mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; Njrpaj; ju epu;zaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA:3.64)
jFjpAk; kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug; gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ
fhiuf;Fb– 630003.
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;
gp.ypl;.> jkpo;
,sq;fiy ,yf;fpak; - (gp.ypl;.>)
,uz;lhkhz;L - %d;whk; gUtk;
jhs; 10734 - fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
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Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.
Reviewer:
Dr. V. THIRUVENI
Assistant Professor of Tamil ,
Directorate of Distance Education,
Alagappa University,
Karaikudi.630003.
Author: Dr. S. NAGANATHAN Assistant Professor of Tamil
Ramsamy Tamil College
Karaikudi –630 003
,sq;fiy ,yf;fpak; -(gp.ypl;.)
,uz;lhkhz;L - %d;whk; gUtk;
jhs; 10734 - fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
ghlj;jpl;lk;
Nehf;fk;: fhg;gpaq;fspy; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gad;ghl;bidg; gw;wp mwpjy;
$W jiyg;G gf;fk;
gpupT 1: rpyg;gjpfhuk;
$W 1 ,sq;Nfhtbfs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gfhh;f;fhz;lk; - 1 1
$W 2 ,sq;Nfhtbfs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gfhhf;;fhz;lk; - 2 17
$W 3 ,sq;Nfhtbfs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk; - kJiuf;fhz;lk; 46
$W 4 ,sq;Nfhtbfs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk; - tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; - 1 84
$W 5 ,sq;Nfhtbfs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk; - tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; - 2 93
gpupT 2: rPtfrpe;jhkzp
$W 6 jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; - rPtfrpe;jhkzp 106
$W 7 rPtfrpe;jhkzp – Nfkrhpahh; ,yk;gfk; 114
$W 8 rPtfrpe;jhkzp mwf;fUj;Jfs; 135
gpupT 3: fk;guhkhazk; - jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;
$W 9 fk;gh; - fk;guhkhazk; - mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; 139
$W 10 fk;guhkhazk; - mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; 143
$W 11 Nrf;fpohh; -jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; - G+ryhh; Guhzk; 196
gpupT 4: Njk;ghtzp - rPwhg;Guhzk;
$W 12 tPukhKdpth; - Njk;ghtzp – ghiyGFglyk; 206
$W 13 ckWg;Gyth; - rPwhg;Guhzk; - Fwpg;G 228
$W 14 khDf;Fg; gpizepd;w glyk; 235
$W. 1. ,,ssqq;;NNffhhttbbffss;; -- rrppyygg;;ggjjppffhhuukk;; ;; -- GGffhhuu;;ff;;ffhhzz;;llkk;; --11 1.1 gjpfk; 1.1.1. ,sq;NfhtbfSf;Ff; Fd;wf; FwtH $wpa tpe;ij
1.1.2. rhj;jdhH epfo;e;jijf; $Wjy; 1.2. ciungW fl;Liu 1.2.1. ghz;badpd; gj;jpdp topghL 1.2.2. nfhq;F ,sq;Nfhrupd; gj;jpdp topghL 1.2.3. fathF kd;ddpd; gj;jpdp topghL
1.2.4. Nrhodpd; gj;jpdp topghL
1.3. kq;fy tho;j;Jg; ghly; (fhij – 1) 1.3.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 1.3.2. flTs; tho;j;jhf mikAk; mur tho;j;J
1.3.3. fz;zfp
1.3.4. Nfhtyd; 1.3.5. jpUkzk;
1.3.6. jpUkz tho;j;J
1.4. kidawk;gLj;j fhij (fhij – 2)
1.4.1. GfhH efuj;jpy; Nfhtyd; fz;zfp $b ,d;GWjy;
1.4.2. Nfhtyd; $wpa Fwpahf; fl;Liu 1.4.3. jdpf;Fbj;jdk; 1.5. muq;Nfw;W fhij (fhij – 3)
1.5.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 1.5.2. fiykfs; khjtp mwpKfk;
1.5.3. khjtpapd; muq;Nfw;wk;
1.5.4. muq;fj;jpd; mikg;G muq;fpy; jiyf;Nfhy; itf;fg;gly;
1.5.5. khjtpg; nghd; kapyhs; Njhif tpupj;jhs; 1.5.6. khjtpiaf; iff;nfhz;l Nfhtyd;
1.6. me;jpkhiyr; rpwg;Gr;nra; fhij (fhij – 4)
1.6.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 1.6.2. epykfs; Gyk;Gjy; 1.6.3. g+k;Gfhupy; GFe;j nghd;khiyg; nghOJ
1.6.4. Nfhyk; nfhz;l Nfhij
1.6.5. xg;gid Jwe;j Xtpak; 1.6.6. kd;kjdpd; fhty; 1.7. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 1.8. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 22 ,,ssqq;;NNffhhttbbffss;; -- rrppyygg;;ggjjppffhhuukk;; ;; --GGffhhuu;;ff;;ffhhzz;;llkk;; --22
2.1 ,e;jpu tpoT CH vLj;j fhij (fhij – 5) 2.1.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
2.1.2. nghOJ GyHe;jJ
2.1.3. kUt+Hg; ghf;fj;jpd; khz;G
2.1.4. gl;bdg;ghf;fj;jpd; ghd;ik
2.1.5. ,ilepyk;
2.1.6. Itif kd;wq;fs;
2.1.7. ,e;jputpoh mwptpg;G 2.1.8 fz;zfpapd; fUq;fz;Zk; khjtpapd; neLq;fz;Zk;
2.2. flyhL fhij (fhij – 6) 2.2.1 fhijr;RUf;fk;
2.2.2. tpQ;irad; fhjypAld; tUif 2.2.3. khjtp Mba gjpndhU tif Mly;fs;; 2.2.4. khjtpapd; moFf; Nfhyk; 2.2.5. flyhlr; nrd;w NfhtyDk; khjtpAk;
2.3 fhdy; tup (fhij – 7) 2.3.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 2.3.2. fhtpupiag; Gfo;e;j Nfhtyd; 2.3.3. Nfhtyd; fhtpupia Nehf;fpg; ghbait 2.3.4. jpq;fNsh $w;wNkh mzq;Nfh 2.3.5. khjtp jtwhf vz;Zjy; 2.3.6. khjtp fhtpupia Nehf;fpg; ghbait 2.3.7. Nfhtyd; khjtpiag; gpupjy;
2.4. Ntdpy; fhij (fhij – 8) 2.4.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 2.4.2. ,sNtdpy; tUif 2.4.3. jdpikj; Jaupy; khjtp 2.4.4. jpUKfk; tiue;jhs;; khjtp 2.4.5. kliy Vw;f kWj;j Nfhtyd; 2.4.6. khjtp jd;id Njw;wpf; nfhs;sy;
2.5. fdhj;jpwk; ciuj;j fhij – (fhij - 9) 2.5.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 2.5.2. khyjpapd; fij 2.5.3. fz;zfpf;fhf Ntz;ba NjNte;jp 2.5.4. fz;zfp fz;l fdT 2.5.5. Njte;jp fz;zfpia Nehd;G nra; vdy; 2.5.6. Nfhtyd; tUifAk; tUj;jKk; 2.5.7. rpyk;G cs nfhs;f
2.6. ehLfhz; fhij – (fhij -10) 2.6.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 2.6.2. tPl;il tpl;L ePq;Fjy; 2.6.3. Gfhiu ePq;fpg; Gwg;gLjy; 2.6.4. fTe;jpabfisf; fhZjy; 2.6.5. fTe;jpabfs; topj;Jiz 2.6.6. topapd; ,ay;G 2.6.7. tk;gg; guj;ijAk; tUnkhopahsDk; 2.7. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; 2.8. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 2.9. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 33 ,,ssqq;;NNffhhttbbffss;; --rrppyygg;;ggjjppffhhuukk;; -- kkJJiiuuff;;ffhhzz;;llkk;; 3.1. fhLfhz; fhij (fhij -11) 3.1.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.1.2. khq;fhl;L kiwNahd; re;jpg;G 3.1.3. tyg;Gw topapd; ,ay;Gfs;
3.1.4. ,lg;Gw topapd; ,ay;Gfs; 3.1.5. ,il topapd; ,ay;Gfs; 3.1.6. Iiaf;Nfhl;lk; miljy; 3.2. Ntl;Lt tup (fhij -12) 3.2.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.2.2. nja;tk; Vwg; ngw;w rhypdpapd; Kof;fk; 3.2.3. nja;tk; Nghw;wpa nja;tf; fz;zfp 3.2.4. fz;zfpapd; mlf;fKilik 3.3. GwQ;Nrup ,Wj;j fhij (fhij -13) 3.3.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.3.2. kJiu Nehf;fpa %tupd; gazk; 3.3.3. Nfhrpfd; re;jpg;G 3.3.4. Nfhtyidg; gpupe;j Gfhupd; epiy 3.3.5. khjtpapd; ,uz;lhk; kly; 3.3.6. kly; rpwg;G 3.3.7. kJiuia miljy; 3.3.8. itia vd;Dk; ngha;ahf; Fyf;nfhb 3.3.9. ,J ePH MW md;W@ g+thW! 3.3.10. tuhjPH! tuhjPH !- top kwpj;j neLq;nfhb 3.4. CHfhz; fhij (fhij -14) 3.4.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.4.2. kJiuapd; mikg;Gk; rpwg;Gk; - mur tPjp 3.4.3. vz;nzz; fiyQH tPjp 3.4.4. etuj;jpdf; filtPjp 3.4.5. nghd;kpF filtPjp 3.4.6. Jzpf;fil tPjp 3.4.7. $yk; Ftpj;j $y tPjp 3.4.8. Nfhtyd; kJiuiaf; fz;L jpUk;Gjy; 3.5. milf;fyf; fhij (fhij -15) 3.5.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.5.2. khlyd; tUif 3.5.3. khlyd; Nfhtyidg; GfOjy; 3.5.4. fUiz kwtd; eP 3.5.5. jpUtUs; nry;td; eP 3.5.6. ,y;NyhH nrk;ky; eP 3.5.7. ,k;ikr; nra;jJ ey;tpid ! 3.5.8. khjupaplk; milf;fyk; mspj;jy; 3.6. nfhiyf;fsf; fhij (fhij -16) 3.6.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.6.2. fz;zfp rikj;jy; - NfhtyDf;Fg; gupkhWjy; 3.6.3. fz;zfp fw;gpd; jpwk; 3.6.4. tpid tpis fhyk; tpistpj;j Nfhyk; ! 3.7. Ma;r;rpaH Fuit (fhij -17) 3.7.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.7.2. jPa epkpj;jq;fs; 3.8. Jd;g khiy (fhij - 18) 3.8.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
3.8.2. Jd;gr;nra;jp 3.8.3. fz;zfp Gyk;gy; 3.9. CH#o; tup (fhij -19) 3.9.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.9.2. fz;zfp tQ;rpdk; 3.10. tof;Fiu fhij (fhij -20) 3.10.1 fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.10.2 ghz;bkhNjtpapd; jPf;fdT 3.10.3 fz;zfp tof;fhLjy;
3.11. tQ;rpd khiy (fhij – 21) 3.11.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.11.2. fz;zfp kJiu efu; kPJ nfhq;ifia vwpjy; 3.11.3. fz;zfp kJiuia vupj;jy; 3.12. mow;gL fhij (fhij -22) 3.12.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.12.2. kJiuapy;; epfo;e;j khw;wk; 3.12.3. fz;zfp Kd; kJuhgjpj; nja;tk; 3.13. fl;Liu fhij (fhij -23) 3.13.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 3.13.2. kJuhgjpj; nja;tk; fz;zfpaplk; NgRjy; 3.13.3. Nfhtydpd; Kw;gpwg;G tuyhW 3.13.4. fz;zfp kJiuia tpl;L ePq;Fjy; 3.13.5. fz;zfp> fztDld; thDyF nrd;whs;! 3.14 njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; 3.15 Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 3.16. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 44 ,,ssqq;;NNffhhttbbffss;; --rrppyygg;;ggjjppffhhuukk;; -- ttQQ;;rrppff;;ffhhzz;;llkk;; -- 11 4.1. Fd;wf; Fuit (fhij -24) 4.1.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 4.1.2. Fwkfspu; tpdhTk; fz;zfp tpilAk; 4.1.3. fz;zfpj; nja;tk;
4.2. fhl;rpf; fhij (fhij – 25) 4.2.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 4.2.3. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; kiy tsk; fhzy; 4.2.4. FwtH fz;zfp gw;wpf; $Wjy; 4.2.5. jz;lkpo; Mrhd; rhj;jdhupd; tpsf;fk; 4.2.6. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; fz;zfpia topgl vz;Zjy;
4.3. fhy;Nfhl; fhij (fhij – 26) 4.3.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 4.3.2. nrq;Fl;Ltd; tQ;rpdk; 4.3.3. nrq;Fl;Ltd; tlehL miljy; 4.3.4. NghHf;fsepiy 4.3.5. fdf tpraH rpiwg;gLjy; 4.3.6. fz;zfp rpiyf;Ff; fy; nfhz;lhd;
4.4. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; 4.5. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 4.6. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 55 ,,ssqq;;NNffhhttbbffss;; --rrppyygg;;ggjjppffhhuukk;; -- ttQQ;;rrppff;;ffhhzz;;llkk;; -- 22
5.1. ePHg;gilf; fhij (fhij – 27) 5.1.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 5.1.2. gj;jpdpf; fy;iy ePuhl;Ljy;
5.1.3. khlyd; tUif – kd;dDld; ciuahly; 5.1.4. khjup capH tply; 5.1.5. fTe;jp capH Jwj;jy; 5.1.6. Nfhtyd; ngw;NwhH epiy 5.1.7. fz;zfp ngw;NwhH epiy 5.1.8. khjtp JwT 5.1.9. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; tQ;rpailjy;
5.2. eLfw; fhij (fhij – 28) 5.2.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 5.2.2. nrq;Fl;Ltd; jd; Njtpiar; re;jpj;jy; 5.2.3. ePyd; KjyhNdhH tUif 5.2.4. khlyd; mwpTiu 5.2.5. fz;zfp flTs; kq;fyk;
5.3. tho;j;Jf; fhij (fhij – 29) 5.3.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 5.3.2. Njte;jp KjyhNdhH kJiu khefH nry;yy; 5.3.3. gyUk; muw;Wjy; 5.3.4. fz;zfpf; flTspd; eaTiu
5.4. tue;jU fhij (fhij – 30) 5.4.1. fhijr;RUf;fk; 5.4.2. nrq;Fl;Ltd; tpdh 5.4.3. Njte;jpapd; tpil 5.4.4. fz;zfp nja;tk; tuk; juy; 5.4.5. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; mwTiu 5.5. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; 5.6. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 5.7. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 66 jjppUUjj;;jjff;;ff NNjjttuu;; -- rrPPttff rrppee;;jjhhkkzzpp 6.1. rPtf rpe;jhkzp 6.2. ngaHf; fhuzk; 6.3. E}ypd; mikg;G 6.4. rPtf rpe;jhkzpapd; fijr; RUf;fk; 6.5. jpUj;jf;f NjtH 6.6. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk;
6.7. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 6.8. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 77 –– rrPPttff rrppee;;jjhhkkzzpp –– NNffkkrruuppaahhuu;; ,,yykk;;ggffkk;;
7.1. NfkrupahH ,yk;gfk; fijr;RUf;fk; 7.2 rPtfdpd; fhl;L topg;gazk; 7.3 rPtfd; jtg;gs;spia miljy; 7.4. rPtfd; Kdptu;fSf;F cgNjrpj;jy; 7.5. rPtfd; jf;f ehl;il miljy; 7.6. NfkkhGuj;jpd; vopy; 7.7. Rgj;jpud; kfs; Nfkrup 7.8. rPtfidf; fz;l Rgj;jpud; 7.9. rPtfd; Rgj;jpud; tPl;il miljy; 7.10. rPtfidf; fz;l Nfkrup 7.11. rPtfd; Nfkrup jpUkzk; 7.12. rPtfd; Nfkrup ,U jpq;fs; ,d;GWjy; 7.13. rPtfd; Nfkrupia tpl;Lg; gpupjy; 7.14. Nfkrupapd; gpupTj;Jau; 7.15. Nfkrupf;Fj; nja;tk; MWjy; $Wjy; 7.16. jhahd epg;Gjp Nfkrupiaj; Njw;Wjy; 7.18. rPtfd; gazk; 7.19. topg;Nghf;fd; re;jpg;Gk; rPtfd; mwTiuAk; 7.20. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; 7.21. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 7.22. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 88 -- rrPPttff rrppee;;jjhhkkzzpp -- mmwwff;;ffUUjj;;JJff;;ffss;; 8.1. Kd;Diu 8.2. rkz mwf; Nfhl;ghL 8.3. gQ;r ek];fhuk; 8.4. Kk;kzpf; Nfhl;ghL 8.5. tpidf; nfhs;ifAk; gpwTk; 8.6. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk;
8.7. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; . 8.8. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 99 ffkk;;gguu;; -- ffkk;;gguuhhkkhhaazzkk;; -- mmNNaahhjj;;jjppaahh ffhhzz;;llkk;; 9.1. fk;gh; 9.2. fk;gupd; ftpg;Gyik 9.3. ,yf;fpag;gzp 9.4. fk;guhkhazk; 9.5. fk;guhkhazk; - mikg;G
9.6. fk;guhkhazj;jpd; top Ehy;fs; 9.7. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; 9.8. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; 9.9. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 9.10. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 1100 ffkk;;gguuhhkkhhaazzkk;; -- mmNNaahhjj;;jjppaahh ffhhzz;;llkk;; 10.1. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; mikg;G 10.2. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; RUf;fk; 10.3. ke;jpuhNyhrid rig $ly; 10.4. Kb#l;LtpohTf;fhd Vw;ghL 10.5. $dp vd;Dk; nfhLq;$w;W 10.6. ifNfapapd; rpdk; 10.7. ifNfapapd; kdkhw;wk; 10.8. ifNfapapd; epfo;j;jpa ehlfk; 10.9. jrujd; kd;whly; 10.10. ifNfap ,uhkd; re;jpg;G 10.11. Nfhriyiar; re;jpj;j ,uhkd; 10.12. Nrhfj;jpy; %o;fpa nrhh;f;fGup 10.13. jrujd; jd; Kd; tuyhW $wy; 10.14. ,yf;Ftd; rpdk; jdpj;j ,uhkd; 10.15. ,uhkd; fhl;bw;Fg; Gwg;gly; 10.16. fz;zPu; tpl;Lf; fjwpa kf;fs; 10.17. efiu tpl;L ePq;fpa efuj;J khe;jHfs; 10.18. Rke;jpud; mNahj;jp jpUk;Gjy; 10.19. jrujd; capH tply; 10.20. fq;iff; fiuapy; ,uhkd; Ffidr; re;jpj;jy; 10.21. ,uhkd; fq;ifiaf; flj;jy; 10.22. rpj;jpu$l kiyapd; vopy; 10.23. Nffa ehl;by; gujd; 10.24. mNahj;jpapd; fz;ljpu;e;j gujd; 10.25. ifNfapiag; gopj;j gujd; 10.26. Nfhriyiaf; fz;l gujd; 10.28. rj;Uf;Fdd; ,Wjpf;fld; nra;jy; 10.29. muNrw;FkhW gujid Ntz;Ljy; 10.30. ,uhkid mioj;J tug; Gwg;gl;l gujd; 10.31. gujdpd; gilia re;Njfpj;j Ffd; 10.32. gujdpd; Nfhyk; fz;ljpu;e;j Ffd; 10.33. gujd; Ffdplk; cjtp Ntz;Ljy; 10.34. gujDk; rpj;jpu$lk; miljy; 10.35. ,yf;Ftd; rpdk; jzpj;j ,uhkd; 10.36. jha;khHfs; ,uhkidr; re;jpj;jy; 10.37. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; 10.38. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 10.39. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW 1111 -- NNrrff;;ffppoohhuu;; -- jjppUUjj;;nnjjhhzz;;llhh;;GGuuhhzzkk;; -- gg++rryyhhHH GGuuhhzzkk;; 11.1 jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzk; 11.2. fhg;gpag; gFg;G 11.3. fhg;gpa mikg;G 11.4. fhg;gpa Nehf;fk; 11.5. fhg;gpar; rpwg;G 11.6. E}yhrpupaH- Nrf;fpohH 11.7. g+ryhH ehadhu; Guhzk; - RUf;fk; 11.8. jpUepd;wt+upd; rpwg;G 11.9. g+ryhH Nehf;fk; 11.10. jpUf;Nfhapy; mikf;f Kw;gLjy; 11.11. cs;sj;jpy; cau;e;j Nfhapy; 11.12. murd; mikj;j Myak; 11.13. fdtpy; te;j flTs; 11.14. mbatiuj; Njb te;j murd; 11.15. mbatiug; gzpe;j murd; 11.16. kdf;Nfhapyp;;y; kq;fs tpoh 11.17. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; 11.18. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 11.19. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 1122 ttPPuukkhhKKddppttHH -- NNjjkk;;gghhttzzpp -- gghhiiyyGGFF ggllyykk;; 12.1. Njk;ghtzp 12.1.1. Njk;ghtzpapd; nghUs; 12.1.2. Njk;ghtzpapd; muq;Nfw;wk; 12.1.3. E}ypd; mikg;G 12.1.5. fijr; RUf;fk; 12.1.6. fhg;gpa mikg;G 12.2.1 tPukhKdptH tho;f;if tuyhW 12.2.2. jkpo;j;njhz;L 12.3. ghiyGF glyk; 12.3.1. fhd; topg; gazk; 12.3.2. Ru topg; gazk; 12.3.3. gazk; fz;L gijj;jd vy;yhk; 12.3.4. nfhba ghiytdk; 12.3.5. ghiy FspHe;jJ 12.3.6. ghiyapy; vOe;j ghly; 12.3.7. #irapd; Nghw;wpg; ghly; 12.3.8. thdtH gilj;j tpUe;J 12.3.9. vyPa Kdptd; tuyhW 12.3.10. ghiytdj;J %d;W topfs; 12.4. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; 12.5. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs;
12.6. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 1133 -- cckkWWgg;; GGyyttHH -- rrPPwwhhgg;; GGuuhhzzkk;; 13.1.1 rPwhg; Guhzk; 13.1.2. rPwhg;Guhz mikg;G 13.1.3. tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk; (nkhj;jk; 23 glyq;fs;) 13.1.4.. EGt;tj;Jf; fhz;lk; (nkhj;jk; 21 glyq;fs;) 13.1.5.. ,rpwj;Jf;(`p[pwj;Jf;;)fhz;lk; (nkhj;jk; 47 glyq;fs;) 13.2.1. ckWg;GytH 13.2.2. ckWg;GytH tuyhW 13.2.2. rPwhg;Guhzk; ,aw;wg;ngw;w tuyhW 13.3. rPwhg;Guhzk; - khDf;Fg; gpiz epd;w glyk; 13.3. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; 13.4. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 13.5. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
$$WW –– 1144 -- kkhhDDff;;FFgg;; ggppiizz eeppdd;;ww ggllyykk;; 14.1. KfkJ egp tdj;jpy; fz;l fhl;rp 14.2. tiyapy; rpf;fpa khd; 14.3. khDf;fhf kdk; fyq;fpa egp 14.4. egpfsplk; ngz;khd; Kiwaply; 14.5. fU tsu;j;j egpfspd; ehkk; 14.6. ,d;gj;jpd; ,ilNa te;j Jd;gk; 14.7. tiyapy; tPo;e;j tz;z khd;fs; 14.8. khdpd; kaf;fk; 14.9. egpapd; ey;Yjtpia ehba khd; 14.10. khDf;Fg; gpiz epd;w khkdpju; egp 14.11. Fl;bf;Fg; ghYhl;ba khd; 14.12. rj;jpak; fhj;j khd; 14.13. ngz;khd; vLj;j KbT 14.14. Ntldpd; kdkhw;wk; 14.15. khidg; Nghw;wpa khdpld; 14.16. $l;lj;ijr; nrd;wile;j khd; 14.17. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; 14.18. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 14.19. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
1
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
$W.1. ,,ssqq;;NNffhhttbbffss;; --rrppyygg;;ggjjppffhhuukk;; ;; -- GGffhhuu;;ff;;ffhhzz;;llkk;; --11 1.1 gjpfk;
1.1.1. ,sq;NfhtbfSf;Ff; Fd;wf; FwtH $wpa tpe;ij
Ehypd; nghUisj; njhFj;J ciug;gJ gjpfk;. gjpfk;
vd;gij ,f;fhyj;jpy; cs;s mzpe;Jiu my;yJ KfTiu Nghyf;
nfhs;syhk.; E}y; Njhd;wpa tuyhw;iwAk; E}y; gFg;igAk; ,J
czHj;JfpwJ. Nrud; nrq;Fl;LtDf;F ,styhfpa ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
jpUf;Fzthapy; Nfhl;lj;jpy; mur Nghfj;ijj; Jwe;J Jwtwk;
jhq;fpapUe;jhH. kiytsk; fhzr; nrd;w mtuplj;jpy; Fd;wf; FutH
vy;NyhUk; xUq;F jpuz;L nrd;W jd; Fd;wj;jpd;fz; epfo;e;j
epfo;r;rpia vLj;Jf; $wpdH. nghd;NghYk; g+f;fis cila
Ntq;if kuj;jpd; moF xspUk; epoypy; xU Kiy ,oe;J te;J
epd;whs; mofpa gj;jpdp xUj;jp. ,e;jpudpd; Rw;wj;jtuhk; NjtHfs;
mtsplj;jpy; neUq;fp te;J mtSila md;Gf; fztid
mtSf;Ff; fhl;b gpd;G mtisAk; mioj;Jf;nfhz;L vk; fl;Gyk;
fhz tpz;zfk; NghapdH. ,J Xu; mjprakhf ,Ue;jJ vd;wdH
kiytho; kf;fs;.
