BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE
OZARK NATIONAL SCENIC RIVERWAYS
Prepared for the
National Park Service
Under Contract No. IL~-I0-9-900-168
by
Paul L. Redfearn Jr., Principal Investigator
Grant L. Pyrah, Staff Botanist
Wallsce R. Weber, Staff Botanist
John T. Witherspoon, Graduate Assistant
Department of Life Sciences
Southwest Missouri State College
Springfield, Missouri 65802
CONTENTS
Introduction ........................ I
Field Methods ..................... 2
$tation and Site Surveys .................. 6
Summary of the Plant Communities of the Ozark
National Scenic Hiverways .............. ~20
Recommendations for Additional Studies .......... ~62
Regions and/or Plants ~hat Should Be Protected ...... 465
References Cited ..................... 469
Figures i - 39 ................... 468 -513
Appendix I. Check List of Plants Found in the
Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Summer-
Fall, 1969 ...................... 514
Appendix I!. Vegetation Maps of the Current
and Jacks Fork Rivers Within the Ozark
National Scenic Riverways .............. 547
INTRODUCTION
This report is based on a survey of the vegetation of
the Ozark National Scenic Riverways conducted during the period
of 27 June to 12 October, 1969. The primary objective of this
survey was to obtain as much information about the plant life
along the Jacks ~ork and Current ~ivers as funds and time
permitted. This information has been used to list and discuss
the diversity of plant communities present and, with the aid of
aerial photographs, to prepare a vegetation map of the Scenic
Riverways.
Detailed de~criptions of each area studied and summary
discussions of the types of plant communities, inc.~uding o1@
fields, found along the ~.Zcenic Rivers are contained in the bo~y
~h~o report. Areas that were found to have rare or unique
olants are " ~ ~ ~" ~"~ ~.~n~m±ied ~md recommended for special protection.
Finally, during the course of this study many problems and
questions develo~ed~., for which there are at the oresent., time,
no answer~ A~ltiona~ ~o~ is recommended in these areas.
Field Methods
Originally, the basic plan of study was to establish a
number of belt transects from stream-side to the open slope or
ridge above. However, it was soon apparent that in order to
cover as much territory as possible, it would be necessary to
modify this original plan. The method fina!]~y adopted was to
study as many stations along the river as time and. funds per-
mitted and at each station to s~nple as many sites as necessary
in order to include the different plant communities present.
Stations (See Nap I) were located along the rivers so as to
sample as many t~}es of plant communities as possible. Past
experience of the principal investigator and aerial photographs
aided in the selection of stations.
The sites studied at each station were not located at
random. Rather, they were placed in plant communities that
were obviously different either in physiognomy and/or topographic
position. The size of the site sample varied, ranging from
I00 x !O0 feet to 50 x 200 feet. The square sample plot was
adequate where the topographic relief was not great. On steep
slopes or long narrow bottom-land area, the rectangular plot
was found to be more suitab~.e. In some situations where the
topography was very irregular, plotless sampling was employed.
In such cases, at ~east 50 or more measurable trees were counted.
For each site the fo].lowing physical information was
obtained when possible: degree of slope, elevation, topographic
position, soil characteristics, particularly pH, type of rock
exposed, and estimate of canopy. All trees with a d.b.h.~ 4 inches
were counted and measured. For small trees and saplings, shrubs,
~ b~yoohytes and lichens,herbaceous s~ecies, and in some cases, _ .~..
an estimate of abundance was made according to the following
classes:
Abundance Classes
! - Very Abundant - 51 or more plant units per sitesample.
2 - Abundant - ii to ~~ ~<., plant units per site sample.
7
DENT CO.
C ARTER
Map I. Location of Sample Stations a!ong the JacksFork and Current Rivers in ~[issouri.
3 - !nfrecuent - 6 to I0 plant units per site sample.~- - Rare~ ~ to 5 plant units per site sample.5 - Very Rare - I plant unit per site sample.P -l~resent, abundance not estimated.
~here the topography was too rugged for accurate quantitative
sampling but the flora so diverse and interesting as to warrant
attention, quantitative sampling was not attempted and only
species lists were compiled.
It is recognized that the above sampling procedures do not
orovide the type of random information desirable for definitive
ecological studies. Ho~ever, as the objective of this study
to characterize the p~ant communities as to physiognomy and
major components, it was felt that the use of selected sites
in ~hich all trees ~ere counted would provide not only a more
complete listing of species and their relative importance at
each site, but a better record of the diversity of plant commun-
ities present.
For each site where trees ~ere tabulated and measured,
Relative Density and Percent Composition of Basal Area ~ere
calculated for each species, according to the following formulas:
Relative Density = No. of trees of Species A x I00of Species A Total number of trees sampled
~,~ Composition of = Basal Area for Soecies A x I00.Basal Area o~ Species A Total Basal Area, All Species
Voucher specimens of all plants collected ha~e been deposited
in the herbarium o~ Sout~est ~issouri State Golle~e. A selected
mounted reference set has been sent to the Ozark National Scenic
~iverways headquarters at Van Buren, Missouri, and an unmounted
selected reference set sent to the U. S. National Museum.
With regard to these collections, it should be noted that
each station was visited only once and that herbaceous species
recorded represent only those taxa present and identifiab~oe at
that time. Consequently, the record of herbaceous taxa is
incomplete and at times inaccurate. For instance, few spring
flowers were still present in early s~amer ~hile at the same
time late summer and autumn herbaceous flora was either absent
STATION AND SITE .... ~r ....
Station l, Sites ].-9 (~/-,=-,~ June, 1969)
~o" T. R. %~ )~,..~ 2 (Sect. ~ Om,T
Station I is locate(], ca. % mile east of !lwy. 17 in an area
known as Buck Ho]lo,,.~. m~{~_~.., surface rocks consist .oredominant!y
of a crystalline cherty do].omite (Gaconade formation) with some
sandstone .koub ..... oux formation) present a!on~ the ridges. This
station zllu~r<:,.bes the diversity off olant communities, such as
6ravel bars (<~+eo,..~.~ ] n..n~._, ._°~, talus .... slones (site 5), stream banks
(site ~), b].u~ (site .’~ " ~ (~" and forests (sites 6-, . , ,.,, rn~rine~, ,~lte 9),
8) that can !oe encountered t.rithin a limited sPea.
Site ! (!.5 x 25 feet) is located on a .flat gravel area covered
by sh~±low water a]on~,;,~ ;~le edEe~ of a dee,~ _nool in the river channel..Herbaceous s?ec#es dominate this habitat with Justica ~ericana*
-~ , ,~hile both ~~s alba and Unio]a ]atifo!iabeing very abun{~_cnt,
are abundant. ~:~:,p_~ings of the trees, F~atsnus occidentalis and
~e VJtis ruoestris, a~e also abun-Salix caro!iniana, and ta. vine, __ . _
dant. Experience with similar bars later in the growing season
suggests that this esrTy s~mer flora is rather limited and that
many more s~eci~~~ .~ _~ ~J!]._ occur here later in the summer. However,
it does illustrate the essential dominance of herbaceous taxa in
the early stages of coloni)~ation of grave! bars.
Site 2 (,n.~b~ x ~5C ...... Ceet,,~ ~_o:- }ocated on an old ~rawe! bar
5-8 feet above the river %b~t lies bet’,~een the river %0 the south
and an intermittent stream bed to the north. A number of trees
show evidence off re-~p~ ~ " ¯,~.:-,~,,~ ?]ood database. The ~,~ominant trees on
this bar are _?!<tt~nus occ.identa]is~ U]mus ~americsn£~ and Acer
ne~undo. The under~tory is dense and com?osed of m@ny small
and vine~, .,~.~ rICH] - ~a ’-’
, mt:~<-<~< ....... S~].ix oRrollniana, and Vitis
. . . z.,. ic " ,) .....u,)~ of the lack ofmay not increase si}]n’~" antly in number
, ~-- ~st o£ the taxa at s~te 2,OOe~ areas o~ %Ills oar. For
see Table 1.
TABLE i
Floristic Composition of Station l, Site 2. Total numberof measurable trees = 32. Total basal area of all trees =1160 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
% Compositionof Basal Area
Acer negundo 25.0
A. saccharum 3.1
Bumelia lanuginosa 3.1
Celtis occidentalis 6.3
Cercis canadensis
Comus drummondi
Cornus obliqua
Fraxinus americana 9.4
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juglans cinerea
Juniperus virginiana
Platanus occidentalis 28.1
Quercus rubra
Salix caroliniana
Staphylea trifolia
Ulmus americana 21.8
Ulmus rubra
Viburnum rufidulum
Ii.00o.~_70.17
0.25
lO.5O
52.5o
18.5o0.17
Abundance Classof Saplings
1
1
i
51
2
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Hamame!is vernalis 5
Physocarpus opulifolius 5
Rhus radicans 5
Campsis radicans 4
Parthenocissus quinquefolia 4
Vitis rupestris ~
Amorpha fruiticosa 3
Rosa sp. 3
Rubus sp. 3
Symphoricarpms orbicularis 3
Hydrangea arborescens 2
Herbaceous Species
Elymus virginicus
Desmodium sp.
Lysimachia ciliata
Vernonia crinita
Daucus carota
Houstonia sp.
Monarda russe].iana
Polanisia dodecandra
Anemone virginiana
Melilotus albus
Thaspium barbinode
Uniola latifolia
Estimate ofAbundance
3
P
Site 3 includes an area along the edge of the river at
the base of a steep talus slope and bluff where there are many
large boulders that are partially submerged in the river. In
this distinctly aquatic situation three species, NBphar luteum
subsp, ozarkanum, S¢irpus americanus, and Eleocharis smallii,
all infrequent, are present. The first species is rooted~in
deep water along the edge of the river, while the latter two
species are rooted in shallow water between the larger boulders.
Site 4 is a vertical, south-facing dolomitic bluff approx-
imately 40 feet high~ Soil, when present, is thin and found
in crevices or on narrow ledges. The vegetation of this bluff
is characteristic~of such a rigorous habitat. The tree~ ~
Juniperus virginiana, although infrequent, does attain a rather
large size, partic,ularly along the upper ledges of the bluff.
The shrubs, Andrachne phy~lanthoides and Hydrangea arborescens
are abundant, particul~rly along fissure lines in the bluff.~
The herbaceoustaxa, Aquilegia canadensis and Pellaea atropur-
purea are abundant .and characteristic of a bluff habitat. A
moss, G~ymonostomum so., isabundant and forms extensive tufa
along dripways and moist crevices. For a complete listing of
taxa at this site, see Table 2.
Site 5 (20 x 50 feet) is located at the base of a bluff on
a relatively steep (ca. 40° slope) south-facing bank of alluvial,
rocky, and alkaline (pH 7.8 - 7.9) soil. Because this site is
only 5 to 20 feet above the norma~ stream level, it is undoubt-
edly subject to flooding. The dominant tree species are
Platanus occidentally, especially near the edge of the water,
Ulmus rubra, and Quercus priniodes var. acuminata. This latter
species is more common along the upper part of the slope near
the base of the bluff. Although fewer in number, trees of
Platanus occidenta!is dominate the open (ca. 50%) canopy. Although
saplings of the dominants are absent, there are saplings of
potentially dominant trees, Jike Quercus rubra, Tilia american~,
and Fraxinus smerican~, present. The commonest understory
ll.
TABLE 2
Floristic Composition of Station I, Site
Trees Abundance Class
Celtis laevigata
Cercis canadensis
Juniperus virginiana
Ulmus alata 2
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Andrachne phyllanthoides
Hydrangea arborescens
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Herbaceous Species Estimate of’Abundance
Aquilegia canadensis
Galium sp.
Pellaea atropurpurea
Elymus virginicus
Leersia sp.
Panicum lanuginosumvat. lindheimeri
Bryophytes Estimate ofAbundance
Gymnostomum sp. 4
12.
trees are Cornus drummondii and Staphylea trifoliata. The
leading shrubs are ~ arborescens var. deamii and
Rosa setigera vat. tomentosa. The most conspicuous herbaceous
plants are Nelilotus albus, Sal~ia lyrata, and Uniola latifolia.
For a list of the remainder of the taxa present in site 5,
see Table 3.
Sites 6, 7, and 8 are located on a relatively steep and
rocky (ca. 40°) south-facing slope and ridge. Numerous boulders
of cherty dolomite and sandstone are scattered through the area.
Humus accumulation occurs on the ridge but there is little on
the slopes. At the base of the slope (site 6) the pH ranges
from 7.0 to 7.2, at mid-slope (site 8) ~.8 to 5.3, and on the
ridge (site 7) ~.7 to 5.4. The forest of th@ slope is obviously
secondary for there are numerous old and large (up to 31~ inches
in diameter) stumps present. The vegetation of these sites is
shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6.
Site 6 (i00 x I00 feet) is located in a mixed pine-hardwood
forest at the bottom of the slope. The dominant trees of this
forest, Pinu~ echinata, C__ar_~ tomentosa, ~uercus alb____~a, ~.
prinoides vat. acuminata, ~. rubra, ~. stellata~ and ~. rubra
produce a rather uneven canopy ranging from open to fairly
closed (10-60%). The herbaceous flora of this site is rich,
with Asplenium o~_~.atyneuron, Lobelia spicata, and Tephrosia
virginiana var. holosericea particularly conspicuous. On rock
ledges the ferns Cheilanthes feei and C~ystopteris fra~ilis are
common. The abundance and diversity of bryophytes and lichens
in this forest is indicative of the wide range of microhabitats
present. Grimmia alpicola, ~. ~..aevi~ata, Hedwigia ciliata,
Tortella humilis, and ~tychomitrium incurvum are especially
conspicuous on the exposed rocks, while Leucodon ~ulaceus,
Drummondia prorep.ens, and Haplo~menium triste are abundant on
many tree trunks. The understory trees, Cercis canadensis,
Amelanchier arborea, and Ulmus alatus, are abundant and
typical of dry south-facing slopes.
Site 8 (200 x I00 x 150 x I00 feet) lies approximately
13.
TABLE
Floristic Composition of Station i, Site 5.number of measurable trees = 22.
trees = 1645 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Bumelia lanuginosa 5.0
Carpinus caroliniana 5.0
Celtis occidentalis
Comus drummondi
Crataegus sp.
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana 9.0
F. pennsylvanica
Gleditsia triacanthos 5.0
Hamamelis vernalis
Platanus occidentalis 22.0
Quercus prinoides 32.0v. acuminata
Q. rubra
Salix caroliniana
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana
Ulmus americana 5.0
U. rubra 20.0
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
1.5 -1.7 2
2
-2
-
~.9 -26.$ -
2.7i0.0
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
2
Hydrangea arborescens vat. desmii
Rosa setigera var. tomentosa
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Vitis sp.
~AB~E 5 (CON’ ~)
Herbaceous Species
Melilotus albus
Salvia lyrata
Uniola latifolia
Coreopsis pubescens
Elymus virginicus
Lysimachia ciliata
Penstemon tubaeflorus
Satureja arkansana
Solida~o sp.
Dioscorea villosa
Passiflora lutea var.glabriflora
Silphium perfoliatum
~halictrum revolutum
Blephilia ciliata
Bromus purgans
Daucus carota
Medicago lupu!ina
Setaria viridis
Teucrium canadense vat.vir~inicum
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
2
2
P
P
P
P
P
P
TABLE 4
Floristic Composition of Station I, Site 6. Total numberof measurable trees = 35. Total basal area of all trees =2095 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity of Basal Area
Acer saccharum ....
Carya cordiformis 5.7
Carya tomentosa 2.9
Celtis laevigata
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida 14.3
C. obliqua
Fraxinus americana 2.9
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juniperus virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica
Pinus echinata 14.3
Quercus alba 17.1
Q. prinoides vat. ll.4acuminata
Q. rubra 5.7
Q. stellata 22.9
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus alata ....
U. rubra 2.9
Viburnum rufidulum
Abundance Class’of’ ’S~plings
2.5 3
0.6 42
-
0.6 3
11
33.8 3
44.1 ~
5.3
7.8 4
~9-5 4
2
1.8 ~
Herbaceous Spe,cies
Asplenium platyneuron
Lobelia spicata
Tephrosia virginiana var.holosericea
Estimate of~b~dance
4
44
TABLE 4 (CON’T)
Cheilanthes feel
Cystopteris fragilis
Asplenium ruta-muraria var.cryp~tolepis
Anemone virginiana
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Apocynum cannabinum
Baptisia leucophaea
Blephilia ciliata
Botrychium virginianum
Bromus sp.
Ceanothus americanus
Coreopsis palmata
Delphinium carolinianumvar.crispum
Elymus vir~inicus
Erigeron strigosus var.strigosus
Galium concinnum
Galium pilosum
Gerardia flava
Heliopsis he~ianthoides var.occidentalis
Hypericum sphaerocarpum
Lespedeza sp.
Lespedeza sp.
Lobelia inflata
Panicum boscii
Panicum linearifolium
Panicum sp.
Panicum sp.
Parthenium hispidum
Pellaea atropurpurea
Petalostemon candidum
Phlox pilosa var. pilosa
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
16.
TABLE ~ (CON’T)
Polygala senega var. latifolia
Rhynchosia inflata
Rudbeckia hirta
Sanicula canadensis
Schrankia uncinata
Scutellaria ovata vat. ovata
Silphium asteriscus
Silphium terebinthinaceum
Sorghastrum nutans
Tradescantia ohiensis
Zizia aurea
T~xa
BryoDhytes and,~Lichens
Substrate
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Grimmia laevigata
Hedwigia ciliata
Leucodon julaceus
Nnium cuspidatum
Ptychomitrium incurvum
Tortella humilis
Anomodon attenuatus
Anomodon rostratus
Brachythecium serrulatum
Drummondia prorepens
Entodon seductrix
Frullania sp.
Haplohymenium triste
Parmela sp.
Sematophyllum carolinianum
Thelia lescurii
Thuidium recognitum
Weissia controversa
open sandstone
sandstone
tree trunks
limestone
sandstone
sandstone
limestone
limestone
sandstone
tree trunk
sandstone
sandstone
on Quercus
sandstone
shaded sandstone
open sandstone
limestone ledge
sandstone
Estimate ofAbundance
18.
TABLE 4 (CON’T)
Taxa
Atrichum angustatum
Frullania sp.
Grimmia alpicola
Fabronia ciliaris
Substrate
sandstone
vt. limestone
sandstone
shaded vt.limestone
Estimate of’Abundance
2
19.
TABLE 5
Floristic Composition of Station l, Site 7. Total numberof measurable trees = 37. Total basal area of all trees =2703 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity 0f B~s’al Area
Amelanchier arborea
Carya cordiformis 10.9
C. texana 8.1
C. tomentosa 2.7
Cornus florida
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juniperus virginiana
Morus rubra
Nyssa sylvatica
Pinus echinata
Quercus alba 18.9
Q. prinoides vat.acuminata
Q. rubra 8.6
Q. marilandica 16.2
Q. velutina 35.!
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus alata
Viburnum prunifolium
Abundance Classof Saplings
I1.7 -
6.~ ~-
21212
~2.5 ~I
1.6
19.0
~.5
2
2
Shrubs and Vines
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Vaccinium vacillans
Vitis aestivalis
Ceanothus americanus
Estimate ofAbundance
20.
TABLE 5 (CON’T)
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbhndance
Pteridium aquilinum vat.latiusculum
Tephrosia virginiana vat.holosericea
Desmodium glutinosum
Nonarda russeliana
Apocynum cannabinum
Aster patens
Parthenium integrifolium
Schrankia nuttallii
Verbesina helianthoides
4
P
P
P
P
P
Bryophytes and Lichens Substrate Estimate ofAbundance
Campylium hispidulum
Leucodon julaceus
The!ia asprella
Homomallium adnatum
Platygyrium repens
Tortella humilis
Cladonia sp.
Rocky soil
Tree trunks
Base oftrees
Rocks
Logs
Base oftrees
Rocky soil
4
4
21.
TABLE 6
Floristic Composition of Station l, Site 8. Total numberof measurable trees = 34. Total basal area of all trees =2976 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity of Basal Area
Bumelia lanuginosa
Carya cordiformis 35.3
C. tomentosa 2.9
Ceanothus americanus
Celtis laevigata
Cornus florida
Juniperus virginiana
Pinus echinata 5.9
Quercus alba 5.9
Q. marilandica 2.9
Q. rubra 2.9
Q. stellata 5.9
Q. velutina 35.3
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus alata
U. americana 2.9
Vaccinium arboreum
Viburnum sp.
Abundance Classof Saplings
16.61o7 -
1
2
Ii.I12.0
2.92.68.3
4~.2
2.4 -
2
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Vaccinium vacillans
Vitis aestivalis
Parthenocissusquinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Rosa sp.
Smilax bona-nox
Rhus aromatica
332
22.
6 (co ’
Herbaceous Species
Echinacea pallida
Erigeron strigosus
Euphorbia corollatavat. corollata
Gerardia flava vat.calycosa
Helianthus hirsutusvat. trachyphyllus
Hieracium gronovii
Lespedeza cuneata
L. hirta
Lobelia spicata
Monarda russeliana
Petalostemon candidum
Phlox pilosa vat.pilosa
Phytolacca americana
Rudbeckia hirta
Schrankia uncinata
Silphium asteriscus
S. terebinthinaceum
$olidago sp.
Zizia aurea
Bryoph$tesand Lichens
Atrichum angustatum
Campylium chrysophyllum
Ditrichum pallidum
Hedwigia ciliata
Leucodon julacea
Brachytheciumserrulatum
Estimate of"Abundance
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P.p
P
P
Estimate ofAbundance
TABLE 6 (CON’T)
Bryophyte and Lichens
Dicranum scoparium
Grimmia pilifera
Polytrichum ohioense
Tortella humilis
Estimate of-Abundance
3
midway up the slope where the relatively open canopy is
dominated by the trees Carya cordiformis and Quercus velutina.
Co-dominants include Quercus alb~, ~. rubra, ~. stellata, ~.
marilandica, Pinu.__~s echinata, and Ulmus americana. Ulmus alata,
Sassafras albid~um, Vaccinium arboreum, and Comus florida, are
the most common small tree species. Vaccinium stamineum and
Ceanothus americanum are the leading shrubs. The diverse
herbaceous flora is listed in Table 6. The mosses, Atrichum
a.n~statum, ~amp~l~um chrysophyllum, Ditrichum pallidum,
Tortella humilis, and Dicranum scoparium, are common and typical
members of a rocky, acid soil flora.
Site 7 (i00 x 150 feet) is located on a ridge at an altitude
of approximately 1100 feet. Judging from the size of the cut
stumps present, there was at one time, a well-developed hard-
wood forest located on this site. The dominant trees, composed
largely of ~ercus velutina, ~. marilandica, ~. alb____~a, and
Carya cordiformis, form a relatively open (40-60%) canopy. The
leading small tree species are Cornus florida, Amelanchier
arborea, and Sassafras albidum. The vines, Parthenocissus
quinquefoli~., Rhus radicans, and Vitis aestivalis, are parti-
cularly conspicuous. The abundance of Vaccinium vacillans is
typical for acid ridges. The sparce herbaceous vegetation is
dominated by, ~ephrosia virginiana and the fern, Pteridium
aqui.linum. Mosse~ particularly Plat~gyrium repens and Homomallium
a~natu~..~ are common on decaying limbs and stumps.
Site 9 (tree count only) is in a narrow draw along a
tributary to the Jacks Fork, where steep dolomitic bluffs, up
to 20 to 25 feet high, occur on each side, especially near its
lower end. The creek has numerous dolomitic or sandstone boulders
present in its bed. and there are several places where the c~eek
bottom is literally paved by extensive flat, smooth rocks. The
dominant trees of this site include Ace____~r saccharum, Fraxinus
americana, ~ rubr~, ~. prinoides vat. acuminata,~ilia
americana vat. ne$1ecta and Ulmus rubra. The small tree species,
Asimina triloba, is particularly conspicuous in the understory.
25.
H~dran~ea arborescens and Ribes cynosbati are present on the
rock ledges where a number of interesting herbaceous species
such as Aquilesia canadensis and the ferns, Cystopteris bul-
bifera and Adiantum pedatum, also occur. Herbaceous species
are abundant on the.moist shaded soil. Bryophytes are a
conspicuous part ofthe flora of this draw. Anomodon attenuatus and
~. rostratus are abundant on exposed rocks, while Bryoandersonia
illecebra was conspicuous on soil ledges. In the creek bed,
Fissidens Erandifrons is abundant, forming extensive mats on
flat rocks, whi!e along the edge of the creek, Sematoph211um
carolinianum is common on sandstone boulders; on soil and
rocks at the edge of the gully, Cratoneuron filicinum is abundant.
All of these mosses are typical of the moist shaded habitats
afforded by this narrow draw.
at site 9, see Table 7.
Station 2, Sites 1-4
For a list of the species present
(29 June, 1968)Nap 3 (Sect. 36, T.28 N., ~7W.)
Station 2 is located about % mile downstream from Station I
and encompasses a north facing talus slope and vertical dolomitic
bluff and a steep rocky s!ope above the bluff.
Site ], is located at the base of the bluff on talus at
the edge o~ the river where many trees and shrubs are growing
among the large bou!ders. Particularly characteristic are the
tree species Asimina triloba, Carpinus caro~iniana, Fraxinus
pennsylvanica var. subinte ~"~ ¯ ger~ma, Tilia americana, and
Staphylea trifo]i~, and the shrubs Amor~ha fructicosa, Cepha]anthus
occidentalis and ~_~_~socarpus oouliforius. Herbaceous taxa are
abundant and include both aquatic immersed taxa such as Juncus
interior, Nuoh__.__a~ !uteum_, Leersia oryzoides and Justica americana
and phreatophytes like Carex luci~!, ~i_setum hsemale, var.
elat_____~_, Leersia vir~Jnica, Lysimachia suadrifolia, Saggitaria
sp. ocmr~us atrovirens, and S lineatus For a complete list of
the plants present in site i, see Table 8.
Site 2 is located on a vertical dolomitic bluff about z~O
feet high. Climbing woody vines are abundant, particularly the
26.
TABLE 7
Floristic Composition of Station l, Site 9.number of measurable trees = 53.trees = 3,788 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum 26.0
Asimina triloba
Carya sp. 1.8
C. ovata 1.8
Celtis occidentalis 1.8
Fraxinus americana 21.0
Juglans cinerea 7-5
Quercus alba
Q. prinoides vat. 13.0acum:inata
Q. rubra 9.4
Tilia americana vat. 7.5neglecta
Ulmus rubra 9.4
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of S’aplings
24.5 4
1.0 3
2.5 -0.4 1
13.5 1
3.8 -
17.1 4
16.9 -
2.8 4
17.5 -
Estimate ofAbundan’ce
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissusquinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Vitis sp.
Ribes cynosbati
Herbaceous Species
4
4
Estimate ofAbundance
Cystopteris bulbifera
Adiantum pedatum
Aquilegia canadensis
Asarum canadense
Impatiens sp.
Polystichumacrostichoides
54
4
4
4
27.
TABLE 7 (CON’ T)
Herbaceous Species Estimate of~btmdance
Prunella vulgaris
Sanguinaria canadensis
Senecio aureus
Smilacina racemosa
Thelypterishexagonoptera
Trillium sessile
Arabis laevigata
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Botrychium virginianum
Menispermum sp.
Polygonatum biflorum
Polymnia canadensis
Desmodium glutinosum
Bryophyt~ and Lichens Substrate
4
4
4
2
Estimate ofAbundan&e
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Bryoandersoniaillecebra
Cratoneuron filicinum
Fissidens grandifrons
F. subbasilaris
Isopterygiumtaxirameum
Jamesoniellaautumnalis
Radula sp.
Conocephalum conicum
Frullania squarrosa
Pohlia nutans
Rocks
Rocks
Ledges
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Soil
4
44-
2
2
2
TABLE 8
Floristic Composition of Station 2, Site i.
Trees Abundance Class
Acer negundo
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana
Cercis canadensis
Fraxinus pennsylvanica var.subintegerrima
Lindera benzoin
Platanus occidentalis
Salix sp.
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana
Ulmus rubra
Viburnum prunifolium
Shrubs and Vines
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Estimate ofAbunda~c e
Amorpha fruiticosa
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Physocarpus opulifolius
Rhus radicans
Vitis sp.
Herbaceous Species
PPPPPPP
Estimate ofAbundance
Agrostis alba
Botrychium virginianum
Carex granularis
PPP
Coreopsis sp.
Equisetum hyemale
Galium concinnum
PP
P
TABLE 8 (CON’ T)
30.
Herbaceous Species
Geum canadense vat.comporum
Glyceria striata
Juncus tenuis
Justicia americana
Leersia oryzoides
Leersia virginica
Lysimachia quadriflora
Nuphar luteum
Onoclea sensibilis
Oxalis stricta
Panicum sp.
Polystichumacrostichoides
Sagittaria sp.
Scirpus atrovirens
S. lineatus
Sporobolus sp.
Trifolium repens
Uniola latifolia
Viola sp.
Estimate ofAbundance
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
PPPP
PPP
ubiquitous Rhus radicans, Partheocissus quinquefolia, and
Similax sp., and Aristolochia tomentosa, a rather common, but
frequently overlooked sDecies. Hydrangea arborescens is charac-
teristically present on ledges and in crevices. At the base of
the bluff where seepage is common, ferns and fern allies, such as
Selaginella apoda, Adianttun pedatum, ~splenium resilens, ~.
rhizophyllum~ Cystopteris bulbifera, Pellaea atropur., purea and
Woodsia obtusa are conspicuous. Aquile~ia canadensis is present,
particularly in crevices, while Samolus p_arviflorus, a species
more characteristic of river banks, occurs on the lower ledges
of the bluff. The )2resence of such an interesting and diverse
flora is typical of north-facing, vertical dolomitic b~uffs in
this area. For a list of the species present at site 2, see
Table 9.
Site 3 (].00 x 200 feet) is located on a north-facing slope
at the edge of the bluff some 60-100 feet above the river at an
altitude of ca. 890 to 930 feet. The slope is relatively steep,
about 45°, and numerous boulders of sandstone are present and
its soil is a light loam covered by a thin layer of leaf mold,
and acid (pH 5.5-5.6). The dominant trees ~uercus velutina and
~. alba, and the co-dominants trees Ca~y_~ tomentos~, Acer saccharum,
Fraxinus americana and N~ssa s21vatica var. caroliniana form a
closed (80-90%) canopy. Vines and shrubs are numerous with
Vaccinium sO.typical in such an acid site. A wide variety of
herbaceous taxa are present with the following species particu-
larly abundant: Anemonella thalictroides, Antennaria plantagini-
folia, Desmodium ~lutinosum and Galium circaezans var. hypomalacum.
Galium boreale var. hy~op~folium, a boreal relic species, has
been reported from this general area by Steyermark (1963). The
bryophyte flora is diverse. Thiudium recognitum, Atrichum
angustatum, Aulacomnium heterostichum and E~ium affine are common
soil species while Ptychomitrium incurvum, Sematophyllum
carolinianum, and Leucolejeunea clypeata are common on exposed
sandstone. Corticolous species present include Haplohymenium
triste, Pylaiseilla selwynii, and Cryphaea glomerata. For a
complete list of the species present in site 3, see Table ~0.
TABLE 9
Floristic Composition of Station 2, Site 2.
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of’Abundance
Amorpha fruticosa
Aristolochia tomentosa
Hydrangea arborescens
Menispermum canadense
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Smilax sp.
Staphylea trifolia
Herbaceous Species
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Estimate ofAbundance
Adiantum pedatum
Aquilegia canadensis
Asplenium resi!ens
A. rhizophyllum
Cystopteris bulbifera
Echinacea purpurea
0enothera missouriensis
Pellaea atropurpurea
Penstemon digitalis
Rudbeckia hirta
Samolus parvif!orus
Satureja arkansana
Saxifraga sp.
Selaginella apoda
Trifolium repens
Woodsia obtusa
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
TABLE i0
Floristic Composition of Station 2, Site 3. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 12a. Total basal area of alltrees = 5956 sq. in.
Trees Relative % Composition Abundance ClassDensity of Basal Area of Saplings
Acer rubrum 1.6
A. saccharum 8.0
Amelanchier arborea
Carpinus caroliniana
Carya sp. 0.8
C. cordiformis 0.8
C. tomentosa 8.9
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida 2.4
Fraxinus americana 3.2
F. pennsylvanica 1.6vat. subintegerrima
Juglans nigra 1.6
Nyssa sylvatica var. 4.8caroliniana
Quercus alba 50.7
Q. coccinea 6.5
Q. velutina 28.2
Sassafras albidmm 0.8
Staphylea trifolia
Ulmus rubra
Viburnum rufidulum
1.30 /4
5.5o -
o.5o 3o.3o 2
1.O0 /4
5.80 31.60 -
0.60
9.40
2#.708.80
92.90
0.}32
i
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of~e
Dioscorea quaternata
Parthenocissusquinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Vaccinium sp.
Vitis aestivalis
4
1o
Shrubs and Vines
Ceanothus americana
Hydrangea arborescens
Aralia racemosa
Ribes missouriense
Rubus sp.
Smilax bona-nox
Herbaceous Species
Anemonellathalictroides
Antennariaplantaginifolia
Desmodium glutinosum
Galium circaezans var.hypomalacum
Panicum sp.
Polystichumacrostichoides -
Smilacina racemosa
Adiantum pedatum
Asplenium platyneuron
Asplenium rhizophyllnm
Coreopsis pubescens
Hepatica acutiloba
Monarda russeliana
Scutellaria incana
Solidago ulmifolia
Vicia caroliniana
Apocynum cannabimrm
Aruncus dioicus var.pubescens
Geranium maculatmn
Gerardia flava
Estimate ofAbundance
3
2
2
2
2
Estimate ofAbundance
4
33
3
33
2
2
2
2
TABLE lO (co ,
Herbaceous Species
Podophyllum p~tatum
Potentilla simplex
Prenanthes altissimavar. cinnamomea
Prunella vulgaris
Krigia biflora
Rudbeckia hirta
Silphium asteriscus
Thaspium trifoliatumvar. trifoliatum
Aster anomalus
Galium concinnum
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
2
2
i
I
i
I
P
P
Bryo~hytes and Lichens
Atrichum anustatum
Nnium affine
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Brachythecium oxyc!adon
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Entodon seductrix
Haplohymenium triste
Hedwigia ciliata
Leucolejeunea c]_ypeata
Pylaisielia selwynii
Ptychomitrium incurvum
Sematophyluum carolinianum
Thuidium recognitum
Anomodon minor
Substrate
Soil
Soil andsandstone
Tree basesan~ soil
Sandstone andtree bases
Soil andsandstone
Sandstone
Logs and soil
Tree trunks
Sandstone
Sandstone
Tree trunks
Sandstone
Sandstone
Rocky soil
Base ofhickory
Abundance Class
33
2
36.
Bryophytes and Lichens
Aulacomnium heterostichum
Dicranum scoparium
Cryphaea glomerata
Hypnum curvifolium
Leucobryum glaucum
Substrate
Soil andsandstone
Soil
Tree trunks
Sandstone
Soil
Abundance Class
2
2
2
2
2
Site 4 (i00 x I00 feet) is located on the upper slope
just below the ridge. The light loam soil is acid (pH. 5.5
to 5.6) and covered by a thin layer of leaf mold. The forest
canopy is relatively open (ca. 60%) and composed largely of
Quercus velutina, ~. alba, ~. rubra, and ~. coccinea. Pinus
echinsta and Carya tomentosa are important co-dominants. Pinus
echinata undoubtedly invaded this area when it was more open and
it will probably not persist here under natural conditions.
Understory trees and shrubs characteristic of this type of forest
include Amelanchier arbores, Cornus florida, Sassafras albidum,
and Vaccinium vaci~lans. Seedlings of Nyssa s~Ivatica var.
.~caroliniana are common and may eventually share dominance with
the oaks and hickories. While the herbaceous flora is diverse,
only two species, Panicum sO. and Anemone~la thalictroides are
common at this time of year. Aristo~ochia serpentaria, a species
often overlooked because of its small size, is present. The
foliose lichen Parme!ia is abundant and covers much of the
exposed sandstone. Another lichen, the fructicose genus
Cladonia, although not abundant, is a conspicuous member of the
soil flora. The bryophytes Polytrichum ohioense, Dicranum
spurium, Haploc!adium virginiantun~, and Eurh,ynchium pulchellum
var. oraecox, form conspicuous colonies on the rocky soil.
Additional members of the flora of site ~ are listed in Table ii.
Station 3, Sites 1-2 (11 July 1969)
Nap z~ (SE~ Sect. 25, T.29N., R.5W)
Station 3 is located ~ithin Alley Spring State Park. Site I
is an extensive gravel bar area north of the river and just east
of Hwy. 106, while Site 2 is the area along Alley Spring branch.
Only genera~ collecting was conducted at these sites.
The gravel bar of Site I lies on the north side of the river.
Its elevation is uneven, ranging from stream level, ca. 655 feet,
to 660 feet. There are extensive open areas dissected by elon-
gated patches of dense shrubbyvegetation composed largely of
Salix caroliniana. A large variety of s~ecies occur on bars of
this nature. Many taxa are widely scattered, but abundant, while
38.
TABLE ii
Floristic Composition of Station 2, Site 4. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 53. Total basal area of alltrees = 3027 sq. in.
Trees Relative % Composition Abundance ClassDensit7
Acer rubrum
Amelanchier arborea
Carya texana 1.9
C. tomentosa 5.7
Comus florida 1.9
C. obliqua
Nyssa sylvatica vat.caroliniana
Pinus echinata 3.8
Quercus alba 17.0
Q. coccinea 9.z~
Q. rubra 18.9
Q. velutina 42.0
Sassafras albidum
Viburnum prunifolium
Shrubs and Vines
Ceanothus americanus
Rhus radicans
Vac¢inium vacillans
Vitis sp.
Rhus aromatica
R. copallina
Rosa sp.
Herbaceous Species
of Basal Area
o.96.0
0.4
9.33~.0
2.1
I0.0
37.2
Estimate ofAbundance
I
I
I
Estimate ofAbundance
Anemonella thalictroides
Panicum sp.
con,
Herbaceous Species
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Desmodium sp.
Geranium maculatum
Helenium sp.
Polystichum acrostichoides
Rudbeckia hirta
Scutellaria sp.
Smilacina racemosa
Solidago sp.
Tephrosia virginiana
Euphorbia corollata
Galium concinnum
Hieracium sp.
Monarda russeliana
Pedicularis canadensis
Potentilla sp.
Thaspium trifoliatum var.flavum
Vicia caroliniana
Aristolochia serpentaria
Aster patens
Coreopsis palmata
Galium pilosum
Lathyrus venosus var.intonsus
Lespedeza sp.
Physalis virginiana
Trifolium sp.
Bryophytes and Lichens
Parmelia sp.
Anomodon rostratus
Atrichum angustatum
Substrate
Sandstone
Sandstone
Soil
Estimate ofAbundance
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
P
PP
P
P
P
P
Abundance Class
others are relatively rare, at least at this time of year.
On the higher parts of this bar Gleditsia triacanthos, Juglans
nigra, Platanus occidentalis, Ulmus rubra, and Asimina triloba
are abundant and frequently form dense thickets. Many of these
trees are fairly large in size. Occasional wash-outs occur
among these thickets, and herbaceous taxa, such as Campanula
americana, Polymnia canadensis, Lysimachia ciliata, Teucrium
canadense,. Mel~otus albus, and Elymus virginicus, are abundant.
Near the edge of the Salix thickets Justica americana, Vernonia
crinita and Polanisia dodecandra are common. Numerous open areas
on the higher parts of the bar have a sandy soil that supports
abundant growth of such herbaceous species as Acalypha rhomboidea,
Crotonopsis elliptica, Saponaria officinalis, Setaria viridis, and
Torilis japonica. The vine Vitis rupestris, and the herbs Kickxia
elatine and Diodia teres are more common in open gravel areas.
The vine Rhus radicans is abundant in the thickets. For a complete
listing of species present in site l, see Table 12.
Site 2 encompasses the area adjacent to the spring branch
and the alluvial area between spring branch and the gravel bar to
the south. Most of this area is presently used as a camping site.
Several trees, for example Acer ne~undo, ~. saccharinum, A. saccharum,
Populus deltoides, Aesculus glabra, ~uercus macrocarpa, Fraxinus
americana, and Platanus occidentalis, are common in areas
immediately adjacent to the spring branch. In low areas abundant
plants include the herb and Saponarla officinalis and the
shrubs S~mphoricarpus orbicularis and Sambucus canadensis. Many
of the species present in this site are particularly common in
disturbed areas, for example the genus Planta~o. No particular
effort was made to study the aquatic taxa in the spring branch.
For such species, a study of the aquatic vegetation of Missouri
by Steyermark (1941), should be consulted. For other species
present at site 2, see Table 13.
Collections of bryophytes in 1961 and 1962 at the locality
of Site 2 indicate the following taxa may still be present:
TABLE 12
Floristic Composition of Station 3, Site 1.
Trees Abundance Class
Salix caroliniana
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juglans nigra
Platanus occidentalis
Ulmus rubra
Asimina triloba
Bumelia lanuginosa
Cercis canadensis
Diospyros virginiana
Naclura pomifera
Prunus serotina
Shrubs and Vines
5
3
33
Estimate of.... Abundance
Rhus radicans
Vitis rupestris
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Smilax tamnoides var.hispida
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Justicia americana
Saponaria officinalis
Acalypha gracilescensvat. monococca
Campanula americana
Commelina sp.
Croton monanthogynus
Elymus sp.
Euphorbia dentata
Ipomea pandurata
Kickxia elatine
55
44.
TABLE 12 (CON’T)
Herbaceous Species
Lepidium densiflorum
Nelilotus albus
Polansia dodecandra
Setaria viridis
Torilis japonica
Uniola latifolia
Verbena stricta
Vernonia crinita
Coreopsis sp.
Cyperus sp.
Diodia teres
Euphorbia maculata
E. sp.
Elymus virginicus
Geum canadense
Lysimachia ciliata
Polymnia canadensis
Teucrium canadense vat.virginicum
Cuphea petiolata
Melilotus officinalis
0enothera missouriensis
Physalis heterophyllavar. heterophylla
Estimate ofAbumdance
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
Trees
Acer negundo
A. saccharinum
A. saccharum
Aesculus glabra
Fraxinus americana
Juglans nigra
Juniperus virginiana
Platanus occidentalis
Populus deltoides
Ptelea trifoliata
Quercus alba
Q. macrocarpa
Robinia pseudo-acacia
Salix nigra
Ulmus rubra
Shrubs and Vines
Rhus radicans
Sambucus canadensis
Symphoricarposorbicularis
IIerbaceous Species
Daucus carota
Nasturtium officinale
Cyperus sp.
Equisetum hyemale var.elatum
Galium triflorum
Plmntago sp.
P. rugelii
Prunella vulgaris
Rumex sp.
Carex sp.
Ratibida pinna~a
Abundance Class
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Estimate ofAbundanc e
4
4
Estimate ofl Abundan¢l~’
554
4
4
4
4
4
Amblyste~ium sp.Anomodon minorBryachythecium rivulareClasmatodon parvulus
Fissidens grandifronsFissidens viridulusFontinalis duriaeiForsstroemia trichomitrion
var. immersusHyophila involutaLeskea gracilescens
Leucodon julaceus
Orthotrichum stran~ulatumPorella pinnata
Wessia controversa
- Abundant in spring branch- Abundant on trees- Abundant in spring branch- Abundant in trees edge
of spring branch- On rocks in spring branch- On shaded soil- Abundant on spring branch- On trees, edge of spring
branch- On rocks in spring branch- Abundant, trees edge of
spring branch- Abundant, trees edge of
spring branch- On moist limestone- Abundant, trees edge of
spring branch- On soil
Early Spring flowers are striking in this area and previous
collections indicate the following taxa to be particularly
conspicuous.
Cla tonia vir~inicais opyr~ blternatumI~ertensia virginicaPhlox ~.var~cata var. laphmanii~culus abortiwas
Viola erioca~" ~~aV. ~°~triata
Station 4, Site 1-4 (11-12 July, 1969)
~qaps. 5 (S\,J)4 Sect. ~.,,o~ T. 29N, R.5~.)~
Station 4 is located on a steep south-facing slope and ridge
on the north side of the Jacks Fork River, west of Hwy. I06.
Although this slope appears from a distance to be densely forested
(Figure i), the upper part is rather open, and nearly glade-like.
Surface rocks of this slope are mainly a coarse crystalline, cherty
dolomite of the Gasconade formation or a sandstone of the
Roubidoux formation.
Site 2. (I00 x I00 feet) is located along the ridge at an
altitude of approximately $~0 feet. The soil is loamy, contains
few rocks and is acid (pH ,!#.9~-.5~). The forest is composed of
predominantly young trees of ~.~uercus alba and a few older trees
of ..’~. velutina and ~. rubra. The canopy is closed with 70-90
percent of sky obscured by leaves and branches. Saplings of
~,uercus alba are very abundant, and are associated with a
number of youn~ trees of Fraxinus americana and Carya tomentosa.
Although obviously secondary in nature, this stand is well on
its way to becoming a mature oak-hickory forest (Figure 2).
Understory domin,~mts include Cornus florida, :Sassafras .albidum,
Prunus serotina, and Cercis canadensis. Herbaceous taxa are
widely scattered and in ~ fe~.,~ ca,~es abundant. This is parti-
cularly true for Ca_l~um arkansanum, Panicum boscii and Podo.____-
ph,yl!tur.~ 2e!tatum. Other tampa present at site i are listed in
Table
Site ~ (150 ~.~ 50 feet) Js .... o<,~t~d alon{ the upper part of
the steep ((~O-~O°) ~, .-~,~-oi~ i.r_ts ~.ititude ran~jes from about ~80
to 810 feet. ’l~~e soilm’~ rocky, circimneutral (oh
and interrupte~ by se,rera] larse outcro-?pings of dolomite. This
stand is re!ative]y o~en with only about ~0 percent of the sky
obscured, by leaves end uranch~. Conifers,~Juni°erus~ vir~iniana
and Pinus echinata, an(~ oa.k~, ~uercu~ alba, ~..prinoides var.
ac~inata, and ~ stell.at~, make u~ a m~{jority of trees at this
site. Vines like Bechmeria scandens, Parthenocissus ~uincuefolia,
Rhus radicans, and Lmi!a)~ are abundant, often dense and impene-
. ~nc.~u<~ the trees Cercis canadensis,trab!e Understory do~inants " ~ ’~
Rhamnus csro].iniana ~ ~ ~tn~.~ Viburnum ru!~aumm~. A large variety of
herbaceous t~-~-o~ ~r*e f~e;<:<~nt ~ O~].I~)iGU~_~gri~ in open areas and
include a nmnber of ~...hat~ m;~y be characteri~ed as prairie or
~lade ty>~)e;*t~, for e~m~)Ic, }il~h~u~ terebinthinace~m, ~.ephrosia
yirginiona Boutelou~ curti-[~endul~<, Fel~t~tostemon candid~,
Thsspi~ trifo] iatu~<~, ~nd A:::ave ".._ ~__ ~mnica. Bryophytes are.... ~_ . ~_hmo type of site mayparticulsriy comnon on +-]~.~ exoosed rocks
be considered J~.u~trative of a ~e,~ sta<’e _~ead~no to~ Acer
sacchar~mn-~ercus alba clima~i. The nine present is somewhat
~omalous and may re~resent trees ]e~t from earlier attempts
to introduce ~o~ne into ~-t’,~nms area, although it is difficult to
tell. For n com~)lete J isting of the [iota of site 2, see Table
TABLE 14
Floristic Composition of Station 4, Site I.number of measurable trees = 65.trees = 3737 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Btunelia lanuginosa
Carya cordiformis
C. tomentosa
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida 2.0
Fraxinus americana 1.5
F. quadrangulata
llex decidua
Juglans nigra 1.5
Juniperus virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica var. 4.7caroliniana
Prunus serotina
Ptelea trifoliata
Quercus alba 68.0
Q. prinoides var.acuminata
Q. rubra 6.2
Q. velutina ]2.O
Rhamnus caroliniana
Sassafras albidum
Tilia americana 1.5
Ulmus alata
U. rubra 1.5
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Comoositionof Ba~al Area
9.2
1.0
40.4
Abundance Class’of Saplings
2
2
1
1
2
2
22.7
23.5
0.8
Estimate ofAbundance
Parthenocissusquinquefolia
Rhus aromatica
Symphoricarposorbicularis
Vitis aestivalis 4
50.
Shrubs and Vines
Vitis vulpina
Rosa sp.
Smilax bona-nox
Herbaceous Species
Galium arkansanum
Panicum boscii
Podophyllum peltatum
Carex sp.
Cimicifuga racemosa
Clematis sp.
Desmodium nudiflorum
D. rotundifolium
Galium circaezans vat.hypoma!acum
Geranium maculatum
Geum canadense
Lespedeza sp.
Scutellaria ovata
Silphium asteriscus
Smilicina raoemosa
Danthonia spicata
Rudbeckia hirta
Sanicula sp.
Triostemum perfoliatum
Aristolochia serpentaria
Nenispermum canadense
Potentilla sp.
Estimate ofAbundance
Estimate ofAbund an c e
33
3
3
2
TABLE 14 (CON’T)
51.
Br~ophytes and Lichens Substrate
Atrichum angustatum
Brachytheciumserrulatum
Ditrichum pallidum
The!ia asprella
Soil
Soil
Soil
Tree bases
Abundance Class
TABLE 15
52.
Floristic Composition of Station 4, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 41. Total basal area of alltrees = 2370 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer s accharum
Bumelia lanuginosa
Carya texana 2.4
C. tomentosa
Celtis laevigata
Cercis canadensis
Cornus drummondii
Co florida 2.4
Fraxinus americana
F. quadrangulata
Juniperus virginiana 46.0
Pinus echinata 17.0
Quercus alba 9.8
Q. prinoides vat. 9.8acuminata
Q. rubra 2.4
Q. stellata 9.8
Q. velutina
Rhamnus caroliniana
Ulmus alata 2.4
U. rubra
Viburnum rufidulum
% CO.lmpos..il,tion Abundance Classof Basal Area of ~aplings
2
O.8 2
2
-
34.3 55°2 -
23.2 3
9.e 4
Shrubs and Vines
Berchemia scandens
Ceanothus americanus
Parthenocissus quinquefo~ia
Rhus aromatica
R. radicans
Estimate ofAbundance
4
44
Shrubs and Vines
Smilax bona-nox
Vitis aestivalis
V. vulpina
V. sp.
Herbaceous Species
Rudbeckia sp.
Aster sagittifolius
Desmodium sp.
Euphorbia corollata var.corollata
Galium arkansanum
Houstonia nigricans
Lespedeza procumbens
Monarda russeliana
Pellaea atropurpurea
Silphium terebinthinaceum
Tephrosia virginiana var.virginiana
Verbena canadense
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Arabis hirsuta
Asplenium platyneuron
Bouteloua curtipendula
Carex sp.
Elymus virginicus
Eryngium yuccifolium
Panictun boscii
Petalostemon candidum
Phlox pilosa
Thaspium trifoliatum var.flavum
Verbesina sp.
Asclepias verticillata
Estimate ofA~und~Luce
2
2
Estimate ofAbund’an c e
5
3
3
2
(cod’ )
Herbaceous Species
Aster patens
Cimicifuga racemosa
Agave virginica
Anemone virginiana
Asclepias viridifloravar. viridiflora
Coreopsis palmata
Desmodiumnudiflorum
Lithospermum canescens
Matelea bal-dwyniana
Passiflora lutea
Rhynchosia lati£olia
Silphium asteriscus
Estimate ofAbun dan c e
2
2
I
I
i
I
i
i
I
I
i
i
Bryophyt,es and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Entodon seductrix
Fissidens cristatus
Grimmia pilifera
Hedwigia ciliata
Ptychomitrium incurvum
Haplocladium virsinianum
0rthotrichum strangulatum
Substrate
Rocks
Soil anddecaying wood
Rock crevices
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Soil
Rocks
Abundance Class
55.
Site ~ (150 x 50 feet) is located about mid-slope
(altitude ca. 720-~40 feet) just below a dolomitic bluff 5
to 6 feet high. The alkaline (pH 7.7-8.0) soil is a ss_ndy
loam with surface rocks abundant. The steepness of this
site, 60-70°, combined with its south exposure, create a
rather dry site. Thus, the forest is relatively open with
only 50-60% of the sky obscured by leaves and branches.
Juniperus virginiana and 9,uercus prinoides var. acuminata
are the most conspicuous members of this forest (Figure 3).
If successinal patterns common in the Ozarks for this type of
site occur here, this forest should develop into a hardwood
forest with Acer saccharum, Fraxinus sp., and perhaps ~uercus
rubra sharing dominance for seedlings of these taxa are present.
The conspicuous understory trees present, such as Asimina ~riloba,
Cercis canadensis, and Comus florida, should persist into the
climax forest. Thickets of vines are present with Smilax
tamoides var. hisoida and Rhus radicans, particularly conspicuous.
On the vertical bluff along the upper edge of this site several
bluff taxa are abundant. As in site 2, in open areas the
herbaceous flora contains n~nberous representatives of a prairie-
type species. For a complete listing of the plants of site
see Table
Site a (150 x 50 feet) is located along the steep slope
(ca. ~5°) at the base hill a~ong the edge of the river. ~he
soil, a fine loam ~ith numerous imbedded rocks of sandy dolomite,
is alkaline (~H~ ~.~-~-~.8). The ~ro~n~ ~ is relatively closed with
60-80~ of the sky ob~cured by leaves and branches. Here dominant
trees include a mixture of river bottom taxa, for example
, ~t~ u~land tax~ such as ~uer.cusPlatanus occidentalis along ~" ~
~rinoides vat. ~cumin~ta and rubra. ~ -~ ~mong the shrubs present, the
river bank species Dirca palustris and A~orpha. fructicosa are
~ ~ " -~ ~5,1e ~ar e!atum is very abundant atconsoicuous. ~isetu~ ~v~ s .
the edge of the river, ’~.~ith the remainder of the herbaceous
flora characteri~.~tic of mesic habitats. For a list of the
species present at site ~’~, see ~ble 17.
TABLE 16
Floristic Composition of Station 4, Site 5. Totalnumber of measurable trees -- 70. Total basal area of alltrees = 2716 sq. in.
Trees Relativebensity
Acer saccharum
Asimina triloba
Bumelia lanuginosa 3.5
Carya cordiformis
Cercis canadensis
Comus florida
Fraxinusquadr an gul at a
F. americana
Juglans nigra
Juniperus 60.0virginiana
Prunus serotina
Quercus prinoides 51.0vat. acuminata
Q. rubra 1.4
Q. velutina 1.4
Rhamnus carolinianus
Ulmus alata 1.4
U. rubra
Viburnum prunifolium
Shrubs and Vines
% Comp,ositi.0nof Basal Area
o.9
Abundance Classof Sipl’ings
23
5o.9
2
2
29.9
9.4
0.7
0.7
Estimate ofAbund an c e
Camps~ radicans
Rhus aromatica
R. radicans
Smilax tamnoZes var.hispida
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Symphoricarposorbicularis
4
4
3
57.
Shrubs and Vines
Vitis aestivalis
V. sp.
Dioscorea villosa
Dirca palustris
Herbaceous Species
Amphicarpa bracteatavar. comoss
Galium sp.
Geum canadense vat.camporum
Nenispermum canadense
Nonarda russeliana
Panicum boscii
P. sp.
Sanicula canadensis
Silphium terebinthinaceum
Solidago sp.
Anemone virginiana
Circium altissimum
Euphorbia corollatavar. mollis
Festuca sp.
Galium circaezans vat.hypomalacum
Rhynchosia latifolia
Smilax herbacea
Bromus purgans
Polymnia canadensis
Aster sagittifolius
Bouteloua curtipendula
Festuca obtusa
Estimate of~Abun’danc’e
1
1
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
I
I
I
58.
coN’
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Vertical Bluff
Aquilegia canadensis
Hydrangea arborescensvar. deamii
Cheilanthes feei
Cystopteris fragilis
Heuchera americana
Pellaea atropurpurea
Polymnia canadensis
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Leucodon julaceus
Tortella humilis
Substrate
Rocks and trees
Rocks and trees
Tree bases
Abundance Class
59.
TABLE 17
Floristic Composition of Station 4, Site 4. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 49. Total basal area of alltrees = 3740 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity of Basal Area
Acer negundo
A. saccharum 8.0
Asimina triloba
Comus drummondii
C. florida 14.0
Diospyros virginiana 8.0
Fraxinus americana 4.0
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin 2.0
Platanus 6.0occidentalis
Quercus prinoides 31.0vat. acuminata
Q. rubra 16.0
Q. velutina 2.0
Rhamnus caroliniana
Sassafras albidum
Staphylea trifolia
Ulmus alata
U. rubra 8.0
Viburnum rufidulum
11.3
2.4
2.9
0.7
0.53.1
43.6
25.4
5.4
4.8
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Abundance Classof ~Saplinss
i
Dirca palustris
Parthenocissusquinquefolia
Rhus aromatica
Smilax bona-nox
S. tamnoides vat.hispida
4
4
4
4
60.
Shrubs and Vines
Symphoricarposorbicularis
Vitis vulpina
Amorpha fruticosa
Menispermum canadense
Rosa sp.
Vitis aestivalis
Herbaceous Species
Equisetum hyemale vat.elatum
Galium concinnum
Allitun sp.
Asarum canadense
Desmodium sp.
Elymus sp.
Euphorbia corollata vat.corollata
Geranium maculatum
Geum canadense
Polymnia canadensis
Seymeria macrophylla
Uniola latifolia
Agrimonia rostellata
Anemone virginiana
Cimicifuga racemosa
Desmodium glutinosum
D. rotundifolium
Galium circaezans var.hypomalacum
Ipomea pandurata
Estimate ofAbundance
4
4
Estimate ofAbundance
5
5
4
4
3
3
61.
TABLE 17 (CON’T)
Herbaceous S2ec,ies
Oxalis stricta
Panicum boscii
Pellaea atropurpurea
Brachyelytrum erectum
Silphium perfoliatum
Estimate ofAbundance
3
Station 5, Sites I-LI- (12 July, 1969)
Map 6. (Sect. 25, T. 29 N., R 5 W.)
Station 5 is located on a steep, west, southwest-facing
slope and ridge above Alley Spring branch. Bluffs of a
cherty dolomite (Gasconade Formation) are common, especially
on the lo~.~er slope. On the upper slope and ridge, sandstone
(Roubidoux Formation) and cherty dolomitic boulders are scattered
throughout the more or less rocky soil.
Site 1 (150 x 50 feet) is located above the spring branch
on a steep slope (ca. ~5°), at an elevation of 680-700 feet.
Dolomite bluffs and ledges are a prominent feature at this level
and the soil is loamy and alkaline (pH 7.5-7.6). Measurable
trees are sparce (20) resulting in an open canopy with only
40-50% of the sky obscured by leaves and branches. The most
conspicuous tree species are ~uercus prinoides var. acuminata
and Juniperus virginiana while the dominant understory plants
include the shrub, Dirca palustris; the vines Parthenocissus
quinquefolia, Rhus radicans, Smilax tamoides var. hispida; and
the small trees i~indera benzoin, Ostrya vir~iniana, and Asimina
triloba. Ntmuerous herbaceous species are oresent and include
Uvularia grandiflora, Asarum canadense, Cimicifu~a racemosa
Veratrum ~oodii, Euphorbia corollata, Viola striata, Galium
circaezans, and Desmodium glutinostm~. A number of species are
confined to the bluffs such as Aquilegia canadensis, ~splenium
rhizo~h~llum, Cheilanthes feel, and Pellaea ~tro~rpurea. For a
list of the species present at site i, see Table 18. Collections made
in the spring of 196! and 1962 in this same general area indicate
that the following species should also be present~
Vicis caroliniana
Silene virginics
Trillium sessile
Dentaria laciniata
Site 2 (I00 x I00 feet) is an open glade with extensive
outcrops of dolomite (Figure 4). It is located on a slope of
TABLE 18 (CON’T)65.
Herbaceous Species
Agromonia pubescens
Aquilegia canadensis
Asarum canadense
Aster sagittifolius
Cimicifuga racemosa
Desmodium glutinosum
Elymus virginicus
Euohorbia corollata
Geum canadense
Panicum boscii
Uniola latifolia
Viola striata
Anemone virginiana
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Botrychium virginianum
Brachyelytrum erectum
Cheilanthes feel
Dioscorea villosa
Ga~ium circaezans
Galium concinnum
Houstonia nigricans
Muhlenbergii sobolifera
Parietaria pensylvanica
Pellaea atropurpurea
Silohium asteriscus
Thaspium trifo!iatum
Uvularia grandiflora
Veratrum woodii
Asplenium platynenrom
Bromus purgans
Estimate ofAbundance
3
3
3
2
2
64.
TABLE 18
Floristic Composition of Station 5, Site i. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 20. Total basal area of alltrees : 1707 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum I0.0
Asimina triloba
Carya cordiformis
Cercis canadensis
Cornus drummondii
C. florida i0.0
Corylus americana
Fraxinus americana I0.0
Juglans cinerea i0.0
J. nigra
Juniperus virginiana 25.3
Lindera benzoin
Norus rubra
Ostrya virginiana
Quercus alba 0.5
Q. prinoides var. 25.0acuminata
Ulmus rubra 0.5
Viburnum rufidulum
% Composition Abundance Classof ~’asal Area o,£ Saplings
20.2 4
i
I
1.5 32
2.~ 32.8 1
i
6.6 3
2
18.5 2
47.9 2
Shrubs and Vines
0.7 33
Estimate ofAbundance
Dirca palustris
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus radicans
Smilax tamnckles var.hispida
Vitis aestivalis
Rhus aromatica
Smilax bona-nox
Symphoricarposorbicularis
5
4
4
333
approximately ~1.5° at an elevation of 720-?70 feet and had a very
rocky soil which is alkaline (pH 7.~-?.8). A glade of this type
with Juniperus virEiniana and ~prinoides var. acuminata
as dominants is considered to be a successional stage eventually
leading to an Acer saccharum-(~ercus alba association. The
presence of ~rcus rubra (often found instead of 2- alba in the
climax) and numerous saplings of Acer saccharum indicate the
possibility that this will occur. Small tree~ as well as shrubs
and vines are scattered, but abundant. The herbaceous flora is
rich and includes characteristic glade taxa like Silphium
~rebinthinace~m, Bouteloua curtioendula, LithosDermum canescens,
Oenothera missouri~ns~, Rudbeckia h_~rt___9_a, Coreop.~is alm~,
Comsndra richardsiana, Verbena canadensis and A_p_~oc~num canna-
binum. Special mention should also be made of a rare vascular
saprophyte, Hexalectris spicat__a, also located at this site.
Bryophytes are abundant, particularly on exposed rocks and tree
trunks. For s !ist of the olants present at site 2, see Table 19.
Site ~ (!00 x ~00 feet) is located about ~0 feet south and
at the same elevation as Site 2. It is a steep slope, ca. 60~,
~ith a slight drs~,~ occurring near the middle and with a very rocky
soil in the neutral] to a!kaline range (pH ?.0-7.#). Large trees
of .~,uercus a!ba_, ~. rubra, and i~inus echinats form a closed canopy
under ~hich sma~l trees and saplings of Acer saccharum, A. rubrum,
and (~uercus alba are numerous. The understory is dominated by
Cormus florida, Sassafras a__ibid_~u_m~, and Vaccinum vacillans. A
rich variety of both bryophytes and herbaceous species is present.
This site apparently includes t~.,~o types of forest communities~
and oak-pine co~nunity on the steep slopes and a 9.uercus alba-
Acer rubrum community developing in a shallow draw. For a list
of the taxa present at site ~, see Table 20.
Site # (].50-50 feet) is locate.d on a gentle slope near the
ridge at sn elevation of apioroximately 860 feet. Here the soil
is thin, covered with a layer of leaf mold, and acid (pH z~.8-
6.6). Trees vary in age and form ~ relatively closed canopy with
?0-80~ of the sky obscu~red by leaves and branches. This forest
TABLE 19
Floristic Composition of Station 5, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 61. Total basal area of alltrees : 2413 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum
Bumelia lanuginosa 5.0
Carya cordiformis
Celtis laevigata
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida 7.0
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana
Juniperus virginiana 60.0
Ostrya virginiana
Pinus echinata 3.0
Ptelea trifoliata
Quercus prinoides 21.0var. acuminata
Q. rubra 5.0
Rhamnus carolinianus
Ulmus alata
% Compositionof Basal’ Are’a
2.1
2.4
~9.o
2.9
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of’"Abund&hce
Abundance Classof Saplings
1
1
2
2
2
Hydrangea arborescensvar. deamii
Smilax tamnoides var.hispida
Vitis aestivalis
Physiocarpus opulifoiius
Rhus aromatica
R. radicans
Rosa sp.
33
19 (CON’S)
Herbaceous Species
Silphiumterebinthinaceum
Solidago sp.
