5th Africa Drought Adaptation Forum (ADAF5)
Reducing Drought Risk in Africa: Measuring Impact, Strategizing for the Future
11-12 February, 2013 Ngurdoto Mountain Lodge, Arusha, Tanzania
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ iv
Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................................. iv
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ v
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ vi
1. Background ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Africa Drought Adaptation Forum ............................................................................................... 1
1.2 The UNDP Drylands Development Centre .................................................................................... 1
2. Forum Proceedings ............................................................................................................................. 2
2.1. Session 1: Opening and Welcome (Chaired by Dr. Pedro Basabe, UNISDR) ............................... 2
2.1.1 Welcome remarks ................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.2 Welcome address and opening .............................................................................................. 4
2.2. Session 2: Introductory Session ................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1. Outline of the forum objectives and structure ...................................................................... 5
2.2.2. Africa drought reduction framework: The guiding principles ............................................... 5
2.2.3. Key regional advocacy messages on drought resilience ....................................................... 7
2.2.4. ECHO: Approach to drought resilience in the Horn of Africa ................................................ 7
2.3. Session 3: Community Based Resilience Assessment Methodology (CoBRA) ............................. 9
2.3.1. Conceptual framework and quantitative impact assessment methodology for resilience .. 9
2.3.2. Small group interactive session and feedback .................................................................... 12
2.3.3. Findings and Lessons Learned from CoBRA field testing in Kenya and Uganda and Comparison of findings with group feedback, discussion on findings from field work ................ 13
2.3.4. Working group discussion (Continued), open discussions and feedback ........................... 14
2.4. Session 4: Panel Discussion - Experiences on resilience indicators and measurement (Chaired by Paul Kimeu, NDMA): .................................................................................................................... 16
2.4.1. COOPIs experiences on Drought Risk Reduction Intervention Indicators: Impact Assessment for Fodder Production, Animal Health Interventions and NRM in Pastoralists and Agro-pastoralists Communities ..................................................................................................... 16
2.4.2. Resilience Indicators and Measurements: Remotely sensed variables .............................. 16
2.4.3. A Joint Resilience Strategy for Somalia ............................................................................... 17
2.4.4. IFRC CBDRR Study, Phase 2: Latin America and the Caribbean ........................................... 17
2.4.5. Key Health Indicators of Drought Resilience: The Health Sector Perspective .................... 17
2.4.6. Question and Answer .......................................................................................................... 18
2.4.7. Break away discussion groups and presentations ............................................................... 18
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2.5. Session 5: Community Resilience – Recent Findings (Chaired by Dr. Emmanuel Chinyamakobvu, UNCCD) ................................................................................................................. 19
2.5.1. Assessing Resilience: Components, Relationships, Innovation, Continuity (CRIC) .............. 19
2.5.2. Cost-effectiveness study on DRR interventions in Health and Education sectors in the drylands of the HOA ...................................................................................................................... 19
2.5.3. Community resilience to drought assessments: Tools and methodologies in Ethiopia ...... 20
2.5.4. Community resilience building -Kenya, Burkina Faso and Gambia ..................................... 20
2.6. Session 6: Way Forward ............................................................................................................. 21
2.6.1. Plenary Discussion: Way forward for CoBRA methodology ................................................ 21
2.6.2 Drought Online Discussion Forum Launch ........................................................................... 21
2.6.3. Key Discussion Issues for Regional Platform ....................................................................... 22
2.7. Session 7: Closing Session (Chaired by Ms. Anne Juepner, UNDP-DDC) ................................... 22
2.7.1. Closing Remarks ................................................................................................................... 22
3. Forum Evaluation ............................................................................................................................. 23
4. Appendices ....................................................................................................................................... 25
4.1. ADAF5 Agenda ........................................................................................................................... 25
4.2. List of Participants ...................................................................................................................... 27
4.3. Session 4 break way group presentation summary ................................................................... 39
4.4 Evaluation Form .......................................................................................................................... 42
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Acknowledgements
The United Nations Development Programme Drylands Development Centre (UNDP DDC) greatly appreciates the participants who attended the Fifth Africa Drought Adaptation Forum (ADAF5) held in Arusha Tanzania for their time and for enriching the discussions with expertise and experience. Special thanks to the European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) for partnering with us and ensuring that this forum was a success. We commend the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania for accepting to host ADAF5.
Disclaimer
The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations including the United Nations Development Programme, or its member states. Copyright © UNDP 2013 April 2013
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List of Abbreviations
ADDN African Drought Risk and Development Network
ADAF5 5th Africa Drought Adaptation Forum
CBDRR Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction
CoBRA Community Based Resilience Assessment Methodology
COOPI Cooperzone International
DDC Drylands Development Centre
DFID Department for International Development
DRM Disaster Risk Management
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
DRRAP Drought Risk Reduction Action Plan
EAC East African Community
EALA East African Legislative Assembly
ECHO European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection
EU European Union
EWS Early Warning System
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FGDs Focus Group Discussions
HoA Horn of Africa
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross
ILRI International Livestock Research Institute
KIIs Key Informant Interviews
LIME Longitudinal Monitoring and Evaluation
MDGs Millenium Development Goals
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
REGLAP Regional Learning and Advocacy Project for Vulnerable Dryland Communities
SLF Sustainable Livelihoods Framework
UN United Nations
UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNDPDDC United Nations Development Programme Drylands Development Centre
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
UNISDR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
VSLA Village Saving and Loan Schemes
WHO World Health Organization
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Executive Summary
Under the framework of the African Drought Risk and Development Network (ADDN), the United Nations Development Programme Drylands Development Centre (UNDP DDC) and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction’s (UNISDR) Regional Office for Africa, jointly organized the 5th Africa Drought Adaptation Forum (ADAF5) that was held in Arusha’s Ngurdoto Mountain Lodge in Tanzania between February 11 and 12, 2013. Since 2005, similar forums have been organized to create an enabling environment for knowledge sharing and to facilitate the up-scaling of proven practices among drought-prone countries, with an ultimate goal of mitigating the risks of drought, building resilience and improving human livelihoods in Africa. The drylands cover approximately 40 percent of the world where about 2.5 billon people live in nearly 100 countries. It accounts for up to 44 percent of all the world's cultivated systems. Many people living in drylands depend directly upon a highly variable natural resource base for their livelihoods, and about half of all dryland inhabitants - one billion people - are poor and marginalized. This accounts for close to half of the world's poor. The DDC takes a people centred approach, whose development objective is to contribute to rural poverty reduction and increased food security for the communities living in the rural drylands in the affected countries. The forum was sponsored by the UNDP DDC, The European Community Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) and The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). The ADAF5 attracted 149 participants drawn from 44 Sub-Saharan African government Focal Points for DRR, experts from UN agencies, NGOs, academic and technical institutions, national, regional intergovernmental institutions, the East African Community and the Africa Union. The ADAF5 was held back to back with the Fourth Africa Regional Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) hosted by the African Union Commission (AU) and UNISDR Regional Office for Africa. The ADAF5 ran through seven sessions. The first session was the official opening of the forum followed by an introductory session which outlined the forum objectives and expected outputs. The Community Based Resilience Assessment Methodology (CoBRA) was covered in session three with panel discussions on experiences on resilience indicators and measurements coming in session four. Recent findings on community resilience were presented in session five. Recommendations and closing of the forum were covered in sessions six and seven respectively. The objectives of ADAF5 were to;
i) Understand methodologies and tools applied to build evidence of impacts e.g. Drought Risk Reduction (DRR) investments/drought risk reduction interventions, climate change adaptation practices etc.
ii) Exchange examples of proven impact/cost effectiveness of DRR practices iii) Agree on a continental way forward to enhance DRR investments in the drylands based on proven
good practices. Findings from the field testing of the CoBRA methodology in Marsabit (Kenya) and, Moroto and Nakapiripirit (Uganda) suggest that financial security was one of the key factors that were listed as leading to resilience. Respondents repeatedly described a resilient household as one that was engaged in successful business or trade, or had a waged family member, through government or NGO positions, or had access to capital/loans or received remittances. In order to strengthen and refine the CoBRA conceptual framework and methodology, the forum recommended that there is need:
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For both generic and context specific indictors for resilience measurement
To underscore the importance of context when deriving resilience indicators and their measurement
For revision and wider testing of CoBRA methodology to compliment it with other methods and for comparative analysis. It was further suggested that a working group with different expertise from research and analysis be identified to strengthen the conceptual framework and methodology.
For linkage with other impact assessment methodologies/tools.
At the end of the forum, the key messages to be conveyed to the Fourth Africa Regional Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction were also developed jointly as follows: • Countries and institutions need to develop targets for building resilience across regions; • Intra/inter sectoral coordination mechanisms/platforms must be enhanced for necessary output on
drought resilience; • Increased and sustainable funding for resilience is imperative to consolidate the gain made on DRR
interventions; • DRR initiatives must be better linked to the concept and principles of resilience; • Knowledge regarding the gains made on resilience through various DRR interventions needs to be
identified, documented and made available; • Opportunity to replicate and scale up the proven DRR initiatives and interventions must be explored
further; • There is a need for sustainable funding for resilience building initiatives in Africa; • The efforts to measure community resilience must be linked closely with existing regional
conventions/strategies; • Awareness must be improved on the community based/led approaches which are working well on
resilience building in Africa; • Resilience building requires a multi-sectoral and consortium-like arrangement; and
African governments need to invest more on DRR and resilience building than what they are doing right now.
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1. Background
1.1. Africa Drought Adaptation Forum
Under the framework of the African Drought Risk and Development Network (ADDN), the United Nations Development Programme Drylands Development Centre (UNDPDDC) and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction’s (UNISDR) Regional Office for Africa, jointly organized the 5th Africa Drought Adaptation Forum (ADAF5) that was held in Arusha’s Ngurdoto Mountain Lodge in Tanzania between February 11 and 12, 2013. Since 2005, similar forums have been organized to create an enabling environment for knowledge sharing and to facilitate the up-scaling of proven practices among drought-prone countries, with an ultimate goal of mitigating the risks of drought, building resilience and improving human livelihoods in Africa. The ADAF5 featured methods and tools for measuring the impact of drought risk reduction practices across the region. It also provided practical examples regarding impact and cost-effectiveness of drought risk reduction measures. The first three forums featured a wealth of good practices with ADAF4 focussing on the need for enhanced coordination, early warning and early action. The ADAF5 focussed on elements of a standardized methodology and broad introduction of applicable indicators that evaluate and aggregate short and long term changes and trends in drought resilience. The ADAF5 was held back to back with the Fourth Africa Regional Platform for DRR. Forty four Sub-Saharan African government Focal Points for DRR attended both forums along with experts from UN agencies, NGOs, academic and technical institutions, national, regional intergovernmental institutions and the African Union. ADAF5 was held over two days. The first day focussed on methodologies and tools for measuring drought resilience. The second day presented existing examples and findings which were complemented by key regional advocacy messages and examples of community level drought resilience as well as project impact indicators from the European Community Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) and the Drought Risk Reduction Action Plan (DRRAP) partners working on drought risk reduction in the Horn of Africa.
1.2 The UNDP Drylands Development Centre
The Drylands Development Centre (DDC) is a thematic centre of UNDP dedicated to fighting poverty and achieving sustainable development in the drier regions of the world. It recognizes that achieving sustainable development in the drylands has significant implication for reducing poverty and hunger worldwide. The drylands cover approximately 40 percent of the world where about 2.5 billon people live in nearly 100 countries. It accounts for up to 44 percent of all the world's cultivated systems. Many people living in drylands depend directly upon a highly variable natural resource base for their livelihoods, and about half of all dryland inhabitants - one billion people - are poor and marginalized. This accounts for close to half of the world's poor. The DDC takes a people centred approach, whose development objective is to contribute to rural poverty reduction and increased food security for the communities living in the rural drylands in the affected countries. The immediate objective is to catalyse and energize the implementation of the MDGs in the affected countries by 2015. It is expected that this will result in improved livelihoods and social-economic well-being of communities in drylands. This will be achieved through:
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i) Effective mainstreaming of drylands issues into development frameworks leading to budgetary allocation for implementing livelihoods options on the ground; advocacy, awareness creation and policy dialogue at national and sub-national levels.
ii) Improving living standards for rural communities living in the drylands through strengthening the rural economy and creating and implementing livelihood opportunities; lessons learnt from these will inform policy and programming processes.
iii) Increasing resilience and sustainability of the rural livelihoods system through improved capacity of local communities for governance and sustainable management of local resources.
