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Ciik6WE24834
NewRecommendationsandComparisonsforArtificiall-iftMethodSelectionJ,D,Clegg,Consultant;SM.Bucaram,ARCOInc.;andN.W.HeinJr,,ConocoInc.SPEMembers n
Copyrighl1992,Smclety01PetroleumEngineersinc.
ThispaperwaspreparedforpressmlallonnlIho671hAr,nueiTachnicalConferenceandExhlbitloncdtheSeciefyofPetroleumEnglnaar8heldinWashington,OC,October4-7,1S92.
ThispeperwasselectedforpresentationbyanSPEPragramCommliiee!ollowingreviewofinformationcontainedInanabstractsubmlfredbytheauthor(n).C@0n18ofth?paper,aspresented,hrwenotbeenreviewedbytheSociatyofPetroleumEngineersenderesubject10corracllonbytheauthor(a).Thamaterial,aapresented,doasWInacaaaerifymffacfanypositionoftheSocieryo!Pe!roleumEngineers,itsofficers,ormembers,PaperspresentedatSPEmaellngsaresubject10publicationravlawbyEdltor141CwnmlfrwaoftlwSaciefyofPetroleumEnginaera.Petmiselon10copyisrestrictedtoanabetraclofnotmmathan300words.IlluslralionamaynolbecopiadTheabatracfshouidcerstainc+mpkuauaaoknowladgmentofwhamandbywhomthepaperIspresented.WriteLlbrarlar,,SPE,P.O.SexS32S36,Rlchardewr,TX7S0SS3SSSU.S.A.Telax,7S0969SPEDAL,
# ~sTRAcT
meselectionoftheproperafiiflcialliftmethodis criticalto thelongtermprofitabilityofmostproducingwells.Thispapercomparesthemainselectionat%butesforthecurrent,eightmajorartificialIiflmethodsandprovidespracticalguidelineson the performanceand operatingcapabilitiesforthemethods.ThemethodscoveredincludebeampumpL]g,progressingcavitypump,electricsubmersiblepump,hydraulicreciprocatingpump,hydraulicjet,continuousgaslift,intkxrnittentgaslift,andp!ungerlift.
INTROD~~TIO~
Theselectionofthecorrectartificialliftmethodis cliticaito theIw*gtermprofitabilityofoil,water,andsomegaswells,A poorchoicecansubstantiallyreduceproductionandincreasesoperatingcosts,Onceadecisionhasbeenmadeonthetypeof!ifttoinstallona ,~elil,itishardlyeverreviewedtodeterminethatitwasandstillisthekstliftmethodunderexistingconditions,Inaddition,changingthetypeofliftcostsr~dditionalmoneyandReferencetitendnfpaper.
requiressomeoneadmittingthatthewrongsystemwasinitiallyselected,Althoughprudentproductionengineeringrequirescontinuousreviewof theliftmethod’sperformancewithanaimtomodifytheoperatingparameters,orevenchangeoutthemethod,theusualpracticeisthatonceamethodischosenitstaysinplace“forever.”
Theproperselectionofthebestliftmethodforawellistypicallyhighlyopinionated,Ifdiscussionsam heldwithoperatingpersonnel,theynormallyselectortrytochangeoutanyproblemliftmethodfortheonewithwhichtheyaremostfamiliar.Whenmethodselectionisdiscusstiwiththeequipmentsupplieroreventhein-houseexpertcm a specificmethod,therwommcndationnormallyis thattheirchoicecanbemadetofittherequirements,
This“force-fit”selectionusuallyresultsintheextensionofthecapabilitiesoroperatingexperienceof theselectedliftmethod.However,wetypicallyfindthattheimprovementsaremadetosolvea newproblemthatwssencounteredduetothepoororiginalchoice.Thus,itbecomesverynecessarytoestablishthenormaland,moreimportantly,the practicaloperating
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2 NEWRECOMMENDATIONSANDCOMPARISONS- ARTWICIALLIFI’SELECTIONSPE24834
capabilitiesofthemajorliftmethodsthatcanbeused.