Blephila ciliata
Bouteloua curtipendula
Cassia nictitans
Cheilanthes feei
Euphorbia corollata var.mollis
Houstonia nigricans
Lithospermum canescens
Oenothera missouriensis
Psnicum virgatum
Petalostemon purpureum
Rudbeckia hirta
Sorghsstrum nutans
Thasoium trifoliatum var.fl,avum
Anemone virginiana
Apocynum cannabinum
Asclepias tuberosa
Comandra richardsiana
Coreopsis palmata
Cuscuta pentagona
Echinacea pallida
Heliopsis helianthoidesvar. occidentalis
Panicum linearifolium
Pellaea atropurpurea
Ratibida pinnata
Rhynchosia latifolia
Ruellia humilis
Silphium asteriscus
Verbena canadensis
Estimate ofAbundance
5
4
4
4
4
4-
4
4
4
4
Herbaceous Species Estimate o£Abundance
Agave virginiana
Parthenium hispidum
Veratr~a woodii
Asclepias verticillata
A. viridiflora var.lanceolata
Baptisia leucoohaea
Elymus vir~inicus
Hexalectris spicata
Passiflora lutea
B~yophytes and Lichens Substrate
2
2
2
2
2
IIii
Abundance Class
Anomodon minor
Campylium chrysophyllum
Drtunmondia prorepens
Fissidens subbasilaris
Grimmia alpicola
Haplohymonium triste
Hedwigia ciliata
Pylaisiella selwynii
Ptychomitrium incurvum
Tortella humilis
Weissia controversa
Tree bases
Soil
Tree trunks
Tree bases
Rocks
Tree trunks
Rocks
Tree trunks
Rocks
Tree bases
Soil and rocks
P
P
P
TABLE 20
Floristic Composition of Station 5, Site 3. Totalnumber of measurable trees = ~7. Total basal area of alltrees : 4166 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity of Ba~al Ar’$’a
Acer rubrum
Acer saccharum
Amelanchier arborea 2.0
Bumelia lanuginosa 2.0
Carya cordiformis
C. texana 6.0
C. tomentosa
Cornus drummondi
C. florida 15.0
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana 2.0
Juglans cinerea
Juniperus virginiana 6.0
Nyssa sylvatica var. 4.0caroliniana
Pinus echinata ii.0
Prtunus serotina
Quercus alba 30.0
Q. prinoides var. 4.0acuminata
Q. rubra 15.0
Q. stellata 2.0
Rhsmnus caroiiniana
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus a]ata
U. rubra
Abundance Classof Saplings
55
0.3 2
0.9 -I
2.9 2
i
2
5.5 ~2
0.9 2
i
i.I ~3.0
22.4 22
48.5 ~
1.7 3
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Vaccinium vacil].ans
Dirca palustris
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissusquinquefolia
5
20
Shrubs and Vines
Rhus aromatica
Smilax bona-nox
Vacinnium stamineum
Vitis aestiva!is
Ceanothus americanus
Vitis vulpina
Herbaceous Species
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Anemonella thalictroides
Asarum canadense
Blephilia ciliata
Galium arkansanum
Lonicera sp.
Monarda russeliana
Silphium terebinthinaceum
Agromonia rostellata
Anemone virginiana
Astragalus sp.
Botrychium virginianum
Cimicifuga racemosa
Geum canadense
Panic~m boscii
P. linearifolium
P. virgatum
Pellaea atropurpurea
Bouteloua curtipendula
Danthonia spicata
Euphorbia corollata
Hieracium sp.
Panicum dichotomum
Rhynchosia latifolia
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
Estimate of"-Abundance
5
Zl-
2
2
2
2
2
2
TABLE 20 (CON’T)
72.
Herbaceous Species
Tephrosia virginiama
Aristolochia serpentaria
Asplenium platyneuron
Campanula americana
Desmodium nudiflorum
Silphium asteriscus
Festuca obtusa
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Atrichum angustatum
Brachythecium oxycladon
Campylium chrysophyllum
Dicranella heteromalla
Hedwigia ciliata
Leucodon julaceus
Tortella humilis
Weissia controversa
Dicranum sabuletorum
D. scoparium
Entodon seductrix
Fissidens taxifolius
Haplocladium virginianum
Platygyrium repens
Ptychomitrium incurvum
Dicramum flagellare
Polytrichum ohioense
Estimate of"AbundanS~
2
i
i
i
i
i
Substrate Abundance Class
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Rocks
Trees andsoil
Rocks andsoil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Rocks
Soil
Soil
Decayingwood
Rocks
Decayingwood
Soil
has the characteristics of an oak-hickory climax with the
dominants, Carla texana and ~ercus alb~, represented by
trees of different age classes and by abundant seedlings on the
forest floor. The understory is dominated by the tree, Cornus
florida (which ~ere is represented by several large trees up to
? inches in diameter), and a vine, Parthenocissus quinquefo!ia
which is very abundant. Herbaceous species and bryophytes are
not as numerous ~s in other ~ites at this station. For a list
of the species at site ~. ~, see Tab~e 21.
~tation 6 (]-9 July, 1969)
~{a]? 7. (SW ~,~ Sect.
Station 6 is located near the junction between Bay Creek
and the Jacks Fork River. Because of the rugged topography at
this locality, on~.y a reconnaissance was made to determine what
species are present, their habitat and, in some cases, abun-
dance.
The diverse i~hysio~ra-phy of this region may be characterized
as follows:
~ t o middle oortion of a stee~, north-east facin~a-l-oh~j ~aytreek.
Soi! "~ mo rocky and numerous small bluffs of acmertj dolomite (Gasconade Formation) are oresent.
Lo~er slope and creek bottom along Bay Creek.
The creek bottom is often paved ~...~ith extensiveflat exposures off dolomite. Boulders, both ofdolomite and sandstone, are common in anlalongthe ed~£e of creek. Extensive open areas ~ithsandy soi~ are present on the NE bank of the creek.
Narrow Draw
A relatively steeo draw ~ith a rocky gully runningthroug~ it.
Distrube~ Area
In the vicinity of a primitive camp ground nearthe mouth of the creek, disturbance by campers isevident.
The flora of this station is one of the most diverse
encountered along the Jacks Fork River (see Table 22). The
TABLE 21
Floristic Composition of Station 5, Site 4. Totalnumber of measurable trees = #0. Total basal area of alltrees : 2795 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum
Amelanchier arborea 3.0
Carya texana 23.0
C. tomentosa 3.0
Comus florida 30.0
Juglans nigra 3.0
Juniperus virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica var.caroliniana
Prunus serotina
Quercus alba 25.0
Q. prinoides var.acuminata
Q. velutina 13.0
Q. stellata
Rhamnus caro!iniana
Sassafras albidum 3.0
Ulmus alata
U. rubra
Shrubs and Vines
% Compositionof Basal Area
o.5I#. i
2.3
9.9Z~.. 0
Abundance Classbf’ Saplings
i
2
i
2
62.’7
6.1
0.5
Estimate @Abundance
i
Parthenocissus quinque£olia
Ceanothus americanus
Rhus aromatica
Vaccinium stamineum
V. vacillans
Rhus glabra
Vitis vulpina
V. aestivalis
5
2
Herbaceous Species
Comandra richardsiana
Desmodium nudiflorum
Elymus virginicus
Tephrosia virginiana var.virginiana
Antennaria p!antaginifolia
Carex sp.
Desmodium rotundifolium
Galium arkansanual
Lespedeza hirta
Panicum sp.
Coreopsis ~almata
Gali~n circaezans var.hypomalacum
Krigia biflora
Rudbeckia sp.
Silphium asteriscus
Thaspium trifoliatum vat.luteum
Aristolochia serpentaria
Bryop~ytes and Lichens
Entodon seductrix
Leucodon julaceus
Mnium cuspidatum
Thelia asprella
IIomomallimn adnat~m
Substrate
Soil
Tree trunks
Soil
Rocks and soil
Rocks
Estimate ofAbundance
33
2
2
2
2
Abundance Class
TAE,i~,: 22
Distribution of ~ian~ at Station
77.
Dominant Trees
Acer saccharum
Aesculus glabra
Carya cordiformis
C. tomentosa
Fraxinus quadrangulata
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juglans nigra
Nyssa sylvatica var.caroliniana
Pinus echinata
Platanus occidentalis
Q. prinoides var.acuminata
Q. rubra
Tilia americana
Ulmus rubra
Understory Trees
Amelanchier arborea
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana
Cercis canadensis
Cornus alternifolia
C. florida
C. drummondi
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
2212P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
I
P
P
Remarks
Saplings infre-quent, lower sl~
Saplings only
Saplings abundant
Saplings infre-quent,lower slope
Small trees only
Saplings infre-quent
78.
Tax~
Understor~ Trees
Comus obliqua
Crataegus sp.
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Ostrya virginiana
Ptelea trifoliata
Rhamnus caroliniana
Salix caroliniana
Sassafras albidtum
Staphylea trifolia
Ulmus alata
Shrubs
Aralia racemosa
Dirca palustris
Hamamelis vernalis
Hydrangea ~rborescens
Hypericumspathulatum
Rhus aromatica
R. glabra
Symphoricarposorbicularis
Vines
Euonymus obovatus
Lonicera f~ava
Nenispermum canadense
Parthenocissusquenquifolia
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
2
Remarks
TABLE 22 (CO]~’T.) 79.
Rh~s rad±can~
Smilax sp.
Vitis sp.
Herbaceous Species
A~rimonia sp.
Ambrosia sp.
Angelica venenosa
Anemone virginiana
Aquilegia canadensis
Arisaema atrorubens
Aruncus dioica
Asarum canadense
Asclepias tuberosa
Astralagus canadensis
Brachyelectrum erecttm;
Caoalia atriplicifolia
Campanula americana
Caulophyllumthalictroides
Chichorum itybus
Chrysanthemumleucanthemum
Cimicifuga racemosa
Circium altissimum
Commelina virginica
Convolvulus sp.
Coreopsis pubescens
4
4
3
4
4 4!
4
22
4
2
2 2
Remarks
80.
Taxa
Herbaceous Species
Coreopsis tripteristripteris
Cyperus refractus
Dactylis glomerata
Daucus carota
Delphinium exaltatum
Dianthus armeria
Echinacea purpurea
Elymus virginicus
Erigeron sp.
Eupatorium purpureum
Euphorbia corollatavar. mollis
Gerardia flava
Geum canadensis
Helenium amarum
Helianthus hirsutus vattrachyphyllus
Heliopsis helianthoide~var. occidentalis
Houstonia nigricans
Hepatica acutiloba
Heuchera sp,
Hydrastis canadensis
Hystrix patula
Ipomea pandurata
Liatrus pycnostycha
L. squarrosa
Ligustichum canadense 2
3
2
2
2
i
Remarks
3 On vertical rocks
81.
Taxa
Herbaceous Species
Lobelia siphilitica
Lysimachia ciliata
Meliotus a!ba
Monarda fistulosa
Osmorhiza longistylisvillicaulis
Oxalis europea
Panicum sp.
Parnassia grandiflora
Parthen iumintegrifolium
Penstemon digitalis
P. pallidus
Phleum pratense
Phlox paniculata
Phryma leptostachya
Podophyllum peltatum
Polymnia canadensis
Potentilla sp.
Prunella vulgaris
Pycnanthemum pilosum
Rudbeckia hirta
R. triloba
Ruellia humilis
Sanguinaria canadensis
Silene stellata
Silphium asperrimum
S. perfoliatum
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
Remarks
82.
Taxa
Herbaceous Species
Smilacina racemosa
Solidago juncea
S. radula
Sonchus sp.
Strophostyles helvola
Thaspium barbinode
Trifolium pratensis
T. repens
Uvularia perfoliata
Veratrum woodii
Verbascum blatteria
V. thaspus
Verbena stricta
V. urticifolia
Verbesina sp.
Vernonia baldwinii
Vascular Cryptogams
Adiantum pedatum
Asplenium platyneuron
A..rhizophyllum
A. ruta-mariacrytolepis
Botrichiumvirginianum
Cystopteris bulbiferao
Equisetum hyemale vat.elatum
Pellaea atropurpurea
5
1
52
2
2
Remarks
On shaded dolo-mitic boulders
On vertical dolo-mitic boulders
Base of boulders
TABLE 22 (CON’T.)
Taxa
Vascular Cryptogams
Polystichumacrostichoides
Selaginella apoda
Thelypterishexagonoptera
Woodsi~ obtusa
~ophytes
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Bartramia pomiformis
Bryhnia graminicolor
Bryoandersoniaillecebra
Bryum pseudotriquetrtm
Chiloscyphuspallescens
Climacium americanum
Conocephalum conicum
Fissidens minululus
Grimmia pilifera
Hedwigia ciliata
Homaliadelphus sharpii
Hyophila involuta
4
4 4
5 5,
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
Remarks
On rocky soil &rock ledges
On vertical lime-stone
On rocky soil &rock ledges
On dolomite ingully
On rocky s~il &rock ledges
On rocks
On sandstone ingully
On rocky soil
On rocks
On rocks in gully
On open dolo-mitic rocks
On open toshaded rocks
On verticaldolomite
On dolomite’increek
Br~yophy~e~
Hypnum curvifolium
H. lindbergii
T axiphyl luredeplanatum
Thuidium pygmaeum
Remarks
On rocky soil
On soil
On shaded dolo-mite in gully
On shaded dolo-mite in gully
85.
middle to upper slope is occupied by a complex hardwood forest
that is dominated by ~,uercus rubra, ~. prinoides vat. acuminata,
Garya tomentosa and Acer saccharum. Near the ridge Pinus
echinata and Juniperus virginiana are present. In open areas
along the upper slopes Rudbeckia hirta, Houstonia ~i5ricans,
Liatrus squarrosa, Parthemium inte£rifolium, and Delphinium
exaltum are common. Along the bluff ledges Aquilegia canadensis,
Hydran~e~arbor~..scens,__As_.p_olenium rhizophyllum_, A. ruta-muraria
vat. cryptolepis, and Pellaea atropurpurea are abundant. Mosses
are also common and include such species as Anomodon .attenuatus,
!. rostratus, Hedwigia ciliata, and HomaliadelDhus sharDii. The
latter species is new for the state and in fact is known from
only two other localities in the United States, both in the
Appalachians (lwatsuki, 1958).
In the narrow draw a mesic forest is well developed con-
taining many large trees of Tilia americana, 0strya virginiana,
and Nyssa sylvatica vat. caroliniana. On the forest floor the
ferns Adiantum pedatu~ Polystichum acrostichoides, Thelyoteris
hexagonopter~, and Asplenium rhizoph211um are abundant, with
the latter species restricted to shaded dolomitic boulders.
Along the lower slope, the forest dominants include Carla
cordiformis, Platanus occidentalis, Aesculus glabra, ~uercus
prinoides vat. acuminata, Tilia americana, and Ulmus rubra.
In the dense understory’beneath are found such species as
Euon,ymus atroourpurea, Carpinus caroliniana, Cornus florida,
C. drummondi.!i, ~taphylea trifolia, Dirca palustris, and Lindera
benzoin. Commonly found on the rocky bank along the edge of
the creek are the shrub species Hamamelis vernalis, H,ypericum
spathulatum, and Comus obliqua, as well as the herbaceous
species Equisetum h2emale vat. elatum, Parnassia grandiflora,
Cyperus refractus, Hepatica acutiloba, and Selaginella apoda.
A rich variety of species is found on alluvial sandy soil in
more open areas.
In disturbed areas a number of species characteristic of
old fields are present including Helenium amarum, Phleum praten.~e,
Ruellia humilis, Verbascum thapsu~,and Cirsium altissimum.
86.
For a list of the plants present in the various habitats
of station 6, see Table 22.
Nap 8.
Station 7 (19 July, 1969)
SW Z sect. 9, T. 28 N., R. 5 W.
Located just south of a high vertical bluff, station 7
covers an area of very steep (ca. 60°), east-facing wooded
slopes dissected by a slight draw. Outcrops of dolomite
(Gasconade formation) form bluffs 6-8 feet high at about mid-
slope, while at the base, talus of large angular boulders is
present. This area extends over a vertical distance of 240
(720-960) feet; therefore, because of steep topography, only
a reconnaissance of the vegetation was deemed feasible. The
species encountered, including an estimate Of their abundance,
is presented in Table 23.
The forest of the lower slope is composed largely of
Quercus prinoides vat. acuminata, Acer saccharum, and Fraxinus
quadrangulata. A well developed understory consisting of
Amelanchier arborea, Viburnum rufidulum, Bumelia lanu~inosa,
Comus florida, and Cercis canadensis is present. In open
areas, Juniperus virginiana is present, while at the very base
of the slope Sassafras albidum, Sambucus canadensis, and
Lindera benzoin are conspicuous.
Further up the slope hardwoods such as Carya tomentosa,
~uercus alb~, and ~. rubra, become increasingly more abundant
until near the summit, an oak-hickory climax forest is
encountered. The rocky, acid soil of this forest supports, in
addition to seedlings of the dominant trees, only a few species of
herbaceous plants such as Adiantum p~dstum, A~plenium platyneuron,
Polystichum acrosticho.~des, Galium concinnum, Desmodium nudiflorum,
Panicum bosci~, and Cimicifu~a racemosa.
Near mid-slope where rocky bluffs occur, Rhus radicans and
R. aromatica are particularly conspicuous. Also common on these
bluffs are the ferns Asplenium rhizoDhyl~_~_~, A. ruta-muraria vat.
cryptolepis, and the mosses Anomodon attenuatus and A. rostratus.
On the soil just below these bluffs Pedicularis canad.ensis and
the mosses Bryoandersonia ~llecebr__a, Brachythecium oxTclado~,,, and
88.
TABLE 23
Floristic Composition of Station 7.
Trees Abundance Class
Acer saccharum 4
Amelanchier arborea 4
Bumelia lanuginosa ~
Carya tomentosa 4
Celtis occidentalis ~
Cercis canadensis 4
Comus florida 4
Fraxinus quadrangulata 4
Lindera benzoin 4
Quercus alba ~
Q. prinoides var. acuminata 4
Q. rubra ~
Sambucus canadensis 4
Sassafras albidum~ 4
Viburnum rufidulum ~
Acer rubrum 3
Fraxinus americana 3
Juniperus virginiana 3
Morus rubra 3
Ulmus americana 3
U. rubra 3
Shrubs and Vines Abundance Class
Aralia racemosa ~
Dirca palustris ~
Parthenocissus quinquefolia 4
Rhus aromatica ~
R. radicans 4
Rosa sp. 3
Herbaceous Plants
TABLE 23 (CON’T)
Substrate
Polymnia canadensis
Adiantum pedatum
Asarum canadensis
Asplenium rhizophyllum
A. ruta-muraria var.cryptolepis
Brachyelytrum erectum
Cimicifuga racemosa
Cystopteris bulbifera
Dioscorea villosa
Galium concinnum
G. triflorum
Hepatica acutiloba
Heuchera sp.
Panicum boscii
P. sp.
Pedicularis canadensis
Phytolacca americana
Polystichumacrostichoides
Rudbeckia laciniata
Smilacina racemosa
Solanum carolinense
Teucrium canadense
Asplenium platyneuron
Campanula americana
Desmodium glutinosum
D. nudiflorum
Eupatorium purpureum
Lysimachia nummularia
Uvularia grandiflora
Lower slope
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Dolomite boulders
Vertical dolomite
Rocky soil
Vertical dolomite
Rocky soil
Shaded rocky soil
Rocky soil
Vertical dolomite
Shaded rocky soil
Rocky soil
Wooded slope
Lower slope
Rocky soil
Lower slope
Rocky soil
Open sandy soil
Open sandy s0il
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocks, base ofslope
Rocky soil
Abundance Class
5
P
89.
90.
TABT,~, 2.5 (CON’T)
Br~ophytes
Amblystegium sp.
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Brachythecium oxycladon
B. rivulare
B. serrulatum
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Campylium chrysophyllum
Conocephalum conicum
Gymnostomum recurvirostre
Substrate
Dolomite in gully
Dolomite
Dolomite
Rocky soil
Dolomite in gully
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Vertical dolomite
Abundance Class
91.
Campylium chrysoDhyllum, are common.
Occurring at the base of the slope, especially on shaded rocks
in the dra~, is the fern Cystopteris bulbifera, which is abundant,
as well as Eupatorium p_Brpureum and L,ysimachia nummularia, both
somewhat less abundant. In open talus area, Pol,ymnia canaden~is
is very abundant. Herbaceous species are abundant on the lower
wooded slopes and include Asarum canadense, _H.epatica acutiloba,
and Smilacina racemosa. In a ditch between the road and the base
of this slope, Rudbeckia laciniata and Ph,ytolacca americana form
dense thickets, while at the edge of the road in open, sandy areas,
Solanum carolinense and Teucrium canadense are conspicuous.
Station 8 (19 July, 1969)
Map 7. Sect. 4, T. 28 N., R. 5 W.
This station is located in an old field just east of Bay
Creek. It is traversed by a dry, intermittant stream bed
originating out of a valley to the north. The field has a
gentle slope (about lO°), running from north-east to south-west.
The actual date of the abandonment of this field is unknown,
although an ASCS aerial photograph (BND-2EE-194) dated Oct. 22,
1964, shows this field cultivated or used as pasture at that time.
Judging from the size and number of trees of Gleditsia triacanthos
and Ulmus americana present (Figure 5), it would appear that only
two, at the most four seasons~ have elapsed since last used.
The only sizable trees within the field are a few of Ulmus
americana along the dry stream bed, and these were apparently
present in 196~. Otherwise, the vegetation is predominantly
herbaceous (see Table 24). The dominance of Erigeron annuus and
Ambrosia bidentsta may be considered as evidence of the recent
abandonment of this field. Many of the other species present
indicate that the soil is sterile due to overgrazing or poor
cultivation. These include:Helenium amarum~--~ex acetocellaPlantago lanceolataAmbrosia bidentataVerbena striataAmaranthus hF~-9-idus
92.
TABLE 24
Floristic Composition of Station 8.
Trees
Gleditsia triacanthos
Ulmus americana
Campsis radicans
Herbaceous Species
Abundance Classof Saplings
Estimate ofAbundance
Ambrosia bidentata
Erigeron annuus
Dactylis glomerata
Ipomea pandurata
Lepidium densiflorum
Phleum pratense
Plantago lanceolata
P. major
Potentilla recta
Rudbeckia hirta
Rumex acetosella
Verbascum blattaria
Vernonia baldwini
Abutilon theophrasti
Amaranthus hybridus
Datura stramonium
Helenium amarum
Physalis sp.
Phytolacca americana
Rumex crispus
Solanum carolinense
Solidago sp.
Sonchus sp.
Trifolium pratense
Verbena stricta
V. urticifolia
Dianthus armeriaChenopodium sp.
5
3
2
93.
Station 9 (19 July, 1969)
Nap 9. Sect. 25, T. 29 N., R. 5 W.
Station 9, located east of the west campground of Alley
Springs State Park, consists of a single site sample, lO0 x lO0
feet, in a wooded area that is about lO feet above normal stream
level. Extensive gravel bars surround this area on the north,
west, and south. The soil is sandy and alkaline (pH 7.5 - 7.7).
The dominant trees are Acer saccharinum, ~. saccharum,
Platanus occidentalis, and Ulmus rubra. Understory trees and vines
are abundant with some very large individuals of Rhus radicans and
Parthenocissus ~uinquefo!ia present. Lindera benzoin and the
shrub, Dirca palustris, are very abundant. The herbaceous flora
is rich in species with several, for example Diodia tere~,
Cocculus ~.arolinus, and Vernonia crinita, confined to open areas
in or at the edge of the forest. Bryophytes species are few in
number, and limited to tree trunks and logs. For a list of the
species present, see Table 25.
Station i0, Sites 1-4 (20 July, 1969)
Nap i0. (Sect. 4, T. 27 N., R. 6 W.)
Station i0 consists of four sites at Jam-Up Cave, an area
of both geological and botanical interest. The latter interest
is due primarily to the presence of a number of disjunct taxa
discovered here just before the turn of the century by B. F. Bush.
Particularly notable of these disjunct taxa are Galium boreale
vat. hysoppifolia, Campanula rotundifoli___~a, Zi~adenus ela~ans,
Trautvetteria caroliniensis, and Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus.
This area is one of rugged relief, dominated by precipitous
slopes and bluffs. The bluffs are composed primarily of Gasconade
cherty dolomite, while on the ridges, Roubidoux sandstone is present
(Figure 6). At the base of the bluff a gravel bar is well devel-
oped and at the mouth of the cave, a talus slope with numerous
large angular boulders is present (Figure 7)- The bluff is
approximately 120 feet high, with numerous shaded crevices and
recesses, and dripping vertical walls at the base (Figure 8).
TABLE 25
95.
Floristic Composition of Station 9. Total number ofmeasurable trees = 30. Total basal area of all trees =2535 sq. in.
Trees Relative % Composition Abundance ClassDensity of Basal Area of Sa~
Acer negundo 3
A. saccharinum lO.O 14.5 -
A. saccharum 13.0 9.2 i
Aesculus glabra 4
Asimina triloba 4
Carpinus caroliniana 3.0 1.1 -
Celtis occidentalis 3.0 2.0 3
Comus florida 2
Diospyros virginiana 1
Fraxinus americana 3.0 0.5 3
Gleditsia triacanthos 3
Hamameiis vernalis 3
Juglans cinerea 3.0 1.5 I
J. nigra 2
Juniperus virginiana 2
Lindera benzoin 5
Platanus 17.0 30.4 4occidentalis
Rhamnus caroliniana 4
Tilia americana 7.0 2.2 -
Ulmus rubra 40.0 38.8 4
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of~-Abundance
Dirca palustris 5
Ampelopsis cordata 4
Dioscorea villosa 4
Parthenocissus quinquefolia 4
Rhus radicans 4
Sambucus canadensis 4
25 (COn’ T)
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Smilax tamnoides vat.hispida
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis rupestris
Herbaceous Species
Bidens bipinnata
Geum canadense
Anemone canadensis
Campanula americana
Hackelia virginiana
Nenispermum canadense
Oxalis stricta
Teucrium canadensis
Vernonia crinita
Arisaema dracontium
Cassia nictitans
Diodia teres
Ne!ilotus albus
Physalis heterophylla
Uniola latifolia
Cocculus carolinus
Oenothera biennis
Rudbeckia triloba
Passif!ora ~utea
Estimate ofAbundance
5
2
2
2
i
Bryoph~te~ Substrate
Anomodon minor Trees
Forsstroemia trichomitria Trees
Homalothecie]la subcaoillata Logs and trees
Abundance Class
98.
Site i is located on the narrow, saddle-like ridge (alt.
ca. 920 feet) overlying Jam-Up Cave, and is approximately 500
feet by 40 feet. Trees are widely scattered and many open
prairie-like areas are present (Figure 9). The s0il is rocky,
acid, and interrupted by several flat exposures of sandstone
(Figure 6). The north side of this ridge drops off abruptly
to the steep bluffs below, while to the south, the ridge is
bordered by a steep drop-off of about i0 feet. At its west and
east ends, the ridge rises sharply to higher slopes. On the north
side of this ridge, vertical sandstone exposures (2-4 feet high)
capped by overhanging rocks are present (Figure 6). With regard
to the plants of thi~ location, the rich variety of trees is
dominated by Pinus echinata, Quercus prinoides var. acuminata, and
Quercus rubra. Other species of small trees are also common and
include ~inus caroliniana, Cornus drummondii, Diospyros
vir~iniana,_Junip÷rus virginiana, Ostrya virginiana, Viburnum
prunifolium~ P__t_~e_~ trifolia, Cercis canadensis, and Bumelia
lanuginosa. It should also be noted that a large number of
small oaks and hickories are present, particularly near the more
densely forested slopes to the east and west, indicating that
this area may eventually become a closed pine-hardwood forest.
Shrubs are abundant throughout the area, but particularly notable
are Hypericum spathulathum and Berberis canadensis. Herbaceous
species abound, including the disjuncts Galium boreale var.
hysoppifolia and Zygadenus elegans ~hich are abundant on steep,
rocky ~orth facing ledges. However, most herbaceous plants are
confined to the more or less open areas and include many typical
glade species such as Houstonia nigricans, ~gave virginica~
Petalostem~m2_~p~_~eum, Bouteloua curt______ipend~!a, Comandra richard-
sonia, Andropogon virginicus, Silene regalia, Liatrus squarrosa,
L. scabra, Silphium terebinthinacium~ and A__s~l__e_~_oia__~s viridiflora.
Other habitats within this site include shaded vertical sandstone
areas where the fern species Cheiianthes lanosa, Asplenium platy-
neuron, and Yellaea glabella are found. In addition, areas of
open sandstone "flats" ~,~ith thin overlying soil, also occur and
support a distinctive flora which includes Selaginella rupestris,
and ~lantago aristata. For a list o~~ the flora present in this
site, see Table 26.
TABLE
99.
Floristic Composition of Station I0, Site I. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 57. Total basal area of alltrees : 4199 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity of Basal Area
Acer rubrum
A. saccharum 12.0
Amelanchier arborea
Bumelia lanucinosa
Carpinus carolinianus
Carya texana
C. tomentosa
Ce]tis laevigata
Cercis canadensis
Cornus drummondi
C. florida 4.0
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana 2.0
Gleditsiatriacanthos
Juniperus virginiana
Ostrya virginiana
Pinus echinata 21.0
Prunus sp.
Ptelea trifoliata
Quercus alba 5.0
Q. prinoides var. 23.0acuminata
Q. rubra 25.0
Q. stellata 9.0
Ulmus rubra
Viburnum prunifolium
Abundance Classof Saplings
i
3i
2
1
1.2 ~
1.5 3
1
27.O 4
1
9.6 3
19.9 ~
i00.
Shrubs and Vines
Hydrangea arborescens
Hypericum spathulatum
Berberis canadensis
Ceanothus americanus
Physocarpus opulifolius
Rhus aromatics
R. co~allina
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vaccinium vacillans
Vitis aestiva]is
Herbaceous Soecies
Achiliea millefolium
Danthonia spicata
Galium boreale var.hyssopifolia
Houstonia nigricans
Petalostemon purpuremm
Agave virginica
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Asplenium platyneuron
Boute!oua curtioendula
Cheilanthes ]snosa
Comandra richardsiana
Coreopsis palmata
Echinacea pa!lida
E]~us virginicus
Euphorbia corol~ata
Gerardia f]sva
Hepatica acutiloba
Lespedeza hirta
Liatris cyiindracea
Estimate ofAbundance
55
4
4
4
Estimate ofAbundance
555
55
i01.
S oHerbaceous pecles
Monarda russeliana
Panicum vir{jatum
Plantago aristata
Rudbeckia hirta
Selagine!la rupestris
Silphium terebinthinacium
Smilicina racemosa
Soiidago ar6uta var.strigosa
Teohrosia vir6iniana
ThaspLim trifoliatum
Tripsicum dactyloides
Zygadenus elagans
indropogon virginicus
Anemone virginiana
Angelica venenosa
Asclepias viridiflora var.ianceo!ats
Campanula americana
Cystopteris bulbifera
Liatris scabra
Lithospermum canescens
Fellaea 61abella
Penstemon paJ_lldu~
Phlox pilosa
Ratibida oinnata
Ruellia humi!is
Silene rega!is
Smilax herbacea
Parthenium hispid~Lm
Vernonia baldwinii
Cacalia atrip]icifolia
Dianthus armeria
Estimate ofAbundance
4
4-
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
102.
Bryophytes are also conspicuous throughout Site i. Collections
made in 1960, 1961, and 1965 sho~ the £ollowing taxa to be present
on the substrate indicated:
Anomodon attenuatus - Abundant on shaded rocks
Atrichum an~statum - Rocky soil of ridge
Aulacomnium heterostichum - Shaded ledges
Bsr~rsmia ~omiformis - Shaded rock ledges
Brach~theci~a oxycladon - Rocky soil
Br__~yoandersonia illecebra - Abundant on rocky soil
~ o._seudotriquetrum - Moist dolomitic rocksCam~y!ium c~r_/~9~_!~_~-- Shaded rocky soil
Clasmatodon ~arvulus - Tree trunks
Climacium americanum - Rock ledges
Dicranella heteromalla - Rocky soil of ridge
Dicranum montanum - Shaded vertical sandstone
Dicran~ sco~arium - Rocky soil
Fissidens cristatus - Rock crevices and tree bases
Frullania ~:~2~ria - Moist dolomitic rocks
Frul~ania sq.usrrosa - Shaded vertical dolomite
Grimmia laevisata- Abundant on open rocks
Gri~ia ~ilifera - Very abundant on open rocks
Hypnum curvifolium - Rocky shaded soil
Leucodon ~ulaceus - Tree trunks and rocks
Leucole~eunea cl~oeata - Vertical shaded sandstone
Lo~hocolea hete~l__~a - Shaded rocky soil
~dannia fra~rans - Dolomitic ledges
Mnium cus~idatum - Rocky soil
~rtmcal dolomiteOrthotrichur~ stran~ulatum - ~ "
Po~trichrm~ ohioense - Rocky soil
Porella olat~n~.~9_~ - On open rocks
Ptychomitri~im incur~au - Abundant on open rocks
Radula andmco~a" " - Shaded roc~o"~
Rhodobry~m rosemm - Rock ledges
Thelia as-__iore__lla - Rocky soil
Thuidium deiicatulum - Rocky soil
103.
Site 2 encompasses an area which includes a wooded, rocky
talus slope at the mouth of Jam-Up Cave; a 120-foot vertical,
north-facing, dolomitic bluff; several steep rocky slopes; and
a large gravel bar between the bluffs and the river. It was not
feasible to obtain accurate quantitative data because of the
precipitous nature of this area. A reconnaissance however, was
conducted and the diversity of the flora is presented in Table 27.
Of particular interest is the presence and distribution of two
additional disjuncts. One, Campanula rotundifolia, is established
in crevices on the lower bluffs and large boulders near the mouth
of the cave. The other, Trautve tteria caroliniensis, is very
abundant on ledges subject to considerable seepage and drippage.
Here it is associated with such common species as ~stopteris
bulbifera and Adiantum pedatum, as well as such rare species as
Heuchera p_v_beru]a forma g!abra and Zygadenus ~lagans (Figure i0).
On the upper part of the talus slope, the moss Rhytiadelphus
triquetrus is present and associated with Bryoandersonia illecebra,
Brachythecium oxycladon, and Climacium americanum.
The gravel bar supports a diverse flora. On the higher
parts of the bar dominant trees include Acer negundo and Pla-
tanus ocG~$~ntalis, while near the edge of the river Hamamelis
vernalis is abundant. Rhus radicans trails over low growing
vegetation as ~vell as extensively on the trees and adjacent bluffs.
In the understory a luxurious mixture of shrubs and herbs is
present, including such notable species as Urtica dioica Circaea
quadrlsu~t~ C~tot~enia canadensis, Equis~tum hyemale var.
elatum, Hydra~eE~_~ arborescens, and Aster furcatus.
The extensive vertical bluffs are condusive to the growth of a
number of epilithic taxa. ~articularly notable is the presence of
Hydrangea arborescens, Pellaea ~, Aquilegia canadensis,
Physiocarpus ooulifoiius,__Houstonia ni_~can____~s, Polymni~a canadensis,
and the mosses Anomodon attenuatus, A. minor, Conocephalum conicum,
G~mnostomtun aeru~inosum_, and ~. recurvirostrum.
The steep (ca. 60~), ~ooded slope supports a diverse under-
story of shrubs and herbs. Important members include Dirca ~alus-
tri____~s, Adiantum pedatum, Polj~_tichum acrosticoides, Desmodium
TABLE 27
Distribution of Plants at Station I0, .Site 2.
104.
Trees
Acer negundo
A. saccharum
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana
Celtis occidentalis
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cercis canadensis
Cornus drummondi
C. florida
C. alternifolia
Corylus americana
Fraxinus americana
Hamamelis vernalis
Juglans nigra
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Ostrya virginiana
Platanus occidentalis
Salix caroliana
Sambucuscanadensis
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana
Ulmus rubra
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Remarks
105.
Taxa
Shrubs and Vines
Aralia racemosa
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus radicans
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Physocarpus opulifolius
Ribes cynosbati
Amorpha fruiticosa
Dirca palustris
Rubus sp.
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis rupestris
Dioscorea villosa
Herbaceous Species
Cystopteris bulbifera
Trautvetteria caroliniansis
Urtica dioica var. procera
Adiantum pedatum
Aquilegia canadensis
Aster foreatus
Brachyelytrum erectum
Bromus purgans
Desmodium nudiflorum
Campanula rotundifolia
Cimicifuga racemosa
Circaea quadrisu].cata
Cirsium altissimum
Cryptotaenia canadensis
P
Remarks
55
5+ Particularly at base
At base of bluff
At base of bluff
Crevices and ledgesover entire bluff
Crevices, lower bluff
Upper part of slope
106.
Taxa
Herbaceous Species
Galium triflcrum
Heuchera puberula glabra
Polystichum acrostichoides
Verbesina sp.
Zygadenuselegans
Desmodium glutinosum
Phryma leptostachya
Aruncus dioicus
Daucus carota
Prunella vulgaris
Samolus parviflorus
Agrostis alba
Arisaema atropurpurea
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Carex amphiloba
Cryptotaenia canadensis
Eleocharis clava
Elymus virginicus
Equisetum hyemale var. elatum
Eupatorium purpureum
Geum canadense
Houstonia nigricans
Juncus tenuis "
Nuphar luteum var. orzakanum
Panicum sp.
Pellaea atropurpurea
Polymnia canadensis
Rudbeckia laciniata
2
2
i
P
P
P
Remarks
At base of bluff
Edge of river
Sandstone boulder
Sandstone boulder
Floating in water
Taxa
Herbaceous Plants
Senecio aureus
Teucrium canadensis
Thaspium trifoliatum
Uniola lati£olia
Veratrum woodii
Verbena urticifolia
Sisymbrium of£icinale vat.leiocarpum
P
P
Remarks
107 ¯
108.
nudiflorum, Aralia racemose, and Phyrma leptostach2a.
Collections of bryophytes in 1960, 1961, and 1965 show
the following additional taxa to be present on the substrate
indicated:
Br~hnia graminicolor - Shaded dolomite
Eucladium verticillatum - Vertical dolomite
Fissidens cristatus - Rocks in cave
Fissidens subbasilaris - Moist vertical rocks
Fissidens viridulus - Soil, mouth of cave
Forsstroemia trichomitria var. immersa - Vertical dolomite
Hyophila involuta - Rocks in cave
H~ipnum curvifolium - Rocky soil of talus
Mnitm~ mar~inattun - Rocks in cave
Plagiochila undata vat. undata - Shaded rocks
Radula andicola - Shaded rocks
Reboulia ~emisph__aerica - Rocks edge of. river and baseof bluff
Rhodobryum roseum - Rock ledges
T~xiphylltun ~eophilum - Rocks in cave
Thuidium pygmaeum - Rocks in Jam-Up Cave
Site 3 encompasses a sink-hole leading down to an under-
ground passageway that connects Lost Hollow with Jam-Up Cave.
The sides of this sink-hole are steep, ranging from 80° to
vertical. The soil is acid and extensive exposures of sandstone
and dolomitic rocks are present. Within this sink-hole an unusually
large number of taxa occur as is shown in Table 28~ prepared from
reconnaissance data of the area. Around the rim and upper slopes,
Pinus echinata, Fraxinus americana, Juglans cine~ J. nigra,
Quercus alba, ~. prinoides vat. acuminata, ~. velutina, Q. rubra,
and Tilia americana are all abundantly represented by both
measurable trees and saplings. Understory tree species are
likewise abundant and include Asimina triloba, Cercis canadensis,
Lindera benzoin, Cornus florida, Sassafras albidum, and Viburnum
prunifolium. Also occurring in the understory is the shrub,
Hydrangea arborescens, which is very abundant on the vertical
rock exposures and ledges throughout the sink. An examination
TABLE 28
109.
Floristic Composition of Station I0, Site
Trees Estimate of RemarksAbundance
Sassafras albidum
Acer rubrum
Amelanchier arborea
Carya tomentosa
Cornus florida
Lindera benzoin
Pinus echinata
Quercus rubra
Ulmus rubra
Asimina triloba
Ceanothus americanus
Cercis canadensis
Fraxinus americana
Juglans cinerea
J. nigra
Quercus alba
Q. prinoides var.acuminata
Q. stellata
Q. velutina
Tilia americana
Viburntun prunifolium
Shrubs and Vines
54.
4
4
4
4
4
P
Mostly near rim of sink
Hydrangea arborescens
Lonicera flava
Rhus aromatica
R. radicans
Ribes cynosbati
Vaccinium stamineum
V. vacillans
Vitis aestivalis
Aralia racemosa
54
4
4
4
On rock ledges
ii0.
Herbaceous Plants
Cystopteris bulbi£era
Panicum sp.
Adiantum pedatum
Aquilegia canadensis
Antennariaplantaginifolia
Arisaema atrorubens
Bromus purgans
Carex sp.
Cimicifuga racemosa
Heuchera sp.
Panicum boscii
Polystichumacrostichoides
Smilacima racemosa
Tephrosia virginiana
Uv~laria grandif]_ora
Anemone virginiana
Aruncus dioicous var.pubescens
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Cassia nictitans
Dioscorea villosa
Galium triflorum
Gerardia flava
Helianthemumbicknellii
Phlox pilosa
Rudbeckia hirta
Agave virginica
B~yophytgs
Anomodon attenuatus
Brachythecium oxycladon
Estimate ofAbundance
554
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
4
Remarks
On dolomite
Talus slope
Crevices of vertical dolomite
Upper slope
Vertical dolomite
Upper slope
On dolomite
Soil
Upper rim
On dolomite
On dolomite
iii.
TABT,R, 28 (CON’ T)
Br_~ygphytes Estimate ofAbundance
Remarks
Bryoandersonia illeoebra
Dicranum scoparium
Hypnum curvifolium
Leucobryum glaucum
~ium affine
Pleurozium schreberi
Thuidium delicatulum
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
On soil
On soil
On sandstone soil ofrim
On soil and sandstone~ledges
On dolomiteOn upper sandstone
ledges
On soil
112.
of Table 28 will reveal the diverse nature of the herbaceous flora.
For a small sink-hole with such steep sides, the diversity and
number of trees and shrubs is remarkable and attests to the
protected nature this type of geological feature affords. Only
at the bottom is its flora more limited, probably due to both
lack of sufficient light and periodic flooding. Even here, the
fern Cystopteris bulbifera and several mosses are abundant.
A more concerted study of the bryophytes of the sink-hole
in 1960 revealed the following species, in addition to those
listed in Table 28, to be present:
Bartramia pomiformis
Diphyscium foliosum
Fissidens cristatus
Nnium marginatum
Radula andicola
Scapania nemorosa
Site 4 is a wooded rocky ridge southeast of Jam-Up sink-
hole, at an altitude of approximately 1030 feet. Here the terrain
is level with an acid (pH 5.5-5.7) s6il, which is poor and covered
by a heavy leaf litter. The trees present obviously represent
secondary growth. Not only are the trees rather even aged, but
many have developed as stump sprguts. The canopy is fairly closed
with 60 to 70% of the sky obscured by leaves and branches. Over
70% of the trees are oaks, with Quercus velutina by far the most~
abundant species. The vine Rhus radicans, and the small trees,
Comus florida and Sassafras albidum, are the dominant understory
species. The poor soil is sparcely populated with herbaceous
species and bryophytes. The dominance of black-oak here indicates
that this area is in an advanced stage of succession that should
eventually stabilize as an oak-hickory forest. The herbaceous
flora present is also typical of this stage in succession.
For a list of the taxa present in site 4, see Table 29.
Station Ii (20 July, 1969)
Nap ll. (NW % Sect. i0, T. 27N., R. 6W.)
Station Ii is an upland, old field covering approximately 2
acres. The acid soil is thin, and judging from the number and
113.
TABLE 29
Floristic Composition of Station lO, Sitenumber of measurable trees = 61.trees = 3320 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDe~s±t~
Carya texana 5.0
C. tomentosa 5.0
Comus florida
Crataegus sp.
Nyssa sylvatica vat.caroliniana
Pinus echinata
Quercus alba ll.0
Q. rubra 5.0
Q. stellata 20.0
Q. velutina 41.0
Sassafras albidum 13.0
Viburnum rufidulum
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Compositiono~f Basal ’Area
1.7
1.6
Abundance Classof Saplings
1
11.8
6.918.951.9
7.3
Estimate of~ Abundance
2
Rhus radicans
Rosa carolina
Ceanothus americanus
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis vulpina
Rhus glabra
Rubus sp.
Vaccinium stamineum
Herbaceous Species
5
3
2
Estimate ofAbundance
Apocynum cannabinum
Ascyrum hypericoides vat.muticaule
Aster sagittifolius
TABLE 29 (CON’T)
Herbaceous Species
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Aster patens
Cunila origanoides
Galium pilosum
Gerardia flava
Potentilla simplex
Schrankia nuttallii
Hypericum punctatum vat.punctatum
Panicum dichotomum var.barbulatum
Pteridium aquilinium var.latiusculum
Bryophytes
Atrichum angustatum
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
Abundance Class
116.
TABLE 30
Floristic Composition of Station ll.
Trees Estimate ofAbundance’
Carya texana
Juniperus virginiana
Sassafras albidum
Cornus drummondii
Quercus alba
Q. rubra
Q. stellata
Shrubs and Vines
2
2
2
2
Rhus copallina
R. clabra
Rubus sp.
Symphoricarposorbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
Herbaceous Plants
555
Achillea millefolium
Ambrosia bidentata
Andropogon virginicus
Bromus sp.
Carex complanata var.hirsuta
Daucus carota
Plantago aristata
Potentilla erecta
Chrysopsis pilosa
Dianthus armeria
Erigeron strigosus
Apocynum canabinum
Euphorbia corollata
55555
555
¯ A~ 5o (CON’S)117 ¯
Herbaceous Plants
Solanum carolinense
Hypericum punctatum
Phytolacca americana
Haplopappus sp.
Bryoohytes
Atrichum angustatum
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
i
118.
size of trees present, this field has probably not been culti-
vated on a regular basis in 8-10 years. However, it may have
been grazed in recent years, as a number of the taxa present,
such as Rhus copallina, ~. glabra, Rubus sp. Eri~eron strigosus,
Plantago aristata, Ambrosia bidentata, and Achillea millefolium,
are indicative of overgrazing.
Trees are scattered throughout the field (Figure Ii), with
individuals of CarFa texana being the most abundant, some
attaining diameters of 4-8 inches. Although two species,
Juniperus virginiana and Sassafras albidum are also common, several
others are represented by only 2-3 individuals each, and include
such taxa as Cornus drummondii, ~uercus alba, and ~. stellata.
Shrubs are common throughout. Rhus copallina, ~. glabra,
and Rubus sp. are very abundant and occur in patches (Figure Ii and
13).
Herbaceous plants~ are represented by numerous weedy taxa.
Particularly conspicuous are Daucus carota, Achillea millefolium,
Ambrosia bidentata, and Andropogon vi~.ginicus (Figure ii).
When arboreal vegetation of this old field is compared with
that sho~..~ in aerial photographs taken in 1964 ~SCS, BND-2EE-II4)
it appears that encroachment by trees is preceding at a steady
pace. Around the perimeter of the field, large trees of several
species are common, particulary Quercus stellata, quercus rubra,
and Carya texana. Should encroachment of trees continue without
disturbance, this field will undoubtedly develop into an upland
oak-hickory retest.
For a list of the plants present in Station ii, see Table 30.
Station 12 (20 July, 1969)
Nap ii. (h~E)4. Sect. 9, T. 27 N., R. 6 W.)
Station 12 is an upland old field of approximately 2 acres,
located in a slight depression and surrounded by a mature oak-
hickory forest (Figure 14). The occurrence of Lespedeza stipu-
lacea throughout the field indicates probable recent planting
with this species. Probably no more than two growing seasons,
perhaps only one, has elapsed since last cultivated. The only
119.
woody species present, Pinus echinata, seedlings of Rhus copallina,
~. glabra, and Rubus sp. occur only at the edges of the field. The
presence of the latter shrubs and the dominance of the herbs
Ambrosia bidenta}~., Eri~ero~ stri@osus, and Andropogon virginicus
indicate misuse of this field. This is further evidenced by the
light, poor, acid (pH 5.9 to 5.5) soil.
For a list of the plants present at Station 12, see Table 31.
Station l] Sites 1-5. (21 July, 1969)
Map 12. (NW)~ Sect. 96, T. 28 N., R. 5 W.)
This station encompasses a gentle northwest-facing slope
and narro~ ridge in the vicinity of Rymers Ranch. On the lower
slope, e~osures of a cherty dolomite (Gasconade Formation) are
common. The narrow ridge is derived from the Roubidoux Formation
and the soil is rocky and e~<posures of sandstone are numerous.
Site i (i00 x i00 feet) is located i0 to 20 feet above the
river on a gentle slope (i0~) at an altitude of approximately
g80-990 feet. Undoubtedly, it does receive some flooding. The
alluvial soil is gravelly to sandy, and alkaline (pH ?.2 to 9.5).
The sky obscured ty leaves and branch~s of the dominant species
Carya cordiformis, Fraxinus sp., Tilia americana, Ulmus sp., and
~latanus occidentalis. The latter species is best established
near the river. Understory trees and shrubs, particularly Asimina
tri!oba, Cercis canadensi~, .Rhamnus caroliniana, and Symphoricarpos
orbicula.tus are abundant; and vines, such as Parthenocissus
quinquefo!ia, Rhus <tdicans, and Vitis sp., trail extensively over
the undergro:<th and u~ into the trees. Herbs are abundant and are
represented by a large w~riety of species. For a list of the
plants present in Site i, see Table 92.
Site 2 is located about 20 feet upslope from Site i at an
altitude of approximately 800 to ~20 feet, and is gently sloping
(ca. 15~). The soil is light, Covered by a thick leaf layer, and
acid (DH 5.0 to 9.}). The forest is dominated by Quercus alba,
and its canopy is closed ~..~ith about 80’}¢{ of the sky obscured by
120.
TABLE 31
Floristic Composition of Station 12.
Trees Estimate of’Abundance
Pinus echinata(seedlings)
Shrubs and Vines
Rhus glabra
R. copallina
Rubus sp.
Herbaceous Plants
Ambrosia bidentata
Andropogon virginicus
Erigeron strigosus
Lespedeza stipulacea
Rumex acetocella
R. ~tissimus
Trifolium procumbens
Achillea millefolium
Cirsium discolor
Chrysanthemumlecucanthemum
Dianthus armeria
Helenium flexuosum
Hypericum punctatum
Ipomea sp.
Passiflors lutea
Phleum pratense
Potentilla recta
Solanum carolinense
Verbascum blattaria
Chrysopsis pilosa
5555
3
2
3
32
122.
TABLE 32
Floristic Composition of Station 13, Site lo Totalnumber of measurable trees = 41. Total basal area of alltrees = 3339 sq. in.
Trees RelativeD’&nsity
Aoer s aocharum
Amelanohier arborea
Asimina triloba
Carya cordiformis
Celtis laevigata.
Cercis canadensis
Comus drummondi
C. florida
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana
F. pennsylvanica
Juglans nigra
Platanusoccidentalis
Juniperus virginiana
Quercus prinoidesvat. acuminata
Q. rubra
Q. velutina
Rhamnus caroliniana
Sassafras albidum
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana~
Ulmus americana
U. rubra
Viburnumprunifolium
% Compositionof Basal Area
5.0 0.8
15.0
5.0
22.3
2.5
5.05.0
I0.0
20.0
3.2
lO.55.2
25.0
3.0 1.3
12.1
2.913.1
I0.0
,3.0
20.0
Abundance Classo~" Sa~
2
2
1
P2
2
Shrubs and Vines.
Parthenocissus quinquefol~ia
Rhus radicans
Symphoricarpos orbicuiaris
Vitis aestivalis
V.vulpina
Dioscorea villosa
Amorpha fruticosa
Dirca palustris
Herbaceous Species
Carex complanata var.hirsuta
Viola sp.
Agrimonia sp.
Allium sp.
Campanula americana
Cassia nictitans
Elymus virginicus
Galium triflorum vat.triflorum
Geum canadensis
Prunella vulgaris
Rudbeckia lanciniata
R. hirta
Salvia lyrata
Smilax herb.acea
Achillea millefolium
Asplenium platyneuron
Astragalus canadensis
Bidens bipinnata
Botrychium virginianum
Daucus carota
Dianthus armeria
Erigeron annus
Estimate of~Abundance
2
1
1
5
5
4
4
4
4/
4
4
4-
TABLE 32 (CON’T)
Herbaceous Species
Galium circaezans vat.circaezans
Lactuca sp.
Oxalis stricta
Plantago major
Polymnia canadensis
Polygala senegra var.latifolia
Rudbeckia laciniata
Seymeria macrophylla
Thalictrum dasycarpum
Barbarea vulgaris
Dactylis glomerata
Ozmorhiza sp.
Podophyllum peltatum
Polygonum virginianum
Sisyrinchium sp.
Vernonia crinita
Matelea sp.
Estimate ofAbundance
333
3
124.
125.
leaves and branches. It is obviously secondary, as none of the trees
are really large. Only two, one each of Querhus alba and ~. rubra,
reach lO inches d.b.h. The understory is composed chiefly of
Lindera benzoin, Cory~us americana, Rhamnus caroliniana, Amelan-
chief arbores, and Sassafras albidum. As a result of shading
and thick leaf covering, herbs and bryophytes are sparse. The
successional pattern in this forest is obscure. Although it appears
to be developing into an oak-dominated forest, it is a bit unusual
for Quercus alba to so dominate the forest at this stage; however,
in this particular case, the oaks apparently invaded early and
quickly established themselves in the area after a disturbance.
The absence of Acer saccharum is notable. For a list of the
species present in Site 2, See Table 33.
Site 3 (200 x 200 feet) is located in an old field on a
gentle slope (15 to 20°) ranging in altitude from 8~0 to 880
feet. Small boulders of sandstone are present and the soil is
acid (pH 5.2). Trees are scattered and stump sprouts are very
common. At one time this site was probably cleared of tree
species, later abandoned, and later partially cleared for pasture.
Of the dominant trees present, Gleditsia tricanthos and Juglans
nigr~ are particularly characteristic of old fields. Stump sprouts
for all trees are relatively young and even aged and indicate
that larger trees ~..~ere cut lO to~15 years ago~ Vines are very
conspicuous and some are quite large. For example, some stems
of Vitis aestivalis were up to 3 inches in diameter. Many of the
herbaceous taxa are indicative of past overgrazing. For a list
of the species oresent in Site 3, see Table 34.
Site 4 (approximately 50 x 200 feet) is ~ocated in an oak-pine
forest on a narro~ ridge (altitude ca. i000 feet). The soil is
sandy, covered by a thick layer of fallen leaves, and acid (pN 5.0
to 6.5). Approximately 60 to 70% of the sky is obscured by the
tree canopy. This oak-pine forest is typical of narrow ridges.
The dom~.na tree species are Pinus echinata, Carya texana,
Quercus alb_a, ~. rubra, andQ. velutina. Understory shrubs are
common v~ith Vaccinium stsmineum very abundant and other species,
such as Ceanothus americana, Rhus aromatica, and Rhus glabra,
126.
TABLE 33
Floristic Composition of Station 13, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 52. Total basal area of alltrees = 1942 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Amelanchier arborea
Carya cordiformis 6.0
C. tomentosa 4.0
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida
Corylus americana
Diospyros virginiana
Gleditsia tri acanthos 2.0
Juglans nigra 4.0
Juniperus virginiana 6.0
Lindera benzoin
Morus rubra
Ostrya virginiana
Platanus 4.0occidentalis
Prunus americana
P. serotina
Quercus alba 70.0
Q. prinoides vat.acuminata
Q. rubra 4.0
Rhamnuscarolinian a
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus americana
U. rubra 2.0
Shrubs and Vines
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Campsis radicans
Rhus copallina
% Compositionof Basal Area
1.0
2.5
7.5
3.6
73.7
6.3
1.0
Estimate ofAbundanc’e
5
Abundance Classof Saplings
P
2
P
TABLE 33
Shrubs snd Vines
(CON’T)
Estimate ofAbundance
Rhus radicans
Rubus sp.
Vitis aestivalis
Rhus glabra
Smilax bona-nox
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Herbaceous Species
Bidens bipinnata
Carex muhlenbergii
Cassia nictitans
Galium triflorum
Asplenium platyneuron
Campanula americana
Elymus virginicus
Erigeron annus
Geum canadense var. camporum
Hypericum punctatum vat.ounctatum
Lactuca floridana
Monarda fistulosa
Oxalis stricta
Potentilla recta
Prunella vulgaris
Rudbeckia laciniata
Rumex acetocela
Sanicula canadensis
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Bromusso.
Chrysanthemum leuc anthemum
Daucus carota
Dioscorea vi~losa
Hypericum punctatum
33
3
3
32
2
2
2
2
2
127.
~AB~ 33 (CON’S)
Herbaceous Species
Urtica dioica
Passiflora lutea
Silene stellata
Bryophytes and Lichens
Atrichum angustatum
Thelia asprella
Campylium chrysophyllum
Entodon seductrix
Eurhynchium pulchellum
Hedwigia ciliata
Substrate
Soil
Tree bases
Soil
Tree bases
Soil
Rocks
Estimate ofAbundance
2
i
I
Abundance Class
128.
129.
Floristic Composition of Station 13, Site 3.number of measurable trees = 40.trees = 1476 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensi’~2
Asimina triloba
Carya tomentosa 18.0
Celtis laevigata 3.0
C. occidentalis 3.0
Comus drummondi
C. florida 15.0
Diospyros virginiana 8.0
Gleditsia 18.0triacanthos
Juglans nigra 20.0
Juniperus virginiana 13.0
Norus rubra
Quercus alba 3.0
Rhamnus lanceolata
Ulmus rubra 3.0
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
2
15.4o -1.9o -
.85 -2
12.90 -
~ 50 4
17.30 -
32.60 3
7.so 42
3.80 -
3.90 -
Shrubs and Vines
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Rubus sp.
Vitis aestivalis
V. vulpina
Herbaceous Species
Carex muhlenbergii
Nonarda fistulosa
Asplenium platyneuron
Bidens bipinnata
Estimate ofAbundance
54
4
55
coN,
Herbaceous Species
Bromus japonicus
Cassia nictitans
Dianthus armeria
Elephantopsis carolinianus
Erigeron annus
Geum canadense
Lespedeza sp.
Nuhlengergia sp.
Panicum boscii
~. sp.
Prunella vulgaris
Torilus japonicus
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Monarda fistulosa vat. mollis
Agrimonia pubescens
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Gnaphalium purpureum
Sonchus sp.
Poa pratensis
~ryophytes and Lichens Substrate
Atrichum angustatum
Campylium chrysophyllum
Brachythecium oxyc!adon
Entodon seductrix
Hedwigia ciliata
Soil
Soil
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
2
i
P
Abundance Class
131.
TABLE 35
Floristic Composition of Station 13, Site 4. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 71. Total basal area of alltrees : 3270 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer rubrumAmerlanchier arborea
Carya texana 23.0
C. tomentosa 3.0
Cornus florida 1.O
Diospyros virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica var. 1.Ocaroliniana
Pinus echinata 34.0
Quercus alba 6.0
Q. marilandica 6.0
Q. rubra 6.0
Q. velutina 21.0
Rhamnus caroliniana
Rhus copsllina
Sassafras albidum
Viburnumprunifolium
Shrubs and Vines
i~ Compositionof Basal Area
13.7
3.80.6
o.5
19.8
11.6
2.9
12.0
35.0
Estimate ofAbundance
Abundance Classof Saplings
I
2
2
Vaccinium stamineum
Ceanothus americanus
Rhus aromatica
R. glabra
R. radicans
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Dioscorea villosa
5
32
132.
Herbaceous Species
Tephrosia virginiana
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Asplenium platyneuron
Carex sp.
Coreopsis palmata
Cunila origanoides
Desmodium rotundifolium
Lespedeza sp.
Parthenium hispidum
Silene stellata
Baptisia leucophaea
Blephila ciliata
Desmodium nudiflorum
Petalostemon candidum
Phlox pilosa
Rudbeckia hirta
Silphium asteriscus
Stylosanthes biflora
Euphorbia corollata
Gerardia flava
Smilacina racemosa
Estimate ofAbundance
5
2
2
2
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Atrichum angustatum
Dicranum scoparium
Ditrichum pallidum
Drummondia prorepens
Hedwigia ciliata
Leucodon julaceus
Ptychomitrium incurvum
Thelia asprella
Weissia controversa
Substrate Abundauce Class
Tree bases 4
Rocky soil 4
Rocky soil 4
Rocky soil $
Tree trunks 4
Dolomitic rocks 4
Tree trunks 4
Dolomitic rocks ~
Rocky soil 3
Rocky soil 3
134.
abundant. The most common herbs are Tephrosia vir~iniana, Anten-
naria planta~inifolia, Asplenium plat,yneuron, Coreopsis palmata~
Cuni~is origanoides, Desmodium rotundifolium, Lespedeza sp.,
Parthenium hi~pidum, and Silene stellata. Mosses are conspicuous
on both soil, rocks, and tree trunks. For a list of the species
present in Site 4, see Table 35.
Site 5 includes scattered trash heaps and roadside areas in
the vicinity of old dwellings. Herbs common in these areas are
Silphium .~steriscus, Datura stramonium, Cichorium inSybus, Vernonia
baldwini, Phytolacca americana, Erigeron canadensis, and Festuca
obtusa.
Station 14. Sites 1-4 (i August,1969)
Map 13. (NW % Sect. 34, T. 28 N., R. 6 W.)
This station is located in Texas County ca. one mile south
of Harlow Ford at the south end of a sharp bend in the river.
Its location is outside of the present Scenic Riverways boundary,
although at the time it was studied, maps then available indicated
its inclusion. At any rater this is a very interesting area and
its incorporation into this report is helpful in understanding
the full range of variation in the vegetation of the Jacks Ford,
inasmuch as it is a good example of the type of rich mixed
mesophytic forest that often develops on north-facing slopes.
The slope at this station is very steep, ca. 60 to 70°, and
rises abruptly from the edge of the river; consequently there is
practically no flood plain or river bottom developed. Midway up the
slope, dolomite bluffs i0 to 20 feet high occur. The rocky soil
of the upper slopes and ridge is acid, and contains numerous
boulders and ledges of exposed Roubidoux sandstone. The pH
pattern of this slope is typical. Along the lower slope (site i)
the soil is alkaline, pH 7.9, while toward the ridge it becomes
progressively acid, reaching a pH of 4.5. At mid, slope (site 2)
the soil is slightly acid, pH 6.6.
Because of the precipitous terrain, no attempt was made to
lay out sample areas of definite size. Rather, the vegetation
of four regions-lower slope, (site i), mid-slope (site 2), upper
135.
west slope (site 3), and upper east slope and ridge (site 4)__
were sampled by tabulating all measurable trees in each region.
For the understory vegetation, an estimate of abundance was made.
The general character of the vegetation of each of these regions
is discussed below.
Sit___~e ~, lower slope. The forest developed at the base of the
slope is dominated by t~ical river bottom species such as Platanus
occidentalis, Ulmus rubra, J__uElans n__i~_~, and Tilia americana.
The understory is composed chiefly of small trees of Acer saccharum,
Carpinus carolinian~, Lindera benzoin, and Staphylea trifolia~
although near the edge of the river, Viburnum molle occurs
infrequently. Shrubs are also common, but with a number more or
less restricted to areas among large boulders at the edge of the
river (e.g. Amo____r~oh~__~a fructicosa, ~ephalanthus occidentalis, and
Physo~arpus ~oulifo~ius ). Euonymus obovatus is an important
species trailing over the soil. Of the rich variety of herbs
present, many are confined to the river edge, for example, Boeh-
meria cylindrica, Samolus parviflorus, Asclepias incarnata,
Rudbeckia triloba, Nimulus alatus, Kickxia elatine, and Selaginella
apoda. On the shaded soil further away from the edge of the river,
other species are more common. Notable taxa found here include
Adiantum pedatum_, Asarum canadense, DryoDteris marginalia,
Botrychiumvir~inianum, ~itella d~iphylla, Arisaema atrorubens,
Smilacina racemosa, and Veratrum ~,~oodii. Upon the large boulders
within the area are found typical epilithic vascular plants such
as A~~ canadensis, Hydrangea arborescens, Cystopteris bulbi-
fera, and the bryophytes Anomodon attenuatus, A. minor, Conocephalum
conicum, and Tax$~_h~llum deplanatum. The mosses Hypnum curvifolium
and Timmia megaoolitana are abundant on shaded soil. For a list of
the species present on the lo~.~er slope, see Table ~6.
Site ~, mid-slope. The character of the mid-slope differs
considerably from the lower slope, as is shown by the change in
composition of the dominant trees. Platanus occidentalis, Ulmus
rubra, and Ju~lans ni~ra are replaced in importance by Acer sacchar~m,
Fraxinus americana, ~uercus rubr_a, and Tilia americana. However,
the character of the understory has changed little from below,
196.
Floristic Composition of Station 14, Site i.number of measurable trees = 22.trees = 1961 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana 29.0
Cornus florida
Crataegus sp.
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana
F. quadrangulata
Juglans nigra I#.0
Lindera benzoin
Platanus occidentalis 9.0
Quercus prinoidesvar. acuminata
Q. rubra 5.0
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana 18.0
Ulmus rubra 92.0
Viburnum molle
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTota! basal area of all
% Com~oositionof Ba~a’l’"Area
16.8
9.2
Abundance Classof’" Saplin’~s
2
i
I
2
i
2
i
29.0
Estimate ofAbund’anc e
Euonymous obovatus
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Amorpha fruiticosa
Aralia racemosa
Physocarpus opulifolius
Ribes cynosbati
5555
9
Herbaceous Species
Adiantum pedatum
Asarum csnadensis
Aquilegia canadensis
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Boehmeria cylindrica
Cystopteris bulbifera
Dianthera americana
Desmodium glutinosum
Dryopteris marginalis
Geum canadense
Nimulus alatus
Nitella diphylls
Nuphar ~ute~m var. ozarkanum
Polystichum acrostichoides
Rudbeckia triloba
Samolus parviflorus
Senecio aureus
Uniola istifolia
Anemone virginiana
Arisaema atrorubens
Aruncus dioicus
Asclepias incarnata
Botrychium virginianum
Campanula americana
Monarda russeliana
Polygonum virginianum
Prunella vulgaris
Selaginei~a apoda
Smilacina racemosa
Amaranthus spinosus
Kickxia elatine
Veratr~ v~oodii
Estimate ofAbundance
55
4-
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
158.
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
A. minor
Conocephalum conicum
Hypnum curvifolium
Substrate
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks, edge ofriver
Shaded soil
Trichostomum cylindricum Rocks
Timmia megapolitana
Dumortiera hirsuta
Taxiphyllum deplanatum
Weissia controversa
Soil
Moist rocks
Shaded limestone
Shaded rocks
Abundance Class
4
44
4
4
139.
except for an a-pparent increase in abunds~ce of Staphyl~a trifolia.