1.1.2. rhj;jdhH epfo;e;jijf; $Wjy;
mg;NghJ jz;lkpo; Mrhd; Mfpa rhj;jdhH ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
cld; ,Ue;jhH. mtH ahdJ epfo;e;jtw;iw mwpFtd; vd;W $wp
ele;j fijiar; nrhy;yj; njhlq;fpdhH. rhj;jdhH $wpa fijiaf;
Nfl;l ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
miurpay; gpioj;NjhHf;F mwk; $w;W MtJ}ck;
ciurhy; gj;jpdpf; FaHe;NjhH Vj;jYk;
Co;tpid cUj;Jte;J Cl;Lk; vd;gJ}ck;
#o;tpidr; rpyk;G fhuz khfr;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;Dk; ngauhy; ehl;LJk; ahNkhH ghl;Lilr;
nra;As;
vd;W nrhy;y mJNfl;L kfpo;e;j rhj;jdhH “KbnfO Nte;jH %tHf;Fk; cupaJ mbfs; ePNu mUSf” vd Ntz;bf; nfhz;lhH. Kg;gJ fhijapy; Kj;jkpo; fhg;gpak; Kfpo;j;jJ.
1.2. ciungW fl;Liu 1.2.1. ghz;badpd; gj;jpdp topghL
ghz;ba ehL> gj;jpdpahy; vupf;fg;gl;l md;W njhlq;fp>
kioapd;wp epyk; twz;lJ. kf;fs; tWikAw;wdH@ ntg;G NehAk;
2
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nfhg;GsKk; ,iltplhJ Jd;GWj;jpd. nghw;nfhy;yH MaputH
xd;W$b> jk;Ks; xUtd; nra;j Fw;wj;jhy; ekJ Fyj;jpw;Nf gop
NeHe;jJ vd ehzpj; jk;ikj; jhNk gypapl;Lf; nfhz;ldH. mjdhy;
ghz;ba ehl;Lg; Gfo; NkYk; rpwe;jJ@ gj;jpdpapd; rPw;wk; jzpe;jJ@
nfhw;ifapy; ,Ue;j ntw;wpNtw; nropad; muR fl;bNywpdhd;@
gj;jpdpf;Fg; g+ir nra;jhd;> tpoh vLj;jhd.; mjdhy;> kio kpfg;
nga;jJ@ tpisT ngUfpaJ. Kd;$wpa gpzpAk; tWikAk; tpyfpd.
1.2.2. nfhq;F ,sq;Nfhrupd; gj;jpdp topghL
ghz;ba ehl;by; ele;j epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpf; Nfs;tpAw;wdH>
nfhq;F kz;byj;J ,sq;Nfhf;fshfpa NfhrH> jq;fs; ehl;bYk;
gj;jpdpf;Fg; g+irAk; tpohTk; nra;jdH. mjdhy; gUte;NjhWk;
kio jtwhJ nga;jJ.
1.2.3. fathF kd;ddpd; gj;jpdp topghL
ghz;baDk; nfhq;fpsk;NfhrUk; gj;jpdpia topgl;L ed;ik
mile;j nra;jpiaf; fly; #o; ,yq;ifapd; murdhd fathFTk;
Nfs;tpAw;whd;. mq;F ehs; g+ir nra;J topgl gypgPlk; epWtpg;
gpd; Nfhl;lk; mikj;jhd.; Jd;gk; njhiyj;J ekf;F tuk; jUgts;
,ts; vdf; fUjp xt;NthH Mz;Lk; Mbj; jpq;fspy; tpoh
elj;jpdhd;. mjdhy; thdk; Fd;whJ kio nga;a> gy;tsk;
ngUfpd@ ,yq;if ngha;ahj tpistpidAila tsehlhapw;W.
Nfhtyd; nfhiyAz;lJk;> kJiu vupe;jJk; Mb khjj;jpy;
Mjypd;> fathF Mbapy; tpoh vLj;jhd; .
1.2.4. Nrhodpd; gj;jpdp topghL
ghz;bad;> nfhq;fpsk;NfhrH> fathF MfpNahH gj;jpdpia
topgl;L eyk; ngw;wdH vd;gjidf; Nfs;tpAw;whd; Nrhod;
ngUq;fps;sp. ,ts; xU gj;jpdpf; flTs; Mjypd; ve;epiyapYk;
ekf;F tuk; jUths; vdf; fUjp > ciwa+upy; fz;zfpf;Ff;
Nfhapy; fl;b> ehs;NjhWk; g+irf;Fk; tpohTf;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;jhd;.
mjdhy; ehL Nkk;ghLw;wJ.
GGffhhHHff;; ffhhzz;;llkk;
1.3. kq;fy tho;j;Jg; ghly; (fhij – 1) 1.3.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
Nrhodpd; Fil Nghd;wJ jpq;fs.; mtdJ jpfpup Nghd;wJ
QhapW. mtdJ jz;zsp Nghd;wJ kio. mtdJ njhy;Fb
Nghd;w ngUikAilaJ GfhH efuk;. fhtpupg;g+k;gl;bdkhfpa
mg;g+k;GfhH ,kak; Nghy;> nghjpapy; Nghy; moptpy;yhjJ. mk;
3
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
khefupy; kheha;fd; kfshff; fz;zfp gpwe;jhs;@ taJ gd;dpuz;L@
jPjpyh mUe;jjp Nghd;w fw;gpds;. mg;Gfhupy; khrhj;Jthd; kfshfj;
Njhd;wpdhd; Nfhtyd;. taJ gjpdhW. KUfNts; Nghd;w
rpwg;Gilatd;. ,j;jifa fz;zfp - Nfhtyd; jpUkzk; fhz;ghH
tpaf;FkhW eilngw;wJ. 'fhjyH gpupahky; tho;f!' vd tho;j;jpdH
kfspH.
jpUkz tho;j;J vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs.; GfhHf; fhz;lk;
MjyhYk; gyH $b Mbg; ghLk; ,irg; ghlyhf ,f;FO ghly;
mike;jpUg;gjhYk; ,J Nrho kd;dd; tho;j;Jld; njhlq;fp
mt;tho;j;Jld;; epiwT ngWfpwJ. NkYk; jpq;fs; QhapW kio
GfhH vd;W ,tw;iwg; Nghw;WtJ NghyTk; ,J epfo;tjhy; ,jid
,aw;if tho;j;jhfTk; flTs; tho;j;jhfTk; rhd;NwhH ghuhl;LtH.
Kjypy; cs;s jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk; vd;w tho;j;J NrhodJ
ntz;nfhw;wf; Filiag; Gfo;tJ Nghy; mikjyhy; mjidf;
Fil kq;fyk; vd Gwj; JiwAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghHf;fTk;
tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ. rpyg;gjpfhuk; ehlff; fhg;gpak; vd;gjw;F Vw;g
fz;zfp Nfhtyd; jpUkzKk; jpUkz tho;j;Jkhfpa fijapd;
,ilg;gFjp xd;wpypUe;J fhg;gpak; njhlq;FfpwJ vd;gH. Mly;
ghlyhf ,e;E}y; njhlq;FtJ ,jid xU ehlfk; vdf; fUj ,lk;
jUfpwJ. Vnddpy; ehlfq;fs; FOtpdH jk; FOg;ghlNyhL
njhlq;FtJ kughFk;
1.3.2.flTs; tho;j;jhf mikAk; mur tho;j;J
jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk; jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk;
nfhq;F myH jhHr; nrd;dp FspH ntz;FilNghd;W ,t;
mq;fz; cyF mspj;jyhd;
QhapW Nghw;WJk; QhapW Nghw;WJk;
fhtpup ehld; jpfpup Nghy; nghd; Nfhl;L
NkU tyk; jpupjyhd;
khkio Nghw;WJk; khkio Nghw;WJk;
ehk ePH Ntyp cyfpw;F mtd; mspNghy;
Nky;epd;W jhd; Ruj;j yhd;.
g+k;GfhH Nghw;WJk; g+k;GfhH Nghw;WJk;
tPq;F ePH Ntyp cyfpw;F mtd; Fyj;NjhL
Xq;fpg; gue;J xOfyhd;.
jpq;fisg; Nghw;WNthk;! jpq;fisg; Nghw;WNthk;! g+e;jhJ
rpe;Jk; khiyAila Nrhodpd; ntz; nfhw;wf; Fil Nghy ,e;j
4
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
mofpa ,lj;ijAila cyfpy; fUiz nghopjyhy;> jpq;fisg;
Nghw;WNthk;! Qhapw;iwg; Nghw;WNthk;! Qhapw;iwg; Nghw;WNthk;!
fhtpup ehlilAila Nrhodpd; Mizr; rf;fuk; Nghy;>
nghd;dhyhd cr;rpiaAila NkU kiyia> mJTk; tykhfr;
Rw;wp tUtjhy; Qhapw;iwg; Nghw;WNthk;! rpwe;j kioiag;
Nghw;WNthk;! rpwe;j kioiag; Nghw;WNthk; ! mr;rk; jUk; flyhy;
#og;gl;l cyfpw;F> mr;Nrhod; mUSjy; Nghy;> Nky; epd;W ePiug;
nga;J tsk; jUjyhy;> rpwe;j kioiag; Nghw;WNthk;! mofpa
Gfhupidg; Nghw;WNthk;! mofpa Gfhupidg; Nghw;WNthk;! kpf;f
ePiuAila fliy Ntypahf cila cyfpy;> goq;fhyk; Kjy;
Nrho kuGld; jhDk; gue;Njhq;F GfOld; jpfo;jyhy; mofpa
Gfhupidg; Nghw;WNthk;!
1.3.3. fz;zfp khfthd; epfHtz;if kheha;fd; Fyf;nfhk;gH
<if thd; nfhb md;dhs; <uhW Mz;L mfitahs;>
Nghjpy;MH jpUtpdhs; Gfo;cil tbT vd;Wk;
jPJ ,yh tlkPdpd; jpwk; ,ts; jpwk; vd;Wk;
khjuhH njhOJ Vj;j taq;fpa ngUk; Fzj;Jf;
fhjyhs; ngaH kd;Dk; fz;zfp vd;ghs; kd;Ndh>
me;jg; GfhH efupNy> thd; kio Nghd;w nfhilj;jd;ik
nghUe;jpa ifiaAilatd; kheha;fd; vd;Dk; tzpfd; mtdJ
Fyk; tpsq;fj; Njhd;wpa fz;zfp> g+q;nfhk;G Nghd;wts;@ moF
kpf;f thd ty;ypf; nfhb midahs;@ gd;dpuz;L Mz;L tajpds;@
nre;jhkiu kyupy; ciwAk; jpUkfspd; GfOila tbT ,ts;
tbit xf;Fk; vd;Wk;> mUe;jjpapd; fw;G ,ts; fw;ig epfHf;Fk;
vd;Wk; mt;t+H kf;fs; tpae;J Nghw;WkhW ngUq; Fzq;fis
tpUk;Gk; gz;gpds;!
1.3.4. Nfhtyd; tU epjp gpwHf;F MHj;Jk; khrhj;Jthd; vd;ghd;
,U epjp fpotd; kfd; <nul;L Mz;L mfitahd;
kz; Nja;j;j Gfopdhd; kjp Kf klthH jk;
gz; Nja;j;j nkhopapdhH Maj;Jg; ghuhl;bf;
fz;L Vj;Jk; nrt;Nts; vd;W ,ir Nghf;fpf; fhjyhy;
nfhz;L Vj;Jk; fpoikahd; Nfhtyd; vd;ghd; kd;Ndh.
me;jg; GfhH efupNy> neLepyk; KOtijAk; xU jdp MSk;
kh kd;ddhd Nrhod;> jiyikj; jd;ik nghUe;jpa rpy Fbfis
5
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
caH Fbfshff; fUjpg; Nghw;wp te;jhd;. mj;jifa rpwe;j Fbg;
ngUikAld; caHe;J Xq;fpa nry;tj;ijAk; cilatd;
khrhj;Jthd;! mtd; mwnewpapy; nghUis <l;Lgtd;@ mjid
twpNahHf;F toq;Fgtd;@ rq;f epjp> gJkepjp vd;Dk; ,U epjpf;F
cupatd;. mtd; ike;jd; Nfhtyd;> gjpdhW Mz;L tajpdd;.
mf;Nfhtyd;> g+kp rpwpjhFkhW kpf tsHe;j GfOilatd;@ ,iria
ntd;w nkhopapduhfpa> jpq;fs; NghYk; Kfj;ijAila kfspH
jkJ Maj;jpy;> ' cyfpy; fz;fspf;ff; fz;L Jjpf;fj;jFk;
KUfNts; ,td; ' vd;W ghuhl;b> mtdJ Gfiog; gug;gp> jk;
kdj;Js; fhjy; nfhz;L Nghw;Wjw;Fupatd;
1.3.5. jpUkzk; ePy tpjhdj;J epj;jpyg;g+k; ge;jHf;fPo;
thD}H kjpaQ; rfliza rhyp xU
kPd; jifahisf; Nfhtyd;
khKJ ghHg;ghd; kiwtop fhl;blj;:
jP tyk; nra;tJ fhz;ghH fz; Nehd;G vd;id
mj;jifa ,UtiuAk; mtHjk; ngUikkpF ngw;NwhH> xU
ngUehspNy> jpUkzf; Nfhyj;jpy; fhz tpUk;gp kq;fy kfspiu
ahid kPNjw;wp efH vq;Fk; jpUkzr; nra;jpiaj; njuptpj;jdH.
jpUkz ehsd;W KuRfs; xypj;jd . kj;jsq;fs; MHj;jd.
rq;Ffs; KiwNa Koq;fpd. murdJ cyhg;Nghy ntz; Filfs;
vOe;jd. kq;fy ehZk; CHtykhfr; nrd;wJ. khiyfs;
nghUe;jpa cr;rpAld; $ba kz;lgj;jpy; > ePyg; gl;bdhyhd
tpjhdk; mike;j mofpa Kj;Jg; ge;juplj;Nj thdpy; nry;tk;
re;jpud; cNuhfpzpiar; rhUk; ey;y ehspy;> thdj;jpYs;s xg;gw;w
el;rj;jpukhfpa mUe;jjp NghYk; fw;Gila fz;zfpiaf; Nfhtyd;>
kpfTk; tajhd me;jzd; Ntjnewpg;gb rlq;Ffis epfo;j;j
kze;J > jPapid ,UtUk; tyk; te;j fhl;rpiaf; fhz;gtH
fz;fs; Kd;G nra;j jtk;jhd; ahNjh.
1.3.6. jpUkz tho;j;J fhjyw; gpupahky; ftTf;if nQfpohky;
jPJ mWf vd Vj;jpr; rpy kyH nfhL J}tp
mg;nghOJ kyuzpe;j mofpa nghd; nfhb Nghd;w kfspH rpyh;
,ts; jd; fhjyidf; fz;zpDk; kdj;jpDk; gpupahjpUg;ghshf>
mtDk; ,tisg; gpizj;j if nefpohky; ,Ug;ghdhf > ,UtUk;
jPJ ,d;wp ePL tho;f " vdr; rpd; kyHfisj; Jhtp tho;j;jpdH.
6
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
1.4. kidawk;gLj;j fhij (fhij – 2) 1.4.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
gujH kype;j gak; nfO kh efH
Koq;F fly; Qhyk; KOtJk; tupDk;
toq;fj; jthm tsj;jJ Mfp
mU nghUs; jUck; tpUe;jpd; Njvk;
fhjyH ,UtUk; vOepiy khlj;J ,il epyj;jpy; QhapWk;
jpq;fSk; Nghy> kyHg; gLf;ifapy; $bf; fspj;jdH. fhjy;
tag;gl;l Nfhtyd; fz;zfpia> ' khrW nghd;Nd ! tyk;Gup
Kj;Nj ! ' vdg; gythW ghuhl;bdhd; > ,f;fhjy; nkhop > jkpo;
,yf;fpak; vq;Fk; fhzhr; rpwg;GilaJ . mtHjk; ,y;yw tho;tpd;
rpwg;gpidf; fhz tpioe;j ngw;NwhH mtHfisj; jdp kidapy;
,Uf;fr; nra;jdH . rpy Mz;Lfs; ,dpNj fope;jd .
1.4.2. GfhH efuj;jpy; Nfhtyd; fz;zfp $b ,d;GWjy;
GfhH efuk; nry;tr; nropg;G kpf;f Gfo;ngw;w efuk;.
fly;fSf;F mg;ghYs;s cyfpdH midtUk; te;J $bdhYk;
midtUk; tpUk;Gtdtw;iwnay;yhk; toq;fr; rypahj thzpf
tsj;ij cilaJ ,t;t+H. mUikahd nghUs;fs; gy ehl;L
gz;lq;fs; gytw;iwAk; cilajhf mJ tpsq;fpw;W. fly;
topahfTk; jiu topahfTk; nghUis nfhzHe;J Ftpj;j tz;zk;
,Ue;jdH vd;Wk; Fd;whj gz;Gilatuhfj; jpfo;e;j tzpfg;
ngUkf;fs; mj;jifa nry;tj;jhy; mupa Kaw;rpfs; gytw;iwAk;
Kbj;J itj;jhH Nghy; Njhd;wpdH. ,q;Nf Ftis kyH Nghd;w
fz;iz cila fz;zfpAk; mtSila fhjy; nfhOeDk; Mfpa
NfhtyDk; kaNd Neupy; nra;J itj;jJ Nghd;w kzpf; fl;bypd;
Nky; mkHe;jpUe;jdH. mtHfs; eLepiy khlkhfpa vOepiy
khlj;jpy; ,il epiy Mfpa ehd;fhk; khlj;jpy; mkHe;J ,Ue;jdH.