The DDC has a track record of over 40 years of supporting drylands development. Support from DDC is provided through its framework programme, the Integrated Drylands Development Programme (IDDP). This is delivered through the UNDP country offices in line with the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) and the UNDP Country Programme Action Plans. The programme is currently operational in 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and the Arab States and focuses on:
i) Mainstreaming dryland issues including adaptation and mitigation to climate change risks into development frameworks at national and regional and local levels
ii) Improving community capacity for livelihood enhancements and diversification iii) Building resilience of local communities to manage disaster risks and adapt to/mitigate the impacts
of climate change iv) Promoting policy advocacy on key land governance issues and building and building capacity of
decision-makers and sub-regional organizations to develop and manage sustainable land and agrarian reform programmes
v) Enhancing decentralised governance of natural resources as a basis for mitigating conflicts and promoting resource based economic opportunities.
2. Forum Proceedings
2.1. Session 1: Opening and Welcome (Chaired by Dr. Pedro Basabe, UNISDR)
2.1.1 Welcome remarks
The welcome remarks were delivered by Dr. Calleb Wegoro, (Director for Productive Sectors, East African Community) on behalf of the Hon. Jesca Eriyo, (Deputy Secretary General for Productive and Social Sectors, East African Community) and Mr. Philippe Poinsot (Country Director, UNDP Tanzania).
Dr. Wegoro warmly welcomed the participants to Arusha, the seat of the East African Community (EAC) and thanked the UNDP DDC, UNISDR and ECHO for organizing the forum in Arusha and inviting the EAC Secretariat to participate. He noted that although drought was a normal feature occurring virtually in all climatic regimes, its impacts in Africa had been devastating owing to Africa’s high vulnerability and weak coping and response mechanisms. This phenomenon, he noted, had negatively affected all socio-economic sectors leading to poor productivity, stagnation of economic growth, famine and social conflicts, wildfires, diseases and malnutrition, human migrations, cross border conflicts, stress and discomfort and rise in crime rate. Drought also accelerate HIV/AIDS epidemic – combined with high levels of food insecurity, reduced income, poverty and weak capacities for delivery of critical services by the States. He further noted that the science of weather and climate forecasting had made huge strides reliably forecasting impending droughts and that mitigation efforts therefore, required proactive approaches through preparedness, planning and management of resources once the early signals/indicators of drought were observed since the challenge of drought and
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other hazards such as floods and climate change were beyond the capacity of any one country to tackle. He proposed some initiatives that could be considered in minimizing drought emergencies and food insecurity (some of which the EAC Secretariat has already put in place). These would include but not limited to:
i) Drought adaptation policies and programs, if implemented effectively and at multiple scales, could help avert the negative impacts of drought and Climate Change. Adaptation must take into account existing social, political and economic tensions and avoid exacerbating them;
ii) Development of autonomous drought management institutions with the necessary funding and government facilitation;
iii) Development of Food Security Action Plan and establish an Early Warning System (EWS) for monitoring food shortage in the respective regions;
iv) Develop and operationalize Regional Emergency plans for Pastoralists in arid and semi-arid areas addressing migrations and cross borders dynamics;
v) Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) as a proactive approaches to drought risk management and climate change adaptation;
vi) Sharing innovations and approaches for drought mitigation and adaptation with other regions and continents;
vii) Promote joint efforts between nations and Communities in the management of natural resources; viii) Integration of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) in drought early warning systems for managing drought
and post-harvest storage management; ix) Accelerate development of drought proofing structures to improve on the regional water security
and storage capacities, i.e., Rain Water harvesting and better agronomical practices; and x) Making full use of Drought Advisories - Alert, Alarm and Warnings from national Meteorological and
hydrological services and other providers He also reported that the EAC had developed several policy documents and instruments geared towards addressing drought, food insecurity, and natural resources managment in the region. These include:
i) The EAC Climate Change Strategy ii) The EAC Climate Change Master Plan
iii) The EAC Climate Change Fund iv) THE EAC Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Protocol v) The Early Warning Systems to Monitor Food Security in the region;
vi) The EAC Disaster Risk Reducation and Management Strategy vii) The EALA Act on Transboundary Ecosystems;
viii) The EAC Livestock Policy While extending a warm welcome to the participants on behalf of the UN team in Tanzania, Mr. Poinsot thanked the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania for hosting the forum in Arusha. He also appreciated the Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department of the European Commission for their generous financial support and for making the forum a reality. He noted that many of the countries represented at the forum had witnessed recurrent severe droughts or floods or other natural disasters with increased damage and loss which posed serious obstacles to sustainable development. He also observed that these occurrences had taught us harsh lessons of how progress on achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) could be rapidly reversed if no action was taken to further strengthen the coping mechanisms of developing countries. He further noted that while no country is fully immune to disasters associated with climate variability and climate change, we are all well aware that there is more that can be done to reduce their impacts by better preparing citizens and communities to withstand the related shocks and disruption.
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He highlighted that facilitating South-South exchanges and cooperation was a centrepiece of UNDP’s mandate with the goal of enabling developing countries to work together to find solutions to common development challenges such as those that were slated for deliberation at the ADAF5. In conclusion, Dr. Wegoro noted that “together, we must build on and take the achievements of the Hyogo Framework for Action further and adopt a robust joint vision and concrete action, which will expand opportunities, tackle poverty and inequality, and build the resilience of countries and their communities to shocks. Reducing drought risk and building resilience offers a way for people everywhere to be equipped with the capacity to cope, to act and to rise to the daunting development challenges of the 21st century”.
2.1.2 Welcome address and opening
The forum’s opening address was given by Mrs. Nachaghe Anna Konyo Nanai (Assistant Director, Disaster Management Office, Prime Minister's Office, Government of the United Republic of Tanzania).
She thanked the UNDP DDC, ECHO and UNISDR and the other stakeholders for organizing the forum and for inviting her to officially open the forum. She gave a warm welcome to all participants and informed them that Arusha was the gateway to Tanzania’s northern tourist circuit. She invited participants to take advantage of their close proximity to the Ngorongoro Crater, Mount Kilimanjaro and Lake Manyara to visit and sample the attractions. Since past droughts in sub-Saharan Africa had negatively affected food security in the region1 she hoped that the outputs of the ADAF5 would pave the way towards an agreement on a continental approach towards enhancing DRR investment and building resilience of the African continent. She lamented that the traditional approach to drought by most governments and especially those in Africa was reactionary crisis management through provision of relief or emergency assistance to the affected areas or sectors. With this approach, drought only receives the attention of decision makers when it is at the peak, which usually coincides with a time when management options are quite limited. This scenario is complicated by the fact that many African countries face institutional problems that hinder the effectiveness of national Early Warning Systems (EWS) as a consequence of lack of drought policies and strategies and political will; poor integration of knowledge and information into government structures; complex relationships between donors and governments; lack of coordination between existing local and international food security information systems and focus on emergency response rather than mitigation. She noted that the vulnerability of rural livelihood systems to drought in Africa highlights the need for any development plan to consider the issues of climate, as most of the rural poor are dependent on traditional rain-fed agriculture. She hoped that the ADAF5 would help influence African countries to come up with drought policies that emphasize on risk identification, early warning systems, awareness, knowledge management strategies, and effective mitigation and preparedness measures. With those remarks, she wished participants successful and fruitful deliberations and declared the 5th Africa Drought Adaptation Forum officially open.
1 The droughts of 1972–1974 and 1984–1985, which caused widespread famine in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa, affecting 25 African countries and the 1992–1993 droughts that affected Southern Africa resulting in severe food shortages. The Horn of Africa was again severely affected in 2000–2001 and in 2002–2003 and more recently in 2005-2006, 2009 and 2011, the East African region was again hit by drought which resulted in acute hunger and malnutrition, loss of productive assets, and increased vulnerability to other risks.
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2.2. Session 2: Introductory Session
2.2.1. Outline of the forum objectives and structure
The structure and objectives of the ADAF5 were outlined by Ms. Yuko Kurauchi (UNDP DDC). She pointed out that the forum hoped to:
iv) Understand methodologies and tools applied to build evidence of impacts e.g. Drought Risk Reduction (DRR) investments/drought risk reduction interventions, climate change adaptation practices etc.
v) Exchange examples of proven impact/cost effectiveness of DRR practices vi) Agree on a continental way forward to enhance DRR investments in the drylands based on proven
good practices.
She noted that the expected outputs of ADAF5 were:
i) Landscape of existing methodologies and tools for impact assessments in the region ii) Exchange of proven practices
iii) Action Plan to enhance DRR investments in the drylands of Africa iv) Basis for impact assessments of DRR in the drylands of Africa v) Increased capacity to integrate community DRR impact analysis methodology
Ms. Yuko also took the participants through the agenda (schedule) for the ADAF5 (see appendix 5.1).
2.2.2. Africa drought reduction framework: The guiding principles
Ms. Rhea Katsanakis (UNISDR) made a presentation of the Africa drought reduction framework and the proposed elements of DRR.
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She noted that the UN Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR) observes that although the causes and impacts of droughts are increasingly being understood, the escalating losses associated with these events indicate that most governments have yet to find effective ways of reducing and managing the risks they pose. She further noted that;
Countries with weak governance are likely to find it difficult to address underlying risk drivers which include degradation of hazard-regulating ecosystems such as wetlands, mangroves, and forests, and high levels of poverty.
Drought impacts most visibly on agricultural production, with significant losses spilling over into other economic sectors.
Globally, drought is still a hidden risk and locally its social and economic impacts are disproportionately concentrated on poor rural households.
Despite progress in forecasting, early warning and response, few countries had integrated policies or institutional frameworks to address the drivers of drought risk with drought being rarely included within broader policy and institutional frameworks for disaster risk management (DRM).
Meteorological agencies may be well equipped to provide increasingly accurate hazard assessments and warnings, but they are not responsible for addressing other risk drivers such as land use, water management, urban development and social protection.
Strengthening drought risk management as an integral part of risk governance is fundamental to sustaining the quality of life in affected countries.
The proposed main elements for DRR converge around the linkages between policy and governance, risk identification and early warning, awareness and education and mitigation and preparedness.
Ms. Katsanakis also presented the critical elements of a contingency plan and the need for standard operating procedures.
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2.2.3. Key regional advocacy messages on drought resilience
Mr. Achiba Gargule (Regional Learning and Advocacy Project for Vulnerable Dryland Communities-REGLAP) made a presentation on resilience in the Horn of Africa (HoA). He reported that REGLAP works through three main channels:
i) Regional Learning Groups which aim at developing good practice models and strengthening the base for dryland resilience promotion through Community Based approaches to DRR (CBDRR), Water Development for DRR and Strengthening the evidence base for DDR Advocacy;
ii) Country Advocacy Groups which promote appropriate roll out and community consultation on country action plans for ending drought emergencies in Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda; and
iii) Secretariat.
Mr. Achiba made a case for key resilience principles and why they are important for the drylands. These are:
i) Putting communities and local government at the centre of development and humanitarian efforts which requires that we (a) understand, respect communities, institutions and knowledge systems, (b) build the capacity and resources for local governments and (c) start from where communities are and plan with them;
ii) Recognising and responding to different needs, capabilities and aspirations of different individuals, households and communities;
iii) Understanding and focusing on social and ecological systems rather than individual components; iv) Promoting integrated multi-sectoral approaches across different sectors and scales; v) Increasing emphasis on longer term investments and addressing the underlying causes of
vulnerability; and vi) Doing things differently, but learning from the past.
There are however challenges in realising these principles. For instance, how do we:
Put these principles at the centre of the resilience agenda?
Make these fundamental shifts in the way we work?
Improve our knowledge management so we really reflect on and learn from our mistakes – donors, NGOs and governments alike?
Move forward on a common vision for drylands areas with a balanced livelihood development, vibrant commercialised extensive livestock production complemented by alternative livelihoods and careful use of irrigated crop that promotes local food security and a balanced model?
He observed that the current and urgent issues in resilience include securing land, education, governance and peace building and empowerment.
2.2.4. ECHO: Approach to drought resilience in the Horn of Africa
Ms. Sylvie Montembault (European Commission - Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection-ECHO) presented the EU/ECHO approach to DRR.