A rich zariety of herbs and bryophytes are found within this area.
For a list of the species present in the mid-slope region, see
Table 37.
Site 3, upper ~.Jest slope. This site encompasses a mesophytic
forest dominated by many small trees of Acer saccharum and larger
trees of ~ercus rubra and Tilia americana. Understory associates
incl.ude Car~inus caroliniana, Cercis canadensis~ Cornus florida,
Sassafras albidum, and Vac~nium vacillan~. ~axa of herbaceous
plants are fewer than are present on the lower parts of this slope.
The lichen Cladonia and the moss Dicranu~1 scoparit~n, are very
abundant on the soil. For a list of the species present on the
upper slope, see Table 98.
Site ~, u_~ooer east slope and rid~. ~his area, different
in composition from the upper west slope, is separated from the
plant communities of the lo~ver slopes by ~O-foot bluffs. Here,
a pine-hardwood forest is ~ell developed, ~ith Pinus echinata,
~uercus alb~, rubra, and ~. velutina the dominant trees and
Vaccinium so. the dominant shrub. The herbaceous flora is poorly
developed, and this, in addition to the sterile rocky soil, indi-
cates the occurrence of repeated ground fires. Near the edge of
the bluff in open areas, Houstonia Digricans and Liatrus cylin-
dracea are the common herbs. The ferns Cheilanthes feei and
Pellaea ~labella are scattered on vertical sandstone beneath
overhan~in~ ledges, while mosses are very abundant on the open
rocky soil near the bluff ledges. Particularly notable, with
regard to the latter are the presence of the rare boreal disjtmcts
Rhytiadelohus triquetrus, R__~tidium r__u~os~, and Pleurozium
schreberi. For a list of the plants present in the east area of
the upper slope, see Table ~9.
Station 15, Sites 1-2 (2 August, 1969)
~qap iz~ (SW)4 Sect. 19, T. 28 N., R.5 W.)
Station I~ is located about 6 miles NW of Birch Tree, where
the Jacks Fork llo~vs belo~,~ a south-facing, forty-foot bluff of
140.
Floristic Composition of Station 14, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 20. Total basal area of alltrees = 1899 sq. in.
Trees Relative % ComoositionDenNity of Basal Area
Acer saccharum 25.0
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana
Cercis canadensis
Comus florida
Fraxinus americana 15.0
F. quadrangulata
Juglans cinere a 5.0
J. nigra 6.0
Lindera benzoin
Nyssa sylvatica var.caroliniana
Quercus prinoides var. 5.0acuminata
Q. rubra 5.0
Sassafras a!bidum
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana 25.0
Ulmus rubra 15.0
Abundance Classof’ Saplings
I0.0 #
4
2
4
9.52
?.0 -8.1 2
8.1 i
32.5 3
516.8 4
10.3 1
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Aralia racemosa
Dioscorea villosa
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Vitis vulpina
4
4
4
Herbaceous S~e,cies Estimate ofAbidance
Isarum canadense
Adiantum pedatum
Aquilegia canadensis
Arisaema atrorubens
Aruncus dioic us
Asplenium platyneuron
Cimicifuga racemosa
Cunila origanoides
Cystopteris bulbifera
Desmodium glutinosum
Drypteris marginalis
Galium circaezans
G. concinnum
G. triflorum
Hepatica acutiloba
Heuchera sp.
Pedicularis canadensis
Polystichum acrostichoides
Smilacina racemosa
Solidago arguta
Veratrum woodii
Campanula americana
Caulophyllum thalictroides
Polymnia canadense
Thaspium barbinode
Uvularia grandiflora
Passiflora lutea
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
A. minor
A. rostratus
Atrichum undulatum
Brachythecium oxyc]adon
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Substrate
Shaded rocks
Shaded rocks
Shaded rocks
Shaded soil
54
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
44
Vertical dolomite
Shaded soil
Abundanoe Class
142 o
Bryophytes and Lichens
Fissidens taxifolius
Gymnostom~m aeruginosum
Isopterygium tenerum
Orthotrichum strangulatum
Rhynchostegiella compacta
Substrate
Shaded soil
Vertical dolomite
Log
Vertical dolomite
Vertical dolomite
Abundance Class
TABLE
F!oristic Composition of Station 14, Sitenumber of measurable trees = 27.trees = 2159 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum 33.0
Carpinus caroliniana
Carya tomentosa
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida 4.0
Fraxinus americana 4..0
Juglans cinera 4.0
Lindera benzoin
Nyssa sylvatica vat. ii.0carolinisna
Quercus alba 7.0
Q. rubra ~JO.0
q. ve!utina 7.0
Sassafras albidum
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana 19.0
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Composition Abundance Classof B’asal Area of Saplings
8.2 4
0.6 #
2.3 3
1.8 2
1.8 3
3.6
58.33.6
20.0
Estimate ofAbundance
Vaccini~m vacillans
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Herbaceous..S2ecies
Adiantum pedatum
Asplenium platyneuron
Cimicifuga racemosa
Cunila origanoides
Desmodium nudiflorum
Galium concinuum
5
44
4
4
4
4
CON’ ~)
Herbaceous Species
Gerardia flava
Pedicularis canadensis
Polystichum acrostichoides
Solidago arguta var. arguta
Aruncus dioicus
Hepatica acutiloba
~ryo~hytes and Lichens Substrate
Cladonia sp.
Dicranum scoparium
Anomodon attenuatus
Leucobryum glaucum
Thuidium delicatulum
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Estimate ofAb~andsince
Abundance Class
55
145.
TABLE 39
Floristic Composition of Station 14, Site 4. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 80. Total basal area of alltrees = 7345 sq. in.
Trees
Acer rubrum
Cornus florids
Pinus echinata
Quercus alba
Q. rubra
Q. velutina
Relative % Composition Abundance ClassD’~’nsity of Basal Area of Sa~lings
~.0 O.8 -
5.o 1.1 -33.0 31.3 -25.0 31.5 -
15.o 17.5 -19.o 17.s -
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of’Abundance
Vaccinium sp.
Herbaceous S~ecies
Houstonia nigricans
Cheilanthes feei
Liatrus cylindracea
Pellaea glabe!la
Bryophytes and Lichens
Dicranum scoparium
Rhytidium rugosum
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Polytrichum ohioense
Rhytiadelphus triquetrus
Pleurozium schreberi
Dicranum spurium
P!atydictya subtile
Substrate
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Trunk ofmaple
5
Abundance Class
55
2
2
Gasconade dolomite. Site i includes the narrow talus of large
angular rocks between the river and bluff as well as the lower
bluff itself, while site 2 is a rather large gravel bar in the
river just across from the bluff. In both sites, only a reconn-
aissance of the vegetation was conducted.
Site 1 is an unusually moist site. The rocks of the talus
and the base of the bluff are subject to considerable seepage and
dripping of water from the rocks above. Trees are not abundant.
Only one each of ~D.uercus prinoides var. acuminata, Fraxinus americana,
~,uercus rubra, and three individuals of Ulmus rubra includes most
of the measurable trees present. However, all of these trees are
more common on a broader sloping ledge above the bluff. Smaller
trees and saplings are scattered, particularly where the talus is
more extensively developed. Of these, ~taph~a trifolia is the
most abundant.
The bluffs support a number of very interesting species.
Of the woody species present, H_ff_dran~ea arborescens is the most
common, although Rhus radicans is abundant and represented by
large stems that gro~ up the sides of the bluff. At the base
of the bluff where it extends down to the river, Adiantum
capillus-veneris, and C_2~opteri~ bulbifera are very common.
In addition to the common bluff inhabitating species like
Aquilegia canadensis and Heuchera sp., three species are particularly
notable, since they ~ere heretofore known in the Jacks Fork region
only from the north-facing bluffs of Jam-Up Cave. These are
Trautvetteria caroliniensi~, Campanula rotundifolia, and Zygadenus
ele~ans. The moist conditions of this bluff, even though south
facing, is condusive to the gro~th of an abundance of herbs and
bryophytes that include a number of interesting species, such
as Parnassia ~, Diarrhena americana, Ast.er furcatus,
and the tufa-forming moss, G~mnostomum recuvirostre vat. scabrum.
Several other herbs, for example ~quisetum hyemale vat. elatum,
Scirous atrovire~, and Uniola latifolia are confined primarily
to the edge of the river. For a list of the species present at
Site i, see Table 40.
148.
TABLE
Floristic Composition of Station 15, Site i. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 8. Total basal area of alltrees = 384 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity of Basal A~ea
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana 13.O
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana 13.O
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juglans nigra
Juniperus virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica vat.caroliniana
Platanus occidentalis
Quercus prinoides vat. 13.0acuminata
Q. rubra 13.0
Sambucus canadensis
Staphylea trifolia
Ulmus rubra 38.0
Abundance Classof Sapling’s
2
5.1 3
13.1 3
2
33
340.1 -
20.4
18.0
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus radicans
Smilax bona-nox
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Physocarpus opulifo!ius
Herbaceous Species
Adiantum capillus-veneris
Trautvetteria caroliniensis
Uniola latifolia
Brachyelytrum erectum
5
555
149.
¯~s~ 4o (CO~T’ :~)
Herbaceous Species
Cystopteris bulbifera
Elymus virginicus
Equisetum hyemale vat.elatum
Galium triflorum
Geum canadensis
Heuchera sp.
Nuhlenbergii sp.
-Panictum anceps
P. boscii
P. dichotomum
Parnassia grandiflora
Prune!la vulgaris
Pycnanthemum pilosum
Satureja arkansana
Selaginella apoda
Senecio aureus
Aquilegia canadensis
Aruncus dioicus
Astralagus canadensis
Agrostis alba
Aster furcatus
Campanula rotundifolia
Cimicifuga racemosa
Circuta maculata
Diarrhena americana
Ipomea pandurata
Lysimachia quadrifolia
Nimulus alatus
Pallaea glabella
Rudbeckia laciniata
Samolus parviflorus
Scirpus atrovirens
Estimate ofAbundance
44
4
4
4
4
4
4
44
4
150.
Herbaceous Species
Zygadenus elegans
Scutellaria lateriflora
Estimate of~Abundance
Bryophytes and Lichens
Conocephalum conicum
Gymnostomum recurvirostrevar. scabrum
Cratoneuron filicinum
Philonotis marchica
Substrate
Vertical dolomite
Vertical dolomite
Vertical dolomite
Vertical dolomite
Abundance Class
3
151 ¯
Site 2 is a large gravel bar of uneven topography ranging in
relief from 1-7 feet above the present level of the river. Near
its center, the aggrading influence of goods is apparent. Trees
are scattered throughout the bar, with Platanus occidentalis and
Salix carolinians, by far the most common. Hany of the trees are
quite large, with maximum d.b.h.’s observed in the following
species: Fraxinus ~enns~ivanica - 14"; Gleditsia triacanthos - 18";
Platanus occidemtalis - i~". Vines are numerous and include some
large individuals of Parthenocissus ~uincuefolia, Rhus ~adic~,
Smilax bona-nox, and ¥itis aestivalis. Vitis rupestris trails over
the gravel in open areas
Herbaceous species are numerous, scattered, and established
best on the hi~her open parts of the bar where the gravel has
been filled with sand. Hany of tkese plants are weedy in nature,
for example Gaura biennis, Saponaria officin~is, Helilotus alb___~a,
Phytolacca s~ericana~ Campanu!~ americana, and Verbascum thapsus,
and thrive in this gravel bar environment. For a list of the
species present at Site 2, see ~able ~I.
Station 16 (2 August, 1969)
Nap 15. (1’~ ~,~ sect 20, .
Station 16 is an abandoned_ field approximately } acres in
size, located ce. ~-mile ~W of Chalk Bluff. Its elevation is
~50 feet, some 10-15 feet above the present level of the Jacks
Fork River, from which it is separated by a bottomland forest
about 250 feet wide. Jud~;ing from the scattered occurrence of
woody species, this field has probably been recently used as
-oasture ~he presence of woody s.~ "~ ~~ . ~D~cm~s such as Rubus sD., Rhus
copallina, and R. glabra; forbs like Helenium amarum, Torilis
japonica, Ambrosi~ bidentata; and the @rasses Bromus ~japonicus and
~anicum bosci___!i, sugsest the overuse of this land. If this field
continues to lie fallow, sn increase in the woody flora should
occur with ~J~u~IsD£ _ni~£, .Sassafras albidu~A, Diosp~yros vir~inians,
and perhaps Gleditsia triacanthos becomin6 prominent.
At the present time, flowerin~ herbs are most abundant, and
for a list of t~ese and other plants present, see Table %2.
152.
TABLE
Floristic Composition of Station 15, Site 2.
Trees Estimate ofAbundance
Cercis canadensis
Cornus drummondi
C. obliqua
Hamamelis vernalis
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Gleditsia triacanthos
Norus rubra
Platanus occidentalis
Salix caroliniana
Ulmus rubra
3
2
55
Shrubs and Vines
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus glabra
R. radicans
Rubus sp.
Smilax bona-nox
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
V. rupestris
Herbaceous Species
Commelina sp.
Croton monanthogynus
Elymus virginicus
Gaura biennis
Geum canadense
Houstonia nigricans
Panicum virgatum
Phlox paniculata
Polanisia dodecandra
Rudbeckia triloba
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
TABLE 41 (CON’T)
Herbaceous Species
Saponaria officinalis
Solidago gigantea var.leiophylla
Vernonia crinita
Campanula americana
Eupatorium coelestinum
Ipomea pandurata
Kickxia elatine
Neliotus albus
Phytolacca americana
Scrophularia marilandica
Acalypha gracilescens var.monococca
Bidens bipinnata
Cassia marilandica
Estimate of"LAbundance
2
2
2
153.
Pilea pumila
Digitaria sp.
Hackelia virginiana
Nimulus a!atus
Verbascum thapsus
2
I
I
i
I
i55.
TABLE 42
Floristic Composition of Station 16.
Trees and Shrubs Estimate of"Abundance
Rubus sp.
Sambucus canadensis
Aesculus glabra
Cercis canadensis
Diospyros virginiana
Sassafras albidum
Jug!arts ni~ra
Rhus copa!lina
R. glabra
Herbaceous Species
Ambrosia bidentata
Bromus japonicus
Dianthus armeria
Agrimonia pubescens
Blephila hirsuta
Cryptotaenia canadensis
Eiephantopis carolinianus
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Helenitun ~rum
Heliopsis heli~nthoidesvat. scabra
Hypericum punctatum
Nonarda citriodora
Panicum boscii
Potentilla recta
Sabatia angularis
Teucri~a canadense
Tridens flavus
Torilis japonica
Eupatorium purpureum
Phryma leptostachya
5
3
555
4
4
4
4
44
156.
Station 17 (3 August, 1969)
Map 16. (SE % Sect. 31, T. 28 N., R. 6 W.)
This station is an island gravel.bar, about ~ acre in size,
located in the Jacks Fork River at Blue Springs. Rising only
a few feet above the stream level, it undoubtedly is subject to
extensive flooding. Judging from ASCS Aerial Photo (BNF-2EE-
244), taken September I, 1964, few trees were growing on this
bar. Presently, however, at its center, trees are very
abundant, and have served to stabilize the bar. Platanus
occidentalis, Ulmus rubra, and Acer ne~undo are the dominant
overstory trees, occurring primarily on the higher central
part of the bar. Also abundantly present are the smaller woody
species Salix caroliniana and Comus drummondii, particularly
~round the edges of the bar. Growing with the dominant trees in
the more heavily wooded center of the bar are the vines Rhus
radicans and Vitis sp. Another vine, Vitis rupestris~ grows more
commonly around the edges of the woods and extends to and upon the
bare gravel of open areas (Figure i~).
By this time in the growing season, herbs are becoming
very prominent on gravel bars and those present here are
typical. ~any are confined to low areas near the river, such
as Dianthera ..americ.ana, Polanisia dodecandra, Eleocharis clava,
and Scirpus americanus. Others,like Kickxia elatine, Ipomea
~andurata, Commelina erecta, Euphorbia dentata, and C~phea
~etiolata, occur mainly in open gravel areas. Most herbs,
however, are confined to either "weed patches" at the edge of
the woods, or to the woods themselves. One very common species,
Cuscuta polygon~__um is a yellowish to orange, delicate vine that
is a plant parasite, in places, its growth completely covers
the host plants.
For a list of the plants present at this station, see
Table 43.
On a nearby bar upstream, a number of species were observed
that were not present at Station 17. Since they could well
become established on this or any other bar, they are listed
157.
TABLE
Floristic Composition of Station 17, Site !.
Trees Estimate ofAbUndance
Salix caroliniana
Comus drummondi
Hamamelis virginiana
Platanus occidentalis
Ulmus rubra
Acer he,undo
Shrubs and Vines
Rhus radicans
Vitis rupestris
V. sp.
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Parthenocissus quinque£olia
Iierbaceous S~ecies
Cuscuta polygonorttm
Justicia americana
Asclepias incarnata
Boehmeria cylindracea
Csmpanula americana
Centaurea maculosa
Eleocharis clava
Kickxia elatine
Ipomea pandurata
Leersia oryzoides
Oxalis sp.
Pilea pumilaPlantago rugelii
Folanisia dodecandraPrunella ~rulgaris
Ratibida pinnata
Rudbeckia lanciniata
5
4
554
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
158.
HerbaceouA Species
Scirpus americanus
Setaria faberi
Teucrium canadense
Verbena urticifolia
Anemone virginiana
Cassia marilandica
Cicuta maculata
Commelina e~ecta
Cuphea petiolata
Digitaria sanguinalis
Echinacea purpurea
Euphorbia dentata
Leersia virginica
Nimulus alatus
Panicum virgatum
Ipomea hederacea
Estimate ofAbundance
3
2
159.
below:
Conobea multifida
Cyperus strigosus var.stri~osus
Digitaria san~uinalis
Eupatoritun coelestinum
Penthorum sedoides
Physalis heterophylla
Polygonum h~dropiDeroides
- Abundant
- Infrequent, edge of bar
- Infrequent
- Abundant
- Infrequent, edge of bar
- Infrequent
- Infrequent
Station 18, Sites 1-5. (3 August, 1969)
Map 17. (SW ~ Sect. 32, T. 28 N., R. 6 W.)
Station 18 is situated on a steep northwest-facing, rocky
slope above the Jacks Fork river about ~ mile south of Blue
Springs. Surface rocks are numerous and composed of cherty
dolomite of the Gasconade Formation.
Site i (200 x 50 feet), just below a gravel road near the
summit of a narrow ridge, is on a steep slope (ca. 45-60°) at
an altitude that ranges from approximately 960 to 990 feet.
The soil is covered by a relatively thick humus layer, and is
acid (pH 5.9).~ Here a community has become established
dominated by ~inus echinata and.the co-dominants ~uercus velutina
and ~uercns alba. Saplings of these trees plus those of Acer
rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica vat. caroliniana and Carla sp. are also
abundant. The dominant understory shrubs are Ceanothus americanus
and Vaccinium vacillans. Herbaceous ground cover is sparce,
consisting mainly of Antennaria plantaginifolia, Asplenium
platyneur0n, Euphorbia corollata, Galium arkansanum, Smilacina
racemosa, and Tephrosia virginiana. The mosses Dicranum
scoparium, Thelia asprella, and Leucobr~um glaucum are also
common on the soil. The lichen genus Cladonia and the mosses
Hedwigia ciliata and Grimmia pilifera are present on the exposed
dolomitic rocks. Drummondia prorepens occurs infrequently on
tree trunks, and Tortella humilis grows around tree bases and
adjacent soil. For the plants present at Site i, see Table 44.
161.
TABLE 44
Floristic Composition of Station 18, Site i. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 22. Total basal area of alltrees : 2818.9 sq. in.
Trees Relative /o CompositionDeHsity of Bas’al Are’a
Acer rubrum
Amelanchier arborea
Carya texana
C. tomentosa 5.0
Cornus florida 5.0
Nyssa sylvatica var.caroliniana
Pinus echinata 32.0
Quercus alba 27.0
Q. rubra 5.0
Q. velutina 27.0
Sassafras albidum
28.0
2O. 3I.O
49.2
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Abundance Classof Saplings
32
Ceanothus americanus
Vaccinium vacillans
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Vaccinium stamineum
Vitis aestivalis
Rhus aromatica
R. glabra
Herbaceous Species
Antenaria plantaginifolia
Asplenium platyneuron
Euphorbia corollata
Galium arkansanum
Smilacins racemosa
Tephrosia virginiana
4
4
3352
l
4
4
4
4
~BZ~ ~ (CON’ ~)tterbaceous Spec±es Estimate of
Abundance
Andropogon sp.
Aster linariifolius
A. patens
Baptisia leucophea
Comandra richardsiana
Gerardia flava
Lespedeza sp.
Lonicera flays.
Monarda russeliana
Silphium terebinthinaceum
Coreopsis palmata
Cunila origanoides
Desmodium nudiflorum
Sonchus sp.
Bryophytes and Lichens
Cladonia sp.
Dicranum scooarium
Entodon seductrix
Hedwigia ciliata
Leucobryum glaucum
Platygyrium repens
Thelia asprella
Brachytheciumserrulatum
Drummondia prorepens
Grimmia pilifera
Leucodon julaceus
Tortella humilis
Substrate
Rocks
Rocks and soil
Rocks and treebases
Rocks
Rocks, soil andwood
Decaying wood
Rocks and soil
Soil
Trees
Rocks
Decaying wood
Rocks and soil
3333
3
2
2
2
2
Abundance Class
55
4
4
333
162.
Site 2 (150 x 50 feet) is at the mid-point of a steep
slope (ca. 60°) at an altitude of from 900-940 feet. Some
vertical exposures of dolomite are present, while a thin
humus covers a rocky, acid (pH. 5.5-6.5) soil. The canopy is
variable with 50 to 80% of the sky obscured by leaves and
branches. While this forest is now an oak-pine community,
a definite successional trend is discernable that is worth
noting. The composition of basal area for the dominant
trees is: Acer rubrum, 3.6%; Quercus alba, 37%; Pinus
echinata, 30%; and Nyssa sylvatica, vat. caroliniana, 16%,
Howe~er, the density figures for the same trees are: Acer~
rubrum, 17.0%; Pinus echinata, 8%; ~uercus alba, 38%; and
Nyssa sylvatica, vat. caroliniana, 13%. It is apparent that
in total number of trees, pine is losing ground to developing
hardwoods represented by many smaller trees and saplings.
There are no pine saplings present. Although the hardwoods
have not overtopped pine, they apparently are suppressing pine
reproduction by over-shading. With time, as the pines are
eliminated by disease, old age, or some other process, a climax
upland oak-hickory forest should emerge. The understory is
dominated by small trees of Acer rubrum, Ostrya virginiana,
Amelanchier arborea, ~uercus alb_~a, and Sassafras albidum,
along with the shrubs Ceanothus americanus, Hydrangea aborescens,
Rhus glabra, and Vaccinium vacillans. Vines such as Rhus
radicans and Vitis aestivalis area abundant. The herbaceous flora
is very sparce with only a few species having more than lO
representatives in the sample are (Figure 16). On the other
hand, bryophytes and lichens are abundant on the open soil and
dolomite exposures. For the species present at Site 2, see
Table 45.
Site 3 is located between the river and the base of steep
bluffs. While a sample plot of definite size was not attempted,
a reconnaissance was made of the area and the measurable trees
tabulated. Within this area where the soil is alluvial, sandy,
and alkaline (pH 7.7-7.9), it is not uncommon to find large
angular blocks of dolomite and talus ridges separated by "wash
outs". Judging from the debris in the upper parts of understory
164.
Floristic Composition of Station 18, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 24. Total basal area of alltrees = 1420.4 sq. in.
Trees Relative
Acer rubrum
Amelanchier arborea
Bumelia lanuginosa
Carya cordiformis 4.0
C. tomentosa
Cercis canadensis
Comus florida 8.0
Fraxinus americana
Juglans cinerea 4.0
Juniperus virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica vat. 13.0caroliniana
0strya virginiana
Pinus echinata 8.0
Quercus alba 38.0
Q. rubra 4.0
Q. velutina 4.0
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus rubra
Viburnum prunifolium
Dens~ity
17.0
Shrubs and Vines
% Compos_ition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
3.6 4
1
o.9 2
2
1.8 3
2
1.4 2
2
16.3 -
30. i
37.0
3.5
6.3
Estimate ofAbundance
4
2
2
Ceanothus americanus
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus glabra
R. radicans
Vsccinium vacillans
Vitis aestivalis
Lonicera flava
54
4
4
4
4
165 ¯
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of£bundanc e
~arthenocissus quinquefolia
Smilax bona-nox
~erbaceous Species
Gillenia stipulata
Huhlenbergia sobolifera
Solidago srguta vat. 8rcuta
Aster linariifolius
Liatrus cylindracea
Scutellaria incana
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon rostratus
A. attenuatus
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Cladonia sp.
Ctnedium molluscum
Dicranum scoparium
Leucolejeunea clypeat~
Mnium affine
Thuidium delicatulum
Aulacomnium heterostichum
Bartramia pomiformis
Hypnum curvifol~um
Leucobr~u~ glaucum
Substrate
Rock
Rock
Rock and soil
Rock and soil
Soil
Soil
]~ock
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil and dolomite
oOll
Soil
4
4
2
Abundance Class
4
44
4
4
4
166.
trees, this area is covered bz relatively deep water during
flood stages. The tree canopy is open with only 40-60% of the sky
obscured by leaves and branches. A large variety of trees are
present even though their density is low. ~uercus prinoides vat.
acuminata, ~. rubra, Fraxinus sop. (2 species), and Ulmus
rubra are the dominants. The understory is dense and composed
of small trees such as Asimina triloba, Cornus drummondii,
Dio~pr0s virginiana, and Carpinus carolinana. In addition, the
shrub Dirca palustris and the vine Rhus radicans are both very
abundant, the latterespecially so along the base of the bluff.
Amorpha fructicosa and Phyto carpus opulifolius, confined mainly
to large boulders, are near the edge of the river bottom. The
herbaceous flora is diverse as might be expected in an area where
habitats range from bluffs and rocky ledges, to alluvial and
rocky, shaded soils. ~,~ile some species are more or less confined
to the alluvial soil near the edge of the river (e.g. Uniola
latifolia, Leersia yirginica), others are restricted to shaded,
rocky soil at the base of the slope. Species in this latter
~roup include Gillenia stipulata, Pol,Tmnia canadensis, Prunella
v~l~aris, Pedicularis canadensis~ Senecio aureus, Geranium
maculatum, Hepatica nobilis var. acuta and Polystichum acrosti-
choides. On the rocks, Pp.~aeao~labella, Heuchera s~., and
Houstonia nigricans are common. For the list of species present
at Site ~, see Table 46.
Hap iS.
Station 19. (~ A~ust, 1969)
(SW)~ Sect. 2~, T. 28 N., R. 6 W.)
Station I0 (i00 x i00 feet) does not lie within the actual
boundaries of the Scenic Riverways. However, it is near the
road to Bunker Hill Resort, and a fine example of a flat ridge
top (altitude ca. ii00 feet) forest that occurs in many areas
of this region.
The rocky soil is acid (pH 4.8-5.%) and covered by a
thick leaf covering. The canopy is closed with ~0 to 80%
of the sky obscured by leaves and branches of relatively younz
trees. Oaks are dominant , and when all species are combined
TABLE 46
167.
Floristic Composition of Station 18, Site 3. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 2a. Total basal area of alltrees = 1527.7 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer negundo
A. saccharum 15.0
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana z~.O
Carya cordiformis 4.0
Cercis canadensis S.O
Cornus drummondi 4.0
C. florida
Crataegus sp.
Diospyros vir~iniana
Fraxinus americana 8.0
F. pennsylvanics /~.0
Gleditsia triacanthos
Hamamelis vernalis
Juglans nigra
Juniperus virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica var. 8.Ocaroliniana
Quercus prinoidesvat. ao~minat a
Q. rubra 19.O
Rhamnus caroliniana
Staphylea trifo!ia
Ulmus rubra
Viburnum prunifolium 4.0
oh~ubs and Vines
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal’ Area of"Saplings
2
8.3 2
0.8 #
0,,8 -
2.1 2
0.8 4
2
2
5.8 ~
5.1 22
2
-
2
-
-
2
2
2
12.6
0.2
Estimate ofAbundance
Dirca palustris
Rhus radicans
Amorpha fr~ticosa
Hydrangea arborescens
55
168.
coN’
Shrubs and Vines
Rhus aromatica
Smilax bona-nox
Vitis aestivalis
Physocarpus opu~ifolius
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Herbaceous Species
Cunila origanoides
Antenaria plantiginifolia
Asplenium platyneuron
Aster ~_inariifolius
A. patens
A. sp.
Chenopodi~m gi~antospermum
Cystopteris bulbifera
Desmodium glutinosum
Dioscorea villosa
Galium arkansanum
G. purpureum
Geum canadensis
Gillenia stioulata
Hepatica acutiloba
Heuchera
Houstonia nigricans
Huhlenbergia frondosa
Pellaea glabella
Polymnia canadensis
Poiystichum scrostichoides
Prunella vulg~ris
Rudbeckia triloba
Senecio aureus
Solidago arguta
Uniola latifolia
Estimate ofAbundance
5
169 ¯
Herbaceous Species
Viola striata
Bromus purgans
Campanula americana
Danthonia spicata
Euohorbia corollata
Geranium maculatu~
Hystrix patuia
Leersia virginica
Monarda russeliana
Pedicularis canadensis
Plantago rugelli
Pycnanthemum vir~inianum
Silphium astericus
S. terebinthinaceum
Smilacina racemosa
Thaspium trifoliatum
Veratrum woodii
Andropo~on scoparius
Anemone virginianum
Asolenium rhizophyllum
Brachyelytrum erectum
Eupatorium rugosum
Symeria macrophylla
Andropogon gerardi
Scutellaria incana
Bry~ph.ytes and Lichens
Grimmia apocarpa
Mnittm cuspidatum
Taxiphyllum deplanatum
Substrate
Rocks
Soil
Rocks
Estimate ofAbundance
33
3333
33
2
Abundance Class
5
170.
they represent 81.6% of the composition of basal area and
have a relative density of 93%. Carya texana and a single
large (d.b.h.=15 in.) tree of Pinus echinata make up the rest of
the dominant trees. Understory shrubs and herbs are sparce
probably due to the effect of shade and dense leaf litter.
For a list of the species present at this station, see
Table 47.
Station 20, Sites 1-4. (13 September, 1969)
Map 19. (NE % Sect. 27, T. ~i2 N., R 7 W.)
Station 20 is located on a rich north-facing slope along
the spring branch of Nontauk Springs in Nontauk State park.
Although this area is not within the Scenic Riverways, it was
chosen for study because of its representative nature and its
accessibility.
This slope rises rather abruptly from the edge of the spring
branch and is quite rocky due to the exposure of many fairly large
boulders of cherty dolomite (Gasconade Formation). The rise of
this slope is steep (ca. 45~) for the first 200 feet of altitude.
Above this point it gradually levels off, finally reaching an
altitude of about 290 feet above the spring branch.
Site i (50 x iO0 feet) extends along the edge of the spring
branch where the soil is sandy, circumneutral (pH 6.8-7.3),
and interrupted by numerous large boulders of dolomite. The
tree canopy, composed primarily of Quercus rubra, is open, with
40 to 50% of the sky obscured by leaves and branches. Other
tree associates include Fraxinus americana, Quercus prinoides
vat. acuminat~., and Tilia americana vat. americana. Saplings of
Acer saccharum, and the small tree species, Comus florida and
Lindera benzoin, are the leading understory associates. The
most common understory shrubs and vines are Euonymus obovatus,
Hydrangea arborescens, Parthenocissus ~uinquefolia, and Rhus
radicans. The herbaceous flora is rich with many of the
species confined to the wet, open areas near the edge of the
spring branch, for example, ~quisetum arvense, Veronica comosa,
171.
TABLE 47
Floristic Composition of Station 19, Site I. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 43. Total basal area of alltrees = 2634.5 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensit~
Carya texana 5.0
C. tomentosa
Comus florida
Nyssa sylvatica var.carolinians
Pinus echinata 2.0
Quercus alba 19.0
Q. rubra 16.0
Q. stellata 2.0
Q. velutina 56.0
Sassafras albidum
% Comoositionof Ba~al Area
12.7
6.?16.1
2o.3
4O.6
Abundance Classof Sapl’ings
2
3
2
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Rosa setigera
Vaccinium vaci!lans
Vitis aestivalis
4
4
4
Herbaceous S~oecies
Desmodium nudi£1orum
Smilacina racemosa
Bryophytes and Lic~e~n.s
Atrichum angustatum
Thelia asprella
Substrate
Soil
Soi!
Abundance Class
4
4
173.
Bidens ~ernua, ~. pol.vl~i~ Impatiens pallida, Gerardia tenui~olia,
Lobelia siphilitica, Scipus heterochaetus, Bidens connat~and
Leersia oryzoides. Other species, such as Solidago flexicaulis,
Aster sagittifp~ius, Adiantum pedatum, and Eupatorium ru~osum,
are more common in shaded areas some distance above the spring
branch. Most of the bryophytes are abundant on the shaded soil,
rocks, and trees, with one species, Trichocolea tomentella, abun-
dant on soil among the herbaceous plants and rocks at the edge
of the branch. For a list of the species present in Site i, see
Table 48.
Site 2 (150 x I00 x i00 x I00 feet) is situated near the
upper part of the lower steep slope, about I00 feet above the
spring branch. The soil is very rocky, interrupted by numerous
large boulders, covered with a moderately thick layer of leaf
mold, and acid (pH 5.3-5.5). The tree canopy is relatively
closed with 60 to 70% of the sky obscured by leaves and branches.
Although Quercus rubra is still the dominant tree, as in site i,
other measurable trees include ~uercu__~s v.elu~ina, Tilia americana,
and Ulmus rubra. The understory is dense and composed of Asimina
triloba, Caroinus carpliniana, Cercis canadensis, Lindera benzoin,
Ostrya virginiana, Staphylea trifolia, and numerous saplings of
Acer saccharum. While the herbaceous flora is not as diverse as
that of the lower part of the slope, the shaded rocky soil is
conducive to a ittxuriant growth of the ferns Adiantum pedatum and
Folystichum acrostichoide~, and the mosses Anomodon attenuatus,
Bryoandersonia illecebra, Anomodon rostratus, Fissidens cristatus,
and Thuidium delicatulum. Of special interest is the occurrence
in this site of the uncommon terrestrial orchid, Orchis specta-
bilis. For a list of the species present in Site 2, see Table 49.
Site 3 (i00 x I00 feet) is situated near the summit of the
hill where the slope is gentle (ca. 20-30~) and the acid (pH 5.~-
5.7), rocky soil is covered by a moderately heavy leaf mold. The
canopy is relatively closed with 60-70% of the sky obscured by
leaves and branches of the dominant trees ~uercus alb____~a, ~. rubra,
and Pinus echinata. The understory of woody species is diverse and
TABLE
Floristic Composition of Station 20, Site i. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 23. Total basal area of alltrees = 1143 sq. in.
Trees Relative % Composition~e~sity of Basal Area
Acer nigrum
A. saccharum
Alnus serrulata
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana 4.0
Comus florida 13.0
Corylus americana
Fraxinus americana 13.0
F. quadrangu!ata
Juglans nigra
Lindera benzoin
0strya virginiana 4.0
Ptelia trifoliata
Quercus prinoides I0.0vat. acuminata
Q. rubra 30.0
Sassafras albidum
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana var. 26.0americana
Ulmus rubra
11.8
i.I
11.8
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of.... Abundance
Abundance Classof Saplings
2
2
2
1
1
2
i
2
2
Euonymus obovatus
Hydrangea arborescens var.arborescens
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Aralia racemosa
Ribes missouriense
-75.
TABLE 48 (CON’T)
Shrubs and Vines
Smilax~tmnoides var. hispida
Vitis aestivalis
Herbaceous Species
Elymus virginicus
Adiantum pedatum
Agrostis perennans
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Aster !ateriflorus
A. sagittifolius
Bidens connata
B. polylepis
B. frondosa var. frondosa
Brachyelytrum erectum
Equisetum arvense
Eupatorium ru~osum
Hepatica acutiloba
Leersia virginica
Lobelia siphilitica
Polystichum acrostichoides
Polymnia canadensis
Prunella vul~aris
Smilicina racemosa
Solidago flexicaulis
Uniola latifolia
Verbesina alternifolia
Veronica comosa
Agrimonia rostellata
Bidens cernua
Desmodium nudiflorum
G!yceria striata
Impatiens pallida
Leersia oryzoides
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
176 ¯
48 (CON’
Herbaceous S~eci,es Estimate ofAbunda~nce
Prunella vulgaris
Rudbeckia triloba
Scirpus heterochaetus
Campanula americana
Nuhlenbergi a frondosa
Polygonum biflorum
Prenanthes altissima vat.cinnamomea
Cystopteris bulbifera
Gerardia tenuifolia
2
2
2
Ii
Bryo~ytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Thuidium delicatulum
Trichocolea tomentella
Campylium chrysophyllum
Fissidens taxifolius
Forsstroemia trichomitria
Mnium cuspidatum
Porella platyphylla
Substrate Abundance Class
Vertical rocksand tree bases
Vertical rocks
Soil
Soil
Edge of river
Soil
Soil
Dogwood
Soil
Base of treesand shrubs
4
4
4
4
177.
TABLE
Floristic Composition of Station 20, Site 2.number of measurable trees = 28.trees = 1132.1 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum 4.0
Asimina triloba 7.0
Carpinus caroliniana
Cercis canadensis ii.0
Cornus florida
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana
F. quadrangulata II.0
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Ostrya virginiana
Quercus prinoides 7.0vat. acuminata
Q. rubra 32.0
Q. velutina 7.0
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana Ii.0
Ulmus rubra ii.0
Viburntum prunifolium
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
1.7 4
2.2 2
2
2
33.3 2
2
2.8 2
51.7 1
9.4 -
17.5 2
7.9 2
2
Estimate ofAbundance
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Euonymus obovatus
Hydrangea arborescens
Vitis vulpina
Aralia racemosa
2
2
I
Herbaceous Species
Adiantum pedatum
Blephilia ciliata
178.
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Hepatica acutiloba
Polymnia canadensis
Polystichum acrostichoides
Agrimonia rostellata
Asarum canadensis
Aster anomalis f. anomalis
Geum canadensis
Botrychium virginianum
Thaspium barbinoide
Orchis spectabilis
Bryophytes
Anomodon attenuatus
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Anomodon rostratus
Fissidens cristatus
Thuidium delicatulum
Atrichum angustatum
Entodon cladorhizans
Hypnum lindbergii
Lopholcolea heterophylla
Substrate
Rock-soil-trees
Soi!
Rock-soil-trees
Soil
Soil and rocks
Soil
Dolomite
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
4
4
3
Abundance Class
55
4
4
includes not only ntunerous saplings of the dominants (except pine),
but also such smaller trees as Amelanchier arborea, Comus florida,
Euonymus atropur~ureus, Juniperus vir~ini~na, Lindera benzoin,
Ulmus alata, and Sassafras albidum. ~ile the vine Parthenocissus
quinauefolia is abundant, another, Rhus radicans, is conspicuous
by its absence. Although the herbaceous flora is sparce, it does
contain several notable taxa, such as the terrestrial orchids
C,ypripedium calceolus and Orchis spectabilis, as well as the
saprophyte ~onotropa uniflora. The bryophytes present are
characteristic of wooded uplands with acid soil. Special mention
should be made of an unusually large tree of ~iosp.yros virginiang,
d.b.h. 22% inches, located just outside the site sample area. For
a list of the species present in Site 3, see Table 50.
Site 4 is located on the ridge (elevation 1160 feet), where
few surface exposures of dolomite are present and the soil is poor
and acid (pH 6.0). Although measurable tree species are present,
they are generally young and infrequent; however, saplings are
abundant, particularly the species Acer saccharum, Carya
tomen~osa, Pinus e~hinata, and Quercus alba. Judging from the
diversity of the woody flora of this site, it appears to be an
area that was clear-cut and used for grazing until recently.
Furthermore, the abundance of the grass, Dant~onia spicata,
suggests the possibility of frequent burning. The openness
(canopy ~0-60~) of this site has permitted the growth of a large
number of herbs including a number of characteristic prairie
species, such as Andropogon scoparius, Polygala incarnata,
Rudbeckia hirta, Erigeron canadensis, and Pycnanthemum pilosum.
Bryophytes are not numerous, although at least one species,
Thelia hirtella, is very abundant on open soil. For a list of
the species present in Site 4, see Table 51.
Station 21, Site 1-3. (13 September, 1969)
~dap 20. (Sect. 25, T. 23 N., R.7W.)
Station 21 is composed of three sites located on a wooded,
west-facing slope that rises at a relatively uniform rate (20-30~)
TABLE 50
180.
Floristic Composition of Station 20, Site 3. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 30. Total basal area~of alltrees = 1876 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer nigrum 3.0
A. rubrum
A. saccharum ......
Amelanchier arborea
Carya tomentosa
Comus florida 7.0
Euonymus atropurpureus
Fraxinus americana 3.0
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Ostrya virginiana 3.0
Pinus echinata 20.0
Platanus occidentalis 3.0
Quercus alba 33.0
Q. rubra lO.O
Q. velutina lO.O
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus alata
U. rubra 7.0
Shrubs and Vines
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
3.4 2
2
2.2 3
2
~2
2
0.615.5 -
0.6 1
~.I.8 -21.5 2
9.6 -2
21.3 2
Estimate ofAbundance
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Vitis aestivalis
Vaccinium vacillans
Herbaceous Species
Adiantum pedatum
Asplenium platyneuron
Blephilia ciliata
Cypripedium calceolus
Ga!ium circaezans var.hypoma!acum
50 (co ’
Herbaceous Species
Hepatica nobilis var. acuta
Polystichum acrostichoides
Agrimonia rostellata
Botrychium virginianum
Cunila origanoides
Solidago ulmifolia
Nonotropa uniflora
Orchis spectabilis
Bryophytes Substrate
Anomodon rostratus
Entodon seductrix
Hedwigia ciliata
Thuidium delicatulum
Atrichum angustattmm
Aulacomnium heterostichum
Campylium hispidu!um
Dicranella heteromolla
Homomallium adnatum
Polytrichum ohioensis
Entodon cladorhizans
Fissidens cristatus
Rocks
Dolomite
Dolomite
Rock andsoil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Dolomite
Soil
Rocks
Soil
Estimate ofAbundance
32
2
2
2
I
I
Abundance Class
2
2
181.
182.
Floristic Composition of Station 20, Site 4.number, of measurable trees = 18.trees = 417.4 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensiJty
Acer s accharum
Carya cordiformis 6.0
C. tomentosa ~
Celtis occidentalis 6.0
Comus florida
Diospyros virginiana ll.O
Fraxinus americana ll.0
Juglans nigra ll.O
Juniperus virginiana 17.0
Pinus echinata 6.0
Prunus americana
Quercus alba 22.0
Q. rubra 6.0
Q. velutina 6.0
Rhamnus caroliniana
Rhus copallina
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
5-
0.7 -
6.0 -
12.2 3
22.0 -
2O.O 3
6.8 4
2
19.6 5
6.8 -
3.0 32
Estimate ofAbund an c e
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rubus sp.
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Rhus aromatica
R. radicans
Herbaceous Species
Andropo~on scoparius
Danthonia spicata
Panicum dichotomum
Agrimonia pubescens
3
2
2
555
~AB~ 51 (CON’S)
tterbaceous Species
Ascyrum hypericoides
Asplenium platyneuron
Carex sp.
Cassia nictitans
Cuphaea petiolaris
Erigeron canadensis
Panicum sp.
Polygala incarnata
Pycnanthemum pilosum
Rudbeckia hirta
Sorghum halpense
Achillea millefoliu~
Asarum canadensis
Aster patens
Eragrostis capillaris
Eupatorium purpureum
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Helianthus hirsutus var.trachyllus
Lechea villosa
Lobelia inflata
Nonarda russeliana
Tridens flavus
Aster lateriflorus
Elephantopus caro!inianus
Eupatorium rugosum
Galium obtusum
Penstemon digitalis
Polygonum scandens
Bryophytes
Thelia hirtella
Dicranum sabuletorum
Leucobryum glaucum
Substrate
Rocks
Soil
Soil
Estimate ofAbund an c e
3
3
33
1
1
1
1
1
Abundance Class
5
3
183 ¯
185.
to approximately 250 feet above the Current. River. The soil is
rocky throughout, and exposures of a cherty dolomite (Gasconade
Formation) are common.
Site i (i00 x i00 feet) is located on the ridge at an
altitude of ca. llO0 feet. The soil is very rocky, covered
by a thin layer of leaves, and acid (pH 5.0-5.3). The forest
present here is representative of one of the more common varia-
tions of the oak-pine association in the Ozarks. Dominance is
shared by Quercus alba, ~. stellata, ~. velutina, Carya tomentosa,
C. texana, and Pinus echinata. Together, they form a fairly closed
canopy with 60 to. 80% of the sky obscured by leaves and limbs.
Saplings and seedlings of the oaks (except ~uercus stellata and
~. marilandica) and hickories are abundant, but no pine saplings
or seedlings are present. Therefore, if pine fails to reproduce
itself and if the forest is left undisturbed, it will probably
become a typical oak-hickory association. Although considered
intolerant to shade, the occurrence of a few saplings of Quercus
stellata and ~. marilandica is probably a consequence of an
incompletely closed canopy. The relatively few herbs and
bryophytes present is typical of forest sites such as this one.
For a list of the species present, see Table 52.
Site 2 (lO0 x 100 feet) is situated in a hardwood-pine
forest on the upper slope from approximately 1040 to 1080 feet.
The soil is rocky and acid (pH 4.2). Sixty to seventy percent
of the sky is obscured by the crowns of the dominant trees,
Carya tomentosa, Pinus echinata, Quercus alba, and Q. velutina.
The understory is composed chiefly of small trees of Amelanchier
arborea, Comus ~lorida, Sassafras albidum, and Vaccinium
arboreum. Both the vine Parthenocissus quinquefolia and the
shrub Rhus aromatica are abundant. Judging from the presence
of small saplings of the dominant trees, it appears that this
forest has reached a climax, consisting of an oak-pine association
(sensu Steyermark, 1940). The sparcity of herbs and bryophytes is
typical of acid forest sites like this one. For a list of the
species present, see Table 53.
TABLE 52
Floristic Composition of Station 21, Site I. Totalntunber of measurable trees = 39. Total basal area of alltrees : 1461 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Amelanchier arborea
Carya texana 3.0
C. tomentosa 5.0
florluaCornus "~
Fraxinus americana ~.0
Nyssa sy!vatica vat.caroliniana
Pinus echinata ~.0
"~ ..... us alba 21.0
~ marilsndica
.Q. rubra 8.0
Q. stellata I0.0
Q. velutina ~4.0
Sassafras albidum
Vaccinimn arboreum
Viburnum ~runifolium
V. rufidulum
~hrubo and. Vines
~",.~ Compositionof Basal Area
2.6
Abundance Classof Sapl ings
2
2
2
?.3II. 4
9.7
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
2
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Ceanothus americanus
Vitis aes~iva].is
Rhus aromatica
R. copal!ina
R. glabra
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Rubus so.
2
2
2
I
187 ¯
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Aster patens
A. linariifolium
Astragalus canadensis
Cunila origanoides
Galium pilosum
Nonarda russeliana
Nuhlenbergia sobolifera
Aster anomolus
Baptisia leucophaea
Getun canadense
Solidago buckleyi
S. rugosa
Coreopsis palmata
Galium arkansanum
Parthenium hispidulum
Ruellia strepens
Thaspium trifoliatum
Bryophytes and Lichens Substrate
Hedwigia ciliata
Thelia asprella
Atrichum angustattun
Entodon seductrix
Tortella humilis
Dolomite
Base of trees
Soil
Logs
Logs andsoil
2
2
I
i
i
Abundance Class
188.
TABLE 53
Floristic Composition of Station 21, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 30. Total basal area of alltrees = 1519 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDen’si£y
Amelanchier arborea
Carya tomentosa 13.0
Comus florida
Diospyros virginiana
Euonymus atropurpureus
Juniperus virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica var.caroliniana
Pinus echinata 30.0
Quercus alba I0.0
Q. rubra
Q. velutina 47.0
Sassafras albidum
Vaccinium arboreum
Shrubs and Vines
C.ompo.s it ionBasal A~’e’a
I0.i
18.722.0
51.7
Abundance Classo~. Saplings
2
2
1
2
Estimate ofAbundance
2
Parthenocissus quinque folia
Rhus aromatica
R. radicans
Herbaceous Specie~
Aster patens
Astragalus canadensis
Coreopsis palmata
Monarda russeliana
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Baptisia leucophaea
Parthenium hispidulum
Desmodium sp.
2
4
4
4
4
189.
Bryoph[tes and Lichens
Campylium hispidulum
Hedwigia ciliata
Tortella humilis
Atrichum angust atum
Grimmia pilifera
Frullania squarrosa
Substrate
Soil
Rocks
Decaying wood
Soil
Rocks
Dolomite
Abundance Class
190.
TABLE 54
Floristic Composition of Station 21, Site 3. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 38. Total basal area of alltrees : 2161 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum 3.0
Carya cordiformis
C. texana
Celtis tenuifolia
Cornus florida
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana 3.0
F. quadrano~ulata 3.0
Juglans cinerea
Juniperus virginians 37.0
Nyssa sylvatica vat.caroliniana
Pinus echinata 8.0
Prunus cerasus
Quercus alba
Q. prinoides var. 32.0acuminata
Q. rubra 13.0
Q. velutina 5.0
Rhamnus caroliniana
Ulmus rubra ~.0
Vaccinium srbore~m
Viburnum prunifolium
Shrubs and Vines
% Compositionof Basal Area
3.60
0.580 ~
35.3o
13.7o
2a.90
Abundance Classor Sa~n~s
i
2
2
2
2
0.58
Estimate ofAbundance
Cmmnsis radicans
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus aromatica
191.
Shrubs and Vines
Smilax bona-nox
Rhus ~labra
Herbaceous Soecies
Aster patens
A. linariifolius
Coreopsis palmata
Cunila origanoides
Desmodium glutinosum
Ga!ium circaezans
Geum canadense
Houstonia nigricans
Lobeiia siphi]itica
Panicum sp.
Parthenium hisoidulum
Polymnia canadensis
Rudbeckia hirta
Silphium terebinthinaceum
~tnemone virginiana
Asclepias verticillata
Bromus I)urgans
Elymus vir~inicus
Eupatorium rugosum
Heliopsis he].ianthoides
Leersia virginica
Muhlenbergia
Panicum boscii
Pycnanthemum pilosum
Solidago buck!eyi
S. hemoralis
Campanula americana
Estimate ofAbund an c e
4
4
4
4
Bryophytes and Lichens
Dicranum sabuletorum
D. scoparium
~huidium recognitum
Eurhymchium hians
Substrate
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocks
Abundance Class
192.
Site 5 (i00 x I00 feet) is located near the base of the
slope and its lo~Jer boundary is about 20 to 25 feet above the
river. The soil is neutral (pH 7.0) and the forest canopy
composed largely of Juniperus vir~iniana, Pinus echinata,
~uercus prinoides var. acuminata_, and ~. rubra, obscures only
about 40 to 60~:~ of the sky. Though not forming a significant
part of the canopy at this time, the presence of a few small
trees of Acer ssccharum, ~uercus alba, Carla sDp. and Fraxinus
spp. is suggestive of a successional trend that should eventually
produce an ecotonal-type forest that often exists between an
upland sugar maple-white oak association and a bottom land
sugar maple-bitternut hickory association. Understory trees
are common and include Celti.s tenuifolia, Comus florida~
Frunus ceratu~, Rhm~nus carolinians, and Vaccini~ arbores.
The vines Camosis radicans, Parthenocissus ~uinquefolia, ~d
ammlax bona-nox are abundant In ooen areas the herbaceous
flora is represented by many species that are characteristic
of glades, for example, Aster lina.riifoli~, Coreopsis palmata,
Houstonia ~an~, Rudbeckia birth, Ascleoias verticillata,
Sil~hi~ ;-~ .... ~ ~,,~ ~ ~ .... ~ .~ :~:~m~ ~{eiiopsis helianthoide~, and~Ncnanthem~ pilos~. For a list of the species present in
Site 5, see Table 5~4.
Station 22 (15 September, 1969)
Hap 21. (Sect. 56, T. 2~ N., 19. 7 W.)
Station 22 is located on the north bank of the Current
River at a point where it turns abruptly to the east and back
to the north, thus partially enclosing a U-shaped land area.
Because this ares is io~ (only)~ to 2 feet above the river),
it is subject to the aggrading influences of frequent flooding.
Near the edge of the river, just before it turns abruptly, a
low, wet gravel bar is present.
The iro~riant flora is predominantly herbaceous and weedy
in nature. The only woody species present are the small trees
Sambucus canadensis and Salix niE=r_a.. }~ost of the taxa are more
abundant on the drier sandy areas, although a few are restricted
or best developed on the low, wet ~ravel bar. Species in this
latter category include Veronica £o_~os~a, C~erus strigosus,
Eupatorium perfoliattun, Leonurus cardiaca, Perilla frutescens ~
Artemisia annua, Bidens discoi~ea, P~olygonum hydropiper, Bidens
cernua vat. cernua, and ~. polylep~ var. Dolylepis. For a list
of the diverse flora at this station, see Table 55.
Station 23 (13 September, 1969)
Nap 21. (Sect. ~6, T. 2} N., R. 9
Station 2} encompasses a small north-facing, dolomitic
bluff (10-12 feet high) and steep (ca. 45~), rocky slope just
across the river from Station 22. The soil is rocky and,
judging from data at other similar sites, probably acid (no
sample taken). A samDle area of definite size was not estab-
lished, but rather a reconnaissance of the bluff and steep lower
slope was conducted and all measurable trees tabulated. While
there are quite a ntumber of different tree species present, the
canopy is rel~tively open (about 60~ of the sky obscured byleaves and branches), and largely dominated by Acer saccharum,
Quercus spp., Fraxinus ~sp_~_., and Tilia americana. The under-
story is composed chiefly of saplings of the crown dominants
and smaller trees such as Cornus florida, Juniperus virginiana,
Lindera benzoin, Ostrya virginiana, Staphylea trifolia, and
Viburnum prunifolium. Shrubs like H_~_d~.r__ange___~a arborescens and
vines such as ~uonymus obovatus, Hhus radicans, and Partheno-
cissus quinquefolia are common understory associates. A diverse
herbaceous flora exists here because of the range of habitats
present, such as rocky areas along the base of the bluff and
at the edge of the river, vertical bluffs with rock ledges, and
areas of rocky shaded soil. ~ " opec~es common on the bluffs and
rocks near the river include the herbs Lycopus rubellus var.
arkansanus, Bidens connata, Boehmeria cylindrica, Leersia
virginica, Prunella ~ulgaris, and the bryophytes Anomodon
attenuatus and Conocephalum conicum. On the vertical bluff
and rock ledges, the herbaceous species Asplenium rhizophyllum,
Aquilegia canadensis, Pellaea atropurpurea, and Cystopteris
bulbifera are abundant. The bryophytes Gymnostomum aeruginosum,
196.
TABLE 55
Plants of Station 22
Taxa
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
A. trifida
Aster dumosus var. strictior
A. ptarmicoides
Bidens cernua var. cernua
B. po!ylepis vat. poly!epis
Cenchrus longispinus
Cyp£rus refractus
Digitaris ischaem~
El~@us virginicus
IIelianthus oetiolsris
Impatiens capensis
Leersia ory:~)oide s
Hirabiiis nyctsginea
0enothera biennis
Pilea pumila
Planta6o major
Piatanus occidenta!is
Poly6onum hydropiper
P. pensylvanicum
P. scandens
R. vir~inianm~
Rudbeckia triloba
Salix ni~ra
oamoucus cana.dens~.s
Saponaria oSficinalis
Setaria viridis
Silphi~m oerfoliatum
Abundance Class
197.
T~a
Solidago altissima
Tridens flavus
Verbesina a!ternifolia
V. virginica
Veronica comosa
Bidens conata var. petiolata
.Campanula americana
Croton monanthogynus
Cyperus strigosus
Echinocloa muricata
Eupatorium coelistinum
E. rugosum
E. serotinum
Festuca arundinacea
Gaura biennis
Helenium autumnale var.parviflorum
Leonurus cardacea
Muhlenbergia frondosa
Perilla frutescens
Plantago lanceolata
Rumex obtusifolius
Verbena urticifolia
Xanthium pensylvanicum
Artemisia annua
Croton glandulosus var.septentrionalis
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Abundance Class
3
33
3
333
3
22
2
198.
Anomodon rost~atus, Cololejeunea biddlecomia__e, Radula andiooSa,
and Br_~y_hnia Eraminicolor are also common in the bluff area. Taxa
abundant on the rocky soil of the lower slope include the her-
baceous species Adiant~n pedatum_, Anemone vir~iniana, Aster
drummondii, ~atica nobilis vat. acuta, Smilacina racemosa,
Pedicularis canadensis, ~olysti_ch._um__ acrostichoides; as well as
the mosses Bartramia pomiformis, Aulacomnium heterostichum, and
Thuidium delicatulum. ~’or a list of the species present at this
Station, see Table 56.
Just west of this station is a river-bottom forest,
surrounding a small pond, where the rare floating aquatic,
Spi~.o~el__ap_0~hi_~z~~ is abundant. In the wet area around this
pond, the herbs Elephantopsis caroliniana, Impatiens capensis,
Ei.7-mus virg.inicus, and Lobelia si___~obilitica form a dense under-
growth upon which the parasitic plant, Cuscuta compacta, is
profusely ~rowing.
Station 24, Sites 1-5 (l~ September, 1969)
~ect. ~i, , .Hap 22. (S~ ~4 ~ T. 52 N. R 6 ~.)
Station 24 includes a variety of habitats and includes
an old gravelbar-river bottom area (site 5); a pine-hardwood
forest in a relatively low (for pine) area (site ~); a steep
south-east-facing, rocky glade (sites I and 2); and oak-pine
ridge (site 3). The rocks e~posed at this station are predomi-
nantly a cherty dolomite of the Gasconade formation.
The lower boundary of site i (i00 x i00 feet), at an
altitude of 900 feet, e~tends along the upper edge of a steep bluff
that rises about ~0 feet above the river bottom. The upper boun-
dary of this site is some 80 feet higher indicating a rather
steep slope, ca. 50°. The heavily eroded soil is thin, very
rocky, and alkaline (ph ~.5-~.~). Here, trees are widely
scattered, (canopy lO~) resulting in what is known as a "cedar
~lade", because of the conspicuous presence of red cedar,
Juniperus vir~iniana. The hardwood species, ~uercus prinoides var.
acuminata, Bumelia lanugiDosa, Celtis ~.aeyi~a>a, Fraxinus
199.
TABLE 56
Floristic Composition of Station 27.measurable trees = 28.1483 sq. in.
Total number ofTotal basal area of all trees =
Trees RelativeDens ity
Acer rubrum 3.6
A. saccharum 25.0
Amelanchier arborea
Carpinus caroliniana
Carya cordiformis
C. tomentosa ~.6
Comus florida
Diospyros virginiana 3.6
Fraxinus americana
F. quadrangulata 3.6
F. pennsy!vanica ~.6
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Nyssa sylvatica var. 5.6caroliniana
Ostrya virginisna
Quercus alba 7.1
Q. prinoides vat. 7.1acuminata
Q. rubra 7.1
Q. velutina 7.1
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana 21.4
Viburnum prunifolium
Shrubs and Vines
% Compositiono’f Basal Area
i.I
24.4
i.i
Abundance Classof Saplings
5
15.3
6.6
26.2
Estimate ofAbundance
Euonymus obovatus
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissus quinquefo!ia
Rhus radicans
Smilax bona-nox
200.
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundanhe
Adiantum pedatum
Anemone virginiana
Aquilegia canadensis
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Aster drummondii
Brachyelytrum erectum
Bro~us purgans
Cystopteris bulbifera
Hepatics acutiloba
Lobelia siphilitica
Lycopus rubellus var.arkansanus
Pellaea atropurpurea
Smilacina racemosa
Bidens connata
Boehmeria cy]indrica
Elymus virginicus
Eupatorium rugosu~
Hystrix patula
Impatiens capensis
Leersia virginica
Muhlenbergia sp.
~edicularis canadensis
Polystichum acrostichoides
Prunel~a vulgaris
Solidago hispida var. hispida
Bryophytes
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Conocephalum conicum
Gymnostomum aeruginosum
Radula andico!a
Substrate
Rocks
Rocks
Vertical rocks,edge of river
Vertical rocks
Rocky soil
33333333
Abundance Class
Bryophytes
Thuidium delicatulum
Aulacom~ium heterostichum
Bartramia pomiformis
Bryhnia graminicolor
Cololejeunea biddlecomiae
Substrate
Rocks
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Shaded verticalrocks
Vertical rocks
Abundance Class
201.
203.
americana, Ostry~ virgini9na, Q~ercus rubra, Ulmus soD. Rhamnus
caroliniana., Viburnum rufidulum and saplings of Acer saccharum
are common tree species associates v~ich have invaded this glade
and which should eventually result in the establishment of a
sugar maple-white oak climax (sensu Steyermark, 1940), Shrubs
and vines are abundant, and the abundance of H~r.angea arbore-
sc.en.s, Rhus aromatica, and Smilax bona-nox are considered
characteristic of "cedar glade" associations. The herbaceous
flora is diverse at this time of year, and includes a large
component of prairie species such as Andropo.gon 5erardi, ~.
scooarius, Bouteloua curtipendula, Rudbeckia hirta, Silphium tere~-
binthinaceum, Liatris ~, Physostegia virsiniana, and Aster
ptarmicoides. Surface rocks are frequently covered by growth of
the moss Grimmia aoocarpa. On tree trunks other mosses, par-
ticularly Drummondia ororepens and Leucodon julaceus, are abundant.
For species in this site i, see Table 57.
Site 2 (i00 x i00 feet) is situated about midway up the
slope from an altitude of approximately 1020 to 1080 feet.
The angle is still steep (about 50°), and the soil at this level
is eroded, thin, rocky, and acid (pH 5.9-6.0). As in site i,
trees are widely scattered (canopy 10%), but Juniperus virginiana
is of less importance here. Hard~oods characteristic of acid,
upland forest sites like ~uercus rubra, ~. stellata, and ~
texana are present, along with Quercus prinoides vat. acuminata,
a species more characteristic of alkaline sites. Small trees
are abundant, particularly the species Cercis canadensis,
Diosoyros virginiana, Ulmus alata, and Viburnum rufidulum. As
in site i, the shrub Rhus aromatica and the vine Smilax bona-nox
continue to be abundant, although now here Hydrangea arborescens
is missing. The herbaceous flora is similar to that of site I,
although the relative abundance of a few taxa has changed.
For example, ~ altissimum, Houstonia nigricans are
very abundant at this site, but only abundant in site l.~C~onver-
sely Bouteloua curtipendula~ AndroD~_y~gera~di, ~phorbia
corollata, and Rudbeckia hirta are only abundant here, while they
are very abundant On the lo~ver slope. Bryophytes are also similar
204.
Floristic Composition of Station 24, Site I.number of measurable trees = 31.trees = llO1 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Aoer saccharum
Bumelia lanuginosa 7.0
Celtis laevigata
Cercis canadensis
Comus florida
Fraxinus americana 3.0
F. quadrangulata
Juniperus virginiana 52.0
Ostrya virginiana
Prunus sp.
Quercus prinoides 35.0vat. acuminata
Q. rubra 7.0
Rhamnus caroliniana
Ulmus alata
U. rubra
Viburnum rufidulum
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Compositionof Basal’Area
Abundance Classo’f Sapl’~ngs
~.6
l.i
57.2
3o.o
7.1
Estimate ofAbund an c e
8.
2
1
3
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus aromatica
Smilax bona-nox
Vitis aestivalis
Herbaceous Soecies
Andropogon gerardi
Bouteloua curtipendula
Euphorbia corollata var.corollata
Rudbeckia hirta
5
555
5
205.
TABLE 57 (CON’ T)
IIerbaceous Species
Silphium terebinthinacium
Andropogon scoparius
Anemone virginiana
Aster ptarmicoides
Coreopsis palmata
Elymus virginicus
Eupatorium altissimum
Heliopsis helianthoides var.occidentalis
Houstonia nigricans
Lespedeza sp.
Lithospermum canescens
Nonarda russeliana
Fanicum boscii
P. virgatum
Pellaea atropurpurea
Solidago hispida
S. ulmifolia
Allium stellatum
Bromus purgans
Cassia fasciculata
Eupatorium altissimum
Galium sp.
Liatris aspera
Pellaea atropurpurea
Physostegia virginiana
Passiflora lutea
Petalostemon sp.
Sorghastrum nutans
Estimate ofAbundance
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
#
4
4
TAB~ 5? (CON’T)
206.
Bryophytes
Grimmia apocarpa
Campylium hispidulum
Drummondia prorepens
Leucodon julaceus
Substrate Abundance Class
Rocks 5
Tree bases ~
Trunks of trees ~
Tree trunks 4
207 ¯
to site i, except that here Leucodon julaceus and Hedwigia
ciliata occur abundantly with Grimmia apocarPa on exposed rocks,
v~hereas in the former site only Grimmia apocarpa was abundant.
For the species present in site 2, see Table 58.
Site 3 is located on the narrow ridge at an elevation of
about ll©O feet. No specific sample size was made, but a
tree count was conducted and abundance of other plants estimated.