Inthispaper,eightmajorartificialliftmethodswecompared.Thisisdonebyextendingthe comparisonspreviouslydiscussedbyBrown,et.al.,intheirbook;TheTechnolomof ArtificialLift=ThebasisofthispaperwasformulatedduringdiscussionsattheJuly,1991,SPEForumonNewAdvancesinArtificialLift.Fournewfiftmethodswereaddedtothepreviouslycoveredcomparisons.Theseincludeprogressingcavitypump,hydraulicjetpump,intermittentgasliftandplungerlift.Additionally,31 differentdesignandoperationalattributesareincludedforthesenewcomparisonsbetweenall eighttechniques.AselectedBibliographyandpertinentreferencesforgeneralandspec~tcartificialliftmethodusage,capabilities,selection,andcomparisonsarepresentedattheendofthispaper.
Theonethingthatshouldbeemphasizedisthattheperformanceorcapabilityattributesinthispapera~basedonpracticalandproventechnology.Newadvancesmayextendanindividualmethod’sperformance.Untiltheadvancesareproventobepracticalandcosteffectiveoverthelongterm,theyshouldbeviewedasremediestoaparticularproblem.Thus,thesecurrentattributescanbeusedtocompareandselectthe“best”liftmethodforanewwell.Furthefinore,thecomparisonofattributescanbeusedtodetermineifthec!xmntliftmethodforawellpreviously,mayhavebeeninccumxtlychosenandthatanothermethodshouldbeconsideredasamphwement.
~~” :SSION
Theselectionof themostappropriateartificialliftmethodhastostartup-frontwhenthereservoir,drilling,andcompletiondesignsanddecisionsarebeingmade.Thisrequiresverygood,opencommunicationbetweentilofthesedisciplines.Coupledtothisamtheproductionrequirementsandlimitationsincontractdeliverablesthathavetobemet.Thus,gooddrillstemtestandproductionmtedatahavetoobtainedasthefirststepsonmethodselection,Thedrillingandcompletionscenariosthrnhaveamajorimpactindeterminingnotonlythebestliftmethod;but,alsowhatistheover-allcapabilityofthewell.
Thefollowingtableshavebeendevelopedtoaidincomparingallthedifferentproductionparametersthatneedtobeconsidered,asaminimum,alongwiththereservoir,drilling,andcompletioninformation.Thesetableshavebeendividedinthreemainareastoprovidethemainemphasisofthispaper.Comparingandcontrastingthepracticalcapabilitiesshouldbedonetomakethebestmethodse%ctionforthelifeoftheproject.TableIpresentsthe10differentattributesfornormaldesignandoverallcapabilitiescomparisons.TableII pmentsninedifferentparametersthataregroupedundernormaloperatingconsiderations.TableIIIpresentsthe12liftmethodparametersthatarespecialproblemconsideratim.
Whenselectingthe“best”liftmethod,alloftheseparametersneedtobeconsideti.However,therearesomeitemsthatover-ridewhichmethodshouldbeused.Asanexample,thelocationisa keyfactorinmethodselection.Oft’shore,amtic,andremoteareasmayjustifyorforceadifferent
704
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SPE24s34 J.D.CLECC,S.M.BUC- ANDN.W.HEIN,JR. 3
methodthanthecombinationofalltheotherattributes.Thecostofenergyis veryimportantin somelocations;whileintoday’srestricteddomesticproduction,over-allefficiencyandtotaloperatingcostsaredrivingare-lookatwhatmaybethe“best”method,Addedtothisisserviceoftheequipment.Thismaybeverycostlyinsomelocationsaroundtheworld.Allofthesefactorsandthosediscussedinthetablesmustbeconsideredtodeterminethefinalliftmethod,Thus,thedeterminationofanymethodneedsa“full-cycle”econorriicjustification.
s~ Y/CONCLUSION5j
1. Eachartificialliftmethodhasdifferentliftattributesthatmustbeevaluatedfoethespecificinstallation,Of particularimportanceare the productionraterequirementsoverthelifeoftheproject.
2. Theattributesof theaxt~icialiiftmethodsarerelativetoeachotherandcanonlybespecificforaparticularproductioninstallation,
3. Whenallthe31listedliftattributesareconsidered,therearesomethathavemoresignificancethanothers.Oneoftheseislocation.Thisisimportantsinceitcansignifkantlyaffectcapitalandoperatingcosts,aswellasproductionrates.
