Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
On The Job Training Report
JOVY S. JUAN
A Report Presented to the Faculty of the
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Provincial Institute of Agriculture
Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements
For the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
April 2014
APPROVAL SHEET
This experiential report entitled "On The Job Training
at Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College", prepared and
submitted by Joy S. Juan in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the practicum of Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture, has been examined and passed by:
Evelina D. Raguindin, MSA Alicia G.
Ellorin, DVM, MS
Adviser Coordinator Adviser Coordinator
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the practicum of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture.
FRANCISCO N. DIVINA, MS CARMELO F. BERIA, MATE
Head, Agriculture Program/Research Dean,
Provincial Institute of Member, Review Committee
Agriculture Development & Extension
Member, Review Committee
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
RAFAEL B. QUERUBIN, Ph.D.
SUC President II
Record by:
ERLINA A. VALIDO, MPA
Registrar III
April 2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The trainee would like to express his heartfelt
gratitude to those who willingly shared their time and
support in the accomplishment of the practicum, particularly
to:
Prof. Evelina D. Raguindin and Dr. Alicia G. Ellorin,
advisers, for their professional guidance, sharing their
time, effort and patience in supervision and assisting the
trainees in the preparation of the requirements needed
before their deployment to Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State
College;
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Dr, Carmelo F. Beria, for his patience in coordinating
with the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College for the
conduct of the training;
Dr. Rafael B. Querubin, SUC President II, Executive
Dean, for the privision of support anmd constant
encouragement to the trainees in pursuing their on the job
training;
Prof. Francisco Divina, Head, Agriculture
Program/Research for his encouragemetn and guidance in
pursuing this endeavor;
All faculty members of Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State
College, for their deep and constant encouragements which
contributed to the success of this training.
She would like also to thank his beloved parents for
their love, care, encouragement, moral, spiritual, and
financial support during the OJT;
Her friends who extended voluntary help and assistance
during the conduct of this endeavor; and
The Almighty God, the source of all knowledge and
wisdom who provided his blessings, guidance and strong
determination to face all obstacles in pursuing the chosen
career.
Juvy
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College, Provincial
Institute of Agriculture, has been offering the course
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture since the year 1973. This
course is practical and production-oriented. One of the
requirements of the course is to undergo survey by the BSA
1st year students on which they apply the theories,
knowledge and principles they have learned and put into
practice and master the skills they had applied during the
on the job training.
The trainee undergoes an on-the-job training in Vigan
Poultry on April 28, 2014. On the job training or OJT is a
part of the college curriculum that aims to train and orient
students about the reality of their chosen career.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Juan, Jovy Sotelo is the daughter of Mr. Ronie Dasargo
Juan and Mrs. Lilia Sotelo. She lives in Ag-agrao, Sta.
Maria, Ilocos Sur. She is the eldest among the two siblings.
She was born at Brookside, Pilar, Abra.
She took her elementary education at Ag-agrao
Elementary Schoolin 2008 - 2009. And her high school at Ag-
agrao Natinal High School in 2012 - 2013. With her desire to
fufill her dreams, taking up Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture( BSA) at Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College,
Provincial Institute of Agriculture, Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Rationale
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture is one of the
courses offered at Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College,
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Provincial Institute of Agriculture. Practicum is one of the
requirements to be undergone by the first year students of
the degree course BSA. It is conducted during the summer
classes of the first year. The purpose of which is to
integrate theoretical knowledge with planned of a supervised
work experiences.
The program provide Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
students an exposure to different practical situation to
develop their own ability that ensure success to become
future agriculturists.
The survey activities is, the trained provides higher
personnel for agricultural developments, agricultural
research, agricultural extensions needs for upgrading their
skills in agriculture and to other jobs, their wants in
their life. Because agriculture is one of the best partner
for the fulfillment of their goals in life. Without
agriculture, no progress will happen in the community.
The purpose of the training is to develop skills and
improving the knowledge gained, quality of work and know how
to manage time of trainees and when he/she us employed, they
know how to value their work for referring of what he have
learned or apply the knowledge they had learned. but it is
hoped that they will become successful trainees as they
reflect on lesson from treasure chest of wisdom.