1.4.3. tz;nlhL Gf;f kztha;j; njd;wy;
nrq;fOePH Nrjhk;gy; ,jo;f; Ftis mUk;G mtpo; tz;Lfs;
xypf;Fk; jhkiu Kjyhd ePHg; g+f;fspd; kdj;jpid cz;L ePHg;
g+f;fspd; Ntwhd rpwg;Gkpf;f jhioapd; tpupe;j ,jo;fs; nrz;gff;
fhtpy; khiy Nghy g+j;jpUf;Fk; khjtp kyH Mfpatw;wpid
Muha;e;J cz;L xsptPRk; Kfj;ijAila kfspupd; RUz;l
$e;jiy ngWtjw;F ,aq;fp tUk; tz;Lfs; kzpf;Nfhit xOq;F
tupirahf mike;j mofpa rhsuj;jpd; FWfpa Jiwfspy;
Eioe;J tz;Lfs; cld; te;j kzk; kpf;f njd;wiyf; fz;L
7
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
fhjyH ,UtUk; kfpo;e;jdH. mtu;fs; Kjy;epiy khlj;jpd;
,ilepd;W ePq;fp kzk; kpf;f kyH fz;fhl;rp ,Uf;Fk; epyhKw;wk;
Mfpa VohtJ khbf;Fr; nrd;wdH.
1.4.4. Nfhtyd; $wpa Fwpahf; fl;Liu
KjpH fly; Qhyk; KOtJk; tpsf;Fk;
fjpH xUq;fpUe;j fhl;rp Nghy
jhUk; khiyAk; kaq;fpf; ifaw;Wj;
jPuhf; fhjypd; jpUKfk; Nehf;fpf;
Nfhtyd; $Wk; XH Fwpahf; fl;Liu
khrW nghd;Nd. tyk;Gup Kj;Nj
fhrW tpiuNa fUk;Ng NjNd
mUk;ngwy; ghtha; MH capH kUe;Nj
ngUq; Fb thzpfd; ngU kl kfNs
kiyapilg; gpwth kzpNa vd;Nfh
miy ,ilg; gpwth mkpo;Nj vd;Nfh
aho; ,ilg; gpwth ,irNa vd;Nfh
jho; ,U $e;jy; ijahy; epd;id vd;W
cythf; fl;Liu gy ghuhl;bj;
eWkyH g+f;fs; gug;gg;gl;l kQ;rj;jpNy ,UtUk; mku
mf;fhl;rp MdJ fly; #o; cyfk; KOtijAk; tpsq;fr; nra;Ak;
#upaDk; jpq;fSk; xU Nru ,Ue;jhw; Nghy; mtHfs;
Njhw;wkspj;jdh;. mtHfs; ,UtUk; fhjyhy; md;Gld; jOtpf;
nfhs;s jhUk; khiyAk; fiye;J Fiye;jd. ,r;#oypy; Nfhtyd;
ePq;fhj fhjYld; jpUkfs; Nghd;w fz;zfpapd; mofpid Nehf;fp
,Jtiu vz;zpg; ghHf;fhj nghUs; nrwpe;j nrhw;fshy; mtsJ
moifg; Gfo;e;J $wj; njhlq;fpdhd.; gpiwr;re;jpud; MdJ
,ikatH Nghw;wr; rptngUkhdpd; KbkPJ moFld; ,Uf;ff; $ba
jFjp cilaJ MapDk; jpUkfshd cd;Dld; ghw;flypy; gpwe;j
fhuzj;jpdhy; mjid cdf;F Kjyhf nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhd.;
NghHf;fsj;jpy; Nghupy; <LgLk; tPuUf;Fg; gilf;fUtp mspf;Fk;
kuG xd;W cz;L. cUtk; ,y;yhjtd; Mfpa fhkd; jd; xU
ngupa fUk;G tpy;ypid cdf;F fupa ,U GUtkhff;
nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhd;. mopjyw;w jd;ik ngWjw;Fupa kUe;jhfpa
mkpo;jj;jpw;F Kd;dHj; jpUkfshfpa eP gpwe;jha;. vdNt NjtUf;F
Nte;jdhfpa ,e;jpud; mRuiu mopj;Jj; Njtiu fhg;gjw;fhf vLj;j
tr;rpug;gilia cdf;F ,ilahff; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhd.; xg;gw;w
8
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
KUff; flTs; xU fhuzk; ,d;wpAk; ehd; Jd;GWk; ,ay;igj; jd;
fz;fshy; fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;w xNu Nehf;fj;Jld; jdJ RlHkpF
Nty; xd;iw cd; Kfj;jpy; FspHr;rp kpf;f ,uz;L fz;fshf
MFkhW cdf;Ff; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhd.; eWkyH #ba NfhijNa
cdf;F xg;gid nra;Ak; kfspH Fw;wkpy;yhj cdJ ,aw;if
moF ,Uf;f NtW rpy mzpfis cdf;Fr; #l;Lfpd;wdH mjdhy;
eP ngw;w moFjhd; ahJ?. gythfpa epdJ fUq;$e;jypy;
kq;fykhfr; rpy kyHfisr; #l;lhky; xspkpf;f ,tH ,e;j
khiyia Vd; mtHfs; #l;lNtz;Lk;? $e;jYf;F kzk; cs;s
ey;y mfpw;Gif Cl;b mNjhL f];J}upr; rhe;ijAk; Vd; mtHfs;
Cl;lNtz;Lk?; epdJ mofpa Kiyj;jlj;jpd; kPJ vOjpaNjhL
xw;iw tl Kj;J khiyiaAk; Vd; mtHfs; #l;lNtz;Lk?; jpq;fs;
Nghd;w Kfj;jpy; Kj;Jg;Nghd;w tpaHit Njhd;w Ez;zpa ,il
tUe;j ,tw;iw mspj;jdH vd;why; mtHfs; vy;yhk; gpj;J
gpbj;jtHfNsh? khrw;w nghd; Nghd;wtNs> tyk;Gupr; rq;F <d;w
Kj;Jg; Nghd;wtNs> fUk;G Nghd;wtNs> Njd; Nghd;wtNs>
ngww;fupa ghit Nghd;wtNs> MH capiu epiyf;fr; nra;Ak;
kUe;J Nghd;wtNs> ngUq;Fb thzpfd; ngw;nwLj;j rpwg;G kpf;f
,sk; kfNs> ePz;l fUq;$e;jiy cila ijaNy> cd;id
kiyapilg; gpwth kzpNa vd;Ngdh> flypilg; gpwthj mkpo;Nj
vd;Ngdh> ,y;iy ahopirg; gpwthj ,irNa vd;Ngdh vd;W
gytw;why; eyk; ghuhl;b moF tpsq;Fk; khiyazpe;j
fz;zfpAld; xsp tpsq;Fk; jhupidg; Gide;j Nfhtyd;
kfpo;e;jpUe;jhd.;
1.4.5. jdpf;Fbj;jdk;
,t;thwhff; fz;zfpAk; NfhtyDk; ,d;Gw;W kfpo;e;J
tho;e;J tUk;NghJ xU ehs; Nfhtydpd; jhahfpa khrhj;Jthd;
kidtp jd; kUkfshd fz;zfpapd; kwj;jy; mwpah Rw;wj;ijg;
Nghw;WjYk; mwNthiu Xk;GjYk; tpUe;jpdiu cgrupj;jYkhfpa
ew;gz;GfSld; kpf;f nry;tj;NjhL $ba ,y;tho;f;ifapd;
ngUQ;rpwg;gpidf; fhz tpioe;jhs.; vdNt Nfhtyd; fz;zfpia
Vty; gzp Gupaj; jf;f gzpahsNuhL jdpf;FLk;gk; itj;jhs;.
mtHfSk; ,y;ywk; khz;Gld; elj;jpdH. ,t;thW fhzj;jf;fr;
rpwg;gpidAila fz;zfp ey;yhspd; ,y;yw tho;tpy; rpy
Mz;Lfs; fope;jd.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
1.5. muq;Nfw;W fhij (fhij – 3) 1.5.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
khjtp fhtpupg;g+k;gl;bdj;jpy; fzpifaH Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jts;.
Mly;> ghly>; xg;gid vd;Dk; %d;wpYk; rpwe;jts; @ Vohz;L
fhyk; Mlw;gapw;rp ngw;wts;. Nrhog; Nguurd; Kd;dpiyapy;
mtsJ muq;Nfw;wk; epfo;e;jJ. Mliyf; fz;Lfspj;j kd;dd;
jiyf;Nfhy; gl;lj;ijAk; > gRk;nghd; khiyiaAk; mtSf;Fg;
guprhf mspj;jhd; . " ,k;khiy Mapuj;njl;Lf; foQ;R nghd; tpiy
kjpg;GilaJ @ ,t;tsT tpiy nfhLj;J thq;FNthd; khjtpf;F
cupatd; Mthd; ! " vd;W $wp > mjid efu ek;gpaH jpupAk;
tPjpapy; tpw;gJ Nghy; Njhop $dpia epw;FkhW nra;jhs;>
khjtpapd; jha; ! NfhtyDk; khiyia thq;fp khjtpia
mile;jhd; . mtSld;> tpLjywpah tpUg;Gld; kaq;fpf; fple;jhd;@
Fw;wkw;w fz;zfpia kwe;jhd.;
1.5.2. fiykfs; khjtp mwpKfk;
rpwg;gpw; Fd;whr; nra;ifnahL nghUe;jpa
gpwg;gpw; Fd;whg; ngUe;Njhs; kle;ij
jhJmtpo; GupFoy; khjtp jd;id
MlYk; ghlYk; moFk; vd;W,f;
$wpa %d;wpd; xd;WFiw glhky;
Vohz;L ,aw;wpXH <uhW Mz;by;
#o;fly; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly; Ntz;b>
nja;tj;jd;ik nghUe;jpa nghjpa kiyapy; cs;s
mfj;jpa Kdptupd; mUshy; ,e;jpud; kfd; rae;jd; Njt kfspH
tupirapy; rpwg;Gf; Fd;whj cWgrp Mfpa khjtpAk; rhgk; ePq;fg;
ngw;wdH. mg;gb ehlf muq;fpy; rhgk; ePq;fg;ngw;w me;j CHtrpapd;
kugpNy Njhd;wpa khjtp Mly;fiy ghly;fiy xg;gidf; fiy
vd $wg;gl;l %d;wpYk; rpwe;j mwpT ngw;whs.; Ie;jhk; taJ
njhlq;fp VO Mz;Lfs; mts; gapw;rp ngw;whs;. gd;dpuz;lhk;
tajpNyNa muq;fk; Vwpj; jd; Mw;wiy Nrho kd;dDf;F mts;
fhl;l tpUk;gpdhs.;
1.5.3. khjtpapd; muq;Nfw;wk;
mff;$j;J Gwf;$j;J vd;Dk; ,Utiff; $j;jpd;
,yf;fzq;fisAk; mwpe;jtd;. my;ypak; Kjy; nfhLnfhl;b <whf
cs;s 11 $j;Jf;fisAk; mtw;wpd; gy;NtW $WfisAk; ed;F
czHe;jtd;. Mly; ghly; jhsk; ,it jk;Ks; xj;J ,aq;FkhW
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
mikf;Fk; Mw;wy; kpf;ftd.; gpz;b gpizay; vopy; if njhopy;
if vd;Dk; ehd;fpd; jpwk; njupe;jtd; Mfpa Mly; MrpupaNdhL
khjtp muq;fj;jpw;F te;jhs.; aho>; Foy; ,tw;wpd; ,irf;
$WfSk; tha;g;ghl;Lk; jho;e;j rpwg;gpidAila jd;ikAk; nghUe;j
,irf;Fk; ,ay;Gilatd.; nre;Jiw ntz;Liw vd;Dk;
ghly;fSf;F Vw;g ,ir mikf;f ty;ytdhfpa ,ir Mrpupad;
muq;Nfwpdhd;. xypf;Fk; fly; #o;e;j cyfj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;bdH
mwpAkhW Kj;jkpioAk; fw;Wj; NjHe;jtd; ghlyhrpupad;. mtd;
Ntj;jpay; nghJtpay; vd;Dk; ,U $WghLfs; cila ehl;ba
E}iy ed;F mwpe;J> ,irg;gtd; mikj;j ,irapd; Nghf;if
czHe;J rpwpJk; gpwohky; jhs epiyapNy nghUe;JkhW
nrhw;fisj; jk; ftpij Nky; mikf;Fk; ty;yik nfhz;l
ghlyhrpupaDk; muq;Nfwpdhd;. jz;Zik MrpupaDk; khjtpNahL
muq;Nfwpdhd;. ,ir E}y;fspy; nrhd;d Kiwg;gb ,irg;gjpy;
NjHe;j Foy; MrpupaDk; khjtpNahL muq;Nfwpdhd;. ,ir
E}y;fspy; nrhd;d Kiwg;gb aho; ,irg;gjpy; NjHe;j
ahohrpupaDk; khjtpNahL muq;Nfwpdhd;.
1.5.4. muq;fj;jpd; mikg;G
NjHe;j rpw;g E}y; MrpupaH tFj;j newpapy; rpwpJk; gpwohJ
muq;fk; mikj;jw;Fg; gOjw;w xU ,lj;ijj; NjHe;njLj;jdH.
gpd;dHg; nghjpakiy Kjyhd Gz;zpa kiyr;rhuypy; xU
fZTf;Fk; kw;nwhU fZTf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU rhz;
,ilntspAld; Xq;fp tsHe;j %q;fpis ntl;bf; File;J
cj;jkdpd; ifg; ngUtpuy; ,Ugj;J ehd;F nfhz;l msT
,Uf;FkhW Jz;L nra;jdH. mjidNa muq;fk; msf;Fk; Nfhyhf
nfhz;ldH. VONfhy; mfyk; vl;Lf;Nfhy; ePsk;> xUNfhy; cauk;
vd eld muq;fj;ij mtHfs; mikj;jdH. J}z;fspd; kPJ
,lg;gl;l cj;jug; gyiff;Fk; muq;fpy; ,lg;gl;l gyiff;Fk;
,ilapy; cs;s cauk; ehd;F Nfhy; msthFk.; muq;fpy; cs;Ns
nry;yTk; ntspNa tuTk; ,U thapy;fs; mikj;jdH. ahtUk;
tzq;FkhW ehy;tif tUz g+jj;ij vOjp Nky;epyj;Nj
itj;jdh.; Jhz;fspd; epoy; muq;fpYk; mitapYk; tpohjthW
ngUikkpf;f epiy tpsf;Ffis Vw;w ,lq;fspy; itj;jdH. gpd;
xUKf vopdpiaAk; nghUKfvopdpiaAk; fue;Jtuy; vopdpiaAk;
Ntiyg;ghl;Lld; mikj;jdH. Xtpaj;Jld; $ba Nky; tpjhdKk;
mikj;jdH. Gfo;kpf;f Kj;J khiyfs; rupAk; J}f;Fk; jhkKk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
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Self Instructional Material
vd;Dk; ,tw;iw vq;Fk; moFglj; njhq;ftpl;ldH. ,t;thW
GJikAld; eld muq;fj;ij mtHfs; mikj;jdH.
1.5.5. muq;fpy; jiyf;Nfhy; itf;fg;gly;
Gfo;kpf;f kd;dH Nghupy; Njhw;Wg; Gwq;nfhLj;jNghJ>
mtuplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l mofpa ntz; nfhw;wf; Filapd;
fhk;igg; gOjpd;wp vLj;J> mf;Filf; fhk;gpd; fZf;fs; NjhWk;
J}a;ikahd etkzpfisf; fl;b> fZf;fspd; ,ilg;gFjpapy;
rhk;Gejk; vd;Dk; nghd; jfl;ilr; Rw;wpg; nghUj;JtH. mjid>
cyfhSk; ntz; nfhw;wf; FiliaAila kd;dtdpd;
muz;kidapNy itj;J ,e;jpud; kfd; rae;jdhf epidj;J mjw;F
ke;jpu tpjpg;gb g+ir nra;tH! mJNt jiyf;Nfhy; vdg;gLtJ.
mj;jifa jiyf;Nfhiy ey;y J}a ePiug; nghd;Flq;fspy;
nfhz;L te;J ePuhl;b> khiy #l;b> ey;y ehspNy nghd;dhyhd
G+Zk; gl;lKk; cila gl;lj;J ahidapd; ePz;l Jjpf;ifapy;
tho;j;jpf; nfhLj;Jg; gpd;> Kk;KuR Koq;f> gy;ypak; xypf;f>
murDk; Ik;ngUk; FOTk; cld;tu> NjUld; tyk; nra;J> mj;NjH
kPJ ,Ue;J ghLNthdplk; jiyf;Nfhiyj; ju> CHtyk; Kbe;j
gpd;> mj;jiyf;Nfhy; eld muq;fpNy itf;fg;gl;lJ .
1.5.6. khjtpg; nghd; kapyhs; Njhif tpupj;jhs;
murd; KjyhNdhH jk;jk; jFjpf;Ff; FiwT glhky;
,Uf;ifapy; KiwNa mkHe;jdH. FapYtf; fUtpahsH jhk; epw;f
Ntz;ba Kiwg;gb epd;wdH. khjtp muq;fpNy tyf;fhiy
Kd;itj;J Vwp> tyg;Gwj;Jhizr; rhHe;J epd;whs;. ,t;thNw>
gz;ila newpiag; Nghw;Wk; Njhupa kfspH ,lg;Gwj; Jhizr;
rhHe;J epd;wdH . gpd; khjtpAk; Njhupa kfspUk; ed;ikfs;
nghypaTk; ed;ikapy;yhj jPikfs; mfyTk; Xnuhw;W thuk;
<nuhw;W thuk; vd;Dk; nja;tg; ghly;fs; ,uz;ilAk; Kiwg;gb
ghbdH. ,j;nja;tg; ghly;fspd; ,Wjpapy;> FapYtf; fUtpfs;
$l;lhf ,irj;jd. |Foypiria xl;br; nrd;wJ ahopir@
ahopiria xl;b kj;jsk; nghUj;jkhf mike;jJ. kj;jsj;jpd;
topNa KbTfs; xypj;jd@ KoTld; ,iae;J ,irj;jJ
Mke;jpupif. Mke;jpupifAld; Kd; Rwpa FapYtf; fUtpfs;
midj;Jk; gUe;Jk; epoYk; Nghy xd;W$b ,irj;jd > khjtp xU
jhsj;Jf;F ,U gw;whf > gjpndhU gw;whNy Njrpf;$j;ij
epfo;j;jpdhs;. ,t;thW . nghd;dhyhd xU g+q;nfhb te;J
ebj;jhw;Nghy; khjtp muq;fpNy Njhd;wp > ehlf ed;Dhypy;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
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Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
$wg;gl;l newp Kiw gpwohky; midj;Jf; $WghLfSk; moFwj;
Njhd;w Mbdhs;. Mliyf; fz;L kfpo;e;j Nrho Nte;jdplkpUe;J
khjtp jd; jFjpf;Nfw;w jd;ikapy; rpwpJk; tOthky; gr;ir
khiyiaAk; > jiyf;Nfhy; vd;Dk; gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;whs; .
jiyrpwe;j muq;fpNy Vwp Mba Mly; nry;tp> ehlf euy;fs;
fzpifah;f;F tpjpj;j Kiwg;gb jiytupirahf Mapuj;J vz;
foQ;R nghd;idg; guprkhfg; ngw;whs;.
1.5.7. khjtpiaf; iff;nfhz;l Nfhtyd;
E}Wgj;J mLf;fp vl;Lf;fil epWj;j
tPWcaH gRk;nghd; ngWtJ,k; khiy>
khiy thq;FeH rhYk;ek; nfhbf;Fvd
khd;mkH Nehf;fpXH $dpiff; nfhLj;J
efu ek;gpaH jpupjU kWfpy;
gfHtdH Nghy;tNjhH ghd;ikapd; epWj;j>
khkyH neLq;fz; khjtp khiy
Nfhtyd; thq;fpf; $dp jd;ndhL
kzkid Gf;F khjtp jd;ndhL
mizTW itfypd; maHe;jdd; kaq;fp
tpLjy; mwpah tpUg;gpdd; Mapdd;.
tLePq;F rpwg;gpd;jd; kidafk; kwe;Jvd;.
1008 foQ;R tPW ngw;W ,Ue;j gRk;nghd; kjpg;GilaJ
,k;khiy. ,jid ,t;tsT tpiy nfhLj;J thq;FNthH
nfhbNghd;w khjtpf;F kzkfdhf MthH vd;W khd; Nghd;w
Nehf;fpid cila khjtpapd; jha; rpj;jpuhgjp xU $dpapd;
ifapy; khiyiaf; nfhLj;J efuj;J thypgH cyhtUk;
ngUe;Jiwapy; mk;khiyia tpiyf;F tpw;gid Nghy epWj;jpdhs.;
khkyH neLq;fz; khjtpapd; gupr khiyia Nfhtyd; thq;fpf;
$dpAld; khjtpapd; kidia mile;jhd;. khjtpapd; mofpy;
kaq;fpa Nfhtyd; mtis mizj;Jj; jOtp md;Nw kaq;fpdhd.;
tplKbahj tpUg;gj;ij cilatdhdhd;. Fw;wk; ePq;fpa jd;
kidtpiaAk; tPl;ilAk; kwe;jhd;.
1.6. me;jpkhiyr; rpwg;Gr;nra; fhij (fhij – 4) 1.6.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
' khiyg;nghOJ te;jJ . njd;wy; tPrpaJ . nrt;thdj;Nj
,sk;gpiw Nghd;w epynthsp vq;Fk; gutpaJ. fztidg; gpupah
kfspH $bf; fspj;jdH. gpupe;NjhH fhkj;jPapy; thb tjq;fpdH!
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NfhtyDk; khjtpAk; neLepyh Kw;wj;jpUe;J epyTg; gad;
nfhz;ldH. moFr; nry;tp fhw;rpyk;G xypf;f Mbdhs;@ ghbdhs;@
Cbdhs;@ $bdhs;@ nfhs;is ,d;gk; cw;whd; Nfhtyd;!