4. Therearesomeimportantover-ridingconsidemtionsinartificialliftselection.Theuseofbeampumpsshouldbethefirstchoiceifoperationsamtobedoneoniand.Ifoffshoreistheproductionlocation,thenthemethodofchoiceisgaslift.Experiencehasshownthatsuchchoicesnormallyresultinoptimumproductionandminimumcosts,
Thus,thesechoicesshouldbeusedatthestandardforcomparisonoftheotherliftmethods.Theotherliftmethodsonlyshouldbeselectedwheretherearedefiniteinstallationandoperationaladvantages.
5. Oncea methodisselected,therestillneedsto be refinementandproperengineeringdonetodesignandselectalltheequipmentnecessarytomakethismethodactual!yworkfortheapplication.Impropcdesignandoperationofthe“best”selectedmethodwillalways“prove”thattheselectionwasnotthebestinthefirstplace.Thus,oncethemethodis selectedanddesigned,discussionsneedtotakeplacewithoperationspersonneltoprovidethemwiththenecessaryinformation,includingtraining,to makethis installationeconomicallysuccessful.
6. Thelimitsandrelatiyecomparisonslistedinthesetablesarebasedontheexperiencesof the authorsandareCcmidered“conventionalwisdom.”Mostoftheseattributesaresubjecttochangewithimprovedtechnology.In addition,experiencemayaltersomeofthelistedlimits.Theauthorsrequestthatnewdatabepublishedthatwillaltertheserecommended,practicalcapabilitiesandimprovetheindustryknowledgeon artificialliftselection.
Theauthorswishtothanktheirmanagementforallowingthisworktobedoneandthecomparisonspublished.~~ealsowishtothankalloftheupstreamproducingandmanufacturingpersomelwhocontributedtothepmcticalcomments,relatedto thispaper.
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4 NEWRECOMMENDATIONSANDCOMPARISONS- ARTI~CIALLIFTSELECTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCESat the 1977SPEAnnualTechnicalExhibition,Denver,Oct.9-12.
WE24s34
conferenceand
GENERAL
[1]Brown,K,E. TheTechnologyof ArtificialLift,PetroleumPublishingCo.,Tulsa,Ok.(1980).
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BEAM(ROD)PUMPING
[1]Clegg,JoeDUM: “Improved SuckerRodPumpingDesignCalculations,”proceedings35thAnnualhieetingoftheSouthwesternPetroleumShortCourse,Lubbock,Tx(Apd1988).
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[8]Gibbs,S.G,:”AGeneralMe&odforPredictingRodPumpingSyetcmPerformance,”paperSPE6890presented
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[10]Gipson,F. W. andH. W.Swaim:“TheBeamPumpingDesignChain,” proceedingsofthe31stannualmeetingofSouthwesternPetroleumShortCourse,”(April1984)296-383.
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[14]Lea,J.F.,J,F. Brown:“DynamicMeasurementofBeamPumpParameters,”paperSPE18187presentedatthe1982SPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibition,Houston,Oct.2.-5.
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[16]Neely,A. B,andH.O.Tolbeti:“ExperiencewithPump-offControlinthePermianBasin,”~ (May1988)645-649,
[17]Schmidt,Z,andD,R,130ty:“SystemAnalysisforSuckerRodPumping,” paperSPE15426;61stannualtechnicalconferenceandexhibition,NewOrleans,La,(Ott5-8,1986),
[18]Swaim,H.W,and Hein,N,W.: ‘ SurfaceDynamometerCardlntqwetation:A BeamPumpingProblemSolvingTool,” SouthwesternPetroleumShortcourse, /i@ 22-23,1987.
[19]Tripp,H,A:“MechanicalPerformanceofFiberglassSucker-RodStrings,”- (Aug1988)346-50,
[20]NACEStandardMR-01-76,MateriaJRequirements:MetallicMaterialsforSuckerRodPumpsforHydrogen
706
sPit24834 JoD.CLEGG,S.M.BUCARAM,ANDN.W.HIUN,JR. 5
SulfideEnvironments:AppendixB-SelectionofOptimumTypePump.
[21] API DesignSpecificationsand RecommendedPracticesforSuckerRodPumpingSystems:APISpec1B,SpecllAX,RPllAR,SpecllB,W ll13R,Spec1lC,SpecllE, RPllER,RPlIG,RPllL, Bul11L2,Bul11L5.