The soil is rocky and probably acid (pH sample lost) judging
from data obtained at similar sites. The tree canopy is
variable, ranging from ~0 to 80% of the sky obscured by leaves
and branches of a hardwood-pineforest, ar~c~mpos~d mainly of Pinus
echinata and .~uercus a!Ba. Small tree associates include
Amelanchier arborea, Cercis canadensis, Sassafras albidum, Ulmus
alata, and Cornus f__Iprid~. In addition, the shrubs Vaccinium
stamineum and Rhus copallina are abundant, with the former
found throughout the area and the latter restricted only to
open areas. Herbaceous plants and bryophytes are abundant,
particularly in open areas~ but represented by relatively few
species. For the species present in site 3, see Table 59.
Site 4 is located on a gentle slope (ca. 20°) at an alti-
tude of approximately 970 feet and is traversed by several
gullies. A site of definite size was not established, but a
tabulation of the trees and an estimate of abundance for other
plants was made. The soil is light, rocky, covered v~ith a thick
layer of pine needles and probably acid (pH sample lost). About
40 to 50% of the sky is obscured by a canopy dominated by
Pinus echinata. In fact, some of the largest pines encountered
in this survey are present here, ~ith several over 18 inches d.b.h.
Associated ~ith pine in order of importance are Quercus alba,
Platanus occidenta!is, Quercus velutina, and Nyssa sylvatica
vat. caroliniana. Saplings of the dominants (except Platanus
occidentalis), as well as Acer rubrum, C__a.r_y_~ texan~, and ~.
tomentosa are abundant. In addition, Vaccinium arboreum, Cornus
florida, and Sassafras albidum are the leading understory trees.
The herbaceous flora is sparce, no doubt due to the heavy layer
of pine needles. For a list of the species present in site 4,
see Table 60.
208.
TABLE 58
Floristic Composition of Station 24, Site 2.number of measurable trees = 31otrees = 820 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Bumelia lanuginosa
Carya texana 7.0
C. tomentosa
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida
Crataegus sp.
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana 3.0
Juniperus vir~iniana 3.0
Pinus echinata
Quercus alba
Q. prinoides var. 32.0acuminata
Q. rubra 45.0
Q. stellata i0.0
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus alata 3.0
Viburnum rufidulum
Shrubs s.nd Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of ~’aplings
~.o 32
1.5 2
3.5 ~I
2
27.1 ~
Estimate ofAbund an c e
2
Rhus aromatica
Smilax bona-nox
Herbaceous Species
Eupatorium altissimum
Houstonia nigricans
Silphi1~m terebinthinaceum
Allium stellatum
Andropogon gerardi
Boute!oua curtipendula
555
TABZS 5S (CON’
Herbaceous Specie~
Coreopsis palmata
Elymus virginicus
Eupatorium altissimum
Euohorbia corollata
Heliopsis helianthoides
Lespedeza sp.
Liatris cylindracea
Lithospermum canescens
Nonarda bradburniana
Rudbeckia hirta
Solidago hispida
S. ulmifolia
Sorghastrum nutans
Anemone virginiana
Asclepias verticillata
Aster patens
Cassia fasciculata
Panicum virgatum
Tephrosia virginiana
Verbena canadensis
Hatelea bald~nianaPanicum iinearifoliumE "rynglum yuccifolium
Gerardia grandiflora vat.cinerea
Potenti!la recta
Bryophytes
Drummondia prorepens
Grimmia apocarpa
Hedwigia ciliata
Leucodon julaceus
Substrate
Trees
Rocks
Rocks
Trees androcks
Estimate ofAbundance
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
Abundance Class
209.
Tortella humilis Soil 3
210.
Floristic Composition of Station 24, Site 3. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 50. Total basal area of alltrees = 2921 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Amelanchier arborea
Carya texana 4.0
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana 2.0
Juniperus virginiana
Pinus echinata 28.0
Quercus alba 38.0
Q. prinoides vsr. 4.0acuminata
Q. marilandica 4.0
Q. rubra 14.0
Q. velutina 6.0
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus alata
Shrubs and Vines
% Composition Abundance ClassOf Basal Area of Sa~
0.9 4
2
3-
2
22.0 4
62.3 -
2.2 -
4.8
4.2
5.0
Estimate ofAbundance
Rhus aromatica
R. copallina
Vaccinium stamineum
Herbaceous Speg,~es
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Asplenium platyneuron
Ga!ium obtusum
Lespedeza cuneata
L. hispida
Monarda russe~iana
Parthenium hispid~m
Solidago hispida
S. ulmifolia
4
4
4
4
4
4
211.
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Aster patens
Campanula americana
Cunila origanoides
Desmodium rigidum
Euphorbia corollata
Baptisia leucophaea
Bryophytes and Lichens Substrate
Cladonia Soil and rocks
Dicranum scooarium Soil
Hedwigia ciliata Rocks
Ptychomitrium incurvum Rocks
Thelia asprella Rocks
Thuidium recognitum Soil
Tortella humilis Soil
332
Abundance Class
54
4
4
4
212.
TABLE 60
Floristic Composition of Station 24, Sitenumber of measursble trees = 48.trees = 6626 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensit~
Acer rubrum
Carya texana
C. tomentosa
Cornus florida
Juglans nigra
Juniperus vir~iniana
Nyssa sylvatica var. 2.0carolinianus
Pinus echinata 60.0
Platanus occidentalis 6.0
Quercus alba 27.0
Q. velutina 4.0
Rhus copallina
Sassafras albidum
Vaccinium arboreum
Herbaceous Species
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Com~ositionof Bhoal Area
0.2
Abundance Classof Sa~
3
78.1
3.4
17.2
1.3
Estimate of’Abundance
4
Aster patens
Cunila origanoides
Lespedeza sp.
Nonarda russeliana
Tephrosia virginiana
4
4
213.
TABLE 61
Floristic Composition of Station 24, Site 5. Totalnumber of measurable trees = #7. Total basal area of alltrees = 2972.6 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum 6.0
Alnus serrulata
Asimina triloba
Betula nigra 23.0
Carpinus carolinians 9.0
Fraxinus americana Ii.0
F. quadrangulata 2.0
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juglans nigra
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Platanus occidentalis 19.0
quercus rubra 2.0
Staphyles trifolia
Tilia americana 9.0
Ulmus rubrs 19.0
Shrubs and Vines
% Comoosition Abundance Classof Ba~al Area of Saplings
1.8 32
17.8 42.5 ~
3.9 3
1.3 i
2
2
2
~7~5 57.6 1
8.3 39.3 ~
Estimate ofAbundance
Hydrangea arborescens
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Rosa sp.
Herbaceous Soecies
Bidens connata
Boehmeria cylindrica
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Verbesina helianthoides
Ambrosia trifida
Cuscuta compacts
4.
2
5555
214.
Herbaceous Species
Desmodium sp.
Digitaria ischaemum
Echinochloa muricata
Elymus virginicus
Equisetum hyemale var.elatum
Eupatorium coelestinum
~. perfoliatum
E. purpureum
E. rugosum
Geum canadense
Helenium autumnale var.parviflorum
Iresine rhizomatum
Panicum boscii
P. ~attingeri
Perilla frutescens
Polygonum punctatum var.confertiflorum
P. scandens
Scrophularia marilandica
Senecio aureus
Solidago ulmifolia
Uniola latifolia
Verbena urticifolia
Verbesina virginica
Veronica crinita
Agrostis perennans
Cassia marilandica
Cinna arundinacea
Houstonia nigricans
Impatiens capensis
Nelilotus a!bus
Estimate of-Abundance
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
215.
Herbaceous Species
Onoclea sensibliis
Silphium perfoliatum
Tridens flavus
Andropogon virginicus
Artemisia caudata
Leersia oryzoides
Panicum dichotomiflorum
Physostegia virginiana
Penstemon digitalis
Bryophytes Substrate
Estimate ofAbunda~e
3
Abundance Class
Leskea gracilescens Tree trunks
217.
Site 5 includes an alluvial forest area at the base of
the bluff on a heavily ~ooded, old gravel bar.. As in site 4, no
definite site sise was established, rather, a tabulation of
measurable trees ~as made and the abundance of the other plants
estimated. The canopy ranges from open around the edges of the
gravel bar, to fairly closed near the ba~e of the bluff. The
soil is sandy on the higher Darts of the bar and at the base
of the bluff, ’but gravelly elsewhere; pH ranged from 6.4 to
7.2. The dominant trees, particularly of the bar, are Platanus
occidentalis and Betula ni~ra. Other trees such as Acer sacc-
harum, ~rsximus ~mericana, ~uercus rubra, Tilia americana, and
Ulmus rubr~, ~ere more frequent on the allu~ial soil near the
base of the bluff. The herbaceous flora is extremely diverse
and contains a nu~ber’of interesting taxa. One such taxon is
the fern, Onoclea sensibili___s_, gro~.~ing near the edge of the river
(Figure I~). Bryophyte species are rare and only one species,
Leskea ~racilescens., is conspicuous on tree trunks. ~or a list of
the species present in site ~, ~e Table 61.
Station 25 (14 September, 1969)
~lap 23. (NE)4 Sect., 23, T. 31 N., R. 6 W.)
Station 25 encompasses a co~mplex gravel bar located on the
north side of the Current River just west of Akers Ferry. Along
the edge of the river the bar is low and ~et and a small island
section has been created by a divergence of the main river
(see map 2~ and Figure 18). The remainder of the bar is higher
in elevation, uo to 2 feet above stream level, with soil that
is dry, sandy, and acid (pH 6.6 to 7.0). Near the bank side
of the bar, ~ashouts are common, exoosing dry gravel areas. The
north side of this bar is terminated by a steep, eroded bank,
5-6 feet high.
For the most part, trees are scattered, and the only species
with measurable representatives are Betula ~i~ra_~ Acer sacchari-
n__~, Dioso~ros vir~inisna, and P!atanus occidentalis. Of these,
Betula ni~a and Platanus occidentalis are the most prominent,
218.
~-~ith saplings of the latter species very abundant (Figure 19).
Typical ~ravel bar Small trees such as Hamamelis vernalis,
Salix caroliniana, Cephalanthus occidentalis, and Alnus serrulata
are abundant and tend to occur in patches on the higher parts
of the bar (Figure 20).
Herbaceous species abound at this time of year and bars
like this have been a]?tly described as "botanical trash heaps."
Ho~Jever, there does seem to be some pattern to the distribution of
many species. For example, some are more or less confined to the
lower, ~-~et areas of the bar, and include:
Bidens comosa
Bidensconnata var. petiolata
Campanula americana
Commelina diffusa
Cyperus aristatus
Cyperus rivularis
Cyperu{ strigosus
Di~itaria sanguinalis
Eragrostis frankii
Echinocloa muricata
Eleusine indica
Equisetum arvenseEup at o r ium p_u.~jl)~_um"
Fimbristylis autumnalis
Helenium autumnale
Hemicar~a micrantha
H_~ericum mutilum
Leersia oryzoides
Lobelia cardinalis
Lobelia siphilitica
~entha piperita
~uhlenbergia schreberiPentho~um sedoides
?lantago major
Perilla frutescens
~olzgonum e~,~_vani__cum~olanisia dodecandra
Scirpus americanusSetaria viridis
Veronica comosa
Others are more common on the higher and thus drier open
gravel and sandy areas (Figure 21), and include:
Acalypha gracilensvar, monococca
~mbrosia bidentata
Ambrosia trifida
Amaranthus hybridus
Aristida dichotoma
Artemisia annua
Artemisia caudata var. caudata
Aster laterifolius vat.l’~erifolius
Cassia marilandica
uphorbza maculata
Froelichia ~racilis
Helianthus tuberosus var.tuberosus
Ipomea hederacea
Isanthus brachiatus
Lesoedeza stiioulacea
~iirabil is n_y. c__~giDe a
Panicum anceos
P_hysalis heteroDhylla vat.heterophylla
TABLE 62
219.
Floristic Composition of’Station 25. Total number ofmeasurable trees = 22. Total basal area of all trees =1631 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionD’ensi_~ of Basa~ Are’~
Acer saccharinum 9.0
Alnus serrulata
Asimina triloba
Betula nigra 36.0
Cephalanthusoccidentalis
Diospyros virginiana 9.0
Fraxinus americaua
Hamamelis vernalis
Juniperus virginiana ....
Platanus occidentalis 45.0
Rhus glabra
Salix caroliniana
Ulmus ruLra
3.6
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of"’Abundance
Abundance Class
Rosa carolina
Amorpha fruticosa
Herbaceous Species
Agrostis alba
Justicia americana
Eleocharis so.
Eupatorium coelestinum
Nuhlenbergia schreberi
Acalypha gracilescens var.monococca
Amaranthus hybridus
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
A. trifida
5
555
/-4-,
TABLE220.
Herbaceous Species
Aristida dichotoma
Aster lateriflorus
Bidens cernua vat. cernua
Campanula americana
Cenchrus longispinus
Conobea multifida
Cyperus aristatus
C. strigosus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Diodia teres
Echinochloa muricata
Ellisia nyctelea
Equiset~ arvense
Eri~eron canadensis
Euphorbia dentata
E. maculata
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Fimbrysty~is autumnalis
Froelichia gracilis
Geum canadense
Helenium autumnale var.parviflorum
Hemicarpa micrantha
Hypericum mutilum
Iresine rhizomatosa
!santhus brachiatus
Leersia oryzoides
Lepidium densiflorum
Lobelia cardinalis
L. siphilitica
Mentha piperita
Mirabilis nyctaginacea
Nasturtium officinale
Estimate of~"Abundance
4
4
4
4
4.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
TABLE
221.
Herbaceous S~ecies
0enothera biennis
Panicum dichotomi£1orum
Penthorum sedoides
Perilla frutescens
Physalis heterophylla
Plantago major
Polanisia dodecandra
Polygonum pensylvanicum
P. scandens
Saponaria officinalis
Scirpus americanus
Setaria viridis
Solanum carolinense
Sporobolus clandestinus
Tridens flavus
Veronica comosa
V. crinita
Agrostis Derennans
Artemisia caudata
Cuphaea petiolata
Cyperus rivularis
Daucus carota
Digitaria filiformis
Eragrostis frmnkii
Lespedeza violacea
Panicum anceps
P. gattingeri
Phyto!acca americana
Solidago petiolaris
S. sp.
Verbascum thapsus
Xanthium pensylvanicum
Ambrosia bidentata
Estimate of...... Abundance
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
222.
Herbaceous Species
Artemisia annua
Cassia marilandica
Commelina diffusa
Croton glandulosus var.septentrionalis
Eleusine indica
Elymus virginicus
Helenium f]exuosum
Helianthus ~ube~osus vat.tuberosus
Solanum americanum
S. nigrum
Verbena urticifolia
Chenopodium a]_bidum
l~omea hederacea
Physoste~ia vir~iniana
~stmmate of’" Abundance
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
i
I
I
224.
Chenopodium albidum
Croton ~andulosus var.~_~j~tentrionalis
~~ ~etiolata
Daucus carota
Diodia teres
E~atorium ru~osum
Eu~or~i~ denta.ta
~olygonum scandens
Saponaria officina!is
Solanum americanum
Solanum carolinense
Vernonia crinita
Xanthium chinense
One aquatic species, Nasturti~mofficinale, is abundant
in the river along the edge of the gravel bar.
For a list of the species present in Station 25, see Table 62.
Station 26, Sites l-A. (20 September~ 1969)
~ap 2#. (Sect. i#, T. ~i N., R. 6 ~.)
Station 26 is located on a uniformly steep (ca. 30~) west
facing slope of a narrow saddle ridge just north of Akers Ferry.
The soil throughout this slope is heavily eroded, thi~, very
rocky, and alkaline (pH ~.2-~.6). Surface exoosures, bluffs
(5-6 feet high), and ledges of a hard dolomite (Eminence Formation)
are common. Even though this slope extends to nearly 230 feet
above the Current River, the forest is remarkably uniform from
near the base to the summit and it appears to be developing
into one of the drier variations of a sugar maple-white oak
climax (sensu Steyermark, 1940) that is characterized by the abun-
dance of ~uercus prinoides var. acuminata.
Site I (150 x 50 feet) extends from about 920 to 950 feet
or almost to the summit of the slope. The area is covered with
a large number of small trees and a dense understory of shrubs and
vines. Though the number of trees is large, the canopy is
relatively open with only about 50~$ of the sky obscured by the
leaves and branches. $umiperus virginiana and ~uercus prinoides
vat. acuminata, are the dominant trees, occurring with other
tree associates such as Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, ~rcus
rubra, Ulmus rubr~, and Tilia americana. These latter trees are
characteristic of a successional stage which may eventually become
225 ¯
a mesic sugar maple-white oak climax. A rich variety of under-
story trees is present that includes Celtis tenuifolia, Cercis
canadensis, Cornus ~ond~i, Diosp~ros virginiana, Ostry~
virginiaDa, Ptelea trifoliata, and Rhamnus caroliniana, many
which were probably important constituents of an earlier success-
ional stage. Shrubs and vines are very common, particularly the
vine Smilax bona-nox and the shrub Rhus aromatica. Herbaceous
species are conspicuous at this time of the year, particularly
members of the Compositae like, Coreo~is palmata, Eupatorium
ru__~@~_~_,_!]_u~.b_eckia hirt____~a, and ~lida~o spp. Others, such as
Pella__e__a ~opurp~e_~a, ~. l~lla__, Asplenium ruta-muraria vat.
crytolepis, Heuchera americanum var. hirsuticaulis, Solidago
dr.ummond~i, and S. buckleyi are more or less restricted to the
small dolomitic bluffs and ledges. Bryophytes are also conspi-
cuous, particularly on the exposed rocks and trunks of trees.
For a list of the species present in site I, see ~able 63.
Site 2 (150 x 50 feet) extends over a vertical distance of
approximately 50 feet (850-500 feet). Like the forest in site i,
trees in this lower site are small and scattered and the canopy
is open with only about 50~ of the sky obscured by leaves and
branches. Although the trees present in this site are the same
as in site i above, the relative importance of some species is
significantly different. Here hardwoods characteristic of a
mesic climax forest, particularly Acer saccharum, [[uercus rubra
and Fra~inus americana, are greater in number and size. Further-
more, Carya app. appear to be invading the site. Understory
trees are common, with St__~h~lea trifolia the most abundant species.
Shrubs and vines form a dense understory thet is, because of two
species of Smilax, almost impenetrable. The herbaceous and
bryophytic floras are so diverse that no attempt will be made here
to describe them. Hov~ever, for a list of these taxa, as well as
the woody species present in site 2, see Table 64.
Site 3 (i00 x 50 feet) is situated at the base of the slope
just above a small bluff that rises 10-15 feet above the river.
The area included in this site rises a vertical distance of
nearly ~O feet (790-8~0 feet), and its floristic composition is
similar to the sites above. The dominant trees continue to be
226.
TABLE 6~
Floristic Composition of Station 26, Site i. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 38. Total basal area of alltrees : 1008 sq. in.
Trees Relative % Composition~’ensity of B’as~l Area
Acer saccharum p.~ ~
Bumelia langinosa 3.0
Celtis tenuifolia
Cercis canadensis
Cornus drummondi
Diospyros virginiana 3.0
Fraxinus americana 5.0
F. quadrangulata
Juniperus virginiana 29.0
Nyssa sylvatica var..caroliniana
Ostrya virginiana
Ptelia trifoliata
Quercus prinoides 18.0var. acuminata
Q. rubra 5.0
Rhamnus caroliniana
Tilia americana 15.0
Ulmus rubra 15.O
Shrubs and Vines
Abundance Classof Sa~
4.1 2
1.9 2
2
1.3 36.9 3
19.8 ~
Estimate of’Abundance
2
2
Smilax bona-nox
Rhus aromatica
Dioscorea sp.
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus radicans
Smilax tamnoides vat.hispida
Rhus glabra
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
5
3
3
2
2
2
229.
Herbaceous Species
Senecio obovatus
Anemone canadensis
Bromus purgans
Carex sp.
Coreopsis palmata
Cuphaea petiolata
Eupatorium rugosum
Galium circaezans
G. concinnum
Heuchera americana var.hirsuticaulis
Houstonia nigricans
Monarda russeliana
Pkthlenbergia sobolifera
Oxalis stricta
Parthenium hispidum
Pellaea atropurpttrea
P. glabella
Ratibida pinnata
Rudbeckia hirta
Silphium asteriscus
Solidago buckleyi
S. drummondii
S. ulmifo~ia
Triostemum perfoliatum
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Aster anomolus
A. drummondii
Asp!enium ruta-muraria vat.cryptolepis
Eupatorium altissimum
Euphorbia corollata
Hystrix patula
Lithospermum canescens
Estimate ofAbundance
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
TABLE 63 (CO~’T)
Herbaceous Species Estimate of’Abundance
Panicum flexile
P. latifolium
Silphium terebinthinacium
Thaspium trifoliatum
Cuscuta compacta
Eupatorium purpureum
Heliopsis helianthoides
Cirsium altissimum
Gerardia grandiflora vat.cinerea
Geum canadense
"3
3
2
Bryophytes and Lichens
Thelia hirtella
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Fissidens subbasi]aris
Grimmia so.
Gymnostomumrecurvirostre
Hedwigia ciliata
Homalotheciellasubca!)illata
Leucodon julaceus
Pylaisiella selwynii
Torte!]a humilis
Leskea graciliscens
Substrate Abundance Class
Base of trees 5
Rocks and trees 4
Rocks and tree ~bases
Rocks 4
Rocks ~
Vertical rocks 4
Rocks
Trees
Rocks and trees
Trees
Soil
Trees
228.
229.
TABLE
Floristic Composition of Station 26, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 45. Total basal area of alltrees = 1550 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum 16.0
Amelanchier arborea
Bumelia lanuginosa
Carya cordiformis
C. texana
Celtis tenuifolia
Cercis canadensis
Comus florida
Euonymus atropurpureus
Fraxinus americana 9.0
F. quadrangu!ata 2.0
Juglans nigra 2.0
Juniperus virginiana 20.0
Ostrya virginiana
Quercus prinoides 33.0vat. acuminata
Q. rubra ii.0
Rhamnus caroliniana
Sassafras albidum
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana 2.0
Ulmus rubra
Viburnum prunifolium
Shrubs and Vines
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of , Saplings
17.~ 42
32
2
2
1.3 3
Ii.0 4
3.3 20.8 -
9.7 ~
30.8 3
z8.5 -2
2
2
2
7.3
Estimate ofAb~’d an c e
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus radicans
Smilax bona-nox
Smilax tamnoides var. hispida
Dioscorea sp. 3
230.
Shrubs and Vines
Lonicera sp.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Physocarpus opulifo].ius
Rhns aromatica
Vitis aestivalis
Ribes missouriense
S~phoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis cinerea
Herbaceous,.Species
Bromus purgans
Ga~.ium concinnum
Anemone canadensis
Aster dr~mmondii
Asarum cana~en, is
Aster anomolus
Brachyelytr~ erectum
Desmod.i~ g~utinosum
Eupatorium rugosum
Heliopsis helianthoides
honar~a russeliana
~uhlenbergia sobolifera
Rsnunculus sp.
Senecio obovatus
Smilicina racemosa
Solida~o radu~aS ulmifo~ia
Thasoium trifo~iatum
Uvularia perfoliatum
Viola sp.
Cacalia atrip!icifo!ia
Cirsium altissimum
Gali~a circaezsns
Geum canadensis
Lithosperm~ canescens
Estimate ofAbundance
3
32
2
2
55
33
TABLE 6~-; (CON’ T )
Herbaceous Species
Panicum boscii
Polymnia canadensis
Cimicifuga racemosa
Asclepias quadrifolia
Campanula americana.
Desmodium nudiflorum
Eupatorium purpureum
Solidago drummondii
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Entodon seductrix
Leucodon julacea
Thelia hirtel!a
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Pyla~le.~l~ selwynii
Rhodobr~mn roseum
Estimate ofAbundance
2
i
I
i
i
I
232.
Acer sacchar~, Fraxinus americana, Juniperus vir~iniana, ~uercus
prinoides va~ acuminata, and rubra. Except for the increased
abundance of Cornus florida and the occurrence of Asimina triloba
and Carpinus caroliniana~ the understory associates are similar
to those of the sites above. Vines and shrubs are not as dense
in this lower site although the herbaceous and bryophytic floras
continue to be diverse. For a list of the plants present in
site 3, see Table 65.
Site ~ is located along the edge of the river at the base
of the slope, ~.Alere only an estimate of abundance of the species
present was made. ~dost of the taxa present are considered
characteristic of bottomland forests or stream banks. The only
exceptions are the fern Cystopteris bulbifera and the moss
G,ymnostomum recurvirostre that occur on the vertical bluffs at
the edge of the river. For a list of the plants present in
site 4, see Table 66.
Station 27 (20 September, 1969)
~qap 24 (Sect. i~, T. ~I N., R. 6 ~J.)
Station 2~ is a small field (ca. ~.~ acre) ~-4 feet above
the normal stream level that is located between the river and
a vertical dolomitic bluff. The soil is alluvial, sandy, and
neutral (pH ~.~).
Except for a number of small trees of Asimina triloba near
the base of the bluff and a fet~ scattered individuals of Gledit-
sia triacanthos, Juniperus vir~$_niana, and S,ymphoricarpOs
orbicularis, t,~oody perennials are not common. However, grasses
such as Panicum boscii, ~_ vir~ini~u__~s, Leersia or~zoides,
~. vi~i~, and ~’~uhlen~.~i_~ischreberi are common, particularly
the latter three species which are abundant along the edge of the
field nearest the river. Other species of herbaceous plants are
also conspicuous at this time of year, notably Pilea pumila
Agastache nepetoides, Daucus carota, Rudbeckia triloba, Po!ygonum
virginia~um, Ambrosia artem.isiifoli~, and Aster lateriflorus. For
a complete list of the plants present in Station 2~ see Table
Floristic Composition of Station 26, Site 3. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 30. Total basal area of alltrees = 1569 sq. in.
Trees Re]~ative % CompositionDensity 6f B~sal Area
Acer saccharum !3.3
Amelanchier arborea
Asimina triioba
Carpinus caro!iniana
Carya texana
Cornus florida ]0.0
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana 13.3
F. quadrangulata
Jug].ans cinerea 3.3
Juniperus virginiana 23.3
Quercus prinoides 26.2vat. acuminata
Q. rubra I0.0
Rhsmnus caroliniana
Sassafras a!bidum
Staphy!ea trifolia
Viburmm orunifolium
,o~rubs and Vines
Abundance Classof Sa~lin~s
17.2 3
2
2
32
52
7.7 32
11.537 5̄
21.5
Estimate ofAbundance
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Camosis radicans
Dioscorea s~.
Hydrang~e a arborescens
Lonicera sp.
Rhus aromatica
Smilax bona-nox
Smilax tamoides vat. hispida
Vitis aestivslis
3
3
3
Shrubs and Vines
Euonymus obovatus
Rhus radicans
Herbaceous Soecies
Asplenium ruta-muraria var.cryptolepis
Polymnia canadensis
Anemone canadensis
Asarum canadense
Blephi!ia ciliata
Bromus purgans
Desmodium glutinosum
Eupatorium rugosum
Galium circaezans
G. concinnum
Heliopsis helianthoides
Hepatica acutiloba
Monarda russeliana
Panicum boscii
Pellaea atropurpurea
Prenanthes altissima vat.cinnanomea
Senecio obovatus
Smilacina racemosa
Solidago ulmifolia
Uv~laria perfoliata
Verbesina virginica
Viola sp.
Aster anomolus
A. drummondii
Botrychium virginianum
Cimi¢ifuga racemosa
Desmodium sp.
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
65 (co ,T)235.
Herbaceous Species
Elymus virginicus
Hybanthus concolor
Silphium asteriscus
Thaspium tri£oliatum
Hepatica acutiloba
Agromonia sp.
Aruncus dioicus
Cacalia atriplici£olia
Eupatorium purpureum
Veratrum woodii
Vernonia crinits
Estimate of¯ ~b~nd ance
2
I
I
I
I
I
I
Bryo~hytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Campylium chryosophyllum
Entodon seductrix
Drummondia prorepens
Leucodon julaceus
Thuidium recognitum
Tortella humilis
Fissidens subbasilaris
Radula andicola
Thelia hirtella
Substrate
Rocks and soil
Rocks
Rocky soil
Rocky s6il
Rocks and logs
Tree trunks
Tree trunks
Rocky soil
Tree bases
Vertical rocks
Vertical rocks
Tree bases
Abundance Class
TAB,I~ 66
2~6.
Floristic Composition of Station 26, Site
Trees Abundance Classof Saol’ings
Lindera benzoin
Staphylea trifolia
Alnus serru!ata
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Ulmus rubra
3
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Physocarpus opulifolius
Rosa sp.
Herbaceous ooecies
Justica americana
Aster !ateriflorus
Cuscuta compacta
Cystooteris bulbifera
Zlymus virginicus
Leersia oryzoides
Huh!enber@ia frondosa
H. sobolifera
Onoclea. sensiblilis
Sarurus cernuus
Uniola !atifolia
Verbesina helianthoides
Cinna rundinacea
Eupatorium coelestinum
Lycopus rubellus vat.arkans anus
Leersis virsinica
Panicum anceps
Vernonia crini~a
5
3
3
2~7.
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Agrostis perennans
Bidens cernua
2
I
Bryophytes and Lichens
Barbula unguiculata
Conocephalu~ conicum
Gymnostomumrecurvirostre
Hypnum lindbersii
Hyophila involuta
Substrate
Rocks, edge of river
Vertical bluffs
Vertical bluffs
Soil, edge of river
Rocks, edge of river
Abundance Class.
4
4
4
4
238.
Floristic Composition of Station 27.
Trees Abundance Class
Asimina triloba
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juniperus virginiana
ohruoo and Vines
2
2
i
Estimate ofAb~nd an c e
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
herbaceouo opecies
Leersia oryzoides
L. vir~inica
Nuhlenbergia schreberi
Pilea pumila
Achillea millifolium
Agastache nepetoides
Ambrosia artemisii£olia
Aster !ateri£1orus
Elymus " " "vlr~inlcuo
Daucus carota
Panicum boscii
Flantago lanceoiata
Plantago major
Folygontur~ erectum
P. vir~inianum
Rudbeckia triloba
RumexSo!anum carolinianmn
Verbesina helianthoides
Verbesina vir~inicaAmtemisia annuaCam~)anula americanaChenopodium
5555
TABig 67 (CON’S)
IIerbaceous Species
Cuphaea perfo!iata
Eupatorium coelestinum
Froelichia gracilis
Oenothera biennis
Polygonum hydropiper
P. pensy!vanicum
P. scandens
~runella vulgaris
Saponsria officina!is
~ridens flavus
Aristida dichotoma var.curtissii
Agrostis sp.
Digitaria sanguina!is
iresine rhizomatosa
Hirabilis nycta~inacea
Po ly~onmm ounct atu~
Cinna sPundinace a
Echinochioa crus-sa~li
Panicum gattingeri
Penthorum sedoides
Estimate ofAbundanc e
33333
33
3
Station 28, Sites 1-4. (20 September, 1969)
Nap 23. (Sect. I#, T. 31N., R. 6 W.)
Station 28 is located on the south side of the Current
River just ~,~est of Akers Ferry where north facing dolomitic
(Eminence Formation) bluffs and ledges and a steep wooded rocky
slope are present.
Site i (reconnaissance only) includes the bluff and narrow
talus slope and ledges along the edge of the river. On the talus
slope small trees are numerous, particularly the species Asimina
triloba, Lindera be___n~oi__D_n, and Carpinus caroliniana. Although not
abundant, several large trees of ~latanus occidentalis grow
angled out over the river. On the trunk of one of these trees
the fern Polffoodium ~d~oides var. michatuxianum and the moss
Hynnum. curvifo!ium are abundant. A number of herbaceous plants
are restricted to the talus slope area and include Pilea ~,
Adiantum p_~atum, Aster lateriflorus, Perilla frutescens, Scutell-
aria late~.~lora, Arisaema trin~lum, Cassia marilandica,
C~vno~lossu~.. virginianum, Geum canadense, Rudbeckia laciniata, and
Thaspium barbinode. The dolomitic bluffs rise abruptly from the
river to a height of lO-l~ feet, have a few narrow ledges, and
are moist as the result of seepage. The conspicuous components
of the bluff flora include the shrub H~_a_n~ arborescens and
the herbaceous plants Heuchera pub~rula f. puberula, Adiantum
capillus-veneris, Cystooteris bulbi£era, Aqu~legia canadensis and
As~lenium Dl~e~ro___D_n. On the moist ledges H~strix patul~,
Lobelia siphilitic~, Oxalis so., Sela~inella apoda, Sedum sp.,
Thal~ctrum dioicum and ~olz~mnia canadensis are common. A
number of herbaceous species are commonly restricted to the soil
and boulders in or at the edge of the river. These are Leersia
vir~inica, L. oryzoides, L_2lcoous rubellus, Bidens connata,
~uhlenber~ so., and A_~rg~tis j~erennans. Epilithic mosses and
liverworts are common, particularly along the moist bluff, while
the aquatic species Brac~thecium rivulare, ~orell__a pinnata,
Fontinalis filiformis and ~issidens ~randifrons are present on
submerged rocks at the edge of the river. For a list of the plants
present in site i, see Table 68.
241.
~AB ,iZ 68
Floristic Composition of Station 28, Site i.
~rees
Asimina triloba
CarDinus caroliniana
Lindera ben~oin
Platanus occidentalis
Abundance ClassOf Saplings
2
Shrubs and in~s Estimate of-’Abundance
Hydrangea arborescens
Herbaceo,~s Sp.ecie~
Aquilegia csnadensis
Cystopteris bulbifera
Heuchera puburela f. puburela
Nuhlenbergia sp.
Leersia virginic~
Pilea pumila
Adiant~m caoillis-veneris
A. pedstum
Agrostis perennans
Asp!enium p]atyneuron
Aster lateriYZorus
Bidens connata
E l~us virginicus
Hi strix i~atula
Leersia oryzoides
Lobelia siphilitica
Lycopus rube!lus
Lysimachia quadrifolia
Perilla fructescens
Polymnia canadensis
~olypodium polypioides vat.michauxisnum
555555
242.
IIerbaceous Soecies Estimate ofAbundance
Scutellaria ]ateriflora
Arisaema triphyllum
Cassia mari!andica
Cynoglossmn virginianu~
Geum canadense
Oxalis sp.
Rudbeckia laciniata
Sedum so.
Selaginella apoda
Thalictrum dioicum
Thaspium barbinode
Setaria viridis
Bryo~hytes and Lichens Substrate
Anomodon attenuatus Tree bases
Campylium chrysophyll~n Rock ledges
Conocephalum conicum
Brachytheci~ rivulare
Fissidens grandifrons
Narchantia polymorpha
Porella pinnata
Fissidens minutulus
Fontinalis filiformis
Hypnum curvifolium
Moist rocks
Rocks in river
Rocks in river
Moist rocks, edgeof river
Moist rocks, edgeof river
Rock ledges
Rocks in river
Trunk of sycamore
Abundance Class
555
333
Site 2 (150 x 50 feet) is located on the steep (ca. 45~)
slope above the bluff at an altitude of 800 to 860 feet. The
rocky, eroded, and probably slightly acid (pH sample lost) soil
supports a forest composed of a rich variety of trees that form
a closed canopy in ~..,~hich ?0-$05’~ of the sky is obscured by leaves
and branches. Idost of the dominant trees of Acer sacchar~,
~uercus~rinoides var. ac~inata, Q. rubra, Tilia ~ericana, and
Ulmus rubra are young ~ith only six individuals measuring over
6 inches d.b.h. ~he understory is composed of a large n~ber of
saplings of Acer sscchar~ and Z~raxinus ~ericana, and the small
tree species h~r.:?~nu~ caroliniam~, Comus florida, Junipe~us
virginisna, Ostrys virginiana and Staphylea trifolia. Vines,
particularly Dioscorea aS., l~arthenocissus quinquefolia, and Vitis
app., are abundsmt. ~l%s herbaceous ~lora is characteristic of
rich ~oodeq~ siopes and includes such species as Hepatica nobilis
var. acuta, Adiamt~ i~edat~, Aster amomalis, Aspleni~m plat~euron,
Gali~;~ circae~.~ams, ~olystich~ acrostichoides, and Ge~ canadense.
Bryophytes are conspicuous on the rocky soil and small boulder~
and consist princi~psl!y of_~r~oan~.ersonis illecebra, Bartr~ia
pomiformis, Ctnedi~ moilusc~, C~m-~p~!i~ chr~rsoohyl!u~, Thuidi~
recognitum, _~o~oc~_on sttenuatus, and A. minor, in addition
Haploh~eniwn trieste is ~ ~rec~uent on tree trunks. For a list
of the species present in Site 2, see Table 69.
Site ~ (i~ x .~_~ ~eet) is located on the upper part of the
steed (ca. z~o) slou~e at an elevation rsngin~ from 9~0 to 960 feet.¯ he soil is ero~S~.~ rocky, and acid (?~.~ 6.5-6.6). ~he forest
canopy is relati~e!y o0en ~rith 6~-.,_ ~ ?,,~ of the sky obscured by the
croatians of Aoer s-~cchs~rum~ Csryn~ overs, ~ra~znus americans, ~uerous
..... ’ ~ ~-~ le understory trees are Cercis
canadensi,?, Comus florida, Cstrya vir6iniana, and ~hamnus caro-
!Amiama. Viues~ suc]:~, as A~ ~_emooissus _,umnt~.uefolma and Dios-
corea so. are ]~articuiar!y abuudsnt. ~he herbaceous flora includes
a n~ber of,~,~,,~,~~?’~+~’" tha, t are tE,.,mcs.l" on u~~land_ mesic north facing
:,,r,aoded s~oae~] a~z~l imcl-~d,e such ta;¢~ as Antemnari~, lolanta~inifo!ia,
Hystri]c ~.:o~-~tua- .... ~ , ~;:~ .... ,~,,omc~, mobilis vat. acuta and ~emone virginiana.
~he bryo~?hyte~ .......... semt are smmm~c~r to those in Site 2. ~or a list
of the .~l,.~mt~ gro~;~in~~’ im ,ozte~,:;~ ,~ee_ ~ Table
TABLE 69
Floristic Composition of Station 28, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 42. Total basal area of alltrees = 12/~8 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity of Basal Area
Aoer rubrum
A. sac charum = ~’ ~
Amelanchier arborea
Asimina tri!obs
Carpinus caroliniana
Carya tomentosa 2.4
Cercis canadensis 2.#
Cornus florida 26.2
Fraxinus americana 2.4
Juniperus virginiana
Ostrya virginiana 4.8
Quercus prinoides 9.5var. acuminata
.~. rubra 4.8
Sassafras albidum
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana 9.5
Ulmus rubra ~4.8
Shrubs and Vines
1.01.0
1 .99.1
2.0
16.9
9.2
Estimate ofAbundance
Abundance Classof Sa~
2
2
2
4-
2
2
2
2
Dioseorea sp.
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Vitis aestiva!is
V. cinerea
IIerbaceous S2ecies
Hepatica acutiloba
Adiant~m pedatum
Asplenium rhizophy!lum
5
245.
69 (con
Herbaceous Species
Asplenium platyneuron
Aster anomalis
Gallium circaezans
Geum cans.dense
Nonarda russeliana
Polymnia canadensis
Polystichum acrostichoides
Prenanthes altissima
Senecio obovatus
Agrimonia sp.
Anemone virginiana
Asarum canadense
Panicum boscii
Solidago flexicaulis
Thaspium trifoliatum
Uvularia grandiflora
Campanula americana
Gerardia grandiflora
Veratrum woodii
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Bartramia pomiformis
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Campylium chrysophyllum
Ctnedium mol!uscum
Haplohymenium triste
Thuidium recognitum
Homomallium adnatum
Aulacomnium heterostichum
Climacium americanum
Leucobryum glauctm-~
Substrate
Shaded rocks
Shaded rocks
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Tree trunks
Rocky soil
Shaded rocks
Rocky s6il
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Estimate ofAbundance
4
4
4
Abundance Class
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2~6.
Fioristic Compositbn of Station 28, Sitenumber of measurable trees = 50.trees = 1666 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer ssccharum 25.5
Amelanchier arbores
Bumelia lanuginosa
Carya cordiformis
C. ovata 6.7
C. texans
C. tomentosa 5.5
Celtis occidenta!is
Cercis canadensis
Comus florida lO.O
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana 16.7
Juniperus virginiana
Ostrya virginiana
Ptelea trifoliata
Quercus alba 16.7~.~ prinoides var.
acuminata,~. rubrs 20.0
Rhamnus caro!iniana
Sassafras a].bid~n
Tilia americana
Ulmus rubra 5.3
Viburnum rufidulum
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Composition Abundance Classo’f Basal Area of Saplihgs
22.5
12.7 2
1.2 2
2.5 52
-
2
25.4
2~.9
1.72
Estimate of-Abundance
Parthenocissus quinquefo3ia
Dioscorea sp.
Rhus aromatics
5
¯AB~ 70 (CON’ ~)
Shrubs and Vines
Rhus radicans
Rosa Spo
Vitis aestivalis
Campsis radicans
Herbaceous Species
Agrimonia sp.
Anemone virginians
Antenarria plantaginifolia
Asplenium platyneuron
Aster anomalis
Brachye!ytrum erectum
Galium concinnum
Hepatica acutiloba
Hystrix patula
Panicum boscii
Silphium terebinthinaceum
Smilacina racemosa
Solidago u].mifolia
Uv-ularia perfo!iata
Asplenium rhizophy!!um
Blephi!a cil.iata
Cystopteris bulbifera
Ga!ium circaezans
Heliopsis heiianthoides
Triosteum pe~foliatum
Bromus purgans
Gerardia grandiflora
Passiflora lutea
Liatrus scabra
Estimate ofAbundance
333
3
3
332
2
2
1
247.
2.q-8 o
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Brachythecium serrulatum
Ctnedium molluscum
Thuidium delicatulum
Climacium americanum
,Hedwigia ciliata
,Leucobryum ~laucum
Substrate
Rocks and tree bases
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocks
Rocks, soil, and logs
Abundance Class
4-
249.
Site ~ (reconnaissance only) includes a relatively open
area (ca.)~ acre) near the ridge a~ian elevation o£ 990-1000
feet. Trees are scattered and judging from the number o£ fresh
cut stumps present, this area has been recently cut. The soil
is heavily eroded, rocky, and slightly alkaline (pH 7.2). Carya
tomentosa and ~uercus ve!utina are ~the most common trees still
standing, some of which are fairly large (up to !0 inches d.b.h).
Saplings of Pinus echinata, Quercus alba and Q. rubra are scattered
throughout the site, while the shrubs, Ceanothus americanus and
VacciniuJa sp., are abundant. In spite of the open nature of this
site, the number of herbaceous species is remarkably low. However,
this may be explained by the occurrence of a closed forest on this
area unit recently. For a list of the species present in site 4,
see Table 71.
Station 29 (20 September, 1969)
Hap 2}. (Sect. 14, T. 31N., R. 6
Station 29 (tree count only) is a low alluvial forest of
about ~ acres on the south side o£ the Current River just west
of ~ers Ferry. As this forest lies only }-~ feet above the river,
flooding is undoubtedly a common occurrence. The soil is sandy
and slightly acid (pH 6.8).
The canopy is relatively closed’with 60-80% of the sky
obscured by the cro}.~m dominants Acer saccharum, Celtis occiden-
talis, Praxinus americanus, Platanus occidentalis and quercus
macrocarpa. The understory is composed chiefly of Asimina
triloba, Lindera benzoin and saplings of Tilia americana. Near
the river young trees of P!atanus occidentalis are abundant.
A luxuriant undergrowth of herbaceous plants is present and
the dominant species are Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Leersia
virginica, Polygonum scandens, Vesb6sina helianthoides, Bidens
bipinnata, Cynoglossum virginianum, Impatiens biflora, Polygonum
punctatum, Scroph~laria marilandica’and Nuhlenbergia frondosa.
Near the base of the adjacent slope Laportea canadensis and
Asarum canadensis are abundant.
For a list of the species present in Station 29, see Table
250.
TABLE 71
Floristic Composition of Station 28, Site
Trees
Carya tomentosa
Cornus f!orida
Pinus echinata
Quercus alba
~. rubra
Q. velutina
Rhamnus caroliniana
Shrubs and Vines
Abundance Classo’f Saplihgs
4
Estimate of.... Abundance
Ceanothus americanus
Vaccinium sp.
Vitis aestivalis
Herbaceo,u,~ Species
Aster anomalus
A. patens
Cunila origanoides
Nonarda russeliana
Parthenium hispidum
Silphium terebinthinacium
Solidago ulmifolia
Tephrosis virginiana
Baptisia leucophaea
4
4
4
4
251.
TABLE 72
Floristic Composition of Station 29.measurable trees = 66.8355 sq. in.
Trees
Total number ofTotal basal area of all trees =
3.0
Sh~ubs and Vines.
RelativeDen’sit~
Acer saccharinum 12.0
Aesculus glabra 2.0
Asimina triloba 52.0
Carya cordiformis ~.~ 0
Celtis occidentalis 2.0
Fraxinus americana 8.0
Gleditisia triacanthos 2.0
Juglans nigra 6.0
Lindera benzoin
Platanus occidentalis 12.0
Quercus alba 3.0
Q. macrocarpa ll.O
Q. prinoides var. 2.0acuminata
Q. rubra 2. ~
Sassafras albidum
Tilia a~ericana
Ulmus rubra
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
13.8 -0.6 -
3.6 5
2.9 -
8.5 -
7.~ -
0.2 -
3.9 -
26.1
21.4 -
3.1 -
3.1 --
2
1.2 4
0.5 -
Estimate of- Abundance
Vitis aestivalis 3
Herbaceous Species
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Leersia virginica
Polygonum scandens
Verbesina helianthoides
Asarum canadensis
Bidens bipinnats
55~55
~AB~ 72 (C0n’ ~)
Herbaceous Species
Bidens connata
Cynoglossum virginianum
Eupatorium purpureum
E. rugosum
Geum canadensis
Impatiens bif!ora
Laportea canadensis
Nuhlenbergia frondosa
Perilla frutescens
Polygonum punctatum
Scrophularia marilandica
Verbena urticifolia
Cinna arundinacea
Lobelia siphilitica
Phryma leptostachya
Verbesina virginica
Phytolaca americana
Lactuca floridana
252.
Estimate ofAbundance
2
Station 30, Sites 1-3. (20 September, 1969)
Map 25 (SE % NW % Sect. 18, T. 28 N., R. 2 W.)
Station 30 is located at Rocky Creek Falls Shut-In, an area
where erosion by a surface stream has caused the exposure of
felsite, a resistant igneous bedrock of Precambrium Ryolite.
This particular area begins as a narrow valley above a cascading
falls and opens into a wider valley below the falls. The sites
studied were restricted to rocky exposures at and surrounding the
falls and to a rocky, NW facing slope SE of the falls.
Site I (reconnaissance only) includes the extensive open
felsite exposures surrounding the £alls as well as a low area
around the pool at the base of the falls (Figure 22). Few trees
occur on the open felsite around the falls except for those
species that have become established and survive in crevices.
These include Acer rubrum, Diospyros virginiana, Ulmus alata,
Rhus copallina and Amelanchier aborea. Other tree species include
Alnus serrulata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, and Platanus occi-
dentalis which are restricted to the low area surrounding the
pool, where they are abundant. Many of the herbaceous species
growing in site i are also restricted to the low, wet habitats
in or around the pool. These are :
Justica americana
Osmunda regalis
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Nuphar !uteum vat. ozarkanum
Panicum anceps
P. a~rostoides ,
Helenium autumnale
Leersia oryzoides
Circuta maculata
Vernonia ba!dwini
Uniola latifolia
Sagittaria latifolia
Lobelia cardinalis
Ludwigia alternifolia
Onoclea sensibilis
Oxypolis ~ir vat.ri-~idoir
Proserpinaca palustris
Viola ~a~ittata
Polygonum scandens
At this season of the year, a number of herbs are scattered through-
out the area of extensive rock exposures where they grow on soil
in small pockets, crevices, or on rock ledges. These are:
Andropogon scoparius Cassia fasciculata
Aristida dichotoma vat. curtsii Crotonopsis elliptica
255.
Talinum calycinum
Gaura biennis
Oxalis violacea
Between the edge of the pool and the rocky slope, there
is a mesic area of very rocky, sandy soil where the following
herbaceous species are found:
Pas~alum laeve var. pilosum
~anicum microcar~o~_~_~
P. boscii
Aster lateriflorus var.~ateriflorus
Cunila ori~anoides
Desmodium ri~idum
Lespedeza violacea
Solidago nemoralis
Solanum carolinianum
Di[itaria is chaemum
D. s anguinalis
Physoste~ia virginiana
For a list of the plants present in Site i, see Table 73.
Vernal collections made during 1962 and 1963 from this same
area indicate that the following species are likely to be present:
K.rigia biflora
K. dandeloin
Phacelia hirsuta
Planta~o vi~.ginic~.
Bryophytes are a conspicuous element of the flora of Site i
and collections made in 1962 and 1968 sho~ many species to be
particularly evident. These are:
On open, exposed felsite -
Grimmia pilifera
!. laevi~t__~a
Hedwigia ciliata
Entodon seductrix
On shaded rocks, rock ledges, and crevices -
Thuidium delicatulum
Pohlia nutsns
Iso~terygium eleKans
~annia fra~r~
~_ ~seudotriquetrum
Aulacomnium heterostichum
Leucobryum ~ucum
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Anomodon rostratus
Campylium chrysophyllum
Dicranum fulv~m
B__r~p.~eudotriquetrum
Bartramia pomiformis
Semato~hyllum carolinianum
Reboulia hemisphaerica
TABLE 73
2.56.
Floristic Composition ~of Station 30, Site 1.
Trees Abundance Class
Acer rubrum ~
A1nus serrulatum 4
Amelanchier arborea 4
Cephalanthus occidentalis 4
Diospyros virginiana 4
Platanus occidenta!is 4
Rhus copallina 4
Ulmus alata 4
Herbace,ous S~ecies Estimate~of-’Abundance
Justicia americana
Osmunda regalis
Andropogon scoparius
Aristida dichotoma var.curtissii
Aster lateriflorus vat.lateriflorus
Cassia fasiculata
Crotonopsis elliptica
Cunila origanoides
Cuscuta densiflora
Cyperus refractus
Desmodium rigidum
Dryopteris marginalis
Eupatorium perfo!iatum
G~ura biennis
Helenium autumna]e
Leersia oryzoides
Lespedeza violacea
Nuphar luteum
Panicum anceps
55
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
TABLE 73
Herbaceous Species
(CON’S)
Panicum microcarpum
P. philadelphicum
Sagittaria latifolialatifolia
Solidago nemoralis
Solanum carolinianum
Talinum parviflorum
Tridens f!avus
Brachyelytrum erectum
Circuta maculsta
Digitaria ischaemum
D. sanguinalis
Eleochar~.s obtusa
Lobelia cardina!is
Ludwigia alternifolia
Onoclea sensibilis
Oxalis violacea
Oxypolis rigidior var.
~anicum lanuginos~n
P. polysanthes
Paspalum laeve var.
Po!ygon~ scandens
Uniola ]atifo]ia
Panicum agrostoides
P. boscii
Proserpinaca palustris
Physostegia virginiana
Vernonia baldwini
Viola sagittata
var.
rigidior
pilosum
Estimate of’Abundance
4
4
4
333
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
257.
258.
On rocky soil -
Dicranum scoparium
D. sabuletorum
D. spurium
Polytrichum ~iperinum
Nnium cuspidatum
Tortella humilis
Atrichum an~ustatum
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Leucobryum glaucum
Thuidium delicatulum
Ctnedium molluscum
Climacium americanum
Brachythecium serrulatum
On tree trunks and decaying wood -
Or~hotrichum pusillum Drummondia ororepens
Haplohymenium triste Platygyrium repens
Frullania s~uarrosa
On moist soil and rocks at the edge of creek or falls -
Philonotis fontana
Fontinalis filiformis
~ ge~miparum
Conocephalum conicum
~mos~dens adianthoides
Site 2 (i00 x i00 feet) is located on the lower part of a
steep (ca. 30°), NW-facing, extremely rocky slope. Numerous
large angular boulders are scattered through the acid (pH 5.2-
6.4) soil where~, in fact, many are so large they form small bluffs
and ledges, The canopy is relatively open with only 40-60% of
the sky obscured by the crowns of the dominant trees ~uercus
alba, Pinus echinata, N~ s~ivatica var. caroliniana, ~uercus
rubra, and ~. velutina. Understory trees and vines are abun-
dant, especially such small tree species as Acer rubrum, Rhus
~o~allina, Vacciniumarboreum and Comus florida and such
vine species as Lonicera flava, Parthenocissus quinquefolia,
Rhus radicans and Smilax bona-nox. The herbaceous flora is
poor in number of species, although those present are numerous.
One fern species, Dryopteris mar~inal~.s., is restricted to shaded
rock ledges. For a list of taxa present in site 2, see Table 74.
Site 3 (reconnaissan~ only) is an open felsite glade near
the summit of the slope at an altitude of 880-920 feet. Flat
exposures of rock are extensive and ~vhat soil is present is
rocky and acid (pH 6.4), forming a shallow layer over the bedrock.
TABLE 7~
259.
Floristic Composition of Station 30, Site 2. Totalnumber of~measurable trees = 15. Total basal area of alltrees : 886 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer rubrum
Amelanchier arborea
Carya ovata
C. texans
C. tomentosa
Cornus florida
Juniperus virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica var.carolinians
Pinus echinata
Quercus alba
Q. rubra
Q. velutina
Rhus copallina
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus alata
Vaccinium arboreum
13.3 7.1
7.o 17.460.0 66.6
13.3 5.8
7.0 3.2
Shrubs snd Vines
o Compositionof Basal Area
Abundance Classof Saplings
2
2
2
Estimate ofAbundance
2
Lonicera f!ava
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus aromatics
R. radicans
Smilax ~na-nox
Herbaceous Species
Aster snomalus
Asplenium plstyneuron
Cunila origanoides
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Desmodium laevigatum
D. rigidum
Galium arkansanum
Panicum linearifolium
Solidago buckleyi
Arabis sp.
B!ephila ciliata
Dryopteris marginalis
Polyganum scandens
Prenanthes altiss,immm
Bryqphytes an$ LicNens
Cladonia so.
Dicranum scooarium.
Hedwigia ciliata
Leucobryum glaucum
Bryum caoillare
Dicranum sabu]etor~n
Polystichum juniperinum
Subatrate
ROcks
,Rocky.,soil
Rocks
Soil and rocks
Rocky ledges
Rock ledges
Rocky soil
4-
4
4
4
Ab~ndanc e
4
Class
260.
261.
Consequently, the soil is easily saturated by even small
amounts of rain, but like~ise, it dries out quickly. Under
such conditions trees are widely scattered, dwarfed in their
growth, and generally located along fissure lines where soil
conditions and thus moisture conditions, are more favorable.
Only a few species occur in this situation such as Ulmus ~lata,
Juniperus vir~$_n~ana, Car~3~ texans and Rhus copallina. Although
the herbaceous flora is poor in number of species, many of the
species present are extremely abundant, for example, AndropogOn
~, Gerardia tenuifoli__~a, CrotonoDsis elliptica and
Panicum philadelphicum. Several species of bryophytes and lichens
are also abundant. Mosses such as Hedwigia ciliata, Grimmia
~., as well as the lichen genus Cladonia, are restricted
to the rocks and thin soil of open rock e~osures. However, other
taxa, such as Dicranum ~co~~_~_, Pol_~trichum juniperin~um_, Entodon
seductrix and B_r~u~m_oseudotriauetr~_~_, are more frequent where
the soil layer is thicker. For a list of the species present
in site 3, see Table 75.
Station 31, Sites 1-2 (21 September, 1969)
~ap 26. (S ~ sect. ~, T. 31 N., R. 5 W.)
Station 31 is located on a north facing slope and ridge
about i/8 mile upstream from 2~ulltight Spring Compground (Figure
2~). Vertical bluffs o~~ dolomite (Eminence Formation) and exten-
sive rock !edces are present on the steeper parts of this slope.
Site i (150 x 50 feet) is situated near the summit of the
slope at an altitude of 760 to 820 feet and has a soil which
is rocky, eroded, and acid (pH 5.2-5.6). Nesr the upper part of
this site the slope is about I0°; however, toward its lower
side the slope becomes steep (ca. ~5~). The dominant trees,
consisting of ~uercus alba, rubra, ~. velutina, and ~ys~a
s~ivatica vat. carolinian~ form a relatively closed canopy with
60-70% of the sky obscured by leaves and branches. Understory
associates include such small tree species as Acer rubrum,
262.
TABLE 75
Floristic Composition of Station 30, Site 3.
Trees
Carya texana
Juniperus virginiana
Rhus copallina
Ulmus alata
Herbaceous S~ecies
Abundance Classof Saplings’
5
Estimate ofAbundance
Andropogon scoparius
Gerardia tenuifolia
Crotonopsis elliptica
Panicum philadelphicum
Acalypha gracilescens vat.monocca
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Aristida dichotoma var. curtisii
Asplenium platyneuron
Cheilanthes lanosa
Polygonum tenue
Cassia fasciculata
Talinum parviflorum
Bry?phytes and Lichens Substrste
Cladonia sp.
Grimmia laevigata
Bryum pseudotriquetrum
Dicranum scoparium
Hedwigia ciiiata
Polytrichumjuniperinum
Entodon seductrix
Thin soil
Open rocks
Thin soil
Thin soil
Open rocks
Thin soil
Thin soil androcks
5555
Abundance Class
554
4
4
Amelanchier aborea, Cercis canadensis, comus florida, Ostrya
virginiana and Sassafras albidum, as well]as numerous shrubs
and vines. In addition, saplings of Acer saccharum and Quercus .spD.
are abundant. The herbaceous flora is widely dispersed and includes
a number of species that are typical of upland sites with acid
soilso These are:
Galium arkans anum
Les~edeza intermedia
Antennaria ~olant a~ini£olia
Panicum dichotomum var. barbulatum
Danthonia spicata
Lespedeza cuneata
Desmodium nudiflorum
The bryophytes and lichens present are also characteristic of
upland forests with acid soils. For a list of these taxa, as
well as other plants present in site i, see Table 76.
Site 2 encompasses about a 200 foot wide strip extending
from the edge of the river (alt. ca. 720 feet) to the lower part
of site i (alt. ca. 760 feet). The slope is very steep, varying
from 80° to vertical. Thus, precipitous bluffs and rock ledges
are common. The soil is rocky and the pH ranges from 7.6 near
the river, to 7.2-7.4 on the steep slope and rock ledges. Here
the forest consists of such dominants as Quercus spp., Tilia
americana, and Acer saccharum and has a canopy which ranges
from open to relatively closed (~0-70% of sky obscured by leaves
and branches). Other tree associates include Acer saccharinum
and Platanus occidentalis along the river and Acer rubrum,
Fraxinus soo., ~Juglans ni~ra and ~ s~Ivatica var. carolin-
iana elsewhere° Understory trees are abundant and include
Bumelia lanuginosa~ Cornus florida~ Juniperus vir~iniana, Sassafras
a!bidu~, Asimina tri!oba, Lindera benzoin~ and Staphylea trifolia.
The last three species are more common on the lower slope.
Shrubs and vines are common throughout the site, and of the taxa
present, the shrub Hyd.~an~ arborescens and the vine Rhus
radicans, are the most abundant. The herbaceous flora recorded
for this area is diverse with many of the species more or less
restricted to-~..~et areas at the base of the slope or even in the
river. These are:
Boehmeria c_~lindrica Bidens connata
Justica americana Leersia oryzoides
265.
TABLE 76
Floristic Composition of Station 31, Site i. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 37. Total basal area of alltrees = 2624 sq. in.
Trees
Aoer rubrum
A. saccharum
Amelanchier arborea
Carya tomentosa
Cercis canadensis
Comus florida 8.0
Fraxinus americana
Juniperus virginiana
Nyssa sylvaticm vat. 5.0caroliniana
Ostrya virginiana
Pinus echinata
Quercus alba 57.0
Q. rubra 5.0
Q. velutina 5.0
Sassafras albid~n
RelativeDensit~
5.05.03.0
5.0
% Com~oosition Abundance Classof Basali Area ~
1.8 ’32.O 4
o.5 -32.9 ’3
1.7 ~2
2
ll.6 2
18.716.3
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of’~Abundance
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Vaccinium vacillans
Rhus aromatica
Dioscorea villosa
Physocarpus opulifolius
Rhus radicans
Vitis aestivalis
Rosa carolina
2
2
2
2
i
Herbac,eous Species
Antenaria plantaginifolia
Aster patens var.patentissimus
TABLE p6 (CON’ T)266.
IIerbaceous Species
Aster anomalus
Desmodium ciliate
Galium circaezans
Lespedeza intermedia
Monarda russeliana
Panicum dichotomum vat.barbulatum
Polysticum acrostichoides
Solidago hispida
Agrostis perennans
Aster cordifolius
Cunila originoides
Danthonia spicata
Desmodium nudiflorum
Galium coccinium
Lespedeza cuneata
Thalictrum dioicum
Thaspium trifoliatum
Aruncus dioicus
Asarum canadense
Cimicifuga racemosa
Galium arkansanum
Hieracium gronovii
Prenanthes altissima vat.cinnamomea
Bryophytes and Lichens
Atrichum angustatum
Bartromia pomiformis
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Cladonia sp.
Ctnedium molluscum
Thuidium delicatulum
Hedwigia ciliata
Substrate
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Rock
Estimate of"JAbundance
4
444
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
Abundance Class
4
4
4
4
4
4
267.
Onoclea sensibilis
Saururus cernuus
Solidago drummondii
Leersia virginica
Muhlenber~ia sp.
Equisetum hyemale vat. elatum
The shaded dolomitic bluffs and rocks harbo~ a number of
characteristic epilithic ferns such as Asplenium rhizoph~llum,
~. ruta-muraria vat. 9~ytt~ep_~, c_~.~o__pteris bulbifera, Pellaea
atropurpurea, and P. glabella. On the shaded soil ledges a number
of species typical of mesic north facing slopes occur. These
include:
Thalictrum dioicum
Adiantum oedatum
Desmodium ~lutinosum
Hepatica nobilis var. scuta
Polystichum acrostichoides
Aruncus dioicus
U~zularia perfoliata
Botrychium virginianum
Orchis spectabilis
Hydr!phyllum vir~.iana
In addition, collections made in the spring of 1962 indicate that
the following additional herbaceous species msy be found:
Ranunculus recurvatus Phacelia bipinnatifida
�~ripedium calceolus var.p~b~scens
Panax quinquefolium
Mosses are very common throughout the site with the species
Anomodon~attenuatus, A~ rostratus and Bryoandersonia illecebra
most conspicuous. Collections of bryophytes made in this same
area in 1962 indicate that the following taxa may also be present:
Ha__~qhymenium triste
Folytrichum ohioense
Thelia lescuri
Drummondii pr~repens
Dicranum sabuletorum
~. s~arium
Taxiphyllum~o~ilum
Conocephslum conicum
Gymnostomum so.
Tortella humilis
Atrichum undulatum
H~onum curvifo lium
Trunks of trees
Soil ledges
Soil ledges
Trunks of trees
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Shaded rocks
Moist rocks near river
Shaded vertical rocks
Shaded soil
Shaded soil
Shaded soil
A list of al! the plants observed in site 2 is presented in Table
TABLE 77
268.
Floristic Composition of Station 31, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 42. Total basal area of alltrees = 2154 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensit~
Acer rubrum 4.8
A. saccharinum 2.4
A. saccharum 14.3
Asimina triloba
Bumelia lanuginosa
Celtis occidentslis
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida
Fraxinus americana 9.5
F. quadrangulata 4.8
Juglans nigra 4.8
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benz6in
Nyssa sylvatica var. 2.4caroliniana
Ostrya virginiana
Platanus occidentalis 2.4
Quercus alba 2.4
Q. prinoides vat. 9.5acuminata
Q. rubra 19.1
Q. velutina 2.4
Sassafras albidum
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana 9.5
Shrubs and Vines
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Samplings
1.2 2
1.3 -
5.8 42
2
3.7 4
6.1 3
1.2 -
4.7 22
1.3 -
50.0
3.0
i~.3
Estimate of’Abundanc e
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus radicans
Dioscorea villosa
5
269.
Shrubs and Vines
Lonicera flava
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus aromatica
Rosa sp.
Vaccinium vacillans
Vitis aestivalis
Dioscorea quaternata
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Viburnum pruni£olium
Herbaceous Species
Boehmeria cylindrica
Thalictrum dioicum
Adiantum pedatum
Anemone virginicus
Asplenium rhizophyllum
A. ruta-muraria vat.cryptolepis
Aster anomolus
Brachyelytrum erectum
Cystopteris bulbifera
Desmodium glutinosum
Eupatorium rugosum
Galium concinnum
Hepatica acutiloba
Heuchera puberula
Justicia americana
Lespedeza cuneata
Onoclea sensibilis
Panicum sp.
Pellaea atropurpurea
Polystichum acrostichoides
Saururus cernuus
Estimate ofAb~undance
3
32
2
1
55
4
4
4
4
4
4-
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
270.
TABLE 77 (CON’T)
Herbaceous Species
Solidago flexicaulis
Aruncus dioicus
Bidens connata
Desmodium nudifolium
Leersia oryzoides
L. virginica
Nuhlenbergia sp.
Prenanthes altissima
Silphium asteriscus
Smilacina racemosa
Teucrium canadense vat.virginicum
Uvularia perfoliata
Botrychium virginianum
Pellaea glabella
Polygonum hydropiperoides
Equisetum hyemale vat.elatum
Estimate ofAbundance
33
33
3
2
2
I
P
271.
Station 32. (21 September, 1969)
Nap 26. (S ~ Sect. 3~, T. 31 N., R. 5 W.)