Objectives of the training
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
o To develop knowledge and technical information in
agriculture.
o To develop agricultural skills
o To provide the students survey the barangay. We
house to house and ask if they have piglets,
fattening, boar and swine.
o To train the OJTians for developmental
leaderships.
Definition of Terms
1. Accommodation is the adjustment of hostile individuals
or groups. It is an adjustment to conflict, past,
present and incipient (Ogburn & Nimkoff, 1970).
Likewise, another authority described accommodation as
either permanent or temporary termination of conflict
which permits the rival parties.
2. Compromise – is the other form of accommodation where
extreme demands are given up to achieve limited goals.
This could be described as either a “loss-loss”or “win-
win”situation.
3. Acculturation – in other words, he/she may adopt the
culture and practice of the society where he/she works
but still retains his/her social identity or
nationality as a Filipino.
4. Assimilation – refers to the process of interpretation
and fusion in which person and groups acquire the
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
memories, sentiments and attitude of other persons or
groups and sharing their experiences and history.
5. Differentiation – is a social process of eliminating
competition; it is the creation of interest in
individuals or groups needing or wanting different
things or services rather than the same thing (Ritcher,
1987)
6. Conflict of Impersonal Ideals – this is carried on by
by individuals or group for a principles or an ideal
not for personal benefit but for the group or society’s
well being.
7. Personal competition – this invites direct and face-
toface contact. Individuals or group may employ varied
strategies to excel in their field of specialization to
be superior to others.
8. Conflict – conflict when two goals of equals importance
(resources and opportunities) are scarce. There is need
to prioritize social needs. Conflict occurs when a
particular goal is opposing one’s own principle in
attaining the desired or targeted purpose.
9. Competition – a social process, competition may have a
ment and dement in human endeavor. Competition is a
form of opposition or struggle to secure reward or a
material object, position, leadership, prestige or
power. (Panopio, et.al., 1994)
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
Traditional farming (of many particular kinds in
different eras and places) was the original type
of agriculture, and has been practiced for thousands of
years. Forest gardening, a tradition food production system
which dates from prehistoric times, is tought to be thw
orlld's oldest and most resilient agroecosystem.
Artificial fertilizers had been created during the
18th century, initially with superphosphates and then
ammonia derived fertilizers mass produced during World War
I. These early fertilizers were cheap, powerful, and easy to
transport in bulk. These early fertilizers were cheap,
powerful, and easy to transport in bulk. Similar advances
occurred in chemical pesticides in the 1940s, leading to the
decade being referred to as the 'pesticide era'. But these
new agricultural techniques, while beneficial in the short
term, had serious longer term side effects such as soil
compaction, soil erosion, and declines in overall soil
fertility, along with health concerns about toxic chemicals
entering the food supply.
Soil biology scientists began in the late 1800s and
early 1900s to develop theories on how new advancements in
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
biological science could be used in agriculture as a way to
remedy these side effects, while still maintaining higher
production. In Central Europe Rudolf Steiner, whose Lectures
on Agriculture were published in 1925. created biodynamic
agriculture, an early version of what we now call organic
agriculture. Steiner was motivated by spiritual rather than
scientific considerations.
In the late 1930s and early 1940s Sir Albert Howard and
his wife Gabrielle Howard, both accomplished botanists,
developed organic agriculture. The Howards were influenced
by their experiences with traditional farming methods in
India, biodynamic, and their formal scientific education.
Sir Albert Howard is widely considered to be the "father of
organic farming", because he was the first to apply
scientific knowledge and principles to these various
traditional and more natural methods. In the United States
another founder of organic agriculture was J.I. Rodale. In
the 1940s he founded both a working organic farm for trials
and experimentation, The Rodale Institute, and founded
the Rodale Press to teach and advocate organic to the wider
public. Further work was done by Lady Eve Balfour in the
United Kingdom, and many others across the world.
There is some controversy on where the term "organic"
as it applies to agriculture first derived. One side claims
term 'organic agriculture' was coined by Lord Northbourne,
an agriculturalist influenced by Steiner's biodynamic
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
approach, in 1940. This side claims the term as meaning the
farm should be viewed as a living organism and stems from
Steiner's non scientific anthroposophy. The second claim is
that "organic" derives from the work of early soil
scientists that were developing what was then called "humus
farming". Thus in this more scientific view the use
of organic matter to improve the humus content of soils is
the basis for the term and this view was popularized by
Howard and Rodale. Since the early 1940s both camps have
tended to merge.
