Egypt. Poult. Sci. Vol (34) (II): (619-635) (2014) (1498)
Egyptian Poultry Science Journal
http://www.epsaegypt.com
ISSN: 1110-5623 (Print) – 2090-0570 (On line)
EFFECT OF FASTING PERIOD AND FEED FORM ON POST MOLT
PERFORMANCE AND EGG QUALITY IN LAYING HENS
M. El-Sagheer, H.Y. El-Hammady, H.H.M. Hassanien1 and H.A. Hassan
1
Dep. of Poul. Prod., Fac. of Agric., Assiut Univ., 71526 Assiut, Egypt 1Dep. of Anim. and Poul. Prod., Fac. of Agric., South Value Univ., 83523 Qena, Egypt
Received: 13/02/2014 Accepted: 29/05/2014
ABSTRACT: One hundred and eighty,60 weeks old, Hi-sex Brown laying hens were
randomly classified into three equal experimental groups. Eachof them included twelve
replicates, of 5 hens each. Birds in all replicateswere kept individually in wire cagesunder
controlled conditions in a closed laying house.Experimental hens in groups 1, 2 and 3 were
fasted all 24 hrs for 8, 10 and 12 days, respectively. All hens were receiving water ad
libitum.At the end of fastening, birds in each group were divided into two equal subgroups.
Birds in the first three subgroupswere fed on mash diets, while those of the second three
subgroups fed pelleted diets. Body weight loss of fasted hens for 12 d (35.8%) excelled
significantly those (30.6 and 27.3%) of fasted hens for 8 and 10 d, respectively. All fasted
groups ceased egg production by 5d of the start of fasting and remained out of production
until 19, 21 and 27 days before the onset of laying for 8, 10, 12 days fasted groups,
respectively. They reached 50% hen-day post molt egg production by 40, 48, 55 d,
respectively. During the experimental period, the mortality rate (MR) of 10 d fasted group
(5.1%) decreased significantly than both of 8 and 12 d fasted groups (6.6%). The molted
hens by 10 d fastingwhichfed on either fed oneither mash or pelleted diets had lower
morality than the other subgroups. The molted hens by fasting 10 or 12 d had significantly
better hen day egg production (HDP) and egg mass (EM); significantly moreshell and yolk
percentages(SP and YP, respectively); and significantly less albumen percentage (AP) than
those of the molted hens by 8 d. The molted hens by fasting 10 d had significantly
improved feed conversation ratio (FCR) than thoseof fasted hens by 8 and 12 d. The
differences due to fasting periods in egg weight (EW), feed consumption (FC), mortality
rate (MR), egg shape index (ESI), Haugh unit (HU) and egg yolk index (EYI) were very
limited and insignificant.Feeding on pelleted rations had significantly higher HDP, EW,
EM, FC, shell thickness (ST), SP and HU; as well as significantly less FCR as compared
with hens fed on mashdiets. Feed form did not affect MR, YP, AP, ESI and EYI.
All fasted hens on mash dietshad significantly decreased FC; increased EW; and improved
Key Words: Fasting period, feed form, force molt, laying hens.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
M. El-Sagheer et al
620
FCR as compared with those of fasted hens fed pelleted diets. The achieved results could
suggest that inducing molt of laying hens by 10 d fasting and feeding on mash diets can
achieves better FCR, lower MR, and without adverse effects on the productive
performance.
INTRODUCTION
Molting is a natural process that
occurs once a year in most avian species.
Molting refers to periodic shedding and
feather replacement, coincided with a
decrease in the reproductive efficacy
function (Berry, 2003) and body weight
loss of about 25% (Mrosovsky and Sherry,
1980). The reproductive system is
rejuvenated, allowing the hen to resume
egg laying. However, this reproductive
inactivity has been found to be incomplete
and the hen often continues to lay eggs at a
lower rate for a prolonged period.
Commercial egg producers often induce
molting in laying hens to extend the
reproductive capacity of the flock.
Commercial induced molting as an
important management tool has been
widely used by the majority of United
States egg producers to rejuvenate laying
hens for a second cycle of egg production
(Wu et al., 2007). Induced molting may
also increase profits by optimizing the use
of replacement pullets on commercial layer
farms. Forty-seven percent more chickens
would be required to keep houses full using
the one-cycle option (Bell, 2003). Induced
molting which causes cessation of egg
production and entering into non-
reproductive state for a period of time and a
rapid loss in body weight and is commonly
initiated, when hens are between 65 and 72
weeks of age (Webster, 2003).
Molting methods are of three basic
types (feed removal or limitation, low-
nutrient rations, and feed additives),
coincided with some variations and
modifications,as the length of treatment,the
lighting program alterations, types of
resting rations fed, and the age at onset of
molt (Bell, 2003). Ideally, a molting
program should be simple to apply, low in
cost, result in low mortality, and lead to
high subsequent performance (Koelkebeck
et al., 1992). According to Baker et al.