GASLIFT
[1]Blarm,J.R.andJ.D.Williams:“DeterminingtheMostProfitableGasInjectionPressureforGasLiftInstallations,”~ (Aug.1984)1305-11.
[2]Blann,J.R.,L.JacobosonandC. Faber:“ProductionOptimizationintheProvinciaField,Colombia,”SPE-PE(Feb.1989)9-14.
[3]~JeMoss,E.E.andW.D.Tiemann:“GasLiliIncreasesHigk-VolumeProductionFromClaymoreField,”~(Apti1982)696-702.
[4]%cht,F,T.:“SelectingGasLif?EquipmentforHighRateWells,”WORLDOIL(Jan.1981)165-67.
[5]Kanu,E.P.,J. MachandK.E.Brown:“ EconomicApproachtoOiSProductionandGasLiftAllocationinContinuousGasLift,“~ (Oct.1981)1887-92.
[6] Reddin,J.D., T.A.G.Sherman,andJ.R.Blann:“OptimizingGas-LiftSystems,”paperSPE5150presentedatthe1974SPEFallMeeting,Houston,Tx(Ott1974).
[7]Simmons,W.E.: “OptimizingContinuousFlowGasLiftWells,”PETROLEUMENGINEER(Aug.1972)46-48and(Sept.1972)68-72.
[8]Wirdder,H.W,●nd S,S,Smith:CameoGasLiftManual,CameoInc.,Houston,Tx,
[9]APlGASLIFTMANUAL,API,Dallas,Tx,[10]APIDESIGNSPECIFICATIONSANDRECOMtIIENDEDPRACTICES:SPEC1lV1,RP11V5,RPl1V6,RP1tV7,
INTERM1TTE?4TGASLEFT
[1] Beadle,G,, et, al.: “Evaluationof SurfaceBack-PressureforContinuousandintermittentFlowGasLift,”~ (March,1963),243-251,
[2]Neely,A,B,,l,W.MontgomeryandJ.V,Vogel:“AFieldTest●ndAnalyticalStudyofhWermittentGasLift,”~ (Oct.1974)502-512.
[3]Walker,M.:“IntermittentInjectionofGasinGas-LiftInstallations,”~ Vol.82,1929,151-161,
[4]White,G,et, al.:“AnAnalyticalConceptoftheStaticandDynamicParametersofIntermittentGasLift,”J~(March1963),301-308.
PLUNGERLIFT
[1]Beauregard,E.andMorrow,S .: “NewandUnusualApplicationforPlungerLiftSystem,”SPEPaper18868.
[2]Beauregard,E. andFerguson,P.L.:“IntroductiontoPlungerLitl:Applications,AdvantagesandLimitations,”SouthwesternPetroleumShortCourse,April23-25,1981.
[3]Fcrguson,P. L. andBeauregard,E.:“HowtoTeilifPlungerLiftWiUWorkinYourWeU,”WorldOil,(Aug.,1985),33-36.
[4]Foss,D.L.andGaul,R.B.:“PlungerLiftPerformanceCriteriawithOperatingExperience-VenturaAve.Field,”DriUingandReductionRactk’s,APi,1965,124-140.
[5]LeBeaux,J.M.andSuddufh,L,F.:a‘flmoreticalandRacticalAspectsofFreePistonOperation,”~ (Sept.,1955),33-37.
[6] Lee,J.F.: “Dynamicf nalysis of PlungerLiftOperations,”SPE10253.
[~ McCoy,C.D.andRoss,K,: “PlungerLitl,andEconomicAlternativetoSuckerRodPumps,”SouthwesternPetroleumShortCourse,Lubbock,April22-23,1992,337-344.
[8]McMurray,E.D.:“UseoftheAutomaticFreePistonin Oil WeUProductionProblems,” ~~ Vol.198,165-170,
[9]Mower,L. N,,et,al,:“De@gtheCharacteristicsandPerformanceofGas-LiftPlungers,”SPEPaper14344.
ELECTRICALSUBMERSIBLEPUMPING
[1] AUis,D.H,, and W.M,Capps:“SubmersiblePumping-LongBeachUnitofhat WilmingtorIField:A17-YearReview,”~ (Aug.,1984)1321-25.