,JNghyNt $bf; fspj;jdH gpw fhjyUk;! Mdhy; fz;zfpapd;
fhypy; rpyk;G ,y;iy@ new;wpapy; jpyfk; ,y;iy@ $e;jypy;
vz;nza; ,y;iy@ Kfj;jpy; rpupg;G ,y;iy. fztidg; gpupe;NjhH
fz;zfp NghyNt jdpikj; JaH cw;wdH. ,t;thW GzHe;NjhH
,d;Gw> gpupe;NjhH Jd;Gw kPdf; nfhbAila kd;kjd; tpba tpba
,uTf;fhyk; KOJk; Ml;rp nra;jhd;. khjtpapd; kfpo;itAk;
fz;zfpapd; ftiyiaAk; Kuz;gl;l ,U Xtpaq;fshfj; jPl;LfpwJ
me;jpkhiyr; rpwg;Gr;nra; fhij. ngUq;fhtpak; cupa rpWnghOJ
topahfTk; ,J mikfpwJ.
1.6.2. epykfs; Gyk;Gjy;
tpupfjpH gug;gp cyfk;KOJ Mz;l
xUjdpj; jpfpup cuNthd; fhNzd;
mq;fz; thdj;J mzpepyh tpupf;Fk;
jpq;fs;mk; nry;td; ahz;Lcsd; nfhy;vdj;
jpirKfk; gre;J nrk;kyHf; fz;fs;
tpupe;j fjpHfis vq;Fk; gug;gp cyfk; KOikAk; Mz;l
xg;gw;w xw;iwr; rf;fuk; nfhz;l Njupy; cila typik kpf;f vd;
fztd; #upaidf; fhNzd;. mofpa ,lk; mfd;w thdpNy
mofhd epyTfis tpupf;Fk; jpq;fs; Mfpa vd; nry;t kfidAk;
fhztpy;iy vd jpir Mfpa Kfk; griy glur; nrt;tpa kyHf;
fz;fs; ePH rpe;j cly; KOJk; eLq;ff; fliy Milahff;
nfhz;l ngupa epy kfs; jd; fztdhd fjputidf; fhzhJ
me;jp Neuj;jpy; kdk; fyq;fpdhs;.
1.6.3. g+k;Gfhupy; GFe;j nghd;khiyg; nghOJ
jk; murHf;F tup nrYj;Jk; flikAzHe;j Fbfs; Jauk;
nfhs;s> mq;qdk; tup nrYj;jhJ cl;g+ry; nra;Ak; FbfSld;
xUjiyahf el;Gj; njhlHG nfhz;L> ntw;wpiaj; jUk; gil
Nte;jH ,y;yhj Neuk; mwpe;J> mtH ehnly;yhk; nfLk;gb
eynky;yhk; ftHe;J> jk; gilAld; Gjpjhf te;J jq;fpa FWepy
kd;dH Nghy> khiyg; nghOJ te;jJ! jk; kdj;jpy; jq;fpa
fztiug; gpupe;j kfspH kpf;f JaH mila> jk; fztUld;
$bapUf;Fk; kfspH kpf;f kfpo;r;rp ngw> %q;fpy; Foypy;
NfhtyUk;> tsUk; Ky;iyapy; ,sk; tz;LfSk; tha; itj;J
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Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
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Cj> FWk;G nra;Ak; tz;bdq;fis Xl;b mUk;Gfspy; cs;s
kzj;ij KfHe;J nfhz;L njd;wyhfpa nry;td; njUnty;yhk;
gug;g> xsp kpf;f tisaiy mzpe;j kfspH mofpa tpsf;Ffis
Vw;w> tskhHe;j %J}upy; khiyg; nghOJ te;jJ! jhk; ,sk;
gUtj;jpduhapDk; gifauriu ntd;W thif #bg; Nghupy;
khl;rpikAld; jpfOk; ghz;baH Fy Kjy;td; Mjypd;> jpq;fl;
nry;td; me;jpg; nghOjpy; nrt;thdj;jpd;fz; nts;spa gpiwahfj;
Njhd;wp> tUj;jj;ijj; jUk; khiygpd; FWk;gpid xl;b jd; gz;gpy;
rpwpJk; gpwohky; ghy; Nghd;w nts;spa fjpHfis tpupj;J
tpz;kPd;fs; mlq;fpa thdj;ij Ms> mj; jpq;fl; nry;td;
te;jhd;! mtd; tUifahy; cyfk; xsp ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jJ!
1.6.4. Nfhyk; nfhz;l Nfhij
epyTg;gad; nfhs;Sk; neLepyh Kw;wj;Jf;
fytpAk; GytpAk; fhjyw;F mspj;JMq;F
MHt neQ;rnkhL Nfhtyw;F vjpupf;
Nfhyk; nfhz;l khjtp
khjtpAk;> NfhtyDk; tPl;blj;Nj tsUk; Ky;iy ky;ypif
Mfpa kyH fSld; NtW gy g+f;fSk; gug;gpa kyHg; gLf;ifapy;
nghypTld; ,Ue;jdH. khjtp> jdJ gue;j caHe;j my;Fypd; Nky;
tpsq;Fk; Milapd; kPJ gts tlkhfpa Nkfiy mire;J xypf;f>
epytpd; gaid mDgtpj;jw;Fupa caHe;j epyh Kw;wj;jpNy> jd;
fhjyDld; $bAk; CbAk; ,d;gk; mspj;jhs;. mts; tpUg;gk;
kpFe;j neQ;rj;Jld; Nfhtyid vjpH Vw;Wj; jOtpdhs;@
mj;jOtyhy; xg;gid Fiya> mjid kPz;Lk; jpUj;jpf;
NfhtyDld; NkYk; NkYk; $b mtDf;F ,d;gk; mspj;jhs;@
jhDk; ,d;gk; EfHe;jhs;.
1.6.5. xg;gid Jwe;j Xtpak;
mk;nrQ; rPwb mzprpyk;G xopa
nkd;Jfpy; my;Fy; Nkfiy ePq;ff;
nfhq;if Kd;wpy; Fq;Fkk; vOjhs;
kq;fy mzpapd; gpwpJmzp kfpohs;
nfhLq;Fio Jwe;J tbe;JtPo; fhjpds;
jpq;fs; ths;Kfk; rpWtpaHg;G ,upar;
nrq;fay; neLq;fz; mQ;rdk; kwg;gg;
gts ths;Ejy; jpyfk; ,og;gj;
jts ths;eif Nfhtyd; ,og;g
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
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Self Instructional Material
ik,Uq; $e;jy; nea;mzp kwg;gf;
ifaW neQ;rj;Jf; fz;zfp md;wpAk;>
mq;Nf khjtpNah NfhtyNdhL kfpo;e;jpUf;f ,q;Nf
fz;zfpNah gpupTj; Jaupy; Mo;e;jpUe;jhs;. fz;zfpapd; mofpa
rpte;j rpwpa ghjq;fs; mzpAk; rpyk;Gfis ,oe;jd@ nkd; Jfpy;
cLj;jpa my;Fyplj;jpypUe;J Nkfyhguzk; ePq;fpaJ. mts;>
nfhq;if Kd;wpypy; Fq;Fkk; g+rtpy;iy@ kq;fy mzpiaj; jtpug;
gpw mzpia tpUk;gtpy;iy@ mtsJ fhJfs; tisthd
Fz;lyj;ijj; Jwe;J jho;e;jd@ jpq;fs; Nghd;w xsp Kfj;jpy;
fztidf; $Lk;NghJ Njhd;Wk; rpW tpaHitAk; ePq;fpaJ@ rpte;j
fay; kPd; mida ePz;l fz;fs; ikapid kwe;jd: gtsk; Nghy;
xsp tpLk; new;wpj; jpyfk; ,oe;jJ. mtsJ RlHkpF Gd;rpupg;igf;
Nfhtyd; ,we;jhd;. mtsJ kpff; fupa $e;jy; nea; mzpjiy
kwe;jJ. fztidg; gpupe;j fz;zfp ,t;thW nrayw;W
tUe;jpdhs.;
1.6.6. kd;kjdpd; fhty;
fhz;tU Ftisf; fz;kyH tpopg;gg;
Gs;tha; KurnkhL nghwpkapH thuzj;J
Ks;tha;r; rq;fk; KiwKiw MHg;g
cuTePHg; gug;gpd; CHj;Japy; vLg;gp
,uTj; jiyg;ngaUk; itfiw fhWk;
miu,Us; ahkj;Jk; gfYk; JQ;rhd;
tpiukyH thspnahL fUg;Gtpy; Ve;jp
kfu nty;nfhb ike;jd; jpupju
efuk; fhty; edprpwe; jJvd;.
md;dk; nkd;dil gapy> Mk;gy; kzk; tPr Njd; kpf;f
eWkzKila rpte;j thiaAk;> FspHr;rp nghUe;jpa fUkzyhfpa
$e;jiyAk; cila ey;y ePH kpf;f ngha;if vd;Dk; klths; fz;
tpopf;fg;> gz;ghLk; tz;bdk; gs;spnaOr;rp ghLk;. moF tha;e;j
Ftisahfpa fz;kyH tpupAk;> gwitfspd; xypahfpa KuRld;>
Gs;spfs; kpf;f rpwifAila Nfhopr; NrtYk;> Ks; Nghd;w $upa
thiaAila rq;Fk; jj;jk; Kiwf;Nfw;g mLj;jLj;J xypf;Fk.;
fly; Nghd;w GfhH efiu ,it vy;yhk; xd;W NrHe;J Japy; vor;
nra;Ak.; ,uT ePq;Fk; itfiw tiuapYk; ,Us; kpf;f es;sputpYk;
xU nehbg;nghOJk; Japyhjtdhf kzk; kpf;f kyH mk;igAk;
fUk;ghfpa tpy;iyAk; Ve;jp kfuk; Mfpa ntw;wpf; nfhbia
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Self Instructional Material
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cila kd;kjd; jpupe;J nfhz;bUe;jhy; me;efupy; kd;kjdpd;
fhty; Ml;rp kpfr; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ.
1.7. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; Njhd;Wtjw;Fupa fhyr;#oiyg; gjpfk; vd;Dk;
gFjpapd; %yk; ehk; mwpe;Njhk.; ciungW fl;Liu %yk; ehk;
Nrud; nrq;Fl;LtDf;Fg; gpwF fz;zfp topghL kw;w ehLfspYk;
tpsq;fpa jpwj;ij mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk.;
1.8. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs;
1. fz;zfp Nfhtyd; jpUkzk; vt;thW eilngw;wJ?
2. Nfhtyd; fz;zfpia vt;thnwy;yhk; Gfo;e;jhd;?
3. khjtpapd; Mly; jpwj;jpidf; fhl;Lf.
4. fztidg; gpupe;j fz;zfpapd; epiyiaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
1.9. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;fs;
1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gypa+Hf;Nfrpfd; (njspTiu) ghup epiyak;>
nrd;id 108> 1993
2. rpyg;gjpfhuk; -Gfhu;f;fhz;lk; eh.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;
ciu nfsuh gjpg;gff;FOkk;> nrd;id-5
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
$$WW .. 22 ,,ssqq;;NNffhhttbbffss;; -- rrppyygg;;ggjjppffhhuukk;; ;; --GGffhhuu;;ff;;ffhhzz;;llkk;; --22 2.1 ,e;jpu tpoT CH vLj;j fhij (fhij – 5)
2.1.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
,Us; mfd;wJ. nghOJ GyHe;jJ. fpof;Nf QhapW Njhd;wpaJ. g+k;GfhH tpohf;Nfhyk; g+z;lJ. khe;jH ,e;jpu tpoh elj;jj; njhlq;fpdH. GfhH efuk; kUt+Hg;ghf;fk;> gl;bdg;ghf;fk; vd ,U gpupTfisAilaJ. kUt+Hg;ghf;fj;jpy; atdH ,Ug;gplq;fSk;> gpwehl;L tzpfH ,Ug;gplq;fSk; tpsq;fpd@ tz;zk;> Rz;zk;> kyH Kjypad tpw;Fk; tPjpAk;> etkzpfs; tpw;Fk; tPjpAk;> ghzH ,Ug;gplq;fSk; mq;Nf jpfo;e;jd. gl;bdg;ghf;fj;jpy; mur tPjpAk;> NtshsH tPjpAk;> fzpifaH tPjpAk; tpsq;fpd. mt;tpU ghf;fq;fSf;F ,ilNa ehsq;fhb vd;Dk; filj;njU mike;jpUe;jJ . ehsq;fhbapy; cs;s g+jj;jpw;F kwf;Fb kfspH g+g;gyp nfhLj;jdH. tPuHfs; ' Nte;jd; tho;f ! vd tho;j;jp tQ;rpdk; $wpj; jw;gypapl;ldH . Nte;jd; tljpir nrd;W ntd;W guprhfg; ngw;W te;j nfhw;wg; ge;jUk;> gl;b kz;lgKk;> Njhuz thapYk; xUq;Nf fhl;rpaspj;j ,lj;Jk; gyp toq;fg;gl;lJ . nts;spil kd;wk;> ,yQ;rp kd;wk;> neLq;fy; kd;wk;> g+j rJf;fk;> ghit kd;wk; Mfpa Itif kd;wq;fspYk; gypfs; jug;gl;ld. tr;rpuf;Nfhl;lj;jpUe;j Kuir Iuhtjf; Nfhl;lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;W> tpohtpd; njhlf;fKk; KbTk; gw;wp mwptpj;jdH. fw;gfj; jUf; Nfhl;lj;jpy; nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ. fhtpupapd; Gdpj ePuhy; ,e;jpuid ePuhl;bdH. rptngUkhd; Kjyhd gpw flTspd; Nfhapy;fspYk; tpohr; nray;fs; eilngw;wd. mwNthH gs;spfspy; mwTiufs; epfo;e;jd. guj;jik xOf;fk; cila fztd;khH tpUe;jpdiu cld; mioj;Jr; nry;y> kidtpaH Cly; jPHe;J $bf; fspj;jdH. ,t;tpd;g ehspy; fz;zfpapd; ,lf;fz; Jbj;jJ@ khjtpapd; tyf;fz; Jbj;jJ. GfhH efuj;J ,e;jputpoh nra;jijg; nghypTld; nrhy;tJ ,e;jpu tpoT CH vLj;j fhij. ,f;fijapy; Gfhupd; GidTk; ,e;jpu tpohtpd; rpwg;G ciuf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;Wg; ghHitapy; ,f; fhij Gfhupd; Cuikg;G ml;ltizahfj; jpfo;fpwJ
2.1.2. nghOJ GyHe;jJ
Gfhupy; flyhfpa MiliaAk; ejpahfpa Kj;jhuKk; Kfpy;
Mfpa $e;jYk; cila epy kle;ijapd; NghHitia tpyf;fp
fjputd; jd; fjpHfisg; gug;gpdhd.; nghOJ GyHe;jJ.
2.1.3. kUt+Hg; ghf;fj;jpd; khz;G
cyFtpsq;F mtpHxsp kyHfjpH gug;gp>
Ntah khlKk;> tpad;fy ,Uf;ifAk;>
khd;fz; fhjyH khspif ,lq;fSk;>
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Self Instructional Material
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fatha; kUq;fpy; fhz;NghHj; jLf;Fk;
gad;mwpT mwpah atdH ,Uf;ifAk;>
fyk;jU jpUtpd; Gyk;ngaH khf;fs;
fye;J,Ue;J ciwAk; ,yq;FePH tiug;Gk;>
tz;zKk; Rz;zKk; jz;eWQ; rhe;jKk;
g+Tk; GifAk; Nktpa tpiuAk;
gfHtdH jpupjU efu tPjpAk;>
gl;bDk; kapupDk; gUj;jp E}ypDk;
fl;Lk; Ez;tpidf; fhUfH ,Uf;ifAk;>
J}Rk; JfpUk; MuKk; mfpYk;
khRmW Kj;Jk; kzpAk; nghd;Dk;
mUq;fy ntWf;ifNahL mse;Jfil mwpah
tsk;jiy kaq;fpa ede;jiy kWFk;>
ghy;tif njupe;j gFjpg; gz;lnkhL
$yk; Ftpj;j $y tPjpAk;>
fhopaH $tpaH fs;nehil ahl;baH
kPd;tpiyg; gujtH nts;cg;Gg; gfUeH
ghrtH thrtH gy;epz tpiyQnuhL
XReH nrwpe;j Cd;kyp ,Uf;ifAk;>
fQ;r fhuUk; nrk;Gnra; FeUk;
kuq;nfhy; jr;rUk; fUq;iff; nfhy;yUk;
fz;Zs; tpidQUk; kz;<l; lhsUk;
nghd;nra; nfhy;yUk; ed;fyk; jUeUk;
Jd;d fhuUk; Njhypd; Jd;dUk;
fpopapDk; fpilapDk; njhopy;gy ngUf;fpg;
gOJ,y; nra;tpidg; ghy;nfO khf;fSk;
FoypDk; ahopDk; Fuy;Kjy; VOk;
tO,d;wp ,irj;J topj;jpwk; fhl;Lk;
mUk;ngwy; kugpd; ngUk;ghz; ,Uf;ifAk;>
rpWFWq; iftpidg; gpwHtpid ahsnuhL
kW,d;wp tpsq;Fk; kUt+Hg; ghf;fKk;>
GfhH efupd; kUt+Hg;ghf;fj;jpy;> epyhKw;wKk; ngupa
mzpfs; itj;j miwfNshL $ba ,lq;fSk;> khdpd; fz;izg;
Nghyj; Jis nra;ag;gl;l fhw;W nry;Yk; rhsuq;fisf; nfhz;l
khspiffSk;> fhz;ghiuj; jk;ik tpl;Lg; Nghf tplhky; jLf;Fk;
gad; nfLjy; mwpahj atdH ,Ug;gplq;fSk; gy tpsq;fpd.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
kuf;fyq;fs; %ykhf tUk; nry;tj;jpw;fhf> jhk; gpwe;j ehl;il
tpl;Lte;j may; ehl;lhH gyUk; xNu ehl;ltiug; Nghyf; fye;J
ciwAk; flw;fiuiar; rhHe;j FbapUg;Gfs; gy mq;F tpsq;fpd.
tz;z tz;zf; Fok;Gk;> Rz;zg; nghbAk;> FspHe;j kzk; kpf;f
re;jdf; fyitAk;> kyHfSk; mfpy; Kjyhd Gifg; nghUs;fSk;
tpw;fg;gLk; tPjpfs; gy mq;F ,Ue;jd. gl;L E}yhYk;> vyp
kapuhYk;> gUj;jp E}yhYk; Ez; njhopy;fis Crpahy; nra;Ak;
iftpidQuhd fhUfH tho;tplq;fs; gy mq;F ,Ue;jd. gl;Lk;>
gtsKk;> re;jdKk;> mfpYk;> khrpyhKj;Jk; gpw kzpfSk;>
nghd;Dk; Mfpa ,it ,t;tsT vd mse;J mwpa KbahjthW
Ftpj;Jf; fplf;Fk; tsk; kpFe;j ,lk; mfd;w tPjpfs; gy mq;F
,Ue;jd. gFjp NtWghL njupe;j gw;gy gz;lq;fSk;> ney;> tuF>
jpid Kjyhd vz;tiff; $yKk; jdpj;jdpahff; Ftpj;J tpw;Fk;
$yf; filj; njUf;fs; gy mq;F ,Ue;jd. gpl;L thzpfUk;>
mg;gk; RLthUk;> fs;is tpw;Fk; tiyr;rpaUk;> kPid tpw;Fk;
gujUk;> ntz;ik epwk; tha;e;j cg;ig tpw;Fk; ckzUk;>
ntw;wpiy tpw;ghUk; gQ;rthrk; tpw;ghUk;> gy;tif Cz; jirfis
tpw;ghUk;> vz;nza; thzpfUk; neUq;fp ciwAk; Cd; kype;j
,Ug;gplq;fs; gy mq;F ,Ue;jd. ntz;fyg; ghj;jpuk; nra;Ak;
fd;dhUk;> nrg;Gg; ghj;jpuk; nra;thUk;> kuj;ij mWj;J Ntiy
nra;Ak; jr;rUk;> typa ifiaAila nfhy;yUk;> rpj;jpuq;fs;
tiuthUk;> kz;zhy; nghk;ik nra;thUk;> nghd;dzp nra;Ak;
jl;lhUk;> ,uj;jpdj; jl;lhUk;> ijay; Ntiy nra;thUk;> Njhiyj;
ijj;J Ntiy nra;Ak; nrk;khUk;> JzpahYk; nel;bahYk;
gytif cUf;fisr; nra;J mofpid kpFj;Jf; fhl;bf; Fw;wkw;w
ifj;njhopy; nra;Ak; gy;NtW ,dj;jhUk; thOk; ,lq;fs; gy
mq;F ,Ue;jd. Foy;> aho; Mfpatw;why; Fuy; Kjyhd
VopiriaAk; Fw;wkpd;wp mikj;Jg; gz;fisAk; jpwq;fisAk;
ghlty;y ngwyUk; ,ir kuG czHe;J ngUk;ghzHfs; ciwAk;
,lq;fs; gy mq;F ,Ue;jd. rpwpa ifj;njhopy; nra;thUk;> gpwH
,l;l gzpiar; nra;thUk; ciwAk; ,lq;fSk; mk;kUt+Hg;
ghf;fj;Nj ,Ue;jd .,t;thwhf g+k;GfhH efuj;jpd; tzpf gFjpahf
kUt+Hg;ghf;fk; khz;Gld; jpfo;e;jJ.
2.1.4. gl;bdg;ghf;fj;jpd; ghd;ik
mur tPjp> NjNuhLk; tPjp> filj;njU> thzpfH khl kWF>
NtjpaH ,Uf;if> cotH> kUj;JtH> NrhjplH Nghd;NwhH
20
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
thOfpd;w ngupa tPjpfs>; #jH> khfjH> ehopiff; fzf;fH> $j;jH>
guj;ijaH> $j;jpaH> FapYtH MfpNahupd; ,Ug;gplq;fs; Fjpiu
tPuH> ahidg; ghfH> tPukwtH MfpNahH thOk; ,Ug;gplq;fisf;
nfhz;ljhfg; gl;bdg;ghf;fk; jpfo;e;jJ.