Increasing environmental awareness in the general
population in modern times has transformed the originally
supply-driven organic movement to a demand-driven one.
Premium prices and some government subsidies attracted
farmers. In the developing world, many
producers farm according to traditional methods which are
comparable to organic farming but are not certified and may
or may not include the latest scientific advancements in
organic agriculture. In other cases, farmers in the
developing world have converted to modern organic methods
for economic reasons
Organic farming systems
There are several organic farming systems. Biodynamic
farming is a comprehensive approach, with its own
international governing body. The Do Nothing Farming method
focuses on a minimum of mechanical cultivation and labor for
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
grain crops. French intensive and biointensive, methods are
well-suited to organic principles. Other examples of
techniques are holistic
management, permaculture, SRI and no-till farming (the last
two which may be implemented in conventional or organic
systems
"An organic farm, properly speaking, is not one that
uses certain methods and substances and avoids others; it is
a farm whose structure is formed in imitation of the
structure of a natural system that has the integrity, the
independence and the benign dependence of an organism" —
Wendell Berry, "The Gift of Good Land"
Organic farming methods combine scientific knowledge of
ecology and modern technology with traditional
farming practices based on naturally occurring biological
processes. Organic farming methods are studied in the field
ofagroecology. While conventional agriculture uses synthetic
pesticides and water-soluble synthetically purified
fertilizers, organic farmers are restricted by regulations
to using natural pesticides and fertilizers. The principal
methods of organic farming include crop rotation, green
manures and compost, biological pest control, and
mechanical cultivation. These measures use the natural
environment to enhance agricultural
productivity: legumes are planted to fix nitrogen into the
soil, natural insect predators are encouraged, crops are
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
rotated to confuse pests and renew soil, and natural
materials such as potassium bicarbonate and mulches are used
to control disease and weeds. Hardier plants are generated
through plant breeding rather than genetic engineering.
While organic is fundamentally different from
conventional because of the use of carbon based fertilizers
compared with highly soluble synthetic based fertilizers
and biological pest control instead of synthetic pesticides,
organic farming and large-scale conventional farming are not
entirely mutually exclusive. Many of the methods developed
for organic agriculture have been borrowed by more
conventional agriculture. For example, Integrated Pest
Management is a multifaceted strategy that uses various
organic methods of pest control whenever possible, but in
conventional farming could include synthetic pesticides only
as a last resort.
Crop diversity
Crop diversity is a distinctive characteristic of
organic farming. Conventional farming focuses on mass
production of one crop in one location, a practice
called monoculture. The science of agroecology has revealed
the benefits of polyculture (multiple crops in the same
space), which is often employed in organic farming. Planting
a variety of vegetable crops supports a wider range of
beneficial insects, soil microorganisms, and other factors
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
that add up to overall farm health. Crop diversity helps
environments thrive and protect species from going extinct.
Soil management
Organic farming relies heavily on the natural breakdown
of organic matter, using techniques like green
manure and composting, to replace nutrients taken from the
soil by previous crops. This biological process, driven
by microorganisms such as mycorrhiza, allows the natural
production of nutrients in the soil throughout the growing
season, and has been referred to as feeding the soil to feed
the plant. Organic farming uses a variety of methods to
improve soil fertility, including crop rotation, cover
cropping, reduced tillage, and application of compost. By
reducing tillage, soil is not inverted and exposed to air;
less carbon is lost to the atmosphere resulting in more soil
organic carbon. This has an added benefit of carbon
sequestration which can reduce green house gases and aid in
reversing climate change.
