlawfulness ribawi economy. To government, its expect
to provide facilities for small traders to access loans.
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