INTEGRATION PROPOSAL FOR HISTORIC KATRAS INTO DHAKA’S URBAN FABRIC

Qazi Azizul Mowla Zamal Uddin Shaikh Professor, Department of Architecture Lecturer, Department of Architecture

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology State University of Bangladesh (SUB)

Dhaka-1000 Dhaka 1209 and Graduate Student, BUET

qmowla@yahoo.co.uk, qamawla@arch.buet.ac.bd jamal_4099@yahoo.com; zushaikh@sub.edu.bd

Abstract

Dhaka’s historic edifices are the evidences of its glorious past as it has experienced a long process of evolution under different

rulers, dynasties and regimes. The cultural heritage of this area is manifested by its buildings, street patterns, use of space,

lifestyle of the people, religious practices, festivals, traditional crafts and so on. Due to rapid urbanization and lack of awareness

or conservation initiatives all these historic monuments/sites are in a state of decay. Uncontrolled and insensitive development

taking place around historic sites has created an adverse effect upon the urban fabric in terms of physical and visual quality

resulting in the area losing its identity and roots.

Among all the severely effected historic sites of Dhaka the Boro Katra and Choto Katra deserve serious attention being the

reminiscence of Dhaka as the first Capital of this region 400 years ago. This paper will illustrate two Mughal Katra sites and

explore the ways to integrate them with the city fabric so the people are constantly aware of their glorious past. The evaluation of

existing development pattern in terms of land use pattern of adjacent areas building height and encroachments is studied

thoroughly on site. Finally Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat of these sites were observed. Based on analysis some

recommendations are made for the redevelopment and conservation of the historic site that, if implemented is expected, to trigger

harmonious improvement of the surrounding area.

1. Introduction:

The old Dhaka was once the glorious capital of the Mughals

in this region is now on the verge of oblivion. During the

Mughal period a number of significant monuments were

constructed of which Katras are important ones. In addition

to architectural, aesthetic, historic, and iconic value, these

artifacts have great emotional value as the symbol of our

cultural identity and hence a part of the heritage (Shaikh and

Mowla, 2009). Mughal glory faded and came to an end with

the shifting of the provincial capital to Murshidabad in

1717A.D. Uncontrolled growth since than is almost

destroying the socio-cultural and historic settings of urban

fabric of old Dhaka. Encroachments are going on unabated,

while open spaces and water bodies are rapidly disappearing,

the roads remain invaded and the overall situation get

deteriorated. In this paper, two Mughal Katras and adjacent

areas were studied to have an overall idea of the present state

of the areas, their morphological changes and existence of

old buildings of significance which have architectural,

cultural, social, political, religious importance. This paper

particularly focuses on analyzing Katras and their

integration into the urban fabric of Dhaka that would show

way for similar integration of historic artifacts into the city

fabric for our identity and posterity.

1.1 Objective and method of the study

A main objective of this paper is to find the factors affecting

historic fabric of Katras by the uncontrolled encroachments

and chalking out a comprehensive plan of intervention to

integrate Katras with the city fabric. This study has gone

through a systematic process of documentation and based on

field and literature survey analysis is done, following which

plan of interventions and recommendation is formulated.

2. Significance of historic sites and their integration with

the urban fabric

Interventions are necessary to develop a harmonious

relationship between historic artifacts and urban settings.

The intangible meaning of historic artifacts has significant

importance in our societal value. Historic artifacts are the

material evidences of our past (Mowla,2008). So their

extinction poses a question towards our own survival as a

proud nation. Any conservation scheme to ingrate the

present urban fabric with its past is of vital importance.

Katras may be taken here as the case.

2.1 About Katra: The word possibly originated from the

Arabic word katrar or Katra. Katra means a building having

arches. In Arabic and Persian literature it has been called a

'Karwan Sarai' or simply a 'Sarai'. A Karwan Sarai would

generally have a courtyard. An arched veranda would

surround the courtyard and beyond the veranda would be the

rooms where the passersby took shelter on their way from

one place to another. The beasts of burden like horses and

camels with carts and other articles necessary for a journey

were kept in the courtyard. It is assumed that there were

numbers of Sarais along the trade routes during the Muslim

period.