The EU defines resilience as “the ability of an individual, a household, a community, a country or a region to withstand, adapt and to quickly recover from stresses and shocks”. Ms. Montembault listed some steps that might increase resilience and reduce the vulnerability of the world’s most vulnerable people. These include:
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i) Support to the design of National resilience strategy
ii) Disaster management plans and efficient early warning systems in disaster prone countries iii) Putting forward innovative approaches to risk management iv) Building on the promising results of the commission’s resilience initiative: AGIR- Sahel and SHARE
The DRR framework should have a multi-sectoral approach aimed at reducing risks (mainstream DRR) and improving rapid coping and adaptation at all levels such as DRR between droughts to maximise resilience to the next drought. It should also align humanitarian action with longer term development processes such as expansion/contraction rather than start/stop approaches. The framework should have an in-depth understanding of the underlying causes of vulnerability and a long-term approach to build capacity to better manage future uncertainty and change, while retaining early response capacity. It also requires a focused effort to identify resilience, of whom to what?
The ECHO DRR Programming in the HoA involves a community-based approach with articulation to policy level through:
Building on the achievement of past decisions, continuing to support DRR and community-based operations;
Developing a library of well-documented, context-specific experiences through good monitoring, evaluation, and operational research critical for advocacy (capitalisation); and
Dissemination of lessons learnt, sharing of good practices.
She stressed that in order to increase the impact of our actions, we need to think of the processes beyond the project, think of transition (or transformation) rather than exit, anchor any CDRR action within existing contextual system (government), frameworks (e.g., PRSP, MDGs) and processes (decentralization) and find the balance between government-led/top down processes and community-driven/bottom-up measures. She also noted that measuring resilience was difficult and not much work had been done. This is because resilience is multi-dimensional, is temporal and there are difficulties in aggregating units of analysis and attribution of any changes in resilience to specific factors such as programmes. Ms. Montembault listed ECHO’s preconditions in DRR engagement. These include the need to:
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i) Align humanitarian action with development frameworks, such as the Partnership Framework Contracts and work closely with development partners (especially the European Commission's Development Aid Department) and governments;
ii) Profile wealth groups and livelihoods in order to design appropriate strategies that focus on geographic areas and specific target groups;
iii) Have a joint humanitarian-development framework to develop common understanding of underlying factors; and
iv) Have multi-sectoral and multi-level engagements. In the interactive session at the end of Session 2, participants recommended that in presentations, it would be important to write ‘DRR’ in full because when abbreviated, it is not clear whether it refers to DRR as a framework or as a hazard. From presentation 2.2.3, a participant sought to know whether there were any internal key messages from the communities themselves as what had been presented looked very much external. On the same presentation, another participant sought to know why “we should focus on dropouts” rather than learn from champions. All clarifications were adequately handled by the respective presenters.
2.3. Session 3: Community Based Resilience Assessment Methodology (CoBRA)
2.3.1. Conceptual framework and quantitative impact assessment methodology for resilience
Ms. Catherine Fitzgibbon presented the conceptual framework and methodology on behalf of her colleague Ms. Courtenay Cabot Venton who was unable to make it for the forum. She noted that the aim of the CoBRA methodology was to come up with a quantitative impact assessment framework that would:
Develop a rigorous conceptual framework and standardized methodology for measuring and assessing the impacts of community-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) interventions on local/national resilience building; and
Introduce broadly applicable and comparable indicators/indexes that evaluate and aggregate short - and long-term changes and trends in drought resilience as a result of various interventions comprehensively in quantitative values.
This methodology will also support the development of two further aims:
Capacity Development: Improve the capacity of local/national/regional disaster management institutions to plan, implement and monitor drought interventions against their contributions to long-term community resilience building.
Policy Advocacy: Raise awareness among decision-makers at local, national and regional levels in the potentials of community-based DRR for drought vulnerability reduction in the Horn of Africa (HOA) and enhancing their capacity to integrate proven practices into policy and planning processes.
In attempting to measure resilience, it will be importance to note that it is a:
i) Multi-dimensional factor of many things e.g. development; ii) Dynamic concept and constantly changing;
iii) Factor of both long term and short term interventions and strategies; and iv) Factor that varies at household level because there is need to identify the nature, scale and impact
of the systemic shock(s) that affect the wider community. Drought may not be the only shock to the system.
Ms. Fitzgibbon reported that the CoBRA methodology was adapted from the DFID/TANGO and EC-FAO models. These two methodologies are presented below.
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The EC-FAO Model
Ms. Fitzgibbon made a case for a methodology to measure resilience because:
i) Currently no tools exist to measure resilience as a long-term multi-dimensional concept. ii) There is need for a multi-faceted approach to prioritise interventions as appropriate.
iii) Key indicators affecting resilience are not comprehensively collected using any widespread agreed methodology, e.g., insecurity or environmental degradation.
iv) If resilience is to be built and development accelerated in the most disaster prone areas (“fragile-sub-states”), these require closer monitoring than national data collection processes usually provide.
Taken from: Measuring Resilience: A Concept Note on the Resilience Tool. Alinov, Mane and Romano, 2010
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The following are some characteristics of a resilient community:
The CoBRA framework was presented as shown in the following figure.
The CoBRA methodology is based on the premise that resilience can be measured in two ways:
i) An overall or universal measure or indicator(s) of resilience which enables us to understand whether resilience is increasing, declining or staying the same; and
ii) Contextually, specific indicators or components of resilience enable us to understand how local drivers of resilience are expanding or contracting
Since there is currently no accepted impact indicator to measure resilience, there is a strategic need to agree upon a meta-indicator of resilience. The following five capitals (Social, Financial, Human, Physical and Natural) were given as mapping components of resilience in a cobweb-like diagram.
Agricultural Practice and Technologies
Adaptive Capacity
Formal and informal governance
Infrastructure
Livelihood Strategies
Ecosystem Health
Access to Basic Services
Income and Food Security
Stability
Assets
Social Safety Nets
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The nine steps of the CoBRA methodology were summarised as given in the table below.
Phase I: Preparation Step 1: Identify target groups and baseline resilience
Step 2: Prepare for data collection
Phase II: Field Work: Data Collection
Step 3: Define characteristics of resilience
Step 4: Score characteristics
Step 5: Investigate pathways to resilience
Step 6: Identify interventions that build resilience
Phase III: Data Analysis and Reporting
Step 7: Data analysis
Step 8: Taking action
Step 9: Repeat Monitoring of Impact and Change
2.3.2. Small group interactive session and feedback
After the CoBRA methodology presentation, each participant was asked to score resilience statements given out to them using bean-seeds. Four scoring stations/“booths” were provided within the auditorium for the scoring exercise. After scoring and tallying, year round access to clean water was ranked first with 74 beans, followed by “safe and secure” with 57 beans. The full results of this exercise are given in the table below.
Record sheet for scoring resilience statements in small groups
Total score for group
Statement Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Total
Year round access to clean water 6 15 10 43 74
Safe and secure 11 17 10 19 57
Income has increased, diversified 10 7 31 8 56
Household not reliant on outside help, food secure 14 6 19 16 55
Strong community management systems, associations 9 28 10 1 48
Access to healthcare 6 9 5 26 46
Good governance 8 7 13 10 38
Good land use 0 8 16 12 36
Access to markets-Can sell and buy easily, good prices 4 7 10 1 22
Community organization, contingency planning 5 4 6 1 16
Educated to tertiary level 1 0 3 5 9
Access to credit/loans 1 0 4 1 6
Quality road system 3 0 0 3 6
Women have a leadership role 3 0 0 0 3
Healthy animals 0 0 3 0 3
Transformed relationships 0 3 0 0 3
Access to communication-internet, phones etc 0 0 1 1 2
Remittances 0 0 0 2 2
Ecosystem health 1 0 0 0 1
livestock (numbers, breeds, viability) 0 0 0 0 0
Note: Statement in bold were added to the list by participants
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2.3.3. Findings and Lessons Learned from CoBRA field testing in Kenya and Uganda and Comparison of findings with group feedback, discussion on findings from field work
Ms. Catherine Fitzgibbon made this presentation and pointed out that field work was undertaken in Kenya (Marsabit) and Uganda (Moroto and Nakapiripirit) using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). The findings were mapped according to Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) categories. Marsabit findings Financial security was one key factor that was listed as leading to resilience with respondents repeatedly describing a resilient household as one that is engaged in successful business or trade, or has a waged family member, through government or NGO positions, or has access to capital/loans or receives remittances. Pastoralists highlighted some additional characteristics of a resilient household as one that:
Has a large livestock holding.
Has access to markets.
Has a manageable household size.
Sells animals in a timely manner.
Has access to good pasture. Resilience building interventions were reported to have increased resilience among peri-urban/agro-pastoral households while resilience was decreasing among pastoralists. Conclusions from the Kenya study suggest that:
i) The characteristics of a resilient household from communities’ perspective are relatively common yet unique.
ii) Aspirations as to what would make them resilient are not unrealistic. iii) Most communities score incredibly poorly on their identified characteristics in good as well as bad
years. iv) Resilient households are strongly associated with those that have financial security. v) The links between interventions that build resilience is better understood or clearer in communities
that have access to or benefit from greater resilience building interventions.
Moroto and Nakapiripirit findings A resilient household was described as one that has financial flexibility and multiple income sources, higher levels of educational attainment, a large herd size and a large household size. Resilience building initiatives included:
Education – particularly scholarships for secondary and tertiary education Improved health care – better drug supply and in-patient facilities Access to clean water – more boreholes and pumps that work year round Peace initiatives Village Saving and Loan Schemes Activities to support agriculture.
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Conclusions from the study in Uganda suggest that:
i) The statements/factors that make up resilience from communities perspective are relatively common and regularly cited.
ii) In Karamoja, there was no clear good or bad year (not systemically disaster affected) iii) Key informant interviews reinforced these factors. iv) The interventions that are valued most highly or most desired by communities correlate closely with
the most highly rated statements/ characteristics of resilience
Lessons from the field testing of the draft CoBRA methodology
i) There is need to map interventions in more detail
There were many interventions that were not captured by FGDs or resilient households
There is need for additional key informant questionnaires
It may be prudent to add an extra session to FGDs for evaluative purposes
ii) There is need for more systematic application
There is need for expanded trialling to improve methodology
There is need for sampling criteria for different populations/ livelihood zones
There is also need to analyse how these data compares with large scale household surveys
iii) Policy and Advocacy
Information collected can inform wider debates
Further funding required to continue field trialling
The suggested way forward would be to expanded field testing required to address all the unknowns and systematise the methodology as well as on-going dissemination and sharing lessons with national government and other impact monitoring agencies.
2.3.4. Working group discussion (Continued), open discussions and feedback
Ms. Fitzgibbon observed that the results from resilience statements scored by participants were almost similar to the findings from Kenya and Uganda. Some participants however observed that security ‘should’ have ranked first because insecurity complicates all those other statements on resilience. With good security, households and communities can achieve much on their own. Other participants felt that while the list was not exhaustive, it was duplicative with many statements addressing the same thing e.g. finance. Another observation was that the statements were contextual and would therefore change from community to community. There was a rich discussion on the methodology and findings. A participant sought to know why the presenter suggested for a meta-indicator while characteristics of resilience were contextual. There was also a feeling that sampling for the test needed to have been more inclusive because it was strange that education was being listed first before livelihood streams. A participant sought to know what alternative livelihood strategies were most suitable for communities to build resilience. Another participant sought to know how the methodology introduced the concept of resilience to the community and that given the results, there was need to triangulate quantitative and qualitative data. Should we measure resilience at individual or at community level? These questions and points of clarification informed a very fruitful discussion with the conclusion that the CoBRA methodology was a good start to
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measuring community resilience although much more needs to go into it before it can become robust. Participants were grouped into four units to discuss specific questions about the methodology.