Plants need nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as
well as micronutrients and symbiotic
relationships with fungi and other organisms to flourish,
but getting enough nitrogen, and particularly
synchronization so that plants get enough nitrogen at the
right time (when plants need it most), is a challenge for
organic farmers. Crop rotation and green manure ("cover
crops") help to provide nitrogen through legumes (more
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
precisely, the Fabaceae family) which fix nitrogen from the
atmosphere through symbiosis
with rhizobial bacteria . Intercropping, which is sometimes
used for insect and disease control, can also increase soil
nutrients, but the competition between the legume and the
crop can be problematic and wider spacing between crop rows
is required. Crop residues can beploughed back into the
soil, and different plants leave different amounts of
nitrogen, potentially aiding synchronization. Organic
farmers also use animal manure, certain processed
fertilizers such as seed meal and various mineral powders
such as rock phosphateand green sand, a naturally occurring
form of potash which provides potassium. Together these
methods help to control erosion. In some cases pH may need
to be amended. Natural pH amendments
include lime and sulfur, but in the U.S. some compounds such
asiron sulfate, aluminum sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and
soluble boron products are allowed in organic farming.
Mixed farms with both livestock and crops can operate
as ley farms, whereby the land gathers fertility through
growing nitrogen-fixing forage grasses such as white
clover or alfalfa and grows cash crops or cereals when
fertility is established. Farms without livestock
("stockless") may find it more difficult to maintain soil
fertility, and may rely more on external inputs such as
imported manure as well as grain legumes and green manures,
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
although grain legumes may fix limited nitrogen because they
are harvested. Horticulturalfarms growing fruits and
vegetables which operate in protected conditions are often
even more reliant upon external inputs.
Biological research into soil and soil organisms has
proven beneficial to organic farming. Varieties of bacteria
and fungi break down chemicals, plant matter and animal
waste into productive soil nutrients. In turn, they produce
benefits of healthier yields and more productive soil for
future crops. Fields with less or no manure display
significantly lower yields, due to decreased soil microbe
community, providing a healthier, more arable soil system.
Weed management
Organic weed management promotes weed suppression,
rather than weed elimination, by enhancing crop competition
and phytotoxic effects on weeds. Organic farmers integrate
cultural, biological, mechanical, physical and chemical
tactics to manage weeds without synthetic herbicides.
Organic standards require rotation of annual
crops, meaning that a single crop cannot be grown in the
same location without a different, intervening crop. Organic
crop rotations frequently include weed-suppressive cover
crops and crops with dissimilar life cycles to discourage
weeds associated with a particular crop. Research is ongoing
to develop organic methods to promote the growth of natural
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
microorganisms that suppress the growth or germination of
common weeds.
Other cultural practices used to enhance crop
competitiveness and reduce weed pressure include selection
of competitive crop varieties, high-density planting, tight
row spacing, and late planting into warm soil to encourage
rapid crop germination.
Mechanical and physical weed control practices used on
organic farms can be broadly grouped as:
Tillage - Turning the soil between crops to incorporate
crop residues and soil amendments; remove existing weed
growth and prepare a seedbed for planting; turning soil
after seeding to kill weeds, including cultivation of
row crops;
Mowing and cutting - Removing top growth of weeds;
Flame weeding and thermal weeding - Using heat to kill
weeds; and
Mulching - Blocking weed emergence with organic
materials, plastic films, or landscape fabric.
Some critics, citing work published in 1997 by David
Pimentel of Cornell University, which described an epidemic
of soil erosion worldwide, have raised concerned that
tillage contribute to the erosion epidemic. The FAO and
other organizations have advocated a "no-till" approach to
both conventional and organic farming, and point out in
particular that crop rotation techniques used in organic
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
farming are excellent no-till approaches. A study published
in 2005 by Pimentel and colleagues confirmed that "Crop
rotations and cover cropping (green manure) typical of
organic agriculture reduce soil erosion, pest problems, and
pesticide use." Some naturally sourced chemicals are allowed
for herbicidal use. These include certain formulations
of acetic acid (concentrated vinegar), corn gluten meal,
and essential oils. A few selective bioherbicides based on
fungal pathogens have also been developed. At this time,
however, organic herbicides and bioherbicides play a minor
role in the organic weed control toolbox.
Weeds can be controlled by grazing. For example, geese
have been used successfully to weed a range of organic crops
including cotton, strawberries, tobacco, and corn, reviving
the practice of keeping cotton patch geese, common in the
southern U.S. before the 1950s. Similarly, some rice farmers
introduce ducks and fish to wet paddy fields to eat both
weeds and insects.