(1983), an optimum weight loss ranging
between 27 to 31% was needed to achieve
maximum improvement in post-molt
performance and to ensure ovarian and
oviduct regression. The practice of
withholding food from laying hens for five
to twenty-one days, or until they lose 25 to
35 percentage of their initial body weight
(Webster, 2000), is currently done by 75 to
80 percent of the layer industry in the
United States (Bell, 1999). Molting has
been commonly achieved by fasting hens
for 10 days or more in combination with a
decrease in the daily photoperiod. The body
weight loss and cessation of egg production
allows the hen’s reproductive tract,
particularly the ovary and oviduct, to
regress and rejuvenate.
Fasting periods can vary from 4 to
14 days. Brake and Thaxton (1979)
concluded that a 12days feed withdrawal
period resulted in a 25% body weight loss
and that one-fourth of this loss was
attributed to liver, ovary and oviduct
weight reduction. Koelkebeck et al. (1992)
stated that a 14days fasting period might
result in a decreased long term production
as compared with fasting periods less than
10 days. Many researchers have
recommended weight losses ranging from
25 to 35% (; Baker et al., 1983;
Zimmermann et al., 1987).Lee, (1982) and
Ruszler, (1998), stated that the enhanced
postmolt performance is related to the
amount of regression and subsequent
redevelopment of body organs and tissues.
They found a positive and significant
Rabbit, Fasting period, feed form, force molt, laying hens
621
correlation between the length of the
rest period and postmolt hen-day egg
production.
Recently, the nutritional impact of
feed physical form has increased, to
optimize feed utilization and to improve the
production efficiency (Hott et al., 2008).
The scientific information available in the
literature of feed form influence on the
performance of laying hens is limited.
Feeding broilers, on pelleted rations
increased body weight gain and reduced
feed efficiency as compared with feeding
on mash form (Reece et al., 1985; Amerah
et al., 2007). Pullets fed pelleted diets had
higher body weight gain (Deaton et al.,
1988), and decreased feed consumption
(Gous and Morris, 2001) than pullets fed
rations in mash form. In contrast, the
results of Leeson and Summers (1984)
indicated that crumbling of rearing diets
had no effect on body weight of pullets at
maturity or on subsequent egg production.
However, birds fed crumbles consumed
more feed from hatching up to 10 wk of
age. Feed form influenced nutrient
digestibility,and organ development in
broilers (Kilburn and Edwards, 2001).
The information available in the
literature regarding the interaction between
fasting period and feed form on post molt
performance and egg quality are scarce.
The present study aimed to evaluate the
influence of fasting period (8, 10 and 12
days) and feed physical form (pellet or
mash) on the productive performance and
egg quality parameters during the postmolt
period in Brown Hi-sex laying hens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Design:
One hundred and eighty,60
weeksold,Hi-sex Brown laying hens were
wingbanded,individually weighed and
randomly distributed into three equal
groups.Each of them includedtwelve
replicatesof five hens each. The laying hens
in the first, second and third experimental
groups were force molted by fasting all 24
hrs for 8, 10 and 12 days, respectively. All
hens were receiving water ad libitum. At
the end of fasting periods, the laying hens
in each of the experimental groups were
divided into two equal subgroups. The hens
of the first three experimental subgroups
were fedon mash diets, while those of the
second three subgroupswere fed on pelleted
diet.
Environmental conditions and housing:
Laying hens in each replicate
were individually kept in wire cages
(61x55x45cm) under standard commercial
management conditions in a closed system
house. All experimental hens were raised
under 65% relative humidity and 18 to
22°C temperature. Theywere exposed to a
photoperiod of 8 hrs/day during fasting
period,which increased gradually to reach
17 hrs/day, while light intensities ranged
from 20 to 25 Luxes. After the end of
fasting period, feed were available ad
libitum. All hens were kept under similar
adequate managerial and hygienic
conditions until the end of the experimental
periods. The composition and calculated
analysis of the experimental diets are
shown in Table (1).
Traits under study:
The initial body weight of all hens
and at the end of the fasting period as well
as 10% egg production wasrecorded.
Thebodyweightloss wascalculatedbysubtrac
tingbody weightat the end of fasting period
from its corresponding value at the start of
fasting periods. The last day of egg
production from the onset of the fasting
period as well as the first day on which
hens resumed egg productionfrom start of
fasting period were determined and
recorded, while the period from the start of
fasting until attaining 50% egg production
was calculated and recorded.