In a Katra there was arrangement of sleeping rooms, kitchen,

dining space, lavatories, mosque and even a hospital for the

passersby. Waqf (endowment) estates at private and public

initiatives were created for the maintenance and smooth

running of a saraikhana. Two Katras, the Bara Katra and the

Chhota Katra, built in Dhaka by the Mughals deserve special

mention being among the important architectures of the

Mughals in Dhaka.

2.2 Historic overview of Katras and morphological

analysis:

According to Rennel’s Map (1779) ‘Bara Katra’ seems to

have a quadrangular courtyard enclosed by structures at its

four sides. There were two magnificent gateways in the

north and the south. The stately southern wing, extending

along a river frontage, 223 feet long, is ambitiously planned

and gorgeously decorated in the Imperial Mughal Style.

Fig -01: Bara Katra picture from around 1840

The Bara Katra contains two inscriptions in Persian: one

records that it was built in 1053 AH (1643-44AD) and the

other contains the date 1055 AH (1645-46AD) and confirms

that SHAH SHUJA gave the building to Mir Abul Qasim,

who built it, to be used as a Katra on the condition that the

officials in charge of the endowments (waqf) should not take

any rent from any deserving person alighting therein.

Twenty-two shops were waqf to defray the expenses of the

Bara Katra. It therefore, appears that Bara Katra was a

caravan-serai, the northern part of which has completely

disappeared (Hassan, 1958 (Figs. 01-05)

Taifoor (1956) described the Bara Katra as an extensive

building near the Chawkbazar with four lofty gateways (the

gates to the east and west are now extinct). its southern

stately gateway, bearing three-storied rooms and flanked by

four passages and the massive octagonal towers, had been a

landmark of Dhaka from the river frontage. The three storied

corner towers were hollow and could be approached from

the subsidiary structures. Following the traditional pattern of

the caravan-sarai of Central Asia, the Bara Katra was highly

fortified and was embellished with all the features of the

imperial Mughal style. In 1765 Nayab –e Nazim of Dhaka

used the building as his residence.

2.3 Status of Katras from Historic Documents and their

virtual reconstruction:

Fig-02: Painting of D'Oyly (1823): southern wing (left) and ruin of

northern gate (right)

Fig-03: Entrance Gateway of south wing (left); South wing, north

elevation ((right) in 1930 A.D

Fig-04: Entrance, south wing from the courtyard.1950 (left);

Entrance, south wing, 1964 (right)

Fig-05: Boro katra south view- photo taken 1870 (bottom)

The southern part was 223’ long along the bank of river.

D’Oyly (1823) described the building as magnificent and in

good shape. However, local poor people have occupied the

building by than (Figs. 06-11).

Fig-06: C.S Map of Katras (1912-1915)

Fig-8: First floor plan of Bara Katra done by the authors with

reference drawings form Department of Archaeology, 1981

Fig-9: Second floor plan of Bara Katra done by the authors with

reference drawings form the Department of Archaeology, 1981

Fig-10: River front elevation of south wing of Bara Katra recreated

by the authors with the help of reference drawings form the

Department of Archaeology, 1981

Fig-11: Sectional elevation of south wing of Bara Katra (north

elevation of south wing) visualized by the authors with reference

drawings form Hossain, 2006

Choto Katra is situated about 200 meters east of the Bara

Katra and slightly smaller than the Bara Katra, is similar in

plan and was built almost for the same purpose. The Katra is

rectangular in plan, 101.20m×92.05m externally and

81.07m×69.19m internally. The thickness of the outer walls

is 0.91 to 1.00m and the maximum thickness of the bastion

walls is 1.22m. There are two gateways, one on the north

and the other on the south. The southern one is the main

entrance. Both the gateways, though much altered recently,

are still in situ. In the two outer corners of the south wall of

the structure there are two octagonal turrets.

The structures around the open courtyard have undergone

massive interventions. The three storied gateway on the river

cour t yard

Fig-07: Conjectural Drawing of ground floor of Bara Katra

done by the authors with reference drawings form the

Department of Archaeology, 1981

side has assumed some colonial features. The triple windows

and the lofty angle towers reflect the colonial influence

during subsequent restorations. The minarets were strongly

built and were without parapets and, compared to other

Mughal minarets, they were thicker. The floor and the fairly

wide stairway were built of woods. The room in the ground

floor was vertically divided in to two parts.