[2]Divine,D,L.:“AVariableSpeedSubmersiblePumpingSystem,”paperSPE8241presentedat the1979SPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibition,LasVegas.Sept23-26,
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6 NEWRECOMMENDATIONSANDCOMPARNWNS- ARTIFICIALLIFI’SELECTIONSPR2434
[3] L-, J <F. antiJ.L.Beuden:“EffectsofGaseousFluidsonSubmersiblePumpPerformance,”~ (Dec.1982)2922-30.
[4] Lea, J.F. and J.L. Bearden:“GasSeparatorPerformanceforSubmersiblePumpoperations,”~ (June1982)1327-33,
[5]Lea,J.F.andB.L.Wilson:“TheRoleofPowerCostinSeleAonofanAdicialLiftSystem,” proceedingsoftheSP13ESPWorkshop,Houston,Tx(April1990).
[6] Fwely,A.B,andM.M.Patterson:“SoftStartofSubmersiblePumpedOilWells,”~ (April1984)653-56.
[~Stewart,R.E.: “TheEffectsofPowerSupplyIntegrityonElectricalSubmergiblePumpingSystems,”paperSPE9038presentedatthe1980SPErockyMountainRegionalMeeting,Caaper,May14-16.
HYDRAULICPUMPING
[1]Coberly,C.J.:“’flwryandApplicationofHydraulic14unpingInstallations,”Kobeinc.,HuntingtonPark,Ca.(1961).
[2]Hollis,R.G.:“DeepHydraulicPumping-RenoField,”~(Nov., 1966)1395-99,
[3]NolenK.B.andS.G.Gibbs:*SubsurfaceHydraulicPumpingDiagnosticTechniques,”paperSPE4540presentedatthe1973SPEAnnualMeeting,LasVegas,Sept.30-OCL3.
[4]Wilson,P.M.:“IntroductiontoHydraulicPumping,”KobeInc.,HuntingtonPark,Ca.(1976).
HYDRAULICJETPUMPING
[1]Christ, F.C.andPetrie,H.L.: “ObtainingLowBottomholePressuresinDeepWeUswithHydraulicJetPUMPS,”SPE-PE.(Aug.,1989),290-294.
[2]Corteville,J,C.,et.al.:“ResearchonJetPumpsforSingleandMultiphaaePumpingofCrude+”SPEPaper16923,Dallas,Sept.27-30,1987,437-448.
[3]Gosl.ine,J.E.,and0’Brien, M.P.:“TheWaterJetPump,”Univ.ofCalifornia~blicationsinEngineering,U.ofCaliforniapress,(1942),3,No.3, 167-170,
[4]Cropping,A,W.,et.al.: “FundamentalsofOilwellJetPumping,”sPE-Pg(Feb.,198S),9-14.
[5]Jiao,B.,Z.Schmidt, andR.N.Blah:“EfkiencyandPressureRecoveryin HydraulicJet PumpingofTwo-phase,Gas/LiquidMixtures,”paper18190presentedat the 1988SPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceandWddbition,Houston,Oct.2-5.
[6]Nelson,C.C.:“TheJetFreePump-ProperApplicationThroughComputerCalculatedOperatingChalta,”SouthwesternPetroleumShortCourse,Lubbock,1975.
[71Petrie,H.L., et.al.:‘JetPumpingOilV’ells,”3PatSeries,WorldOil,(Nov.,1983),51-56,(Dec.,1983),109-114,(Jan.,1984),101-108.
[8]Tjondrodiputro,B.,et.al.:“HydraulicJetPumpinginaRemoteLocation,”WorldOil,(WC.,,1986),35-37.
[9]Wilson,P.M.:“JetPump-AProgressReviewonTwoYeusof FieldPerfomunce,”SouthwesternPetroleumShortCourse,Lubbock,April26-27,1973,
PROGRESSIVECAVITYPUMPS
[1]Gaymard,B.,et,al.:“TheprogressingCavityPumpinEurope:ResultsandNewDevelopments,”7thOffshoreSouthEastAsiaConference,Singapore,Feb.2-5,1988,444-453.