Theweeklyfeedconsumption (g) as well as
feed conversion values (as g feed/g egg)
were calculated for each replicate from the
restart of laying and till the end ofthe
M. El-Sagheer et al
622
experiment. Averages of egg weight, egg
mass and eggproduction (Hen-day egg
production, HDP) werecalculatedfromthe
restart of layingand during 28 weeks
period.Deadbirds weredailyrecordedandthe
percentageof mortality rate was calculated
and recorded during the whole experiment.
After the resumption of layingall
newly-laid eggs during three days every
four weeks throughout a laying period of
twenty-eight weeks were taken from each
replicate to evaluate the egg quality traits
(egg weight, egg
shapeindex,eggyolkindex,eggshellthickness
andHaughunits)andthe eggcomponents.
Eggs were individually weighed by using a
special automatic balance and recorded for
the nearest 0.1 gram on the same day of
collection. The length and width of eggs
were determined by using an automatic
sliding caliper and the egg shape index was
determined according to Hamilton (1982).
The eggs were gently broken on a glass
surface, to measure the height of the thick
albumen and the yolk. The diameter of yolk
was measured, using an automatic sliding
caliber (before removing the chalazae). The
yolk was separated from the albumen and
weighed. The shell with its membranes
were dried and then weighed to the nearest
0.01gm. The thickness of the dried shell
with membranes was measured for the
nearest 0.005 mm. may byusing shell
thickness apparatus at three different
regions at (equator and both each of the
two ends) and the average was calculated in
millimeters. Individual Haugh unit score
was calculated using the egg weight and
thick albumen height by applying the
following formula: Haugh unit = 100 Log
(H – 1.7X W0.37
+7.6),where: H = the
observed height of the thick albumen in
millimeters and W = Weight of egg (g)
(Doyon et al., 1986). In addition, the egg
yolk index (EYI) was calculated by
dividing the yolk’s height X 100 /yolk
’s
diameter. The albumen was determined by
subtracting the egg weight minus the shell
plus yolk weights. The three egg
components were expressed as percentages
of the egg weight.
Statistical analysis:
Data were analyzed by tow-way
analysis of variance using ANOVA
procedure of SAS software (SAS Institute,
2005). The significant differences in
parameters (Egg production, feed
consumption, feed conversion, egg weight,
egg mass, body weight, percentage of body
weight loss, egg quality traits and egg
components) among themeans treatment
groups, were compared by using Duncan’s
multiple range tests (Duncan, 1955). None
of the data were transformed prior to
analysis. In all achieved results the level of
significance was P ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body weight:
The body weight (BW) loss
percentage in the 12 d fasted group
(35.8%)excelled significantly (P≤ 0.05)
those of both 10 d (30.6%) and 8 d (27.3%)
fasted groups as shown in Table 2. This is
in agreement with the findings of many
researchers such as Baker et al. (1983) and
Zimmermann et al. (1987) they found
weight losses ranged from 25 to 35%.Body
weight loss is an important factor
contributing to the success of the induced
molting through its effective impact on
reproduction and on fat deposits (Baker, et
al., 1983; Park et al., 2004). This leads to
regression of the reproductive tract, which
is proportional to the loss of BW, the
rejuvenation of the reproductive tract, and
the removal of accumulated fat which
stimulate and the reproductive efficiency
(Alodan and Mashaly, 1999). Webster,
(2003) reported that thebody weight losses
have ranged from 15 to 35%, but the
optimal BW loss of hens during induced
molt was not identified.
Onset of egg production:
The effects of fasting periods on
date of reentry into egg production are
Rabbit, Fasting period, feed form, force molt, laying hens
623
shown in Table 2. All fasted groups ceased
egg production by d 5 of the start fasting
and remained out of production until d 19,
21 and 27,which are the first
daysresumption of egg production for 8,
10, 12d fasted groups, respectively. The
hens molted by fasting 8 and 10 d returned
to egg production faster than molted hens
by fasting for 12 d. On the other hand, hens
reached 50% hen-day postmolt egg
production by d 40, 48, 55 for 8, 10 and 12
d fasted groups, respectively. Kuney and
Bell (1989) reported that, hens that were
fasted for 4 d returned to production sooner
than those fasted for 10 or 14 d, but
postmolt egg production was lower for
hens fasted for only 4 d. Hurwitz et al.
(1995) using feed withdrawal method,
reported that the production rate was
improved when the length of the rest period
increased and the maximal improvement
appeared to be reached with the rest period
ranging from 14 to 21 days. The flocks
fasted up to 10 d producedtheir first egg
within 5 wk and reached 50% production
by 8 wk from the onset of fasting (Swanson
and Bell, 1974).