Controlling other organisms
Organisms aside from weeds that cause problems on
organic farms include arthropods (e.g.,
insects, mites), nematodes, fungi and bacteria. Organic
practices include, but are not limited to:
encouraging predatory beneficial insects to control
pests by serving them nursery plants and/or an
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
alternative habitat, usually in a form of
a shelterbelt, hedgerow, or beetle bank;
encouraging beneficial microorganisms;
rotating crops to different locations from year to year
to interrupt pest reproduction cycles;
planting companion crops and pest-repelling plants that
discourage or divert pests;
using row covers to protect crops during pest migration
periods;
using biologic pesticides and herbicides
using no-till farming, and no-till farming techniques
as false seedbeds
using sanitation to remove pest habitat;
Using insect traps to monitor and control insect
populations.
Using physical barriers, such as row covers
Examples of predatory beneficial insects include minute
pirate bugs, big-eyed bugs, and to a lesser
extent ladybugs (which tend to fly away), all of which eat a
wide range of pests. Lacewings are also effective, but tend
to fly away. Praying mantis tend to move more slowly and eat
less heavily. Parasitoid wasps tend to be effective for
their selected prey, but like all small insects can be less
effective outdoors because the wind controls their movement.
Predatory mites are effective for controlling other mites.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Naturally derived insecticides allowed for use on
organic farms use include Bacillus thuringiensis (a
bacterial toxin), pyrethrum (a chrysanthemum
extract), spinosad (a bacterial metabolite), neem (a tree
extract) and rotenone (a legume root extract). Fewer than
10% of organic farmers use these pesticides regularly; one
survey found that only 5.3% of vegetable growers in
California use rotenone while 1.7% use pyrethrum.
[45]:26 These pesticides are not always more safe or
environmentally friendly than synthetic pesticides and can
cause harm. The main criterion for organic pesticides is
that they are naturally derived, and some naturally derived
substances have been controversial. Controversial natural
pesticides include rotenone, copper, nicotine sulfate,
and pyrethrums Rotenone and pyrethrum are particularly
controversial because they work by attacking the nervous
system, like most conventional insecticides. Rotenone is
extremely toxic to fish[48] and can induce symptoms
resembling Parkinson's disease in mammals. Although
pyrethrum (natural pyrethrins) is more effective against
insects when used with piperonyl butoxide (which retards
degradation of the pyrethrins), organic standards generally
do not permit use of the latter substance.
Naturally derived fungicides allowed for use on organic
farms include the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus
pumilus; and the fungus Trichoderma harzianum. These are
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
mainly effective for diseases affecting roots. Compost
tea contains a mix of beneficial microbes, which may attack
or out-compete certain plant pathogens, but variability
among formulations and preparation methods may contribute to
inconsistent results or even dangerous growth of toxic
microbes in compost teas.
Some naturally derived pesticides are not allowed for
use on organic farms. These include nicotine
sulfate, arsenic, and strychnine.
Synthetic pesticides allowed for use on organic farms
include insecticidal soaps and horticultural oils for insect
management; and Bordeaux mixture, copper
hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate for managing fungi. Copper
sulfate and Bordeaux mixture (copper sulfate plus lime),
approved for organic use in various jurisdictions, can be
more environmentally problematic than some synthetic
fungicides dissallowed in organic farming. Similar concerns
apply to copper hydroxide. Repeated application of copper
sulfate or copper hydroxide as a fungicide may eventually
result in copper accumulation to toxic levels in soil, and
admonitions to avoid excessive accumulations of copper in
soil appear in various organic standards and elsewhere.
Environmental concerns for several kinds of biota arise at
average rates of use of such substances for some crops. In
the European Union, where replacement of copper-based
fungicides in organic agriculture is a policy
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
priority, research is seeking alternatives for organic
production.
Livestock
For livestock like these healthy cows vaccines play an
important part in animal health since antibiotic therapy is
prohibited in organic farming
Raising livestock and poultry, for meat, dairy and
eggs, is another traditional, farming activity that
complements growing. Organic farms attempt to provide
animals with natural living conditions and feed. While the
USDA does not require any animal welfare requirements be met
for a product to be marked as organic, this is a variance
from older organic farming practices.
Organic livestock may be, and must be, treated with
medicine when they are sick, but drugs cannot be used to
promote growth, their feed must be organic, and they must be
pastured.