Group 1: Establish an overall meta-indicator of resilience. Can it be done? What should it be? This group reported that there was need for multiple indicators since the five capitals vary in different contexts/disasters. But even if a meta-indicator would be agreed upon, what would be the context? Would it be the drylands? In relation to what? What would be the unit of analysis? (Household or community?) and who sets the indicators? The group cautioned that context is important. Group 2: How can this methodology support or complement other efforts to measure resilience? The group reported that indicators used were quite broad and there was need to focus on drought. Could we look at the poverty indicator as a benchmark? Should the methodology use qualitative or quantitative approaches? The group also observed that other complimentary methodologies existed such as the technical consortium –Horn of Africa, DFID, TANGO, FAO (food security), HEA, LIME (Longitudinal Monitoring and Evaluation), etc. There is however need to define whether CoBRA would be used at household or community level and the time duration (snapshots vs. continuous learning). The group also observed that CoBRA conceptual framework and methodology is already a blend of DFID/TANGO, FAO methodologies and that it was simple enough for use in understanding of resilience. The group proposed that CoBRA methodology needs to be combined with other conventional tools e.g., for statistical analysis and should be adapted to the needs of the communities. Although there is need for validation with other approaches, the methodology can inform cross-national processes. Group 3: How can the tool support specific programme evaluation? The group noted that the CoBRA methodology could supplement/complement evaluations. It could also be used to countercheck community target group priorities and provide a good baseline for subsequent evaluations. The challenges the methodology may face include too short timeframes for projects and low funding to build resilience. The group proposed that programmes should not be sector specific because resilience is multi-sectoral/programmatic. Group 4: Going forward, how should the methodology be further trialled and tested? There group noted that there is need to define the application of the methodology according to characteristics of the site such as pastoralists, agro-pastoralists, agriculturalists, urban settings and country settings/context. Other dynamics that need to be addressed by the methodology include;
Time and timing e.g., should it be used before or after drought?
Sampling was not clearly presented
Testing and feedback
Limitations There is also need to further define resilience framework at household, community and country levels and the methodology should be dynamic so as to take care of the evolution of resilience “changes”, e.g., past, present and future. CoBRA should also look at the resilience thresholds, e.g., low, medium and high resilience. The group proposed that there is need to use more tools to compliment the methodology such as Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), ranking as well as household interviews, mapping and standardized questionnaires. The group noted that the analysis seemed good although there was need to invest more in data collection as well as establish a multi-disciplinary technical team to look at the methodology. The group suggested that perhaps the methodology needs to be peer-reviewed and validated.
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2.4. Session 4: Panel Discussion - Experiences on resilience indicators and measurement (Chaired by Paul Kimeu, NDMA):
2.4.1. COOPIs experiences on Drought Risk Reduction Intervention Indicators: Impact Assessment for Fodder Production, Animal Health Interventions and NRM in Pastoralists and Agro-pastoralists Communities Mr. Isaac Kamau Wamugi of Cooperzone International (COOPI) presented results of three different interventions by COOPI in Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia. These were:
i) Enhancing livestock production to support vulnerable populations along Daua Riverine in greater Mandera District, Northern Kenya. Progress showed that prices of animals fed with supplement hay had over 50% to 200% increase in market sale price compared with free range animals. For the same animals, there was more than 100% improvement in milk yields. Farmers were also able to sell hay at prices of Ksh. 400 to 600 due to the prevailing drought situation and hence fetched more than the targeted Ksh. 5,000.
ii) Support to drought affected pastoralists and agro-pastoralist in Mandera County, Northern Kenya. Results show that during the period, a total of 154,953 animals were given prophylactic treatment to enhance their resilience to drought. It is estimated that at least 95% of the treated animals (150,000) remained at productive state by the end of the project.
iii) Enhanced drought preparedness adaptive strategies in Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia. The project is expected to extend the usage of about 35,000 hectares of underutilized wet season grazing areas, by at least 4 months per year (calculated using 3.14r2 assuming a modest usage of 4 km radius for each pan, where 1km2 equals 100ha).
From their experience, Mr. Wamugi listed good practices that contribute to resilience. These include:
Appreciating the traditional mechanisms of survival and improving them, e.g., traditional early warning systems
Realising that Pastoralism is a way of life- “Don’t kill it, strengthen it”
Strategic planning and placement of NRM support infrastructure using the “Do no harm approach” (water points, market structures, settlement centres, new agriculture land)
Participatory planning and implementation of projects.
2.4.2. Resilience Indicators and Measurements: Remotely sensed variables Dr. Said Mohammed of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) presented comparative results for rainfall trends in Turkana (Lodwar) and Garissa based on 12 months Standardized Precipitation Index. The trends indicated more synchronized rainfall between Garissa and Lodwar between 1998 and 2011 whilst the period 1960 and 1998 had large variations of rainfall between the 2 districts. The presentation also covered: i) Crop indicator-Length of Growing Period (LGP),
ii) Vegetation dynamics in Borena, Southern Ethiopia, iii) Adaptation to climate variability in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda, iv) Forage and Livestock Dynamics and v) National Drought Management Authority’s Early Warning System
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2.4.3. A Joint Resilience Strategy for Somalia
Ms. Eugenie Reidy (UNICEF) presented a joint strategy for Somalia by FAO, WFP and UNICEF which involves three building blocks of concerted actions that will help the at-risk Somali society cope with crises on the basis of community initiatives. These include (a) enhanced productive sectors, (b) access to basic social services and (c) safety nets for social protection. These three building blocks contribute to resilience through improved household income, enhanced human capital, and meeting of basic needs. She observed that it is important to consider both qualitative and quantitative methods to measure resilience through household questionnaires, community consultations and other qualitative methods.
2.4.4. IFRC CBDRR Study, Phase 2: Latin America and the Caribbean
Ms. Flora Tonking (IFRC) listed the objectives of the study as (a) confirm the characteristics and key determinants identified in the first phase of the CBDRR Study (conducted in Asia), to begin to identify similarities and differences between geographical regions, (b) identify and document ‘lessons learned’ in the design and implementation of previous CBDRR projects in the LAC zone and (c) contribute to the technical knowledge of the IFRC. Fieldwork was carried out in 24 communities using the following methodology.
2.4.5. Key Health Indicators of Drought Resilience: The Health Sector Perspective
Dr. Kalula Kalambay (WHO Regional Office in Brazzaville) noted that the WHO had spent 55 million USD on life saving operations in the African region in 2012. Of this amount, 60% went to climate (drought and floods) related interventions, 23% on socio-political related interventions, 16% on health system related interventions and 1% on risk management. He also presented the health sector drought risk measurement tools as Health Management Information System/Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response, Health VRAM, Specific surveys, e.g., malaria, HIV, Demographic Health Survey, and mortality. The key components of the Common Country Assessment were listed as:
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i) Health sector institutional framework for DRM ii) Health sector DRM coordination mechanisms
iii) Capacity for health emergency risk assessment and information management iv) Capacity for response and recovery planning and operations v) Community health support programmes
vi) Safer and prepared hospitals and health facilities vii) Capacity for health, DRM Information, Education and Communication
viii) Human resources capacity development for DRM Dr. Kalambay also presented findings of Common Country Assessment (CCA) in Uganda
i) Community health support programmes:
Community involvement in disaster risk and vulnerability assessment were conducted by NGOs such OXFAM, WVI, URCS, SCiU, etc
The coverage of these activities is limited to a selected geographical area
There is a national village health workers program (VHTs)
No systematic mechanism for involving the VHTs and communities in health DRM
Poor community awareness of health DRM
TOR and training curriculum of community/village health workers does not include health DRM
On the basis of the above findings, the community support programmes was classified as poor.
ii) Roadmap for strengthening the CCA components was developed and is being implemented.
He gave the way forward as the need for multi-sectoral/disciplinary approaches.
2.4.6. Question and Answer
In this interactive session, a participant sought to know how the end users would get this scientific information and data and how all these interventions coordinate with governments. On Mr. Wamugi’s presentation, participants sought to know how resilience would be tracked, whether a study was conducted and the sustainability and transition strategy for the project. On Dr. Mohamed’s presentation, a participant observed that he had missed out on watering points in his presentation. Another participant wished to get further information on the variation between the patterns while another sought to know what contributed to sheep mortality rates and whether standard errors were used in the study. The presenters adequately responded to the information sought.
2.4.7. Break away discussion groups and presentations
Eight break away discussion groups were formed on water, nutrition and health, natural resource management, livestock, agriculture, education, peace and security and infrastructure. The groups discussed three questions in relation to their sector:
i) What are the characteristics of resilience in your sector? ii) What kind of indicators have you been using in your projects to measure resilience at the
community/household level? iii) What are some of the good practices that contribute to resilience from your own experiences?
Each group summarised and presented their thoughts on their sector and the presentation are summarised in appendix 4.3.
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2.5. Session 5: Community Resilience – Recent Findings (Chaired by Dr. Emmanuel Chinyamakobvu, UNCCD)
2.5.1. Assessing Resilience: Components, Relationships, Innovation, Continuity (CRIC)
Dr. Lance Robinson (ILRI) observed that resilience is very difficult to measure until a threshold has been crossed. Resilience is an emergent property of complex social-ecological systems resulting from dynamic, non-linear relationships among variables. CRIC is (a) Components (Cattle, sheep and goats, Camels, Pastures, Water points), (b) Relationship (Herd mobility, Pasture regeneration processes, Commons institutions governing access to water), (c) Sources of innovation (Diversity and flexibility of livestock species mix, Organizational and institutional linkages, Biodiversity embedded in sacred sites and patchy landscape pattern) and (d) Sources of continuity (Sacred sites, Oral history). The following figure presents examples of threshold indicators.
2.5.2. Cost-effectiveness study on DRR interventions in Health and Education sectors in the drylands of the HOA
Prof. Dewald van Niekerk from (North-West University) observed that the study set out to:
i) Provide a general overview of DRR investment; ii) Analyse the current state of DRR investment in the Horn of Africa with specific emphasis on the
health and education sectors (case study analysis); iii) Document challenges in tracking disaster risk reduction investments; and iv) Provide conclusions and recommendations.
The evaluation used case studies. Two were done in Djibouti (health and education), Four in Ethiopia (3 health, 1 education), One in Kenya (education), three in Somalia (education, health and drought resilience) and one in Eritrea (climate change adaptation). The findings suggest that:
The highest percentage of DRR investment is still from the humanitarian sector.
The targets on DRR spending in development and humanitarian aid are still not enough.
There is low capacity to conduct cost-benefit analysis.
Community organized (ownership) projects are more successful.
Project cost-benefit analysis is often poorly reported.
Elements of the Social-Ecological System Examples of Threshold Indicators
Components • Camels • Pasture and water points
• No. of camels/household • Sq. km. of quality pasture within 20 km. of temporary dry
season water sources
Relationships • Herd mobility • Commons institutions for water
• TLUs in the rainy season based within x km. of permanent water sources
• Ratio of private wells operated as commons vs. private property
Sources of Innovation • Biodiversity embedded in sacred sites and a
patchy landscape pattern
• α diversity of plant species in sacred sites
Sources of Continuity • Sacred sites
• Sq. km. of land respected as a sacred sites or other community-conserved areas
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Projects which focused on women and children showed greater involvement and level of success.
Integration of projects in development (multiplying factor) brings wider gains.
Integrated, multi-sectoral projects with ‘hidden’ benefits are more cost effective.
Multiple role-players (community, civil society, UN, government) are more successful.
Community based projects should be linked to skills transfer and capacity building.
Long term support is needed.
“Soft resilience” is more effective than “hard resilience”.
Pilot phases are important especially for new projects.
The root causes of vulnerability have not yet been effectively addressed.
There is need for regional “pool of funds” to lessen the financial burden during interventions.
There is need to place premium on quality rather than quantity.
2.5.3. Community resilience to drought assessments: Tools and methodologies in Ethiopia
In Ethiopia’s case Mr. Keith Etherington (Tear Fund) noted that there were 20 to 30 groups that had formed strong relationships to save, give loans and work at transforming their lives. Critical thinking skills were important in these groups. Within a year, the groups were talking of breaking the bonds of money lenders. He noted that it takes between three to four years in rural areas to achieve the objectives. There are plans to introduce a product where the groups would borrow twice as much as they saved as well as to integrate a safety nets approach for sustainability.
2.5.4. Community resilience building -Kenya, Burkina Faso and Gambia Based on the IFRC project or Initiatives in community resilience in the above countries, Mr. Buba Darboe (IFRC) reported that in the Gambia, DRR interventions resulted in:
Increased food production in refugee hosting families
Increased earning and income for women in 56 communities implementing community gardens with vegetables production and livelihood activities. (tie and dye).
Reduced hunger in food insecurity operation areas through the provision of the food basket for 4 months
Reduced incidence of severe malnutrition among children in operation areas.
Preventing flooding in communities and improving food production
Improved environment sanitation due to increased acknowledge of communities on the relationship between proper sanitation and community’s health
Support for farmers initiative to increase the production of groundnut a major cash crop which ultimately increased their income and living standard.
The provision of solar lamps to students and labour wards thereby contributed in reducing the risk of household and bush fires, poor lighting of labour wards.