2.1.5. ,ilepyk;
kUt+Hg;ghf;fk; gl;bdg;ghf;fk; vd;Dk; ,U gFjpf;Fk;
,ilapy; ,Uf;Fk; Nrhiyfspy; tpw;NghH thq;FNthH Muthuk;
,ilawhJ epiy ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ. mJ ,U ngUNte;jH
NghHf;fsk; Nghy Muthuk; kpf;fjhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
2.1.6. Itif kd;wq;fs;
may; ehl;bypUe;J te;j GjpNahH> jk; ngaH vOjpa
milahs vOj;jpid ,yr;rpidahf mikj;j> gy vz;fisAila
nghjpfs; gz;lrhiy thapypy; Ftpe;jpUe;jd. typa jho;,l;l
fjTfisAila muzhfpa fhtiyAk;> mtw;wpw;F
cupikAilNahH fhj;jpUf;Fk; fhtiyAk; mit ePq;fpapUe;jd.
MapDk; mtw;iwf; fsthLNthH csuhapd;> mtH fOj;J typf;fg;
nghjpiaj; jiyapy; Vw;wp itj;Jr; Rkf;fr; nra;J Ciur; Rw;wp
tur;nra;Ak; mq;Fs;s g+jk.; mtHf;F mijtpl NtW jz;lid
jUtjpy;iy. vdNt ,f;fLk; Jd;gj;ij vz;zpf; fsit kdj;jhy;
epidf;fTk; ahUk; mQ;RtH . ,j;jifa g+jk; jq;fpAs;s '
nts;spil kd;wk; ' xd;W Gfhupy; ,Ue;jJ. $dH > FwsH (
Fs;sH )> CikaH> nrtplH> cly; mOFk; njhO NehahsH
MfpNahH KOfp ePuhba mstpNy gOjpy;yhj ey;y Njhw;wj;ijg;
ngw;W tyk; nra;J njhOJ ePq;Fjw;Fupa ngha;ifapidAila '
,yQ;rp kd;wk; xd;Wk; mg;Gfhupy; ,Ue;jJ. tQ;ridahfr; rpyH
kUe;J ju cz;L gpj;NjwpdhUk;> eQ;ir cz;L eLq;FJaH
cw;whUk;> moYk; tplj;ijAila ghk;gpd; $upa gw;fs; mOe;jf;
fbAz;lhUk;> gpJq;fpa fz;izAila Ngahy; fLe; Jd;g
Kw;whUk;> Rw;wp te;J njhOj clNd> mtHjk; Jd;gnkyhk;
ePf;Ffpd;w> xsp nrhupAk; neba fy; ehl;b epw;Fk; ' neLq;fy;
kd;wk; ' xd;Wk; mg;Gfhupy; ,Ue;jJ. jt Ntlj;jpy; kiwe;J jPa
xOf;fj;jpy; <LgLk; Nghyp Ntljhupfs;> kiwe;J jPa newpapy;
nry;Yk; xOf;fkpyh kfspH> murDf;Ff; NfL #Ok; mikr;rH>
gpwH kidtpia tpUk;GNthH> ngha; rhl;rp Gfy;NthH> Gwq;$WNthH
Mfpa ,tHfs; vd; ifapypUf;Fk; ghrj;jplj;J mfg;gLNthuhf!"
vd ehd;F fhjk; Nfl;Fk;gb jdJ fba FuiynaOg;gpa gpd;
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mt;thNw mtHfisg; gw;wpapOj;J epyj;jpy; miwe;J cz;Zk;
g+jk; epw;Fk; ' g+j rJf;f kd;wk;' xd;Wk; mg;Gfhupy; ,Ue;jJ.
murdJ nrq;Nfhyhl;rp rpwpJ khWgbDk;> mwq;$Wk; mitapy;
ePjpAiug;NghH> ePjp EhYf;F khWgl xUghy; rhHe;J ePjp
ciuf;fpDk;> ehthy; xd;Wk; $whJ Jd;gf; fz;zPH nrhupe;J mOk;
ghit epw;Fk; 'ghit kd;wk;' ,d;Wk; mg;Gfhupy; ,Ue;jJ.
tho;f;ifapd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia czHe;j NkNyhuhy; Nghw;wpg;
Gfog;gLk; me;j Itifg;gl;l kd;wq;fspYk; kf;fs; mupa gypapl;L
topgl;ldH .
2.1.7. ,e;jputpoh mwptpg;G
tr;rpuf; Nfhl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; kq;fy Kuirf; fr;rzpe;j
ahidapd; gplupapNy Vw;wp > J}a ntz;ik epwk; cila
ahidfl;nfy;yhk; murdhfpa Iuhtjk; vd;Dk; ahid epw;Fk;
Nfhapypy; nrd;W ,e;jpu tpohtpd; njhlf;fk; KbT Mfpa
epfo;r;rpfis Kuriwe;J njuptpj;jdH. Iuhtjk; vd;Dk;
Nfhl;lj;jpdpd;Wk; njhlq;fp efH KOtJk; Kuriwag;gLk;. mt;thW
nra;tJ > Iuhtjk; ,e;jpuidf; nfhzHjw;F vd;gH. gpd; ,e;jpud;
Nfhapypy; ( jUepiyf; Nfhl;lj;jpy; ) ml;l kq;fyj;NjhL Iuhtjk;
jPl;lg;gl;l neLq;nfhbiaj; njhlf;f tpohTf;F mwpFwpahf thDw
Vw;wpdH. kufjk;> tapuk; Mfpa kzpfs; itj;Jg; gjpj;j gtsj;
J}z;fSld; $ba jpz;izfisAilad neLepiy khspiffs;.
mtw;wpd; thapy;NjhWk; gz;nrwpe;j nfhk;igAk;> Kj;Jr; rpg;gpapd;
mq;fhe;j thapdpd;Wk; gpwe;j xsp Kj;Jf;fisAk; cila ml;l
kq;fyq;fs; nghwpj;j> tisj;j khiy tbthfr; nra;ag;gl;l kfu
Njhuzq;fs; tpsq;fpd. Fw;wk; VJk; ,y;yhj gRk;nghd;dhyhd
g+uz Fk;gq;fSk; nghypthd Kisg; ghypifAk;> ghit tpsf;Fk;>
gRk;nghw; nfhbAk; mofpa nghw; Rz;zKk; tPjpnaq;Fk; neUq;fpg;
nghUe;jpapUe;jd. Ik;ngUq; FOitr; rhHe;NjhUk;> vz;Nguhaj;ijr;
rhHe;NjhUk;> mur FkuUk;> tdpff; FkuUk; tpiue;J nry;Yk;
Fjpiuapduha; ahidj; njhFjpapduha; NkNy gha;e;J nry;Yk;
g+l;ba Njupduha; xU Nru neUq;fp te;J> Gfo;ngw;w jk; murd;
Nkd;ikailAk; nghUl;Lg; g+k;GfhH efuplj;Nj “Gfo; kpf
murhSk; kd;dd; ntw;wp ngWthdhf!” vd tho;j;jpdH . gpd;>
kpfg;ngupa ,t;Tyfj;jpy; epiy ngw;w capHfisf; fhf;Fk; FWepy
kd;dHfspy; Xuhapuj;njl;L kd;dHfs; FspHe;j kzKs;s fhtpupapd;
g+e;jhJ epiwe;j ngupa Jiwf;Fr; nrd;W ey;y Gz;zpa ePiug;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nghd;Flj;jpy; Ve;jpf; nfhz;L te;J ju> mt;itk;ngUq;FOtpdH
KjyhNdhH> kz;ZyNfhH kUs > tpz;ZyNfhu; tpaf;fj; NjtHf;F
murdhd ,e;jpudpd; jpUTUit kQ;rd ePuhl;bdH.
2.1.8. fz;zfpapd; fUq;fz;Zk; khjtpapd; neLq;fz;Zk;
fs;cf eLq;Fk; fOePH Nghyf;
fz;zfp fUq;fZk; khjtp nrq;fZk;
cs;epiw fue;Jmfj;J xspj;JePH cFj;jd
vz;ZKiw ,lj;jpDk; tyj;jpDk; Jbj;jd
,t;thwhf GfhH efuk; ,e;jpu tpohtpw;fhf kfpo;e;jpUe;j
Ntisapy; mfk; vy;yhk; epiwe;J NkNy tope;J Njd; nrhupAk;
kyH Nghy ,e;jpuh tpohtpd; filrp ehspy; fz;zfpapd;
fUq;fz;Zk; khjtpapd; nrq;fz;Zk; jk; cs;sj;Nj epiwe;j
Fwpg;gpid kiwj;J ePH nrhupe;jd. fz;zfp ,lf;fz;Zk;
khjtpapd; tyf;fz;Zk; Jbj;jd. ngz;fspd; ,lf;fz; Jbj;jy;
ed;ikf;Fk; tyf;fz; Jbj;jy; jPikf;Fk; mwpFwp. ,q;Nf gpupe;j
fztid tpiutpy; fz;zfp milag; Nghfpwhs; Mjypd; ed;
epkpj;jkhf mtsJ ,lJ fz; Jbj;jJ. khjtp Nfhtyidg; gpupag;
Nghfpwhs; Mjypd; jP epkpj;jkhf mtsJ tyJ fz; Jbj;jJ.
2.2. flyhL fhij (fhij – 6)
2.2.1 fhijr;RUf;fk;
',kakiyapd; tlNrbapy; thOk; tpQ;irad;> GfhH efuj;J
,e;jpu tpohtpidf; fhz tpUk;gpf; fhjypAld; Gwg;gl;lhd;. fq;if.
cr;rapdp> tpe;jk;> Ntq;flk;> fhtpup Kjyhdtw;iwf; fhjypf;Ff;
fhl;bf; fhtpupg; g+k;gl;bdj;ij mile;jhd; . khjtp Mba Mliyj;
JiztpAld; fz;L kfpo;Tw;whd; . ,e;jpu tpoh Kbe;jJ. Nfhtyd;
ntWg;Gw;wpUe;jhd;. tUj;jk; ePq;Fk; tz;zk; jd;id xg;gid
nra;J nfhz;L mtid kfpo;tpj;jhs; khjtp. nghOJ GyHtjd;
Kd; ,UtUk; tPjpfs; gytw;iwf; fle;J flw;fiu nrd;wdH. mur
FkuUk;> nry;tUk; jk; fhjypaUld; mq;Fj; jpuz;ldH. NfhtyDk;
khjtpAk; jhiofs; Ntypahfr; #o;e;j Gd;id ku epoypy;> rpj;jpuj;
jpiuahy; tisj;j miwapy; ntz;fhy; fl;bypy; mkHe;jpUe;jdH.
mg;NghJ tre;jkhiyapd; ifapypUe;j ahopid khjtp thq;fpdhs.;
2.2.2.tpQ;irad; fhjypAld; tUif
ehujd; tPiz eak;njup ghlYk;
Njhupa kle;ij thuk; ghlYk;
Mapuk; fz;Nzhd; nrtpafk; epiwa
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
ehlfk; cUg;grp ey;fhs; Mfp
kq;fyk; ,og;g tPiz kz;kpirj;
jq;Ff ,ts;vdr; rhgk; ngw;w
kq;if khjtp topKjy; Njhd;wpa
mq;FmuT my;Fy; MlYk; fhz;FJk;>
xU fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpud; mitapy; CHtrp Mbdhs;. Mdhy;
ehuj Kdptdpd; ,dpa aho; ,irg; ghlYk;> Njhupa kle;ij ghba
thug; ghlYk; ,e;jpudpd; nrtp FspUk;gb> mts; Mly; nghUe;jp
mikatpy;iy! mtNsh mitapy; ,Ue;j ,e;jpud; kfd; rae;jd;
kPJ fhjy; nfhz;L neQ;rope;J> epiwaope;J ehzope;J
jLkhwpdhs;. mj; jLkhw;wk; ntl;l ntspr;rkhfj; njupAk;gb fyf
ehujH euk;G mjpu thrpj;jhH. ,UtH nraiyAk; mwpe;j mfj;jpaH
'aho; kq;fyk; ,og;gjhf! ' vdTk;> 'CHtrp kz;Zyfpy;
gpwg;ghshf' vdTk; rgpj;jhH. mjd;gb CHtrp fzpifaH kugpNy
khjtpahfg; gpwe;jhs;@ me;j khjtpapd; kugpNy Njhd;wpa ghk;gpd;
glk; Nghd;w my;FiyAila khjtp vd;Dk; ehlff; fzpifapd;
MliyAk; mg;Gfhupy; fz;L kfpo;Nthk; ehk;! " nre;epw
cjl;ilAk; rpte;j thiaAk; cLf;ifNghYk; ,iliaAk;
cilatNs! ,d;ndhd;W Nfs;! mq;F g+irf;Fupa mkuH
jiytidf; fz;L tzq;fp kfpo;Nthk; ehk;! cr;rpfNshL $ba
,ka kiyiaAk;> tsk;kpf;f ePiuAila fq;ifahw;iwAk;> mofpa
cQ;ir efiuAk;> tpe;jpa kiyiaAk; mjidr; #o;e;j
fhl;ilAk;> jpUNtq;fl kiyiaAk; epyk; nghwhj
tpisnghUs;fisAil fhtpup ghAk; Nrho ehl;ilAk; jd;
fhjypf;Ff; fhl;b> gpd;dH kyHfs; kyHe;J tpsq;Fk;
Njhl;lq;fisAila GfhH efiuaile;jhd;. mile;J > Kd;
nrhd;d Kiwg;gb ehsq;fhbg; g+jk;> Itif kd;wk; Kjypatw;iwj;
njhOJ Jiztpf;Ff; fhl;b> mtisAk; njhOkhW nra;jhd;. gpd;
tsk; ngUfpa mk; %J}upy; eilngWk; ,e;jpu tpohtpidf; fz;L
kfpo;e;J jd; fhjypf;Ff; fhl;bdhd.;
2.2.3. khjtp Mba gjpndhU tif Mly;fs;
khNahd; ghzpAk; tUzg; g+jH
ehy;tifg; ghzpAk; eyk;ngW nfhs;if
thd;CH kjpaKk; ghbg; gpd;dHr;
rPH,ay; nghypa ePHmy ePq;fg;
ghujp Mba ghujp muq;fj;Jj;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
jpupGuk; vupaj; NjtH Ntz;l
vupKfg; NgHmk;G Vty; Nfl;g
cikats; xUjpwd; Mf Xq;fpa
,ikatd; Mba nfhLnfhl;b MlYk;>
NjHKd; epd;w jpirKfd; fhzg;
ghujp Mba tpad;ghz;l uq;fKk;>
fQ;rd; tQ;rk; flj;jw; fhf
mQ;rd tz;zd; Mba MlYs;
my;ypaj; njhFjpAk;> mTzd; fle;j
ky;ypd; MlYk;> khf;fly; eLtz;
ePHj;jpiu muq;fj;J epfHj;JKd; epd;w
#Hj;jpwk; fle;Njhd; Mba JbAk;>
giltPo;j;J mTzH igAs; va;jf;
FiltPo;j;J mtHKd; Mba FilAk;>
thzd; Ng&H kWfpil ele;J
ePs;epyk; mse;Njhd; Mba FlKk;>
Mz;ik jpupe;j ngz;ikf; Nfhyj;Jf;
fhkd; Mba Ngb MlYk;>
fha;rpd mTzH fLe;njhopy; nghwhms;
khats; Mba kuf;fhy; MlYk;>
nrUntk; Nfhyk; mTzH ePq;fj;
jpUtpd; nra;Nahs; Mba ghitAk;>
tay;cio epd;W tlf;F thapYs;
mapuhzp kle;ij Mba filaKk;>
mtutH mzpAld; mtutH nfhs;ifapd;
epiyAk; gbjKk; ePq;fh kugpd;
gjpNdhH MlYk; ghl;bd; gFjpAk;
tpjpkhz; nfhs;ifapd; tpsq;ff; fhzha;
jpUkhiy tho;j;Jk; NjtghzpAk;> tUz g+jh; ehy;tiuAk;
tho;j;Jfpd;w ehy;tifj; NjtghzpAk;> gy;YapUk; jd; FspHr;rpahy;
ed;ik ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; nfhs;ifAld; thdpNy CHe;J
nry;Yk; jpq;fisg; ghLk; NjtghzpAk; ghb MLk; khjtpiag; ghH!
| jg;Gj; jhsq;fs; ePq;f > nghUj;jkhd jhs . ,ay;G nghypT
ngwg; ghujp igutp muq;fk; vdg; ngaH ngw;w RLfhl;bNy> NjtH>
jpupGuj;ij vupf;f Ntz;bajhy;> vup Kf mk;G Vtg;gl;Lr; nray;
Kbj;j mstpNy> cikats; xU gf;fk; tpsq;f caHe;j
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
rptngUkhd; ntw;wpf; fspg;ghy; Mb mUspa nfhL nfhl;b vDk;
Mliy MLk; khjtpiag; ghH! Njupd; Kd;dplj;J epd;w ehd;Kfd;
fhZkhW ghujp tbtkhfpa ,iwtd; ntz;zPW mzpe;J Mba
ghz;luq;ff; $j;ij epfo;j;Jk; khjtpiag; ghH! fQ;rdpd;
tQ;ridia nty;Yk; nghUl;Lf; fupa epwj;Njhdhfpa khNahd;
Mba my;ypaj; njhFjpia MLk; khjtpiag; ghH fQ;rdhy;
Vtg;gl;l tQ;r ahidapd; nfhk;ig xbj;jw;F khNahd; Mba
Mly; my;ypaj; njhFjp MLk; khjtpiag; ghH! thzhRud; vd;Dk;
mRuid nty;Yk; nghUl;L > mQ;rdtz;zd; ky;ydhfp Mba
ky;yhly; $j;jpid MLk; khjtpiag; ghH! fupa flypd; eLtpNy
ePupd; miyiaNa muq;fkhff; fUjp epd;W > vjpHj;J Kd;dpd;w
#ugj;kdpd; R+o;r;rpia mwpe;J mtid ntd;w KUfd; ntw;wpf;
fspg;ghy; Mba Jb nfhl;b rha;j;J vd;Dk; $j;ij epfo;j;Jk;
khjtpiag; ghH! KUfd; jd; Filiar; rha;j;J rha;j;J Mba
Filf; $j;jpid epj;jJk; khjtpiag; ghH! neba g+kpia XH
mbahNy jhtp mse;j khNahd; Flk; nfhz;L Mba Flf; $j;ij
epfo;j;Jk; khjtpiag; ghH! " Mz;ikj; jd;ik jpupe;j ngz;ikf;
Nfhyj;NjhL fhkd; Mba Ngbf; $j;ij epfo;j;Jk; khjtpiag; ghH!
“ kpf;f rpdKila mRuupd; tQ;rff;nfhLe; njhopiyg;
nghwhjtsha;j; JHf;if kuf;fhs; nfhz;L Mba kuf;fhy; $j;ij
epfo;j;Jk; khjtpiag; ghH! " jpUkfs; nfhy;ypg;ghit tbTld;
Mba ghitf; $j;ijg; ghq;Fw epfo;j;Jk; khjtpiag; ghH ! “
,e;jpuhzp vd;Dk; nja;t eq;if filrpaH ( cotH ) tbT
nfhz;L Mba filaf; $j;ij epfo;j;Jk; khjtpiag; ghH ! "
,q;qdk; $wg;gl;l mtutH mzpfSlDk; > mtutH
nka;g;ghLfSlDk; epd; whlYk;> tPo;e;jhlYk; Mfpa ePq;fh
kugpndhL nghUe;jpa gjpndhU tif Mly;fSk; mtw;wpw;Nfw;w
ghly; $WghLfisAk; tpsq;ff; fhz;ghahf ! md;W tlNrbapy;
Njd; rpe;Jk; g+k;nghopypypUe;jNghJ ehd; nrhd;d cUg;grpahfpa
khjtp kugpNy te;j khjtp ,tNs fhz;" vdf; fhjypf;Ff; $wpj;
jhDk; fz;L fspj;jhd; Nkd;ik nghUe;jpa rpwg;Gila
mt;tpQ;irad;.