[2]Saveth,K.J.andKlein,S.T.:“TheProgressingCavityPump:principleandCapabilities,”SPE18873,SPEproductionOperationsSymposium,OklahomaCity,March,1989,429-434.
708
TABLStARIIFICULLIFT.OSSIONCONSIDEIUIIONSANDOVERALLCCMPARISOMS
Rti Pumping Pro9(**timJC.”* Nyd,.ul,cJtiRump
GCUIC,lSub.-rmstbtoP.mplng
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Low,bidimcreasa,, d,~h,ndpump<m.1“,,*.,**
V*!** butdl.nccnnmtw. with,04pummMukipbwell.c*rdfdsystemsWducnc-t wWI M mol.c0mP4iU!.d.
PtapmpumpstingandW.!i.a w-dc-WUnlbt.RqubtuW-aC’acduc!m(pwlwfluidm-d,gblm,).sing!+tubingotlmgonPuk.,d W81Wmlnuklamflm—C19MWWkConrld4
F9LIw#o@)91@#& “@Od. m.dP-P@tibC$LR.hi &P-w -fr“plalOhiehCiirunmlhowwmtmwkdlOLR>lrn q bM$AUmkall.
-Pm- toWp.mm filfiw.bIewcomww!mBFPOCAInc,..noW*ll@wh-w”pc+w,
W*NCMI*9quipmwdwd ~M [email protected].
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F*. incm !0!wdbdUtlU@9mm W#balOnOLIV,.Lw totWckbmqIktfqM9hOLiv.,TYW a wFawesbm
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UnloadtobdlomWI!Q,,M$’*IVWcmmkb,ch,mt+,fwh!$hPI&hBHPwell.
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k.cdto*acdlml,. . V.Vpou.fIUWJC* . Ihu,iPPAd [email protected] NumucuIumpsk- .cd.mpl-ir.a*W ●6* ,9F,rcduMmIenddW4h,q”u.rn,nb
hx,b,lq bit,c.. .WWA *6,,.1,<u.dpovid..,ddtihwmlfl.,rbiltibui .dd*dcm!,,
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bed,mum.dpstIlule,ntire,●nd@U lrquO*
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OhmMob mmted~mp w*5w f,n ,“mwmSAMt.. I#sInemnww.)W*.* r,w.
M.JI*lo!wwdofPOW,Iluldwltdc2C6PP.71C$25mbtonPU14CI.*ccwI.bhIMw”l,,nEybbddti,K,q.,,odI%WIwe!.t,●hetfwth,P#AIwd,w#*uU*!*{,#cc*V*ble.
Ahl~hly,,II,L4,C~P,.MO,wdh9s+s,“”I,llwWul!.d.OMmudLupfq!+tlfd.hyd,chitoW6M.JUIr”zi.Q,
v“n$bth,ng.up,tibbmg,8nmpmbbm.
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cpmll”~Cois—.Po4,rabl~W, bullhedN. Ihl,onM*6Iw Iu.attfqw* I*O04M
NiQhum .x4!dwtohc+uwwilqu!luwm.Lowpuwmpum;h~me
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Wdl CoBblowWmptwbncmVW4PMdlqonIdcadMempt,ndl,lutntwlmle.,
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IP.@Pomp P(Ogr.ssin*C*”* ESP Hyd,mdic J81 Caminmu,au tn!umitbnl003L* Pl””g.r
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co,mdtidodotmd Ih,ommlm22f9 .Onlpfwic.n . . adqikswlackd e“pz,,nca
p+adwtlonc+ab+ap? fatF.wbkm and.prtid siringf.nopoc.lingtptomP+ormly
foil.aw,cl dec,eu..mmsupplyd injti.n
,,,,, (v,~ ,y,lwn.W*II1#* CwddiomM“*I de,lerdand!Irn.,
w andm,*”SIW’*10 pow,fluidoyu.m wddoPMatinQI. m.mtdd, Wqumbh.pwa!ing mhhiznpomsi C.Vh#iO.(MC4d pr91t”t*tio{~wrnwtat.t*s●nd odofWbtbt m PUMP~:.d,d*cltlc*l
VC4umIWprOblMll. t.lst.dmpump l“Jbcliigu
nlbhlndiO”*). Pmbbmsw Ikll.k,ploS*ut*.Char,o,ngwdl Mompt.bl.m&8wmdtilonsmducn p,*u”t**>40LUdowti c.ump wior.1atilnyFrqu+nldownlilm,aS”bf,o,mpwmlodpmablns,hl@ctiOnp+OSmJm,W1l’TlI!18kl!+iulmDfeb&mMuildlumC4dwnh.abpumpt.