Provision of hand pump wells which increased access to potable water, reduction of water borne and water related diseases
Construction of VIP latrines which contributed to reduced incidences of gastrointestinal diseases in the communities.
The increased capacity of the volunteers to contribute to the NS strength, to assess, manage and mitigate DRR
Saving lives and improving health and wellbeing
Giving the vulnerable the right to a honourable living
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Interventions in Burkina Faso focussed on food security, water and sanitation and community awareness and these resulted in:
Two vegetable production seasons as a response to failure of rain season crops.
Diversification through the introduction of fruit trees, moringa and sweet potatoes in the Sahel gardens
Village committees of nutrition in 9 provinces In Kenya, the intervention aimed at assisting the recovery of affected communities from the 2007/2009 drought and promote livelihood options that can assist them adapt to future droughts. The Kenya Red cross society (KRCS) undertook an integrated approach targetting food security , water and sanitation and Health. A video of the intervention in the Tana North District of Kenya was streamed. In the interactive session that followed this session a participant requested to get a distinction between soft and hard resilience. Another participant sought more information on how the Moringa project was implemented and who the target was. The presenters responded and provided additional information.
2.6. Session 6: Way Forward
2.6.1. Plenary Discussion: Way forward for CoBRA methodology
Ms. Yuko Kurauchi (UNDPDCC) summarised the way forward for the CoBRA methodology based on the discussions in the past two days. The key concerns include the need:
For both generic and context specific indictors for resilience measurement
To underscore the importance of context when deriving resilience indicators and their measurement
For wider testing for comparative analysis
For linkage with other impact assessment methodologies/tools
For community led consultative processes to identify what makes them resilient and indicators to track
To integrate the output from 8 sectors analysis of the resilience characteristics, indicators and good practice
The immediate actions would include (a) circulation of draft CoBRA conceptual framework and methodology online, (b) production of forum report, (c) further testing of refined CoBRA methodology with partners, and (d) continuous consultations.
Input from the participants
Consider risk assessment baseline where these exist
There is need to revise the CoBRA methodology and compliment it with other methods. Perhaps, there should be a working group with different expertise from research and analysis to build the methodology and the conceptual framework. The methodology should perhaps be peer-reviewed.
There seems to be contradiction in the key concerns presented because on one hand, we are proposing to get context-specific generic indicators but on the other hand, we are proposing to carry out further testing of the methodology and do comparative analysis.
2.6.2 Drought Online Discussion Forum Launch
Mr. Phillip Fong (FAO) launched the drought online discussion forum (www.disasterriskreduction.net). The site will help coordinate, inform, support efforts in DRR. It is partner-driven, simple, easy and scalable. There were 58,466 people who had visited the website from 150 countries. About 55% were ‘returnees’ while 9231 were unique visitors.
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2.6.3. Key Discussion Issues for Regional Platform
Mr. Oyundi Nehondo (UNISDR) moderated a discussion to identify the issues to be conveyed to the 4th regional platform for further deliberations. They include:
Countries and institutions need to develop targets for building resilience across regions;
Intra/inter sectoral coordination mechanisms/platforms must be enhanced for necessary output on drought resilience;
Increased and sustainable funding for resilience is imperative to consolidate the gain made on DRR interventions;
DRR initiatives must be better linked to the concept and principles of resilience;
Knowledge regarding the gains made on resilience through various DRR interventions needs to be identified, documented and made available;
Opportunity to replicate and scale up the proven DRR initiatives and interventions must be explored further;
There is a need for sustainable funding for resilience building initiatives in Africa;
The efforts to measure community resilience must be linked closely with existing regional conventions/strategies;
Awareness must be improved on the community based/led approaches which are working well on resilience building in Africa;
Resilience building requires a multi-sectoral and consortium-like arrangement; and
African governments need to invest more on DRR and resilience building than what they are doing right now.
2.7. Session 7: Closing Session (Chaired by Ms. Anne Juepner, UNDP-DDC)
2.7.1. Closing Remarks
Dr. Pedro Basabe (UNISDR) In his closing remarks, Dr. Basabe noted that DRR and related management has a conceptual framework adopted by UN Member States and an Africa Regional Strategy and Programme of Action adopted by the AU and its Member States, which also applies for drought risk reduction and management. There is also need to continue translating these policies and plans into concerted actions on the ground while considering the root causes of drought vulnerability such as environmental degradation and vulnerability to people and their livelihoods. There is need to continue discussing and defining the meta-indicators of resilience as well as follow up on efforts in measuring resilience. He reported that the UNISDR is open to further collaborate with all actors in DRR/M and invited participants to the 4th Africa Regional Platform and related events taking place in the same venue from February 13-15, 2013.
Mr. Almami Dampha (Policy Officer, Forest and Land Management, Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture of the Africa Union) Mr. Dampha noted that the forum was important in taking stock of achievements in DRR. He asked for concerted efforts in reducing drought risks in Africa. He further noted that not every drought should turn out to be a disaster in Africa, and Ethiopia is a good example. The availability of new research methodologies should open a new frontier for dealing with DRR.
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3. Forum Evaluation
A total of 149 participants attended the ADAF5. Eight of these were from UNDPDDC. Although the evaluation forms were distributed to almost all participants, only 81 completed the evaluation form. See appendix 4.4 for a copy of the evaluation. The results of the evaluation are summarised in Table 1.
Table 1. ADAF5 Evaluation Results (n=81)
Q1 (a). Rating of forum as a learning experience Q1 (e). Rating of quality of discussions
Rating Freq. Percent Cum.
Rating Freq. Percent Cum.
Fair 5 6.17 6.17
Poor 1 1.23 1.23
Average 12 14.81 20.99
Fair 6 7.41 8.64
Good 48 59.26 80.25
Average 23 28.4 37.04
Excellent 16 19.75 100
Good 46 56.79 93.83
Excellent 5 6.17 100
Q1 (b). Rating of forum as a networking opportunity Q1 (f). Rating of time allocated for discussions
Rating Freq. Percent Cum.
Rating Freq. Percent Cum.
Fair 2 2.47 2.47
Poor 4 4.94 4.94
Average 11 13.58 16.05
Fair 7 8.64 13.58
Good 40 49.38 65.43
Average 44 54.32 67.9
Excellent 28 34.57 100
Good 22 27.16 95.06
Excellent 4 4.94 100
Q1 (c). Rating of practicality of forum to your work
Q1 (g). Rating of overall quality of group work
Rating Freq. Percent Cum.
Rating Freq. Percent Cum.
Fair 2 2.47 2.47
Poor 1 1.23 1.23
Average 21 25.93 28.4
Fair 5 6.17 7.41
Good 40 49.38 77.78
Average 25 30.86 38.27
Excellent 18 22.22 100
Good 46 56.79 95.06
Excellent 4 4.94 100
Q1 (d). Rating of quality of presentations
Q1 (h). Rating of overall organization of workshop
Rating Freq. Percent Cum.
Rating Freq. Percent Cum.
Fair 5 6.17 6.17
Poor 1 1.23 1.23
Average 21 25.93 32.1
Fair 6 7.41 8.64
Good 51 62.96 95.06
Average 15 18.52 27.16
Excellent 4 4.94 100
Good 45 55.56 82.72
Excellent 14 17.28 100
Overall all aspects of the forum in the evaluation received favourable rating. The highest “good” rating was 62.96% for the quality of presentations while the highest “excellent” score was 34.57% for the forum as a networking opportunity. Question 2 asked for the most beneficial sessions/activities for the participants. Some participants had up to three sessions or activities which they thought were beneficial to them. Of all sessions/activities that were ranked/listed first, 23 (28.40%) picked the CoBRA methodology session as most beneficial. Results for the first rank benefit session/activity are summarised in Table 2. Eight respondents skipped this question.
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Table 2. 1st ranked most beneficial session/activity (n=81)
Session/Activity Freq. Percent Cum.
24.ECHO Approach to drought resilience in the Horn of Africa 1 1.23 1.23
30.Community Based Resilience Assessment Methodology (CoBRA) 23 28.4 29.63
35.Working group discussion (Continued), open discussions and feedback 2 2.47 32.1
40.Panel Discussion - Experiences on resilience indicators and measurements 16 19.75 51.85
42.Break away discussion groups 13 16.05 67.9
50.Community Resilience – Recent Findings 6 7.41 75.31 52.Community resilience to drought assessments: Tools and methodologies in Ethiopia 1 1.23 76.54
73.Networking and meeting other participants 1 1.23 77.78
74.Presentations 9 11.11 88.89
75.Exhibitions 1 1.23 90.12
Missing 8 9.88 100
Question 3 asked for suggestions for improving future forums. The following are top 10 recommendations for future forums;
i) The 2 days was too short a time for what was on the agenda. Increase it to 3 days ii) It almost looked like the forum had lots of focus on East Africa and the HoA. In future, have
presentations and focus from West, North and Southern Africa. iii) Have more time for discussions, technical presentations and experience sharing from the field about
what is working. There were just too many presentations this time round. iv) The CoBRA methodology was hurried through and it needed to be introduced slowly. There is even
no agreement yet on the indicators of resilience which does not help much yet we spent lots of time on this. There were also too many definitions of resilience and the forum ended without a clarification on a working definition for UNDPDDC. Future forums should conclude sticky things instead of leaving them hanging.
v) Improve on time management vi) Bring in a few members from benefitting communities so we can hear first-hand from them
vii) While the venue’s accommodation was good, shops were not there for purchase of certain crucial items that participants may have needed. In future, choice of venue should take this into account.
viii) Have more panel discussions in future ix) Share the presentations ahead of the meeting, perhaps provide a web-link to such presentations
x) The agenda seemed too loaded and more thought should go into future drafts of agenda.