2.2.4. khjtpapd; moFf; Nfhyk;
tpz;ztH jk;ikg; gpwH mwpahjthW fue;J te;J fhZk;
,e;jpu tpohTk;> khjtpapd; MlYk; ghlYk; KbTw;wd. mtsJ
Mly; rpwg;Gg; gpwiuf; ftUkhW mike;jjhy; Nfhtyd; rw;Nw
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Cly; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mtdJ Cliyg; Nghf;f vz;zpa khjtp
jd;idg; gythW xg;gid nra;J nfhz;lhs;. gj;Jtifj;
JtupdhYk;> Ie;J tif tpiuapdhYk; Kg;gj;jpuz;L tif
XkhypifahYk; Cwitj;j ey;y ePuhNy thr nea; Nja;j;j kdk;
fkOk; jd; $e;jiy ePuhl;bj; J}a;ik nra;jhs;. gpd;
mfpw;Gifa+l;b <uk; Nghf;fpdhs;@ fUq;$e;jiy Ie;J tifahf
tFj;J tifNjhWk; fj;Jhupf; Fok;G Cl;bdhs;@ mofpa rpte;j
rpwpa mbfspy; nrk;gQ;Rf; Fok;gpid vOjpdhs;@ ed;ik kpf;f
nky;ypa tpuy;fspy; kfutha; Nkhjpuq;fis mzpe;jhs;. fhy;fspy;
ghjrhyk;> rpyk;G> ghlfk;> rjq;if vd;Dk; mzpfisg;
nghUj;jkhf mzpe;jhs;> Fwq;F nrwp vd;Dk; mzpfisj;
Jilfspy; nrwpj;jhs;@ ngupa Kj;Jf; Nfhitfs; Kg;gj;jpuz;lhy;
nra;j tpuprpif vd;Dk; mzpAld; $ba Nkfiyia moF
tpsq;FkhW ,ilapy; cLj;jpf; nfhz;lhs;. mofpa fz;lruk;
vd;Dk; mzpAld; NrHj;Jf; fl;ba Kj;Jtisiaj; NjhSf;F
mzpe;jhs;. Kfg;gpy; fl;ba khzpf;fj;Jld; tapuq;fs; gjpf;fg;gl;l
rpj;jpu Ntiyg;ghLila flfKk;> rpte;j nghd;dhyhd tisaYk;>
etkzpfs; gjpj;j tisaYk;> rq;F tisaYk;> gy;NtWgl;l gto
tisay;fSk; vd;Dk; ,tw;iw mofpa kapiuAila Kd;
iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhf mzpe;jhs;. this kPdpd; gpse;j thiag;
Nghd;w Klf;F NkhjpuKk;> xspkpf;f nre;epwk; tpsq;Fk; khzpf;fk;
gjpj;j NkhjpuKk;> gf;fj;Nj tise;J miy miyahf xsptpLk;
tapuk; #o;e;j kufjkzpj;jhs; nrwpAk; vd;Dk; ,tw;iwf; fhe;js;
kyH Nghd;w nky;ypa tpuy;fs; kiwAkhW mzpe;jhs;.
tPurq;fpypAk; Ez;zpa rq;fpypAk; nghd; ruLk; > Gidag;gl;l
njhopy;fisAila gpw mzpfSk; Mfpatw;iw mofpa fOj;jpNy
Kj;jhuj;Jld; mzpe;J nfhz;lhs;. rq;fpypfspd; nfhf;fpapdpd;Wk;
jho;e;j> tpUg;gk; jUk; Jha Kj;jpdhyhd NfhitahdJ mtsJ
KJif kiwj;jpUe;jJ . Kfg;gpy; fl;bd ,e;jpu ePyj;jpd;
,ilapilNa jpuz;l tapuj;jhy; fl;lg;gl;L moF ngw;w Fjk;ig
vd;Dk; mzpia tbe;j fhjpdplj;Nj moFw mzpe;J nfhz;lhs; .
rPNjtpnad;Dk; nja;t cj;jpNahL tyk;Gupr; rq;Fk; njha;afk;
Gy;yfk; vd;gdTk; njhlHe;J xd;whd jiy mzpiaf; fupa ePz;l
jd; $e;jy; moF ngWkhW mzpe;J nfhz;lhs; . ,j;jifa
NguoFld; te;j khjtp $lYk; ClYkhff; NfhtyDf;F ,d;gk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mspf;fg; gLg;gjw;nfd;Nw mike;j Nrf;ifahfpa
gs;spaiwapNy ,Ue;jhs;.
2.2.5. flyhlr; nrd;w NfhtyDk; khjtpAk;
epiwkjp ehs; te;jJ. kf;fs; fly; MLtjw;fhfg;
Ngha;f;nfhz;bUe;jdH. jhis> Gd;id Nrhiyfis cila
flw;fiuapypUe;J fly; tpisahl;ilf; fhz;gjw;fhf jhDk;
mtNshL Nghf tpUk;gp Nfhtyid Ntz;bdhs; khjtp. mtDk;
cld;gl;lhd.; ngha;ifapy; jhkiu kyupy; cs;s gwitfs;
tha;tpl;Lg; Gyk;g itfiwg; nghOJ vd;gjidf; Nfhopfs; $wp
mwptpf;f thdj;jpy; Kisj;j nts;sp ,Uis tpyf;f khiy
mzpe;j khHgpid cila NfhtyDld; khjtpAk; Gwg;gl;lhs;.
Nfhtyd; mur thfdkhfpa xU [hjpf; Fjpiu tz;bapy; Vwpdhd.;
khd; Nghd;w ghHitAila khjtpNah %L tz;b xd;wpy; Vwpdhs.;
mtHfs; gy;NtW jilfisAk; jhz;bf; fle;J nrd;W nea;jy;
epyj;J flw;fiur; rhiyia mile;jdH. mq;Nf fz;izf; ftUk;
tz;z tpsf;Ffs; vupe;J nfhz;bUe;jd flypy; nry;Yk;
kuf;fyq;fis topfhl;Lk; fyq;fiu tpsf;fKk; XLk; kPd;fisj;
jLj;Jg; gpbf;Fk; tiyAila kPdtH kPd;gpbg; glfpy; itj;j
tpsf;FfSk; nkhop NtWgl;l gpwehl;bdu; itj;j tPjptpsf;FfSk;>
kpfg;ngUk; gz;lrhiy fhg;NghH itj;j tpsf;FfSk; Mf nea;jy;
epyg; gFjp tpsf;Ffshy; epuk;gpapUe;jJ. nea;jy;epy flw;fiuia
mile;j khjtp jd; tpisahl;Lj; NjhopaUld; tpisahl tpUk;gp
nrd;whs.; khjtp kl;Lkd;wp mur FkuUk; mtHjk; cupik kfspUk;
tzpf FkuUk; mtHjhd; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l Ma kfspUk; Mly;
kfspUk; ghly; kfspUk; Mfpa ,tHfspd; $l;lKk; flw;fiuia
mile;jd. mg;nghOJ flypd; ehw;wj;ijg; Nghf;fp> ntz; kzy;
gug;gpy; Gd;idku epoypy; rpj;juj;ij cila jpiur;rPiyia
Rw;wpYk; Nru tisj;Jf; fl;b Nky; tpjhdKk; ,lg;gl;l ahid
je;jj;jhy; Md fhy;fisAila fl;bypd; kPJ mku;e;j ePz;l
mofpa fz;fisAila khjtp tre;jkhiyapd; ifapypUe;j
ey;y ahopidr; nrt;tNd thq;fp NfhtyDld; kfpo;r;rpahf
,Ue;jhs;
2.3 fhdy; tup (fhij – 7) 2.3.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
ahioj; njhOJ thq;fpa khjtp ,iria vOg;gpg; ghHj;J >
Fw;wkpd;ikiaf; fz;lwpe;J > mjidf; Nfhtydplk; je;jhs;.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
mtd; fhtpup Mw;iwAk; flw;fiur; NrhiyiaAk; ikakhf itj;J
tupg; ghly;fis ahopy; ,irj;Jg; ghbdhd;. jiytd; jiytpaH
jk; fsnthOf;fk; czHj;Jk; mfg;nghUs; Jiw mike;j
ghly;fis mtd; ghl> mtw;iwj; jtwhfg; Gupe;J nfhz;lhs;
khjtp. ' ,td; ghba ghly;fspy; xU Fwpg;G cz;L! ,td;
NtnwhUj;jpaplk; kaq;fpdhd; NghYk;! ' vdf; fUjpa mts;>
ahioj; jhd; thq;fpdhs;. jd;Ds;sj;Nj NtnwhU Fwpg;G ,y;iy
nad;whYk;> mg;gb xU Fwpg;Gj; Njhd;WkhW> mtSk; fhdy; tupg;
ghly;fisg; ghbdhs;. ahopir Nky; Co; te;J jhf;f> Nfhtyd;
kdk; jpupe;jJ! 'khag; ngha; gy cila Fyj;jpNy
gpwe;jtshjypd;> mf;Fyj;jpw;F Vw;gNt ghbdhs;! ' vdf; fUjp
mtis mizj;j ifia nefpo;j;jhd;. VtyH #o;e;Jtu>
khjtpia tpl;L ePq;fpdhd;. kdk; tUe;jpa khjtp jdpNa
tz;bapNywpf; fhjyd; ,d;wp kid GFe;jhs; .
2.3.2. fhtpupiag; Gfo;e;j Nfhtyd;
jpq;fs; khiy ntz;Filahd; nrd;dp nrq;Nfhy; mJxr;rpf;
fq;if jd;idg; GzHe;jhYk; Gytha; thop fhNtup.
fq;if jd;idg; GzHe;jhYk; GythJ xopjy; fay;fz;zha;.
kq;if khjH ngUq;fw;Gvd;W mwpe;Njd; thop fhNtup.
kd;Dk; khiy ntz;Filahd;tisahr;nrq;Nfhy; mJXr;rpf;
fd;dp jd;idg; GzHe;jhYk; Gytha; thop fhNtup.
fd;dp jd;idg; GzHe;jhYk; GythJ xopjy; fay;fz;zha;.
kd;Dk; khjH ngUq;fw;Gvd;W mwpe;Njd; thop fhNtup.
cotH Xij kjFXij cilePH Xij jz;gjq;nfhs;
tpotH Xij rpwe;JMHg;g ele;jha; thop fhNtup.
tpotH Xij rpwe;JMHg;g ele;j vy;yhk; tha;fhth
kotH Xij tstd;jd; tsNd thop fhNtup.
rpj;jpuq;fs; jPl;lg; gl;l ciuapy; ,lg;gl;bUe;j mofpa
ahopidf; ifapnyLj;j khjtp mjidr; RUjp $l;b ,ir
vOg;gpdhs.; me;j Ntisapy; Vtpa gb nra;Ntd; ek; gzp ahJ
vdf; Nfl;l Nfhtyd; ifapNyNa ahopid ePl;bdhs;; khjtp.
mtDk; fhtpupiaf; fUjpf; flw;fiuiaf; fUjp tupg; ghly;fis
mts; kdk; kfpOkhW ghlj; njhlq;fpdhd;.
2.3.3. Nfhtyd; fhtpupia Nehf;fpg; ghbait
khiy mzpe;j KOkjpNghYk; ntz;FiliaAilatd;
Nrhod; mtd; jd; nrq;Nfhiyr; nrYj;jpf; fq;ifiaf; $bdhYk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
eP mtid ntWg;gjpy;iy! mjdhy; eP tho;thahf> fhNtup!
fq;ifia mtd; GzHe;jhYk; mtid eP ntWf;fhk ypUg;gjw;Ff;
fhuzk; fay; fz;zha;! khjupd; epiyngw;w ngUq; fw;gpd;
jd;ikNa vd;gjid ehd; mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;> thop fhNtup! “
epiyj;j Gfo;khiy #ba> ntz; nfhw;wf; FiliaAilatd;
NrhoNte;jd;. mtd; vd;Wk; tisahj jd; nrq;Nfhiyr; nrYj;jpf;
Fkupiag; GzHe;jhdhapDk; eP mtid ntWf;fhkypUf;fpwha; !
mjdhy; eP tho;thahf fhNtup! fd;dpahfpa Fkupia mtd;
GzHe;jhYk;> eP mtid ntWf;fhkypUg;gjw;F fhuzk; fay;
fz;zha; ! khjupd; epiyngw;w ngUq; fw;gpd; jd;ikNa vd;gjid
ehd; mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;> thop fhNtup! “GJg;Gdy; ngUfp te;jJ
fz;L cotH kfpo;r;rpahy; MHg;gupf;Fk; XirAk;> ePH kjfpNy
nry;tjhy; cz;lhFk; ,irAk;> fiufisAk;> tug;GfisAk;
cilj;Jg; gha;fpd;w ePupd; XirAk;> GJg;Gdy; tpohf; nfhz;lhLk;
kf;fspd; gytif XirAk; ,UGwKk; rpwe;J xypf;f> eP ele;J
nry;gts; ! Mjypd; eP tho;thahf! fhNtup! eP mq;qdk; ele;j
nranyy;yhk; murdplj;ijf; fhty; nra;aTk; Ntz;lhikf;Ff;
fhuzkhd tPuupd; NghH xOf;fj;ijAila Nrho Nte;jdpd; Ml;rpr;
rpwg;NgahFk; vd;gjid ehd; mwpe;Njd;> ePAk; mwpthahf! thop>
fhNtup! " vd;W Nfhtyd; ghbdhd.; ,t;thwhf Muthukha;
Nfhtyd; ahopir ghl khjtpNah khwhfg; nghUs; nfhz;lhs;.
Nfhtyd; NtW fd;dpaiu mzpe;J te;jhYk; khjtp Mfpa jhd;
Gyj;jy; MfhJ vd Nfhtyd; $Wfpd;whd; vd;W khjtp
vz;zpdhs; .
2.3.4. jpq;fNsh $w;wNkh mzq;Nfh
fay;vOjp tpy;vOjpf; fhHvOjpf; fhkd;
nray;vOjpj; jPHe;jKfk; jpq;fNsh fhzPH.
jpq;fNsh fhzPH jpkpy;tho;eH rPW}Hf;Nf
Nfhtyd; njhlHe;J GUtk; vd tpy;iyAk; $e;jy; vd fupa
Nkfj;ijAk; vOjp mtw;Wld; vd;id tUj;Jk; fhkj;ij
cz;lhf;Fk; fhkNjtdpd; njhopiyAk; vOjp ,iwtd; Kbj;j
Kfk; jpq;fNsh fhzPH mofpa ,lj;ijAila thdj;jpNy ,Ug;gpd;
ghk;G ftUk; vd;W mQ;rp kPd;gpbg; glfpdhy; tho;gtupd; te;J
kiwe;J thOk; jpq;fNsh fhzPH. flw;fiuapy; miyfs; vwpAk;
toq;f mjw;F mQ;rp ,Ugf;fKk; NghLk; FUjpf; fiw nghUe;jpa
Nty; nghUe;jpa fz;iz cilats; nfhba $w;wkhf nky;ypay;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
cila xU ngz;zpd; cUtpy; te;jJ fhzPH. Gyhy; ehWk; kPd;
mJ ntspNa tUk; gwitia Xl;b jd;idf; fz;ltH jk; kdjpy;
fhkNehiar; nra;J tUj;Jk; mzq;F fhzPH. mLk;gpd; kyHfs;
nghUe;jpa flw;fiur; Nrhiyapy; rupe;j nky;ypa $e;jiyAila
xU ngz; tbT nfhz;l Mdhy; vy;yhNk vd;idj; Jd;GWj;j
vd;W ghLfpwhd;.
2.3.5. khjtp jtwhf vz;Zjy;
fhdy;tupg; ghly;Nfl;l
khd;neLq;fz; khjtpAk;
kd;Dk;XH Fwpg;Gcz;L,td;
jd;epiy kaq;fpdhd;vdf;
fytpahy; kfpo;e;jhs;Nghy;
Gytpahy; aho;thq;fpj;
jhDk;XH Fwpg;gpds;Nghy;
fhdy;tupg; ghly;ghzp
epyj;nja;tk; tpag;Gva;j
ePs;epyj;NjhH kdk;kfpof;
fyj;njhL GzHe;Jmike;j
fz;lj;jhy; ghlj;njhlq;Fk;kd;.
Nfhtyd; ahopir Nfl;Lg; ghba fhdy;tupg; ghl;Lfis khd;
Nghd;w neba fz;fisAila khjtp Nfl;lhs;. ,td; cs;sj;Nj
NtW xU khjpidg; gw;wpa epiyngw;w Fwpg;G nghUSk; cs;sJ.
,td; jd; jd;ikapNy NtWgl;lhs; vdf; fUjpdhy; mtDld;
$Lk; nghOJ kfpOk; msT mtd; ghly; Nfl;L kfpo;e;jtH Nghy
Gwj;Nj fhl;b mfj;jpNy clNyhL Nfhtydplk; ,Ue;j ahioj;
jd; ifapy; thq;fpdhs;. thq;fp jhDk; NtW Fwpg;gpds; Nghy;
mtDf;Fj; Njhd;WkhW fhdy; tupg; ghly;fs; vd;Dk; ,irg;
ghly;fis nja;tk; tpag;gila ngupa cyfj;jpy; cs;s mtH
kdk; kfpo ,irAld; ,uz;lwf; fye;J jd; ,dpa Fuyhy; ghlj;
njhlq;fpdhs;.
2.3.6. khjtp fhtpupia Nehf;fpg; ghbait
,Ugf;fk; tz;Lfs; kpf;nfhypf;f> mofpa g+thil NghHj;J>
fupa fay;NghYk; fz; tpopj;J mire;J ele;jid! fhNtup eP
tho;thahf' fUq;fay; NghYk; fz;fis tpopj;J mq;qdk;
espdkhf mire;J ele;j nraYf;nfy;yhk; fhuzk;> epd;
fztdhd NrhoNte;jupd; jpUe;J nrq;Nfhy; tisahikNa
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
vd;gjid mwpe;Njd;! fhNtup> eP tho;thahf! MltH nrk;ik newp
epd;why;jhd; ngz;zpd; fw;Gr; rpwf;Fk; vd;gjid tpsf;ff;
fhtpupia xU ngz;zhf cUtfpj;Jg; ghbdhs;> g+f;fs; epiwe;j
Nrhiyapy; kapy;fs; kfpoe;J Ml> Fapy;fs; tpUk;gp ,ir ghl>
tpUg;gk; nghUe;jpa khiyfs; mUNf mira ele;jha; fhNtup> eP
tho;thahf' mt;thW ele;jjw;nfy;yhk; fhuzk;> epd; fztdhd
Nrho Nte;jdJ giftHf;F mr;rk; jUk; Ntypd; Mw;wy;
ePz;ljhNyjhd; vd;gjid ehd; mwpe;Njd.; fhNtup > eP tho;thahf!|
“epd; fztdhd Nrhodpd; tsehL kfthf> eP mjid tsHf;Fk;
jhahfp CopNjhWk; elj;jp tUfpd;w NgUjtpia xUNghJk;
epWj;jpajpy;iy" . fhNtup> eP tho;thahf! eP mq;qdk; fhj;J
tUtjw;Ff; fhuzk; capHfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; Mizr; rf;fuj;ijr;
nrYj;Jk; Nrho khkd;ddpd; eLT epiyik gpwohj jd;ikNa
md;Nwh? fhNtup> eP tho;thahf! " epy cyf Kj;Jf;F
,izahFNkh miyfly; Kj;J? vd;W ghba khjtp njhlHe;J>
jk;Kila jz;zspAk; jhKk;jk; khd;NjUk;
vk;ik epidahJ tpl;lhNuh tpl;Lmfy;f
mk;nkd; ,zu mLk;Gfhs; md;dq;fhs;
ek;ik kwe;jhiu ehk;kwf;f khl;Nlkhy;.
vd;W khjtp ghl mJ Nfhtyd; cs;sj;jpy; CLUtpg; gha;e;J
ijj;jJ.
2.3.7. Nfhtyd; khjtpiag; gpupjy;
fhdy;tup ahd;ghlj; jhd;xd;wpd;Nky; kdk;itj;J
khag;ngha; gy$l;Lk; khaj;jhs; ghbdhs;vd
aho;,irNky; itj;Jj;jd; Co;tpidte;J cUj;jJMfypd;
ctTcw;w jpq;fs;Kfj;jhisf; ftTf;if nQfpo;e;jddha;g;
nghOJ<q;Ff; fope;jJMfypd; vOJk;vd;W cld;vohJ
VtyhsH clQ;#of; Nfhtyd;jhd; Nghdgpd;dH>
jhJmtpo; kyHr;Nrhiy XijMaj;J xypmtpj;Jf;
ifaw;w neQ;rpdsha; itaj;jp Ds;Gf;Ff;
fhjyDld; md;wpNa khjtpjd; kidGf;fhs;
ahopiriaf; fhuzkhff; nfhz;L Co;tpid rpde;J
te;J gaidj; juj; njhlq;fpaJ. mjdhy; ngsHzkp ehspy;
tpsq;Fk; KOj;jpq;fs; Nghd;w Kfk; cila khjtpia mizj;J
tho;e;j tho;f;ifia nefpotpl;ltd; Mdhd;. “nghOJ Nghapw;W@
Gwg;glyhk; vOf!" vd;whd;. khjtpAk; vOe;jhs;. Mdhy; mtSld;
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nry;yhJ> VtyhsH jd;idr; #o;e;J tuf; Nfhtyd; nrd;whd;.
mt;thW mtd; nrd;w gpd;G khjtp> g+e;jhJfs; rpe;Jk; kyHr;
NrhiyapNy Muthuk; nra;J epd;w jd; Njhopaupd; xyp mlq;FkhW
if tpupj;J> jhDk; VJk; NgrhJ> ahnjhd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ
jpifj;j neQ;rpdsha;> tz;bapy; Vwp cs;Ns mkHe;jhs;.
fhjyDld; nry;tjd;wp tUe;jpj; jdpNa jd; kidia Nehf;fpr;
nry;yyhdhs;.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; xg;gw;w jpUg;G Kidahf miktJ ,e;jf;
fhij. fhtpupia Nehf;fp Mw;Wtupahff; Nfhtyd; ghLk;
mfg;ghlypd; cl;fUj;ij khjtp njupe;J nfhs;stpy;iy ! fz;
vjpNu XLk; fhtpupia Nehf;fp mts; ghba NghJk;> jdJ fUj;jpy;
epiwe;j fz;zfpia epidj;Nj ghbdhd; vdf; fUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2.4. Ntdpy; fhij (fhij – 8) 2.4.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
,sNtdpy; gUtk; te;jijj; njd;wy; fhw;W mwptpj;jJ.
Fapy;fs; $tpd. Nfhtyidg; gpupe;J Nky; khbapy; epyh Kw;wj;Nj
tUe;jpapUe;j khjtp> aho; ,irj;Jg; ghbdhs;. gif euk;G
mjpHe;jJ> gz; kaq;fpaJ. fhkNjtd; Mizahy; NfhtyDf;F
xU jpUKfk; mDg;g tpioe;jhs;. jhio kliy vOJ jhshf>
gpj;jpif mUk;ig vOj;jhzpahf> rhjpypq;ff; Fok;ig ikahff;
nfhz;L jpUKfj;ij tiue;jhs;! ' ,sNtdpy; vd;gtd;
mDgtkpy;yhj ,sturd;. jpq;fs; nry;tDk; nrt;tpad; my;yd;!
kyH mk;ghs; capiu thl;Lfpd;whd;! ,jid ePH mwpe;J
mUStPuhf! ' vd;W jd; fhk czHitr; nrhy;ypr; nrhy;yp vOjp
Kbj;jhs; .! Nfhtydplk; jUkhW Njhop tre;j khiyaplk;
mjidf; nfhLj;J> Vw;gd $wp> mtis mioj;J tUkhW
Ntz;bf; nfhz;lhs;. khiy tbthd Xiyia thq;fpr; nrd;w
tre;jkhiy xU fil tPjpapy; Nfhtyidf; fz;L mjidj; ju>
mtd; me;j Xiyia thq;f kWj;jNjhld;wp khjtpiag; gopj;Jg;
Ngrpdhd;! Mly; kfNs Mjypd; ,JTk; mtsJ ebg;Ng vd
,opj;Jiuj;jhd;. nra;jpawpe;j khjtp> ',d;W khiy tuhtpl;lhYk;
ehisf; fhiy tUthH? vd;W $wpg; gLf;ifapy; nrayw;Wf;
fple;jhs;.