Mortality rate:
The mortality rate at the end
forfasting period amounted 2.2% for both
of 8 and 10 d fasted groups, while it
increased to reach 3.3% by 12 d fasted for
group (Table 2). The results in Table 3
showed that, the mortality percentage for10
d fasted group (5.1%) decreased
significantly than that 6.6% for both of 8
and 12 d fasted groups. Swanson and Bell
(1974) reported that the average livability
for 63 flocks molted by 10 d fasting
amounted 98.7% during the feed
withdrawal period. In contrast, Buhr and
Cunninghm (1994) by using fasting method
found that, the post-molt mortality
percentage did not differ among laying
groups which lost 25, 20 and 15% of their
body weight.As shown in (Table 3), there
were no significant differences in livability
during thepost molt period due to feed
form. The differences due to the interaction
between fasting period and feed form
showed that, hens molted by 10 d fasting
fed mash or pelleted diets had lower
mortality rate than in the other subgroups
(Table 4). No interaction effect between
feed form and fasting period was found.
Egg production:
The hens molted by fasting for 10 or
12 d had significantly higher hen day egg
production (HDP) than that of hens molted
by fasted 8 d (Table 3). This result could be
attributed tobody weight loss as by Brake
and Thaxton (1979) and Brake (1992),
these authors also reported that induced
molting lead to the involution of
reproductive tract, which was proportional
to the loss of body weight, and that the
rebuilding of the reproductive tract would
lead to the removal of fat accumulation
subsequently to increased tissue efficiency.
Another possible reason for improved egg
production is the length of laying period.
In the present study, although hens
in 10 or 12 d fasted groups lost more BW
than thosefasted for 8 d; both groups laid
eggs at the same rate (83%) throughout the
experiment. This result could be attributed
to the fact that hens in 10 or 12 d fasted
groups stayed out of production for a
longer period 21 and 27 d, respectively
than that (19 d)of hens in 8 d fasted group.
Kuney and Bell (1989) reported that, hens
fasted for 4 d returned to production sooner
than those of fasted groups by10 or 12 d,
but the post fast egg production was lower
for hens fasted for only 4 d. Lee (1982)
found a positive and significant correlation
between the length of the rest period and
postmolt hen-day egg production.
Concerning the effect of feed form, the
hens fed pelleted dietshad significantly
higher HDP than that of hens fed mash diet
(Table 3). Regarding the effect of
interaction between fasting period and feed
form, HDP was significantly higher in the
molted by 10 d fasted subgroups which fed
pelleted diet and 12 d fasted subgroups fed
M. El-Sagheer et al
624
pelleted or mash diets than in the other
subgroups (Table 4).
Egg weight and egg mass:
The fasting period had no
significant effect (P≥0.05) on egg weight
(EW), while egg mass of hens molted by 10
or 12 d fasted groups increased
significantly than that of hens molted by 8
d fasted groups (Table 3). This finding is in
agreement with those reported previously
by Buhr and Cunninghm (1994), theyused
feed restriction till the experimental hens,
lost 15, 20 and 25% of their body weights.
The authorsfound that body weight loss did
not affect egg weight.
Concerning theeffect of feed form,
the EW and EM were significantly higher
in hens fed pelletedthan dietsthose fed
mash diet (Table 3). Regarding the
interactingeffect between fasting period
and feed form, EW was significantly higher
in all molted hens by fasting 8, 10 and 12 d
which fed pelleted diets than those molted
fed mash diets (Table 4). The molted hens
by fasting for 10 and 12 d and feeding them
on pelleted or mash dietshad significantly
higher EM than those fasted by 8 d and fed
pelleted or mash diets.
Feed consumption:
Results in Table 3 showed that, the
differences in postmolt feed consumption
(FC) among fasting groups were
insignificant. This is in agreement with the
finding of Buhr and Cunninghm (1994),
who found that, the percentage of body
weight loss (10, 15 and 25%)did not affect
feed consumption. The FC was greater for
hens fed pelleted than mash diets. All
fasted hens fed mash diets consumed
significantly less feed than those fed
pelleted diets. Feed consumption values
were higher for laying hens fed pellets than
those fed mash. These results agree with
the findings of some data from previous
studies conducted with broilers (Hetland et
al., 2002; Amerah et al., 2007; Frikha et al.,
2009). The increased consumption of
pelleted thanmash diets, may be
attributedto the improved texture of the
pelleted feeds,during the process of
pelleting,through the beneficial effects of
the steam and mechanical pressure on the
mash, which agglomerate the particles, and
increase the bulk density of the rations and
consequentlyfacilitates feed intake. Also,
the rate of feed passage in the upper
gastrointestinal tract was accelerated with
pelleted feeding (Sibbald, 1979), which
results in faster gastric emptying and
increased feed consumption (Svihus and
Hetland, 2001). Also, Gous and Morris,
(2001) reported that pullets fed pelleted
diets had higher BW and decreased FC than
those pullets fed mash. However, Ocak and
Erener (2005) sited that, either of pelleted
or mash dietshad no effect on FC in
Japanese quail.