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4. Appendices
4.1. ADAF5 Agenda
Sunday, 10 February
Time Session
TBC Travel/Arrival/Hotel Check In
Monday, 11 February
Time Session
8:00 - 8:55 Registration and Coffee
Session 1: Opening and Welcome (Chaired by Dr. Pedro Basabe, UNISDR)
9:00 - 9:40 Remark Hon. Jesca Eriyo, (Deputy Secretary General for Productive and Social Sectors, East African
Community) Mr. Philippe Poinsot (Country Director, UNDP Tanzania) Welcome address and opening Mrs. Nachaghe Anna Konyo Nanai (Assistant Director, Disaster Management Office, Prime Minister's Office, Government of the
United Republic of Tanzania)
Session 2: Introductory Session
9:40 - 9:50 Outline of the forum objectives and structure Ms. Yuko Kurauchi (UNDP-DDC)
9:50 - 10:05 Africa drought reduction framework: The guiding principles Ms. Rhea Katsanakis (UNISDR)
10:05 - 10:20 Key regional advocacy messages on drought resilience Mr. Achiba Gargule (Regional Learning and Advocacy Project for Vulnerable Dryland
Communities)
10:20 - 10:35 ECHO: Approach to drought resilience in the Horn of Africa Ms. Sylvie Montembault (European Commission - Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection ECHO)
10:35 - 10:55 Q and A
10:55 - 11:15 Tea Break
Session 3: Community Based Resilience Assessment Methodology (CoBRA)
11:15 - 12:15 Conceptual framework and quantitative impact assessment methodology for resilience Ms. Courtenay Cabot Venton (UNDP-DDC)
12:15 - 13:00 Small group interactive session
13:00 - 14:00 Lunch Break
14:00 - 14:30 Feedback from small group session
14:30 - 15:30 Findings and Lesson Learned from CoBRA field testing in Kenya and Uganda Ms. Catherine Fitzgibbon Comparison of findings with group feedback, discussion on findings from field work
15:30 - 16:00 Tea Break
16:00 - 17:45 Working group discussion (Continued), open discussions and feedback
17:45 - 18:00 Wrap-up of Day One
18:00 - 19:30 Cocktail
26
Tuesday, 12 February
Time Session
8:30 - 9:00 Review of Key Points from Day One
Session 4: Panel Discussion - Experiences on resilience indicators and measurements (Chaired by Paul Kimeu, NDMA)
9:00 - 10: 15 Mr. Isaac Kamau Wamugi (COOPI) Dr. Said Mohammed (ILRI) Ms. Eugenie Reidy (UNICEF) Ms. Flora Tonking (IFRC) Dr. Kalula Kalambay (WHO Regional Office in Brazzaville)
QandA
10:15 - 11:00 Break away discussion groups
11:00 - 11:20 Working Tea Break
11:20 - 12:00 Discussion group presentations
Session 5: Community Resilience – Recent Findings (Chaired by Dr. Emmanuel Chinyamakobvu, UNCCD)
12:00 - 13:30 Measuring drought resilience: Research perspective Dr. Lance Robinson (ILRI) Community resilience to drought assessments: Tools and methodologies in Ethiopia Mr. Keith Etherington (Tear Fund) Cost-effectiveness study on DRR interventions in Health and Education sectors in the dry
lands of the HOA' Prof. Dewald van Niekerk from (North-West University) Community resilience building - Kenya, Burkina Faso and Gambia Mr. Buba Darboe (IFRC)
13:30 - 14:30 Lunch Break
Session 6: Way Forward
14:30 - 15:40 Plenary Discussion: Programming needs in relation to resilience measurement: implementing agency perspective
15:40 - 16:00 Drought Online Discussion Forum Launch Mr. Phillip Fong (FAO)
16:00 - 16:20 Tea Break
16:20 - 17:00 Key Discussion Issues for Regional Platform Ms. Rhea Katsanakis and Mr. Oyundi Nehondo (UNISDR)
Session 7: Closing Session (Chaired by Ms. Anne Juepner, UNDP-DDC)
17:00 - 17:20 Closing Remarks Dr. Pedro Basabe, (UNISDR) Mr. Almami Dampha (Policy Officer, Forest and Land Management, Department of Rural
Economy and Agriculture of the Africa Union)
17:20 - 17:30 Forum Evaluation
Wednesday, 13 February
Time Session
TBC Registration - 4th Africa Regional Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction
27
4.2. List of Participants
1 Mr. Abdou Sane
UNISDR
Dakar, Senegal
Tel: +221 776 595976
Email: [email protected]
2 Mr. Abdulsalam Badamasi Muhammed
Zonal Coordinator
National Emergency Management Agency
No. 8, Ademola Adetokunbo Crescent
Maitama
Abuja, Nigeria
Tel : +234 7067477772\+234 7088886962
Email : [email protected]
3 Mr. Abdulrazaq Musa
Principal Disaster Risk Reduction Officer
National Emergency Management Agency
No. 8, Ademola Adetokunbo Crescent
Maitama
Tel : +234 8058013035
E-mail: [email protected]
4 Mr. Achiba Andrew Gargule
Policy and Advocacy Advisor
REGLAP
P. O. Box 40680-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2820000
Fax: +254 20 2820105
Email: [email protected]
5 Mr. Adama Alhassane Diallo
Director General
ACMAD
85 Avenue des Ministeres BP 13184
Niamey, Niger
Tel:+227 20734992/+227 20 723160
Fax:+227 20 723627
Email: [email protected]
6 Mr. Ahmed Hassan Ali
Technical Officer
KRDP/ASAL-DM
P. O. Box 8377-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2347106/7
Fax: +254 20 2211725
Email: [email protected]
7 Dr. Albert Ndayitwayeko
Policy Officer
AUC
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 093 2 210108
Email: [email protected]
8 Mr. Aliou Mamadou Dia
Regional DRR Advisor
UNDP Regional Service Centre for E. & S. Africa
Johannesburg, South Africa
Tel: +27 820 455 319
Fax: +27 11 603 5071
Email: [email protected]
9 Mrs. Alisa Rue
UNISDR
P. O. Box 30552-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Email: [email protected]
10 Mr. Almami Dampha
Policy Officer
African Union Commission
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 912 035 713
Email: [email protected]
11 Ms. Amy Louise Kirbyshire
Project Officer, Climate and Development Knowledge
Network
Overseas Development Institute
203 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8NJ, UK
London, UK
Tel: +44 20 7922 0444
Email: [email protected]
12 Mr. Andrew Abkul Guyo
Livelihood Technical Advisor
African Development Solution
P. O. Box 70331-00400
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254721931733
Email: [email protected]
13 Mr. Aneson Ronald Cadribo
DRR Advisor
UNISDR, AUC
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 923 298 004
Email: [email protected]
28
14 Mr. Animesh Kumar
Program Advisor
Govt. of Ethiopia/WFP
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 912 797646
Email: [email protected]
15 Anna Konyo Nanai Nyancheghe
Assistant Director
(Operations & Coordination)
Disaster Management Department
P. O. Box 3021
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 22 211 7266
Fax: +255 22 2128300
Email: [email protected]
16 Ms. Beatrice Teya
Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery Team
Leader
UNDP Kenya
UN Office in Nairobi, Block M, 3rd Floor
P.O. Box 30218-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 762 4445
Email: [email protected]
17 Mr. Bekele Moges Kidane
Executive Director ECC-SDCOH
Caritas Germany-ECC-SDCOH
P. O. Box 279
Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 91 5320159
Fax: +251 251111071
Email: [email protected]
18 Dr. Bekithemba Gumbo
Director
CAP-NET UNDP
Marumati Building 491, 18th Avenue
Rietfontein, Pretoria, 0084
South Africa
Tel: +27 12 3309055
Cell: +27 829281663
Fax: +273314860
Email: [email protected]
19 Mr. Bienvenu H. Djossa
Country Director
WFP (for UNCT)
Bujumbura, Burundi
20 Mr. Brian Otiende
Climate Change Coordinator
East Africa Community
P. O. Box 1096
Arusha, Tanzania
Email: [email protected]
21 Mr. Buba Darboe
Disaster Manager
Gambia Red Cross
P. O. Box 472 Kanifing, Banjul
Tel: +220 9802442/+220 3902442
Email: [email protected]
22 Ms. Catherine Anne Fitzgibbon
Independent Consultant
P. O. Box 47590-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 734 498324
Email: [email protected]
23 Mr. Cristiano Francesco Mandra
Senior Regional Disaster Risk Reduction Advisor
World Food Programme (WFP)
WFP Regional Bureau for East and Central Africa (OMN)
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +256 7077 23106
Email: [email protected]
24 Ms. Damaris Wambui Nyaga
Programme Assistant
East African Community Secretariat (CCPAD)
P. O .Box 1096
Arusha, Tanzania
Tel: +255 76210 2287
Email: [email protected]
25 Mr. Daniel Bolanos Gonzaez
Disaster Management Coordinator, Africa
P. O. Box 41275-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 731667489
Fax: +254 20 271 2777
Email: [email protected]
26 Mr. Daniel Kyalo Mutinda
Urban Risk Reduction Manager
Kenya Red Cross Society
P. O. Box 47050-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 736 440659
Email: [email protected]
29
27 Mr. Daudi Sudi Makabwe
Freelance Interpreter
P. O. Box 75278
Dar es Salam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 713295346
Email: [email protected]
28 Mr. Dejene Fikre Aweke
Senior Humantarian Programme Officer
Trocaire
Gulele Sub city, Catholic bishop conference center
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 112788843
Fax: +251 112788846
Email: [email protected]
29 Mr. Denis Mcclean
Chief Communication & Outreach
9-11 Rue de Varembre', CH-1202
Geneva, Switzerland
Tel: +41 22 917 8897
Email: [email protected]
30 Diallo Moustapha
UNDP
P. O. Box 1348
Madagascar
Tel: +261 344 810046
Email: [email protected]
31 Mr. Diane Aboubakar
Permanent Secretary
CONASUR
OI BP SIS
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Tel: +226 70323779
Email: [email protected]
32 Ms. Dulce Fernanda Chilungu
Director of CENOE
UNISDR
2346 Vlapimik Lent Ne
Maputo, Mozambique
Tel: +258 82 313 9420
Email: [email protected]
33 Mr. Ebenezer Kofi Ofori Portuphy
National Coordinator
National Disaster Management Organisation
P. O. Box CT 3994
Cantonment -Accra
Tel: +233 302 781941
Fax: +233 302 781941
Email: [email protected]
34 Prof. Edwin Osawe Iguisi
Director
CDRMDS, ABU Zaria
Ahmadu Bello University
Zaria, Nigeria
Tel: +234 8037 037 516
Email: [email protected]
35 Emmanuel Chinyamakobvu
UNCCD Secretariat
Hermann Ehlers Str 10
Bonn 53113
Germany
Tel: 49 228 815 2819
Email: [email protected]
36 Mr. Epari Charles Ejakait
Senior Consultant
Euro Africa Consult Ltd
P. O. Box 5869-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Email: [email protected]
37 Ms. Eugenie Laura Reidy
Programme Specialist
UNICEF
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 7133 25240
E-mail: [email protected]
38 Mr. Ermiyas Abebayehu Kassa
Programme Manager-Africa Com. Resilience
World Vision International
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 731 691518
Email: [email protected]
39 Ms. Evalilian Francis Boma
District Administrative Secretary
District Commissioner's Office
P. O. Box 434
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +255 75935 751
40 Mr. Fanuel Osbert Kalugendo
DRR Focal Point
Prime Minister's Office
P. O. Box 3021
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 767 418806
Fax: + 255 22 2128300
Email: [email protected]
30
41 Mr. Faustin Tsimi
Directeur National de gestion des Catastrophes
Croix-rouge
Camerounaise BP 631
Yaounde', Cameroon
Tel: +237 99 62 8021/79327059
Fax: +237 2222 4177
Email: [email protected]
42 Mr. Ferdinand J. Njue
Regional Programmes Coordinator
COOPI-Cooperaziore Internazionale
P. O. Box 3857-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Email: [email protected]
43 Ms. Flora K. F. Tonking
Consultant
ARUP International Development
13 Fitzroy street, London WIT 4BQ
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 20 77555719
Email: [email protected]
44 Mr. Foly Sosro Amah Sodogas
Disaster Manager
Croise-Rouge Togolaise
PB 10047
Lome, Togo
Tel: +228 22212110
GSM: +228 90029506
Fax:+228 222 15228
E-mail: [email protected]
45 Mr. Gedi Abdi Husseini
Local Community Emp. Program
C.S. O.