2.4.2. ,sNtdpy; tUif
jkpo;ehL MdJ tlf;Nf Ntq;fl kiyiaAk; njw;Nf Fkup
fliyAk; vy;iyahff; nfhz;lJ FspHr;rp nghUe;jpa ePiuAila
33
Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
jkpo;ehl;by; rpwe;j khlq;fis cila kJiu> ngUik nghUe;jpa
ciwa+H> Muthuk; nghUe;jpa tQ;rp> xypf;Fk; fly; Jiwapy;
cs;s fhtpupg;g+k;gl;bdk; Mfpa ehd;F jiyefuq;fspYk;
ngw;wpUe;j muRk; ,e;j Gfo; cilatd; mtDila ,dpa
Jiztd; Md ,sNtdpy; GfhUf;F te;Jtpl;lhd; vd;w nra;jpia
njd;wy; Mfpa J}jd; Fapy; mtDf;Ff; $wpdhd;.
2.4.3. jdpikj; Jaupy; khjtp
fly; tpisahl;bd;NghJ Nfhtyid Cbg; gpupe;J ,y;yk;
te;j khjtp tPl;by; jdpaha; ,Ue;jhs;. ePy kyH NghYk; neba
fz;fisAila mts; Nfhtyid epidj;J mtDld; $Ljw;F
Vq;fpdhs.; thdshtpa Nky;epiy khlj;jpd; xU gf;fj;Nj
mike;jpUe;j Ntdpy; gs;spf;Fr; nrd;whs;. nfhw;if Kj;Jk;
nghjpakiy re;jdKk; vg;NghJk; mtSf;F kfpo;r;rp jUtd.
Mdhy; ,d;iwf;F mts; ,Ue;j #oypy; mit mtSf;F
kfpo;r;rpiaj; jutpy;iy. mts; mq;fpUe;j ahioj; jd; ifapy;
thq;fp Kjypy; kJufPjk; ghl fPjkhf ghlj; njhlq;fpdhs.; gpuptpd;
fhuzkhf mJ kaq;fp Nrhf fPjkhf khwpaJ.
2.4.4. jpUKfk; tiue;jhs;; khjtp
ntz;g+ ky;ypif NtnuhL kpile;j
mk;nrq; fOePH Ma;,jo;f; fj;jpif
vjpHg;g+Q; nrt;tp ,ilepyj;J ahj;j
KjpHg+e; jhio Klq;fy;ntz; Njhl;L
tpiukyH thspapd; tpad;epyk; Mz;l
xUjdpr; nrq;Nfhy; xUkfd; Mizapd;
xUKfk; md;wp cyFnjhOJ ,iwQ;Rk;
jpUKfk; Nghf;Fk; nrt;tpas; Mfp>
myj;jff; nfhOQ;NrW mis, mayJ
gpj;jpiff; nfhOKif Mzp iff;nfhz;L>
kd;capH vy;yhk; kfpo;Jiz GzHf;Fk;
,d;,s Ntdpy; ,stu rhsd;
me;jpg; Nghjfj;J mUk;gplHj; Njhd;wpa
jpq;fs; nry;tDk; nrt;tpad; my;yd;
GzHe;j khf;fs; nghOJ,ilg; gLg;gpDk;
jze;j khf;fs; jk;Jiz kwg;gpDk;
eWk;g+ thspapd; ey;capH Nfhly;
,Wk;g+J md;Wm/J mwpe;jP kpd;vd
34
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
vz;vz; fiyAk; ,ire;Jcld; Nghf
gz;Zk; jpwDk; Gwq;$W ehtpd;
jistha; mtpo;e;j jdpg;gL fhkj;J
tpisah koiyapd; tpupj;Jciu vOjp>
gre;j Nkdpas; glHcW khiyapd;
tre;j khiyia tUnfdf; $ca;j;
J}kyH khiyapd; JzpnghUs; vy;yhk;
Nfhtyw;F mspj;Jf; nfhzHf <q;Fvd
,sNtdpy; fhyj;jpy; Nfhtyd; ,y;yhJ jdpikj; Jaupy;
cod;w khjtp mtid kPz;Lk; miof;Fk; nghUl;L kly; xd;iw
vOjf; fUjpdhs; . rz;gfk;> gr;rpiy> gpj;jpif> nts;spa G+thfpa
ky;ypif vd;Dk; kyHfshYk; ntl;bNtuhYk; mofpa nrq;fOePupd;
neUq;fpa nky;ypa ,jo;fshYk; njhLf;fg;ngw;w g+f;fspd; kzk;
khWgLk; jd; khiyapd; eLtplj;Nj itj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;bUe;j
KjpHe;j jhok;g+tpdJ nts;sp ,jopNy> mjw;F mayjhfpa xU
gpj;jpifapd; nfhOtpa Kifia vOj;jhzpahff; nfhz;L
mjidr; nrk;gQ;Rf; Fok;gpy; Njha;j;J cjwp vOjpdhs;. khjtp
vOjpa Klq;fy; tUkhW: "cyfpy; epiy ngw;w capHfs;
midj;ijAk; jhk; kfpOk; JiznahL GzHtpf;Fk; ,dpa
,sNtdpy; vd;ghd; mwpTila %j;j murd; my;yd;@
mDgtkpy;yhj ,sturd;. Mjypd; mtd; newpawpe;J nra;ahd;!
me;jp khiyahfpa fupa ahidapd; gplupapNy Njhd;wpa
jpq;fshfpa nry;tDk; nrt;tpad; my;yd;! Mjyhy;> jk;Ks;
fhjyhy; $bf; fspj;j fhjyH cly; fhuzkhfr; rpwpJ nghOijf;
$l;lkpd;wpf; fopg;gpDk;> gpupe;J nrd;NwhH jk; Jizia kwe;J
thuhJ xopapDk;> jdJ gilf;fykhfpa eWkyH mk;Gfspdhy;
jhf;fp mtHfsJ ey;y capiuf; ftHthd; > ,sNtdpyhfpa
,sturd;! vdNt vd; capNu! ,jid mwpe;J mUs;tPuhf!' vd;W
Rl;nlupf;Fk; fhkk; fhuzkhf Kjpuhj jdJ koiyr; nrhw;fshNy
mk; Klq;fy; thrfq;fisr; nrhy;ypr; nrhy;yp vOjpdhs;. gpd;
gpupthw;whikahy; gre;j NkdpAila khjtp jdpikj; JaH
kpFfpd;w me;j me;jpkhiyg; nghOjpNyNa Njhop tre;jkhitia
'tUf' vdf; $tp mioj;jhs;. “,j;Jha kyH khiyapy; ehd;
tiue;Js;s nrhw;fspd; njspe;j nghUs;fisnay;yhk; Nfhtyd;
kdk; Vw;FkhW vLj;Jf; $wp ,q;Nf ,g;nghONj mioj;J
35
Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
tUthahf!" vd;Wiuj;J Klq;fy; mlq;fpa khiyiaf;
nfhLj;jDg;gpdhs;.
2.4.5. kliy Vw;f kWj;j Nfhtyd;
$ytPjpapy; Nfhtyidf; fz;l tre;jkhiy kliyj; ju
mtNdh mjid Vw;f kWj;J ,JfhWk; jd;Dld; khjtp tho;e;j
tho;f;if vy;yhk; ntWk; ebg;Gj;jhd; cz;ikapy;iy vd;W
gopj;Jiuj;jhd;. jpyfj;ijAk;> $e;jiyAk; rpwpa fupa ,uz;L
tpw;fisAk;> ,uz;L Ftis kyHfisAk;> xU Fkpo kyiuAk; >
,uz;L nfht;itf; fdpfisAk; nfhz;l mofpa xspAila
Kfj;NjhLk;> kjHj;j Nehf;fj;NjhLk; khjtp vd;dplk; fhjy;
cilats; Nghy vd; Kd; Njhd;wp ebj;j fz;$Ltup vd;Dk;
ebg;ig ehd; fz;Nld;!' '$e;jyhfpa Kfpiyr; Rke;J mjd;
ghuj;ijj; jhq;fhJ tUe;j epyhf; fjpHfisg; nghopAk; Kfkhfpa
jpq;fsplj;Nj jd; fz;fshfpa fay;kPd;fs;cyhtpj; jpupfpd;w
mofpa nrt;tpAilatdha;> ,joKjhd ghifg; nghjpe;jpUf;Fk;
gts tha; jpwe;J xspiaj; jUk; kpf;f ,sikAila Kfj;jpd;
eif eyj;ijf; fhl;b ahd; ' tUf ' vd mioj;j NghJ te;Jk; '
Nghf ' vdf; $wpaNghJ nrd;Wk; ebj;j fupa nfba
fz;izAila mtsJ fhz;tup vd;Dk; ebg;igAk; ehd; fz;Nld;.
ehd; gpupe;jNghJ> me;jp khiy te;jjhfg; gpupthw;whikahy; ,uq;fp>
rpe;ijapy; Neha;kpFk; vd; tUj;jj;ij Nehf;fp> fpsp nkhop Nghd;w
koiyr; nrhy;iyAk;> ,s md;dj;jpd; eil Nghd;w mofpa
eiliaAk;> Kfpiyf; fz;L fspelk; GupAk; kapy; Nghd;w jd;
rhaiyAk; kiwj;jtshfp> NghH GupAk; Nty; Nghd;w neba
fz;izAila Vty; kfspupd; Nfhyj;ijj; jhd; nfhz;L jdpNa
te;J vd; Kd; jpdk; ebj;j mtsJ cs;tup vd;Dk; ebg;igAk;
ehs; fz;Nld;." fhypy; mzpe;j rpyk;Gfs; tha;tpl;L muw;wTk;
Nkfiy mzp MHg;gTk; jdf;Fupa mzpfisAk; Gida ,lk;
ngwhj Ez;zpilapidAilahs;> fhjy; Nehf;fpidAilatshfp>
jd;idg; gpupjyhy; ,ay;G jpUe;j vd; tUj;jj;ij mwpe;Jk; vd;id
mizahJ Gwj;Nj epd;W ebj;j Gd;ikAila mtsJ Gd;Gw tup
vd;Dk; ebg;igAk; ehd; fz;Nld;> " g+e;Jfs;fs; nghUe;jpa
khiyAk;> FoYk;> msfKk; xw;iw tlkhfpa Kj;JkhiyAk;
mofpa KiyfSk; jk; ghHj;jhy; kPd;NghYk; ,ilia tFj;j>
me;j mofpa new;wpiaAilahs;> vd; mUfpy; thuhJ Gwthapypy;
te;J Njhd;wp epd;W> mts; fWk; nkhopfis Vty; kfspH vdf;Ff;
36
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
$w ehd; $Wk; kWnkhopfis mk; kfspNu mtUf;Ff; $w>
GzHr;rpf; Fwpg;ig cl;nghjpe;jpUf;Fk; vdJ Gytpr; nrhy;iyf;
Nfl;Lk;> mjw;F NtW nghUs; nfhz;lts; Nghy; fhl;b> mg;nghUs;
fhuzkhf vd;Dld; $lhJ> js;shj NkdpapidAk; mofpa
nky;ypa $e;jiyAk; cilatshfpg Gytpapy; NtWgl;Lg;
Nghfpd;wts; Nghy; ebj;j mtsJ fpsHtup vd;Dk; ebg;igAk; ehd;
fz;Nld;> ehd; mtisg; gpupe;J Ngha;g; gpwpNjhH ,lj;jpNy jdpj;J
,Ue;jNghJ> jhd; mg;gpupthw;whJ ngupJk; tUe;Jgtisg; Nghy vd;
neUq;fpa Rw;wj;jhHf;Fj; jhd; gLk; Jd;gj;ijj; NjHe;J NjHe;J
ciuj;J ebj;j mtsJ NjHr;rp tup vd;Dk; ebg;igAk; ehd;
fz;Nld;. "tz;Lfshy; kyur; nra;Ak; g+q;NfhijapidAilahs;
khiyg; nghOjpNy fhkNehahy; kaq;fpdhs; Nghy vdJ gpupTj;
Jd;gj;ijj; jhd; fz;l vd; Rw;wj;jhHf;nfy;yhk; vLj;Jf; $wp
ebj;j mtsJ fhl;rp tup vd;Dk; ebg;igAk; ehd; fz;Nld;! vd;
Rw;wj;jhH Kd;G mts; mLj;jLj;J vd; gpupthw;whikahy; fhk
Neha; kpf;F kaq;fp tPo;ths; Nghy; tPo;e;J ebj;j ngha; kaf;fj;ij
mr;Rw;wj;jhH nka;nadf; fUjp mtis vLj;Jj; JaH jPHf;FkhW
ebj;j mtsJ vLj;Jf;Nfhs; tup vd;Dk; ebg;igAk; ehd;
mwpNtd;! " Mapoha;! mts; xU ehlf kfNs Mjyhy; ,q;qdk;
ebj;j ebg;Gfs; mg; ige;njhbf;Fg; nghUj;jkhditNa!" vd;W $wp
tu kWj;J tpl;lhd; Nfhtyd;!
2.4.6. khjtp jd;id Njw;wpf; nfhs;sy;
khiy thuhH MapDk; khz;,io
fhiyfhz; Ftk;vdf; ifaW neQ;rnkhL
g+kyH mkspkpirg; nghUe;jhJ tjpe;jds;
khkyH neLq;fz; khjtp jhd;vd;.
kliyf; fz;L tu kWj;j Nfhtyd; $wpa nra;jpfisf;
$wpdhs; tae;j khiy. mJ Nfl;L khjtp ,d;W khiy thuhH
MapDk; ehisf; fhiyapy; tUthu; vdf;$wp ifaw;w neQ;rnkhL
g+kyH mkspkpir nghUe;jhJ tUe;jpdhs;.
2.5. fdhj;jpwk; ciuj;j fhij – (fhij - 9) 2.5.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
#upad; kiwe;jhd;. GfhH efu kfspH khiyg; nghOjpy;
kyUk;> ney;Yk; J}tp tpsf;Nfw;wp ,y;Yiw nja;tj;ij
topgl;ldH. fz;zfpapd; Njhop Njte;jp NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;whs;.
mWF Kjypatw;iwj; J}tp topgl;Lf; fz;zfp jd; fztidg;
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
ngw Ntz;bdhs;. fz;zfpia Nehf;fp> ' eP epd; fztidg;
ngWtha;? vd;whs;. fz;zfp jhd; fz;l jPf; fdtpidf; $wpdhs; .
mtSf;F MWjy; $w tpioe;j Njte;jp 'NrhkFz;lk;> #upa
Fz;lk; %o;fpf; fhkNts; Nfhl;lk; nrd;W njhOjhy; jPik tpyFk;@
fztidg; gpupah tho;T fpl;Lk; vd;whs;. mJ ngUikad;W vd;W
gjpy; ciuj;jhs; fz;zfp. mg;nghOJ Nfhtyd; te;jhd;! mtsJ
thba Nkdp fz;L tUe;jpdhd;@ jd; nraYf;F ehzpdhd;>
fz;zfpapd; fhw;rpyk;ig Kjyhff; nfhz;L> ,oe;j nghUis kPl;f
tpioe;jhd;! Gfhupy; thzpfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s mtd; kdk; ,lk;
jutpy;iy' " kJiu nry;yyhk; vOf! ' vdf; fz;zfpaplk;
ciuj;jhd; . tpidapd; Vtypd;gb nghOJ GyHtjd; Kd;dNu
mtHfs; kJiu Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;ldH.
2.5.2. khyjpapd; fij
Kd;ndhU ehspy; khyjp vd;ghs; khw;whs; kfTf;Fg;
ghY}l;Lk;NghJ tpf;fp mf;Fotp ,we;jJ. khyjp jpLf;fpl;lhs;. “
khw;whSk; fztDk; vd; kPJ mlhj gop Rkj;JtNu! cz;ik
czuhJ J}w;WtNu! " vd Vq;fpdhs;@ ,we;j Foe;ijiaf; ifapy;
Ve;jpdhs;. NjtH jUthfpa fw;gfk; epw;Fk; Nfhapy;> Iuhtjk;
epw;Fk; Nfhapy;> mofpa gyNjtH Nfhapy;> fPo;j;jpirj; Njhd;Wk;
#upaNjtd; Nfhapy;> CHf;fhty; nja;tj;jpw;Fupa Nfhapy;> KUfd;
Nfhapy;> tr;rpug;gil epw;Fk; Nfhapy;> khrhj;jd; Nfhapy;> mUfd;
Nfhapy;> re;jpud; Nfhapy; Mfpa Nfhapy;fSf;Fr; nrd;whs;.
nja;tq;fNs ! vdf;Fw;wJaH jPHg;gPuhf vdj; njhOJ Ntz;bdhs;@
gad; ,y;iy! gpd;dHg; ghrz;lr; rhj;jd; Nfhtpiy mile;jhs;.
khyjp jd; JaH $wp tuk; Ntz;bdhs;. mg;NghJ> ,lhfpdpg; Nga;
XH mofpa ngz; tbtpy; mts; Kd; Njhd;wpaJ. " khrw;wtNs!
nra;jtk; ,y;NyhHf;F ve;jj; NjtUk; tuk; nfhlhH @ ,J
ngha;Aiu md;W@ nka;Aiu@ me;j ,we;j Foe;ijia vd; ifapy;
jUthahf!" vd;W $wpg; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ! fhupUspy; RLfhL (
rf;futhsf; Nfhl;lk; ) Nehf;fpr; nrd;wJ. mq;Fg; Gijf;Fk;
gpzq;fisj; jpd;Dk; me;j ,lhfpdpg; Nga; mf; Foe;ijapd;
'gpzj;ijAk; thapy; Nghl;L tpOq;fpaJ. mf;Nfhuf; fhl;rpiaf;
fz;l khyjp ,bAz;l kapy; vdj; Jbj;jhs;@ Vq;fpdhs;. ghrz;lr;
rhj;jd; ( nja;tk; ) mts; epiy fz;L ngupJk; ,uq;fp mUs;
cs;sk; nfhz;L>" md;dha;! eP Vq;fp mohNj! eP nry;Yk; topapy;
cd; fz; vjpupNyNa cd; Foe;ijiaf; fhz;gha;!" vd;W $wpdhd.;
38
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
mf; Foe;ijaha;f; Fapy;fisAila nghopypy; xU kuj;jbapy;
fple;jhd;. mk; khaf; Foe;ijiag; ngU kfpo;r;rpAld; khHgpy;
mizj;Jr; nrd;W ngw;w jhahd khw;whsplk; je;J kfpo;e;jhs;
khyjp! Foe;ijahfj; Njhd;wp khyjpapd; JaH Jilj;j
ghrz;lr;rhj;jd; tsHe;J gpukrHa epiy mile;jhd; @ kiw
E}y;fspy; ty;ytdhf tpsq;fpdhd;@ jha; je;ij ,we;j gpd;
mtHfSf;Fr; nra;a Ntz;ba ,Wjpf; fld;fisr; nra;J
Kbj;jhd;@ nghUs; gw;wp NeHe;j tof;fpy; jhaj;jhiu ntd;whd;@
Njte;jp vd;ghis kze;J ,y;ywj;jpy; <Lgl;L ,dpJ tho;e;J
te;jhd;. cz;ikiaf; $wp kPz;Lk; jd; nja;tj; jd;ikia
milaf; fUjpa mr;rhj;jd; xUehs; g+g;NghYk;> ikAz;l
fz;izAila Njte;jpia mioj;J> “gpupitg; nghWj;Jf;
nfhs;thahf!" vdf; $wpj; jd; nja;tj;jd;ik nghUe;jpa
Ngnuhspia mts; fz;fs; jhq;fhJ vd %th ,s eyk; fhl;b>"
,dp ek; NfhapYf;F te;J vk;ikf; fhz;ghahf!" vdf; $wp
kiwe;jhd;. Njte;jpAk; vdJ cs;sk; gpzpj;j fztd;> 'Gz;zpa
Jiwfshlr; nry;fpNwd;' vd;W $wpg; gpupe;J nrd;whH@ md;giu
kPl;Lj; jUf! vd;W mtshf xd;iwf; fw;gpj;J xU gpuhHj;jidapNy
kdj;ijr; nrYj;jp me;jg; ghrhz;lr; rhj;jd; NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W
topgLjiyf; flikahff; nfhz;lhs;.
2.5.3. fz;zfpf;fhf Ntz;ba NjNte;jp
thlhj ngUk; GfOila fz;zfpf;Fk; jd;idg; NghyNt
fztd; gpupthy; NeHe;j JaH cz;L vd czHe;j Njte;jp
mtsJ Jaiug; Nghf;f fUjpdhs.; rhj;jd; Nfhapiy mile;J
mWfk;Gy; rpW g+isg;g+ ney; Mfpatw;iw J}tpj; njhOJ
nja;tNk vd; Njhopapd; JaH Jilg;ghahf vd Ntz;bdhs.; gpd;
fz;zfpaplk; nrd;W eP epd; fztidg; ngWthahf vd
tho;j;jpdhs.;
2.5.4. fz;zfp fz;l fdT
jd;id tho;j;jpa Njte;jpiaf; fz;L fz;zfp cd;
tho;j;J fhuzkhf fztidg; ngWNtd; MapDk; vd; neQ;rk;
VNdh mQ;rp tUe;JfpwJ. New;W ,uT vd; fztd; fdtpNy te;J
,U ifg; gw;wp mioj;Jg; Nghf xU ngupa efupy; GFe;Njhk.; me;j
efupy; thOk; kf;fs; xU gopr;nrhy;iy vq;fs; kPJ ,l;ldH mg;gop
nkhopahy; NfhtyDf;F jPq;F NeHe;jJ vd;W gpwH nrhy;yf; Nfl;l
ahd; murd; Kd; nrd;W tof;Fiuj;Njd;. mjdhy; mt;t+Hf;Fk;
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
jPq;F NeHe;jJ. jPf;fdit $wf;$lhJ. Mjyhy; mq;F NeHe;j
jPq;fpid cdf;F ciuNad;. nrwpe;j tisaiy cilatNs
mq;F ehd; nra;j Fw;wj;jpd; gad; NghYk;. ehd; ngw;w
ew;Ngw;wpid eP Nfl;ghahdhy; mJ cdf;F eif cz;lhf;Fk;
vd;whs; fz;zfp.