The Chota Katra is believed to have been built by SHAISTA

KHAN in about 1664 AD. It is also said that the Katra was

constructed to accommodate some officials and also a part of

Shaista Khan's expanding family. It is evident that the

structure has lost much of its original look through

indiscriminate alterations and unworthy restoration (Fig.12).

Fig-12: The Chota Katra picture from around 1880

Fig-13: Conjectural Drawing of ground floor of Bara Katra

prepared by the authors with reference drawings form the

Department of Archaeology, 1981

Both the katras (Fig.13) have quadrangular space or court

yard. The Mughal reminiscence is in entrance gateways

which are lofty in character. The plan is quite symmetric

except the location of northern gateway of Chota Katra

which shifted its position towards the west. The central axis

running through the court is bold in both katras. The

locations of the octagonal turrets at the pivotal points of two

wings are typical of Mughal buildings. The use of Mughal

arch opening (four centered, multiple cusps), merlon

parapet, symmetric façade having repetition of Mughal

elements are quite harmonious in characters. In the Chota

Katra, European elements like column with ionic volute can

be seen in the upper part of south entrance gateway, because

in the British Colonial period the building was altered.

3.1 Present Status of Bara Katra and Choto Katra and

Way forward

The dense settlements around both the artifacts have resulted

in visual obstacle. Inadequate space around the structure

restricts proper lighting and ventilation. The narrow road

network doesn’t permit vehicular access. Due to

uncontrolled development and high land value, proper urban

space for public gathering could not be provided. The

narrow streets have run through the gateways, created by the

remaining ruins. The open to sky spaces enclosed by the

buildings are almost occupied by the newly built structures.

The riverbank has now receded away from the structures that

once used to flow adjacent to it. More over land filling in the

area has set the ground level above the plinth of the existing

ruins (Hossain, 2006).

Except the Southern wing with gateway and some portion of

east and west wings, all other part of Bara Katra has almost

disappeared. There are traces of walls and foundations of

east and west wings standing with the newly built residences

(colonial structure) in the east and madrasa in the west side.

The wings with entrance on north side have completely

disappeared but the southern wings still exist as ruin with

some alternation as a ruin. In the entrance hall there are so

many incompatible additions of shops of different categories

that impede the visual quality. Addition of newly built toilet

and ablution spaces on the terrace of fist floor has been

made. Some tin shaded structures are also added on the

terrace of second floor.

Though the building has got small openings of traditional

Mughal style entrance of ample natural lighting was ensured

by windows but in the ground floor and staircases most of

the openings are sealed off that prevents the usual

penetration of light. Southern wing along with the northern

gate of choto katra still exist though in a very dilapidated

state. The south elevation of northern gateway is recently

plastered against the usual conservation practices. The east

and west wings are now totally lost and spaces are occupied

by new structures (Figs. 14-35).

Both the Katras in their present state are in a serious identity

crisis due to new settlements within and adjacent the sites.

The visual obstacles are more prominent in all the gateways.

Moreover there are several damages on wall, roof, floor,

staircases can be seen that need proper initiatives for repair

and improvement. The dense settlement in and around the

artifacts is creating visual obstacle. The present use of katras

and surrounding areas is a great threat for katras physical

and visual existence. Katra’s open courts are occupied by

incompatible functions. In the Ward map the physical

footprints of katra’s can still be seen but the plots are used

by newly constructed pucca or semi- pucca constructions

which are obviously illegal as it is a large waqf property.

Fig-14: Ward Map by Dhaka City Corporation showing two Katras and their major connecting roads

Fig-15: Pathetic existence of Katras in city context

(Computer Simulation)

Fig-16: Existing use pattern of ground floor (Bara Katra) Source:

Field Survey, 2010

bara

katr

a lane

residencial area

student hostel

student hostel

Ware

house

shop shop

shopshop

shop shop

restaurant

shopshop

shop

restaurantshop

courtyard

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

medicine

godown

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

residencial area

shop

shop

shop

Doctor's Chamber

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

shop

store

store

shop

shop

shop

residencial area

shoari

ghat

lane

student hostel

Ware

house

Ware

house

Ware

house

Ware

house

Warehouse

Warehouse

Warehouse

Warehouse

Ware

house

Ware

house

Ware

house

Ware

house

Fig-17: Entrance Gateway of Katras almost invisible due to

encroachment (Bara Katra-left, Choto Katra-right)