Feed conversion:
The results presented in Table (3)
showed that hens of 10 d fasted group had
significantly better feed conversion ratio
(FCR) than those of 8 and 12 d fasted
groups. The FCR for hens fed mash diets
was significantly better than those of hens
fed pelleted diets. The interaction between
fasting period and feed form revealed that
the FCR of hens molted by 10 or 12 d
fasted and fed mash diets was significantly
better than those of the other subgroups
(Table 4). Reece et al. (1985) and Amerah
et al. (2007) stated that broiler fed pelleted
diets had increased body weight gain and
less FCR as compared with feeding on
mash diets. The physical form may have a
stimulatory effect on the digestive tract that
improves nutrient utilization of the pelleted
diets. Although, lower FCR is primarily a
result of increased FC,several studies
showed that feeding pellets did not affect
(P≥0.05) FCR in broilers (Plavnik et al.,
1997; Frikha et al., 2009) and in Japanese
quail (Ocak and Erener, 2005). In contrast,
feeding pellets consistently improved FCR
in broilers (Plavnik et al., 1997; Amerah et
al., 2007), in turkey (Plavnik et al., 1997)
Rabbit, Fasting period, feed form, force molt, laying hens
625
and in pullets (Gous and Morris, 2001).The
improvement in FCR of using pelleted diets
may be due to the decreased feed waste
(Hetland et al., 2002), reduced selective
feeding and ingredient selection (Behnke,
1994).
Egg quality:
The shell thickness (ST) was
significantly higher in eggs laid by molted
hens which fasted 10 d than 12 d (Table 5),
while there were no significant differences
among fasting groups in egg shape index
(ESI), Haugh units (HU) and egg yolk
index (EYI) among fasting groups. Len et
al. (1964) reported an association between
improvements in postmolt egg yield and
quality and the length of the laying period.
The degree of improvement in post molting
performance was associated with the
increased length of the pause during which
no eggs were produced. Baker et al. (1981)
reported that starving hens to achieved 30%
body weight loss at 77 weeks of agehad
significantly increased egg shell quality
than those of 20, 25 and 35% body weight
losses.
As shown in Table 5 that, no
significant differences were observed in
EYI and ESI due to feed form; however the
ST and HU in eggs produced byhens fed
pelleted diets had significantly higher
values than those of hens fed mash diets.
The differences in HU and EYI due to the
interaction between fasting period and the
feed form were insignificant; however the
ST of fasted hens for 8 or 10 d, which fed
pelleteddiets, had significantly the best
improvement than of the other subgroups
(Table 6). The egg quality parameters were
not influenced by feed form or the
interaction between fasting period and feed
form.
Egg components:
Eggs produced by hens fasted for10
and 12 d had significantly higher yolk and
shell percentages (YP and SP) and lower
albumen percentage (AP) during the post
molt period than those fasted for 8 d (Table
5). The increased SP may be attributed to
the reduced fat accumulation in the
glandular epithelium of the uterus which
increases the efficiency of glandular
epithelium.This is in agreement with the
findings of Brake (1992). It is well known
that the glandular epithelium in the uterus
isresponsible for providing the calcium
portion of the shell. The author concluded
that rebuilding of the uterus from the
regressed state would renew the tissue and
the glandular epithelium, which would
decrease the percentage of shell-less, or
poorly shelled eggs.
Concerning the effect of feed form,
the hens fed pelleted diets had significantly
higher SP than of those fed mash diet,
while there were no significant differences
in AP and YP due to feed form (Table 5).
The interaction between fasting period and
feed form did not affect YP. The fasted
groups by 10 or 12 d increased significantly
SP; whilesignificantly decreased AP than
that of fasted group by 8 d (Table 6).
In general, hens fed pelleted
dietshad better productive performance
(HDP, EW, EM and FC; SP, ST and HU;
and less FCR)than hens fed mash diets.
This improvement could be attributed the
decreased feed wastage, reduced selective
feeding, decreased ingredient selection, less
time and energy expended for prehension,
destruction of pathogenic organisms,
thermal modification of starch and protein
and improved palatability (Behnke, 1994).
In broilers, Nir et al. (1994) observed that
feeding crumbles or pellets reduced the
relative weight (g/kg of BW) of the gizzard
compared with feeding mash. In addition,
Nir et al. (1994) reported that pelleting
reduced the relative length (cm/kg of BW)
of the jejunum and ileum. The results of
Amerah et al. (2007) and Frikha et al.
(2009) indicated that the decreased length
of gastrointestinal tract with feeding on
pelletswas associated with an improvement
in broiler performance.
In conclusion, the fasted hens by 10
M. El-Sagheer et al
626
or 12 d improved significantly the
performance of egg production; sine it
increased SP and YP; and decreased AP
significantly than thosefasted hens by 8 d.
