summary
introduction
transparency international (TI)
corruption perception index (CPI)
national dimensions of culture (NDCs)
power distance
individualism, masculinity
uncertainty avoidance
Pearson correlation
discussion
public sector corruption (PSC) is currently
one of the most talked about problems in the
world
focus on association of perceived PSC with
Gert Hofstede’s (1983) national dimensions
of culture (NDCs)
based on Transparency International’s 2014
CPI covering 175 countries and territories
resulting in cross contingency data for 69 of
those
2 out of 6 NDCs associated with the CPI
corruption comprises illegal activities
deliberately hidden and that only come to
light through scandals, investigations or
prosecutions
no meaningful way to assess absolute levels
of corruption in countries or territories on
the basis of hard empirical data
capturing perceptions of corruption of those
in a position to offer assessments of public
sector corruption is a reliable method of
comparing relative corruption levels
in the early 1990s, no global convention
aimed at curbing corruption
companies regularly wrote off bribes as
business expenses in their tax filings
graft of some longstanding heads of state
was legendary
international agencies were resigned to
corruption sapping funding from many
development projects around the world
established in 1993 to take on the taboo
in 2014, Denmark occupied the top spot as
the world’s least corrupt nation (NZ in 2nd
place) while Somalia and North Korea were
tied for the most corrupt countries
CPI is not a verdict on the levels of
corruption of entire nations or societies, or
the activities of their private sector
citizens of countries that score low often
show concern and condemn corruption as the
public in countries that perform strongly
cross-validated in empirical study for
Belgium, Denmark, Germany, United
Kingdom, Greece, Spain and the Netherlands
country scores on the dimensions are relative
- societies are compared to other societies
relative scores have been proven to be quite
stable over decades
forces that cause cultures to shift tend to be
global or continent-wide
when cultures shift, they shift together;
relative positions tend to remain the same
extent to which less powerful members of
organizations expect power to be equally
distributed
low power distance (pdi) countries have
limited dependence of subordinates on their
bosses; power and decision-making is very
decentralized (e.g. Austria, Israel)
in high pdi countries, hierarchy is the
fundamental principle on which all
relationships are based (e.g. Malaysia, Slovak
Rep.)
degree to which people are oriented towards
acting as individuals as opposed to as a group
in individualist countries people tend to
value individual success and achievement,
are autonomous and confident, relying
primarily on their own ideas (e.g. USA, AUS)
in collectivist countries, people are bound in
groups such as the extended family or the
village; more likely to rely on information
provided by others in formulating their
opinions (e.g. Guatemala, Ecuador)
extent to which success and aggressiveness are valued
high masculinity countries - high earnings, advancement through opportunities and challenging work are cherished; use of information in decision-making is dependent on its expected effectiveness in gaining advantage over competitors (e.g. SLVK, JP)
high femininity countries cherish relationships, concern for others, inclusiveness and society’s best interest; cooperation is often visible; use of information to support decision-making is very typical (e.g. SVE, NO)
degree to which people feel confident about
the future
cultures that score high in uncertainty
avoidance have an emotional need for rules
(e.g. Greece, Portugal)
cultures that score low in uncertainty
avoidance dislike formal rules, setting them
only when necessary (e.g. Singapore,
Jamaica)
2 significant strong associations were found
power distance is negatively associated with
the CPI 2014 (n=69) with r=-0.6503 (p<0.001)
higher power distance cultures (with highly
centralized power and decision-making) tend
to have lower CPI scores - more perceived
public sector corruption
countries with lower power distance (with
decentralized power and decision-making)
tend to have higher CPI scores - less
perceived public sector corruption
individualism vs. collectivism is positively associated with the CPI 2014 (n=69): r=+0.6651 (p-value<0.001)
individualistic cultures (individuals are autonomous and confident) tend to score high on the CPI - low levels of perceived public sector corruption
collectivist societies (people are more likely to rely on information provided by others in formulating their opinions) tend to show lower CPI - higher levels of perceived public sector corruption
power distance, was previously correlated
with income inequality, and individualism
with national wealth
hence, income inequality and national
wealth would logically associate with the CPI
association between national wealth and the
CPI (less corrupt countries are also richer)
already shown by Paulus & Kristoufek (2015)
power distance and uncertainty avoidance
also associated to traffic deaths
pdi, idv & uai NDCs - very powerful indicators
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