Station 32 (tree count only) is a large gravel bar (ca. 3
acres) located about 1/4 mile uostream from Pulltight Spring
Campground. The upper end of this bar is largely composed of
gravel in which numerous "~ash-outs" have developed, especially at
the bases of trees pushed over by flood waters. The lower end
of this bar is predominantly muddy and gradually merges with the
river (Figure 24). The center of this bar is 3-5 feet higher than
the river, has a sandy alluvial soil, and is heavily wooded. The
pH of the soil ranges from 6.8 along the muddy edges to 7.0 in
the center of the bar.
Next to the river the woody flora consists mainly of Salix
caroliniana, ~. ni~, and small saplings of Platanus occidentalis.
In the center of the bar, ~here a deep layer of alluvial soil is
developed, the forest is dense and closed with 80% of the sky
obscured by leaves and branches. Although a number of tree species
are present, the dominant species is~obviously Platanus occiden-
talis, with a conservative estimate of several hundred saplings
of this species considered to be present. The shrub ~ymphoricarpasorbicularis and the vine Parthenocissus Quinquefolia are the
leading understory species.
The herbaceous flora on this bar is very rich in species and
many are very abundant. A list of the taxa present at this
station, presented in Table 78, consists not only of the woody
taxa, but also of the herbaceous species according to the area
of the bar where they most often occurred (i.e., in water at
the edge of bar, low wet muddy areas at lower end of bar, drier
open gravel areas, and sandy alluvial soil of the wooded center of
the bar).
Station 33, Sites 1-6. (27 September, 1969)
Nap 27. (Sect. z~, T. 30 N., R. 5 W.)
Station ~,~ is !ocated on the west side of the Current River
about ~ mile below4 Pulltight Spring on a long, moderate (ca. 25-}©°)~
272.
TABLE 78
Floristic Composition of Station 32. Total number ofmeasurable trees = 98. Total basal area of all trees =3226 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer negundo
A. saccharinum ~.0
Betula nigra 2.0
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana
Juglans nigra
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Platanus occidentalis 86.0
Rhamnus lanceolata
Salix caroliniana 8.0
o. nigra
Ulmus rubra
Shrubs and Vines
% Compositionof Basal Area
81.2
12.8
Abundance Classof Sa lip~
2
2
1
2
1
5+1
5
Estimate ofAbundance
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus glabra
Rosa sp.
Rhus radicans
Rubus sp.
5
~,~. 78 (co~’ ~)
Herbaceous Species
273.
Agrostis sp.
Ceratophyll~m sp.
Cuphaea perfoliata
Digitaria ischaemum
D. sanguinalis
Elodea nuttallii
Eleocharis sp.
Leersia oryzoides
Lespedeza cuneata
Ludwigia palustris
Oenothera biennis
Oxalis stricta
Pilea pumila
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus
Setaria viridis
Solidago sip.
Scirpus americanus
Vernonia crinita
Acalypha rhombo idea
Amaranthus hybridis
Andropogon scoparius
Aristida dichotoma vat. curtissii
Artemesia annua
A. caudata
5
5
5~
5
555
5
5
5
Amsinckia sp.
5
5
5
~ o
H~
5
2’74.
TABLE(CON’S)
Herbaceous Species
Aster pilosus
Bidens connata
B. bipinnata
Cassia fasciculata
Croton monanthogynus
Cyperus rivu!aris
C. refractus
Daucus carota
Elephantopus carolinianus
Erechtites hieracifo~ia
Eupatorium coelestinum
E. rugosum
Euphorbia dentata
E. maculata
Froelichia gracilescens
Gaura biennis
Helenium amarum
Impatiens capensis
Justicia americana
Leersia virginica
Lepidium sp.
Lespedeza stipulacea
Nuhlenbergia sp.
Polygonum hydropiperoides
Rudbeckia triloba
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
o~
~o~o¯ ~ 0
~ o~o~~ ¯
~oe
4
4
4
4
4
275.
~AB~ 78 (CON’ ~)
Herbaceous Species
Rumex sp.
Sagittaria sp.
Saponaria officinalis
Setaria viridis
Solidago nemoralis
Sporobolus clandestinus
Verbascum thapsus
Verbena stricta
V. urticifolia
Veronica commosa
Xanthium chinense
Achillea millefolium
Ambrosia trifida
Bidens cernua
B. frondosa
Campanula americana
Cenchrus longispinus
Commelina sp.
Chenopodium standleyanum
Echinochloa muricata
Elymus virginicus
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Helenium autumnale
Kickxia elantine
Lysimachia nummularia
Oenothera biennis
Z o
3
33
¯ H hO
1
Herbaceous SDecies~
276 ¯
l~anicum dichotomiflorum
P. lamuginosum
Penthorum sedoides
Solanum americ anum
Sorghastrum nutans
Verbesina helianthoides
Eclipta alba
Echinochloa crus galli
Hieracium gronovii
Iresine rhizomatoss
Nirabilis nycta~inacea
Panicum agro stoides
Plantago lanceolata
Parietaria pensylvanica
Silphium perfoliatum
Thalictrum revolutum
Barbarea vulgaris
Cinna arundinacea
Panicum capillaris
I°. philadelphicum
Solanum carolinianum
Sorghum halepense
,, I
o
3
2
2
2
@
0 ~D
3
2
I
i
i
i
i
3
2
2
279.
TABLE, 79
Floristic Composition of Station 33, Site 1. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 58. Total basal area of alltrees : 3203 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity of Basal Area
Asimina triloba
Carya cordiformis 19.0
Celtis occidentalis 5.0
Cercis canadensis 2.0
Diospyros virginiana 3.0
Fraxinus americana 3.0
Gleditsia triacanthos 3.0
Juglans cinerea 5.0
J. nigra 12.0
Lindera benzoin
Platanus occidentalis 9.0
Ptelia trifoliata
Quercus alba 3.6
Q. prinoides vat. lO.Oacuminata
Q. rubra
Rhamnus csreliniana
Sassafras albidum 9.0
Tilia americana 2.0
Ulmus rubra lO.O
Abundance Classof Saplings
521.2 4
6.1 3
o.9 21.O 2
5.5 2
2.7 4
1.4 -
10.8 4
11.2 4
2
-
8.6 }
5-9 2
2
5.3 42.5 -
6.3 4
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Dioscorea quarternata
Smilax bona-nox
S. tanmoides var. hispida
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Campsis radicans
Vitis aestivalis
54
4
4
4
278.
east-facing slope that rises 340 feet from a broad alluvial
plain (elev. 720 feet) to a narrow ridge (elev. 1060 feet).
Because of the extensive nature of this slope, six sites were
required to obtain an adequate sample.
Station 1 (tree count only) is an old abandoned field
approximately 4.5 acres in size on the highest terrace, 6-7 feet
above the river. The soil is sandy and circumneutral (pH 7.0)
and trees are widely scattered, forming a canopy of 20-40%.
A wide variety of tree species are present, but the dominant
species are Carya cordiformis, Juglans nigra, Platanus occiden-
talis, Quercus prinoides vat. acuminata, Q. alba, and Q. rubra.
The leading understory woody species are the small trees Asimina
triloba, Lindera benzoin, Sassafras albidum, as well as saplings of
Gleditsia triacanthos and the dominant trees. Shrubs and vines
are common, particularly the vines Parthenocissus quinquefolia,,
Dioscorea quarternata, and Smilax spp. and the shrub Symphori-
carpos orbicularis. The herbaceous flora is rich in species and
includes the following taxa that typically grow in worn out, old
fields: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Digitaria sanguinalis, Tridens
flavus, Verbascum thaosas, Achillea millefolium, Elephantopus
carolinianus, inaphalium obtusifolitun and Erigeron canadensis.
However, the remainder of the herbs present are typical of
open alluvial soils. For a list of the species present in site l,
see Table 79.
Site 2 (150 x 50 feet)~is located at the base of the slope
at an elevation of 720-740 feet, ~here the soil is a sandy loam
and slightly acid (pH 6.8). Numerous large boulders of a cherty
dolomite (Eminence Formation) are present and the canopy is closed
with 80% of the sky obscrued by the crowns of the following domi-
nant trees: Carya cordiformis, Juglans cinerea Quercus alba and
~. prinoides var. acuminata. The understory is composed largely
of the small tree species Cercis canadensis, Lindera benzoin, and
Sassafras albidum. The vine Vitis aestivalis is very abundant,
climbing over the small trees and up into the crowns of the
dominant trees. The leading species of the rich herbaceous flora
are Asarum canadensis and Senecio obovatus. Mosses are conspi-
cuous on the moist shaded rocks. For a list of the plants present
TABLE 79 (CON’ T)
280.
Herbaceous Speci~
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Elephantopus carolinianus
Eupatorium rugosum
Geum canadensis
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Rudbeckia triloba
Acalypha virginica
Achillea mille[olium
Agrimonia pubescens
Aster cordifolius
A. drummondii
A. pilosus
Bidens bipinnata
Bromus purgans
Cassia nictitans
Cyperus refractus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Elymus virginicus
Eupatorium colestinum
Euphorbia dentata
E. maculata
Lobelia siphilitica
Muhlenbergia schreberi
Oxalis stricta
Panicum boscii
P. dichotomum vat. barbulatum
Perilla frutescens
Polygonum hydropiperoides
Prunella vulgaris
Tridens flavus
Uniola latifolia
Verbesina virginica
Vernonia crinita
Ambrosia trifida
Estimate of--Abundance
5
55
3
281.
TABLE 79 (CON’T)
Herbaceous Species
Aster simplex var. interior
A. lateriflorus
Erigeron canadensis
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Hystrix patula
Leersia vir~inica
Panicum sp.
Polygonum scandens
Solidago altissima
Thalictrum revolutum
Verbascum thapsus
Verbena urticifolia
Anemone virginiana
Aster sagittifolius
Iresine rhizomatosa
Botrychium virginianum
Cassia marilandica
Physostegia virginiana
Polygonum coccineum
Scrophularia marilandica
Scutellaria incana
Setaria viridis
Teucrium canadense var.virginicum
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
282.
in site 2, see Table 80.
Site 3 (150 x 50 feet) is located on’the lower mid,slope at
an elevation of 800-830 feet. Many large boulders of a sandy
dolomite (Gasconade Formation?) are scattered throughout on the
rocky, acid (pH 6.4) soil. The canopy is ~ariable, ranging from
20-60% of the sky obscrued by leaves and branches of Quercus spp.,
the dominant species. Except for two large trees, Quercus alba
(d.b.h. 15 in.) and ~. prinoides var. acuminata (d.b.h. 17 in.),
the trees are relatively small (d~b.h.~8 in.) and scattered.
Understory associates include the small tree species Bumelia lamu-
~_~_gs__~a, Rhamnus carolinian~, and Ulmus alata. Vines, particularly S~
lax so~., C~_~radicans, and Rhus radicans, form extensive and
at times almost impenetrable thickets. Herbaceous species are
abundant, especially in the open rocky areas, with 2 g~nera of the
Compositae, So___l~ida~p and As__t~, very common at this season of the
year. Solidago buckle~, for example, dominates the a~eas where
thin soil has accumulated on the surface of large boulders, a
habitat it shares ~ith EuDhorbma corollata, ~splenium platyneuron,
and Bromus up_~_~ya~_~ns. The following mosses are present on large
boulders: Anomodon attenuatus, Hedwigia ciliata, Entodon seductrix,
and Grimmia pilifera. For a list of the ts~a present in site 3,
see Table 81.
Site ~ (150 x 50 feet) is located in a glade area on the
upper mid-slope at an elevation of 900-930 feet ~here the soil
is very rocky and circumneutral (pH 6.9). Trees are fev~ and widely
scattered, consequently the canopy is only 20-~0%. Quercus prinoides
vat. acuminata, ~. rubra, and Ulmus americana are the dominant
trees present, ~hile Cornus florida, Sassafras a!bid~um~, and
Viburnum prunifolium are the leading small tree species. The
remainder of the understory includes Rhus aromatica and Ceanothus
americana, the dominant shrubby taxa, as well as the vines Smilax
bona-nox and Parthenocissus ~__inquefolia which are very abundant
and, as in site 3, form almost impenetrable thickets. The her-
baceous flora is characteristic of open glade forests and the
dominant species are Galium concinn~m, Rudbeckia hirta, ~ilphium
terebinthinaceum, Aster Drealtus, Houstonia ni~ricans, Helio~sis
helianthoid_~es and Panicum boscii. Bryophytes are common, espe-
TABLE 80
283.
Floristic Composition of Station 33, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 32. Total basal area of alltrees = 1221 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity of Basal Area
Acer saccharum
Asimina triloba
Carya cordiformis 19.0
Celtis occidentalis 3.0
Cercis canadensis 3.0
Comus florida
Fraxinus americana 3.0
Juglans cinerea ]_6.0
Juniperus virginiana 3.0
Lindera benzoin ....
Quercus alba 13.0
Q. prinoides vat. 25.0acuminata
Q. velutina 3.0
Sassafras albidum 6.0
Tilia americana 3.0
Ulmus rubra 3.0
Abundance Class
529.5 -
1.6 3z.6 5
2
2.3 3
21.0 -
6.4 -
15.3 -
12.6 4
2.3 --
2.6 4
3.2 -
1.6 -
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of’Abundance
Vitis aestivalis
Campsis radicans
Smilax bona-nox
S. tamnoides var. hispida
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Dioscorea quaternata
Herbaceous Species
Asarum canadensis
Senecio obovatus
Agrostis perennans
5+
4
4
4
55
TABLE 82
Floristic Composition of Station 33, Site 4. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 17. Total basal area of alltrees : 626 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum
Carya cordiformis 6.0
C. tomentosa
Celtis tenuifoiia
C. occidents!is
Cercis canadensis 6.0
Cornus florida 23.6
Crataegus sp.
Diospyros virginiana ....
Juniperus virginiana 6.0
Pinus echinata
Quercus marilandica
Q. prinoides vat. 41.0acuminata
q. rubra 12.0
Rhamnus caroliniana
Rhus copallina ....
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus americana 6.0
Viburnum prunifolium
Shrubs and. Vines
% Com~)ositiondf Basal Area
Abundance Classbf Saplings
2
2.0
I.I
11.2
5~4.9
2
2
!
2
i
I0.7
18.1
Estimate ofAbundance
2
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Smilax bona-nox
Ce~othus ~ericanus
Rhus aromatica
R. radicans
Vitis aestivalis
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
55
285.
Herbaceous Species
Asplenium platyneuron
Bidens bipinnata
Botrychium virginianum
Cimicifuga racemosa
Eupatorium rugosum
Galium concinnum
G. obtusum
Geum canadensis
Muhlenbergia schreberi
Panicum boscii
Pilea pumila
Polemonium reptans
Sanicula canadensis
Silene stellata
Aster drummondii
Campanula americana
Collinsonia canadensis
Cryptotaenia canadensis
Cystopteris fragilis
Desmodium laevigatum
Elephantopus carolinianus
Galium circaezans
Oxalis stricta
Passiflora lutea
Perilla frutescens
Prenanthes altissima
Salvia lyrata
Polymna canadensis
Solidago ulmifolia
Thalictrum revolutum
Iresine rhizomatosa
Scrophu!aria marilandica
Silphium perfoliatum
Estimate ofAbundanc e
AI.
Zl.
33
3
33
2
2
2
2
2
2
286.
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Nnium cuspidatum
Brachythecium oxycladon
Entodon seductrix
Substrate
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Abundance Class
TABLE 81
287.
Floristic Composition of Station 33, Site 3. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 31. Total basal area of alltrees = 972 sq. in.
Trees
Acer sacoharum
Bumelia lanuginosa
Carya cordiformis
C. texana
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida 9.7
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana 3.2
Juniperus virginiana 3.2
Quercus alba 12.9
Q. prinoides var. 19.4acuminata
Q. rubra 19.4
Q. velutina 3.2
Rhamnus caroliniana 6.5
Ulmus alata 6.5
RelativeD~ns
3.2
3.2
6.53.2
Composition~asal Ar~a
1.3
1.32.6
2.1
1.3
5.1
23.729.8
19.6
2.9
1.7
4.9
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Abundance Classof Saplings
5
3
Smilax bona-nox
S. tamnoides vat. hispida
Campsis radicans
Ceanothus americanus
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus aromatica
R. radicans
Vitis aestivalis
5+5
288.
Herbaceous Species
Acalypha rhomboidea vat.rhomboidea
Anemone virginiana
Aster praealtus
A. sagittifolius
Bromus purgans
Galium concinnum
Geum canadense
Monarda russeliana
Panicum boscii
Solidago buckleyi
S. drummondii
S. ulmifolia
Uvularia perfoliata
Verbesina virginica
Asplenium platyneuron
Aster drummondii
Desmodium glutinosum
Eupatorium rugosum
Euphorbia corollata
Galium obtusum
Gaura biennis
Gerardia grandiflora
Rudbeckia triloba
Aster anomolus
Desmodium rigidum
Prenanthes altisima
Aster patens
Campanula americana
Euphorbia maculata
Heliopsis helianthoides
Tridens flavus
Estimate ofAbundance
3
1
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Hedwigia ciliata
Entodon seductrix
Grimmia pilifera
Substrate
Rocks
Rocks
Soil androcks
Rocks
Abundance Class
289.
290.
cially on the exposed rocks and tl.ee trunks.
species present in site 4, see Table 82.
For a list of the
Site 5 (I00 x I00 feet) is an open forest (canopy 20-30%)
situated just below the ridge at an altitude of 970-990 feet.
Here the soil is rocky and circumneutral (pH 6.9) and the domi-
nant trees are Carya texana, Pinus echinata and ~uercus
including rather large individuals of Pinus echinata (d.b.h. 15
and 16 in.) and Quercus stellata (d.b.h. 17 and 19 in.). The
understory is dominated by the vines Parthenocissus quinquefolia,
Rhus radicans and Smilax bona-nox. The leading herbaceous taxa
are Danthonia s_~_~ata, Potentilla simplex, Tephrosia yirginiana,
Asplenium platyneuron, Aster ~rae~ltus, Liatrus squarrosa,
Parthenium hi~p__idum, Silphium asteriscus, ~. terebinthinaceum
and Solida~o ulmifolia. Exposed rocks are covered by the
abundant growth of the mosses Grimmia pilifera and Hedwi~ia
ciliata. For a list of the species noted in site 5, see Table 83.
Site 6 (tree count only) is located on the narrow ridge
at the summit of the slope (alt. ca. 970-990 feet). The area
of the ridge sampled has a lO° slope to the north and its
soil is eroded, thin, rocky and acid (pH 5.2). Trees are
numerous and form a canopy of 60-80%. The dominant tree species,
Carla texana, Pinus echinata, ~uercus alba, ~. rubra, and ~.
stellata, are characteristic of a pine-hardwood climax (sensu
Steyermark, 1940). The trees are variable in size and with
only one exception, saplings of the dominants are present in
the understory. Cratae6us sp., Comus florida, and Sassafras
albidum are the dominant understory trees, while Vaccinium
vacillans is the most common shrub present. The herbaceous
flora is sparce but does include abundant individuals of the
specie~s Danthonia soic~t_~a, Antennaria planta~i~ifolia, Aster
patens, Nonarda russeliana, Sil~hium terebinthinaceum, and
Tephrosia vir~iniana. Dicranum ~ is the most common
moss present on the rocky soil. For a list of the species
noted in site 6, see Table 8z~.
Station 34. (27 September, 1969)
Nap 27. (SE 34 Sect. 33, T. 31 N., R. 5 W.)
Station 34 is a very steep SE-facing slope and bluff
TABLE 82 (CON’T)
291.
Shrubs and Vines
Rhus glabra
Rubus sp.
Passiflora lutea
Herbaceous Species
Galium concinnum
Rudbeckia hirta
Silphium terebinthinacium
Aster praealtus
Anemone virginiana
Cacalia atriplicifolia
Cirsium altissimum
Coreopsis palmata
Helianthus hirsutus
Heliopsis hel~anthoides
Houstonia nigricans
Lechea sp.
Monarda russeliana
Panicum boscii
Vernonia baldwini
Aster drummondii
Berlandiera texana
Bromus purgans
Elymus virginicus
Eupatorium altissimum
Eryngium yuccifolium
Oenothera biennis
Tripsaeum dactyloides
Cassia nictitans
Onosmoditun subsetosum
Ruellia peduneulata
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
i
555
2
2
1
292.
TABLE 82 (CON’T)
Bryophytes and Lichens
Grimmia apocarpa
Hedwigia ciliata
Campylium chrysophyllum
Fissidens subbasilaris
Leucodon julaceus
Thelia hirtella
Substrate
Rocks
Rocks
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Tree trunks
Bases oftrees
Abundance Class
293.
TABLE 83
Floristic Composition of Station 33, Site 5.number of measurable trees = 15.trees = ll60 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Bumelia lanuginosa
Carya texana 20.0
Celtis tenuifolia
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida
Crataegus sp.
Diospyros virginiana
Juniperus virginiana
Pinus echinata 13.0
Quercus alba
Q. prinoides vat. 13.0acuminata
Q. rubra 33.0
Q. stellata 13.0
Q. velutina 7.0
Rhus copallina
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus rubra
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area 0f Saplings
2
3.9 4
2
2
2
32.7 3
2
13.544.0
1.7
Estimate ofAbundance
2
Rhus radicans
Smilax bona-nox
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus aromatica
Ceanothus americanus
Dioscorea quaternata
Vitis aestivalis
Rhus glabra
55+
1
29~.
Herbaceous Species
Danthonia spicata
Potentilla simplex
Tephrosia virginiana
Asplenium platyneuron
Aster praelatus
Desmodium sp.
Houstonia nigricans
Lespedeza sp.
Liatrus squarrosa
Parthenium hispidum
Silphium asteriscus
S. terebinthinaceum
Solidago ulmifolia
Coreopsis palmata
Geum canadense
Ratibida pinnata
Solidago nemoralis
Agave virginica
Baptisia leucophaea
Gaura biennis
Liatris cylindracea
Onosmodium subsetosum
Thaspium trifoliatum
Aster drummondii
A. patens
Eryngium yuccifolium
Matelea baldwyniana
Bryophytes and Lichens
Grimmia pilifera
Hedwigia ciliata
Substrate
Rocks
Rocks
Estimate ofA~dance
55
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
Abundance Class
5
295.
TABU 84
Floristic Composition of Station 55, Site 6. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 54. Total basal area of alltrees = 3529 °~ in
Trees RelativeDens ity
Carya texana 7.0
Celtis occidentalis
Comus florida 2.0
Crataegus
Fraxinus americana 4.0
Jug!ans nigra 2.0
Pinus echinata 17.0
quercus alba 15.0
Q. marilandica 15.0
. prinoides vat. 2.0acuminata
Q. rubr a 6. O
Q. stellata ,~.~.0
~. ve!utina
Sassafras albidum
~hrubo and Vines
O! ",~ Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
i
o.7
!.2 -
1.1 2
20.9 4
L~
3.o17.9
Estimate ofAbundance
Vaccinium vacillans
Rhus g!abra
Herbaceous S~ecies
Dsnthonia spicata
Antennaria p].antaginifolia
Aster patens
Nonarda russeliana
Si!phitm~ terebinthinaceum
Tephrosia virginiana
Aster anomalus
A. !inariifolius
5
TABLE 84 (CON’ T )
Herbaceous Species
Baptisia leucophaea
Cassia fasciculata
Coreopsis palmata
Cunila origanoides
Thaspium trifoliatum
Bryophytes and Lichens
Dicranum scoparium
Hedwigia ciliata
Leucobryum glaucum
Substrate
Rocky soil
Rocks
Rocky soil
Estimate ofAbundance
Abundance Class
296.
297.
near Pulltight Spring and at its base a small spring emerges
from a crevice in the vertical rock and flows directly into the
river. Because of the precipitous nature of this area, the
data for this station was obtained by study with field glasses
from across the river.
The height of this bluff and steep slope is approximately
90 feet and vertical exposures of a cherty dolomite (Eminence
Formation) alternate with very steep and narrow talus slopes.
The tree that appears to be dominant from the base to the s~mmit
is Quercus prinoides vat. acuminata. Tree associates of the
lower slope are Ace_~r saccharinum,A, saccharum, Tilia americanum,
Ulmus rubra, Alnus serrulata, Asimina triloba, Lindera benzoin,
and Platanus occidentalis. On the steep ledges and bluffs of
the mid slope Asimina triloba, Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida,
and C. drummondii are the dominant understory trees. Near the
top on the upper bluffs and ridge Quercus alba, Q. rubra and
Celtis tenuifolia share dominance with Quercus p~inoides var.
acuminata.
The shrub Hydr...angea arborescens is abundant on the mid to
upper slope, especially in crevices of the vertical rocks, while
the vine Vitis aestivalis is abundant throughout the bluffs and
slopes. Along the edge of the river the shrub Ph~socarpus
opulifolius is conspicuous.
The herbaceous flora visible was mostly that ,near the edge
of the river or on the bluffs. Justica .a~. ericana, Ss~z~rus
cernuus, Onoclea sensibilis, Uniola latifolia and Leersia
oryzoides are abundant in or near the river, while Adiantum
capillus-veneris is abundant on the moist vertical rocks above
the spring. On the bluffs and rock ledges Heuchera sp.,
Aquilegi~ canad~sis, Solidago radula and Lobelia siphilitica are
conspicuous. The moss G,ymnostomum sp. forms extensive tufa on
the moist vertical bluffs. For a list of the species noted at
Station 34, see Table 85.
298.
TABU 85
Floristic Composition of Station 34.
TAXA ABUNDANCE CLASSLower Bluff Mid-Bluff Upper Bluff,and Slope and Slope Slope and Ridge
Trees
Acer saccharinum
A. saccharum
Alnus serrulata
Asimina triloba
Celtis tenuifolia
Cercis canadensis
Comus drummondi
C. florida
Diospyros virginiana
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Platanus occidentalis
Quercus alba
Q. prinoides vat.acuminata
Q. rubra
Tilia americana
Ulmus rubra
Shrubs and Vines
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissusquinquefolia
Physocarpus opulifolius
Sy-mphoricarposorbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
3
1
2
3
i
1
2
2
Herbaceous Plants
Adiantum capillus-veneris
Aquilegia canadensis
5
299 ¯
Herbaceous Plants
¢~ 85 (co~,¢)
and. Slope and. SlopeUpper Bluff,Slop,e and Ridge
Aster lateriflorus
Heuchera sp.
Justicia americana
Leersia oryzoides
Lobelia siphilitica
Onoclea sensibilis
Saururus cernuus
Solidago radula
Uniola latifolia
33
300.
Station 35. (27 September, 1969)
(Sect. 3, T. 30 N., R. 5 W.)
Station 35 is limited to the cleared right-of-w~yalong the
unpaved road leading to Pulltight Spring Campground. The soil
is rocky and supports a weedy herbaceous flora that is, at this
time of year, dominated by the following members of the family
Compositae:
Aster anomalus
~. pilosus
A. drummondii
Erechtites hieracifolia
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Eri~eron strigosus
Solidago arguta
S. nemoralis
Other species that are also very conspicuous include Acalypha
virginica, Lobelia inflata and Lespedeza stuevei vat. stuevei.
For a complete list of the plants found at this station, see
Table 86.
Station 36 (27 September, 1969)
Nap 28. (Sect. 20, T. 30 N., R. 4 W.)
Station 36 consists of a single site sample (150 x 50 feet)
in a river bottom forest across from the mouth of the spring
branch of Round Spring. It is on the first terrace, about
lO-12 feet above the Current River (Figure 25). The soil is
well drained, sandy and slightly acid (pH. 6.4).
The dominant trees of this forest are Acer sacchartun, ~uercus
coccinea, Q. prinoides vat. acuminata, Tilia americana, and Ulmus
rubra. These trees, together with Carya cordiformis and Fraxinus
app. form a closed (ca. 80%) canopy. The understory is composed
of numerous small trees of Asimina triloba, Car~inus caroliniana,
Celtis occidentalis, Comus florida,Lindera benzoin, Sassafras
albidum, Viburnum prunifolium and saplings of the crown dominants.
Several vines trail over the undergro~th and up into the crown
of the forest and include Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Campsis
radicals, Rhus radicans, Smilax bona-nox, S. ~amnoide8 var.hispida,
S. herbacea, and Vitis aestivalis.
The herbaceous flora is abundant and forms a luxuriant
301.
TABLE 86
Floristic Composition of Station 35.
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Acalpha virginica
Aster anomalus
A. Pilosus
Erechtites hieracifolia vat.hieracifolia
Lobilia inflata
Aster drummondii
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Lespedeza stuevei var.stuevei
Solidago arguta var. arguta
S. nemoralis
Agrostis perennans
Desmodium paniculatum
Digitaria ischaemum
Erigeron strigosus
Panicum capillare
Nuhlenbergia frondosa
555
54
4
4
4
4
3
32
303.
growth on the shaded alluvial soil. The most prominent species
are Carex Sp., Oxalis stricta, Ambrosia .~r~emisiifolia, ~lephanto~us
carolinianus, Eupatorium rugosum, Galium triflorum~ Panicum boscii,
Perilla frutescens, Polygonum s~p., Rudbeckia triloba, Tridens
flavus, and Verbesina spp.
The only three bryophytes recorded for this station are
Anomodon attenuatus, Entodon seductrix, and Leskea ~racilescens.
However, all three are common on fallen logs and the bases and
trunks of trees.
For a list of the plants present in Station 36, see Table 87.
Station 37, Sites 1-2. (27 September, 1969)
Nap 28. (Sect. 20, T. 20 N., R. 4 W.)
Station 37 is located on the gravel bar adjacent to the
Current River and north of the spring branch of Round Spring~,
Round Spring State Park. A low, very wet part of the bar (site l)
and an old agraded part of the bar (site 2) are included in this
sample.
Site i is a small (ca. 25 x 15 feet) island gravel bar at
the mouth of the sp~ing bran~. The soil is a very wet gravel
mixed with sand that has a pH of 7.0. The entire bar is undoubtedly
subject to frequent flooding as it is less than one foot above the
river. The vegetation of this bar is dense and predominately
herbaceous. However, the woody taxa Salix caroliniana, Populus
deltoides (saplings) and Fraxinus quadrangulata (saplings) are
present. With the exceptions of Nasturtium officinale, ~cirpus
americanus, S. validus vat. creber and Veronica comosa that are
growing mainly in the shallow water at the edge of the bar, the
herbaceous species are scattered throughout the site. For a list of
the plants found in site l, see Table 88.
Site 2 (tree county only) is an old grave! bar (5-8 feet above
the river) that has several open areas alternating with elongated
clusters of trees (Figure 26) and has a soil that is sandy and
slightly alkaline (pH 7.2). Small trees of Salix caroliniana
and Platanus occidentalis are extremely numerous along the edge
of the bar adjacent to the river. Along the spring branch and
30#.
TABLE 87
Floristic Composition of Station 36. Total number ofmeasurable trees = 39. Total basal area of all trees =235# sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum 18.0
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana 3.0
Carya cordiformis 8.0
Celtis occidentalis 5.0
Cercis canadensis 3.0
Cornus florida
Fraxinus americana 3.0
F. pennsylvanica 3.0
Juglans nigra 5.0
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Nyssa sylvatica var. 3.0caroliniana
Quercus coccinea 3.0
Q. prinoides var. I0.0acuminata
Q. rubra
Sassafras albidum ~.0
Tilia americana 8.0
Ulmus rubra 29.0
Viburnum prunifo!ium
Shrubs and Vines
/o Composition Abundance Class6f Basal Area ok’ Saplings
16.30 #
o. 5~ 56. O0 -
3.30 3
0.83 -2
~.00 #
#.80 -
0.67 -
2
1.60 3
17.60 -
ll.O0 3
#.00
lO.9O18.30
Estimate ofAbhndan6e
333
3
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Campsis radicans
Rhus radicans
Smilax tamnoides var. hispida
Vitis aestivalis
5
305.
Shrubs and Vines
Smilax bona-nox
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Smilax herbacea
Herbaceous Species
Carex sp.
Oxalis stricta
Ambrosia srtemisiifolia
ElephantoDus carolinianus
Eupatorium rugosum
Galium triflorum
Geum canadense
G. vernum
He!iopsis he~ianthoides
Panicum boscii
Perilla frutescens
Polygonum hydropiperoides
P. virginianum
Prunella vulgaris
Rudbeckia triloba
Tridens ~lavus
Verbesina alternifolia
V. virginica
Anemone virginiana
Bidens bipinnata
Bromus purgans
Collinsonia canadensis
Phytolacca americana
Uniola latifolia
Aster cordifolius
A. lateriflorus
Phyrma !eptostachya
Cinna arundinacea
Estimate ofA~undance
33
306.
Herbaceous Species Estimate o£Abundance
Elymus virginicus
Si] ene stellata
Thalictrum revolutum
i
i
i
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Entodon seductrix
Leskea gracilescens
Substrate
Logs and tree trunks
Logs and tree trunks
Logs and tree trunks
Abundance Class
~07 o
TABLE 88
Floristic Composition of Station 57, Site !.
Tre e S
Fraxinus quadrangulataPopulus deltoides
Salix csroliniana
Abundance Class
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Nasturti~ officina!e
Aca!~ha rhombo~dea vat.rhombo~dea
Agrostis alba
A. perennans
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Bidens cernua
B. connata
B. frondosa var. frondoss
Eupatorium purpureum
Helenimm autumnale
Lobelia siphilitica
Polygonum pensylvanicum vat.pensylvanic~m
P. punctstum var. confertifolium
Rumex crispus
ocmrpu.’ americanus
S. va!idus vsr. creber
Setaris g].auca
Veronica commosa
V. crinita
Eupatori~m coe]estin~n
Leersia oryzoides
Lobelia cardinalis
5
4
4
4
4-
4
4
4
308.
old river channels larger trees of Platanus occidentalis and
saplings of Acer negundo are abundant. Small trees of several
species, Cercis canadensis, Gleditsia triacanthos, Juni~erus
vir~iniana, Robmnia pseudoacac~ and Ulmus rubra, occur in the
ooen fields. In addition, the shrub Symphoricarpos orbicularis is
very abundant in these open fields where there is also a luxuriant
growth of weedy herbs that include the following dominant taxa:
Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Panicum oligosanthes, Saponaria officin-
alis, S]?orobolus clandestinus, Artemisia caudata, Centaurea
maculosa, Elymus virginica, Eupatorium rugosum, Lespedeza cuneata,
Mirabilis nyctagines, Scrophularia marilandica, and Vernonia
crinita. In the woods, vines of Rhus radicans and Vitis aestivalis
are very co~on. For a list of all the plants noted in site 2,
see Table 89.
Station 75, Site !-~. (28 September, 1969)
~ao 29. (~% Sect. l?,
Station ~8 is located on a narrow ridge and steep north-
facing slo;De and bluff above the Current River, ca. ~ mile ~est
of Twin Rivers. The rocks present in the soil, as well as those
forming steep vertical bluffs, are a cherty dolomite of the
Eminence Formation.
;Site i (150 x 50 feet) is on the ridge at an elevation of
800 feet, or about 220 feet above the river. The soil is rocky,
covered with a layer of leaf mold, and acid (pH 6.4). ~ canopy
of ?0-80~,~ is fo._me~ by the dominant trees, ~rya texana, Juglans
" a ~" " .~uercus alba, and Q.nmgra, Nyssa sylvatica vat. c. ro=mnmana,
ve~ tmna, Although s fe~.....~ young trees of ~inus echinata are
present, it t~.~ould appear from the relatively closed canopy that
this species ~.~ould not be expected to increase in importance and
that this forest could unquestionably be classified as an oak-
hickory climax type. The understory is dominated by saplings of
the cro~.m dominants and the smal! tree species Cercis canadensis,
Cornus florida, Prunus serotina, and Sassafras albidum. Vines
and shrubs are scattered throughout the area with the most
conspicuous tampa being the vines, Parthenocissus quinquefolia and
Vitis aestivalis, and the small shrub Rhus aromatica. Of the
309.
TABLE 89
FloristJc Composition of Station 57, Site 2.
Trees
Acer negundo
Cercis canadensis
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juglans cinera
Juniperus virginiana
Piatanus occidentalis
Robiania pseudo-acacia
Salix caroiiniana
Ulmus rubra
Shrubs and Vines
Abundance Class
5 (Saplings)
1z~ (Saplings)
I (Sapling)
2 (Saplings)
~ (Measurable trees)5 (Saplings)
2 (Saplings)
5+2 (Saplings)
Estimate ofAbundance
Rhus radicans
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
Herbaceous Species
~mbrosia artemisiifolia
Panicum oligosanthes
P. sp.
Saponamia officinalis
Sporobolus clandestinus
A~temisia caudata
Gen~aurea macu]osa
Desmodium sp.
Elymus virginicus
Eupatorium coelestinum
E. rugosum
Lespedeza cuneata
Mirabilis nyctaginea
Oenothera biennis
5+
55+5+5+4
311.
herbaceous species present, the following are the most common:
Galium concinn~a
Carex convoluta
Cimicifu~a racemosa
Desmodium .~iutinosum
D. nudiflorum
~ionarda russeliana
Solida~o caesia
Because the soil is covered by a rather heavy leaf mold, bryo-
phytes are restricted to tree bases and logs. For a list of these
taxa, as ~,~ell as all other plants present in site i, see Table 90.
Site 2 (!50 ~ 50 feet)~located on the upper part of the steep
(ca. 65°), rocky slope at an elevation of 760-7~0 feet, has an acid
(pH 6.0) soil that is, in s~ite of the steepness of the slope,
covered by a thick layer of fallen leaves. The dominant trees,
Carya texana, C. tomentosa, Nyssa sylvatica vat. caroliniana,
(~uercus alba, .%. rubra, and <~. velutina, form a closed canopy ofO!80-90~. Although the understory is dominated by Acer rubrum,
Amelanchier arborea and Cornus florida, it also contains saplings
of most of the dominant trees as well as Acer saccharum. Other
species considered to be abundant are the vines Parthenocissus
quinquefolia, Vitis aestivalis and Rhus radicans, as well as the
shrubs Rhus aromstica and Vaccinium vacillans. The herbaceous
flora is poor in species, but those that are present are, for the
most part, abundant. This is particularly true of the ferns
Polystichum acrostichoides and Adiantum oedatum, and the flowering
herbs oolm~o caesms, Cuni~a origanoides, Desmo~um sop and
Galium spp. Bryo~2hytes are numerous on the rocky soil, rock
surfaces, and bases of trees with the following taxa particularly
conspicuous:
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Bryoandersonia i!lecebra
Hypnum curvifo I
Thuidium de!icatu!um
Au!acomni~ heterostichum
}~i~ affine
~olytrichum ohioense
For a list of the plants present in site 2, see Table 91.
Site~ ~ (150 ~ 50 feet) is at an elevation of 700-730 feet on the
mid-slope area and includes not only steed (ca. 65°) rocky slopes,
but vertical bluffs up to 15 feet high. The soil is extremely
712.
TABLE S9 (OOn’ T)
Herbaceous Species
Oxalis stricta
Phytolacca americana
Polygontml scandens
Rudbeckia triloba
Scrophularia marilandica
Setaria viridis
Verbesina alternifolia
Verbena stricta
Vernonia baldwinii
V. crinita
Viola stricta
Artemisia annua
Campanula americana
Chrysopsis pilosa
Echium vulgare
Helianthus hirsutus var.hirsutus
Xanthium pensy!vanicum
Aster pi!osus
A. drummondii
Hystrix patula
Estimate ofA~undanc e
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
313 ¯
TABLE 9o
Floristic Composition of Station ~8, Site I. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 39. Total basal area of alltrees : 2364 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensi~
Acer rubrum
A. saccharum
Amelanchier arborea 3.0
Carya texana I0.0
Cercis canadensis 3.0
Cornus florida
Fraxinus americana
Juglans cinera 3.0
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin ....
Nyssa sylvatica var. 3.0caroliniana
Pinus echinata 8.0
Prunus serotina
quercus alba ~9.0
Q. velutina 12.0
Rhsmnus caroliniana
Sassafras albid~m
U!mus rubra
Vaccinium arboreum
Shrubs and Vines
o!~o Compositionof Basal Area
o.5
9.50.5
6.0
9.6
Abundance Classof Saplings
2
2
2
2
1.2
Estimate ofAbundance
2
3352
3
Parthenocissus quinquefo!ia
nhuo aromatica
Vitis sestivalis
P~enisoe~mum canadense
Rhus rsdicans
omm~_~x t&~noides vat. hispida
314.
Herbaceous Species
Galium concinnum
Ascyr~ hypericoides
Carex convoluta
Cimicifuga racemosa
Desmodium glutinosum
D. rotundifoli~m
D. nudiflorum
Nonarda russeliana
Solidago caesia
Aster anomalus
A. patens
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Botrychium virginianum
Cynoglossum officinale
Oalium obtusum
Panicum boscii
Solida~o hispids
Smilacins racemosa
~o~z~ago ulmi~o!ia
S. buckleyii
Nonotropa uniflora
Prenanthes altissims
Estimate ofAbundance
5
333
315.
TABLE 9i
Floristi~ Composition of Station 38, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 38. Total basal area of alltrees : 2372 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensitK
Acer rubrum 5.0
A. saccharum
Amelanchier arborea
Carya texana 27.0
C. tomentosa 3.0
Cornus florida 16.0
Fraxinus americana
Juniperus virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica var. 5.0caroliniana
Quercus alba
q. rubra
Q. velutina
24.0
16.0
p.O
Shrubs and Vines
% Compositionof Basal-Area
19.8
1.6
~. ]_
16.7
17.1
32.16.1
Estimate ofAbun~gnce
Abundance ClassOf Saplings
3
33
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus aromatica
Vaccinium vaci!lans
Vitis aestivalis
Rhus radicans
’Herbaceous
Polystichtun acrostichoides
Solid,go cae~ia
Adiantum pedatum
Cunila origanoides
Desmodi~ glutinosum
D. nudiflorum
Ga!ium circsezans
55
,_%
q-
316.
IIerbaceous m.~ecmes Estimate of- ~’bund~n’c e
Ga!ium concinnum
~onarda russeiiana
oolmda~o hispida
Aruncus dioicus
Asplenium rhizophyl!um
Aster anomalus
Hydrangea arborescens
Smilacina racemosa
Solidago arguta var. arguta
Bryophytes and Lichens Substrate
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Hypnum curvifolium
~huidium delicatulum
Atrichum angust~tum
Aulacomnium heterostichum
Campylium chrysophyllum
Eurhynchium pu!chellumvat. praeco~
~nium affine
Polytrichum ohioense
Tortella humi!is
Rocks and soil
Rocks and treebases
Rocks and soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soml
Rocky soil
Rocky soil
Rocky soil an8tree bases
Abundance Class
3
3
517.
rocky, covered with a thick layer of leaf mold, and acid (pH 6.0).
The relatively closed canopy, varying from ~0-90%, consists of
a wide variet~ of cro~n dominants, such as Acer saccharum,
Car.2inus carol~inisns C~r~_~ texan~ Fraxinus~.ennsylvanica~ Juglans
cinerea N~v~ss__a_s_$1vatica vat. caroliniana, ._~,4.u_~ercus alba~ Q. rubra,
and Tilia americana. Some of these trees are rather large,
including the following individuals: Ace___r saccharum (21" d.b.h.),
Fraxinus ~Ivani_____c_!_a (19" d.b.h. ), and ~uercus rubra (21" d.b.h. ).
The understory is also diverse, itu~uriantly developed, and dominated
by the follo~ing small tree species:
~elanchier arborea
Asimina triloba
Cercis canadensis
Comus florida
Lindera benzoin
Ostr~a virginiana
Rhamnus caroliniana
Sassafras albidum
In addition to the saplings of both understory trees and crown
dominants, a number of saplings of Ulmus rubra and Carya cordi-
formis are present. Furthermore, the shrub Hydrangea arborescens
is very abundant, gro~ing both on the rocky soil and the bluffs and
the vines, Parthenocissus_~uinquefol~a_~ Rhus radicans~ and Vitis
aestivalis, are very numerous. ~he herbaceous flora is typical
of rich north facing ~oo~ed slopes and the following are the
dominant species of the rocky soil:
Asarum canadensis
Heoatica nobilis vat. acuta
Pol~stich~a acrostichoides
Adiant~.pedatum
Solida~o caesia
Botrychium virginianumCimicifuga racemosa
Desmodium ~lutinosum
canadensis
Smilacina racemosa
On the bluff and ledges, the follo~ing herbaceous species are abun-
dant: Cystopteris bulb!fera, Heuchera ouberula and Pellaea
~labella. The bryophytes Anomodon attenuatus~ ~. rostratus,
Leucodon julaceus and Radula andicola are also abundant on
the vertical rocks. For a list of the plants present in site
5, see Table 92.
Site 4 (200 x 25 feet) includes a steep (ca. 70°) talus
slope along the edge of the river and a 50-40 foot vertical
bluff beginnin~ 4~-6 feet above the river. The soil between the
talus boulders is sandy, rocky, and slightly acid (pH 6.8).
TABLE 92
Floristic Composition of Station 38, Site 3.number of measurable trees = 27.trees = 1977 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensit[
Acer saccharum 4.0
Amelanchier arborea
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana 7.0
Carya cordiformis
C. texana 15.0
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida 26.0
Fraxinus americana
F. pennsylvanica 4.0
Juglans cinerea 4.0
Lindera benzoin
Nyssa sy!vatica var.caroliniana
Ostrya virginiana
Quercus alba 4.0
Q. prinoides var.acuminata
Q. rubra 15.0
Rhamnus carolinisna
Sassafras albidum 7.0
Tilia americana 7.0
Ulmus rubra
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
O/~o Compositionof Basal Area
Abundance Classof Saplings
17.9
6.8
0.21#.6
2.0
2.6
5.8 2
Estimate ofAbUndance
2
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Vitis aestivalis
Dioscorea quaternata
Smilax tsmn~des var. hispida
55
319.
Herbaceous Species
Asarum canadensis
Hepatica acutiloba
Po!ystichum acrostichoides
Adiantum pedatum
Botrychi~m vir~inianum
Cimicifuga racemosa
Desmodium glutinosum
Galium obtusum
Polymnia canadensis
Smilacina racemosa
Solidago caesia
Thalictrum dioicum
Aspleniu~ platyneuron
Aster cordifolius
Brachye!ytrum erectum
Eupatorium rugosum
Geum canadensis
Prenanthes altissima
U~laria perfoliata
Bluff
Cystopteris bulbifera
Heuchera puberu!a
Pellaea glabel!a
Aquilegia canadensis
Aspleni~m rhizophyllum
Aster cordifolius
Estimate ofAbundance
555
33
~A~ 9~ (CON’S)
Bryophytes and Lichens Substrate
Anomodon attenuatus Vertical rocks
A. rostratus Vertical rocks
Aulacomnium heterostichum Rocks and soil
Bryoandersonia illecebra
Leucodon julaceus
Radula andicola
Dicranum scoparium
Fissidens cristatus
Mnium affine
Rocks and soil
Vertical rocks
Vertical rocks
Soil
Soil
Rocks and soil
Abundance Class
54
4
4
321.
The canopy is relatively closed with 60-80% of the sky obscured
by leaves and branches of the dominant trees Acer saccharum,
Carpinus caroliniana, ~latanus occidentali~, ~iuercus rubra~_ and
Tilia americana. Lindera benzoin, Asimina trilob__a_a, Staphylea
trifolia and small trees of Carpinus carcliniana dominate the
understory. ~~ arborescens and Rhus radicans are parti-
cularly prevalent on the vertical bluff while both ~. arborescens
and P~s o carpu~ pDoulifolius are very co,on on the talus slope.
A rich assemblage of herbaceous sioecies and bryophytes grow on
the diverse habitats of this site and their abidance ~d habitat
smo~n in ~sble 9~.
Station ~’9, Site 1-3. (28 September, 1969)
~da~ 90. (Sect. 9, T. 29 N., ~. ~ ~.J.)
Station 79 is located on a south~.~est to east facing
rhyolitic knob along the Current River just across from the
mouth of the Jacks Fork River (Fi~ure2~). ~uch of its lower to
mid elevation consists of vertical to steep sloping exposures of
felsite (Figures 28 and 30), while near the summit, extensive
areas are occupied by large angular felsite boulders (Figure 29).
The soil occurring on ledges and in crevices, is poorly developed
and acid (pH 4.6-~.6).
Site i (I00 x i00 feet) is located just below the summit~ 0at an elevation of ~0-~%6 feet and slopes about z~O~ to the
southwest. Trees are ~.~idely scattered and form a canopy of only
about 20~ (Figure 29). The dominant tree species are Carya
te~,:ana, ~_ercus stellata, and ~. velutina. Other tree associates
include marilandica, ~. alba, Ulmus rubra, U. alata, Celtis
tenuifolia, Cercis canadensis, Juniperus virginiana and small
saplings of Pinus echinata. All of the trees present in this
site ap<pear to be d<~arfed with scrubby and t~isted branches and
small, thick leaves Vaccinium~ vacillans and Rhus aromaom~a
are the leading shrubs. 9~e~.~ species of herbaceous plants grow
in the severe environment of this site, but those that d~ produce
a rather complete ground cover. Of particular importance in this
respect is the grass Andropogon scoparius, and the fern Cheilanthes
322.
TABIS 9~
Floristic Composition of Station 38, Site 4. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 3?. Total basal area of alltrees : 3235 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity of Basal Area
Acer negundo
A. saccharinum 3.0
A. sacchartun 24.0
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana ~=,~.0
Cornus florida 8.0
Fraxinus americana 5.0
Lindera benzoin
Nyssa sylvatica vat. 3.0caroliniana
Ostrya virginiana 3.0
Platsnus occidentalis 5.0
Quercus rubra 7.0
Staphylea trifo!ia
Tilia americana 22.0
Ulmus rubra 5.0
Abundance Classof Saplings
2
1.6 -
23.9 3
5.9 42.1 -
o.9 3
0. z~. 2
0.9
i0.0
2O.5
26.2
?.9
ohruoo and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Hydrangea arborescens
Physocarpus opulifolius
Rhus rsdicans
Herbaceous S~ecies
Ta.~us S!o~e
Adiant~.m~ pedatum
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Polymnia canadensis
Polystichum acrostichoides
Senecio aureus
Solida~o flexicaulis
5
555555
323.
T’ABLE 93 (CON’T)~,
Herbaceous S?ecies Estimate o£.... Abundance
ThaZictrum revo lutum
Agrimonia rostelZata
Asarum canadensis
Asplenium ruta-muraria var.cry~2tolepis
Aster cordifoiius
A. sagittifolius
Eupatorium rugosum
Hepatica acutiloba
Solids~o csesia
Brachye lytrum erectum
Cinna arundinacea
T~Iymus.~ vir~inicus
Athyrium pycnocarpon
Vertical Bluff
54
4
4
Cystopteris bulbifera
Heucher8 puberuls
~ellaea atropurl)urea
So~idsgo drummondii
Aralia racemosa
55
Edge of Water
Equisetum hyemale var. elatum
Justicia americana
oaruruo cernuus
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenustus
Bryoandersonia il~cebrs
Forsstroemiatrichomitria Tree trunksvar. immersa
Brschythecium o~ycladon
Fissidens cristatus
Plagiochila asoleno~des
oubotrate
Vertical dolomite
Rocks and soil
ool~_ and rocks
Soil and rocks
Soil and. rocks
554
Abundance Class
5+
4
325.
lanosa (Figure 29). The mosses Hedwigia ciliata and Grimmia
pilifera are abundant on rock surfaces, while the lichen Usnea sD.
is abundant on branches of trees, particularly Ulmus alata and
Celtis tenuifolia. For a list of the taxa present in site i,
see ~able 94.
Site 2 (150 x 50 feet) is just below the summit of the hill at
an elevation of 780-800 feet where it slopes ca. 45° to the south-
east. The soil is light, covered with a thick layer of humus and
acid (pH 5.0). In addition, small boulders of felsite are common
over the surface. A closed canopy (90%) is formed by the dominant
trees Carya te~ana, Pinus echinata, ~uercus alba, Q. rubra, and
Q. velutina. A dense understory of small trees and saplings is
produced by the following species: Carya texana, Amelanchier
arborea, Celtis ¢,ccidenta!is, Quercus sop., Sassafras albidum,
and Ulmus spD. Rhus aromatica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia
are the leading shrub and vine species. The herbaceous plants
and bryophytes recorded for this area are £ew, which is probably
a result of the combination of a closed canopy and a thick humus
layer over the soil. For a list of l~lants present in site 2,
see Table 9~.
Site 3 (150 x 50 feet) is on the steep (~0~) southwest
facing mid-slope area at an elevation of ~00-~30 feet. This
site includes not only broad areas of surface felsite (Figure ~0),
but several areas of vertical to near vertical exposures of
angular blocks of this rock (Figure 28). Soil is scant, very
acid (pH 4.6) and present only on small ledges or in rock cre-
vices. The leading tree species, Carya te~ana, Quercus mari -
~ndica, and Ulmus alata~ are widely scattered, causing the canopy
to be very open (~i0~$). Saplings of the leading trees, as
well as the small tree species Bumelia lanuginosa, Celtis occi-
dentalis and Juniperus virginiana are very common throughout the
site. The shrub Rhus aromatica and the vines Smila~ bona-nox
and Rhus radicans form a fe~ scattered thickets. ~he thin, open
soil is covered by a herbaceous flora that is dominated by the
soecies Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Andropogon scoparius, and
Cheilanthes lanosa (Figures 28 and ~0), while the exposed rocks
are covered by a dense gro~..~th of the moss species Grimmia
TABLE
~ " ~q Site I TotalFloristic ~ompos~.tion of Station Dr, ¯number of measura!be trees = 27. Total basal area of alltrees : i00~ sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Carya texana
Celtis tenuifolia
Cercis cana~.ensis
Juniperus virginiana
~)inus echinata
quercus alba
Q. marilandica 4.0
Q. rubra
~ stellats 15 0
Q. ve~utina 19.0
Ulmus a~ata ~.0
U. rubra
Shrubs and Vines
Com~position Abundance ClassBa~al ~rea of Saplings
28..5 ~-2
2
2
5.8 2~.8 5
I
18.9 ..537.9 -
5.1 3
Estimate o~Abundance
Vacc initum vacil_~.ans
Rhus aromatica
Smilax bona-nox
Farthenocissus quinquefolia
Vitis aestivalis
~hus giabra
R. radicans
Rubus sp.
Herbaceous Soecies
Andro.po gon scoparius
Cheilanthes !anosa
Solidago buck~cyi
Aster patens
Heiianthus hirsutus var.t~achyohyl mu~
5
2
2
2
5+
5+5+55
327.
~A~L~ 9~ (CO~’ ~)
Herbaceous S~ecies
Galium obtusum
Lespedeza cuneata
Aster anomalus
A. patens vat. patentissimus
Cyperus refractus
No~oscordum bivale
Bryoph~tes~ ~ and Lichens
Grimmia pi!ifera
Hedwigia ciliata
Usnea sp.
Substrste
Rocks
Rocks
Trees
Estimate ofAbund an c e
3
33l
Abundance Class
55
Floristic Composition of Station 39, Site 2. Totalntunber of measurable trees = 21. Total basal area of alltrees : 1498 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Amelanchier arborea
Carya texana 29.8
Celtis occidentalis
Comus florida
Morus rubra
Pinus echinata 19.1
Quercus a!ba
Q. marilandica
Q. prinoides var.acuminata
Q. rubra 4.8
Q. stellata ~.8
Q. velutina ~.}
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus alata
U. rubra
Shrubs and Vines
% Compositionof Basal Area
12.1
Abundance Classof S&plings
2
52
2
I
I
I
9.4
~3 2
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
Rhus aromatica
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rubus sp.
Smilax bona-nox
Rhus copallina
Herbaceous Si)ecies
Desmodium rotundifolium
Galium obtusum
Lespedeza cuneata
Solidago buckleyi
5
329.
TABLE 99 (CON’T)
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Asplenium platyneuron
Aster anomalis
Bryophytes and Lichens
Hedwigia ciliata
Platygyrium repens
Thelia asprella
Entodon seductrix
Leucobryum glauc~m
Thelia hirtella
Th~idium recognitum
Substrate
Rocks
Decaying logs
Rocky soil
Decaying logs
Rocky soil
Tree bases
Rocky soil
3
Abundance Class
3
333
laevisata and Hedwi~ia ciliata. On moist soil ledges and
crevices the following mosses are common: Aulacomnium palustre,
Entodon seductr~, and Br~~ canillare. For a list of the plants
noted in site 3, see Table 96.
Station 40, .Sites 1-2. (4 October, 1969)
Hap 31. (SW % Sect. I0, T. 29 N., R.
Station 40 is located in a river bottom forest below Junction
Ferry on the second terrace above the Current River. The
elevation is approximately 585 feet. The soil in both sites
is slightly alkaline (pH 7.2).
Site i (i~0 ~ ~0 feet) is relatively open for only 20-30%
of the sky is obscured by leaves and branches of the dominant
trees Acer ne~undo, Carya cordiformis, Ce!tis occidentalis,
Quercus macrocarna, ~. rubra, and Gleditsia ~riacanthos With the
exception of one small tree of Quercus macrocarpa (d.b.h. 7"), all
of the dominant trees exceed 12" d.b.h, and several exceed a
d.b.h, of 20". The leading understory trees are Asimina triloba and
saplings of U!mus rubra (~moure 32). Vines and shrubs are very
abundant and often form almost impenetrable thickets. The
herbaceous flora is rich in ~...~eedy species and many are very
numerous in open areas (Figure ~I), particularly the following:
Zlephantopus carolinianus
Acal~pha virginiana
Iresine rhizomstosa
Leersia virginica
~uhlenDergia frondosa
Perilla frutescens
~olygonum punct atum
Ratibida pinnata
Verbesina alternifolia
~F. helianthoides
Hacke!ia virginiana
Polygonum scandens
Bryophytes are abundant on fallen logs and tree trunks.
a list of the p~ants present in site i, see Table 97.
~or
Site 2 (150 x 50 feet) has a canopy of about 50~ that is
formed by the dominant tree species Acer saccharum, Carya cordi-
formis, Fraxinus americana, ~. pennsylvanica, ~uercus rubra, and
Ulmus rubra. Saplings of Ulmus rubra and Celtis occidentalis and
small trees of Asimina triloba dominate the understory. As in
331.
TABLE 96
Floristic Composition of Station 39, Sitenumber of measurable trees = 19.trees = 432 sq. in.
Trees Relative
Bumelia lanuo~inosa
Carya texana 42.1
Celtis occidentalis
Juniperus virginiana 5.3
qu~rcus marilandica 26.3
06.Ulmus alata ~.J 8
Shrubs and Vines
Tota!Total basal area of all
o Composltmono~f Bas~l Area
~]_.0
2.920.8
35.6
Abundance Classof sapl’ings
2
5
Estimate ofAbundanCe
Rhus aromatica
Smilax bona-nox
Rhus radicans
5
Herbaceous ~ = "~ o~)~oles
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Andropogon scoparius
Cheilanthes lanosa
Helianthus hirsutus vat.trachyphyllus
Oxalis violacea
Acalypha gracilescens var.monooocca
Aristida dichotoma vsr.dichotoma
Polygonum tenue
So!idago buckleyi
Uniola latifo~ia
Ascyrum hypericoides
CrotonoDsis elliptica
Lespedeza cuneata
5+5+5
5
/-I
CON’
Herbaceous Snecies Estimate ofAbundsnce
2
i
i
LeucodonPo!ystich~m ohioensc
Substrate Abundance Class
Rocks 5+
Rock cpe~rice s 4
Soil crevices a
oozi and rocks z~Vertical pock 4
faces
vertical rocks
334.
Floristic Comnosition of Station 40, ~_te I. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 15. Total basal area of alltrees = 2614 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer negundo 7~
kescuius glabra or.3
Asimina triloba
Carya cordiformis 6.3
Ceitis occidents]is
Gleditsia triacanthos 6.3
Ju~lans nigra 6 z
Ptelia trifoliata
uercus ~aorocal’:~a. ~_,~. ~
~. rubra 6.3
Ulmus rubrs ~.~
and Vines
~ Composition Abundance ClassOf B~sgl-Xr~a of Saplings
14.9 2
o.5 15+
~.8 I
28.1 34.3 2
1.4 2
I0.z I
12.0 -
2 2.4
Estimate ofAbundance
~arthenocissus quinquefo!ia
Rhus radicans
Smilax bona-nox
Symphoricaroos orbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
Ss~bucus canadensis
55555
5
55
5+5+
coN’ ¢)
Herbaceous ~Z?ecies Estimate ofAbundance
Ratibida pinnata
Verbesins slternifolia
V. he]ianthoides
Bidens bi2innsta
Chenopodium standleyanum
Dicliptera brachiata
Eupatoritml coelestinum
Hackelia virginiana
Oxalis stricta
Poly~on~ scandens
P. virginianum
Scrophularia marilandica
Ambrosia artemisii£olia
Aster simplex vat. interior
Bidens £rondosa
Cinna arundinacea
Cuphaea perfoliata
Cuscuta compactum
El~7~mus virginicus
Laportes canadensis
Oenothera biennis
~aspalum ciliatifolium
Rudbeckia £ulgida
Sicyos angu~lata
Verbesina virginica
Viola striata
Phytolacca americana
Solanum carolinianum
Aster sagittifolius
Solida~o alt~.ssima
Bryo~h~tes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Entodon seductrix
Forsstroemia trichomitria
Platygyrium repens
Substrate
Bases of trees
Log s
Tree trunks
Logs
555
2
2
i
I
Abundance Class
336.
site i, vines are very abundant and extend up into the forest
cro~. In some cases, these vines are quite large, as is
exemplified by one htem of Vitis aestivalis which was measured
to be 6 in. d.b.h. ~he herbaceous flora is luxuriant and
similar in composition to site I. For a list of the plants
noted in site 2, see Table 98.
otatlon~ " 41, ~3ite 1-7. (% October, 1969)
Hap 32. (NW)~’~ Sect. 16, T. 29 N., R. 2 W.)
Station 41 includes a number of different habitats along
the east bank of the Current River just below Power Nill Ferry.
In this area there is a narror band. of woods along the river,
a broad open field, and a very steep and high southwest facing
wooded slope (Eigure ~) on which occur a n~nber of bluffs
composed of a cherty dolomite (Eminence Formation).
Site I (150 x 50 feet) is located on a talus slope (ca. 20~)
at the base of a mm~l rhich occurs at an elevation of ~80-590
feet Here the soil ms ro~y and alkaline (pH 9 4) and the forest
is largely composed of river bottom taxa including the dominant
species Acer ne~/_nd___9_o, ~. saccharum, Celtis occidentalis, Platanus
occidenta!i~, and U!mus rubra. These trees along with those of
Juglsns n~ra, ~ra~mn s americana, ~uercus prinoides var.
acuminata, rubra, and Tilia americana ~form a closed canopy of
about ~O~. The lead.in~ und.erstor~ trees are Asimina triloba and
Lindera benzoin and the woody ~ass species A~undins~ia
~_~antea is very abundant. In spite of dense shade, the
herbaceous flora is diverse ~ith the following species most
Asolenium plat~uron
Bidens bioinnata
B. frondosa
Bromus ~u~
Nupatori~n ru~osum
Unio!a iatifolia
Verbesina alternifo!ia
Floristic Composition of Station 40, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 18. Total basal area of alltrees = 1842 sq. in.
Trees RelativeD~n~it~
Aoer negundo
A. saccharum 5.5
Asimina triloba 5.5
Carpinus caroliniana
Carya cordiformis 5.5
Celtis occidentalis
Frsxinus americana ii.i
F. pennsylvanica 5.5
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Ptelia trifoliata
Quercus macrocarpa 5.5
Q. rubra 5.5
Ulmus rubra 55.5
Shrubs and Vines
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area o.f ]Saplings
2
4.3 -
o.7 5+
-
5ll.2 -
17.1 -1
2.1 -
lO.9 -
45.3 4
Estimate ofAbUndance
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Vitis aestivalis
Rhus radicans
Smilax tamnoides vat.hispida
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Smilax bona-nox
Dirca palustris
Herbaceous Species
Bidens frondosa
Carex sp.
Elephantopus carolinianus
55
2
i
555+
Herbaceous Species
Leersia virginica
Pilea pumila
Perilla frutescens
Polygonum punctatum
Rudbeckia laciniata
Viola striata
Acalypha virginiana
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Bidens bipinata
C~apanula americana
Dicliptera brachiata
Eupatorium rugosum
Hackelia virginiana
Iresine rhizomatosa
Laportea canadensis
Muhlenbergia frondosa
Oenothera biennis
Oxalis stricta
Polygonum scandens
P. virginianum
Rudbeckia
Verbesina ~ternifolis
Aster simplex
Cassia marilandica
Chenopodium standleyanum
Cinna arundinacea
Elymus virginicus
Sanicula canadensis
Scrophularia marilandica
Agastache nepetoides
Ag~ostis perennans
Chenopodium bushianum
Estimate ofAbundance
55+5+555
2
2
339.
Herbac e_~ous Sj2ecies
Cuscuta compacta
Geum canadense
Eupatorium purpureum
Sicyos angularis
Verbena urtici£olia
~ryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon minor
Substrate
Tree trunks
Estimate of........ A~hndan~e
2
I
I
I
Abundance Class
341.
~dosses are corms.on on the exposed rocks and on tree trunks.
a list of ~he ta~:a noted in site I, see Table 99.
Site 2 (tree oount only) includes vertical dolomitic bluffs
and ledges at an elevation of ca. 650-700 feet. Few trees (six
in all) are of measurable size in a distance of about I00 feet
along the bluff and consequently the canopy is relatively open
(~0-60~). The only taxa of trees ~,~ith measurable individuals
are Acer saccharum, C_~ar_~ cordiformis, Cornus drummondii, Juni-
perus vir~iniana and ~uercus orinoides var. acuminata. The sparse
understory of smaller trees includes the species Asimina triloba,
Cercis canadensis, Euon~f!~~ ~~e__!a and Lindera benzoin.
Vines are abundant to very abundant with Vitis aestivalis, Rhus
radicans, and ~arthenocissus cuinou~f_~olia_____.oarticularly conspicuous on
the vertical rocks of the bluff. A diversity of herbaceous plants
is supported by the many micro-habitats found along this bluff.