Fig-18:

Recently

plastered

Northern

Gateway of

Choto Katra

from inner

court (left)

Fig-19:

Northern

Gateway of

Choto Katra

from outside

(left)

Fig-20:

Southern

wings of

Bara Katra

from inner

court (left)

Fig-22: Damage in the wall

Fig-21: : Southern entrance hall

of Bara Katra occupied by the

shops

Fig-23: Umbrella workshop on

the second floor of Choto Katra

Fig-24: Northern entrance hall of

Choto Katra occupied by shops

Fig-25: Small factories on the

first floor of Choto Katra

Fig-26: Residential accommodation

on the second floor of Choto Katra

Fig-27: The entire court of Bara

Katra is encroached by new

structures

Fig-28: View of southern wing of

Bara Katra from roof

3.2 Effect of uncontrolled development around the

Katras

Both katras are still in use. But the way they are being used

is very unsympathetic and hazardous to their physical and

visual existance. Unaware of the value of the building, the

users are frequently demolishing the walls to build new

structures. They also add new floor ignoring the building

morphology and structural safety. The eastern and western

wings are either demolished or altered in a manner that

makes it beyond recognition of its historic past. The

boundaries are occupied by small factories which are

harmful to brick wall of Katras. The only surviving

Gateways are fully occupied by shops. Both the katras are

enlisted as national antiquities of Bangladesh. But these two

Mughal edifices are in a deplorable condition and also in

danger of extinction due to the lack of care by the authority.

4 Analysis and Synthesis

Strength: The building morphology and spatial characters

of Katras are in favor of giving such kind of adaptive re-use

that can ensure better social interaction among the adjacent

community. It is a waqf property, that are governed by

definite rules.

Weakness: There is no local community participation or

awareness to preserve the site. Lack of awareness among the

inhabitants to realize the historic value of Katras resulted in

a shortage of provision or facilities for the tourists.

Fig-29: Shops on the ground

floor of eastern wing of Bara

Katra

Fig-30: Corner turret of Bara

Katra

Fig-31: Wooden staircase to

upper floor of Choto Katra

Fig-32: Warehouse in one of the

ground floor cells of eastern

wing of Bara Katra

Fig-35:

Addition of new

structures by the

Madrasha Committee

demolishing the wall

of Bara Katra (left)

Opportunities: It is enlisted by the department of

Archaeology. If properly maintained and conserved, these

Katras can still attract a huge amount of commercial return

from local, regional, domestic and international tourist as

well as tourist related business. Connecting Katras with near

by water works road at the north and embankment road in

the south and developing connection between these two

nearby Katras would make them accessible to the tourist

Threat: Unplanned, uncontrolled and incompatible

development around the vicinity is gradually swallowing the

Katras, creating adverse effects on physical and visual

quality of the historic area. The physical quality is fast

deteriorating due to lack of conservation initiative.

5.1 Intervention Practices

Criteria for intervention depends on two factors of

morphological control ie. a. Historic fabric control; b.

Transition area control and c. Connectivity with the present

road system.

Historic fabric control is exercised where there is

dominating presence of historic buildings. This can be

conceived as urban restoration operation which aims to

reconstruct the continuity of the traditional fabric. Eg. New

development in Zanzibar historic stone town in Tanzania.

Transition area control is exercised where there is

dominating presence of new buildings encroached the fringe

areas of the historic fabric. In this case of interventions it is

necessary to recover the buffer area of historic buildings and

introduce new pedestrian alleys.

For Katras the second morphological control is expected to

be more appropriate. So it is necessary to demarcate the

buffer areas and reclaim the historic boundary by

demolishing the encroachment. Transfer of Development

Rights (TDR) may be applied for further acquisition of

adjacent land. Type of interventions proposed here are: a)

integral restoration, b) typological restoration, c) New

construction / reconstruction, and d) ordinary maintenance

5.2 Intervention strategies for Katras

Transition area control: Both the katras are now protected as

Historic Monument by the Department of archaeology

Bangladesh. In 1958 Department of Archaeology

demarcated property line to acquire for Bara katra and Choto

Katra but no further steps were taken. The situation has

deteriorated much since than. It is a matter of identity crisis

for both katras and now need immediate intervention from

government end to acquire the land to save these artifacts.