However, the fasted hens by 10 d improved
significantly the FCR than by 8 or 12 d. No
significant differences due to fasting
periods in EW, FC, MR, EGI, HU and EYI
were observed. Feeding pelleted rations
improved significantly egg production,
EW, EM, FC, ST, SP and HU; and reduced
significantly FCR as compared with
feeding mash. All fasted hens fed mash
dietshad significantly decreased FC;
increased EW; and improved FCR than
those of hens fed pelleted diets. Taking in
consideration the achieved results,it could
be concluded that induced molt of laying
hens by 10 d fasting and feeding on mash
diets can achieve a betterFCR; and lower
MR without adverse effects on productive
performance.
Table (1): Composition and calculated analysis of the experimental diet.
Items %
Ingredients
Yellow corn 60.90
Soybean meal (44%CP) 21.60
Corn gluten meal (60%CP) 6.00
Vit& Min. premix1 0.30
Wheat bran 0.45
Dicalcium phosphate 1.36
Calcium carbonate 8.95
Salt 0.40
DL-Methionine 0.04
Total 100
Calculated analysis2
Crudeprotein (%) 18.45
Crude fiber (%) 2.68
Crude fat (%) 2.78
Calcium (%) 3.87
P (Available, %) 0.38
Lysine, (%) 0.85
Methionine, (%) 0.40
Metabolizableenergy (Kcal/Kg diet) 2766 1Vitamins and minerals premix provided per kilogram of the diet: Vit. A,
1000 IU; D3 2000 ICU; Vit. E, 10 mg; Vit. K, 1mg; B1, 10 mg; B2, 5 mg; B6,
1500 mg; B12, 10mg Pantothenic acid, 10 mg; Nicotinic acid, 30 mg; Folic acid,
1mg; Biotin, 50 mcg; Chloride, 500 mg; Copper, 10 mg; Iron, 50 mg;
Manganese, 60 mg; Zinc, 50mg, and Selenium, 0.1 mg. 2According to NRC (1994).
Rab
bit, F
astin
g p
eriod
, feed fo
rm
, force m
olt, la
yin
g h
ens
627
Table (2): Body weight, day from start of fating to return to 50% production and mortality rate of Hi-sex Brown
laying hens as affected fasting period and feed form1.
Fasting period (day)
RSD Probability 8 10 12
Body weight (g)
At 60 weeks of age (at fasting starting) 1854 1833 1840 10.7 NS
At the fasting period end
1348a 1273
b 1182
c 83.1 *
When the egg production each 10%.
1606a 1581
b 1469
b 73.0 *
Loss percentage -27.3c -30.6
b -35.8
a 10.7 *
Day from start of fasting to
Last day of egg production 5 5 5 0.0
First day return to egg production 19 21 27 4.2
Return to 50% production 40 48 55 4.9
Mortality rate (%) 2.2b 2.2
b 3.3
a 0.6 **
a—c Means within each column for each division with no common superscripts are significantlydifferent (P≤0.05).
*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; NS = Non-Significant. 1n = 64 to 70 hens.
RSD = Residual standard deviation.
M. E
l-Sagh
eer et al
628
Table (3): Hen day egg production (HDP), egg weight (EW), egg mass (EM), feed consumption (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and
mortality rate (MR) throughout the experiment of Hi-sex Brown laying hens as affected by fasting period and feed form.
Fasting period (day)
Probability Feed form
Probability 8 10 12 Mash Pellets
HDP (%) 82.1b±0.4 83.3
a±0.4 83.4
a±0.4 ** 82.5
b±0.3 83.3
a±0.3 *
EW (g) 65. 8±0.1 65.9±0.1 65.6±0.1 NS 65.4 b
±0.1 66.1a ±0.1 **
EM (g egg/hen/28 wks) 1506.8b ±7.6 1528.2
a ±7.5 1529.8
a ±6.9 ** 1514.5
b ±5.2 1528.7
a ±5.5 *
FC (g feed/hen/day) 108.4±0.5 108.2±0.5 111.0±3.1 NS 107.7b±0.4 117.1
a±1.5 **
FCR (g feed/ g egg) 2.31a±0.02 2.24
b±0.02 2.31
a±0.02 ** 2.20
b±0.01 2.37
a±0.01 **
MR (%) 6.6a±0.1 5.1
b±0.1 6.6
a±0.1 ** 6.0±0.2 6.1±0.2 NS
a—b Means ±SE within each column for each division (fasting period and feed form) with no common superscripts are significantly
different(P≤0.05).
*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01
Table (4): Effect of interaction among fasting period and feed form on Hen day egg production (HDP), egg weight (EW), egg mass
(EM), feed consumption (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and total mortality rate (TMR) of Brown Hi-sex Hens.