For ex~p~e, Parietaria pensylva__n~i__c_~a, is restricted to the shaded
soil beneath overhanging ledges while the following species are.
best developed on the vertical rock faces:A_!~_i~e~_a° c anadens i s
A_~s~_l_e n i~ olat2-neuron
A. ruta-mmraria vat.
Cheilanthes feel
Cystopteris fragilis
Heuchera ouberula
Pellaea glabella
Houstonia nigricans
Houstonia ni~ricans
Still other herbs, such as Solidago drummondii, S. juncea and
Brickellia grandiflora, gro~ more abundantly on rock ledges. The
mosses Anomodon attenuatus and A. rostratus are abundant on rocks
and/or tree trunks. For a list of the plants noted in site 2,
see Table i00.
Site ~ (tree count only) is located on a steep (ca.
rocky slope bordered belo~ and above by bluffs. This site covers
an area varying in width from 20-}0 feet over s distance of
approximately 150 feet. The elevation is approximately 750-780
feet and the soi!_ is thin, rocky, and alkaline (pH 7.}). A
canopy of 70-$O~g is composed of the forest dominants Acer saccharum)
T±BIS 99
Floristic Composition of Station 41, Site i. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 52. ~otal basal area of alltrees = 5191. sq. in.
~rees
Acer negundo
A. saccharum
Asimina triloba
Celtis occidentalis
Fraxinus americana
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juglans nigra
Lindera benzoin
Platanus occidentalis
Quercus prinoides var.acuminata
Q. rubra
Tilia americana
Ulmus rubra
Relative ~ Comi~ositionD e n s i t y~. "@-f--B~ ~ a~a~- ~’g
?L9.2 15.8
9-6 ~~. ~
1.9 o.3z~z~. 2 31. ~
z.9 1.8
1.9 1.11.9 1.8
5.8 i0.~
3.9 6.~
1.9 11.91.9 2.2
~.9 12.9
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Abundanc_~e Class
Arundinaria gigantea
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Herbaceous Species
Elephantopus carolinianus
Galium triflorum
~ilea pumila
Pirella frutescens
Poly@onum punctat~
P. virginianttm
Asplenitm~ resiliens
Aster simplex var. interior
5+
555555
TABT~T~, 99 (CON’ T)
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Bidens bipinnata
B. frondosa
Bromus purgans
Cuscuta compacta
Eupatorium rugosum
Geum canadense
Muhlenbergia frondosa
Tradescantia virginiana
Uniola latifolia
Verbesina alterni£olia
Viola striata
Cimicifuga racemosa
Dicl~tera brachiata
Brickellia grandi£olia
Solanum nigrum
Solidago drummondii
S. jancea
Physalis pubescens
Br~ophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Entodon seductrix
Plagiothecium geophilum
Schwetschkeopsis fabronia
Substrate
Rocks
Rocks and logs
Rocks
Tree bases
2
2
2
2
1
Abundance Class
5
TABLE I00
Floristic Composition of Station 41, Site 2.number of measurable trees = 6.trees = 253 sq. in.
TotalTotal basal area of all
Trees Relative % Compps,ition~ensit~ 0f Basal Area
Acer saccharum 16.7
Asimina triloba
Carya cordiformis 16.7
Celtis occidentalis
Cercis canadensis
Cornus drummondi 16.7
Diospyros virginiana
Euonymousatropurpureus
Fraxinus americana
Juniperus virginiana 16.7
Lindera benzoin
Nyssa sylvatlca var.caroliniana
Quercus prinoides 33.3vat. acuminata
Ulmus rubra
Shrubs and Vines
Abundance Classof Saplings~
z9.8 -3
ii.I -
2
2
5.1 -
2
15.4 -
2
48.6 2
Estimate ofAbundance
Rhus radicans
Arundinaria gigantea
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus aromatica
Smilax bona-nox
S. tamno~es var. hispida
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
Rosa sp.
54
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
~BLE i00 (CON’T)
Herbaceous Species Estimate ofAbundance
Parietaria pensylvanica
Aquilegia canadensis
Asplenium platyneuron
A. ruta-muraria vat.cryptolepis
A. rhizgphyllum
Brickel!ia ~randi£1ora
Bromus purgans
Cheilanthes feei
Cystopteris fragilis
Elymus virginicus
Galium concinn~m
Heuchera puberula
Houstonia nigricans
Hystriz patula
Muhienbergia sobolifera
Oxalis stricta
Pellaea glabella
Solidago drummondii
Arctium minus
Eupatorium rugosum
Polymnia cm~adensis
Solidago juncea
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Substrate
Rocks andtree trunks
Rocks
5
33
Abundance Class
~uercus p_~inoides var. ac~minata and rubr~, as well as
other less common associates such ss Frsxinus americana and
Juniperus virginia-s. The leading understory~trees are Bumelia
lanu~inosa, Cornus florida and Viburnum prunifolium. The shrubs
Rhus aromatica, H_Z~~~ arborescens and S_z~phoricarpos orbicu-
laris and the vines Rhus radicans, Smilax bona-nox and Vitis
aestivalis are abundant to very abundant. The herbaceous flora
includes a number of bluff and ledge inhabiting species, parti-
cularly on the vertical rocks along the upper border of this
site. These are ~ellaea ~_l~la, ~_~e_e~ canadensis,
Cheilanthes feei C sto~teris bulbifera, Heuchera ouberula
Bricke!lia Erandiflora and Solida~o buckle~i ~iosses are
abundant, particularly on the rocks of the bluff or on the trunks
of the trees. Eor a list of these mosses as well as other plants
noted in site ], see ~able i01.
Site 4 (tree count only) includes a narrow band of woods
between the open field and the river. ~he soil is very rocky,
slightly alkaline (pH ~.2), and, since its elevation is only 3 to
4 feet above the level of the river~ subject to frequent flooding.
In all probability, this band of woods is a remnant of a more
extensive bottomland forest; therefore, its composition is of
particular interest since it ~,zould be suggestive of what an
undisturbed, bottomland forest along this portion of the Current
River was like. A cano0y of 60~ is formed by the dominant trees
Betula nigra, Platanus occidentalis, ~qpU!_~! deltoides, Quercus
rubr___~a, and Ulmus rubra, as ~-~eil as other tree associates such as
Acer negundg, ~. saccharinum, Ca_q~ cordiformis, Fraxinus spp.
and Gleditsia triacanthos. Arundinaria $igantea, the shrub
Symphoricarpos orbicu!aris and the vines Campsis radicans,
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, ]ilhus radicans and Vitis aestivalis
are abundant understory species. The herbaceous flora is diverse
and. composed largely of lowland taxa. For a list of these species
as well as other olants present in site z~ see Table 102
Site 5 (estimate of abundance only) is a large (ca. 5 acres)
open field that is evidently frequently mowed. The sandy soil is
slightly alkaline (pH ~.2) and supports a ~,~ide variety of weedy
taxa, the most prominent being Ambrosia artemisii~l~a~ ..~i~itaria
347.
TABLE i01
Floristic Composition of Station 41, Site 3.number of measurable trees = 39.trees = 1686 sq. in.
Trees RelativeD,ensit~
Acer saccharum 25.6
Bumelia lanuginosa 10.3
Carya cordiformis
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida
Fraxinus americaua
Juglans nigra 2.6
Juniperus virginiana 15.4
Ostrya virginiana
Quercus prinoides 30.8vat. acuminata
Q. rubra 7.7
Ulmus rubra
Viburnum prunifolium 2.6
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Composition Abundance ClassOf Basal Area 0f Saplings
17.8 4
5.9 ~I
2
0.8 i
9.9 2
5o.4 3
12.7
0.8
Estimate ofAbundance
2
Rhus aromatica
R. radicans
Smilax bona-nox
Hydrangea arborescens
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
Dioscorea villosa
Rosa sp.
Passiflora lutea
5
5
l
Herbaceous o~ecles
Carex sp.
Pellaea glabella
55
TABU i01 (CON’T)
Herbaceous Species Estimate c~Abundance
Solidago ulmi£olia
Aquilegia canadensis
Asplenium platyneuron
Brachye!ytrum erectum
Brickellia grandiflora
Bromus purgans
Cheilanthes £eei
Cystopteris £ragilis
Galium concinuum
Heuchera puberula
~luhlenbergia soboli£era
Solidago buckleyii
Uniola lati£olia
Cirsium altissimum
Panicum microcarpum
Brypphytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Gymnostomum sp.
~ntodon seductrix
Fissidens subbasilaris
Grimmia apocarpa
Haplohymenium triste
Leucodon julaceus
Substrate
Rocks
Vertical rocks
Logs and treebases
Crevices ofrocks
Rocks~ree trunks
Tree~ trunks
5
Abundance Class
55
3~9.
TABLE 102
Floristic Composition of Station 41, Site ~. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 72. Total basal area of alltrees = 12058 sq. in.
Acer negundo
A. saccharinum
A. saccharum
Betula nigra
Bumelia lanuginosa
Carpinus caroliniana 2.8
Carya cordiformis I.~
Cephalanthusoccidentalis
Comus drummondii
Fraxinus americana 1.4
F. pennsylvanica 2.8
Gleditsia triacanthos 1.4
Platanus occidentalis 12.5
Populus deltoides 2.8
Quercus macrocarpa 8.3
Q. rubra 6.9
Salix caroliniana
Ulmus rubra 40.5
RelativeDens it[
4.2
1.4
1.4
12.5
Shrubs and Vines
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
2.9 -
ll.3 32
o.2 31.9 -
2
2.9 -
1.6 -
9.9 2
16.4 314.2 -
3.2 -
10.3 -
2
22.3 -
Estimate ofAbundance
Arundinaria gigantea
Campsis radicans
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
Smilax bona-nox
5
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Smilax ta~noides vat.hispida
Nenispermum canadense
Herbaceous Species
Leersia virginica
Plantago cordata
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Aster simplex vat. interior
Bidens discoidea
Chenopodium albidum
Equisetum hyemale vat.elatum
Euphorbia dentata
Eupatorium rugosum
Geum canadense
Impatiens sp.
Lepidum densif!orum
Muhlenbergia frondosa
Tridens f!avus
Vernonia crinita
Acalypha gracilescens
Desmodium rigidum
Elephantopus carolinianus
Eupatorium coelestinum
Iresine rhizomatosa
Perilla £rutescens
Polygonum punctatum
P. virginianum
Rudbeckia fulgida
Sorghum ha~epense
Echium vulgare
Elusine indicaEragrostis capillarisPanicum gattingeriPhlox paniculat a
Heliopsis helianthoides
55
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
350.
351.
ischimum, Pa_!p_p_91__~ ciliatifo!i~u~, So!anum carolinianum and
Tridens fla~s. For a list of the remainder of the plants
growing in this field, see Table 103.
Site 6 (150 x 50 feet) is on a 30° slope at an elevation
of 820-8z~0 feet where an open (canopy ca. 20%), glade-like forest
is growing. Surface exposures of dolomite are common and the
soil is thin, eroded, rocky and acid (pH 6.L~). Carya texana and
Quercus stellata are the dominant trees. Saplings of these
trees as well as Ulmus alata and .~uercus marilandica are very
abundant. The common small tree species present are Comus
florida, Diospyros virginiana, Juniperus virginiana, Sassafras
albidum and Viburnum prunifolium. The shrub flora is made up
largely of species that are typically found on upland acid soils,
such as Rhus aromatica, Symphoricarp~s orbicularis and Ceanothus
~nericanus. The rich herbaceous flora, dominated by Silphium
terebinthinaci~, Te~ohrosia virginiana, Andropogon gerardi,
Bouteloua curtipendula and Elymus virginicus, is characteristic
of open glade sites. For a list of the plants present in site 6,
see Table I0~.
Site 7 (i00 x !00 feet), a gently sloping (ca. i0-15~) area,
is located on the upper slope at an elevation of approximately 900
feet~ with a soil that is very rocky, covered by a thick layer
of leaves, and acid (pH 5.8). The forest is made up of relatively
young, even aged trees that form a canopy of ~0-80~. ~he dominant
trees are Carya ovata, C. texana, Fraxinus americana, Quercus
alba, and Q. velutina. Saplings of all of these tre~s, as well
as Ostrya virginiana and U!mus alata, are abundant or, in the case
of Quercus velutina, very abundant. Shrubs and vines are poorly
developed in the understory and herbs and mosses are scattered
and few in species. For a list of the plants noted in site ~,
see Table 105.
Station 42, Sites 1-2 (4 October, 1969)
~dap )~. (NU)~ Sect. 16, T. 29 N., R. 2
Station ~2 is located on a NE-facing slope and ridge above
352.
TABLE !03
Floristic Composition of Station 41, Site 5.
Herbaceous Species
Ambrosia artemisiifoiia
Digitaria ischaemum
Paspalum ciliatifo!ium
Solanum caro!i~ense
Acalypha virgin±ca
~u~eranthus hybridus
Chenopod i%m~ albid~
C~erus escu]..entus
Lespedeza striata
Hirabilis nycts6inea
Oxalis stricta
Perilla frutescens
Polygon~ aricu~_are
P. pensylvanic~
Romex sp.
Taraxac~ officinale
~temisia annua
Euphorbia macu!ata
H~ ~e~l~ ~ar~
Portulaca oleracea
Po lygon~ ere ct~
P..2uuc t ~ t~
Ipome a hederacea
Sida spinosa
Trifoli~ repens
Estimate ofAbundance
5
5
3
32
2
2
TABLE 104
Floristic Composition of Station 41, Site 6. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 22. Total basal area of alltrees : 1991 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensitZ
Carya cordiformis
C. texana 22.8
Cornus florida
Diospyros virginiana
Juniperus virginiana 4.6
Ostrya virginiana
Pinus echinata
Quercus marilandica
Q. prinoides var.acuminata
Q. rubra 4.6
Q. stellata 59.1
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus alata 9.1
Viburnum prunifolium
Shrubs and Vines
% Compositionof Basil Areh
17.9
0.7
o.775.5
5.4
Abundance Classof Saplings_
2
5+3
2
5+
Estimate ofAbundance
2
5+
5+
Rhus aromatica
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Ceanothus americanus
Smilax bona-nox
Vitis aestivalis
Rosa sp.
Smilax ~lauca
Herbaceous Species
Silphium terebinthinaceum
Tephrosia virginiana
Andropogon gerardi
55
2
55
354.
(con’
Herbaceous Species
Aster praelatus
Bouteloua curtipendula
Coreopsis palmata
Elymus virginicus
Eryngium yuccifolium
Eupatorium altissimus
Euphorbia corollata
Houstonia nigricans
Lithospermum canescens
Panicum virgatum
Rudbbckia hirta
Solidago nemoralis
Tridens flavus
Allium stellatum
Aster patens
Heliopsis helianthoides
Liatris cylindracea
Parthenium hispidum
Petalostemon sp.
Anemone virginiana
Aster anomalus
Gaura biennis
Lespedeza hirta
Solidago buckleyii
S. ulmi£olia
Sorghastrum nutans
Vernonia baldwini
Rhynchospora sp.
Solidago altissima
Bryophytes and Lichens
Hedwigia ciliata
Atrichum angustatum
Grimmia pilifera
Substrate
Rocks
Soil
Rocks
Estimate ofAbundance
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Abundance Class
355.
TABL~ lO5
Floristic Composition of Station 41, Site 7. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 40. Total basal area of alltrees = 1182 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Carya ovata 12.5
C. texana 27.5
Cercis canadensis
Fraxinus americana 12.5
Juglans nigra 2.5
Juniperus virginiana
Norus rubra
Ostrya virginiana
Quercus alba 22.5
Q. rubra 5.0
Q. stellata 5.0
Q. velutina 12.5
Ulmus alata
U. rubra
Shrubs and Vines
o!~ Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Sapi~’ngs
5.325.1
7.1-1
1
14.4
22.6 3
14.7 -6.5 5+
1
Estimate ofAbundance
Rosa sp.
Smilax bona-nox
Vitis aestivalis
Herbaceous S~)ecies
Agrimonia rostellata
Desmodium sp.
Honarda russeliana
uhlenbergia sobolifera
Panicum boscii
Rudbeckia hirta
Solidago ulmifolia
Galium circaezans
Parthenium hispidum
q-
4
356.
T~S 105 (00~’ T)
Bryophytes and Lichens
Leucodon julacea
Hedwigia ciliata
Thelia asprella
Entodon seductrix
Substrate
Tree bases
Rocks
Tree bases
Logs
Abundance Class
}59.
TABLE 106
Floristic Composition of Station 42, Site i. Totalnumber of measurable trees = ‘i#9. Total basal area of alltrees : 2167 sq. in.
Trees Relative % CompositionDensity Of Bahai Area
Acer saccharum 2.0
Asimina triloba
Carya cordiformis 8.2
C. texana L~2.9
C. tomentosa 6.1
Cercis canadensis 6.1
Comus florida 6.1
Fraxinus americana
Ju~lans ni~ra 4.1
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Norus rubra
Quercus alba 10.2
Q. rubra 10.2
Q. velutina 2.1
Rhamnus caroliniana
Sassafras albidum
Tilia americana 2.1
Abundance Class,Of Saplings
-
2.6 -
~L~. 8 2
7.} 42.1 -
}.o 4
7.6 2
1
16.2 -
24.0 4
0.6 -
0.6 -
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundance
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Vitis aestivalis
Herbaceous Species
Agrimonia l~be s c ens
Botrychium virginianum
Cimici£uga racemosa
Desmodium glutinosum
D. marilandicum
5
Herbaceous S~ecies
Desmodium nudiflorum
D. rotundifolium
Eryngium yuccifolium
Galium concinnum
Monarda russeliana
Panicum boscii
Smilacina racemosa
Aster anomalus
Bryophytes and Lichens
Atrichum angustatu~m
Thelia asprel!a
Substrate
Soil
Tree bases
Estimate ofAbundance
Abundance Class
360.
lO7
}61.
Floristic Composition of Station 42, Site 2.number of measurable trees = 90.trees = 3~82 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer rubrum
A. saccharum
Asimina triloba
Carya texana
C. tomentosa 16.7
Comus florida i0.0
Juglans cinera
Juniperus vir~inisna
Nyssa sylvatica var.caroliniana
0strya virginiana
Quercus alba 20.0
Q. rubra 13.3
Rhamnus caroliniana
Sassafras albidum
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
Com~ositionBasal ires
q-. 5
10.4
1.3
0.6
12.0
Abundance Classof Saplings
2
i
Estimate ofAbuhdance
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Vitis aestivalis
Herbaceous S~ecies
De smoditum nudiflorum
D. g!utinosum
Adianttum pedatum
Gal i~m circaezans
Po!ystichum acrostichoides
Solidago caesis
Asplenium rhizophyllum
5+
5+
L~
~62.
Herbaceous Species
Galium triflorum
Smilacina racemosa
Brachyelytrum erectum
Prenanthes altissima
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Atrichum angustatum
Aulacomnium heterostichum
Brachytheci~m oxycladon
Eurhynchium pulchellumvat. praecox
Hnium cuspidatum
Eurhynchium serrulat~m
Polytrich~m ohioense
Substrate
Rocks andtree bases
Rocks
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Tree bases
Soil
Estimate ofAbundance
2
I
Abundance Class
TABLE 108
}66.
Floristic Composition of Station ~3, Site I.number of measurable trees = 34.trees = 3233 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum 41.2
Asimina triloba
Carpinus caroliniana 3.0
Carya texana 5.9
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida
Fra~inus americana 8.8
F. quadrangulata
Juniperus virginiana
Lindera benzoin
Norus rubra
Ostrya virginiana
Ptelia trifoliata
Quercus prinoides var. 11.8~uminata
Q. rubra 17.7
Staphylea trifolia
Tilia americana 5.9
Ulmus rubra 8.8
Viburnum prunifolium
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
,,0 Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Sa lip~
14.0 4
o.4 54°9 -
2
52
2
i
2
2
12.2 3
Estimate ofAbundance
Hydrangea arborescens
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Berchemiascandens
Rhus rsdicsns
Smilax bona-nox
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Campsis radicans
55
Shrubs and Vines
Smilax tamnoides var. hispida
Vitis aestivalis
Dioscorea sp.
Herbaceous Species
Galium concinnum
Polymnia canadensis
Anemone virginiana
Aquilegia canadensis,
Asarum canadensis
Asplenium plaSyneuron
Aster cordifolius
Bidens bi~innata
Botrychium virginianum
Brachyelytrum erectum
Bromus purgans
Cystopteris fragilis
Panicum boscii
Solidago drummondii
S. ulmifolia
Agrimonia pubescens
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Campanula americana
Cheilanthes feei
Elephantopus carolinianus
Elymus virginicus
Galium circaezans
Geum canadense
Lobelia inflata
Pellaea atropurpurea
Perilla frutescens
Polygala seneca
Rudbeckia fulgida
R. triloba
Estimate ofAbundanCe
55
36~-
Herbaceous Species
Scutellaria incana
Uniola latif01ia
Uvularia oer~o!iata
Asp!enittm ruta-muraria var.cryotolepis
Bidens discoidea
Gerardia grandiflora
Plantago major
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Entodon seductrix
Anomodon minor
A. rostratus
Forsstroemia trichomitria
Leucodon julacea
Haplohymenium triste
~ore!la plats~_hylla
Estimate ofAbundance
i
i
I
Substrate Abundance Class
RocksLogs
Tree trunksand bases
Rocks andtree trunks
Tree trunks andvertical rocks
~ee_~ trunks and.
Tree trunks
Tree trunks
Vertical rocks
109
~69 ¯
Floristic Composition of Station 45, Site 2.number of measurable trees : 7.trees = 207 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum 14.2
Asimina triloba
Carya cordiformis
Celtis occidentalis 28.6
Cercis canadensis
Fraxinus americana
Juglans nigra 28.6
Juniperus virginia 14.2
Quercus prinoidesvat. acuminata
Staphylea trifolia
Ulmus rubra 14.2
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Compositionof Basa’l AJrea
90.9
19.8
7~
Abundance Classof Sap.!ings
i
2
Estimate ofAbundance
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus aromatica
R. radicans
Smilax bona-nox
Dioscorea sp.
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
Herbaceous Species
Br0mus purgans
Hystrix patula
Solidago drummondii
Asplenium platyneuron
Brschyeiytrum erectum
Cheilanthes feei
Cystopteris fragilis
4
4
4
5+
5+5
m)
Herbaceous Species
Euphorbia maculata
9[uhlenbergia frondosa
Oxalis stricta
Setaria viridis
Solidago arguta var.strigosa
S. ulmifolia
Verbascum thaspus
Verbena canadensis
Verbesina canadensis
~uaranthus ~raecizans
Chenopoditu~ st andleyanum
Cirs iu~ altissimum
Eupstorium altissimum
E. rugosum
Euphorbia heterophylla var.gramini£olia
Geum ve rnt~a
Heuchera sp.
~anicum virgatum
~olygala senega
Andro~oogon gerardi
Eragrostis capillaris
Lactuca canadensis
Polygonum scandens
Sporobolus clamdestinus
Br~gphytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Forsst~.oemia trichomitria
Leucodon julaceus
~issidens subbasilaris
~Substrate
Vertical rocks
Vertical rocks
Vertical rocks
Shaded rocks
Shaded rocks
Estimate ofAbundance
L!-
4-
Z
Abundance Class
5
370.
TAB~ ii0
Floristic Composition of Station 4~, Site 7. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 27. Total basal area of alltrees : 1422 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharum 7.4
Amelanchier arborea
Carpinus caroliniana
Carya texana 25.9
Cercis canadensis 3.7
Cornus florida
Juniperus virginiana
Ostrya virginiana
Quercus alba 18.5
Q. prinoides var. 7.7acuminata
Q. rubra 3~.~
Q. stellata 3.~
Ulmus alata 3.7
Viburnum prunifolium
V. rufidulum
% Compo~sition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
~. 4 ~2
i3.3 5I. ~ 3
2
2
26.4 3
1.4 2
49.81.4
2.0 533
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAb und an c e
Rhus aromatica
Rosa sp.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Vitis aestivalis
5
Herbaceous opeczvs
Antennaria plataginifolia
Honarda russeliana
Andropogon gerardi
Asplenium platyneuron
Aster anomalus
Brachyelytrum erectum
55
57~.
Herbaceous Species
Cheilanthes £eei
Coreopsis palmata
Euphorbia corollata
IIelianthus hirsutus
Parthenium hispidum
Rudbeckia hirta
Solidago buckleyi
S. nemoralis
Cunila origanoides
Gerardia flava vat.calycosa
~’~tthlenbergia sobolifera
Liatrus ligulistylis
Bryophytes and Lichens Substrate
Hedwigia ciliata
Anomodon attenuatus
Frullania squarrosa
Grimmia apocarpa
G. pilifera
Leucodon julaceus
Ptychomitrium incurvum
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Estimate ofAbundance
L~_
Abundance Class
54
4
4
4
4
TABLE iii
Floristic Composition of Station 49, Sitenumber of measurable trees : 25.trees = 1642 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Amelanchier arborea
Carya texana 36.0
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida
Pinus echinata 8.0
Quercus alba 16.0
Q. rubra 12.0
Q. stellata 12.0
Q. velutina 16.0
Ulmus alata
Viburnum prunifolitur~
V. rufidulum
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal ~r-~a of Sa~l’ings
2
10.2 -
28.2 3
7.3 4
29.1 2
10.8 3
3
Estimate ofAbundance
Rhus aromatica
Ceanothus americanus
Smilax bona-nox
S. t amnoides vat. hispida
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus radicans
Vaccinium vacil!ans
Herbaceous Species
Andropogon gerardi
Antennaria plataginifolia
Asplenium platyneuron
Aster patens
Coreopsis palmata
Lespede;~a cuneata
L. hirta
Herbaceous Species
?ionarda russeliana
Panicum boscii
Parthenium hispidum
Rudbeckia hirta
Silphium terebinthin~cium
Solidago petiolaris
Tephrosia virginiana
Aster anomalus
A. linariifo!ius
A. turbinellus
Echinacea ~allida
Lithosoermum canescens
Petaloste~n sp.
Solidago nemoralis
Liatrus ligulisty!is
Solidago altissima
Bryophytes and Lichens
Hedwigia ciliata
Leucodon julaceus
Tortella h~milis
Substrate
Rocks
Tree bases
Tree bases
Estimate ofAbundance
4
4
44
4
~l-
Abundance Class
4
oasssfrasand _~. ve]utins. The ~,q~" ¯ elng unG.erstory tree is ~
@]bid~n~ and the shrubs~ Rhus ~romatica and_ Yaccini~ vacil]ans~
are both very abuneanZ. ~.~.thou6h the hesbsceous r!ora is poor
in tsxa, n~erous plants of }’teridium aquilinmn ~.(a fern,),
Carex so., ~u~b_o~bi~ co=o .......ata, Ga_~i~ arkansan~, and
i.esoedeza, hirta are .... ~,r~sent.,~ .The only bryo2hyte noted
The~ia as:~re~l_a. For a list of thethe common moss of tree bases, ..... ~~>iants noted, in sit~ m see Tab].e ,,o:_~
Station ’!~.’~: (5 "’~*~.~er,..... ,.~ ..... 969 )(N-:~~ ~.. :Sect. ]~5, ’i’. 5:9 I.T., R. 2 W. )
Station iz! (reconnaissance only) includes an old gravel
~ of shout !5 ocres 2octted on the north bank of tnu Current
Rm.er at the mouth of Sprin~j He]Sow. The tooo@raphy of this
bor is uneven, =~snginc in elevation from one to five feet
above the river. 3;rtensive areas of coarse gravel (~igures ~5
and ~:.6) are.~’resent ~r~ -.~ p]s.nts ~re [~enere:~:.y ride:y scattered.
On hmone~ carts of the bar ~:.~here the grave! is mixed ~ith sand,
.~_ ~-~ "c~arge trees, ....~.~=tm
Acer new’undo, and
Furthermore~ t~ ........... ted areas are ~ ........... iy parallel with
the stress bank. ~~esr the edge of the river, elongated patches
of woods entirely composed of sma::_l., trees of Ss[.ix carolinians
are ~-’ ~ o~e ~;~ ..............~ p~r~,~,_e ~,~ith the Piver. Lsr~er
soecir:ens of t}~is~., ~;~.o-~t.,~...~.~::.~, some ur,: to S" d.b.h., occur on the
higher and :-)resumably o:der parts of the bar.
.~hrub~ and. vines ~re common. In the wooded e,r~:{as the vines
~ a_thenocmosus cuin(~uefoiia, R._b.:~:~ r~£~d,@,cl}_.np_, and Vitis aestiva] is
are ,.~ounc~ent to very Nnundant, ~.:hiSc other shrubs such as Rhus
~a~_, and ~%. ~i2~:!:_i.~£, are only infre~uent. Sa~~:~in~s of- " ~ ~ ~srticu].ar~y in theI~Latanus occidenta:ms sre very ,~buncant, ....
wooded are ~s.
The herb,:.~ceous .r’~"rs is :.,,eedy and £uite diverse ~..~ith the
~,~od~:~o s~ecm~:.. ",~s beifl~ Diodia teres, Artemisia annua, ~At~ri~
sanguin~-o m~_’s, Euuatormum sitissimum,_ and ~),,orobo_:us c~andestinus.
377.
TABLE 112
Floristic Composition of Station 45, Site 5. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 26. Total basal area of alltrees = 3252 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Carya ovata
C. texana 7.~
Celtis occidentalis
Cornus florida
Nyssa sylvatica var. 3.8caroliniana
~inus echinata 3.8
Quercus alba 3.8
Q. marilandica 11.5
Q. rubra 11.5
Q. stellata 3.8
Q. velutina 46.1
Sassafras albidum
Shrubs and Vines
~o Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
0.4 -
4
2O. I -
1.2 354.0 #
Estimate ofAb~ndanc e
Rhus aromatica
Vaccini~a vacillans
Rosa sp.
Ceanothus americanus
Rhus copallina
Vitis aestivalis
Herbaceous Species
~teridium aquilinum
Carex sp.
Euphorbia corollata
Galium arkansanum
Lespedeza hirta
Antennaria plata~inifolia
55
3
5
~78.
Herbaceous S~ecies
Aster patens
Cunila origanoides
Desmodium canadense
Gerardiaflava vat.calycosa
Solidago u!mifolia
Hieracium gronovii
Bryo2hytes and Lichens
Thelia asprella
$ubstrate
Tree bases
Estimate ofAbundance
3
3
Abundance Class
~80.
I~ost o.~ the herbaceous soecies ~o,.~ in o~_e o...areas in what
apoe,r;rs, at the surface at These seem
otatmon /1-5 inc u¢;_e~ a rel._atmve_.y new ~ra~.re~ bar site ]"
and an o~d bot~om-~’,and £orost (site~,,"~ a~_ong" the ~-~est. " ~o~..n~:~ o~ the
Current River. An aerial photo (k’...;S ]hoto BLA-4P-205, 10-26-55)
sho:rs that site ~ ..;as t~n ~.- ) the main fiver channel when
.~artner to the ":~est of the
. ]~ ~ " al! %ha% Pertains oS %hecurrent channel .&n ox-box _..~.k~ Es
older channe".__
~ -’ ~’~C SS ~ n ....~ite (.,.~.onnzi on ~ only) is, .,_:. c~ ss not~:,o_ above, ~ ~rave_-._
bar of recent origin t.,~,o covers area of shout ~ acres.
~he s!ight]y acid soil ~. o~ is ;J.~ ....,. .~.~-be..~-y composed of gravel,
aLthou~h some sand is ’.r.es~:nt due to ..... ~" ~ .._ ~ o~ra,.~_zn~ infAuences
Trees are n~merous and occur in scattered..~"on_ ..g~ated~ -)atches.
..... carolinians is e~:treme]y @bundant, esoecis_~ a]on~ the
raver at the up~;er end or tn~ bar, ss ~;e~[ as a~}ong the edge
o~-~o ~_, ~ ~]..atanus occidenta~is nm~, and
~-oou,u~ de£toid_e~ ere abund_snt, _the eastern ~ of the o].d river channel~o,- . ~t~.~<~__ trees associates
include kcer nebuno_o,
GLeditsia triaoan~hos , ~:,n.: Ulmzs rubra. A iar~e variety of
herbaceous o ...... mrs is founci at this sz~,:; many to~’~ such as
Lobe~ia catalina is~ ................................................
Bidens cernua, and Leersia oryzoides are more or less restricted
to ~o~.~, ".~et are;~s near th: river. A fe~ species occur only in
muddy areas near the ox-bo.: ]a~. ~hese are Eimbristylis
aut~naiis, Sa~ittaria iati£oiia, and Ere~ostis h~oides.
~z~o e more cor~on]._y encountered throughoutHo:.~ever, most s;)e~’s~ sr
the open, ~ .... ~~=~,~. 2or a ~ist of th~-~ ~
see ~ab!e "-z’
Site 2 (tree count oni’y) includes about one acre of a rather
381.
TABU 113
Floristic Composition of Station 44. Total number ofmeasurable trees = 68. Total basal area of all trees =4695 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensit~
Acer negundo
A. saccharinum 1.5
Betula nigra 5.9
Cepha!anthusoccidentalis
Gleditsia triacanthos
Platanus occidentalis 38.2
Pooulus deltoides 32.3
Salix csroliniana 22.1
Ulmus rubra
Shrubs and Vines
% Compositionof Basal Area
Abundance Classof Saplings
2
3
!3.7
73.84.0
Estimate ofAbundance
2
5+55+
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus radicanS
R. glabra
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
Rhus copallina
Amorpha fruticosa
Herbaceous Soecies
Diodia teres
Artemisia annua
Digitaria sanguinalis
Eupatorium altissimum
Sporobolus clsndestinus
Acalypha virginica
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
A. trifida
55
2
I
5+
5
55
4
~82.
Herbaceous Species
Bidens bipinnata
B. frondosa
Cassia fasciculata
C. marilandica
Commelina erecta
Coreopsis tripteris var.deamii
Croton monanthogynus
Echium vulgate
Elymus virginicus
Eupatori~n coeiestinum
E. ~erfoliat~urL
Euphorbia dentata
E. supina
Froelichia gracilis
Kickxia elatine
Les~ede:~a cuneata
Nirabilis nycta~inea
Oenothera biennis
Peri!la frutescens
Polanisia dodecandra
SaDonaria officina!is
Setaria viridis
Solidago ulmifolia
Tridens f!avus
Uniola latifolia
Vernonia crinita
imsonia il!ustris
indropo6on gerardi
Aster lateriflorus
Panicum virgat~m
Aster novae-an@liae
Estimate ofAbundance
TAB~ 117
Herbaceous Species
Astralagus canadensis
Cycloloma atriplicifolium
Cyp~ erus fascicularis
Erigeron strigosus
Helianthus tuberosus
Le~otoloms co c~natuzn
Nuh!enbergia frondosa
S o r ~.huz~ s ?.
Verbesina alternifolia
Xanthitu°a ~gensylvanictum
Dipsacus sylve~tris
iOanicum ~ohilade 10hicuz~
Rudbeckia fu!gida
(CON’S)
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I
i
I
TABLE
Floristic Composition of Station ~5, Site I.
Trees
Acer ne~undo
A. saccharin~m
Betula nigra
Fraxinus quadrangulata
Gleditsia triacanthos
~latanus occidentalis
Populus de!toides
o~izx caroliniana
Ulmus rubra
Shrubs and Vines
Abundance ClassTrees and Sapliffgs
2
2
5+2
Estimate of--~-~ance
Arundinaria o~igantea
Herbaceous Species
Kiclc<ia e!atine
Digitaria sanguinalis
Isanthus brachiatus
Polanisia dodecandra
Vernonia crinita
Acalypha ~raci!escens var.monocoooa
~bro~a tri£ida
Amsonia i!lustris
Artemisia annua
Boehmeria cylindrica
Commelina erecta vat.angustifolia
Croton monanthogynus
Diodia teres
El~.ms virginicus
Eragrostis hyp~oides
5+
5555
~86.
Herbaceous Species
Zupatoritu~ coeiestinum
Euphorbia dentata
i. maoulate
~’imbrystylis auttu~nalis
1,’roe iichia {Tracilis
Inomea coccinea
I. hederacea
Justicia americana
Laportea canadensis
Le oiditm~ vir ~inictun~
Leersia ory~oides
~. virginica
Lobeiia cardinalis
l<uAulenber g~ia frondosa
i~eriila frutescens
Phyto:Lacc a americana
}~oly~ontu~ pensylvanicum var.pensylvanictm~
Sagittaria latifolia
Saponaria officinalis
Setaria viridis
Verbas cttm thas ous
Verbesina a~ternifolia
Aster simolex vat. interior
Chenonodium standleyanum
Citrullus vul~aris
Cuscut a comoacta
~eruo strigosus
Echium ~rulgare
Fimbristylis autumnalis
~irabilis nycta~inea
Nuhlenber~-~ia mexicana
Estimate ofAbundance
L~
Herbaceous oo~cies
Oxalis stricta
Paspal~ laeve
Poly6onu~.~ scandens
~ridens flares
Verbena urtici£olia
~narsnthus retroflexus
Andropogon gerardi
Bidens sristoss
B. bipinnata
B. cernua
B. frondoss ~ar. frondosa
Cuphaea isetio!aris
Era~rostis csoillaris
E. hirsuta
Heleni~m amarum
Hibiscus lasiocarpos
Hollu6o verticillata
Sorghum haleoense
Stachys tenui£o!ia
Verbasc~ b!attaria
Xanthium chinense
Croton @Isndulosus var.seotentrionalis
Estimate of~dance
-Lar<e river bottom forost. The soil_ is a mixture of grave?_
end send end is circu~meutraL (pH ~#.0). The canopy is ~0 to
60% and composed of the following dominant trees: Acer
tree associates include ~£~. D~£, ~_~:_$~BA ~ericanu~_,
~].- I]_eDn~YAy9~A>~9, ~.~£ P>P.i~e_~].9]LAP., and Poouius de!icicles.
Saplings of ~~£ p!~A~.e.~i!t~, and H]:~_@_ ~.U~ are co.on
while vines are very ab~dant and inckude the soecies Rhus
~.i£qD~, Vitis aestivalis, and ~3~j~,esP~,~ ~uincuefolia.
herbaceous flora is ~uxuriant and the following s?ecies are
the most abundant:
The
PeriA]a frutescens
~P. £u!£tA!~ var. !p!f_pe_rJi__f~_o.r_tv_!.
P. scandens
Setaria viridis
Verbena urtici£oiia
For a list of the ~,.ants noted in site 2, see ab:e lk5.
Station 46, Sites i-~. (1] October, 1969)Nat) ~7- (Sect. 4, T. 27 N., R. i W.)
Station 46 is located on the s]ooe and ridge above a very
stee? ~[E-facing s].o-~,e and bPuff overlooking the junction of
Hi!l Creek and the Current River. Extensive exposures of
~ " ~,articuiarly indo_,ommte (Eminence Formation) are oresent, ,~
site }.
Site i (!50 x ~0 feet) is on the upper rid[ge at an
elevation of ~}O to 9’4-0 feet, or about 2~0 feet above the
river. At this ooint on the ridge the slooe is about i0~ to
the northeast. ~he rocky, acid (pH 6.0) soil., is covered with a
thin layer of leaf mold and supports a second ~rowth oak-hickory
~89.
TABLE 115
Floristic Composition of Station LI-5, Sitenumber of measurable trees : 67. Total basaltrees = o+op sq. in.
2. Totalarea of all
Trees Relative 95 Com~osition Abundance ClassDensit~ o£ Bssal Area of. S~i~iings
Acer ne@undo 6.0 I.?
A. saccharin~. 20.9
Celtis occidentalis I.~ i.~
Ceohalanthus
~’raxinus ~ericans 6.0 5.6
F. pennsylvanica 1.5 0.6
Norus rubra i}. 1.5
Platanus occidentalis N8.8 5~.0
~opulus de!toides ~.0 6.9
Ulmus rubra 20.9 i}.~
3brubs and Vines Estimate of’~-~anc e
Rhus radicans
Vitis aestiva!is
im~undinaria ~mg.~ntea.
Parthenocissusquinquefolia
Rhus glabra
Symphoricarpos orbicu!aris
Herbaceous Soecies
Perilla frutescens
Huhlenbergia frondosa
Acalypha vir@inica
Ambrosia trifids.
Cuscuta comoacta
Impatiens sp.
Laportea canadensis
Hirsbi!is nycti@~ines
5
5+5+
55555
lOolygonum punctatum var.confertiflorum
Rudbeckia_, ~aciniata
Pm~brosis artemisiifolia
Artemisia annua
Aster ~ imo~ =~
E !~:us vir[[inicus
Leersia :~irginics
Oxalis stricta
~hytolscca americana
~:!ant a~#o corda.ta
~o lygon~ !)ensy!vanic~
~. S O an~el~s
Scro)hul aria ma.riiandica
Verb:.na urticifoiia
Verbesina alternifolia
~aooia marmlsndica
~ommelmn~ erects
Euohorbia dentata
Oe~ csnadense
Hacke!is virGiniana
l~olanisis dodecandra
Polygonm: virginic~m
Vernonia crinits
oommelln~ oommRnis
Scuteilaris lateriflorus
~mcyo~ angulstus
~hysalis angulata var.angulsta
(CON’T)
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
I
390.
}92.
forest. The fairly open canopy (50-60~6) is dominated by thesoecies _C.~21!’ _o..v_a..t_~_, _C~. ~.~._%a_n_~%, and ~-e_rcus rubra. Saplings of
~9._r.y_a_ s:oz), are very abundant while saplings of ~.i.n.u~ .e.chi.nata
are abundant. ~he thin understory is primarily composed of the
smaller tree s~.,ecies Comus florida, Dioa~os vir iniana,
~h_s4n. ~_u_~. £.a__rq_l~inA.a~, .S~£s~_f~.~. A-..I>A~., and-
as wel! as the dominant shrub, ~.S ~a~£~_aJ_i._c!-
D.$p~.c..o~e_~. so. and y.@~.i.s .a>~}.i_.vA_]=i.s...are the i]eading vine species
-@resent.
The most common s~ioecies of a n, oor!y developed herbaceous
_flora are ~.te.n~.a~!a R.~.~.Ag.i~n.~£~:.i.a, ~C.~rp~. s o., .G.aAA~ Ai~ca!>an~,
~.es-£e.d.9.za ~g_tprm.e.d.ia, p.ap.i_p~ ka.sAi_i_, and ~!0n£rd.a ~.uss.e.!,iA.ni,.Bryophytes are scattered in patches on the soi! or, in the cases
of P2.at~E~rium reoens and. The~ma asoxe!la, confined to~,.-~ogs and
tree bases res<~,ectiveLy, i~or a :mot of the p,~ants noted in
site i, see Table
Site 2 (150 x 50 feet) is located on the steeo (35°)
Dart of the upper sLou~e in an ~rea of relatively few trees,
where the soil is sandy, rocky, ~na acid (oH 5.0). @he csno-~y is
open (20-~0~6) and largely comoosed of the crowns of
alba are very abundant in an understory in which Cornus florida
and ~p~:rp~ ........."~ .~,’. .,. . .orunm~o_~.m~m are the~ " "~eaamng smal~ tree soecies
~ ~ oarticuLar!y the s-~ecies Ceanothuo ~er~canus, ~.~ohrubo, .... .aromatica~ and .... " ~ ~ ~ r " ~ "~ are abundant. The............. e~:’bPLmP~F,.~P:° ?~P~AaR~S ,most consoicuous vine is Vitis aestivaLis. Because of the open
nature of this site, herbs are n~erous with the following
members of the Com-:,osite f~iiy most consaicuous at this season
of the year:
Antennari~ .~!,_ ante~<in"~m~ o.~m~,~ ~ " ~
Aste:’ anoma.~us
~ "ius
A. ,~atens
A. sagittifo i ius
A. turbine i lus
393.
TABLE 116
Floristic Composition of Station ,%6, Site i. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 52. Total basal area of alltrees = 2559 sq. in.
Trees Relative 7~ Composition Abundance ClassDensitZ of Basa! Area of Sapling~
Garya ovata
C. texana
Celtis occidentalis
Cornus florida
Diospyros virginiana
Frso~inus ~ ~"amel loans
Juniperus vir~iniana
Pinus echinata
Quercus a!ba
%. prinoides var.ac~inata
Q. rubra
~. velutina
Rhmnnus caroliniana
Sassafras albid~.
Viburn~ ~runifol.i~
ohruos and Vines
Rhus aromatica
Dioscorea sp.
Rhus radicans
Vitis aestivalis
Rubus sp.
Smilax tamnoides var. his-oida
.o. bona-nox
Herbaceous
Antennaria plantaginifolia
3z.2 520.1 5
2
i
~ 5 ~
I
Estimate ofAbungance
2
2
i
3
Herbaceous ooeomeo
Galium circaezans vat.hypoma!ac~a
Helianthus hirsuta
Lespede~:a intermedia7 o~donarda russ e_Lzana
2anicum boscii
Solidago ulmifolia
Agrimomia rostellata
Aster anomalus
Coreopsis oalmata
Desmodi~u rotumdifoli~r,
Gali~m concinn~m
~~hlenber~ia soboli£era
l~hr~a le-9~ostachya
Andropo~on sco!:~arius
Aster -oatens var.oatentissimus
Cunila origanoides
~tonarda fistulosa vat.mo!lis
Estimate of--~h~’ance
z~
2
Bryophytes and Lichens
Atrichum an~ustat~m
~latygyrium reoens
~olytrichum ohioense
Thelia asorella
Dicranum scoparium
~Inium cusoidattn~
Substrate
Soil
Logs
Soil
Treebases
Soil
Soil
Abundance Class
.tI.
Bryophytes occur as scattered colonies on the soil and .~ogs,
or in the case of H_~e~3~Ag__i_a .c_’,m~L~i~at_~_, on the smal", dolomite
bou~ders present. For a _O. ist of the plants present in site 2,
see Table ll?.
Site ~ (tree count only) inc~udes an area of ~?recipitous,
smai~ b~uffs and ledges above the larger b~uff be!o~v. ~he
altitude ranges from 5~0 to $00 feet ~:md although the general
e~oosure is to the northeast~ some north-fscin~ b~uffs are
oresent. Soi~ of the ~ed~es is thin and acid (~H 6.~), and
the scattered trees ~roduce an o~en canopy of 20 to ~0~, eri-
marily composed of the crop,ms of Carya texsna, J~ii~erus
virginiana, and ~uercus prinoides var. ac~inate, oma_~er
trees and sa~!in~s of Acer sacchar~ and Frsxinus quadran~ulsta
are n~erous, as are also the small tree s~gecies ~eianchier
ar~~, B_~~. ~~, Asimina triloba, Cercis canadensis,
Diospyros vir~iniana~ and Rh~mus caro!iniana. The shrub,
Hyoeric~ s~atuLatum, is very abundant on the ledges Other
shrub s~ecies include ~e~haianthus occidental_is, Rhus sromatica,
~ast mentioned s~ecies best deve~ope~ in crevices of the verti-
ca]~ bluffs. Gro~ing among the trees and shrubs of the understory
are the ~eading vine ta~a, ~Hhus radicans and Vitis aestivalis.
~he herbaceous s.~ecies present in this ares inc[~ude many that are
most n~erous on rock ~.~dges such as So~idago dr~ondii,
~ ~u~.~y~.,_~.. ~.s~.., and ~.~... ~_~c~.. Other t~a,
Heuchera puberu!h Pe~laea stro-ourourea, Asolen~ rh~o~hyll~,
are restricted to the vertical rock e~posures. Bryophytes are
very ~.ze_l~ re ~resented with the leafy liver~,..~ort, Rsdu~a andicola,
the most abundant soecies on the vertica~ rocks, and the mosses,
the dominant
species on soi! ~edo~o. For a ist of the remainder of the
~01ants noted in site ~. s~e ~ab!e ~8.
396.
TABILE 117
Floristic Composition of Station z~6, Site 2. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 13. Total basal area of alltrees = 1198 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensit_~i
Acer saccharum
Amelanchier arborea
Carya ovata
C. texana 90.8
Celtis occidentalis
Cornus florida
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus sm~ericana
Juniperus virginiana
Horus rubra
Nyssa sylvatica var.caroliniana
Pinus echinata 7-’2
Prunus
~yrus
~i~uercus alba ~.°~ i
Q. rubra ~.~
Q. velutina ~0.8
Rhamnus caroliniana
Sassafras albidum
Ulmus alata
U. rubra
Viburnum prunifo!ium
Shrubs ~ ~’~no~ Vines
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area
of Saplin6s-
2
18.8 2
2
2
12
7.9 2
,_
30.5 5+
pp. ~I-
2
Lstimate ofAbundance
Ceanothus smericanus
Rhus aromatica
o~%,no~icarpos orbicularis
Vitis aestivalis
Shrubs and Vii~es
,omi!a~,~ tammoides vat.
Vaccini~ vacillsns
Dioscorea ~Tiilosa
Rosa slp.
Rubus s~.
Smiia~i bona-no~.~
his-oida
Herbaceous Species
A~rostis perennans
Antennaria - ..... "- "p±anta~inifoliaAsl)lenium ~latyneuron
Aster anomalusA. linariifolgis
Coreo]?sis pa!mata
De smodi~ rotundifo!i~ali~ arkans an~u
G. concin nm~
Helianthus hirsutus
~nloum dichotomum vsr.barbui
P. latifoli~m
l=ar then i~m his]<)id~,
Solida[~o nemora!is
Agrimonia rostellata
As cyrm~q hypericoides
Aster patens
A. sagittifolius
A. turbinellus
Cunila origanoides
Desmodim~ g!utino sm~
Pionarda russeliana
L~lenbergma sobolifera
So!idago buckleyii
Estimate ofAbundance
398.
Herbaceous~ "ooecmes Estimate ofAbundance
oolzd~co ulmifolia
o. hisoida var. hzs_~z~.aHieracium gronovii
Bryoohytes and Lichens Substrate
Atrich~ angustatum
Sntodon seductrix
Hedwi@ia ciliata
Dicran~m scoparium
Soil
Soiland logs
Rocks
Soil
2
i
Aioundanc e Class
399.
TABU i18
Floristic Composition of Station 46, Site 7. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 26. Total basal area of alltrees = 1517 so. in.
Trees RelativeDensitZ
Acer saccharum !5.z~
Amelanchier arbore o
Asimina triloba
Bume lia lanu~ino sa
Carya te~ana. 19.2
Cercis canadensis
Dzosz.yros ~rirsiniana
Fraxinus sm~eric aria~ .%uadrangulata u.~
F. pennsy!vanica Z..S
Juniperus vir~iniana 15.#
Nyssa sylvatica vat.caro_liniana
%uercus prinoides ~ar. ~O.Sacu~sinata
Q. rubra 7.7
Rhamnus carolinisna
~~itionBasal Area
2.928.6
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of-~bundance
Abundance Class
4
Hyperictm~ spathulatum
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Hydrangea arborescens
Rhus aromatics
R. radicans
S~m~phoricarpos orbicularis
Vitis sestivalis
Ribes missouriense
Smila~ bona-no~
S. tamnoides vat. hisoida
Zl
TABLE 1].8 (CO~T’T)
Herbaceous Soecies Estimate o£Abundance
So!idago dru~ondii
Asp!eni~ ruta-muraria var.cryptolepis
Soiidago caesia
Anemone vir~Tiniana
Asp!enitu~ pla.tymeuron
Cystopteris bulbifera
~u~atorzum ru~o~ u~
Gali~ circae~ans
Hepatica acutiloba
Heuchera ouberula
Houstonia ni~ricans
Oxalis stricta
~ellaea atropurpur’e a
Yo !ypodi~m po lypo dio idesvat. michauxian~
So!idago buckleyi
Brachyelytr~n erectum
Cheilanthes feei
H~lenbergia sobolifera
Asoleni~ rhi~ophyll~n
l~’hr~a leptostachya
Botrychi~ virginian~
Bryophytes and Lichens
Radula andicola
Anomodon attenuatus
A. rostratus
Bryoandersonia illece-bra
£ntodon seductri~
Rhodobry~m~ roseum
Climacium americanum
Thelia hirtella
Substrate
Vertical rocks
Vertical rocks
Vertical rocks
Rocks and soil
Rocks
Hock led{es
Rock ledges
Base of tree
5+
5
LI
LI
L~
Abundance Class
5
otatlon /�7 is ~ocated a]on.£ a stee-p, west-facing s]oue and.
high ridge a.~ong, the east bank of the ~urz.~nt River across from
the northern end o~ Bi~ S .... ~ ~ ~ ~" .~a .... (~’igure)~2) This
sLo,-~e ~.z,o~s _~y fror0 the edse of the ri~er, ,=ha continues asa st.ee:~ (~5-S0°) s~ope until do:omite b}uffs (Eminence 2ormation)
s--’~._~ encountered_ at about mid-slop.e. ~,~u"~r~ .....the " ~o:u~_fs~ the s,.o,e ....
continues at about a 50° an~s3.e to the rid~-<e, some 500 feet
above the rive’.
Site
L yin[_~ betreen ,,n unim,:,roved, road. ant t!t,:; ~i ....~ ,he.,.,~; the soil is
very roeky~ covered by a thin !ave~~ o; . eL no: ~m,z a(.’..!l ’7./�) The forest is dens,~ (cano~Ty ~. .. ou-o,~,,>~; and cor0:,osed :
of the fo}.:o:.;in~: b~.o: C.n.r<~in~s coroliniana,._~’..[.:K." .... %.
I<t atanus, occid.enta.~ is, ,,u,-~cu~ rub,~n S .....-~’~-~ ’" "s
mmerzca.na ~,n,~. ULmus ~ ~o................................................ ~.~,2::~.~. Beneath them in the understory, themost common tree ~-.~-’~ .... ~ - ,~ _o_..~,,z~s ..... e sa .~in~,s oE ,3aroinus carolinians
~n,;_ .ores..= tree-: of Lindera benzoin. A_.on~ the edge of the
river the shrub, ........... ; ..........................~- ........ _ ......................~tmor-oha f:rui:j..;o~:~,:: , one the ’.,oody grass,
.... ~[~.~.., ~.[~.~:9,~t~9., are very abundant. Vines, >c,.rticu? anly the s~)ecies
......................................... omz~ ax tamnoz~meo vat. ~:</~.[~,£, and ]<~isare al_so very 8bundant. The he~ oac f’lo~a is oomt)ooeG
403.
Floristic Composition of Station 47, Site I. Totalnumber of measurable trees : 48. Total basal area of alltrees : 2605 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer saccharinum
A. saccharum 6.7
Betula nigra 2.1
Carpinus caroliniana 16.?
Celtis occidentalis 4.2
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida
Crataegus sicca
Fraxinus americana 15.0
Lindera benzoin
Nyssa sylvatica var. 2.1caroliniana
Platanus occidentalis 12.5
~runus serotina ~.2
Quercus prinoides var.acuminata
4- rubra 8.3
Sassafras albidum 15.0
Tilia americana 8.5
Ulmus rubra 6.3
Viburnum orunifolium
Shrubs snd Vines
CompositionBa~’al’Area
2.3
3.0
9.1
3.4
16.5
17.21.8
20.4
10.8
I0.3
12.2
Estimate ofAbundance
Abundance Classof Sa~
I
2
2
i
2
2
3
,2
Arundinaria gigantea
Amorpha fruticosa
Rhus radicans
Hydrangea arborescens
Smilax tamnoides var. hispida
Vitis aestivalis
5+
TABLE 119 (CON’T)
Shrubs and Vines Estimate of-~Ab un d an c e
Rosa sp.
Smilax bona-nox 2
Herbaceous Species
Carex sp.
Equisetum hyemale var. elatum
Saururus cernuus
Aster cordifolius
A. drummondii
A. sagittifolius
Justicia americana
Lycopus rubellus
Polystichum acrostichoides
Vernonia crinita
Unio!a latifolia
Eupatoritm~ rugosum
Hybanthus concolor
Vernonia altissima
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon rostratus
Porella pinnata
Substrate
Rocks and trees
Rocks
5+
z~.
4-
33
Abundance Class
55
~05.
layer of humus, and circumneutral (pH ?.0). Scattered trees,
mostly of the sgecies ~uercus prinoides var. acuminata, produce
an open canopy of 20-’~ .... p~,;~. The understory contains many small
trees that include the species Lindera ben;:oin, Cornus florida,
Cor~lus_ americana, Sassafras albidum and Staphylea trifolia,
and numerous vines and shrubs. Several of the herba.ceous species
recorded for this site are confined to the vertical rocks and
rock led[;es of the iarse boulders present. These are Solida~9
oetiolaris As~oleni~m -~,~=a~neu~-~ ~on, Aquilegia canadensis, Pellaea
atroour2urea and ~!p.u~.h.e. pf~-.?.u~ie~r~.a.. The moss flora is best
develooed on the e:,<,josed rocks, although one species, ITnium
_cu_~_id._~_t_u~=,~, is abundant on the soil. For a list of the species
present in site 2, see Table 120.
Site :15 (tree count only) is an open glade of about I~ acres
located above the bluff at an elevation of 600 to 720 feet (Eigure
~). The slooe ..... is steeo, ca. ~0°, and the soil is rocky and
circ~neutral (oH ~ 0) ~rees are ,.:mcely disT~ersed (canopy 4 10~,S)
and Pinus echinata is tn.~ most n~erous species. Other tree
associates include ~u_s ~_$~o~~ var. ac~,~inata, ~. rubra,
r..~. a~ba, Comus florida~ Ulmus alata ~eianchier arborea,
Caroinus caroliniana, Juni~erus vir~qna, and Vib~n~ pruni-
foli~. The vines, Berchemia scandens and Smilax bona-no~, and the
shrubs, Ceanothus americanus and ~eric~ s0athulat~, although
scattered, are abundant. The herbaceous flora recorded for this
site includes~ as mi~ht be ....~..~o~,~ a lar~e~, n~ber of _~rairie-
glade t~)e species~ such as ~=_~dr°°°°°n_~_~ ........ ~cpP_a~, Bouteloua curti-
~.~la, Houstonia ni,-~" ~ _~= mcano, S_$~%~ terebinthina.ci~, ~dro~
~rardi, Rudbeckia "~o ~.
Echinacea ~<)a].li<~c, £]..~gus " ~" " ~ andVlP~,l~!C~o ~ }~et~Eostem~ so~ " st ,~ of~=~m< ..... ~-~ro<ably the me consoicuous aspect the
herbaceous flo~~s ~ st this late season of the year is the abundance
of species of both the grass and com~~osite fsmi!ies. 9~or example,
the cress flo<~a mnc:u<_<s the follo:~:in~i~ ~ecies:
i~:anicum vir~atum
Z-)orobolus clandestinus
#06.
TABLE 120
Floristic Composition of Station 4?, Site 2.number of measurable trees = i#.trees = 1#8.6 sq. in.
~rees RelativeDensit~
Acer saccharum
Asimina triloba
Bumelia lanuginosa
Cercis canadensis
Cornus florida
Corylus americana
Diospyros virginiana
Fraxinus americana 7.1
Lindera benzoin
Ostrya virginiana 7.1
Quercus prinoides 57.1var. acuminata
~. rubra 2.1
Rhamnus caroliniana
Sassafras albidum
Staphylea trifolia
Ulmus rubra 7.1
Viburnum prunifo!ium
Shrubs and Vines
TotalTotal basal area of all
% Compositionof Basal Area
5.5
Abundance Classof Sapling’s
2
1
2
5
27.2
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
Hydrangea arborescens
Smilax bona-no:<
Arundinaria gi~antea
Campsis radicans
Rhus radicans
Rubus sp.
Vitis aestiva] is
Rhus aromatica
R. glabra
5+
ABZS Z20 (COH’ )
Herbaceous Species Est±mate 02Abundance
Solidago petiolaris
S. ulmifolia 5
Aqui]egia canadensis
Aspienium paltyneuron
Aster drummondii
Campanula americans¯ 4
Galium concinnum
Helianthus hirsutus
Hystrix oatu!s
Lobelia siphilitica
Oxalis stricta
Pellaea atropurpurea
Verbesina s~.
Uniola lati£olia
~uncus doicous
Asplenium ruta-muraria var.cr~rptolepis ¯
Brachyelytrum erectum
Bromus pur~ans
Cirsi~ altissim~
Desmodium ~lutinosum
Galz~m circaezans
Heuchera puberula
huhlenbergma soboli~era_
Phr~a ~ eptostachya
Uvu~ aria grandiflora
~arthenium his-pidgin 2
~mlph2~ terebinthinecium~
B~yophytes and Lichens Substrate Abundance
Anomodon attenuatus Rocks
i. rostratus Rocks
Fmium cuspidatum Soil
Grim~ia pz=z~era Rocks
Class
#08.
and the composite flora includes these species:
Aster anomalus
A. laevis
A. oblonFifolium vat.~___gu_stifolius
~. patens
Cacalia atriplicifolia
Cirsium altissimum
Echinacea
Eupatorium altissimum
Helianthus hirsutus
Liatri.s asper
Rudbeckia missouriense
~p~A~um~ ~pebinthinacium
~p~~. nemoralis
S. radula
Mosses are scattered and mainly confined to the rock exposures.
For a list of the plants noted in site 5, see Table 121.
Site # (150 x 50 feet) is located near the summit at an
elevation of about 880 feet. Both dolomite and Precambrian granite
rocks are ex?osed and covered with a luxuriant growth of the
mosses Grimmia ~ilifera and Hedwi~ia ciliata. The rocky soil is
covered by a thick layer of leaf mold and is circumneutral (pH 7.0).
The forest canopy is about 50% and composed of the trees ~arya
texana, ~~.~ ~ and ~. v~e.~~. ~ost of these trees are
large, with over half of them equaling or exceeding a d.b.h, of
18 inches. Saplings of Carla texana are abundant, while the
thin understory of smaller trees includes the species Diosp~yros
~n_~, ~s~f__r_.~ ~.l~,_u~__ and Viburnum prunifolium. Shrubs and
vines are scattered, but only one species, the vine Parthenocissus
~jp~efolia, is abundant. The leading herbaceous species are
T__e~~ s__i~ v_~E~.~A~., C__o.~p~ o~ i~s ~at a., ~A~_~_ ~vi_~atum
and ~.. ~_i_E~J_~. For a list of the plants present in site ~,
see Table 122.
Station #8, Sites I-2. (12 October, 1969)Map 57. (Sect. 32, T. 27 N., R. i E.)
Station ~8 includes a gravel bar (site I) and a river
bottom forest (site 2) along the west bank of the Current River
in the vicinity just east of the landing strip at Big Spring
State Park.
a09.
TABLE 121
F!oristic Composition of Station ~, Site 3. Totalnumber of measurable trees : 19. Total basal area of alltrees : 1562 sq. in.
Trees Relative~nsity
Amelanchier arborea
Carpinus carolinianus
Cercis canadensis
Comus florida I0.~Juniperus vir6iniana
Pinus echinata i~?.z~
Quercus a!ba 5.3~. prinoides var. !5.8
acuminata
:~. rubra 15.SUlmus slata 5.3Viburnum prunifo!ium
}~ Compositionof Basal Area
1.6
59.?~.I
~.9
Abundance Classof Saplings
2
2
I
2
2
2
Shrubs and Vines motimate ofAbundance
Berchemia scandens
Ceanothus americanus
Hypericum spathulatum
Smilax bona-nox
Rosa sp.
Herbaceous Species
Andropo~on scoparius
Bouteloua curtipendula
Houstonia nigricans
Silphium terebinthinacium
Rudbeckia missouriense
Andropogon gerardi
Asplenium platyneuron
Aster laevis
5+
5+5+5+5
(co ,
Herbaceous Species
Aster patens vat.patentissimus
Cirsium altissimum
Coreopsis palmata
C. tripteris var. tripteris
Echinacea pallida
Elymus virginicus
Eupatorium altissimum
Gentiana £1avida
Helianthus hirsutus
Liatrus asper
Lithosperm~m canescens
Nonarda russeliana
~anicum virgatum
Petalostemon sp.
Rhynchosia lati£olia
Scutel!aria elliptica
Solidago nemoralis
Sorghastrum nutans
Sporobolus clandestinus
Anemone virginiana
Aster anomalis
A. oblongifolium vat.an~ustifolius
Bryophytes and Lichens
Anomodon attenuatus
Grimmia pili£era
Hedwigia ciliata
Tortella humilis
Substrate
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Soil
Estimate ofAbundance
3
Abundance Class
TABLE 122
411.
Floristic Composition of Station 47, Site 4. Totalnumber of measurable trees = I0. Total basal area of alltrees : 2278 sq. in.
Trees Relative~nsity
Carya ovata
C. texana 20.0
Diospyros virginiana
Pinus echinata
Quercus alba
Q. marilandica
Q. rubra 30.0
Q. velutina 50.0
Sassafras albidum
Viburnum prunifolium
% Composition Abundance Classof Basal Area of Saplings
2
3.1 4
2
32
38.8 2
58.1 -2
2
Shrubs and Vines Estimate ofAbundanc e
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Rhus aromatica
R. copallina
Vitis aestivalis
Ceanothus americanus
Rhus radicans
Rubus sp.
Vaccinium vacillans
4
32
2
2
2
Herbaceous Specie%
Tephrosia vir~iniana vat.holoserecia
Coreopsis palmata
Desmodium laevigatum
D. rigidum
Galium sp.
5
4
4
122 (CON’S)
Herbaceous Species
Asplenium platyneuron
Lespedeza hirta var. hirta
~olph~ytes and Lichens
Grimmia pilifera
Hedwigia ciliata
Substrate
Rocks
Rocks
Estimate ofAbundance
2
i
Abundance Class
5+5
The gravel bar of site i (tree count and reconnaissance)
covers about 3 acres ranging in elevation from 1-3 feet above
the river. It is composed of broad open areas of gravel and
narrow bands of woods, especially along the river side of the
bar. These wooded areas are largely composed of Salix caro-
liniana, some up to 9" d.b.h., and Platanus o_~c.cidentalis,___.
although some large trees of Fraxinus americanus, Betula nigra,
and Ulmus rubra are present at the lower end of the bar. The
vines, ~ ~�.~s and Vitis aestivalis, are very abundant
and abundant respectively, in the wooded parts of the bar.