Also, horses and cattle used to be a basic farm feature
that provided labor, for hauling and plowing, fertility,
through recycling of manure, and fuel, in the form of food
for farmers and other animals. While today, small growing
operations often do not include livestock, domesticated
animals are a desirable part of the organic farming
equation, especially for true sustainability, the ability of
a farm to function as a self-renewing unit.
Genetic modification
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
A key characteristic of organic farming is the
rejection of genetically engineered plants and animals. On
October 19, 1998, participants at IFOAM's 12th Scientific
Conference issued the Mar del Plata Declaration, where more
than 600 delegates from over 60 countries voted unanimously
to exclude the use of genetically modified organisms in food
production and agriculture.
Although opposition to the use of any transgenic
technologies in organic farming is strong, agricultural
researchers Luis Herrera-Estrella and Ariel Alvarez-Morales
continue to advocate integration of transgenic technologies
into organic farming as the optimal means to sustainable
agriculture, particularly in the developing world, as does
author and scientist Pamela Ronald, who views this kind
of biotechnology as being consistent with organic
principles.
Although GMOs are excluded from organic farming, there
is concern that the pollen from genetically modified crops
is increasingly penetrating organic and heirloom seed
stocks, making it difficult, if not impossible, to keep
these genomes from entering the organic food supply.
Differing regulations among countries limits the
availability of GMOs to certain countries, as described in
the article on regulation of the release of genetic modified
organisms.
Standards
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Standards regulate production methods and in some cases
final output for organic agriculture. Standards may be
voluntary or legislated. As early as the 1970s private
associations certified organic producers. In the 1980s,
governments began to produce organic production guidelines.
In the 1990s, a trend toward legislated standards began,
most notably with the 1991 EU-Eco-regulation developed
for European Union, which set standards for 12 countries,
and a 1993 UK program. The EU's program was followed by a
Japanese program in 2001, and in 2002 the U.S. created
the National Organic Program (NOP). As of 2007 over 60
countries regulate organic farming . In 2005 IFOAM created
the Principles of Organic Agriculture, an international
guideline for certification criteria. Typically the agencies
accredit certification groups rather than individual farms.
Organic production materials used in and foods are
tested independently by the Organic Materials Review
Institute.
Composting
Using manure as a fertiliser risks contaminating food
with animal gut bacteria, including pathogenic strains of E.
coli that have caused fatal poisoning from eating organic
food. To combat this risk, USDA organic standards require
that manure must be sterilized through high
temperature thermophilic composting. If raw animal manure is
used, 120 days must pass before the crop is harvested if the
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
final product comes into direct contact with the soil. For
products which do not come into direct contact with soil, 90
days must pass prior to harvest.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
CHAPTER III
Technical Description of the Agency/Industry/Plant
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College is a public
college in the Philippines. It is mandated to provide
professional and technical training both in the
undergraduate and the graduate levels in the fields of
economics, agriculture, fishery, trade, home industry,
engineering, education, forest research and conservation,
management, finance, accounting and business administration,
public administration and other fields. It is also mandated
to promote scientific and technological researches. Its main
campus is located in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur.
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College (ISPSC) was
created by virtue of RA 8547 authored by the then
Congressman of the 2nd District of Ilocos Sur, Hon. Eric D.
Singson converting the then Ilocos Sur Polytechnic College
(ISPC) into a state college. The charter was signed into law
by President Fidel V. Ramos on February 24, 1998. The then
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic College was created by virtue of RA
7960 also authored by then Congressman Eric D. Singson and
signed into law on March 29, 1995. The law converted the
then Ilocos Sur Agricultural College (ISAC) into a
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
polytechnic college integrating into it seven vocational-
technical and general academic secondary schools in the
second district of Ilocos Sur namely: Narvacan School of
Fisheries NASOF), Southern Ilocos Sur School of Fisheries
(SISSOF), Ilocos Sur Experimental Station and Pilot School
of Cottage Industries (ISESPSCI), Tagudin General
Comprehensive High School (TGCHS), Cervantes National Agro-
Industrial School (CNAIS), Suyo National High School and
Salcedo National High School. After its conversion into a
state college, two of the campuses, Suyo Campus and Salcedo
Campus, were reverted to the Department of Education.