P. O. Box 24 Habaswein
Kenya
Tel:+254 727 089381
Email: [email protected]
46 Regional Program Specialist
P. O. Box 629-00621
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 710 493 040
Email: [email protected]
47 Mr. Glenn Dolcemascolo
Head of Office
UNISDR - Northeast Asia
Tel: +8232 458 6551-4
Fax: +82 32 458 6598
Email: [email protected]
48 Mr. Godson Majola
Chairperson
Meru District Council
P. O. Box 435
Arusha, Tanzania
49 Mr. Gordon Otieno Muga
Assistant Secretary/DRR
MOSSP
P. O. Box 40213-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 722 806 344
Email: [email protected]
50 Mr. Gossaji Iddi Massaoud
Interpreter
P. O. Box 14211
Dar es Salaam
Tel: +255 754 890238
Email: [email protected]
51 Mr. Guy Nicolas Nahimana
Translator
P. O. Box 22139-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 716 790 885
Email: [email protected]
52 Mr. Hans Charles Komakech
Lecturer IWRM
NM-AIST
P. O. Box 447
Arusha, Tanzania
Tel: +255 764 821 863
Email: [email protected]
53 Mr. Hotense Hien Sombie
Coordinator Food Security
01 BP 4404
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Tel: +226 7025 4844
Email: [email protected]
54 Ms. Irene Njeri
Consultant Advisor
UNES- Observatory
P. O. Box 64562
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: [email protected]
31
55 Mr. Isaac Kamau Wamugi
Project Coordinator
COOPI-Cooperazione Internazionale
P. O. Box 3857-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 722 853 527
Fax: +254 20 258373
Email: [email protected]
56 Mr. Jacob Mwisyo
DRR Senior Programme Officer EA
IFRC
Woodland Road
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 731 688 610
Email: [email protected]
57 Mr. Jacob Wernerman
Regional DRR Specialist
West & Central Africa Regional Office -UNICEF
Dakar Senegal
Tel: +221 72 548 0905
Email: [email protected]
58 Dr. James Kojo Teprey
DPR Focal Point
World Health Organization
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 733 330100
Email: [email protected]
59 Mr. James Robert Okoth
Deputy Disaster Response and Rehabilitation Coordinator
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
FAO Representative in Uganda
P. O. Box 521
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 755 442773
Fax: +256 41 4230605
Email: [email protected]
60 Mr. Janvier Ntalindwa
Head of Environment Unit
UNDP
P. O. Box 445
Kigali, Rwanda
Tel: +250788304992
Email: [email protected]
61 Mr. Jeanbaptiste Hatungimana
Secretary of DRR Platform
Burundi DRR Platform
Bujumbura, Burundi
Tel: +257 77 748 994
Email: [email protected]
62 Mr. Jean-Moise Modessi-Waeuedo
Disaster Manager Director
Central African Red Cross Society
Central African Republic
Tel:+236 75 9441/72019505
Email: [email protected]
63 Jean-Claude Adzalla
Regional Director
DEAF AID
P. O. Box 38226-00623
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2012900
Email: [email protected]
64 Mr. Jean R. E. Boongo
Consultant ONU SIPC
Libreville, Gabon
Tel: +241 0796 2546
Email: [email protected]
65 Mr. Jeffrey Kanyinji
Permanent Secretary/ Commissioner
PB 366
Lilongwe, 3 Malawi
Tel: +265 881 030 265/+265 1788683
Fax: +265 1789142
Email: [email protected]
66 Ms. Jennifer Akumu
Project Manager
Uganda Red Cross
Tel: +256 776 312 344/0774 063036
Email: [email protected]
67 Mr. Joel Shadracks Okal
CARE (K) - ALP
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 728 679 816
E-mail: [email protected]
32
68 Mr. John Kimbio Mwalagho
Senior Disaster management Officer
P. O. Box 41275-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 283 5000
Fax: +254 20 272 9070
Email: [email protected]
69 Mr. John Nyandoa Kapanda
World Health organization
P. O. Box 9292
Tanzania
Tel:+255 784 305544
Email: [email protected]
70 Mr. John Njuguna Karanja
Interpreter
P. O. Box 12384-01100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 726 984 453
Email: [email protected]
71 Mr. Joseph D. Moyo
Population Movement Manager
Malawi Red Cross Society
P. O. Box 30096 LL3
Lilongwe, Malawi
Tel: +265 338800
Fax: +265 1775509
72 Mr. Joseph Yaw Appiah-Gyapong
Programme Specialist-Environment, Natural Resources,
Energy and Climate Change
UNDP
P. O. Box GP 1423
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233 208 126 825
Fax: + 233 302 773 899
Email: [email protected];
73 Mr. Jordan Muthiani Kakemu
Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator
Food for the Hungry (FH Kenya)
P. O. Box 14978-00800
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2726048
Email: [email protected]
74 Mr. Josiah Ogina
Chief of Mission-Ethiopia & Rep. AU/ECA/IGAD
International Organisation for Migration
P. O. Box 25283-1000
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 116 611 133
Fax: +251 116 611 148
E-mail: [email protected]
75 Ms. Julie Arrighi
Disaster Management Delegate
American Red Cross
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 783 674 676
Email: [email protected]
76 Mr. Kabubi Julius Njoroge
DRR Advisor
EAC Secreatariat
P. O. Box 51033-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 722 752228
Email: [email protected]
77 Dr. Kalambay Kalula
WHO Regional Office for Africa
Congo DRC
Tel: +242 0552 6658
Email: [email protected]
78 Ms. Katherine Mueller
Communications Manager-Africa
IFRC
Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
Tel: +251 930 03 3413
Email: [email protected]
79 Mr. Keith John Andrew Etherington
Country Representative
Tearfund
P. O. Box 1221
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 113714013
Cell: +251 910 359589
Email: [email protected]
80 Mr. Kennedy Masamvu
REC
SADC Secretariat
P. O. Box 0095
Gaberone, Botswana
Tel: +267 71864962
Email: [email protected]
33
81 Ms. Khangeziwe Glory Mabuza
Principal Secretary-Government
P. O. Box A33, Swazi Plaza
Mbabane, Swaziland
Tel: +268 760 63020
Email: [email protected]
82 Mr. Kristu Faccer
SNR Researcher
CSIR
Johannesburg, South Africa
Tel: +27 11 358 0261
Email: [email protected]
83 Mr. Kudzai Marovanidze
Head of Sustainable Agric. & Livelihoods
Practical Action
4 Ludlow Road, Newlands
Harare, Zimbabwe
Cell: +263 772 868188
Fax:+263 4 788157
Email:
84 Kuitsouc Dominique
Expert - DRM & CC Adaptation
P. O. Box 2112
Libreville, Gabon
Tel: +241 04 280001
Email: [email protected]
85 Mr. Kuniberth Shamathe
National Coordinator, DRR
Namibia Red Cross Society
Namibia
Tel: 061 413 750
Email: [email protected]
86 Mr. Lance Robinson
ILRI
P. O. Box 30709
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 422 3521
Email: [email protected]
87 Lazarus Ocira
DRR/CCA Advisor
Save the Children Somalia
Tel: 070 3672320/4868230
Email: [email protected]
88 Mr. Lebohang Azere Moletsane
District Disaster Manager
Disaster Management Authority
Private Bag A 453
Maseru 100, Lesotho
Tel: +266 22312183
Cell: +266 58901203
Fax: +266 22324429
Email: [email protected]
89 Ms. Leila Mtinanga
Office Manager
American Red Cross
C/O Tanzania Red Cross Society
P. O. Box 1133
Dar es Salam, Tanzania
Tel: 255 758 333 700
Email: [email protected]
90 Mr. Louis Lwema Taguaba
Interpreter
Pinnacle Interpretation Services
Makumbusho
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel+ 255 154 432 75
Email: [email protected]
91 Mr. Makinouha Edmond
Coordinator
Disaster Risk Reduction Centre
19 Rue Kimbem
Brazzaville, Congo
Tel: +242 06664 6084
Email: [email protected]
92 Dr. Makuto Suwa
Programme Officer
WMO Regional Office for E&S Africa
Tel:+254 735 565 699
Fax: +254 20 387 7373
Email: [email protected]
93 Ms. Marcella Ricupero
Independent consultant
Climate change Adaptation
Dev. & Climate Change Adaption Specialist
R. Belmonte 551 NTO DA LAPA SP-SP
Brazil
Tel:+5511 97488 6740
E-mail: [email protected]
34
94 Mr. Mare LO
Director
Direction of Civil Protection
Rue leblanc
Avenue Nelson Mandela
Dakar, Senegal
Tel:+221 33 889 3900
Fax:+221 33 821 0448
Email: [email protected] [email protected]
95 Mr. Mark Van Staden
GIS Manager Deputy Director
National Disaster Management Centre
87 Hamilton Street
South Africa
Tel: +27 092 299 7274
Fax: +27 012 334 0810
Email: [email protected]
96 Ms. Martha Talamondjila Mwandingi
Head of Energy and Env. Programme Unit
UNDP
UN House, 1st floor, 38 Stein Street, Klein Windhoek,
Namibia
Tel: +264 61 851 288 910;
+261 61 204 6111/6231
Email: [email protected]
97 Mr. Mathewos Hunde Tulu
DRR Advisor to IGAD
UNISDR/IGAD
Djibouti
Tel: +253 77 04 9344
Email: [email protected]
98 Mr. Maurice Konje Kiboye
Country Programme Manager
Veterinaires Sans Frontires - Germany
P. O. Box 25653
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2330401
Cell:+254 727 943488
Fax: +254 20 238 73676
Email: [email protected]
99 Dr. Mlenge Mgendi
Ardhi University
P.O. Box 35176
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 716 728 444
Email: [email protected]
100 Ms. Moddy Modiegi Sethusha
Executive Manager
National Disaster Management Centre
87 Hamilton Street Arcadia
Pretoria, South Africa
Tel+082 979 4294/+27829794294
Email: [email protected]
101 Mr. Michael Gitonga
Land and Water Officer
FAO
P. O. Box 30470
Nairobi, Kenya
Cell: +254 722 624050
Email: [email protected]
102 Mr. Mike Nakhabi Wekesa
Senior Consultant: Food Security, Livelihoods & Disaster
Resilience
Euro Africa Consult Ltd
P. O. Box 5869-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 721 588 016/+254 733 780901
Fax: +254 20 210 3704
Email: [email protected]
103 Mr. Mohamed Dida
Country Programme Coordinator
Cordaid
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 721 881397
Fax: +254 20 4446503
Email: [email protected]
104 Dr. Mohammed Yahya Said
International Livestock Research Institute
P. O. box 307009-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: + 254 20 4223001;+254 723 716815
Email: [email protected]
105 Mr. Mohammed Ibrahim
Head of Programmes Disaster Risk Reduction
ECOWAS Commission
101, Yakubu Homon Crescent, Asokwo
Abuja Nigeria
Tel: +23480 38153051
Email: [email protected]
106 Mr. Moise Kabongo Ngalula
Coordinateur Gestion des catastrophes
CROIX-ROUGE RDC
Kinshasa, RDC
Email: [email protected]
35
107 Ms. Naemi Patemoshela Heita
Deputy Secretary General
Namibia Red Cross
2128 Independence Avenue
Windhoek, Namibia
Tel: +264 61 413750
Fax: +264 61 228949
Email: [email protected]
108 Mr. Nicolas Frederic Schmids
UNDP
Kigali, Rwanda
Tel: +250 785634648
Email: [email protected]
109 Hon. Nyerembe Deusdedit Munasa
District Commissioner
P. O. Box 434
Tanzania
Tel: 0713-682040/0767 682040
Email: [email protected]
110 Dr. Olushayo Olu
Medical Officer
WHO
86 Enterprise Road
Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 772104248
Email: [email protected]
111 Dr. Oliver Vivian Wasonga
Lecturer
University of Nairobi
P. O. Box 29053-00625
Tel: +254 722 258 765
Email: [email protected];
112 Mr. Onesimus Muhwezi
Team Leader, Energy and Environment
P. O. Box 7184
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 716 005139
Fax: +256 414 344801
Email: [email protected]
113 Mr. Pascal Onegiu Okello
DRR Advisor
UNISDR-Uganda
C/O UNDP Country Office
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 772710771
Email: [email protected]
114 Mr. Paul Mutuku Kimeu
National Food For Assets Coordinator
NDMA-Kenya
P. O. Box 53547-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 227982
Cell: +254 713 464651
Email: [email protected];
115 Dr. Pedro Basabe
Regional Director
UNISDR Regional Office for Africa
UN Compound Gigiri, Block N, Middle Level
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 76224119
Email: [email protected]
116 Mr. Phillip Fong
Regional Data and Information Officer
FAO
P. O. Box 30552-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Cell: +254 738 888980
Email: [email protected]
117 Mr. Renatus Kaitira Mkaruka
Disaster Preparedness Manager
Tanzanian Red Cross Society
P. O. Box 1133
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 787 882680
Email: [email protected]
118 Rhea Katsanakis
UNISDR Regional Office for Africa
P.O. Box 47074, Gigiri,
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 762 5157
Cell: +254 733423032
Fax: +254 20 762 4726
E-mail: [email protected]
119 Dr. Robert Benjamin Kiunsi
Director
Disaster Management Training Centre
Ardhi University
P. O. box 35176
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +254 784 432121
Email: [email protected]
36
120 Mr. Saladin Sumani Mahama
Disaster Management Coordinator
Ghana Red Cross Society
P. O. Box 835
Accra, Ghana
Tel:+233 244 807 440
Email: [email protected]
121 Mr. Samuel Akera
Programme Specialist-DRR &Recovery
UNDP
P. O. Box 30218-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 701446528
Email: [email protected]
122 Mr. Shaban Mawanda
Senior Program Manager
Disaster Risk Reduction
Uganda Red Cross Society
P. O. Box 494
Kampala, Uganda
Cell: +256 776 312056
Email: [email protected]
123 Mr. Sibusisiwe Ndlovu
Deputy Director
Department of Civil Protection
P/Bag 7706
Lusaka, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 4791287
Fax: +263 4703 715
Email: [email protected]
124 Mr. Sirak Abebe Temesgen
Regional DRR Delegate
Netherlands Red Cross
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 731191172
Email: [email protected]
125 Mr. Solomon Elungat
Senior Disaster Preparedness Officer
Office of the Prime Minister
P. O. Box 341
Kampala, Uganda
Tel:+256782070076
Email: [email protected]
126 Ms. Sophie Baranes
Practice Coordinator
UNDP Regional Centre
Senegal, Dakar
Tel: +221 77 332 1417
Email: [email protected]
127 Mr. Stephen John Njoroge
WMO Representative for E. & Southern Africa
P. O. Box 1395-00606
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 722 521 396
Fax: +254 20 38 77 373
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
128 Mr. Stern Mwakalimi Kita
Principal Mitigation Officer
Department of Disaster Management Affairs
Private Bag 336, Lilongwe 3
Malawi
Tel: +265 999 430940
Fax: +2651789142
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
129 Ms. Suada Ibrahim
Disaster Risk Reduction Manager
Kenya Red Cross
P. O. box 40712-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 721 791229
Email: [email protected]
130 Ms. Sylvie Montembault
Regional DRR Coordinator
DG ECHO
Nairobi, Kenya
Cell: +254 734 482 985