sdva9*vdu* Eacdhn!EWIV WWw; ●W* ;.J,;SOmatrti in W!; eOnUtlbd9 M WI* $* $OnmIIulbel s91mal FM Imrl?tmdsIIW$dandw mwodd WI?+ “d-. PamOPu 1“Vduc.F* IIUwcdww’wl. !agoaiuno WmhluWO* in“h. PawW** letu,sd c.rr.mmmhmk+ mmholV91U81 lnuh0!folmp19n F*; IOllww9dcIn 00mPW9mnld ~ Im cpll I?’W*qvl~nt “M q“lpnmti pump@QOdVdw vdus.$ti mnhti mwldr9WW1’Ju. tiu9,
tOfwSll*wStQm bfEnPbxWnWItWUllbowltvIlwWdw10’w91J.—
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compi.x.I.db *PUSand,e,uhw1“tomend dubtic+umlngt,*dm.nl FU’CIhc.uldMptOblWl*. Idw,——
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;2’=4. $~’~y
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M mtihod Ptlmb,d/~m**II tti**.Mae!&*n ,*I* ,W to temlnmbmhbh MC+!MeaIIC+vhlld,.wbt,,mg
pt*WJnWI* an mhpWln@UUCIonhbhwdu I*l&li,*t/dup, cw,odon,high ndl. undon Cti”lmua@oMlCtllWI!9,UMdon highVOklW,hlsh ~, *@Uu*nt
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710
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Hfd(wlwR.cipw.!ingPump
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RodP.mpi”~ P1.npwMPmg,.,’:ngC,”myEltiic*lQIbm,t,,bloPuwmg.—CadngsizewilfI,md“co01lklQ*mdamml pumptAvoid45°cwlnualulsnldl*r,~ducedpedwmmc,In,ld,5.5,c*dnodwmd,neondnothandml.
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Pw,,w!!b!hd●“d,mptowdW.lsfplc+wio<,!womm.ndod
Pau,*lUW Wnh*WIG dlt$ewelt6il* undbulkbuskd pumptw!atiPfolM.m.UwnltfCw:rolkdOnkbyd,lplec*rnOnlch.ch~pmp.?llcontrol..1C“ll,M+.m.,ad
Prnt,dwsno!W.IW,!aW.licab18dw!0InlakaOte*lut*,w”t,,m,”thlohwIhocWmrrc.+1
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CmLmSy#!.m8ROc,kmc.tmg
PlunptLAP,,W Contm”obsFM I“t,,fmll,nlM (d
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:OWSK.IIJ$C*!, Oood10.K*WII, CloW,belch F*!.batchtt@M,ng000d&cOll*nt Owd!E.xc*kn!,+..41,.9Abd#y
O&, Inhlbdw,. S4M,6 F,{,,“Olm,lbuch!<.*!8”(I !,,btq lnh,b+ar ,nh,bflo?cdy10 btich+, mh,btwcWI! m* w8cton gu cenb””oll,IklW pwdl,dae+t?ck,nh,b”wdown Oc.wn●nn.1.s mtexe..1..8 ContinuousIl**!inq -I Wdrein** Met bdch m“Mb,.“”ukml.moibh !,@,iu* shroud81U.WJ ,nhib.iwd(cdlatcd WllhPleduc.dfluid lkh,bdin~down Mulwt+bdb
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,“** 5s ,“kq tun&pull Wmpm.IW?MWl huwpOww MdinOR#hmWr.~ M :n p!obk.m. d IWwttton*Mtbvm;pclemldg“
?WJhlr,gInP, iwdham mduadfun
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vmhnowtih Mtchnqbulhblpploducbd wmbbdownhol+ MI.Willfm+Q,,m
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hti puilm~U.fl* I’w”I’v,,,p,!llm~ pow+tml wwa Inhlchkd.wwd w k uwdu aaquM*$U con!wUMdlpU* UMiwodad ~“ll,n(l“M
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