The lost part can be reconstructed and befitting adaptive re-

use can be taken up. The transition area can be redefined and

all the incompatible buildings and functions may be

removed.

For reconstruction of katras and effective transition area

control, more areas will be needed. The study proposes for

more land acquisition for Bara katra’s buffer area control

and reconstruction of missing part along with its northern

gateway. For Chota Katra, similar strategic action may be

adopted.

Fig-33: An entrance portico

added with the southern gateway

of Choto Katra during British

Colonial period (View from

inner court)

Fig-34: Addition of new floor on

existing structure of western

wing of Bara Katra by Madrasa

Committee

Fig-36: Area to be acquired for katras shown in red,

1958 by the Department of Archaeology

Reference (Mouza Shahar Dacca, Ward No: 5 & 6,

Sheet No-16, C.S map 1912-1915):

Protected site of Bara Katra at Dacca required plot no:

27 (part), 46,47,49,91,92,93,94,100,101 (part), 14p,

21p, 22p, 23p, 24p, 34, 42, 43, 44, 45, 101, 32p.

Protected site of Choto Katra at Dacca required plot no:

204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 221, 222,223, 197p,198p,

199p, 200p, 203p, 206p, 211p, 212p, 217p, 218p, 219p,

220p, 224p, 227p, 228p, 229p, 233p, 820p, 263p, 264p,

265p, 266p, 267p, 268p, 269p, 271p, 409p, 410p

Fig-37: Computer simulation on existing situation after removing

incompatible structures in and around Bara Katra from the land

acquired by the Department of Archaeology.

Connectivity with the present road system

All the connecting roads shown in C.S map (Fig-42) can be

revived. The existing commercial patterns of street can run

their business under guidelines to serve the local community

as well as to provide necessary amenities for the tourists. Fig-38: Land acquisition proposal and computer simulation by

the authors for effective buffer area and reconstruction of missing

part of Bara Katra)

Fig -39: Virtual reconstruction of Bara Katra in the acquired land

Fig -40: Full range of view of south wing of Bara Katra.

Fig-41: Full range of view of north wing of Bara Katra.

To manage the historic artifacts to be conserved the

spontaneous public participation is necessary. But it is a

matter of question about how the participation will be

ensured. Polititical government has less concentration in this

regards. So the local panchayat system can be an effective

tool to manage public participation, as it develops from the

root of the community.

5.4 Recommendations for intervention

5.4.1. Recommendations for intervention at macro level

Global Aspects

There is a good possibility for Katras to be enlisted as world

architectural heritage sites. Every year many foreign tourists

visits this sites to have a closer view of the this two Mughal

edifices.

An Heritage Trust Fund can be established for the purpose

of providing financial assistance in the form of grants to

rehabilitate properties listed in the State and/or National

Register of Historic Places. This can also be done under

waqf laws.

Parallel to the existing National Antiquities Act 1968,

International Guidelines should be followed to conserve the

antiquities so that these can become part of world

architectural heritages.

National Level

In the Dhaka Metropolitan Building Construction Rules

2008, it is mentioned that within 250 meter radius of any

declared antiquities, no development or new construction

can take place without the permission of concern authority

(Chapter 7, Clause 61). Katras are enlisted sites by antiquity

act as well as Rajuk building by laws therefore there should

have been specific development guidelines for designated

historic areas to control the urban development.

A key to success in urban revitalization initiatives and their

integration is by forming investment partnerships with the

private sector. It goes without saying that appropriate

economic incentives such as property tax exemptions and

transfers of development rights (TDR) that promote efficient

reuse of historic buildings are necessary conditions for

successfully recruiting private sector participation.

Being a waqf property government can effectively use its

rights to control of the use of the buildings. Less obvious is

the fact that the policies put into place and the specific

projects undertaken must respond to the budget constraints

of citizens and businesses currently active in the historic

urban areas in question, at the same time promoting a

commercial orientation to the conservation and revitalization

effort is necessary.

There may be promotional activities at national level for

social awareness about the value of heritage artifacts and

why they should be persevered.