_A~ndi~!.a .~i~ntea is abundant and unusually large here (Figure 39
Herbaceous plants are numerous and most of the species are
restricted to the open, ~ravel regions. For a list of these herba-
ceous plants and other plants present in site i, see Table 123.
Site 2 (tree count) is a narrow strip of woods approximately
80 by 500 feet growing on the second terrace about 6-8 feet above
the river. Soil within this site is sandy and slightly acid
(pH 6.8). Here the forest (canopy ca. 80~) is composed of the
dominant tree species Betula ~i~_a~ Celtis occidentalis, Platanus
occidentalis and Ulmus rubra. However, other tree associates
include Acer ~ne~d_~, A. saccharinum, Carya cordiformis, ~raxinus
pennsylvani_�~a~ Gleditsia triacanthos, Quercus macro~arpa and
Tilia americana. ~oreover, the number of large trees recorded
for this sight is notable as the following examples demonstrate
(figures are d.b.h, in inches):
Acer ne~undo - 14 Quercus rubra - 24, 16, 2~
Celtis laevigata- 16, 18, 18 Ulmus rubra- 30, 15, 23
Platanus occidentalis- 48, 24, 24, 35
Tilia americana - 21
Betula nigra - 24, 21, 20
Gleditsis triancanthos - 15
Vine~ particularly Rhus radicans, Vitis aestivalis and Smilax bona-
.~_o.x~ are numerous, and the woody grass, Arundinaria gigantea, is
very abundant. The herbaceous flora is luxuriant (Figure 38) and
the leading species include the grasses ~B~ _~p_u_r_gan~s, ~l~ym~u_~ ~v_.ij~]~~.i~q~, .~_u~_!_~_~b_~_~.~a ~f.~r~n.d_9~s_a~ and .~U_~_i~..l.a A~_t_i_.(.~l~i~, as well as other
herbs such as Geum canadense, Oxalis stricta, Ambrosia tri£ida,
TAB~ 123
Floristic Composition of Station 48, Site i. Totalnumber of measurable trees = 96. Total basal area of alltrees = 2160 sq. in.
Trees RelativeDensity
Acer negundo 1.0
A. saccharinum ....
Asimina triloba
Betula nigra 2.1
Carpinus caroliniana 5.2
Celtis occidentaiis
Cephalanthusoccidentalis
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 3.1
Ilex decidUa
Platanus occidentalis 19.8
Populus deltoides 1.O
Quercus macrocsr~a 1.0
Robiriapseudoacacia
Salix caroliniana 65.6
S. nigra
Ulmus rubra 1.0
Shrubs and Vines
% Composition Abundance Classof ’Basal Are~ ~
i. 2 4
1
14.9 53.5 4
20. i 4
i
11.7 5+0.6 50.6 -
i
42.0 5+2
5.2 5
Estimate ofAbun d an c e
Rhus radicans
Vitis aestivalis
Arundinaria gigantea
Smilax bona-nox
5
Herbaceous_Species
Acalypha virginica
Ambrosia trifids
Cyperus strigosus
Diodia teres
TABU 123
Herbaceous Soecies
Elymus virginicus
Eupatorium colestinum
Euohorbia dentata
E. supina
Froelichia gracilis
Fimbristylis autumnalis
Isanthus brachiatus
Kic]~ia elatine
Laportea canadensis
}~Zuhlenber~ia frondosa
Polygonum scandens
Ferilla fructescens
Rudbeckia tri!oba
Saponaria officinalis
Solidago aitissims
Sorghum halepense
Uniola !atifoiia
Vernonia crinita
Amsonia il!ustris
Bidens connata var.petiolata
Digitaria sanguinalis
Eclipta alba
Eupatorium perfoliatum
E. rugosum
Helianthus tuberosa
Hemicarpa micrantha
Leersia oryzoides
Lobelia cardinalis
L. siphilitica
Oxalis stricta
Scrophularia marilandica
(CON’T)
Estimate ofAbundance
4
4
4
4
4
4
44
4
4
3
3
33
415.
Verbena urticifolia
Xanthium chinense
Helianthus hirsutus vat.hirsutus
0enothera biennis
Sa~ittaria latifolia vat.latifolia
Estimate ofAbundance
2
2
TABLE 12#
Floristic Composition of Station 48, Site 2.number o£ measurable trees = 82.trees = 12,5#9 sq. in.
Trees
Acer negundo
A. saccharinum
Betula nigra
Carpinus carolinian,s
Carya cordi£ormis
Celtis occidentalis
Fraxinuspennsylvanica
Gleditsis triacanthos
Norus rubra
Platanus occidentalis
Quercus macrocarpa
Q. rubra
Salix csroliniama
Tilia americana
Ulmus rubra
TotalTotal basal area of all
Relative ~% Composition Abundance ClassDensity of Basal Area of Sa~
6.1 2.5 2
~.? 1.8 ~�6.1 I0.? 2
3.7 0.3 32.# 1.6 4
35.~ 2z. l 3~.9 3.3 3
1.2
12.1
6.1
2.4
1.2
II.0
Shrubs and Vines
31.8
0.8
8.8
0.3
2.8
12.9
Estimate ofAbundance
2
I
2
2
Arundinaria gigantea
Rhus radicans
Vitis aestivalis
Campsis radicans
Smila~ bona-nox
Symphoricarpos orbicularis
llex decidua
555
2
Herbaceou,@ S~ecies
Bromus purgans
Elymus virginicus
Geum canadense
Huhlenbergia frondosa
Oxalis stricta
Uniola latifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Campanula americana
Dicliptera brachiata
Elephantopus carolinianus
Eupatorium rugosum
Iresine rhizomatosa
Plantago cordata
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Ruellia strepens
Scrophularia marilandica
Viqla striata
Agastache nepetoide, s
Aster drummondii
Cinna arundinacea
Verbena urticifolia
Estimate ofAbundance
555555
333
#20.
SUPLMARY OF THE PLANT CO~T~NITIES OF THE OZARK NATIONAL
SCENIC R IVERWAYS
The vegetation of any area may be viewed from at least two
perspectives. First, there is the dynamic or successional view-
point that attempts to explain why one community is replaced by
another until a more or less permanent, stable community is
reached. A second way of viewing the vegetation of an area may
be called the static viewpoint and is mainly concerned with the
description and classification of the plant community that is
present at any given time and place. Since this study is con-
cerned with the surveying of the vegetation along the Jacks
Fork and Current Rivers, the major emphasis of the field work and
the following discussion, is of necessity, concerned with the
second vie~,~oint. This is not to say that the dynamic nature
of the vegetation has been ignored during the field studies or
will be excluded in the discussions below. On the contrary,
field observations made during the course of this survey confirm
that the general pattern of plant succession proposed by
Steyermark (19#0) appears to correlate with the results of our
data. Usefulness of his work is hereby acknowledged not only in
preparing the following summary of vegetational types, but also in
the preparation of Table 125, which is an attempt to summarize
what appears to be the general patterns of plant succession in
the central Ozarks of Missouri.
In order to prepare a summary discussion of the complex
pattern of plant communities found along the Scenic Riverways,
some grouping and generalization is obviously required, particu-
larly if such information is to be useful to the Park Service for
whom this study has been made. Therefore, the plant communities
have been divided into the following broad categories, most of
which, furthermore, can be recognized in the aerial photographs
used in preparation of the vegetational maps of the Scenic
Riverways:
]~ROPHYTIC CO~2"~NITIES
I. Treeless glades
2. Cedar glades
~. Bluff and rock ledge vegetation
#. Open forest of upland sites
~’~SOPHYTIC COffeE, NITrES
5. Hardwood forest of ridges and upper slopes
6. Hardwood-pine forest of ridges andupper slopes
7- Forests of draws and ravines
8. Forests of lower slopes
9. Vegetation of steep rocky banks andtalus slopes, edge of river
I0. Forests of river bottoms
HYDROPHYT IC COMMUNITIES
ii.
12.
13.
Forests of gravel bars
Open gravel bars
Aquatic vegetation
DISTURBED COF~q~NIT~S
15.16.
17.
Lowland agricultural sites
Upland agricultural sites
Roadside vegetation
Recreation areas
While an attempt is made to arrange the first thirteen of these
community types along a moisture continuum from dry to wet, it
should be noted that the specific order is somewhat subjective
and is only a qualitative estimate of the situation. For example,
within each community type there is a wide latitude of variation
in the pH of the soil, steepness of slope, direction of slope
exposure, depth of soil, and thickness of leaf mold on the soil.
Most of these factors influence the actual moisture available in
a particular site and consequently influencing the specific com-
position of the flora of that site. Therefore, as far as the
data from this survey permits, the influence of variations of
physical parameters on the fioristic composition of the community
type is included in the following summary discussions.
i. Treeless glades. Treeless glades, commonly known as
limestone "glades" or sandstone, chert or felsite "barrens" are
scattered throughout the Ozarks. These sites are characterized
by the surface exposure of residual rocks and a treeless flora
that is largely composed of prairie species. It is generally
426.
conceded that these "glades" or "barrens" are the initial stage of
a xerosere that eventually leads to a mesic forest climax (Steyes-
mark, i.e.). If the residual rock fragments are limestone,
alkaline conditions usually prevail, and the ultimate forest
community is dominated by Aces sacchasu~ and ~uercus alba. On
the other hand, if the residual sock fragments are chest,
sandstone or felsite, neutral to acid conditions prevail a~d the
ultimate forest community is dominated by ~rcus s~. a~d
Carya spp. On sites located on narrow ridges, Pinus echinata
may be present.
An important feature of these pioneer habitats is the
presence of shallow rocky soil overlying continuous layers of
bedrock; consequently, the soil is thin, resulting in a
fluctuation of moisture extremes. Thus, the soil is saturated
with water by even moderate rainfall, only to dry relatively
soon thereafter. ~herefore, in the summer and fall, this habitat
may change quickly from one with excessive moisture to one with
excessive moisture to one with an extreme deficiency of available
water. On the other hand, in the winter and early spring these
sites are more or less continuously saturated.
The pattern of moisture availability is reflected in the
seasonal appearance of many of the glade species. In the sprin~
and early summer the appearance of these communities is domi-
nated by the fo~.lowing plants in flower:
Verbena canadensis
0enothera missouriense
Camassia scilloides
Oxalis violacea
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Castilleja coccinea
Echinacea pallida
Lithospermum canescens
Nothoscordum bivale
Some of these taxa, particularly~0xalis violacea and Nothoscordum
bivale will also bloom again, though less abundantly, in the
fall. Other plants remain dormant through the winter and spring
and bloom during the drier summer and fall. Included in this
latter group are such conspicuous flowering plants as
Agave virginica ~etaloste~on purpureum
Houstonia nigricans Gerardia tenuifolia
#27.
~osia artemisiifolia
Trichostema dichotomum
Crotono~sis elli]otica
Ascyrum h_~s~rico~des
H_e._l_~ o~_~s i_~s he i i s ntho ides
Aster spp.
Helianthus
Silene resa~_zs
Cacslia atri~)licifolia
Ta!in~m oarvif lorm~
Euohorbia corollata
Gentiana flavida
Asclepias verticillata
A. viridiflora var. lanceolata
~__oly&~num tenue
Coreo~osis ~slmata
C. tripteris
Solids.Ro soo.
Alli~n stellatum
~atorium altissimum
Silphium asteriscus
S. terebinthinacium
Liatris c~lindracea
L. asper
During this same seasonal aspect, the flo~ering of grasses
increases and they become a conspicuous element of the flora.
Those taxa most commonly present are:
Andro~sco~arius
~. ~rardii
~. vir~inicus
Sor~hastrum nutans
T__r~sicum dact~loides
Danthonia soicata
Bouteloua curti~Ddula
E__’ll~aus vir~inicus
Panicu~ virgatum
~oorobolus clandestinus
Aristida dichotoma vat.curtisii
~anicum ]>hi!adelphicum
Although the species in the above three lists are not
entirely restricted to the open glade habitat, the majority
are more abundant and. more vigorous in their gro~,zth in this
type of environment. As a result of similar observations
in other areas, several researchers have attempted to explain
this phenomenon. Erickson, Brenner and ~7raight (19z~2) have
suggested that other species are excluded from the glades and
thus cannot compete, due to the saturation of soil in the
v~inter and spring~ a condition that is conducive to winter rotting.
Quarterman (1950) has concluded, on the basis of her studies of
the glades of middle Tennessee, that the occurrence of ~et and dry
extremes excludes competing species. Furthermore, she postulates
that the reason many of the gla~taxa are restricted to this
habitat is that they are poor competitors in more favorable
zr28.
environments. %%_ether the soil is alkaline or acidic would
seem, a priori, to be an .important factor in determining the
composition of the herbaceous flora of the glades. However,
data from this study does not support this assumption, for
many, indeed most, of the taxa observed grew well in glades
with either alkaline or acid soils. Only the following species,
which seemed to be restricted to those glades with acid soils,
are an exception to this statement:
AscKrum h~ericoides
Solida~o buck!e~$~
£. iunceaAster turbinel!us
A. linariifoiius
A. natens
~richostema dichotomum
Crotonopsis elliptica
Cheilanthes lanosa
Po___l~qn__um tenue
Danthonia s~icata
~t~n._~m~ <~ o;)en £~lades were not included in any of the areas
sampled; however, e~ram-i)les of limited ~lades are found at the
following site s<~mple areas: 5-2, I0-i, ~0-~ (felsite), }9-~
(felsite), and ....
~. o~ear Glades. ±hm~, type of cummunity is the next seral
stage developing froth, the pioneer open gledes discussed above.
The ~real vegetation of these [6!ades is variable, apparently
correlated with the nature of the un~e.~lyin~ rocks and conse-
<~uently, the .... %Y ._, i~-~ of the soil Under a!k~line condition, the
dominant trees are usually Ju_ n_@~. ~_8~iniana and ~u~Fcus
prinoides vsr. scmninata. Other tree associates may include
Comus florida, Fraxinus ~ericana , F. quadransulat~, Os~s.
virginian£, Celtis ~%~I{!.6_~£, B~elia lanusinosa, Rh~nus
carolinian~, ~.~U~. f~~:~., ~.~.Q~p~ros ~rir~iniana and Viburn~
rufidul~. .oap~ngs of trees that .may later dominate this
site, such as ’~ ~-" .... ~.............................. .., ~. rubra and
F~axinus americans~ ore o................ ~ten common, ehe shrubs, Rhus aromatics
~nd ~.~ arbore~e~n,~, and ~he vines, Vi~is aes~v~lis,Rhus r~dieans and. Smilax sDP., ~re often very ~bund~n~. ~x~p!es
of ~l~al~ne gl~des ma~ be seen a~ si~e sample ~re~s ~-~, ~-i and
~29.
When the soil is acid, Juniperus vir~siana and ~uercus
prinoides var. acuminata are either absent or less important.
In their place, the dominant trees are usually some combination
of the following taxa:
Carla texana Ulmus alata
~uercus ste!lata Sassafras albidum
msrilandica
This shift in the composition of the dominant trees is no doubt
responsible for the differences in the make-up of the eventual
climax forests of alkaline and acid sites. In addition to the
shrubs and vines noted for alkaline sites, the following
additional shrubs are likely to be present in acid sites:
Rhus copallina, Ceanothus ~ericanus, and S_INnohoricar-pos orbi-
cularis. Examples of glades with acid soils are found at site
sample areas p~,-p, ~ ~-~., ..... n~ Z~.l-6.
The herbaceous flora of cedar @l@des is similar to that of
open 61ades.
The concept of a cedar glade as discussed above is obviously
broadly conceived and includes not only early seral stages where
Juniperus vir~iiniana and Dios~,ros vir~iiniana or Sassafras
a!bidum and Rhus conal~_ina may be the only important tree species
present, but also includes later arboreal stages that have been
6iven community ns~es such as the Bumelia !anu~in~Viburnum
rufidu!um sta6e or the Ulmus alata-Rh&~nus caroliniana stage
(e.g. ,Steyermark )- Actually, there is a continuum from the
~ery early arboreal sta~ses to the oi~en forests, to finally the
closed climax forests. In this study, -particularly in the
pre~paration of vegetational ma~’~s from aerial photo~,raphs, the
~o~ narrowly defineg seral stages is notreco6nition of these ~-~ ~
feasible.
z Bluff ~nd Rock -- -: ~ ~"~e,~e Vegetation The i~ant communities
of bluffs and rock le6~es are extremely ~,ariable because these
habitats are, in themselves~ hi~h!y variable, m.~.~ nature of the
flora of these habitats is influenced not on!y by such obvious
variations as direction of e},~posure~ type of rooks exposed, or
height of bluffs, but also by variations in such factors as the
amount of cover afforded by adjacent forests, the amount of
seep~:i,:~ (a factor controlled by local stratigraphy) and the height
of bluffs or ledges above the river. As a general rule, the flora
of north and east facing bluffs and ledges will be more luxuriant
than that of south and west facing bluffs and ledges, and bluffs
of sandstone wil! be wetter than bluffs of dolomite, limestone or
felsite. However, there are exceptions. For example, one of the
most interesting and diverse floras encountered was on the lower
part of a north facin~ .bluff at Jam-Up Cave (2~-2). Yet, a similar
f!ora ~as found on the lo~,~er part of a south facing bluff at
Station 15-1. At this latter site, extensive seepage, combined with
its nearness to the edge of the river, have produced a much more
mesic habitat than ~..~ould be e~:pected on a south facing fluff.
Because this study included only one small bluff of sandstone (i0-!)
it is not possible to make a reliable comparison between the floras
of sandstone habitats ~.~ith those of dolomite, limestone or felsite.
However, s:;udies of sandstone habitats else~..~here in the Ozarks
suggests that the major differences bet~een habitats of sandstone
and other rock ty_Des is reflected more in the composition of the
floras of ~on~ ~ es ~o~_~.,mdt~ ant ~fteridophytes than in the higher vascular
nlants.
The number of trees that gro~,7 on bluffs and ledges is
variable. If crevices and ledges are n~uerous, trees may
be common and the leading species are usually Juniperus
vir~iniana and ~uercus o,_ri_~uoides var. acuminata. Locally,
other tree species may be im]?ortant associates. These are:
Acer saccharum
A. rubrum
Carpinus corolinisna
Cornus florida
Cercis canadensis
Celtis tenuifolia
Ulmus rubra
.J~ue rcus alba
~. rubra
Fraxinus americana
F. quadrangulata
i, indera benzoin
Diosp~os virginiana
Tilia americana
Nyssa sylvatica vat.c~-~oliniana
Staphylea trTT~IT~
Asimina triloba
Viburmam prunifolium
Vines are often well developed on bluffs and the species most
likely to be abundant are Rhus radicans and Vitis aestivalis.
Smilax bons-nox and/or ~. tamnoides var. his~ida may also be
abundant, but they are usually restricted to the narrow ledges
of the bluffs. Other vines occasionally encountered include
Parthenocissus <,uinquefolia, Lonicera flays and, more rarely,
Berchemia scandens.
Of all the plants encountered on bluffs and ledges, the
shrub, ~an.Fipa arborescen~., is the species t...~ith the highest
fidelity and it is not uncommon for it to also be the most
abundant plant -oresent. Other shrubs present on bluffs or
ledges include, in decendin~ order of presence, the following
species:
Rhus aromatics
.~_2~aohormcar<os orbicularis
II~oericum soatulatum
Ribes ~7-nosbati
~R. missouriense
Andrachne D.~yllanthoides
The herbaceous vegetation of bluff’s and rock ledges varies
not only with the site, but also with the season of the year.
In the early spring, the most conspicuous and also most abundant
species present are:
Ac~uile~ia c~nadensis
Dodecatheon meadia
In the suu~uer and fal! the foilo~.~ing species are often strikingly
abundant:
Houstonia ni~ricsns
Solida~o rsdula
~. dru~m~ondii
S. buckle~i
Pol~nia canadensis
Heuchera puberula
E!~fmus virginicus
H_ystrix oatu!a
Uniola istifolia
A n~nber of ferns, restricted almost exclusively to the bluff
habitat, are present throughout the year. These are:
Pellaea atroournurea
~. ~Isbella
Ch~mlantheo feel
A. ruta-muraria var.cr~tolepis
A- t_Zl _e_ur
Included in the herbaceous vegetation of the bluff habitat
are some of the rarest plants in the Ozarks. These species, all
found at Jam-Up Cave (I0-i; 10-2), are Campanula rotundifolia,
Trautvetteria carolini~nsis, Z~gadenus ~legans, Galium boreale
vat. hyssppifo~ium and Heuchera pub erula var. glabra. ~he first
three of these species are also found at Station 40-1.
The moisture conditions of the bluff habitat is reflected
more in the composition of the herbaceous flora than the woody
flora. Althou{h drier bluffs are poorer in taxa than wetter bluffs,
they are likely to have the following species:
Cheilanthes feei
Pellaea atropurpure__~a
H_~strix-ostula
Solidago ~r~u_~ts vat. stri~osa
S. rada!a
Solida~o drummondii
Asplenium ruta-muraria vat.cr.v~tolep~
Aster anomalus
Aatennaria planta~inifolia
~uohorbma corollata
On the other hand, moist bluffs may include, in abundance, a
number of the following plants:
Adiantum oedatum
A. capillus-veneris
Heuchera puberula
A_~ui~_~e~ia canadensis
.H_eoatica nobilis var.acuta
Sedum sp.
Selacinel~la apoda
Nite!la ~
Dodecatheon meadia
Psrnassia ~randiflora
C~t_~_teris bulbifera
Lobelia siphilitica
Uniola latifolia
Bryophytes are often very abundant on the vertical rocks or
thin soil of the ledges. G_2~nostomtun sDo. is particularly common
along seepage lines ~.d~ere it may form thick deposits of tufa.
Other soecies likely to be common, especially on vertical rocks,
include ~momodon rostratus, _ attenuatus, iied~,~i~ia ciliata,
~orella o~_la__t~_l.l_~, Forsstroemia trichomitria, Radula andicola,
Leucodon julaceus, and ~?issicens suObasi~aris. Ho~.~ever, on the
thin soil o£’ ied~es these species may be sresent: B_.r~oandersonia
ill.e~ce~ra,Dicranu~ sabuletortm~, D. sco~r~i~um, B~ryum oseudotriouetr~m
~01~trichum .ohioense, ~-. juniper.inu~_~ Climacium smnericanum, ~dnium
cuspidatum and ~d. affine.
The presence of bluffs is not always obvious from the river
basins, for many bluffs are hidden from view by intervening
forests of bottom!ands and slopes. Bluffs may be relatively
high above the river or the river may flow abruptly against
a bluff. In size, bluffs range from only a few feet to up to
40 to 60 feet in height, and not all are sho~r.m even on the
latest topographic maps. In the course of this study, many
bluffs were encountered and north to east facing bluffs are
found at site sample areas 2-2, 6, I0-I, 10-2, 14-2, 28-1, 30-2,
31-2, 38-~, 38-4, 34, ~nc 46-3; south to west facing bluffs
are found at site sample areas 1-4, 7, i~-i, 26-1, 39-3, 41-2,
43-1, 43-2, and ~7-2.
4. Open Forests of Upland Sites. Open forests, where the
tree canopy is from 20 to 60 percent, are common throughout much
of the uplands adjacent to the Scenic Riverways. In many cases,
these open woods represent seral stages in a succession that leads
to either an Acer saccharum - ~ercus a!ba or a ~uercus - Car_~
climax. Frequently, open woods are the result of disturbances,
either from lumbering ~or cultivation; the~efore, they represent
an early phase in the reinvasion of the site by forest species.
On slightly acid to alkaline sites (pH > 6.4), particularly
on south and west facing slopes, the forest is dominated by ~uercus
l~rinoides_ vat. acuminata and/or Juniperus vir~iniana. Other tree
associates may include ~raxinus americana., F. quadrangulata, Ti!ia
americana, Acer saccharum, ~uercus a_~ba, ~. rubra, Q. velutina,
Yinus echinats:, Ulmus rubra, Carya cordiformi%, C. texana and/or
Juglans ni~ra. Ho~..~ever, some of these tree associates appear to
be more com~non on north to east facing slopes, particularly
Acer saccharum and ~uercus~ ~ albs. i~orests of this type are
frequently designs.ted as subclima~ forests (Steyermark, l.c.). On
south and ~est facing slopes where mesic species, like Acer
saccharum, are unable to survive the dry, ~,~ind swept conditions~
this subclimax sta~e may last indefinitely. In such cases the
forest dominants remain J_~u_n_ii~e__r_u~ vir~iniana, and/or .~uercu ~ s
prinoides vat. acuminata. E~.~am~ples of open forests on slightly
acid to alkaline sites are found at site sam~le areas
~ ~< ~" ~ ~-~ ~-5 and ~" ~ ~26-1, 26-2, 28-~, ~)-~, ~,~ , , ~-~.
In sites where the soil is distinctly acid (pH 6.4), the
dominant trees are likely to be Carya texans, ~uercus alba, ~.
velutina and/or .~. stellata. Other frequent tree associates include
~rubra.., ~. mariland$ca, Pinus echinata and/or N~ssa
szIvatica var. carolinian~, while less frequently, Acer saccharum
and Praxinus americana may be present. The more open the site,
the more common are species that appear to require more light for
their survival, such as Zuercus ma~il~ndic~, ~. stellata or
Pinus echiaata. As the for~s$ becomes closed, the following shade
tolerant species are more co~mmon: ~uercus veiutina, ~. rubra, Z.
alb~, Car~y_~tomentosa and/or C. texans. As a general rule, the
latter two species are more important on the drier sites (Steyer-
mark, l.c.). Examples of open forest on acid sites are found at
site sample areas 2-zr, 20-4, 24-2, ~-~, ~9-I, 4~-3, zr3-4, and
46-2.
The understory woody flora of open woods is quite variable.
Not only may it include saplings of trees such as Acer saccharum,
9,uercus alba, ~. rubra, ~..c~ ......... ste!lata, ~. velutina, Pinus echinata,
~ tomentosa, ~. cordiformis or C. texans, but many small
tree species may be common.
Celtis tenuifo!ia
Bumelia lanu~inosa
Pte!ea trifoliata
Amelanchier arbores
Cercis canadensis
Comus florida
C. dr~mondii
~t~l e s trifolia
~elanckier arbores
These are:
Viburnum prunifolium
~. rufidulum
Rhus copallina
Sassafras albidum
Dios-o~ro s vir~iniana
U!mus slats
Rhamnus carolinians
It is not unusual for many of these smaller trees species,
particularly Ulmus slats, Cornus florida and Cercis canadensis,
to be a major component of the woody flora. Shrubs frequently
encountered in open woods include Ribes missouriense, Rhus
aromatics, Ceanothus americanus, ~ori_c~2%rL~_9~_ orbicularis,
Vaccinium va.cillans~__.V" stamine~ or H_~.~~ arborescens.
i;a.rthenocissus ,"uin:uee~] ~,~ ~ ~ aest ._ .~ ~.._ ~taxa, the shrubs ~L?..cin vac and. V. stamineum and the
tree ~ ~ ~ ~2 ~ ~~ characteristic o£ scid siteo
As =:o~]_d_ be ox-aect,~ia th,e ~ ...... s ..... o’ ~~ ~ co~er
ere tb.s:
l~ryo0!~ytes ~r,_ro often coi.u~on in open t.:oods. ~n e:<;2osed_ rocks
iied:.~i~ ci!iat~ m~y be a0unds~nt. 0n oi:en soil, other mosses
~&~.C~, Aulacomnitm heterostich~.~, Weissia co’ntro-
versa~ Dmtrm ...... ~, :)atlid~:u and_ Thelia ~s:ore].la ere £re;~uently
~ <:oun,~ont on tree trunksencountered. .8~scies oocssiona!ly ..... s-. -
mnc_kuc.e the mosses Drumnondia ororeoens, ~<lamsle]la se!:~][nii,
Leucodon ~u!aceus, ino,;.oo__.n attenuatus anc~ the liver:.~ort,
are often a-oundant on f~llen loins ,~nd. tree strm~t~s.
(l.c) considers that -~ ~ ~ ~. t~e~P~ ar~ t~..ro major uoland hardwood
clima~es in the <::~arks. One, the Acer sscchar~-<~uercus elba
~om eden calcareous glades, ~?~hilesssociation~ has its ori~jin ~
the other, the Carya-(~uercus association, begins in the open
prairie communities of acid glades. ~he second gro:~zth nature
of nearly, if not n!l.~ ~ f~ro~:_t~ in the Ozarks does not seem to
hawe altered sicnificantly the nature of mature t~oods, and these
t:.~o major c!ima:< sssocie, tions still develop), even though of
second~ry origin.
The Acer sacc.maru~:~-.:~uercus a±ba association is generally
~, ..... ~ ~ ~° ~.~h~re ~ ofrestricted to the u.,,~.,~: s_op~o ..... the .?H the soil is
usually G.0 or hi[::her. The dominant trees include not only
Acer sacchar~i end ,.::ju~e~_ ~:~., but frequently also :~uercus
rubrs and we].utins. On dry south or west facin~ slopes,
,:~uerc~_ ~2~J[-:Q~:~. :rat. ac~!inats and Juni-oerus vir[giniana may
share dominance ~.,ith ~csr .:~occn_.zm:~ in some forests, Acer
.....~cch~r~m~ is poorly reore:~ented, in the cream, but its saplings
ere ~u~:~:Ij abun&snt in the understory. Consequently~ :~uercus
co.~ ....mno~. in its imoortanceelba may e;.cceed oll ota~r trees ~ .
Other. _1~=~=::~ tree ~ssocfistes. frecuent]y:.. . encountered include
Pram:inus sz~:ericona~ io. qu<uiren~ulsta, Acer rubrum~ Tilia
americana, J~_ans cinera, J. "~’ nmi~£~_ and ~inus echinata.
Understory trees are common and. may include many o£ the followimj
~Li._o_G.2[fro s virE.iniana
i)runus serotina
i:telea trifoliata
iRhamnus caroliniana
asoafras albidum
iiorus rubra
~ ~ ~, ¯ ¯ ~,~-~ in<.~, .r .... u_o~]_.nants .~ ~ understoryIn ~<~o.mtmon to,:~.~ _~ ~ ~.,~ o.,. the c~_o,.n -~ ~" ~nd
trees, .~_~, .... e ........... ’ ~. cordiformis may
association ~._u foun(! ~;. site sample areas I, 6, . _, , ,
.... "~ " by far, the most extensive~he u~rcus-C~p£m. ~:o.oocz~:~,tion ms,
~’~~ forest in the n~: ~’ni it is ,.aztzcularly common onthe acid ~" ...... .zu.~:. The c~ominant~+~s~ almost invariably includea combination of ~i~.>i~:£ 2,1to~, :0." ~711-~}~,~1 and/or ~prcus rubra
~ < . ov~ota end/or C. tomentoss. .vth..r large
trees a.ssociate,~ ~.<ith the dominants often include ~_ ~%,_<atica
vsr. carolinians ~ !;’rsxlnus amerioana~ ~cer ruor~m, A. sacchar~m,
mlz~ ~ "~" <~ and :.&4ercus marilamdica. The understory of
small trees is similar in composition to that found in Acer
It is not uncommon to encounter rather young ~uercus-
~_a.~[£ forests ~:here a].£ the trees are youns, even a~ed, and
ClO -’ "se.y spaced. Under suc.h conditions, sap!mn[p of the
.... - ~ ~ ~S~ile other smal! trees anddominant trees are v~ry nua~rouo,
shrubs are poorly rem~es~nte~’ Eb~mn!es o~ ~~. ~ ohm .... type of for~ost~ ~ ~e~ !9-I ~-~b~ al-7. S-~~ .....~ ofare ~oun(~ at site sa~u<)le ............. "-~ ...... ~ ......
mature " , ..... -’~ .... _[~.< ..... t ape found, at site sanD=<, areas
1-8~ ~-~:~ ,!~--l~ 5-4~ ~ m’~ ~ ....~.-~ ~ >~.,-~ ~<-~ ~ ~ ,
and. ~o-]_.
In both tyson of climax forests tke understory of shrubs
and vines is usus_Iny :~c!-’ d.evolooedCn the ~ ....s "’~..... ...... ~,_~ C l~k or
~,o ~(].rs~G arboroscens may be .qresent; howeveralkaline szt ..... ~
on the more acid. sites V.~__S.9~.@~.. yssi~:~A~£ and/or ~,. stamine~t
~ most f~,~,u,~nt!y enc.... ~ - ~’"~ ~ ountcred.. 0therwise, any n~ber of
combinations of the ~ollowing
order of cor::mones~,~ may.,,,, occur: 2hus. ....................................................................................... aromatics, Ceanothus ~ericanus
Dirca-:~stustris. and Z:hvsocarous o-oulifolius. Vines ~,r
~ ~ " i~srticularly t]&e more common speciesfrequently very
Vitis aestive.lis, ]:.Jf..A~f .......... 2£2D_.£ 2__k A..9!_ £_[£z-io~ever~ ot.~.~_ ~’~.nes may a!so be encountered one include the
following snecie~,,.~, ,~ listed in s descending, order of commonness:
....... uloocorea spp
csnadense ~ Oml__ax tamnoi~s vRr. hisoida~ Camom~ r~emcans ~ Psssi-
f!ora lutes ~ and Vitis
2me herbaceous ground cover of upland hardwood forests is
highly variable. L~ot only d.oes it vary .,~ith the @ro~.,~ing season,
but ,.~itb. the @ensity o.f t~ forest cs.nopy. In order of commonness,
the f ~ -" "ol~o~,,mn~ ,~.--~ecies~, ~re most likely to be the abundant to very
abundant com~}onents of the ground cover: Antennsria
£~£~.~. ~r~!~.~P~£, !-~o~_~K, ~:~~ nudiflor~,fo!ium, ~’~onard.a ...... ~ 4~-~s Psnicum ~ ~ " "
}>_gP.£}A.g.£ acutil oba, Huhlenber£@£ ache!if era,
arknnssnum, Au.m~:,n~,~,. ~’~* .... Te-ohrosia vir~:inisna. ~.rimonia
~ Act.s lznarmzfo zu,.>, Sl~]us oanadensis,emone canadensis, " ~" ~ " " " 1"
, . ~ "~ ~ s s " ~imonia
:= ................... ~mon~llo, t ...... zctroz,~e,~, Rudbeckia hirta, Parthe~ium2ubcscens, £...£/., !~ ..... £. L.P2£.~" ............[~_.~2~.~i:~.s~!~P.e.SS::~., <,no. scutellaria cysts Furthermor~::~
the fo!lo~,.,inc, s~ecies..Kay also be frequently encountered
~ =zch.<~ .... of’ upl~nd hardwoodAs a croup, the oryophytes and ~"
forests vary from being poorly represented to being very
abundant. If the leaf litter is thick, terrestrial species sre
u~!y few. ~be nu~]]be~~ of epilithic o~e~ of course,~_)j .....~s varies
~ith the extent and t-~)~...~ .... o.f rock_ exoosures. Oenerally, the
~ z ~o~ f~Lora o~.tter deve!o~ed (i.e , contain more taxa)on the north sn<~ east fac" ~ mn~,~Io-~. ~, tn~n on the ~.~t or south
¯~ ~ ~ o~ - .~ o ~ thefacin~ slopes or rm~o ...... In order of their c~
.... .::~l~..s m~ be found, on the roc.~o soil : Atrichumsn£{ustatmn Thuidiun delicatul~m, Thelia aopreila,_picran~q
sc°oari £, S £.OiPSD Gla<lonia sp. ~ B~zoandersonia
Thuidi~:~ secocn@}~£~ A~!p~Ro.mp_%~8_ heterostich~ ~u~chi~m
pulchell~ vat. ~bUa%%~., CamoKli~ chEi[sonhvll~, Climaci~
americanmm, ~_}s~£~][~.m~ mollusc~ Brach~thecium serrulat~, and
art_aroma p~’{~!~5~_. On limestone or dolomitic rocks these
species, in order of commonness~ may be oresent: ~omodon
~nomodon rostratusattenuatus, He"~_,~It%l< "~’~’" 9 ci!iata, ’ ~ P}~chomitriu.~_
incur<~, Homomalli~ adnstum, s.<ne~ Pissidens subbasilaris. 0n
~andstone, Leucol~eunes <~,~~%s and oemato-..~ll~ caro!inianum,
ase infmeiuently enoountese<]. Soecies often encoun%emed on
tree bases ~111~e.~ ~<~_- i~jS~_di._qA seductrix,.~ _~.<._~_<~’~s~ asorella, Tortel~a
o ~ ,~s may be found: Leucodonon the trunks., theoe additional
eboracensis, ~poloh~eni~ trisS%~ and @~>haea somerata. The
most common species on !o6s are Leucodon ~ulaceus and
remens.
As Pinus ech.inats @]rot.rs ~ell on s ,,~ld~ ~rsriety of soi~ ~
,~articulaPly - "~ ~ - ....oom_o t~aat s~re acid snd lo~,~ in calcium, associat~onoof .pine ~:ith other ~.sro...ooc&s ase common within the ~?
kPurthermore, since hi6h light intensity is necessary to the
~. c -, ~d~-~s and rockof <,ine seed].’mnbo~ ...., they initially o~cu.Ty o~}en .......
outcrops, ano. open areos of narro~.~ rmc&ses or steep slopes. These
OOO~ St° ~ _ " ~ "_ ~n~ of 7~ne @re ~oon mnvad.ed by the oaks~ %~uePous
,:t~l].~tas"~ ~ <~:n~ s .... "~. mari~o.~_<:,n,.~mc~" c ~ tm:.t~ ~~..~ usually oresent~ in nearby
woods and ~.:hich o~so r<~.umz~ hig,]h ligsht intensities for
~hese ini%i~l ~ -
harcb,~ood~oo,0~cm< ~ " ~ ....~ such -~:~ ~ (~uercus slbs ~ ~{. , <~. rubra
and Gary,. so<~) eventually rod.uc~ sufficient shadin6 to limit
further reproduction of Pinus echinata. Eventually, as pines
<_i,:~,:,o a c~.l~ax ,3~uercus-Caryaare el’" "" ~ oN e or o _ age,
.... ociation euerses.
occurrence or ~ine in the 0L.erks is not ~..__,~]-.;ov~s.~ the
result of s natural cour.se of invasion. A conm~on practice~
"encouraged end -~racticed by re~mona~ forest service a[~emcies,
the p!antins of ~pine on suitable ui21smd sites. #m such ceses
=~.~o,e,_ or at killed bythe comoeting
gird!" ~’" " .... ~ -~ ~ln~ so that the n~c~:,~oo=o~ lm6,:t for 6cod sro,,~tn of oine_
seedlin6s reaches the forest r~oor. It is probab]_e that many
of th,;~..’~n’~ }.~_ cod sites within the .park~nace~ this origin
in the ~re<~os studie"~ .... ~ _ _ . ~ -,..... ~. in tnm,., su~rey, ire trees sharing
..... - o ~ in order of’ their commonness,dominonce ~:ith i:inus ~ " ..... ~ ~e
%uercus a!ba~ :o. L;’elutina~ ~. rubes, :-~ncL ~:]..y~ texans%uercu@
tomeD_t~_%, and .~_~_i.D£_r..u___% _v_i_r~i_n__i.~_a_:,rere less frequently present
and seldom exceeded 12~$ in relative density or comoosition of
basal area. Reproduction of Pinus echinsts is generally poor
in sites ~,here the canopy exceeds
The ~m~,ll~ ~ tree soecies~ most likely to be encountered in
the understory of pine-hard~.,;ood forests are, in order of
co~m~onness, s.9~9~s_ -~J:9~A={<~_, ~ulelanchier ~rbo_,_~a, Sassafras
Viburnum 1Drunifo]_3~7£~ Vaccinium a~}pse~., and. Zuon~mus
stropur-ourea. .~_~ charscterilstic shrub genus ms Vaccinimn
(~. vaciilans ~.n<k ~. fi}?~!#!seum) even though it is not a~ s
¯ oresent, nor is it limited to these forests alone. Other
~].~=uo~ frequently encount~ ~ ..........................eree. include Rhus aromrtica~
~ano~,.0.u .... ~m~moa:~uo. The vine flora may_. c~.~%~:~AD~, ancinclude t~mo 18<_lc~.n~ ~o.rt.n~nocl .... uo ~U~cu~9~, Vitis
aestivs!is~ ando~,a~"m’lax bona-nox.
£ero~.c~ou._ ground, cover ......... y ran[;e from sparce to fairly
,m ....species most fre<:uent!y abundant includ.e:dense .... !~
~¢~.~ other herb&ceous taxa, including most of those Im~te<~ for
upl~nd~h~d’-’o~d~,~,~. ~ .,~u.~+~’~,, may occasionally be ~oresent and even
abundant.
At,~:mt~ ~’" ~ i,![ .... r ......" ....~ nos~-~,~- (for t.~ ~ ~:s,’_~..rks)- occur that have northern
@~oGr~ ,mmcal affinities @tpne ,~-~ =~.4~tm.mum ru~osum, Rb~%iadel-
2hus tricuetrus, i)icrnn~: s~urium, and~7)7 ~ur~:::i~.,..~ _,, schreberi
~i,’~ "~ ex~osed, rocA,.~are ~e .....
~.ru~nm .......u,=rro~, anct Lntodon seductrix. The
latter s-0ecies .... ~ ~ , -o ~_~’~-ri~ re-pens is_ ~c~u OCO~ O~ ~0[~
also common. }~3~&29_ ~u!sc~.~2!, ~.~_~,mon~z~. ~o_~ ~n.. , and7~ ," _ .... ,.l~:uently 6re:< on the tree t:un
Sxar.roles 03’ u~!;~n£L pine-hard.rood forest are found a.t site
~......~ , ~ ,-- -~ ~, p_~°~,-~ !8-2 pn_~ 21-2
~. ~or~t,~. of .~r~,s enc. R<ez~ines. plant communztz~oof drat~s and ra’Tines r~re difficult to fit into any rational
m < <’~-<7.ient of t}~: lope ~_ ~............... s the nature o
rocks, the dee2nesc of tke ravine and the oosition of the
communit[,i <.,~ithin the (Irc<<~ all influence the sctu8! com-2osition
of the plant com~<~unity. Near t]~e source of the dra~ the forest
community a)pi6ro<:.ches the composition o:’,’ .~Nercus-Carya or
Acer ssccharui:~- ~uemclls n],bs, associations~ :q:~ile near the mouth of
the dra~: the co:~oostion or the forest me no% significantly
different fro~u the ~cer sscchar~u-Ccrys cordiformis association.
forest of ’ - - -,"~:~’~ ~ oapticulorls< those ee re_o~bed on
so much so, as to c~zstzn,":uzsL~ them as a ,J~e-~n~te.~,.~.±.._ associatioi<,
the %uercus a±..,<.~-~cer rubr~n association.
±n~ze is no _ ion that tsthe fores of draws and ravinesare mesic and U._~Ua]_kJ rich in species. Dominant trees may include
A. rubr~u, ~r~.~lnuo ~ericana,s combination of ~cer s~cch.ar~, _s~_~,,atica vo~. caroliniana,
..................... ~urthermore ~
~)_~ 1.~Ol, ~s . ( .......~ ......< .... @r~ occ.ssion@l] y
±’he rickno~s of tress ravine forests is delnonstr~:te<,._ not
only by the co:<~osition, but also the aoua<~ ~nce of unuerstorytree<~ shrubs ~4 vines~ .,.~ <=:~,., and. the herbaceous~.=,~-’~,~,-~..~ cover A
n~’,ber of small tree:~ many characteristic of forests of lower
slopes ~:.nc .~ .... ]L)O%%OTnS~ are fre<.uently found growinS abundantlynear t],e moutk of ~’"~r~ ss "~I! as higher un on the
than usua!. This is ....... ~ ~ ".p,<~ o=cul<~r].y true for ismmina trilobs,~.inc, cra ben:}’,oin, ...... ~o_,_~: trifolis and usr-<.inus carolinians.
- < ....." <~lently <~o.co~t~.r<.<: include ~nelanchier~. 7+ ""~-’ ~’ " Sassafras albid~, Cornus alternifolia
~ " ~ ..... ~ ?o . .r~ frequently abundant andand ~zburnu.~ ~.~um~..liu~,~ Shrubs ~ ~
include one or more of "-~- ~., k., ~ C !~.,o : Aralia race~osa ~
Kydrancea ~.r..oo.~oceno, ~=~ooc~r,,u~ 0,7,U~i~ollus, Ribes cKnosbat~~an6 Dirts -oatus%Pis. ’Dhe vines bartheno~{ ~ ......u~ <:uin~:uefolia
R~ ~ ?" P~, bone-nex, and Viti~ t~estivalis are usually
<)resent and. often abundan%, ,.:hi]..e the tr~{~ ~ ....obovatus is encountered infreouentlv _:tpough the roody species
reflect the mesic cher~cter o2 the forests of <~_rawo and ravines,
the ~ ~ ~~<~ro<:c~ou~ sround cover so~oeo ~ to be even more imoortant
__ heD~tlca ~o-as an indicator of tb~s condition, in the early ._slorins, ~ ~ "
is vat. acuts~Arissema atrorubens: _~.~__ oana~u~..n~mm<~ %~nadensis, Tri!limm~ " " ~ s Anemonellssessile, ~qumle<<ma canadensis Smilacin,q ~ooe~:o~.a,
tkal ictroides, £ribL~-.= 9.!~tb~[tf..~’£, and Dentaria ~ scinists may~ a ~_uneant Later, manybe found in ~lo~;er and ~re locally very % ~ .
other tam@ of ~erR~ ~ ~ ~~ ........~c~o.R) flowering plants ...... y be found in florer,
and those most frequently encountered are Fol~nia canadensis.,
Oali~ triflorum~ i.~9.~£>A.a~£, canedensis, Veratr~m woodii,
Cau!ooh2-11~ tha]ictro]u~.o Thaspi~n barbinode, Passiflora
lutea, o~necio aureus and A~b~ l~vi~. Ferns frequently
o,ecm~s Adiant~m pedat~, D~yopt.erisabound~ particularly the "~f " ~,
Pol stichum eerostichoidem, Aso]_eni~m rhi::,o,~hwll~m, Uoodsia
obtuss, end Botr-.~chi~ virN~inianum.
}~,_e moist s]~s, ded cond.itions of altars and ravines are
ideally suited, for th,~ cro,rth of bryophytes. On soil. the
follo~:inC ta},<<,, are ~e>,e~ted].y encountered:
Exs~ .....,~es_ . o.,÷ revine and. dra’,,; forests ..... ~e- found at site
., ,; ...... ’.~ .....~ , - sink ~1ol~, ~,, .
8. 2orests of !o~.:er slo,,.]~. The composition of forests
alon{ the lo:~er s]o~es is highly varieble and likely to be rich
in both ri~er-bottom ,:~n£ u~-~land taxe. In most cases, these
forests ~,:-,eo~ to re~:,resent an ecotons! ares bet:,~een the ser~.7
stages of the ;m:::_:~., .t]L.xt,:.~!~,~,~.:-Y~i~]> cor,iiformis climax of river-
bottoms and the sez’~] sb~s. .,o~ o.f uol~nd., clir~axes, ~articularly,
those sta~es _._en<~mnc to the Acer sacchar~m-(.~uercus alba climax.
The soils range from slightly alkaline near the base of the
slope to acid near mid-slope. The forest canopy is usually
closed, up to 90~, but may on steeper slo.Des be relatively open.
It is not unusual to find bluffs and ledges, as well as large
boulders associated ~ith these lo~,~er slope sites.
Those trees host likely to dominate here are, in order of
’ ~ ~ Acer saccharin, <~uercus prin-their commonness, ~u~rcuo rubra,
~ro~-{~ americana, %Fl~}-~us rubra, andoides ~;ar. ac~inata, ...... ¯ ......
~Jd_~ercus a!ba. :Cf lesser import~mce, but frequently encountered
are Acer rubrum, ~D~, ~S. cordifp~’2~. Car~<inus carolin-
iana, F~a>~inus ’~enns~rl~mnica, G!editsia triscanthos, ~
~ni_ @n~_~. Y~istanus occmo.entalm~, £uercus velutin~, Ulmus
americans, i~:~tn:L ciner,ea 2.- not unusual for
the understory trees to be very abundant and in respect to the
Asimina triloba, and Comus floridaspecies Linders u<;n::.oin~ _
it ms orobable that they ~ e" _ ~=m.. -present in 90[’~ of the lower s!ope
sites. Other understory trees that repeatedly occur in these
areas include: ~elcnchier a~o~r~., Cercis csnadensis, DiosDyros
~ia_~us~, Junioerus Z~~F~ Rhsmnus carolinian~, Sassafras
albidmn, bt~mh~le~, trzfo~.z,-t, and Viburn~ ~runifoli~ Under-story trees ~ess frequently encountered but ~oresent are: Cornus
dr~mondii, q~wq~< americans, I"iorus rubra, i:runus s~ericana,
B~elia lanu~inosG.~ and [~.[~_~.. a~a~.~ as we]_) as Alnus serrula~a,S~bucus canadensis, and Sali~ caroliniana~ ~.~rhich are ~artio~lsrly
evident near the bases o.[’ slopes that end 8,brm-ptly at 1he edge ofthe river.
Shrubs and vines are also usually abundant. In the shrub
~_~.._..!~p!S:~c_~.~_ is the most frequently encountered
soecies, in addition to being very often the most aounu~nt of the
s~.rus species ~>resent ’~ []ard to vines, ~:arthenocissus
~~[p~i~, i{~2. ~f~ia~:~3~, and Vitis aestivaiis, occur most
commonly and ....... ~;m,~<~,~ti~~_~ ......~. ~Ther shrubs and vines encountered
in the fo:r:.e:{~t of !o~:er sl.ores in order of commonness are:
Dioscorea s~,"4. Rhus aromatica
Sm±lax bona-nox
S. ~mnoides vat. hisnida
C__a~u~i3 radic ans
Aralia racemosa
~horicarpos orbicularis
Rosa sD.
C__ephalanthus occidentalis
~S£ n._alus tr i s
Herbaceous species that are frequently present on !ower
~. co~oinnum
t~ao nauy of these taxc are also common inIt should be noted " ~
the river-bottom _~oreot~.
3ryop~,~t~_ may be abund~.nt rithin the forest of lower
slopes, oart" ~ ~ ~ -.... mcu~.~r=~ if rock e~posures are co~on. 0n shaded
rocks the soecies thst are often abundsnt are Anomodon
attenuate, ~.. rostrstus, A. minor snd Hedwi~ia ciliata, while
on the soil, Atrich~m S~~5~D~.., Thuidi~ .delicatulum,
B~F~.~r~P~ ~.P~.~.£~ ~.~,~_~D~, c~.i.~u~_, ~n~ lindbe~i~_,
:~e~mcsnum~ <:,nd (]~-~rovli~ chrvsooh~llmn are often abundent
The trun ..... oe tree~:~ m~y ~u~<.~o~t the ~ro~th of Kao!oh~neni~m
trist~. Leucodom ~u]aceus, ~nomod~n et~em~stus, enG D=~
Exsmio!es of forest communities of lo<.,er slooes occur at
..........~ite sam]?!e sr~ ]_-~ ,!~-/~ 6, ’~, I/ , ~,~.,- , ~,-~_, my, ~6->,
Ver<et~tion of sten;->, roc1_~K ~ ~ ..... n.~ taluo, edge of
.~moes a]o-n.,b ootk the
Current ri~.=ers ~,here stee:~ roc]qf b~;nks an<. uxtonsive talus slopes
~re in juxt~,,osition to tLe i’~ " -stre =o~.,mn~s sms. i~ost of these sites
are subject to inured_orion ,,£urin{~ f’!oo<~s in the s2ring~ conse-
~ - "~ ~ ......... ’- _~ distinctly sllu~ial an<~. sandy.euently the so!_~ ,~l~b~o ~s
’9he oiant co~:k~unities of bkese site~{, ere mot conveniently
of flood_o!ain or riv.<:;r-bottom co~m;~unities. ~ ..... ....ny species,
ere aquatic in nnture ~nd.. seem to gro~ ~ell among the rocks
at the river s .~,,ige -~¢ -~-~ tkey n~,::,~e becoiue est~..o_m.on.~ d.uring£
i e , they Sro<; on ~d=J !~nd but r~ave roots that exten<i, down to t~:e
oo.tu~.at~d .... soil .~t th<~ level, of the river. Where the slopes are
~,~0 ...... o .....on of u-o!~- ~ ~ .... } ";rather steep, t,~x,n ~," ~,~ c ....... . .
Acer saccharine, .?raxlnt~s oen~sYi.vs~lc8 vat. subinte6errima,
Ostrys vir6inions. : -~u~ ~. ~ ~.:~..K~ ~. , ~ Asimina-~.xlnu,~ icans Ulmus ruors,
triloba, 8tanhy]_es trifolia~ ~nd Aesculus glsbra In audmtmon
to these o ,~ " ~ ~oro~ .... f~uctlco~ ..... , ~o.~s~ .... I~ vernalis~
.................................. ~.a,..~icum spatu!ath~m, and l~h.ysocsr<~usooulifolius~ ai?e ~omet-’~..aeo~ coT~mon, es~;~eci~=ly., ot the edge of the
riwer. 9hle ~ioo£y crass, Arundinsria Ni~RDt.ea, is infrequently
encountered, but ~:hen 2resent is usually very abundant. The
vines, Rhus rsj~Af~o~c, Smilax bons-nox, S. ~iamnoides vsr. ~i~pidaj
and Parthenocissus ~uincuefolia, and the shrub, H~angea
srborescens, are reoested!y p_e~ent in these sites
The herbaceous flora is usually dense and may contain a
large variety o£ t.nx~, elthough the species most characteristic
of these sites inclu~ s<iu.~tic t~-~m such as Sleocharis clara,
Sau~urus cernuus, 8~sitto ~" o s.~..... ~:~zm ..... and Justica americana, as well
as the taxa that occupy s phreetophytic position. These are:
The bryo.phytes commonly ~resent along the edge of the river
include the e-: m~ithic s?ecies Porel!a pis_n~t_ma_, Anomodon
attenuat~E, ~. ~t~a~, J~uomodon minor,.Narchantia ~o~orpha,
D~ortiera hirsuta, and Conocephal~ coni~u~. ~, and the terrestrial
species, Philonotis sp., ~D~ lind.ber~.~ ~oa~dersonia
illecebra, Bsrtramia oomifo~is, Aulacomni~ heterostich~,
Thuidium delicatulum ~i]~_~m. £v~ida~~ and ~j~. affine, opecmes
more rarely encountered include Timmia nega?olitima and
~m curvifo!ium on soil d Trichostomum ~lin~ricum~
and ~.~m,ny~lu~ deola.nat~m on rocks.
Zxam-o]_es of mesic <~ites on steep rocky slopes and talus
slon,r the ~,-~ .... of the rivers are found at site ss~ole areas
2-1 ,q-]. 6 ].0-c’ ~ " 15-1-.] ~-
]0. i~orests of ri~er bottoms. As soi! is Eradually built
up on old 6ravel bars, forest communities take sha~e in a fairly
regular patt~ ~ ..~ ~- ~. u~.~ ....... initis~ for,,~t,~ of gravel bars (see ii
l:latanus occiclenta!is, .3~lixcaro~nzan~ " " - a and Kam&melis ~erna]_is~ -~h-. forc.sted bars ,~ dominated by~hile along the ~rren~ c,~.:~ ....
Platanus oc+m<<o~.~.~.Im~.~, omlmx "~" ~ . and
Betula n~m~£. As a!!uxria! de?omits accumul~Tte and the streams
cut deeper channels, flooding is lens frequent and at least
two metal forest communities lemding to a c!ima~ Acer maccharum-
c ii~.~ x ..... be cosnized_. (Steyermark, _~ar~a corc~ifo~mis mo.o re 79zrO).~ ~ these are the ~c~r saccharinum-In tn~ ,Scenic Rr<<er:<sys recion,
}>opulus deltoides s-t~e~ <~nd the rn ............ ¯ o ~ ~" s
Z¢ome of the bottom-lane4_ ~..~;,~oo inoluded in this survey olear!y
2it into either of ~ ......... ~~q4 ...... ,~to.7]~eo
the climax type :~ere not common, for only one forests at stations
9, ]-}-], and ~/6 had a ~_~ibnlflc<:nt nm,~ber of indi~d.duals of
Acer saccharmn ancl o~.:~<:,, ~_9~f.,ti~:,.9_~.~_~i. _J.u absence of clearly
defined succe ...... mon<:.l staues <~n<~ climax t~upes is most likely due
to the second anck t]}ird sro, tn nature of ~resent river-bottom
forests.
in extent of development, the best river-bottom forests occur
along the lower reaches of the Jacks Fork and Current rivers
where the valleys are broad. Even here, most of the original
forest sites are or ~ere under cultivation. Even so, remnants
of river-bottom forest have often been preserved adjacent to
the river channel by land owners employing ~.~ise flood control
practices.
The sl!uvial soil of river-bottom forests overlies old
gravel bars, an<]_ is particularly evident ~..~here the streams have
eroded_ away r~a.rts of the b<,mk, ("Photos 2zl. and 25). Here, usually
sandy soil is slightly acid to alkaline (pK G.4-T.7) and accum-
ulation of humus :,m,s not observed to be extensive. Whether this
lack of hm~us is normal or a result of the extensive floods in
the late <~inter of 1969 is not kno:.n, ¯
The domin~ ~no crees the rzver-oottom forest include,
in order of co~x~onncss, ~[!_[£~9_r~p.F~,~i.~..a~.[<~u_~ occidentalis,
Fraxinus americana, 0~£}~R£~ m.~p~F-<~~ ~,~ saccharine, A.
~~ Other~ ~o~ trees that are occasionally encountered,
but usually less important (~J relative frequency and ~ relative
bass! area < ~q:i% o~ Acer ne6undo, Aesculus glabrs, Frexinus
oennsylvanica, :3]ed.itsia tri@csnthos~ Jug]..@ns sirra, Po~ulus
~i_~.. ~ l ..... [ .........."’A.~ ~ ac~in~t~ ~,%. rubra, <ilia
~nericana, and U!mus o.seric~ns. Under~tory trees are usually
~ ~ol~::no triloba,abunds.nt, part’c~ ~ .... the ~n~ ~’~
cs.solinisna,~
Tn such
Vitis aestiva!is o~~.~ i"~rthenocissus cuincuefolia may become
.. " _~_ ±:.e shrub soecicsquite %rolific ~:nd mn r~:s.ny cases cuite narge. ~ ....
~ .m,..oo orbicularis.most commonly ~.~resent and a~undant is. Sy~fhorics p °
Other vines and shruos thor m,?y be e-n~n~-n~S include
- ~:n.~_ er resleast le~s common, on the Jacks l~ork River ~ d the up9 oh.or
of the Current River.
.... -~’~-" uh~ bottom forests isThe herbaceous ve~,~,>tmon oi ...... ~ river
abundant and luxuriant, hany species rosy be abundant, and in
this category t,~ose most rre,quently encountered are:
Other s>,ecies only occn, sion~o!ly present and/or not usually higher
on the abund.@nce ~, ~.,s tram infrePuent [email protected]:
urn conadensis
i3ilene .ate!Isis
Gollinsonia eanadensis
Bryophytes are often abundant on the tree trunks and
decsyins logs.. The most cerumen corticolous~ so~cies.~ are Leskea
.... ~7~ Anomodon sttenuatus, and Forsstroemia trichomitria.
On logs, ]£ntodon seductrix and Y’!~’rimn recent are conlmon.
E .....~7 ~ of ~oto~ forest are located, at site samole
o ....str,~ " . AlonN both the $acks ~ork
............ ’ b::,r q ’ Qheyand Current River,s, ’~_’~ ~s ....... a~,e extremely common.
contain extensi-{~.,o o ~cn" - ...........’,-,e’,~’ [see _£ ),and forests in various
~, -~,~:~ f ’ ~. .... often
designate<~~ as bk.e _3:::]-i-;c ........ ....ccroiinians-H~:~mame’_ .k~,-’o vernalis
is a much less common <~or.~ber of this association a!ong the
ourrent~’ 2i-~er_ ~_s~i(k-- ~ .>a.:ix caroliniau.a ~ay be the oo=_~ ~e member ofthis oioneer oomnunzt~7. ,’~-.qT~ n:-~.~ .~ ro.,n the rear,gins or the
~.... ,oteyermsrk recognzzes~x~__ ~ fl~ ~_ soi! S ~,co~..~:~.e(,~
an older forest s~<e tke ~{cer s,:~oo ..... rz..~m~ z ooulu~ deltoides
association. Zn this st~Se Ylatsn~s occidentaiis and Ulmus
rubra are also ~ ~ ..... ~ ....
oresent amo~_<~ o~ Cu ....... nt [lJ:<e~’~ a<}~oears to be absent or at
least rs~re a~on~" the~<sc~’- ~ork 2i~er
These t~,:~o _forest e.ssoc~_s. .... ozons actusll~~ reTp, resent~~ as C_o all
sssociations~ s.n :~bstrsction of the most commonly encountered
@rou-oin[: of s%eczes ~lonc ~ ~,o~4, la~ time nnd environmenta!
o ....o~tion of " <’~’ddient. Conse~,~.u~ n~-’~o~_y, tke c ....... , ~ zn~._z z.~u~ stands is
~rarza~,le, a conCition certainly reco~;ni:sed by otoyerm~,rk
NevertheRe .... +~r~ t<;o fern, err o.ssoci.ationo sre~ from o ohysior~nomic
" ~ ...."~ -~ ........~~ ~ ioneer forests o ....~u~,l]_y
o~-~’~ ~ ~-~ ’77~,.~-",~’y~ic:~ and_ biotic factorsa_e~.ulop into ~"::~ oz<~.:,t’:~.
behind such a t:r’ensition need furtker study ,~n<i these ~ravel b~r
e _~_~-~n~ ,>~’-~:~..,.,~. to ~:)p]_y_ ~-’r~diont analysis
The first ~ecosni ...... o].~. forest on @~ravel %srs consists
amelis ~<ern<:iis. A num%er o{’ other ~oody tcxa may also ben~ n~ ~ the "" v~n .... Pamthenocissuspresent 8 ~uncant~
}~ rsRicsns~ Vitis su~es%sis and
..... ~zu ......_ ........~ ....................................l~soca~ooulifo]..ius. " ant_ ~An~orrJ).s ~ -" a osplmn~s of Platanus
_ <~ e~ verst bung.ant in this nioneer woodyoccid.entslis :~r’.~ o: ~ a
stas,se.
~.~ letter t~:o trees
~aczt;~ £ork A nu_ubor o£ o~<-,’~r ±;axe 02 ~az’:-:e trees may be locallz~
imnortsnt rssoci<t,c,.~ of ........~:~,.::-:,~; o J ~~ -’a,:~r forests These are~
J-u~lans uifp~:, if’i] i~’. r:<x.:: ?i¢;~u.’.~ .]1££?? .q."cch;~rum, ...................end Neclura
pomiferc
lTackelia virsiniana
~totaenia canadensis
Pile a
@eum csnadense
Viola stricta
Leersia virginica
Rudbeckia laciniata
Aster lateriflorus
Bryophytes are present in these woods on tree trunks
and lo~s. Species most likely to be encountered are Leskea
.racile~c~no, P7etva~vri~m re~n~-~, and Entodon seductrix.
ExamPles of~.~o~ ...... i %~..~.~ forests are found at site sample areas
I-~, ~-I, 10-2, ~..5-2, !~]~_~, ,~=~.o, ~,_-I~°, ]~-!, ].~-2, 44, ~9-i, and
~8-!.
~2. 0pen areas of ~’ravel bars In addition to the presence
~’ ,~ ...... ~ lopment, extensive openof forests in ~.~arious ot~.~e~.~ of c_eve
areas are common on ~.a~s:_ bars ~’~. ~ the coarse substrate is
devoid of h~us, and m~-{y contain considerable sand which is
o urthermore, a remarkableusually circ~meutra! (pH 6.~-7.2). F
variety of ~q ~.~ell on these sites~ in s~ite of the factthat this habitat is fre:~uently flooded, has a hiEh ~ater table,
and is rather .... " _~.~mc on the hitcher Darts of the bar. Zt aopears
that many of the species. , oarticulsr~y.~ .... annuals, have their
disseminules ~_eposmted ~ne~ each season on the bars as flood
water recedes, and tn~;.~.~~sc~{oe{~_..~.~ of ~ravel bars as "botanical
trash he~nss" is~ c~ o~inly apnropriate.
The only shrub conmonly encountered, in the open @ravel areas
or ~and bars in .’,-~,r}~o~icaroos orbicu!sris Other shrubs such
Rosa caroliniaua, anc. ~Sj:~:u~ P~J~I~:#£~J}S: may occur in open areas,
but are not co~:tr~on. T%e vine, Vitir~ rupestris is apparently
...... ~ i bars ~ ~ the Ja k~ Pork, but-~esent on ~ost of the
is either absent or r~.re ......