Fasting period (day)
Probability 8 8 10 10 12 12
Mash Pellet Mash Pellet Mash Pellet
HDP (%) 81.8c±0.5 82.4
b±0. 7 82.8
b±0.6 83.8
a±0.6 83.0
ab±0.5 83.7
a±0.5 **
EW (g) 65.3cd
±0.2 66.2a±0.1 65.6
bcd±0.1 66.2
a±0.2 65.4
bcd±0.2 65.8
abc±0.2 **
EM (g egg/hen/28 wks) 1500.8c±9.2 1512.8
b±12.2 1519.0
ab±11.1 1537.3
a±10.0 1523.6
ab±9.9 1536.0
a±9.6 **
FC (g feed/hen/day) 108.6c±0.6 115.3
b±0.6 107.4
c±0.5 114.5
b±0.5 107.2
c±0.7 121.4
a±0.8 **
FCR(g feed/ g egg) 2.23cd
±0.02 2.38a±0.02 2.18
d±0.02 2.31
b±0.02 2.19
d±0.02 2.43
a±0.02 **
TMR (%) 6.5a±0.1 6.7
a±0.1 5.1
b±0.1 5.0
b±0.1 6.5
a±0.1 6.7
a±0.1 **
a—d Means(±SE)inthesamecolumnwithdifferentsuperscriptsaresignificantlydifferent(P≤0.05). **P≤0.01
Rab
bit, F
astin
g p
eriod
, feed fo
rm
, force m
olt, la
yin
g h
ens
629
Table (5): Egg components and some egg quality characteristics throughout the experiment of Hi-sex Brown laying hens as
affected by fasting period and feed form.
Fasting period (day)
Probability Feed form
Probability 8 10 12 Mash Pellet
Egg Quality
Egg shape index (%) 74.5±0.3 75.7±0.3 75.1±0.3 NS 74.6±0.2 75.6±0.2 NS
Shell thickness (mm) 376.9ab
±1.6 380.3a±2.0 373.7
b±1.8 ** 374.6
b ±1.6 379.3
a ±1.4 **
Haught units 83.5±0.4 82.5±0.4 83.7±0.4 NS 82.7b ±0.3 83.7
a ±0.3 *
Egg yolk index (%) 45.2 ±0.3 45.6 ±0.3 45.5 ±0.3 NS 45.2±0.2 45.7±0.2 NS
Egg Components
Yolk (%) 27.7b±0.4 29.0
a±0.4 28.7
a±0.4 * 28.5±0.3 28.4±0.2 NS
Albumen (%) 58.8a±0.5 57.0
b±0.5 57.4
b±0.5 ** 57.8±0.3 57.6±0.3 NS
Shell (%) 13.5b±0.1 14.0
a±0.1 13.9
a±0.1 ** 13.6
b±0.1 14.0
a±0.1 **
a—b Means ±SE within each column for each division (fasting period and feed form) with no common superscripts are
significantly different(P≤0.05).
*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; NS = Non-Significant
M. E
l-Sagh
eer et al
630
Table (6): Effect of interaction among fasting period and feed form on egg components and some egg quality
characteristics throughout the experiment of Hi-sex Brown laying hens.
Fasting period (day)
Probability 8 8 10 10 12 12
Mash Pellet Mash Pellet Mash Pellet
Egg Quality
Egg shape index (%) 74.2c±0.4 74.9
abc±0.5 75.3
abc±0.4 76.1
a±0.5 74.4
c±0.4 75.8
ab±0.5 *
Shell thickness (mm) 371.9b±2.5 381.9
a±1.8 377.8
ab±3.0 382.7
a±2.7 374.0
b±2.6 373.4
b±2.5 **
Haught units 83.5±0.5 83.4±0.7 81.7±0.6 83.3±0.5 82.9±0.6 84.4±0.4 NS
Egg yolk index (%) 44.9±0.5 45.5±0.4 45.3±0.5 45.8±0.4 45.3±0.4 45.7±0.5 NS
Egg Components
Yolk (%) 27.4±0.5 28.0±0.5 29.2±0.5 29.0±0.5 28.8±0.5 28.3±0.5 NS
Albumen (%) 59.3a±0.6 58.2
ab±0.7 57.0
c±0.7 57.0
c±0.7 57.0
c±0.7 57.6
bc±0.6 **
Shell (%) 13.2bc
±0.2 13.7ab
±0.2 13.9a±0.2 14.1
a±0.2 13.8
a±0.2 14.1
a±0.2 **
a—cMeans(±SE)inthesamecolumnwithdifferentsuperscriptsaresignificantlydifferent(P≤0.05).