Urban level

All the illegal and incompatible structures in and around the

Katras should be removed to create buffer space.

Fig-42: Connectivity shown in the C.S map (1912-15)

Fig-43: Connectivity shown in the existing urban fabric (computer

simulation after demolishing the incompatible structures in Katras

For removal of incompatible having legal ownership,

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) may be applied to

relocate them in the adjacent areas.

There should be restriction on height, scale and volume of

surrounding structure so that katras gets visual and physical

focus.

All the approach and connecting road may be restructured to

create view corridors so that historic artifacts can be

integrated with urban fabric and with the river Burigonga.

Two katras may be a part of heritage walk route as well. To

implement this all the surrounding road networks should be

treated. For revival of Katras Debi Das Lane, Shoarighat

Road, Champatali Lane, Bara Katra Lane, Choto Katra

Lane, Hakim Habibur Rahman Road should be free from

heavy vehicles. Rikshaw and other slow moving vehicle may

be the transport mode. Water Works Road, Midford Road,

Rajani Bashu Lane can be used for medium vehicle.

Historically the approach road towards katras were from

River Buriganga which leads to Chawk (the marketplace)

through Champatali Lane, Shoarighat Road and the access

roads of Bara Katra and Choto Katra. So better connection is

needed to integrate Katras with Burigonga river and water

works road.

Designated offsite parking may be developed with amenities

and comfortable walkways developed connecting the

historic artifacts.

5.4.2. Recommendations for intervention at micro level

The Mughal Katras should be restored and renovated

maintaining the international guidelines. En extensive

documentation of existing and previous condition, analysis

of katra’s building morphology and physical structures is

needed for this conservation work.

The government may relocate the central jail immediately as

already decided from its existing position so that the

inhabitants of relocated incompatible structures of historic

Katras may be rehabilitated therein.

To reconstruct the missing part, more land may be acquired

and international chartered by ICOMOS (International

Council on Monuments and Sites) for reconstruction may be

followed.

A committee of architects, archaeologists, planners,

historians and representatives of the local community and

government may work together in this project.

The open areas should be designed with the reference of

Mughal landscape.

The Katras should be rehabilitated into

educational/recreational center for the local community so

that the community can take better care of their antiquities.

The adaptive reuse of Katras may have some tourist

facilities like hotel, restaurant, shops, entertainment etc.

Existing service and utility systems may be developed so

that the adaptive re-use can run smoothly and are

commercially viable.

Building maintenance committee may be formed with local

participation and from local authority to run the maintenance

and management in an appropriate manner.

6. Concluding Remarks

Dhaka is celebrating its 400 years as capital city. The old

core of Dhaka is gradually being segregated form the newer

part. The rapid urbanization, absence of policy monitoring

system for the development of old core are the great threat

for historic artifacts. Whatever rules, antiquities act, Rajuk

bylaws etc Waqf or so on should be enough to take

initiatives to integrate the historic artifacts with the city

fabric to give a city its true character and pride. Once strong

design decision regarding the control of these artifacts is

taken, other private sector development like tourist

amenities, souvenir shops or other compatible uses will

automatically follow.

The intention of this paper is to present the overall present

situation of Katras, their integration into the urban fabric

and to create the premises for policy makers for laying the

proper guidelines for the revival of Katras. While legislation

and agencies create the legal basis for change, the

community should participate to maintain its interest in

conservation, as ultimately the community harnesses the

benefits.

Reference

D’Oyly, Sir. C (1823): Antiquities of Dacca, John Landseer,

London.

Hassan, S. M. (1958): Ancient Monuments of East Pakistan,

Asiatic Press, Dacca.

Hossain, M.S (2006): Conservation and management a

concept paper for Bara Katra, Unpublished PGT

report submitted at Lund University, Lund,

Sweden.

Mowla, Q.A (2008): Redevelopment Strategy for Old Dhaka

– An analytical Debate, Jahangirnagar Planning

Review, Vol.6, pp.33-38.

Shaikh, Z.U and Mowla, Q.A (2009): Documenting the

Architectural Style of the Antiquity

Buildings in Panam Street, Pratnatattve, Journal of

the Dept. of Archaeology, JU, Vol-15.

Taifoor, S.M (1956): Glimpses of Old Dhaka, Pioneer

Printing Press, Dhaka.