The herbaceous ~ "~ oa.ro varies materiallyf.~o< .... of ~jravel ’,
from the lo:;er t.ret areas to the higher dry areas of the bars
This ms oarticul~ ~- ..." ._ ~r~, a~0arent on !after bars like the one at
Station 25 (see page 2]]for discussion% ~ ~ ~. ~_~t~ou~.~m the actual
n~ber of s~cies 0resent on any one bar is usually very large,
Pone s-oecies are more commonly encountered She usually
to very abundant. These are:
monooooca
~_ost is ~lba
A. perennsns
Amaranthus h~bridus
~brosia arte.misiifolia
A. trifida
Aristida 6ichotom,~
A. csudata
Bidens bi3oinnat a
B. cernum
B. connata
s. frondosa
~ia ~’!sndice
Genchmus !oncis-oinus
Centaurea m?~cu!osa
Commelina erecta
Croton nonanth o~}mus
Cuohea - " " -
str~osus
o s.n mu!n ~ ~_ i s
Diod.@ te~es
~chinoc] oa
~u,.,atoz i~,~ co,~_._~,~tinum
Zuohorbia dentcta
Yroelichia sracilis
Gaura biennis
Geu~ canadense
-ile !.enim~ autumnsle
ioomea pandurata
isan~huo b~achiatus
~ustica americana
Kickxia elatine
Leersia p_~ o id e s
L. ~irsinicus
" " r] " ~enol_ lor~i
Lespede::~a cuneata
bobe!ia cardinalis
Oenoth.era biennis
~xalis stricta
~<Slo I ._~ dodecandra
Po l~E.9!~! pens~/ivanicm~
za officima!is
Setaria viridis
,3norobolus clandestinus
~ridems i’l n%~s
Uniolo latifolia
Verbena,.~otricta
V. urticifoli@
Ve ~’ "s"~r~e~ mm~ alternifo!ia
~Ternonia crinita
Veronica comoss
bar areas .... s~e found at site sample..... ~ %4 .%}-1 and
_-~ >. Acus, tic~ ~ veo~tation. A, u~t~ic, co~munities occur in
quiet pools of ~ ~,ter in backwashes an£ ox-bow lakes, alon~stream banks, oround the edges of [~’r~.rel bars, in swiftly
.... ~llower parts of the river, and in andflowing water of the ~ ~
along spring branches. ’~he vegetation of the latter habitat
,~as not studied in this survey since it has been adequately
treated, elsewhere (Steyermark,
A n~ber of olants may occur st the water’s ed~e along the
. csl!ed ohreatoohytes, include woodystream banks Such plants, _
" ~ ~ Betuls
~Es.__, acer nei~unio ~iLl~-.~tnu~ occmlentolmo,
alnu~,~e~ruma~,~~ ~ ~ ~ and. herbaceous snecmes~ ss Leersma oryzoides,
L. virsini~,, c~, Bi~@n~ conna~, B. comosa, B. cernua~__B- po!yleois,~.
0noclea sensibilis: Looelma csr,mmns!ms~ ~onuzu~ caracea, Uniola
..... o~,tis m~keo ~n<uisitum h]~emale var elatuu,
roljsom~r] h~<<~o<i~er _:~.~nt]loru~ sed_oides~ C,:~mu~anul8 smericana~
Ammostis ....... .~)e=.enn~.n ..... ~nd <coDus rubel!us.
in <uite .~e:-. ~)oo!s of ~:ater, ![u~ohs.r luteuu~ var. ozarkanm~
is often 0resent. ghe m~ssive rhi~one of this olant is located
~m<~ its ]_e~ float on the surface ofalons~ the river botto~ ~
the ~mter.
Around_ t~ -~ ~<i~.s o~ ....... m~ bars -<~srticulsr!y on the dorn-
~tr~ ~ ~-~..-)ortions~ the ..... .~n<~-~_o or uuddy ~ooi~_~ at the edge of the river
i~ saturateC~ an<i ~’ov~:~d ~-~; ~ster durin~:] hiqher stage~ of the~ ~ ~ ...... ~ r~ay be present,river. !n these site<~, a aumo.:~r of [email protected]~]%t~s _~,
porticulsr!y suck s.~ecies ;_~s. ._.~TT=~.~icsrr~e micr~ntha~. ___ ___~Ero<~r°stis,
~[onoldes,. Ycronica co~aosa, Scir~us ~--~ " ~ _~ _~’- vallidus vat.
Pj~:~bristv!is suttu~ma]_~., Lu£~’i~ alternifo!ia,G. 8riststa~ .... ~
oa~ittaria mstm.~.olm~.~ sn£ Justica ....~,~ican<~,~_ . The latter
i~ prob;R’o~y ~ the r~ost co~mom s<}uatic plant in the fs~’~. it is not
in shallo~; ero<~:, alons str~Sc.~ banks ~rh.ere i1 is often associate£
Nany of these s?ecies are characteristic of soils rendered poor
and sterile by over cuJ_tm,ration and/or ~.rasing.
The ~oody species that invade lowland old fields usually
ap?esr in the second and third years and may include any or all
of the following s’;ecies:
.$ .... ? oo........... r ..... albidum
Dzoo,.~roo vir~iniana
"~,~_. ~_~ ~nadensis
Asimina tri!oba
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juni<~e~us vir[~iniana
Platanus occidentalis
it is senerally conceded by residents and long time observers
of the vesetation of this re~’emon" , t.~.~.~.~t left unc~msturoe~, these
.... ~-lec~zt o z~ triacsnthos.oI~ fiez~s N,~y in time be dominated by r~ ~. ~-~
A_~t~ou,,,n the o ata from b.~z~ o ~.,.~.~-~ ~uz,,s~ is insufficient to substantiate
this observ<.tion~ o~oo~- .... that i9 could be correctSince <~le~mtsis~._ tr£acant!.%oo~ m~’~ s. thorny and un&esirable species,
. -~’t ...... trmacantno~ from low] andit may be nrud.ent to _~_~.~ao...~ Oled.itsia " ~ ~ ._ .
fields and to plsmt in its :~zace o_,ac.~ ~.,mlmut (~u~ans ~) or
.~ (Cam a illinoensis)L~,-~:-:r-~]~s of_~o~.Cand .... olN fie~s~<=, are found at site sampl=,
.... -’ and ~: %-1.areas 8~ 16~ ~,,,
15. U-r~,~_an~ ~;:ricultural 3ires. Since so rauch, of the u?lands
is in fomes%s, pelat~ ~< re: uolanc], o!d. :~ ....... are rrithin the
~a~, ~ouuCari~s ~.~,~ iu tke case of the oI~.. ?ie~ds of !o~,,S.and
sites, the n~xbcr of areas stucmec~ mn this survey is not sufficient
~a~ more t~c&~ qo£~e broad, genera!i~ations~
to be d -’" ~-e4 ’ conbinstion o£ such ~-~-",~ aso ,. ~ c l,.. S .~Ibr o s i a
" " - ’ ate i-~dro :o<on -~’-¢~"" " ’ o ~arexbz(ion t) ~ _~_~--~- ...... ,.. z_._,: ].n]_ouo ..............., Lromus ~..J s :}onious_,. ,"-’ -
.on~**,_a fistu!osc.
’ .... th::; host vigorous itr,<rsd.ersckur.ln
’first~~ce_,_,., ~ tToi;:o1 cio>.t u2o~ ma~nteno, no.
.?o~icies end ~cb~:&u2:ec of the m:-tote:~n,,.~ eount=~ rove:: &e:~artr~ents
if the ,_~oi.l::o ~-;u’o 7oiS.. ,i.,tkeP 8:’~<,c]ec,__ "t~tot ore lik" ....."~~o to beobse:cvec£ in tile
a ........... retie
Baroarea~ vul~-aris (oa~ticu-I nr I y ~J_onC ditches)
Frs~aria vir~-iniena
Oxalis rio~
Te ohro s ia -,~ J_r&~ini
tricboc~~
Only one s- ,~,, cite t< ozon, . ,........... <J.evoted to collectin6
~.o::;t os t~-~ ~- .....ci.,~,s not .....above have been
observe~i o].on[:~ 7~o~..sl<;.es of ~<. park #per st one %J.me or
snotLer ~-o,~ the se. ior r~uthor. .
~o ~ of recre,~olon sites is not only weedy,
but likely to contnin any nur=~ber of plants ~i’iose seeds were
introduced, by visitors to the park, such as Citrullus vulgsris
and Lyco~ersicon ~,-culentum. l[ative and n~our~,Imzed snecies
that can be expected_ to increase in me~ic~ and ~ry~ recreation
358.
the Current River, just north of Powder Mill Perry. The soil
in this area is thin, rocky, covered with a thick layer of
humus, a~d acid, ranging from a pH of 5.4 on the ~idge to 6.0
at mid-slope. Surface exposures of dolomitic boulders (Eminence
Formation) are common.
Site I (150 x 50 feet) is located on the ridge at an
elevation of 680 to 700 feet, or about 140 feet above the river.
The canopy of the forest is closed (ca. 80%) and is dominated by
several species of Carya and Quercus. The understory of trees
is dense and composed of the small tree species Asimina triloba,
Cornus florida, Lindera benzoin, Rhamnu.s caroliniana, and
Sassafras albidum, as well as saplings of the crown dominants,
particularly Carya tomentosa and Quercus rubra. The vines Parthen-
ocissus quinquefolia and Vitis aestivalis are also imoortant components
of the understory. The most abundant individuals of a rather
poorly developed herbaceous flora belong in the genus Desmodium.
Bryophytes are also few, a condition no doubt due to the presence
of dense shading and a thick, leaf mold over the soil. For a
list of the taxa present in site I, see Table 106.
Site 2 (150 x 50 feet) is locsted on the steep (ca. 50~)
slope at an elevation of 600 to 630 feet. As in site i, the
forest canopy is dense or about 70 to 80% and the dominant
trees belong to the genera Carya and ~uercus. However, in this
site, Quercus is a more significant component, mainly because
of the presence of several rather large trees, such as i$" and
~0" d.b.h, trees of ~. alba and a 24" d.b.h. ~Q. rubra. The
leading understory tree species are the same as in site I;
however, Hydrangea aborescens, a shrub, and Parthenocissus
quinquefolia, a vine, are also very abundant. The herbaceous
flora is dominated by Desmodium nudif!orum, D. glutinosum,
Adiantum pedatum, Polystichum acrostichoides, and Galium circaezans.
Bryophytes are numerous and for a list of these plants, as well as
other plants present in site 2, see Table 107.
363.
Station J-~5, Sites 1-5 (5 October, 1969)
Hap 3~’~. (Sect. 35, T. 29 N., R. 2 W.)
Station 4~ " ~ ms located on one of the steepest and highest
slopes (west-facing) along the Current River at the northern
end of Cardareva Bluff where the slope varies from 45° to 60°
along its lower portion to 20° to 30° near the summit. Extensive
vertical bluffs of dolomite (Eminence Formation),up to ~0 feet high,
are present along the lov~er part of the slope. The total height of
the slope and bluff is ~20 (~20-i0~0) feet.
,~zte i (150 x ~0 feet) is located along the edge of the
river up to an elevation of approximately 560 feet. The slope
is steep (ca. ,!1-5°) and the soil is rocky, sandy, and circtm~neutral
(pll ~.0). A few small bluffs of dolomite occur along the upper
part of this site, while the remainder of the site has a canopy
of 60 to o,~,,~ formed by a matu~ forest that is dominated by
Ac___e_r sacchar~,_~f~ercu__s .prinoides vat. acuminata and £uercus
rubra. ~he understory is luxuriant, made up of numerous species
of small trees, shrubs, .and vines that include the following taxa:
Acer saccharum (saplings)
Asimina tri!oba
~erc_~emma scandens (a vine)
Ca____r~9~n__u~
Comus florida
~9_u~r-~_a~ arborescens (a shrub)
Lindera benzoin
i~arthenocissus ~ quinouefoliashrub )
~uercus rubra (saplings)
~_aus radicans (a vine)
Viburnu~ prunifo lium
~he herbaceous flora, of this site is diverse, and the leading
species of the sna~ed soil are:
Anemone virginiana
Asarum canadense
Asplenium platyneuron
Aster cordifolius
Bidens bioinnata
Bo t r~c hi~ ~in i an~
On the shaded rock ledges, the following herbs occur:
c~na~enoloAquil e~ ° ~ ~ " °
Aspleniu_m ruta-murariavar. c r%~t o i e ~) i s
Cheilanthes feei
Brachye !y ctrtum erectum
Bromus purgans
Galium concinnam
~anictm~ boscii’U~ 7 " l ~so±mea~o u!mifo!ia
~to?teris bulbifera
Pellaea atropurpurea
Polymnia canadensis
Solidago drummondii
365.
Bryophytes are numerous throughout the site, particularly on
the trunks of trees, on logs and on exposed rocks. For a list of
the plants present in site !, see Table i08.
Site 2 (reconnaissance only) is located on the steep
slopes (ca. 60°) and rock ledges at the base of a high bluff
at an elevation approximately 640 to 680 feet. The thin soil is
eroded, rocky and alkaline (DH 7.a-), and subject to considerable
insolation by the afternoon sun as a result of the rather open
canopy of only 20 to p~,.~. Consequently, xermc conditions prevam±
and. the few tree species that grow here (see ~able 109) are
restricted to the deeper soils of ledges or crevices. The shrubs,
~dran:~ea arborescens and Rhus aromatica, as well as the vines
Rhus radicans and ~o~_~{£ bona-nox, are abundant. A rich herbaceous
flora is ouoooroed ~y this area an~ the.species most conspicuous in
the late fall are:
Bra~91~tr~ um erectrum
Bromus ~r~ns
E__u~o~bia__macu!ata
l-I~strix patula
Nuhlenber~a~_ frondosa
})anicum virFatum
Setaria viridis
Sol_~i~~ta vat. s__~t~~
Solida~o drummondii
S. ulmifo!ia
Verbascum ~psus
Verbesina canadensis
The bryophyte flora is primarily restricted to the vertical
exposures of rocks and the dominant species are Anomodon
a_t~tenua_~t~_,_~A, r~os__tra~us, and Forsstroemia trichomitria. For a
list of the species present in site 2, see Table 109.
Site 3 (!O0 x i00 feet),located on a .steep (ca. z~5°) slope
at an elevation of approximately ~00 to ~50 feet, has a thin,
eroded soil which is very rocky and acid (’pH 6.2). Trees are
widely scattered_ resulting in a canopy which is relatively open
(ca. ¯ ~adin~ ~arge trees belong to the species
texana, .~uercus alba, and .~. rubra. Saplings of Acer saccha.rum
and Carya texana are common, t.~i!e small trees are abundant,
particularly those belonging to the species ~arping~ caroliniana
and Ulmus alatao Rhus aromatica is the dominant shrub and Rosa. so.
a conspicuous trailing shrub. The herbaceous flora does not contain
a large number of species, but those that are present are numerous.
371.
This is ~2articularly true for Antenns-ri~ p_~p_t~ifo____l~_ia_, ~’~onarda
r__u_sse!ian_ a, Androo~ ~erardi, Aster a__np.~a~lu~s, Brach_~y~._iFctrum
erectum, Coreoosis }oalmsta, ~s}horbia corollata, Parthenium
his.~, Rudbeckia h__i~_rta~, and Solida~o nemoralis. The mosses
Hed~,~m~m~~ ~ "~’~ ciliata, Anomodon attenuatus, Grimmia a~, ~G- pilifera,
and Pt_~chomitrium incurvum are conspicuous on the exposed dolomitic
boulders. For a list of the plants present in site 3, see Table ii0.
Site 4 (i00 ~.~ iO0 feet) is located on the upper slope at an
elevation of about 920 to 9m.O feet ~.~here the slope is 30 to 35° and~ o "~ (DH 6.~). Boulders of a cherty dolomitethe soil is rocky an~
are scattered throughout the site and on these rocks the moss,
~ed~,~.~mg.ma ciliata, i~ abundant A cano~gy of ~-0 to 60% ms produced
by a forest in <,~hich the dominant s~ecies are ~a te}~ana, Pinus
echinata, ~ercus ~±oa., stellats, and 0 velutina ~ith the
exception of Pinus echinata, saplings of the dominant trees as
~’el! as those of iuercus r__u_br__~a are present. The understory of
small trees is thin and includes the species Amelanchier arborea,
Cerci___~s_ canadensis, Comus f!orida, and both Viburnum p~unmfol~um~ " " and
V_. rufidulum. The shrubs, Rhus aromatica and Ceanothus americanus,
m ....often the case for u~}land acid sites,are present, and. as
abundant. Herbs are scattered_ ~,.~ith the fol!o~ing members of the
Composite family most conspicuous at this time of year:
Antennaria <)]snta~inifolia
Aster anomalus
A. linariifolius
~. patens
A. turbinellus
Coreomsis oalmata
Echinacea oallida
Liatrus _l_igu!~lis
Parthen ium hi~_i__dum
Rudbe ckia hirta
S i lo~_h_i_tum terebinthinaceum
So!ida~o aitissima
~. oetiolaris
S. nemoralis
For a list of al! the 21snzs noted in site ~ , see Table iii.
Site 5 (150 x 50 feet) is located,near the summit of the
slope at an elevation of about i000 feet. This site is nearly
level and the soil is light, rocky, covered by a thick leaf
mold, and acid (pH 5.0). The canooy is 50 to 70% and. composed
largely of the crou<ns of <~uercus rubra and <i~. velutina. Tree
saplings are numerous, particularly of the species Nyssa sylvatica
vat. caroliniana, Carya texsna, Finus echinata, ~uercus marilandica
It is obvious that a survey made only durin@ the last half
of summer and foll cannot -~ "~ . ~-’o<~ complete Cons~uent].y few spring~
f!o~erin~ -~ .... ants ~<ere col ...... cto~. Like~ise, fall florerin~ Plants
~" ...... ~ in -~ ~tu .... e~ ......... ~ in the survey. Furthermore,
the time~.~’~_~’~7~7~.~.,..~ for this survey ~ms inadequate to cover such
~ diverse_r~~UiOn~ ~ thorouchly. ~<~-~.~7~ o ~~ ~, ~_ ~ ~ o o, ~ n~ber of ~,~oroblems
in the ,~.r~.o~ ~p ~ of <~colo~y,~ floristics and ts.xonomy were recognized
._ ~ course of bhis survey and. are r.ecommen~e<~ ~ oossib!e
~.utu_<,~ r~ investigations. ~N~ ..... ~ ~’’~ ~re:
.iaxo~o~l~ i>ro];]e::is - oeveral genera seem to be
~rk taxa
need ,~ ....... ~ study:
:3one of these texs ore }re<~ntly under study elsewhere,
Vernoni~ end ~ :~nic~n for examole, but certein!y criti-
cal studies of %.:~srkicn material :,.ould be very valuable.
bp£2es o~. ecolo~<:c@.:. ~bu<_z:~s that ~ould be valuable.~ ~ ~
, ]lO. ;e:rer : t)le i-~]ore critical ones :
...... uu~z~, ..~zz~ the observations
~..;,~-,,,) concernins plant succession
in tkc. ~":~arks aop<-,s~~ ...-~ ,,~to-be generally correo8~
the o:~::act <~t~’~s for ~-" ~ " ~ ......-..... <, .... o[Id i?e[]loN encor%i_ aooed bythe Scenic Rivert:~ys are not K.,o~rn
Furt!~ermore~ even ~.’here the details of the
~:, .....u_,n~ ..... ,~uooo~noz~-~lly cor~ect~ the
,~ou’~;~-bive i’<~,ctors for t.~..e successional patoerns
c~ ~ of course, are
critical not only for management practices,~-o {’or <~med.ictive value
tK!)es is neede&. Such studies are essential
to an understanding; of t~l,~ dynamic nature of
the ve{Tetation.
O!d field succession studies would be very
~%~n..~mm@ secondary succession
~.~.s_~. such information ~ou!& also be
of ,.ra!uc in !~i~nnin~ maintenance _practices of
<=o_,_ommtmc g].o,,<ues have been studied ine~st<~rn ~[issouri (i;rickson~ et. al.~
~ a ,, not
es-,,ecialiy if’ we a.re to under-st~:~n,}_ n.o only their fl.oristic corn.position, but
.::~.... .:.ists:!:,ik}ution o$ .... , ......I to>:a ,-:ith the Scenic
A~,und_inaria £:i6ante &.-’.~
or ore they real, !f so, ~hat biological and/
~>~<micsl fncto-os s.re resoonsible?
nam<:,~_y any £zou~ lo<,er rlants that
is ,,;ell kno:m for ~ "s are of the O;:~arks. ’2he
~ ,-,’< ~ fungi lichens, , ..... ,.... o .... ~ , ferns aNs to
e]itc~t~ the ’~,~w~ ~ ~eec~ ~.~. ecia~
attcntion. ]~es-~-q on results the senior author
~,’~ !~.~;~6_ ~ith the br~rophytes, soecies ne~.~ to~ /
~:to~:~, certainly c;:~n be exoected in any of these
~rou-~s. ~o~R in this survey the
it J::~ not on]_y near for tho state, t0ut it is
.~._no...n f?om along t::o other localit’~s the1~ ino-~q both in the ~n~
At least three areas within the park should be protected
because they have either rare 9ients or are fragile-p!snt
communities. These sr~:
-~ ~ ’ ~ " I0 This........... <oration. ,. ). is a ~ite ~
. ~" @~h ~aot two ofnorthern (!isjunc,~s art~ found (see ?~,,oe~,ps. At ~, ~
th,~se snecies, C.’u.~oanuls rotundifo]iaand ~, .... -,-~ o .~E.~
s~e no t, s ounc.ant andcou.~.u_ co_;cul- ¯ ~ "~-"~". ~.~j~-be removed fro:L: this
~’~. Sou8}-~_ f:~c in,-’<.~ ~o.~_u~fffs ’ "a~o Stc~tion !~ (see n,~:~ ge_ ~- ~<9)~ . This
~ .. ~ ¯~1~£-~IIC~ ~_is a secon~ n3 n uite ~.or the specmas ~.~ ~ ....a rotundifolia
~.ql~ ~ " ~ .... -7 p ~ ~ --- m ~-~£F,.~n~ .... ~t~9~ns~. As c,t Jam-U-~ (3eva, these ~_,l, nto are not
~’°-,~’ ~"~ (;Station :~r~) This rebut-in contains
p remarkab].e, but Crn<ile comraunity of olants Sxtensive tramping
has undoubted2y taken its tol! of olants. ~uztn..r d~nage should
di~oourac:e
A nwmber or ~ ~.~z’o’<’~m.. t’~"~e have >~,~en ~ collected in this survey
or r~-aorte& in th.<~ !itc:r<ture a~ .,~,=. .... ~, ~:ithin the oark ar,~,a
~.~hich are rare in their o,c~ ~c- ~ ~u ..... n~e and usually not abundant. I
The follo<,in~i
Cirs iu~a c]_iscolor
Aiatrims
~!-66.
The ferns and i~osses ti~,~t should be protected are:
~om~.~ iad.e!,~hu~ sharoii ~.~.;_tiaq~ie~. t~ri¢~uetrus
!gz!d .... 3tudies of the ,:e[;etetion of Hissouri - II.
i~’hanerosmmic flora of the fresh-water springs in the
0:<~arks of Nissouri. Bot. Series, 2ield Nuse~m of Natural
Un i v.
¯ 1963. Slora of ]iissouri. Iowa State Univ. Press¯ Ames.
ii?isure I. Styli:ion .q-. South facing :.:ooded slope onthe no.otn side o,~ tn.~ dacks Fork River. Alley
]Oigure 2. Station z:, Site ]. Young hardwood forestcompose{l predominr~nt!y of oak and hickory. Ridse abo~eth~ ~ J~c~,...~ Fork River. .~ ~ ev.~, S~rin~ ~tste i:ark.
~_~,ulc oration 4, om~e 5. ~ores~ composed ]~ar.se!y<~:h~e Iof JunJperus ~,]..r~inisn~ and % ~ ’~ orinoides vsr. ac~inat~.
Steep rocky si~ope ~bove the Jacks Fo~iver. Aiie2 SpringState !~ark.
Figure ,~i Station 5, Site 2. Ooen ~!~_~ade above AlleySl~rin~js Branch. Alley Spring i~tate Psrk.
~" Station o Lowland old field just east of)~igure .... . ~.: .Bay Cree~.
476.
¯ igure ~tatlon I0, Site 2. Entrance to Jam-UpC~ve on the Jacks Fork River. Campanula rotundifolia~rows on the vertical face~ of the bluff and largeano~ular boulders.
Figure 8. Station I0, Site 2. Dolomitic bluff at thebase of ridge above Jam-Up Cave on the Jacks Fork River.~rautvetteria carolinianus, Adiantum pedatum, Cystoptgrisbulbifera, Heuchera puberu!a forma ~labra, and Zygadenusela~ans are abundant along the base of this bluff.
Figure.. q~. 3tation i0, .~ite ~.7 Ooen ~]]_a£e dominated byprairie species on ridge above Jam-Up Cave along the Jacks~ork River.
Figure i0. Station i0, Site 2. Base of dolomitic bluff,Jam-Up Cave. Plants abundant at this locality includeCys_toD~r.~_9 buibifera, Adiantum ~dat~m, Heuchera puberulafoz’ma ~br__~a and ~je~3u_~s~.
Figure ii. Station !].. Upland old field just southof Jam-Up Cave. Herbaceous plants abundant in the foregroundinclude Daucus carota, Achillea millefolium, Ambrosia0ident s t a and Andro~ogon vlr,~inicus. Note the invasionof hardwoods in the b~ckground.
~mgu._e 12. Station I!. Uoiand old field just south ofJ-~m-Up Cave. Note the abundance of Daucus carota in the
iqnus g!abra in the bac~ground..fo~eo.~ ounc~ an:~ ~rd’,,~oods and " " ~
Fissure I~. Station II. Up2~and old field south ofJam-Up Ca~’e. Rhus $~]labra and R. copal!ina present incharac-~eristic pstches.
Pi4;;ure I~. Station ].2. Upland old field only recentlyabandoned. The most common herbaceous plants ere 7~.~.brosiabidentata, ~’is%,r~o.~n s__t~_i~osus, 7mdropogon virginicus andLes[}ede’,,~a stipul acea.
Fi~jure .IG. .o~~.tion _L.~.~. Vitis. ru2estris growingon an o~en ~’~ave! bar a~o~g the ac,~s ~or~.~ i~iver nearBlue Spring in Shannon County.
Figure 16. St~tion !$~ Site 2. Oak-~ine communityon s~_op~ above the Jacks Fork River near Blue Spring,Shannon County. Note the sDsrcity of herbaceous groundcover.
alon[; the ,,~urrent River just north of~am~uround.:,. ~~.~ec~es~~ ~,ommon in this h~.o~tat~" "ran,..~" ~ ~_u..~"~ ~ "" ,~.:,~+,~" s ,~ ~, .....,
rivu].ari~, C ,.ef.raci;us, ~::~.ttarma s~., ,]ctaria viridf;:,
c.Qznoon.~_oa c:[’us ~alli
~ ~p. o,atmon ;~o. Riverbottom forest on the CurrentR.~,,~.. ju.~t acz’os~-, from the mou~h of the spring branch off Round
~om~nant trees of the forest are Acer saccharin,,~;[:ring. The ~ "’- ~ " ""~ -~’ ac~inata, Tilia ~ericana,
~.n~ uzmuo :cub ..... ~ot~-~O~ d~~th of the allu~ria~l thato~-,~,~ ~,~ an ~ gravel bar
~.ou,~, ,::.,,. The rhyo~itic~ knob in the back ~round isthe locality of Station ~9. The gravel bar in the fore,round
~ ~ ~ ~ere the~s just .... cro~--ss ~.r~o.~ "Y,~in ~’~ .... the ooint
¯ ~ ~,~ :~ gite 5 f{ocky s!o:~e o< theknob. ~he r"o:~ ,,~o~,~ ..... on t:,~ e:<ooned.. _.~ocks,, inc.:u.:F e- ~~:~e:"~’:::: .":~ ci]iata
"~,--:~-" n laevi~-~. :’" ~ . _ ,~ ......... oun,,
9~isure 71. Lt~tion /O, Site !. Open weedy are8 J.n river-forest ~ion[~ the Cur:-’ent River ~ust below Junction Ferry.
?o!!owinc ts.x~-are ~bundant Jn such ~ habitat: ~l~antopus
i,~l[bure ~2. Station :~C, ;3ire !. Riverbottom Forest along theCurrent [{ive:~- just b~.¢]o:,.; Junction [~erry. Fho ~-,,oody understory~,_:~ecies common in this fore~.~t are Asimina tz’i]oba and seplin~sof Ulmus rubra.
c:. Rivesbottom forestthe Cur~,’ent ~-~, .... ~. ~,~ , Si<,~ S~)rinS~ State Park. The dominant treesinclude ~{etu!a ui<rr~}, Ce~.tis occidentalis, l-)].atonus occidentalis
.... - ~ .... ~ h~~ous flora in-th~ ~~o~am~ ~xmus ruora. me..... ~,y comoose<~ of ~romus ~s, ~ virginicus, Huhlenber]yja
-" ~ampanula americana~rondos<~ Unio!~ ~atifo]ia, <,euro canad~ns~,Dic!iotera br~"~’~, r~,<~"~+’~ ~Ic.,hantoou~ carolinianus, Iresinerhi:,.:om~:,to~a ~.~nd ~oiygonum oensvivanicum
514.
Ct~CK LISQ OF PLAITS FOUND IN T~
OZ~i NATIONAL SCENIC RIVERWAYS, SUI’~’~R-FALL, 1969
(Nomenclature follows Steyermark~s Flora of Missouri,
published by lowa State University Press, Ames,
exceot for Bryophytes ~ a few others.)
The range of habitats of each taxon is indicated by an
"x" placed in the numbered colmnns under plant community t~pes.
These numbers stand for the following community types:
!. Treeless glades2. Cedar glades~. Bluff and rock ledge4. Open forest of upland sites
}~SOPHYTiC CO~’~’~UNIT ~S
i0.
5. Hardwood forest of ridges and upper slopes6. Hardwood-~±ne"for~st~of ridges and upper
slopes?. Forests.’o~ draws’and ravines8. Forests of lower slopes9. Vegetation of steep rocky banks and talus
slopes, edge of riverForests of river bottoms
HYDROPHYT IC C 0~’-~gt]N IT IES
ii.12.i~.
Forests of gravel barsOpen gravel barsAquatic
DISTURBED C0]~IT rSS
14.19.16.17.
Lowland agricultural sitesUpland agricultural sitesRoadsideRecreation areas
515.
o~LAGI~ELLAC~
Selaginella apoda (L.) Fernald
S. rupestris (L.) Spring
EQUISE TACEAE
Equisetum arvense L.
E. hyemale L. var. elatum(Engelm.) Norton
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrychi~ virginian~ (L.)
OS~DACE~
Osm~da regalis L. var.spectabilis (~4illd.) Gray
POL~0D IACE~
Pteridi~ aquilin~ (L,) Kuhnvat. latiuscul~m (Desv.)Underw.
Adiant~ capillus-veneris L.~
A. pgda~ L.
Bellaea [~labella Herr..,ex ~[~hn
P.~tropurpurea (L.).Link
Cheilanthes lanosa (~lic~.)D. C. Eaton
C. feei [{oore
Pol~odi~ pol~odioides (~~att vat. michauxian~ <,J~eath
Onoclea sensibilis L.
Aspleni~ ruta-muraria L. var.cr~tolepis (Fern.) ~.Jherry
A. resiliens Kunze
A. plat~euron (L.) Oakes
A. rhizophyll~ L.
Athyri~ pycnocarpon (Spreng.Tidestr.
Cystopteris fragilis (L.)Bernh. vat. fra[~ilis
C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh.
~,Joodsia obtusa (mpren~.) Tort,
X
x
X
X
X
x x.
X
x x
x
X
~’lant Community ~2ypes
x
X
x x
15 16
516.
Thelypteris hexagonoptera(~lichx.) Wea.th.
Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray
Polystichum acrostichoides(Hichx.) Schott
F INACE ~
Pinus echinata Nil]_.
CUP~o.oAC~
Juniperus vir~iniana L. var.virginiana
NAJ~ACE~
Potamogeton foliosus
ALISIdACE~
Sagittaria latifolia Uilld.
HYDROCH~ITACE~
El,dea nuttallii (~lanch.),St. John
A~rost.is alba L.A.~erennans (Walt.).Tuckerm.."~dropogan gerardi Vitman
A. scoparius Michx.A. virginicus L.
~istida dichotoma I~’[ichx. vat.dichotoma
A. dichotoma I~iichx. var.curtissii Gray
~dinaria gi~antea (~Jalt.)Chapm.
Bouteloua curtipendulaTorr.
Brachyelytr~ erect~ (Schreb.Be auv.
Bromus japonicus Thunb.B. purgans L.B. tector~ L.Genchrus lon~ispinus (Hack.)
Fern.
X
X X,
x x
x x
X " X
X
X
x
X
X X
X
Lnt Community Types
x
x
xi
x
x
x
II LZ
xlxlx
x
x
15 16 I?
X
517-
Cinna arundinacea L.
Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv.
Diarrhena americana Beauv.
Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koel.
D. ischaemum (Schreb.) Huhl.
D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
~chinochloa crusgalli (L.)Beauv.
~. muricata (Beauv.) Fern¯
Eleusine indica (L.) Oaertn.
Elymus virginicus L.
Dactylis glomerata L.
Zrsgrostis capillaris (L.) Nees
E. frankii C A. ¯ 21eyer
E.. hirsuta (~ichx.) Nees
~. Bo~..-~’ hypnoides (Lsm.) ~
E. spectabmlms (7~u~sh),ote.ud.
F~studa obtusa Bmeh!er
F. paradoxa Desv.
Glyceria striats (Lam.) Hitchc.
Hystrix patula ~ioench
Leersia oryzoides (L.) ~ "
L. virginica ’Jilld.
Leptoloma ¢ognatum (Schultes)Chase
Nuhlenbergia frondosa (>oir.)Fern.
lq. brachyphylla Bush
~"L mexicana (L.) Trin.
~’~. schreberi Gmel.
I’I. sobolifera (i’~uhl.) Trin.
Panicum agrostoides o,.reng.
P. anceps ~iichx.
P. boscii Poir.
X X
X
P’lant Community Types
.
7 8
X
X
X
X X
X
x
.9 ~o
x
x
Xl
x
x x
x
x
x~ x
x
x x
X X
X X
xl
x
xI x
X
x~
X~
x
x
x
X
X
x~ x
X
x
r5 f6
xx
X
x
X
Panicum dichotomum L.
P. dichotomiflorum Hichx.
P. dichotomum L. vat.barbu!atum (Hichx.) Wood
P. flexile (Gattinger) Scribn.
Y~. gattin~eri l[ash
P. lanuginos~ Eli. vat.lindheimeri t~,~om) item.
P. latifoli~ L.
P. linearifoli~u Scribn.
P. microcarpon Nuhl.
P. oli~osanthes Schultes
P. philidelphicmm Bernh.
P. polyanthes Schu!t.
P. virgat~ L.
~spal~ ciliatifoli~ Hichx.
Z. laeve’Hic~x, var. p~lo$~S~r~n.
~ba p~atensis L. "
Ph[e~ pratense L.
Setaria faberii Herrm.
~ viridis (L xVlrl@lS
Sor~;hsm halepense (L.)
S. ~.~Igsre L.~ ~ " (Nichx.ophenopholms obt~sata
Scribn.
psoorooo_us clanJestinus~-(Biehler) Hitchc.
Tridens i’la~s (L.) Hitchc
Tripsac~m aactylom~eo i~.
Uniola latifolis Niclm~.
C~ERACE~S
Carex ~aphibola Ste~d~
"~. ccphalonhora_ I"i~l.
X
X
X
X
xl
X
xl
518 ¯
~’lant Community ’~ypes
xl
xl
xl
X
XX X
X!
X K
Carex com!~:lanata Torr. S~ Hook.vat. hirsuta (Bailey) G~
C. convoluta Hackemz.
C. !urida ~.~ahl~no.
C, ~ranularis Huhi.
C. muhlenbergii Schk.
~eruo aristatus Rotth.
C. esculentus L.
C. filicu!mis Vah!
C. refractus Enge!m,
C. ri~laris Kunth
C. stri~osus ~ var, strioo,~u~
C. strigosus L.
Eleochsris calvs Torr.
E., smallii ~ritt.~imbristylis aut~nalis (L.)
mgmmc~rp~a micrsntha (6~.~i)Pax. . ..
Sc~r-D~s amerioanus ~’ers.
S. atrovirens Will&.
h~te~ oc~e ~. ChsseS. ~ ~ ~ tu~
S. lineatus r~ichx,
S. validus V~:,nm vat.~ern.
~RACE~
~isaema atrorubens (Air.)Bl~me
A. dracontiu~ (L,) ockott
Soirodela polyrhi3s (L.)Schleid.
Cd~[AC~
Commelina co~munis L.
C. diffusa Burm.
C. erecta L. ~ar. angustifolia(Hmch~.) Pern.
~’lant Community ~ypes
IOI It
X I
920.
Commelina virginica L.
Tradescantia ohiensis Raf.
T. virginiana L.
JUNCACEAE
Juncus tenuis Wi!id.
LILIACE~
Alliun ste!lat~m ~raser
Nothoscordum bivale (L.) Britt~
Poly~onatu~ bif!or~ (Walt.)
Smilacina rscemosa (L.) Desf.
Smilax bona-nox L. var. bona-nox
S. herbacea L. var. asioneura(Hook.)
S." glauca Walt,
S tamnoides L. va~ hi,s-oida(Nuhy.) ~ern,
Uvularia grandiflora Sm.
Veratrum <~oodii Robbins
Zygadenus ele~ans Yursh
DIOSCOREACE~
Dioscorea ~uaternata (Walt.)
D. villosa L.
A~iARYLL i D ACE
Agave virginica
ORCK!DA~
Hexalectris slpicata (Walt.)Bernh.
Orchis spectabi!is L,
Cyripedium calceo!us L. var.pubescens (Willd) Corre!l
SAURURACEAE
Saururus cernuus L.
X X
X
X X
X
x
~’lant Community ~-pes
X
X
xl
X
X X, X
X
15 16
521.
~ axa
SALICACEAE
Salix caroliniana Michx.
S. nigra Harsh.
Populus de!toides Harsh.
P. de!toides Harsh. vsr.deltoides
JUGL~DACSAE
~u~ans cineres L.
J. ni~ra L.
Carya cordiformisKoch
K.
C. ovate (Mill.) K. Koch.
C. ovalis (Wang.)Sara.
C. texans Buckl. vat. texana
C. tomentosa Nutt.
CORYLACE~
¯Alnus ~rrulata (4it.)~" Uilld.
~etul.a ni~jra L. ,. "
Ca.~pinus caro!inian~.W-<,l#, yam.
Corylus smericane Wait.
0strys virginiana (MillKoch
FAGACE~
~-~uercus alba L.
%. mscrocarpa Hichx.
~. msrilandica }’[uemchh.
~. prinoides Wi!id. var.acuminata (Lmch~.) ~!.
~. rubra L. rubra
,~. coccinea Nuenchh.
Q. stellata Wan~>j.
, ve!utina Lsm
ULKACE ~
Ulmus slats Hicl~.
U. s~mericana L.
U. rubrs Huhl.
Community ’~ype s
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X X
X ~
X
X
X
X
15 16 I?
X
522.
Celtis laevigsta Willd.
C. occidentalis L.
C. tenuifolia Nutt.
iCRAC~AE
Naclura oomifera (Raf.) ~
Horus rubrs L.
t~ IT ICAu~
Boebs~eria cylimdr~ca (L.)
Laportea cansdense (L.) Oaud.
Parietaria pensylvamica Huhl.
Pilea~umila (L.) ~ray ~
Urtica dioica L. var. procera(Nuhl.) Wedd.
SANTALACE~
Co~andrs richardsiana Fern.
ARISTOLOC~IACE~
~Aristolochia ser-oehtaria .L.~ ser~entaria . ¯
A. ..tomentosa Sims ."
Asarm~ canadense L.
POLl ~()?TA~A~
Polygon~n aviculare L. var.aviculare
P. erecttmq L.
F. hydropi?.eroides ~lch~.
P. hydropiper L.
P. pensylvanicum L.
P. pensy!vanic~n L. vat.Densyb~anicum
P. ounctat~m Eli. vat.c6nferti£1orum (Heisn.)Fassett
~. scsndens L. v~r. scan~ens
P. tenue HichP~.
P. virginianum ~.
Rumex acetosella L.
R. altissimus
X X
15 16
’X X
/?
T ax a
Rumex crispus L.
R. obtusifolius L.
C~NOPOD iACm~
Chenopodi~n alb/~ L.
C. bushian~ Aellen
~. gi~antosperm~ Aellen
C. st~ndleysnum Aellen
Cycloloms atri~7!icifoli~oizeng-) Coult.
~q~R~TKACZ~
~aranthus graeci~sns L.
A. hybridus L.
A. retrofle~s L.
~’~oelichis gr~ci!is (Hook.) Koq,
Iresine ,rhi omatosoNYCTAG~ACE~ ..
’ ~qacN. . ¯ ,
~HY~OLACCZ~
Z~hytoiacca americana L.
AIZCACS~Z
Nollu~;o verticm_,_l~te
PORTULACACE2~
Z~ortu!acs o~er~,ce~ L.
’2alin~ parvif!or~ Nutt.
Diamthus srmeria ~.
Saponaria of.ficina!is L.
S. regia Sims
S. stellata (L,) Air. ~.
NY~"~ H~ AC~ ~
Nuphar iute~ (L. 2 Siotk. ,A Smsu0s9. ozarksrr&m ~hiiler ~~tanaley) Beal
x
15 I I’~I
~ 2/4 o
A~OI~ACZAE
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal
RAND~CULACE~
Anemone virginiana L.
Anemonella thalictroides (L.o}~_~ch
Aquile~ia ca.nadensis
Cimicifugs racemosa (L.) Nutt.
Delphini~:~ csrolimisn~m Walt.vsr. crisp~ l~erry
D. exaltat~~ Air.Hepatica nobilis Schreb. ~ar.
acuta (~ursh) Steyermsrk
Hydrastis camadensis L.
~h~ictr~ revo!ut~m DC.
Trsutvetteria caroliniens~s(Wslt,) Vai!
B~RB~R IDACE~
Berberis canadensis hm<!. ."
Caulophy!lum ths!ictroides (L.)Hichx.
i~odoDhyll~n tec~ot~ ~.
[~NIS~ ~RLAC ~
Cocculus carolinus (L.) Dg
LA~ACE~
Linders benzoin
Sassafras albidum (~utt.)Neesvat. s !bid~a.
C~U C
~sbis hirsuts (L.) ,oco< ~ar.adpressipilis (K. Lo ~mno)Rollins
A. laevi~sts (tluhl)Poir. vat.Isevi~ata
Barbare s
Lepidi~n c~en~mf~or~n ocnrad
iI
X
I?
52.5.
Lepidium virginicum L. vat.virginicum
Nasturtium officinale R. Br.
Sis~nbrium of£icina_Je (L.) ~" opvar. leiocargum DC.
PA~ERACE~
~angu~n~r~a csnadensis L.
Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC.subsp, dodecsndrs vat.dodeoandra
CRASSULACL~
Sed~ sp.
S~IPRAGACE~Heuchera americana
hirsutioau!is (Wheel<’ Lak.Sosend. ~ Butt. ~
f. gl mi:)r s
Hydrangea arl0orescens I,. vat.arborescens
H. amborescens =. va~. deamiiSt. John
Hitella diphylla L.
Parnassia @mandifoliaFenthor~ sedoides L.Ribes c~osbati L. vsr.
c~osbati
R. missouriense Nutt.
H~dN~IE L I D ACE ~Hamsme!is verns I ~,,.~
I>LAT~{ACE~
Platanus occidentslis L.
Agrimonis pubescens Ws]Ir.
A. rostellats Ua!Ir.
~elanchier srbores (Nichx. f.Fern.
Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern.var. ~ubescens (Rydb.)
k’lant Community T~pes
x
15 16 19
Cra.tae gus sp.
C sicca
Geum csnadense Jacq. var.canadense
Potentiila recta
P. simplex Hich~’c.
PhysocarDus opulifo!ius (L.)Namim. vat. intermedius(Rydb.) Robins.
Prunus americans Harsh.
P. cerssus L.
Rmb~s s~:7.
~morpha fruticoaa L. vat.fruticosa
~aphicarDa bracteata (i,.) ~erm.vat. conoss (Lo) Fern.
Astra{<alus ~ o:-~ o’s L. var.c ana(’iens is
Ba~tisia leuco-ohaea Nutt.
Cassia fasciculs~a Nichx.
C. marllanomc~ L.
C. nictitans L. var. nictitans
Cercis canadensis L.
Desmodmum csnac~ense (i,.) DC.
D. ciliare (Nuh!.) DCo
D. ~lutinos~a (Nuhl.)Wood
D. laevigatum (~utt.) DC.
D. marilandictm~ (L.) DC.
Xl
526.
~’lant Community ’9~-pes
5
X
X
X
X
15 16 I?
527 ¯
Desmoditum nudiflorum (L.) DC.
D. paniculatum (i~.) DC. vat.panicu!atum
~ oD. rigidum (~iI.) DC
D. rotundifoli~ DC.
Gleditsia triacanthos L.
Lathyrus venosus Ntuhl. var.intonsus ~utt.~c~ St. John
Lespede~;a cuneata (~ontj G.Don
L. hirta (L.) Hornem. vsr. hir~
L. imtermedia (S. ’~,~ats.) Britt.
L. proc~bens Hichx.
L. stipulacea l’~a~im.
L. striata (@hunb)~~~. il ¯
L: stuevei Nutt. vat. stuevei
L. violscea (L.)
Hecica~o luou!im~ L. , .
N~lilotus albus Desr. " .... .
N. officins!is (L.)
Petalostemon cen&idum ~mm_c..)Hick.
I~. pur~ureum~ (Vent.) r~y~ ~ ~’o.
Rh~chosia l~tm_~o!ia Nutt.
Robinie pseudo-acacia L.
ochrsnkm~ ~cinata ~,m_~l,:~..
~ ~ZII.Strophostyles he!vola (L.i
Tephrosia vir~iniana (L.) 2ers.vat. virgimisns
T. virginians (L.)~ers. vat.holoserices (Nutt.) T ?~
oty!o~s,nthes biflors (L) BS~~
Trifoli~n Dratense L.
T. repens L.
Vicia caroliniana Walt.
0XALIDACE~
Oxalis stricta L.
i!
X
X
X
X X
blant Community Types
x xl x
X
X
X
~ axa
GERAN IACEAE
Geranium maculatu~ L.
RUTACEAE
Ptelea tri£oliata L.
POLYGALACE~
Polygala incarnata L.
P. senega L. vat. latifoliaT. &G.
EUPHORB IACEAE
Acalypha gracilens Gray vat.monocca En~elm.
A. rhomboides Raf. vat.rhombo idea
A. virginica L.
Andrachne phyl!snthoides (Nutt.)
Croton glandu!osus L. var.septentrionalis Luell.
C. monanthogynus Hichx.
C. elliptica
Euphorbia corollata L. vat.corollata
E. corollats L. ~ar. mollisI’dillso.
E. dentata Hichx.
E. heterophylla L. vat.~ramini£olia (Hichx.) E~.elm.
E. macu!ata L.
E. su.~ina Raf.
ANACARD IACE AE
Rhus aromatics Ait.
R. copallina L. var. lati£oliaEngler
R. ~labra L. vat. ~labra
R. radicans L.
AQUIFOLIACEAE
flex decidua Walt.
CELASTRACEKS
Euonymus atrop~rpureus Jscq.
X
X
X
X
X
X
Plant Community Types
5
X
X
X
X
X,
X
X
X
I0
Xl
X
x
x
528.
15 16 I?
~ axa
Euonymus obovstus Nutt.
STA~HY~ACE/[E
Staphylea trifolia L.
AC~RAC,’,~
Acer negundo L.
A. nigrum Hichx.
A. rubru~ L.
A. saccharinum L.
A. saccharu~.~ Narsh.
tIIPPOCASTANACE~
kesculus glabra ’Ji!!d.
BA~o~I~A~
Impatiens capensis Heerb.
RH~AC~
Be~chemia scandens (Kill) K.Koch
,Ceanot~us american,s L.
Rhamnuo caro!iniana Wal~
R.’.lanceolata Pursh.-’ ,
VITAC~
~mpelopsis cordata Hichx.
~arthenocissus ~luinquefo!ia(L.) P!anch.
Vitis aestivalis I"(ichx.
V. cinera En~elm.
V. rupestris Scheele
V. ~,~l:oina L.
TIL!ACE,~
~ilia s~ericana L. vat.americana
T. ~ericana L. vat. neglecta(opach ~ Fosberg
H~VACE~
Abutilon theophrs.~ Hedic.
IIibiscus lasiocarpos Car.
Sida spinosa L.
X
xI
mt Community ~ypes
I?
530.
Taxa
HYPER!CACEAE
Ascyrum hypericoides vat.multicaule (Hichx.) Fern.
Hyp. ericum muti!um L.
H. punctatum L. vat. punctatum
If. soathulatum (:opachj oteud.
H. sphaerocarpum ~iichx.
C iSTACE~
Heliamthemum bicknellii Fern.
Lechea tenui£olia ~qichx. var.tenuifolia
V IOLACE ~Hybanthus concolor (T.
Forst.) Spreng.
Viola sa~ittata Ai~.
V.o striata
PASS IFLORACE~~assif.iors lutea L’. vat. ..
¯ glabriflora Fern,
THYP~LEACE~ "
Dirca palustris L.
LYTH:RACEAE
Cuphea petiolats (L.) ~,loehne
ONAGRACEAE
Circaea quadrisulcata (~"ia~im.)Franch, o
Gau~a biennis L.Ludwi~ia alternifolia I:. yam.
pubescens Palmer A Steyerm.
L. pa!ustris (L.) Ell.
Oenothera biennis L.
O. missouri~nsis Sims var.missouriensis
HALORA~!DAC~AE
~Oroserpinaca pslustris L.
ARALIACE~
Aralia racemosa L.
X
X
X
X
~ X
~’lant Co~munity Types
7 8 ~ H ~I
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
N XIX
x
x
x
U~BELLIFERAE
Angelica venemosa (Greem,~ay)Fern.
Cicuta msculata L. var.maculata
-Cr~ptotaenia ~ ~ ~is (L.) DC
Dsucus carota L.
Er~gi~ ~ccifo ]_ium
Li(;ustic~ canadense (L.) Bri~.
~omo~nm~a longisty~i~ (Tort.)DC. vsr. villicaulis i~ern.
Oxypolis rigidior (L.) C. & R.vat. ri~idior
Sanicu!a canadensis L.
Thaspium barbinode (#’~ich}:.)~.~utt. vat. barbinode
TJ tri~oliat~ (L.) Grsy var.fl a~m, Blake
Toril~s jsi~onica (~{outt.)~C.
Zizia aurea (L.) Koch~
Cornus alternifolia L. f.
C. dr~mondi l~leyer
C. florida L.
C. obliqua Rsf.
Nyssa sylvatica Harsh. var.~ i~ern.caroliniana (Y~oir. /
honotro~.oa ~iflora ~. ~
~[CA~
Vaccinium arbore~
V. st~ine~ L.
V. vacil~
Dodecstheon media L.
Lysimachia ciliata L.
L. n~mu!aria i.
L. quadrif!ora
~’lant Community ~oes
X
X
II
x ~
I~ I,~
X
X~
X
X
t5 ~6 17
5}2.
Taxa
Samolus parviflorus Raf.
SAPOTACEAE
Bumelia lanuginosa (Hichx.)Pers.
~3ENAC~
Diospyros virginisna L.
C’.~ACE~
¯ ra~lnuo a~ericana L. vat.americana
F. pennsylvanica Marsh. vat.subin%egersima (VaA!.) Pern.
F. %uadrangulata Nichx.
GSN~
Gentiana flavida Gray
~ ou-berula [lichx.
~. quinq~ei’oli&~ L. vat.occidentalis (~-~ u~rsy) Hitcht.
"Sabatih an~ularis "(L~]~OCIT~£C3~
~%onia ~l.~.uotr~ ....
Apoc~m cannsbinum L.
Asc!epies incarna%a L.
A. quadrifoiia
A. 9ube:osa L. vas. i.n~emioP(}~oodson) 3hinners
A. ves%icilla~a L.A. v~3_ckl~io~a Raf. ~m~~
lanoeolaSa (lves~ ’2orr.
visidiflosa
i~ateiea bal6x, yniana (S~;eet)Woodson
C ONVOLVULACE~
C -oente~ona ~nselm
C. oolygonor~ ~ipomoea coccinea ~.
X X
8 ~
X X X
X X Xi
17
533.
isomoea hedera.cea (L.) Ja.cq.
l hederacea (L.) -~hederacea
Io pandurat~ (L.) GoF.U. r~ey.
OLE~"iON i ACE~
~~h~o.~ ~ ~ .,.oanicu!ata L.
2hlox pilosa L. vat. pi!osa
~olemoni~ reptans L.
BORAG~{ACE~
Cynogloss~a o#ficinale L.
C. vir~inianum L.
Echi~ ~.~l~are L. vat. vu~gare
hYDROY H
Ellisia nycteiea L.
H~ckelia virsiniana (I,.). ~,. Johnston
Lithos~erm~n cane~cens’" (Hichx.Leb~. "
ono smodi~ ~tosub .... s~ I’iacke~ z.% Bush " ’
VERB~NAC~
Verbena canadensis (L.# Britt.
V. striota Vent.
V. urticifolia L. vat.urticifolia
A~astache nepetoides (L.) Ktze
Blephilia hirsuta (t;’ursh)Benth.
B. ciliata (L.) Benth.
Collinsonia canadensis L.
Cunila origanoides (L.) Britt.
Isanthus brachiatus (L.) BSP.vat. brachiatus
Leonurus cardieca L.
Lycopus rubellus Hoench vat.arkansanus (Fresn.) Benner
L. rubellus Hoench vat.rubellus
2’lant Community T~pes
/2- I~
x
x
q 17
Nentha piperita i,.
Honarda citriodora Cerv.
N. fistulosa L. vsr. mollis(L.) Benth.
H. russelisns Nutt.
l~erilla frutescens (Lo) Britt.
Physoste@ia virginiana (L.)Benth. var ~m_
l~runella ~Igaris L.
~ycnsnthem~ 2ilos~ Nutt.
~ vir~inian~ (L.) Durand oJackson
Salvia lyrata L.
~tureja ~rkanssn~ (Nuttj Bri~.
Scutellaria el~iptica Huhl.var. e!im~tmc~
S. incana Biehler
¯ S. lat~riflora L.
S~. ovata Hill vat. ova~a
Stachys tenuifolis W~lld. vat;tenuifolia
Teucri~ canadense L. vat.’ Eat.virginic~ (L.~
Trichostema dichotom~m L.
SOL~ACE~
Datura stramonium L.
Y~hysalis an~lats ~. vat.angulsta
~. heterophylla Nees vat.heterophylla
~ pubescens L. .~-~r inteyri-folia (Dunal) Uaterf~ll
-o gi~. vir niana ]li!!.
Solan~ americam~ ~lill.
S. carolinense
S C20NIUL~R IACE
Conobea mult"- "~Benth.
~ flaysGerardia ~.lava L. vat.
X
X
x
X
X
X
Y’lant Community
15 16
537.
~ axa
Lobe!ia siphiliticaCC@~0S iT~
Achilles. millefolitu~ L.
Ambrosis artemisiifolia L.
A. bidentata
A. trifida L.
Antennaris plants<~imifolisGreene
~cti~ minus (~m~_l~ Bernh.~temisia annua L.
A. caudata Nichx. vat. cs~udata
Aster anomalus~noeV’ ~-’~_m.
A. cordifolius <
A. drmmmondii Lind.]_.Jec~m~ yetA., sagittifolius ~ ~
A. d~o~us L. vat. ~t~ictmoT.
A...!aevis L.A. lateriflorus (L~)~ritt.
vat. laterif!orusA. linariifolius L. vnr.
linariifolius
A. novae-anglime ~
A. oblongifoliuc ~utt. vat.angus t atus ~ommnne r s
A. patens Air. ~r. p~tentissi-
A. pra~ e Itus i~oi.~.
A. ptarmicoide~ (~,ees; .
A sa{ittifo!ius ~ ~ .... ~<~r
Bidens aristosa
x
ant Community T~-pes
6 718
X~
X
17
Bidens bipinnst.u L.
B. cernua L. vat. cernua
B. connata Nuh!. vat.petiolata (l[utt.) 2ar~<.
~. discoidea (T. .",~ O.) ~ritt.
B. frondoss L. vat. frondosa
Caca!ia atriplicifo!ia L.
~entsurea maculosa T,~,~- .
Cichorium intybus i..7 " 7Chrys an th emm~.i I e uc e nt nero ~n I~.
Chrys op s i s p i I o s n. PTut t.
Ci~s±u~ a!tissi~::u~ (L.) S:0rens.
L. strigosus Nuhl. vat.stri~]osus
E nerfoliat~ ~’
x
~nt Co~s~unity ~pes
X
X
Taxa
Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. var.tomentellum (Robins) Blake
E. serotinum
Gnai2halium obtusifo
He]enittm amarttm (i~af.) H. Rock.
H. autumnale L. vat. ~0arviflor-um (Nutt.)
If. flexuosttm Raf.Helianthus hirsutus Aaf. var.
tr achy:~}hyl lus T.
H. hirsutus Rsf. vat. hirsutus
H. tuberosus ~, ~ar. tuberosus
Heliopsis ~ ~ ’~
(l~isher) Steyerm.
H. l~e!ianthoides (L.} o<<eet vatscabre (Dunal) Fern~
’ Hi~raciim ~ronovii L.
Krigia biflora (Walt. @ Blak’e
Lactuca canadensis L. vat.canadensis
L. floridana (L.) ~a~z~n.
L. scariola L.
Liatris aspera hici~.
~. cylindracea liichx.
L. pycnostachya Lich}~.
L. scabra. (Greene)
L. ~_ ~ ~ so ~.oC~I O <~
F artheni~ hiss2 idmx Rai~ .
intesrifoliux~ L. vat.int e{rifoli~m~
l~renanthes aitissima L. vat.cinnamomea Fern.
Barn~.Ratibida pinnata (Vent.)
539.
}’lant Community Types
..%[
:x
Taxa
Rudbeckia hirta L.
R, laciniata L.
R. laciniata L. var, Isciniata
R. £ulgida Air.
R. missouriensis En@elm.
R. triioba L, vat. triloba
Senecio aureus L..
Silphiu~ asteriscus L,
S, per£oliattum L.
S. terebinthinacet~ Jacq, vat.vat, t erebinthinaceum
Solidago a!tissima L,
S.. arguta Air. vat. arsuta
S. arguta Ait vat.(Small) Steyerm.
S buckleyi ~. G
¯ S. cae~a .L.~ ndii T ° ~~.. drummo . ,~ ~. ~. "
~,., £1exicaulis ~ "
o. gigsntea Air vat.leiophylla
~ hispids k~uh!, vat hispida
S, juncea Air.
S, nemoralis Ait. vat. nemora]Js
S, petiolaris Air.
Solida~o radula Nutt,radula
S. rugosa Air. var. ru&-o~s
S. ulmifolia~ KtCo_l. vat,ulmi£olia
Verbesina a!ternifolia (L,)Britt,
V. helianthoides Nich~:.
V. virginica L,
Verno~nia altissima Nutt.
V. baldwini Tort,
V. baldwini Tort, ~ar,bald~ini
x
Plant Co~nunity ’~y~pes
~axa
Vernonia crinita Raf.
Xanthium chinense ~iill.
~" pensylvanicum ~.r~l~
X
X
X
x
X
~’l~mt Community ’25~pes
X
x
X X
Id tl
X
X
I?
.I
Gy~inostomu~] reour~rirostre vat.scabrum (Lingb.) Grout
Housnotie!la re~To!uta Card. vet.pa!meri (C~rc~.) Barth.
Hyophila involuta (Hook.)Jaegr. ’~ .~:.~ S auerb
Tortella hmnilis (Hed~.~.) Jenn.
@ortu!a pagor~ (l~ilde.) DeNot.
" ~ ~ (Hook~richostom~ tenu~rootr~& Tay!.) Lindb.
Weissia controverss
Gri~ia alpicola Hedw.
G. apocarpa Hed,~. var. apoc~pa
laevi~ata ~ aevi~a t
G~ piliresa P. 5ea.uv.
Kedwi~ia ci]_ia%a (Hed:,~)B e a~v.
l£Syc~omitr i~l in 0~-4(Schwaegr.) Su!i. . .
i~’~namia Slavicans
F. hy~rometrica
DeSPot.
Britt.
Orthotrichmn )~hioense ~uil.Lesq. ex Aust.
0. stelkat~ Brid.
_,_ -~1~ £L~, ~9iz~ia megaoolitina ~ ....
Aulacomni~ -~ ~ " ~(Hed~.~.) B.s.~.
A. palustre (Hedu’.) ~ ocn~ ~ ~; ~r.
~hilomotis fontaua (Hed’~~.)Brid.
P. marchita (Hed,~.) Brid..
P’lant Community Tppes
X
X
X
Id II I?
A~ablystegium !axirete Csrd. ~"
Ther.
A. ser-oens (he~:.) 5%.,o.0o
A. varium (lied-,,.) Lindb.
Campylitu, n chrysoii~hYl!tm~ (Brid.)
C. hispidu!um (Brid.)Nitt.
Cratoneuron filicinm~ (HeO.~:.)~pruc.
Drepanocladus adnuncus (Heir.)Warns t.
P!stydictys~ confervoides (Brid.[Cr~a
Ctnedium molluscum (Hed~,~.) Nit~
Homoma!!ium ad.natu~~ (=~c.,.)Broth.
Hypnmm curvifo liu~:~ IIed~,’:.
H. lindbergii Mitt.
Platygyriu~ re~)ens (Brid.)B.S.G.
Pylaisiella selws~nii (Rindb.)Cru~ Steere~ ,% £uderson
Sematooh~ilum caro!iniantun (C.Huel~.) Britt.
Isoptery~ium elsgsns (-_-{ook.)Brid.
I. ta::irs~netu~ (Nitt.) Jaeg. ~Sauerb.
i. tenerum (S~:.)Nitt.
5z~’q.
klant Community ~ypes
567 /~- 15 /6 17!
Taxiphyllum deplanatum (Sull.)Fleisch.
Entodon seductrix (Hedw.) C.Hue i i.
~. cladorhizans ~-~ .... ) C.huel~.
The!ia aspreila
~U! ~..T. hirtella ~
~omodon attenustus (Hedw.)Heuben.
A. minor (Hedw.) Fuernr.
A. rostratus (Kcd~v.) Schimp.
Hsplocladium virginian~ (Brid.Broth.
Haploh~enium trmst~. (~eo. exDeNot) Kin&b.
L~ske~ ~racile~ <~ ~ Hedw.L. obscura I{ed:~:.Lindber~ia brschy~tera (Ni.tt.).
" Kimdb. ’
B.S.G..
T. pygmae~ B.S~G.
T. recognit~m (Hed~.) Lindb.
Homaliade!phus shsrDii(Wi!li~s) Sharp
Sull." 9
Lindb.
F trichomitria vat. " ........~ .
Clasma~odon par~lus (K~z~pe)
Fon¢inalis Z’i .... ~,’ " s "Lesq. ex Aust.
F. novae-anziiae Sull.Sohwetschkeopsis f abronia
’X
X
.j
X
X
X
x
Y’lant Community ~ypes
x
x x
7 85¸6
x
xl
X
~ ax a
Pore_:?m ~}innsts
andlco: a Ste~)h.R~dul .a . ¯ -1_
Go!ole~je.t~nes ’ "~ ~ ~ ~ "(ius t. } "Svs. ..
Lbucoi~ejeunes c_=y...c~t~, . ..’ ~Schwein. )
Fru!lsnia eboracensis Cottsche
F. inf~ sta ,~ott,~cke
F. riparia
D~.
Rebomlis hemisKhserics (L~)Rsddi
Conocephai~ conic~ (L.) D~.
~-~ ~ "~ FryeHannis fragans ,~ ....... ~,,,Clark
Harchsntia 2o]-~qorpha L.
Riccia .~.umtsns
Anthoceros iaevis L.
Dumortiers hirsuts (L~:.)Reinw,
LICI~NS
Cksdonis
Pa~rmeiia sP2.
Usnea sp.
~46.
P’lant Community Types
~7
X
X
x
15 16 17
~_,J~_~.o~ J_n~ :-~ai~,s cover r:~ost of the region within the
R,_ S.L e r,,; ~_,_ O,,.UC~;~L £rorJ aerial -.:.~hotogrsphs made by A.SCS
in !964 ~o~ ~ ..... qen% and. Shannon Coun$ies and in 1965 ~o~
Car%er Coun%y. 8onse.%.uen%iy~ Snaccusscies c,.se undoub%
due to ~cnt~ c ...... m~:,,.s in G.:.. f!o~.~ of the rivers or land-use by man.
The reference sc~:x~:s for eech r.a}p a.re taken from the !e.test topo-
oro~,~,l .... i..,ci~_ao~ from the U. ’3. @eoio@;ical Survey. These
8~e :
Yineu~.vst, I]~, NZSO0-’~Jq}.-7..?.5/7 ...... 5 .1968T
Zminence, He. , i~.)7_ i.5-U9!!5/T.5 !98}
Van Buren Z¢orth, He., N}?00-wgl00/’7.5 - 1965
The scale of these vecetation ~aslps is ! in.=660 feet.
on the maps indicate the £ollo~in~:~ community
Nurabers
-~"~ !eSS "q ~ < ......
Bluff
L,~un for<~ of up sites
iiard~ooS, forest of eid6es end up!)er slopes
_. o ~.:.n~L upper slopes
5L~8.
Ii.12.
15.!~!- .
16.
17.
i~orosts or altars and ra~,rines
i~orests of lo~.rer slopes
Vegetation o.f steep rocky banks and. talus slopes,edge of riverForests of river bottomsForests of @rave! barsOpen 6~s.vel ba~s
Aquat i o
Lowian@. @6ricult~rs.1 sites
Upland mc~ricultural sites
Ro ads
Recreation areas
It must be recogni~.ed that in many cases the boundaries
are agproximate,
Furthermore it xas not .9ossible ~.~ith t:~e photographs available
t~.~_.~,. ~:.rhem oine -~’-as =presemt. Consequently the distinc-to always
t~ons, bet~.;een ty-?es 5 and 6 are ,not to be considered accurate¯
~’ina.!ly ~.it must be ke?:t in mmnd’ths.t these maos were not veri~.ied
by ~non-the-site inspe.ction, which is, of course, essential for
accuracy, but not ’) ~Ji~’,~, ~,i~ith the _funds ~nd time available
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