*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; NS = Non-Significant
Rabbit, Fasting period, feed form, force molt, laying hens
631
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الملخص العربي
البياضدجاج الفي بعد القلشتهوجود لبيضايةنتاجإالعليقةعلى صورةالتصويم و مدةتأثير
حسام حسن حسانين -حاتم يوسف الحمادي –محمد الصغير محمد *
حمدي أحمد حسن -*
مصر -أسيوط 62517 -جامعة أسيوط -كلية الزراعة -قسم إنتاج الدواجن مصر –قنا 38518-جامعة جنوب الوادي –كلية الزراعة -قسم اإلنتاج الحيواني والدواجن*
علي بالتساوى ةوزعم، سبوعا إ 76عمر مائة وثمانون دجاجة من دجاج الهايسكس البني البحث على أجرى
طيور كل مكرره في وتم إسكان. دجاجات 5 منهابكل مكرره 21علي نهاثالث مجموعات ، واشتملت كل م
ولي األ اتمجموعالثالث وتم تصويمدجاجات . مغلقمبنى في تحت ظروف محكمة سم X 55 X 55 72 أقفاصأبعادها
نهاية فترات التصويم قسمت عندو مع تقديم الماء طول الوقت ، علي التوالي ، يوما 21، 26، 3والثانية والثالثة لمده
ولي للمجاميع تم تغذية دجاجات التحت مجموعة األأيضاو. تحت مجموعتين لى إبالتساوى وكل مجموعة الطيور ب
البحث مكن تلخيص نتائجيو . الثانية علي عليقة محببة دجاجات التحت مجموعة غذيت ، بينماالثالثة علي عليقة ناعمة
:ليي امك
لدجاجات مثيلهل عن%( 8553)والذى بلغ يوم 21اد معدل الفقد في وزن الجسم للدجاجات المصومة لمدة دزإ .2
(. علي التوالي% 1658، 8657)أيام 26، 3المصومة لمدة
نتاج البيض إعاودت والتصويم ، ء كل مجاميع التصويم عند اليوم الخامس من بدبنتاج البيض إالدجاج عن توقف .1
. علي التوالي يوما 21، 26، 3للمجاميع المصومة لمدة ( البيض إلنتاجول اليوم األ) 16، 12، 21 يامعند األ
21، 26، 3للمجاميع المصومة لمدة يوما 55، 53، 56 يامعند األ% 56لي إبعد القلش نتاج البيض إعدل بلغ م .8
. علي التوالي يوما
عنه فى كل من %( 552)أيام 26ثناء التجربة للمجموعة المصومة لمدة أمعدل النفوق معنويا نخفض إ .5
نخفض معدل النفوق بدرجة ملحوظة للدجاجات إكذلكو. )لكل مجموعة% 757(يوما 21، 3لمدة المجموعتين
. خريالمغذاه علي العليقة المحببة أو الناعمة عن التحت مجاميع األأيام و 26المصومة لمدة
للدجاجات ، ونقصت نسبة البياض معنويا والصفار القشرة تينتاج البيض وكتلة البيضه ، وزادت نسبإتحسن .5
.أيام 3الدجاجات المصومة لمده بالمقارنة بيوما 21أو 26المصومة لمدة
، 3الدجاجات المصومة لمده كل من أيام عن 26معدل التحويل الغذائي للدجاجات المصومة لمدة معنويا تحسن .7
.يوما 21
لفترات التصويم في وزن البيضة ، والغذاء المستهلك ، ومعدل ن تعزى أيمكن ختالفات معنوية إي أم تالحظ ل .6
. ل صفار البيضة، ودلي( HU)النفوق ، ودليل شكل البيضة ، ووحدات قياس جوده البياض
، وسمك تهلكس، والغذاء الم، ووزن البيضة، وكتلة البيضنتاج البيضإ سنت التغذية علي العليقة المحببةح .3
عن ملحوظةالكفاءة الغذائية بدرجة كما قلت ، (HU)ووحدات قياس جوده البياض القشرة، ونسبة القشرة
ونسبة البياض، ودليل علي معدل النفوق ، ونسبة الصفار،شكل العليقة أثر ولقد . التغذية علي العليقة الناعمة
اد وزن البيضة وتحسنت الكفاءة الغذائية بدرجة دزإ، وونقص الغذاء المستهلك ،الصفارمعامل ، وشكل البيضة
علي والمغذاةملحوظة لتحت مجموعات للدجاجات المصومة والمغذاة علي عليقة ناعمة عن تلك المصومة
.العليقة المحببة
مر األأيام والتغذية علي العليقة الناعمة 26بالتصويم لمدة الدجاج البياضالقلش في إحداثإمكانيةالى الباحثونويخلص
. نتاجيداء اإلوق وبدون نقص في ال فأقل نسبة نبrكفاءة غذائية و فضللحصول علي أيمكن من االذى
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