ISPSC is a comprehensive six-campus institution of
higher learning mandated to give professional and technical
training both in the undergraduate and graduate levels in
the fields of economics, agriculture, fishery, trade, home
industry, engineering, education, forest research and
conservation, management, finance, accounting and business
administration, public administration and other fields as
may be relevant, besides providing for the promotion of
scientific and technological researches which the College
deems necessary in carrying out its objectives. The main
campus is situated in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur and the five
other campuses are strategically located in Candon City and
the municipalities of Narvacan, Santiago, Tagudin, and
Cervantes, in the second district of Ilocos Sur.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Today, ISPSC offers two accredited graduate programs in
the fields of Education and Agriculture. The college also
offers the following accredited undergraduate programs:
Elementary and Secondary Teacher Education, Agriculture,
Home Technology Education, Information Technology,
Industrial Technology and Hotel and Restaurant Management.
The first College Administrator was Mr. Apolonio P.
Labuanan, who served as Officer-in-Charge from February 24,
1998 to July 15, 1999. He served as Technical-Vocational
Schools Superintendent of the then ISAC. He laid down the
groundwork of the integration of the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic
College.
The first President of ISPSC, Dr. Alejandro V. Directo,
pursued the “SMILE” principle which stands for the values
sincerity, morality, integrity, loyalty, efficiency and
effectiveness. He began his term as President on July 16,
1999 and was extended for a second term in 2003. Dr. Directo
instituted the campus identity through the designation of a
flagship program for each campus. He initiated the
accreditation of degree programs offered by ISPSC as a means
of achieving quality and excellence.
The second President, Dr. Rafael B. Querubin, re-
engineered the college to become more relevant and
responsive. His term in January 1, 2008 and championed the
“CHARMED” paradigm, a 7-point development agenda which calls
for: Community Capability Building and Responsive
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Networking; Human Resources Development and Character
Building; Aggressive Academic Achievement; Resource
Generation and Wise Allocation of Resources; Maximized Use
of Resources ad Effective Maintenance Program; E-Governance
and Management; and, Developing Physical Facilities and
Building Structures. He worked out for the development of a
Medium Term Development Plan of the College (2011-2015), and
instituted a new set-up for the college. The new college
set-up produced two campus clusters: the North Cluster –
consisting of Santa Maria, Santiago and Narvacan, and the
South Cluster – consisting of Tagudin, Candon City and
Cervantes. He emphasized on the cultivation of a research
and development culture with the creation of the Office of
Vice President for Planning, Research, Extension and
Training. He also aggressively pushed for physical plant
development.
The main campus for the North Cluster is the Santa
Maria Campus which has been identified as the Provincial
Institute of Agriculture. Santa Maria campus had its early
beginnings as a farm school in 1913, then evolved into the
Santa Maria Agricultural High School. In 1963, SMAHS was
converted into the Ilocos Sur Agricultural College by virtue
of RA 3529 authored by Congressman Pablo C. Sanidad. Then in
1995, it was converted into the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic
College which was the precursor of the present ISPSC. The
Narvacan Campus is formerly the Narvacan School of Fisheries
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
which was established in 1964 by virtue of RA 3476 authored
by Cong. Pablo C. Sanidad which was signed into law in June
16, 1962. When it was integrated into ISPSC, the Narvacan
Campus became the College of Fisheries and Marine Science.