Email: [email protected]
131 Tadesse Bekele Fanta
Disaster Risk Mangement & Food Security Sector
Ministry of Agriculture
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Email: [email protected]
132 Mr. Takele Teshome Demissie
Programme Analyst
UNDP
P. O. Box 5580, ECA Building
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 115 444146
Fax: +251 115 514599
Email: [email protected]
37
133 Mr. Thomas Oyundi Nehondo
Project Coordinator
UNISDR
P. O. Box 30218-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 721 293 206
Email: [email protected]
134 Mr. Umar Abdu Mairiga
Disaster Management Coordinator
Nigerian Red Cross
No. 7 Lingu Crescent, Wuse 2
Abuja, Nigeria
Tel: +234 802 3404919
Email: [email protected]
135 Mr. Victor Orindi A
Ministry of Northern Kenya & Other Aridlands
P. O. Box 3772-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 720 689 909
Email: [email protected]
136 Mr. Waheed Mohammed Sadek Kam
Information Researcher
IDSC C
Cairo Egypt
Tel: 0020 100520 4004
Email:
[email protected]/ [email protected]
137 Mr. Wilhelm Andrew Kiwango
Assistant lecturer
University of Dodoma
P. O. Box 395
Dodoma, Tanzania
Tel: +255 763 927866
Email: [email protected]
138 Ms. Winnie Wanjiku Karanu
Project Manager, Africa Initiatives
Microsoft East Africa
P. O. Box 64736-00620
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 721 515781
Email: [email protected]
139 Mr. Yitaaesu Zewdu Zeraowu
Project Officer
UNISDR
Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Tel: 251 911 73 4501
Email: [email protected]
140 Mr. Youcef Ait-Chellouche
Deputy Regional Coordinator
UNISDR Regional Office for Africa
UN Compound Gigiri, Block N, Middle Level
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 762 6401
Email: [email protected]
141 Mr. Zamoyoni Suleiman Pazi
Administrator
District Commissioner's Office
P. O. Box 434 USA-River
Tel: +0787 258229
Email: [email protected]
UNDP Drylands Development Centre
142 Ms. Agnes Ndegwa
Executive Associate
UNDP Drylands Development Centre
P. O. Box 30552-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 762 4640
Cell: +254 733 622323
Email: [email protected]
143 Ms. Anne Juepner
Coordinator, Nairobi Cluster
UNDP Drylands Development Centre
P. O. Box 30552-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 762 4642
Cell: +254 735-882 181
Email: [email protected]
144 Mr. David Ngonde
Driver/Clerk
UNDP Drylands Development Centre
P. O. Box 30552-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 762 4512
Email: [email protected]
145 Mr. Francis Opiyo
Project Coordinator-IDDP ECHO Project
UNDP Drylands Development Centre
P. O. Box 30552-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 762 4476
Cell: +254 733 770 496
Email: [email protected]
38
146 Mr. Martin Kinuthia
Finance/Admin Assistant
UNDP Drylands Development Centre
P. O. Box 30552-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 762 2292
Cell: +254 733 622 323
Email: [email protected]
147 Ms. Ruth Mwathi
Programme Associate
UNDP Drylands Development Centre
P. O. Box 30552-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 762 2300
Cell: +254 737 687990
Email: [email protected]
148 Ms. Sarah Anyoti
Programme Specialist
UNDP Drylands Development Centre
P.O. Box 6541, Pretoria 0001
South Africa
Tel: +27 12 354 8133
Fax: +27 12 354 8111
Cell: +27 83 4018977
Email: [email protected]
149 Ms. Yuko Kurauchi
Programme Specialist- DRM
UNDP Drylands Development Centre
P. O. Box 30552-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 762 4509
Email: [email protected]
4.3. Session 4 break way group presentation summary
Group Q1: What are the characteristics of resilience in your sector?
Q2: What kind of indicators you have been using in your projects to measure resilience at the community/household level?
Q3: What are some of the good practices that contribute to resilience from your own experiences?
Water Availability throughout the year; Accessibility: distance to water points; affordability; Quality: clean and safe from source to the household; Affordability; Adequacy; Reliable and sustainable source
Distance to water points; No of litres/person/day for both human and livestock; How regular is the water available?; Types of water storage facilities; Quality of water:((sphere standard); Management and maintenance of facilities; Clear governance structures/institutions; Incidences of water-borne diseases; Number of users/water point; Location and safety of water point/environmental concerns
Rainwater harvesting and storage; Availability of functional water user associations/providers; Cost recovery for maintenance; Education and awareness on ‘wash’; Use of early warning systems for moderation of usage; Integrating water systems to other livelihood systems e.g kitchen gardens; Linking water users to government institutions; Water conservation practices; Privatisation of critical water systems depending on context (e.g mechanised systems in parts of Somalia); Incorporation of DRR into the design of water points.
Nutrition and Health
Community: Social determinants: access to safe water; food and nutrition security; women empowerment; education level; Community health status; Available and accessible health services Health system: Safe Health facilities; Adequate staffing and medical supply and equipment; Good Governance
Nutrition status; Health status; Level of Health awareness (Health extension); Coverage of community based health initiative; Mortality and Morbidity rates; Coverage of sanitation and safe water; Availability of counselling services
Decentralization of health services and information; Extension Health workers Program; Integration of health DRR in school curriculum; Integration of community based disease and nutrition surveillance to early warning system; Consideration to health sector in drought forum; Well-coordinated approach ( national authority leading the process)
Natural Resource Management
Land/soil; Water; Forests; Fauna; Minerals; Aquatic life; Wetlands; Healthy ecosystem (Clean air, Clean water, Soil and nutrients) Maintained biodiversity; Rangelands able to regenerate and recover from shocks; Ability to support livelihoods; Able to protect people from disasters; Adaptive capacity; Management; Mechanisms for ensuring equitable access and continued productivity
Access benefit sharing to the lowest level; Existence of alternative livelihoods options diversification; Existence of policies and regulatory mechanisms; Level of household income in the long term; Livestock sector productivity; Species diversity and richness; NDVI
Area enclosure and cattle carting systems; Integrated land use planning/landscape planning; Building community institutions; CBRM; Watershed analysis and planning efficiency; Alternative energy sources; Water harvesting; Establishing fodder banks; Community to community learning
Livestock Low morbidity; Healthy mixed species herds; Optimum livestock numbers; Type of breeds (drought resistant, suitable, adaptable); Alternative livelihoods (to support the livestock sector); Access to support services e.g. markets; Mobility; Research and development; Security/peace; Knowledge; Access to early warning information
Access to improved rangelands; Mortality; Birth rates; Milk/meat production; Body condition; Prices; (Demand and supply forces, Domestic versus international markets); Nutritional status of children under 5yrs; Availability and access to water; Species diversity (Camel ownership)
Proper maintenance/ rehabilitation of water sources; Collective action (Herding, tracking resource (Marsabit, Kenya)); Grazing reserves; Rangeland management committees to regulate use of pasture for water (MERTI, Kenya); Enclosures (Southern Ethiopia); Community gardens (Alternative/fall back activity (West Africa)); Livestock corridors (West Africa); Bush management and range reseeding; Fodder bulking/reseeding(Northern Kenya); Animal healthcare
Agriculture Soil structure and fertility; Land tenure systems; Rainfall characteristics and patterns; Land holdings; Crop types and varieties; Soil moisture characteristics; Farming technologies; Agriculture policies; Extension services; Market linkages; Group negotiations and bargaining; Roads and infrastructure; Export of produce to other regions or countries; Sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures; Agricultural information sharing and training; Field exchange tours and educational visits; Seeds and fertilizers; Crop and plant varieties; Land and water management practices; Wetland and dryland technologies; Healthy ecosystem
Crop yields per ha; Productivity trends; Rainfall variability and impact on crop production; Performance of different crop types and varieties against time; Post harvest management and technologies; Gross margin analysis of different crop enterprises; Farmer participation and involved in Common Interest Groups and cooperatives; Level of household income in the long-term; Security of land tenure systems; Sustainability and viability of technologies adopted by farmers over time; Market and marketing trends of produce; Policy support instruments aimed at improving agricultural production and marketing
Viable land holdings and security of tenure; Affordable soil fertility technologies e.g. use of organic manures, etc.; Appropriate soil and water management systems; Sustainable water and land management technologies; Up to date technologies that are affordable by farmers and easily taken up, not too complex; Labour availability and affordability, particularly during peak labour demand periods; Quality of extension services and promotion of viable technologies; Choice of crops and crop varieties;
Infrastructure Access (Fit for purpose, suitable for needs; Connected, Secure, Affordable, Stakeholder-engaged, Balanced and sustainable eco-engineering infrastructure) Distance to key services and markets e.g. schools, hospitals and emerging services Disposable income to access costs (Numbers/availability of services and skills e.g. teachers, Equality of access e.g. girls versus boys and pupil teacher ratios) Subsidized basic services (Community consultation, Flood proof housing and community management groups, Local materials, Cash or food for work)
Durability; Functionality; Inclusiveness to reduce vulnerability for the disadvantaged
Long term as opposed to short term investments options for infrastructure projects; Adhere to engineering tenets to minimize disasters and losses
Education Education is more than schools; Education is the driver of resilience (hf1 3)
INFRASTRUCTURE/ ENVIRONMENT Schools to be safe; Schools to continue through shocks ; DRR to be integrated into infrastructure Infrastructure to be inclusive – for gender, for disabilities; CURRICULUM Learning-based to support lifelong learning; Support productivity (local and non-local economies); Enhance life skills – health, hygiene OTHER BASIC NEEDS SUPPORTED Nutrition; WASH; Security INCLUSIVE AND ADAPTED Disability-sensitive ; Gender equality in enrolment and progression; Adapted to cultural realities including mobility – e.g. alternative models of education for pastoralists; LOCAL COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP BALANCED WITH POSITIVE SOCIOCULTURAL CHANGE Local management and ownership essential; Wider processes of social changes e.g. FGM, gender equality, need integrating PROMOTE PRODUCTIVITY (LOCAL and IMMEDIATE), ADAPTIVITY, LIFELONG LEARNING Through curricula and teaching environment; INTEGRATE ASPECTS OF CITIZENSHIP, DEMOCRACY, ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP, LIFE SKILLS – the building blocks of resilient future communities Through curricula, extra-curricular, teaching environment
Child-focused DRR initiatives; Integration of DRR aspects into curricula and infrastructure; Gender-sensitive WASH facilities; Disability-sensitive facilities/teaching; Community-level management of schools supported for their continuity and relevance; Civic education components integrated into curricula or as extra-curricula activities; Adapted forms of education (e.g. nomadic education) adopted, modelled and supported at policy level; School feeding provided where needed; Safe water supply provided; Local capacity building of teachers from local area; Adult education initiatives; Productivity components integrated; Self-help groups supported to address education; Support for community education in democracy, development, peace-building; Peer to peer clubs supported that focus on life skills and other key issues; Coordination between agencies and sectors – e.g. education with WASH, nutrition, livelihoods
Peace and Security
Peace is an outcome of several processes. It could be profiled as follows; Tolerance, Living in harmony, Freedom of movement and expression, No conflict, Justice, Dialogue, Equity, Land use
Revival of economic activities (resumption of livelihood activities); Reduced criminality(raids); Number of returnees; Evidence of integration within community; Existence of and equitable access to basic social services (Health, Education)
Integrated/multi-sectoral approach; Cross border and intra ethnic initiatives; Conflict/Early warning systems; Peace Rings; Exchange visits
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4.4 Evaluation Form
5thAfrica Drought Adaptation Forum Evaluation Form
1. How would you rate the following (please place a check mark in the appropriate column)?
Poor Fair Average Good Excellent
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
a. Forum as a learning experience
b. Forum as a networking opportunity
c. Practicality of forum to your work
d. Quality of presentations
e. Quality of discussions
f. Time allocated for discussions
g. Overall quality of group work
h. Overall organization of workshop
Further comments (Optional)
2. What aspects of the sessions/activities did you gain the most benefit?
3. Have you any suggestions about how the forum could be improved in the future?
Thank you for completing the questionnaire.
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