Today, it is identified as the Provincial Institute of
Agriculture. The Santiago Campus was formerly known as the
Ilocos Sur Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage
Industries (ISESPSCI) which was established by virtue of RA
4430 signed into law on June 19, 1965. It is situated on a
3.5 hectare area along the national highway in the
municipality of Santiago, Ilocos Sur. When it was integrated
into ISPSC, it became the College of Engineering and
Technology. At present, Santiago Campus houses the College
of Technology. Tagudin Campus is the seat of governance in
the South Cluster. It was known formerly as the Tagudin
General Comprehensive High School established which started
as the Tagudin High School and became a national high school
by virtue of RA 4447 which was signed into law in June 19,
1965. After its integration into ISPSC, it became the
College of Arts and Sciences. Today it houses the College of
Teacher Education, the College of Business and Hospitality
Management, the College of Arts and Sciences, and the
College of Information Technology. Candon City Campus was
formerly the Southern Ilocos Sur School of Fisheries
(SISSOF) which evolved from a fishery demonstration farm
(Ilocos Sur Marine Demonstration Farm). It is located in the
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
coastal barangay of Darapidap, Candon City. With its
integration into the ISPSC, it became the College of
Commercial and Social Services. At present Candon City
Campus houses the College of Business and Hospitality
Management. Cervantes Campus was formerly the Cervantes
National Agro-Industrial School (CNAIS) which evolved from
the Cervantes National School of Arts and Trades established
by virtue of RA 4424 signed into law in June 19, 1965. It is
located in a scenic upland municipality which is also a
gateway to the Cordillera provinces. When it was integrated
into ISPSC, it became the College of Agro-Industrial
Technology. Presently, Cervantes Campus offers teacher
education, information technology and hotel and restaurant
management courses.
Since the chartering of ISPSC in 1998, much had been
accomplished in terms of academic and technical pursuits,
facilities and plant development, research and extension
services, community involvement, administration and
governance, linkaging and networking, faculty and staff
development, and student development. Guided by its vision
as “an institution for total human development,” it
continues to be a beacon of hope to the people in the
service area and together thread the path towards greater
heights.
Vision
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
An institution for total human development
Mission
The college shall primarily give professional and
technical training in the fields of economics, agriculture,
fishery, trade, home industry, engineering, education,
forest research and conservation, management, finance,
accounting and business administration and other relevant
fields for the promotion of scientific and technological
researches. It shall offer undergraduate, graduate and
short-term technical courses within its area of
specialization (RA 8547 Sec, 3)
Goals
To produce competent professionals in agriculture-
related fields equipped with technical know-how and
scientific expertise towards effective and efficient
management of resources and environmental conservation for
sustainable development.
Philosophy
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College adheres to the
fulfillment of improving the quality of life of the people
through the generation and promotion of sustainable and
environment-friendly technology, development of cognitive
and psychomotor skills that jibe with the requirements of
the communities and the industries; inculcation of values
conforming to the ethical standards of society, acceleration
of agro-industrial development, ecological balance and
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
productive employment; and commitment to the principles of
unity and autonomy in the operation of the integrated
schools.
Objectives
1. to provide appropriate training along agriculture in
order to meet the demands for highly skilled and values-
oriented man-power in the service area;
2. to conduct researches to promote quality education and
enhanced productivity.
3. to conduct training and outreach programs in various
aspect of agriculture directed at providing technical
assistance to rural communities.
4. to develop innovative and critical thinking addressed to
technological changes and caring of the environment; and to
inculcate the value of teamwork, integrity, commitment and
dedication for efficient and effective services for
community development.
Core Values
Integrity, Sincerity, Perseverance, Self-discipline,
Commitment
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
CHAPTER VI
Experiential Learning Report
a. Description and Schedule of Activities
The practicum was started last April 28, 2014 at Vigan
Poultry. We had two respective areas like: Bio-N, Grabary,
Dragon Fruit, Tissue Culture and Animal Production, where
the OJTians were divided into two groups for their
respective areas that will rotate after 2 weeks into other
areas.
Date and Time Activities Persons Involved
April 7 – 11, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
To clean the
surroundings by
group
The OJT students and
Mrs. Evelina
Raguindin
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
April 14 – 18, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
By group, cleaning
the surroundings
The OJT students and
Mrs. Evelina
Raguindin
April 21 – 25, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
By group, cleaning
the surroundings
The OJT students and
Mrs. Evelina
Raguindin
April 28 – May 02,
2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
Survey at Barangay
Labing East and
West. With Casselyn,
we go house to house
if they have
fattening, boar,
piglets, swine.
The OJT students and
Mr. Rogie Remolacio.
May 05- 09, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
Survey at Barangay
Sulot-sulot, San
Juan. We go house to
house if they have
fattening, boar,
piglets, swine.
The OJT students and
Mr. Rogie Remolacio.
May 12 - 16, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
Survey at Barangay
Guimod Sur and
Norte, San Juan. We
go house to house if
they have fattening,
boar, piglets,
The OJT students and
Mr. Rogie Remolacio.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
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