2.5.5. Njte;jp fz;zfpia Nehd;G nra; vdy;
kly;mtpo; nea;jy;mk; fhdy; jlk;cs
NrhkFz;lk; #upa Fz;lk; Jiw%o;fpf;
fhkNts; Nfhl;lk; njhOjhH fztnuhL
jhk;,d; GWtH cyfj;Jj; ijayhH
Nghfk;nra; g+kpapDk; Ngha;g;gpwg;gH ahk;xUehs;
MLJk; vd;w mzp,iof;Fmt; Ma;,ioahs;
gPLmd;W vd,Ue;j gpd;dNu> ePba
fhtyd; NghYk; filj;jiyahd; te;Jek;
Nfhtyd; vd;whs;XH Fw;wpisahs;> NfhtyDk;
ghLmik Nrf;ifAs; Gf;Fj;jd; ige;njhb
thba Nkdp tUj;jk;fz;L> ahTk;
fz;zfpapd; fdit Nfl;l Njte;jp> fz;zfpia Nehf;fp
nghd;dhyhd tisaiy mzpe;jtNs eP mtdhy;
ntWf;fg;gl;lts; my;iy. Kw;gpwg;gpy; epd; fztd; nghUl;L
fhf;fNtz;ba Nehd;gpidr; nra;aj; jtwpdha.; mjdhy; cz;lhd
jPq;F nfLtjhf. fhtpup jd; ePiu vy;yhk; nfhz;L nrd;W flNyhL
vjpHj;J miyf;Fk; nea;jy; epyr;NrhiyapNy NrhkFz;lk; #upa
Fz;lk; vd;Dk; ,U ngha;iffs; cs;sd. me;j Gz;zpa
jPHj;jq;fspd; JiwfspNy %o;fp fhkNts; Nfhl;lk; nrd;W
fhkNjtidj; njhOk; kfspH ,k;ikapy; jd; fztUld; $b
gpupah tho;T tho;e;J ,d;GWtH. kWikapYk; Nghf g+kpapy;
Njtuha;g; gpwe;J gpupahJ ,d;GWtH. vdNt ehKk; xUehs;
mtw;wpy; ePuhLNthk; vd;whs.; mJ Nfl;l fz;zfp mq;qdk; Jiw
%o;fpj; nja;tk; njhOjy; vq;fs; ,ay;G md;W vd;W $wp mts;
fUj;ij Vw;f kWj;jhs;.
2.5.6. Nfhtyd; tUifAk; tUj;jKk;
ryk;GzH nfhs;ifr; ryjpnahL Mbf;
Fyk;jU thd;nghUs; Fd;wk; njhiye;j
,yk;ghL ehZj; jUk;vdf;F vd;d>
40
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
mg;NghJ Fw;Nwty; nra;Ak; xU rpW ngz; mq;F te;J
fz;zfpia Nehf;fp ek; ngUkhdhfpa fhtyd; NghYk; filthapy;
te;Js;shd; Mk; ek; Nfhtyd; jhd; vd;whs;. NfhtyDk;
ngUikkpf;f fz;zfpapd; gs;sp miwf;Fr; nrd;whd.; mtsJ
thba Nkdp fz;L csk; iee;jhd;. vy;yhr; nrayplj;Jk; tQ;rk;
nghUe;jpa nfhs;ifAila khaj;jhs; cld; $ba jPa
xOf;fj;jhy; ek; Fyj;jtH Njbj;je;j kiyNghd;w nry;tq;fs;
vy;yhk; njhiye;jd. mjdhy; cz;lhd tWik vdf;F
ehzj;ijj; jUfpwJ vd;whd;.
2.5.7. rpyk;G cs nfhs;f
eyk;Nfo; KWty; eifKfk; fhl;br;
rpyk;Gcs nfhz;kpd; vdr;Nrapio Nfs;,r;
rpyk;G Kjyhfr; nrd;w fyndhL
cye;jnghUs; <l;Ljy; cw;Nwd; kyHe;jrPH
khl kJiu afj;Jr;nrd;W vd;NdhL,q;F
VLmyH Nfhjha;. vOnfd;W ePb
tpidfilf; $l;l tpak;nfhz;lhd; fq;Fy;
fidRlH fhy;rPah Kd;.
fhjyd; nrhw;fisf; Nfl;l fz;zfp jdJ xspkpF
Kfj;jpNy ed;ik nghUe;jpa rpWKWty; Njhd;wr; rpyk;Gfs;
cs;sd mtw;iwf; nfhs;kpd; vd;W $wpdhs;. Nfhtyd; eP $wpa
,r; rpyk;igNa thzpf Kjyhff; nfhz;L gue;j GfioAila
kJiuf;Fr; nrd;W thzpfk; nra;J Kd;dH ,oe;j fyd;fisAk;
nghUl;fisAk; Njbg; ngUf;fj; Jzpe;Njd; ,jo; tpupe;j khiy
mzpe;j mzpe;jtNs ePAk; vd;Dld; Gwg;gLtha; vd;whd.; Kd;
nra;j jPtpid neLq;fhyk; jq;fp neQ;ir xUepiyg;gLj;jpj; J}z;l
jPtpidapd; Vtypd; gb Nfhtyd; nghOJ GyHtjw;F Kd;
fz;zfpAld; kJiu nry;yg; Gwg;gl;lhd;.
2.6. ehLfhz; fhij – (fhij -10) 2.6.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
fhtpupapd; tlfiu topahf Nkw;F Nehf;fpr; nrd;wdH. xU
fhj J}uk; fle;J fTe;jpabfspd; mb njhOJ jhq;fs; kJiuf;Fr;
nry;tijf; $w> mtUk; cld; tu %tUk; ehs;NjhWk; xU fhtjk;
ele;J nrd;wdH. jpUtuq;fj;ijf; fle;J nry;Yk;NghJ Nrhiyapy;
Njhd;wpa rhuziuj; njhOjdH. rhuzH $wpa rkz Mfk
ciufisf; Nfl;L > mUfg; ngUkhspd; ngUikfis Vj;jpg;
41
Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Gfo;e;jhH fTe;jpabfs;. gpd; %tUk; XH ,lj;jpy; Vwpf; fhtpupapd;
njd;fiuia mile;J xU g+k;nghopypy; jq;fpdH. mq;Nf te;j
tk;gg; guj;ijAk; tWnkhopahsDk; fz;zfpiaAk; NfhtyidAk;
Nehf;fpg; gopf;f> mJ nghwhj fTe;jpabfs; mtHfis
eupfshFkhW rgpj;jhH. NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk; mtHfSf;fhf
,uq;fp Ntz;l> fTe;jpabfs; Xuhz;by; rhgk; tpyf mUs; nra;jhH.
gpd;> %tUk; ciwa+iu mile;jdu;.
2.6.2. tPl;il tpl;L ePq;Fjy;
J}kapH md;dKk; Jizvdj; jpupAk;
jhnshL Fapd;w jifrhy; rpwg;gpd;
ePs;neL thapy; neLq;fil fope;JMq;F>
QhapW Njhd;whj ahkj;jpNy el;rj;jpuq;fNshL moFld;
jpfOk; ntz;kjpAk; thdj;jpdpd;;Wk; kiwe;jJ. fupa ,Us; gutp
epd;w tpbaw; fhyj;Nj gz;ilj; jPtpidapd; tpisahy; cs;sk;
Juj;jf; Nfhtyd; Gwg;gl;lhd;. moF nghUe;jpa rpwg;Gld;
nra;ag;gl;l ngupa fjtpid cila khspifapd; neba
,ilfopiaf; NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk; fle;J nrd;wdH.
2.6.3. Gfhiu ePq;fpg; Gwg;gLjy;
mtHfs; MjpNrld; Md ghk;giz Nky; mwpJapy;
nfhs;Sk; kzptz;zd; Md jpUkhy; Nfhapypd; tyg; gf;fj;jpy;
nrd;wdH. gpd;dH Ie;J fpisfSld; caHe;j grpa
,iyfisAila kfh Nghjp apd; vopy; tpsq;Fk; epoypy;
vOe;jUspa Gj;jd; mUspr;nra;j E}y; nghUis tpRk;gpNy
,aq;Fk; rhuzH ahtHf;Fk; tpsq;FkhW tpupj;Jiuf;Fk; ,lkhd
,e;jputpfhuq;fisAk; Kiwahff; fle;J nrd;wdH. Gyhy;
czitj; Jwe;J ngha;ahik vDk; tpujj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L
mOf;fhW mth ntFsp Kjypatw;iw iftpl;L Ik;Gyd;fSk;
mlq;fpa nfhs;iff; nka;g;nghUs; czHe;jtH $Lk;
mUfg;ngUkhd; Nfhapiy tzq;fpr; nrd;wdH. Nghf;F tutpw;fhf
mike;j NfhGu thapiyf; fle;J Gfhiu tpl;L mtHfs; ePq;fpdH.
2.6.4. fTe;jpabfisf; fhZjy;
kJiu %J}H ahJvd tpdt>
MWIq; fhjk;ek; mfy;ehl;L ck;gH
ehWIq; $e;jy; ezpj;Jvd ef;Fj;>
Njnkhop jd;ndhLk; rpiwafj;J ,Ue;j
fhTe;jp Iiaiaf; fz;Lmb njhoYk;
42
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Gfhiu tpl;L ePq;fpa mtHfs; ,yte;jpifg; gs;spapd; kjpy;
Gwj;Nj nrd;wdH. gpd; ,U kUq;Fk; jho;e;j Nrhiyfs; #o;e;j
fhtpup Mw;wpy; Gdyhl nry;tjw;Ff; mike;j ngupa topapNy
nrd;W ePuhLJiwapidAk; fle;jdH. gpd; kpf;f tsKila
fhtpupapd; tlfiuapYs;s Nrhiy topapy; Nkw;F Nehf;fpr;
nry;yyhapdH. xU fhj J}uk; fle;J fTe;jpabfs; vd;Dk; rkzj;
Jwtp ciwfpd;w jtg; gs;spapd; mUNf cs;s Nrhiyia
mile;jdH. mq;F fz;zfp nfhb Nghd;w ,ilAk; cilAk;
kpf tUe;jp top ele;j fisg;ghy; ngU%r;nrwpe;jhs.; mts;
Kw;whj jd; koiyr; nrhw;fis $upa gw;fs; rw;Nw ntspj;Njhd;w
KWtypj;J kJiu vd;Dk; gioa CH jhd; vJNth vd cly;
NrhHe;J fztid Nehf;fp tpdtpdhs.; mJNfl;l Nfhtyd; ngupJk;
,wq;fp kJiu %J}H ekJ mfd;w ehl;bypUe;J MW Ie;J fhjj;
J}uj;jpy; jhd; cs;sJ. kpfTk; mz;ikapy; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W
$wp eifj;jhd;. gpd; Njndd ,dpf;Fk; nrhy;iyAila
fz;zfpAld; nrd;W jtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; fTe;jp mbfisf; fz;L
mb njhOjhd;.
2.6.5. fTe;jpabfs; topj;Jiz
cUtKk; caH Fbg;gpwg;Gk; ey;nyhOf;fk; mUfg;ngUkhdpd;
Mfkq;fis rpwpJk; gpwohj tpujKk; Mfpatw;iw cila ePq;fs;
jPtpidahsiug; Nghd;W Ek;kplj;ij tpl;L ePq;fp ,t;thW
tUtjw;F cupa fhuzk; vd;d vd tpdtpdhH fTe;jpabfs;.
Nfhtyd; “kpf;f jtj;jPH jhq;fs; tpdhtpw;F tpil $Wk; epiyapy;
ehd; ,g;NghJ ,y;iy kJiu %J}H nrd;W thzpfk; nra;J
nghUs; <l;Lk; tpUg;gKilatdhjyhy; ,g;gb tu NeHe;jJ”
vd;whd.; fTe;jp mbfs; ,tsJ ghlfk; mzpe;j rpwpa mbfs;
gUf;iff; fw;fs; Mfpa gifia nty;y khl;lh. ,ilapilNa
fhLfs; epiwe;j ,e;ehl;L top flj;jw;Fk; mupjhFk;. ,dp Co;
vd;d nra;ANkh mjd; jd;ikia ahuwpthH vdf; $wpdhH. mtH
NkYk; mtHfis Nehf;fp ,d;dhj nrhw;fis ePf;fpa khrw;w
Nfs;tp gad; cilatH jk; mwpTiufisf; Nfl;L czHe;J mq;F
KOKjw;flTshd mUfg;ngUkhid topgLtjw;fhfj; jkpo;ehl;L
jPJjPH kJiuf;Fr; nry;y tpUg;gk; cilNad;> Mjypd; tUfpNwd;
ePq;fs; Gwg;gLq;fs; vd;whH. me;j ciu NfhtyDf;Fg; ngupa
MWjiyj; je;jJ. fTe;jpabfisf; if$g;gpj; njhOJ ehthy;
tho;j;jpdhd;.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
2.6.6. topapd; ,ay;G
fTe;jpabfs; Nfhtyid Nehf;fp ehk; nry;y epidj;j
,t;top ,lj;J Jd;gk; jUtd gythFk; vd;whH. ntapypd;
nfhLikj; jd;ikiag; nghwhj nky;ypa ,ay;Gila mtis
mioj;Jf;nfhz;L kpf;f kyHfisf; nfhz;l Nrhiy topNa
nry;Nthk; Mapd; epyk; gpse;J ,wq;fpa ts;spf; fpoq;ifj;
Njhz;b vLj;j Fopfisr; nrz;gf kuq;fs; epug;gpa g+e;Jfs;
NrHe;j gyg;gLj;jp mtw;iw mwpe;J jk;ikg; ghJfhf;fr; nry;yhj
kf;fs; nrayWjw;Ff; fhuzkhd Jd;gj;ijr; nra;Ak.;
mt;thW Jd;gk; jUk; KjpHe;j gok; g+tpdhshd
ngha;f;;Fopia kpjpahNj tpopg;Gld; epyk; Nehf;fpr; nry;Nthiu
NkNy KjpHe;J NjndhOFk; ,dpa gyhg; gokhdJ gif Nghy
jiyapy; NkhJk.; kQ;rSk; ,Q;rpAk; Kjypad jk;Ks; fye;j
gpzf;fj;ij cila Njhl;lj;J ghj;jpfspy; gyhtpdJ rpte;j
Risfspy; ,Ue;J tpOe;j gof; nfhl;ilfs; gifahff; fhiy
Fj;jpdhYk; Fj;Jk;.
fay; NghYk; fz;fisAila fz;zfpapd; fztNd>
,j;Jd;gq;fSf;F mQ;rp taypd;topr; nrd;why; mq;Fk; ,Nj
epiyjhd.; kyHkzk; fkOk; Fsq;fspy; jk;Ks; NghuhLfpd;w
ifapy; kPd;fis Xl;b ePHeha; ft;tpa ePz;l iffis cila
thiskPd; ePHeha; tha; mlq;fhJ taypy; Js;spg; ghAk.;
,f;fhupif mJ fz;l fyq;ff;$Lk;. mq;F fUk;gpy; njhLj;j
ngupa NjdilahdJ fhw;why; rpijaj; Njd; J}a ePupy;
fye;JtpLk;. mjid mwpahJ ePH Ntl;ifahy; ePq;fs; cs;sq;
ifahy; Kfe;J gUfTk; $Lk.;
tay;fspy; fis gwpg;ghu; tug;Gfspy; Nghl;l
Ftisg;g+f;fspy; tz;bdk; kJ cz;l kaf;fj;jpy; xLq;fpf;
fplf;Fk;. topeil Jd;gj;jhy; NrhHT mile;J kaq;fp mtw;wpd;
kPJ mbapl;L elj;jYk; $Lk.; miytPRk; ePiuAila xU
tha;f;fhy; fiufspy; nry;Yk;NghJ Gs;spfshy; moFld; jpfOk;
ej;ijfSk; Mfpa capHfs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij Nehf;fp xJq;fp
elf;fhJ ,ay;ghd eilia Nkw;nfhs;Nthkhdhy; mtw;wpd; kPJ
mbapl;L elj;jYk; $Lk.;; mjdhy; mtw;Wf;F kpf;f Jd;gk;
cz;lhFk.; mit ,wf;fTk; NeupLk;. mf;nfhiyj; Jd;gk; ekf;Fj;
Njitahd eufj; Jd;gj;ijj; jUk;. vdNt kJiu nry;tjw;F
mt;thwhd tay;fisAk; NrhiyfisAk; my;yhJ NtW top
44
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
,y;iy. mjdhy; mj;jifa Jd;gk; jUk; ,lq;fisf; Fwpg;ghy;
mwpe;J mtw;iwr; rhuhJ capHf;F ,d;gk; Jd;gk; juhJ tpopg;Gld;
elg;ghahf vd;W fTe;jpabfs; Nfhtyid mwpTWj;jpdhH.
fTe;jpabfs; Gwg;gl mtUld NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk; cld;
nrd;wdH.
2.6.7. tk;gg; guj;ijAk; tUnkhopahsDk;
vs;SeH NghYk;,tH vd;g+q; Nfhijia
Ks;cilf; fhl;bd; KJeup Mnfdf;
fTe;jp ,l;l jtk;jU rhgk;
gpd;dH Nkfk; #o;e;j g+k;nghopy;fis cila fhtpup Mfpa
ngupa Mw;wpidf; fle;jdH fz;zfpAk; NfhtyDk; fTe;jp
mbfSk;. jpUf;Nfhapiy cila fhtpupapd; njd;fiu mile;J
kyH #o;e;j Nrhiyapy; ,isg;ghu jq;fpapUe;jdH. mq;Nf Gjpjhfg;
guj;jikia Nkw;nfhz;l xUj;jpAk; gadpy NgRk; fhKfd; xUtd;
eWkzk; fkOk; Nrhiyfs; GFe;J mtHfs; mUfpy; nrd;wdH.
mg;gbr; nrd;wtH> fhkDk; ujpAk; Nghy; fhzg;gLk; ,tHfis ahH
vd Nfl;L mwpNthk; vdf; fUjp fTe;jpabfis Nehf;fp tpujj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;L gl;bdp fple;J ,isj;j clk;igAk; Gz;zpaj;ijAk;
cilaPu;> ,tHfs; jhk; ahNuh vd tpdtpdH. mjw;F ,tHfs; vd;
kf;fs.; fhkDk; ujpAk; my;yH. khdpl ahf;ifaH. topeil
gazj;jhy; tUe;Jfpd;wdH. mtuplk; nry;yhJ rw;W tpyfpr;
nry;Yq;fs; vd;whH. mJNfl;L mtHfs; fw;wwpe;jhH vd;fpd;wPu;. xU
tapw;wpy; gpwe;NjhH fztDk; kidtpAkhff; $b tho;f;if elj;jy;
cz;Nlh> vdf; FWk;ghf Nfl;L vs;sp eifahbdH. mJ Nfl;l
fz;zfp ,U nrtpfisAk; nghj;jpf;nfhz;L jd; fztd; Kd; eL
eLq;fp epd;whs.; mJNfl;l fTe;jpabfs; ,tHfs; vdJ g+q;Nfhij
Nghd;wtis ,fo;e;jdH. Ks; epiwe;j fhl;bdfz; KJ eupahf
vdr; rgpj;jhH. jtj;ijAilatH rhgkhjyhy; clNd gypj;jJ.
mtHfis fz;Kd;dhy; fhzKbatpy;iy. Nfhtyd; fz;zfp
,UtUk; eupfs; neba Fuyhy; jkJ mUNf CisapLtJ Nfl;L
eLf;fk; nfhz;ldH. ,J fTe;jpabfs; rhgj;jhy; NeHe;jJ
vd;gjid czHe;J xOf;fj;jpdpd;W ePq;fp xU NeHik ,y;yhj
jPa nkhopfisf; $wpdhYk; mwpahik vd;W mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;W fUjp> mtiuj; njhOJ jtwpioj;jtu; rhgk; ePq;Fk;
fhyj;ij mUs;tPuhf vd Ntz;bdH. jkJ mwpahikapdhy; ,d;W
,t;tpop gpwg;gpid mile;Njhu; fhl;by; xU Gwj;Nj 12 khjq;fs;
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
eupfshfj; jpupe;J Jd;Gw;w gpd; Kd;ida cUtj;ijg; ngWtH vd
mtHfSf;F rhg tpLjiyAk; je;jUspdhH. fTe;jpmbfSk;
fz;zfpAk; NfhtyDk; Kd;Nd Kwk; NghYk; nrtpAila
ahidAld; Nghupl;L ntd;w Gwj;Nj rpwfpidAilNa Nfhop vd;W
nrhy;yg;glf;$ba ciwa+iu tpUk;gpr; nrd;W mile;jdH.
2.7. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; GfhHf; fhz;lj;jpd; epiwTg; gFjpapy; cs;s fhijfspd;
%ykhf fhg;gpa Nghf;fpid czHe;J nfhz;Nlhk.; NkYk;
,sq;Nfhtbfspd; ,yf;fpa MSikiaAk; czHe;Njhk;.
2.8. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs;
1. fhtpupg;g+k;gl;bdj;jpd; mikg;gpidf; fhl;Lf.
2. Itif kd;wq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3. khjtp Mba Mly;fis tpsf;Ff.
4. khjtp jd;id vt;thW xg;gid nra;J nfhz;lhs; ?
5. khjtp tiue;j klypd; jd;ikia fhl;Lf
6. fz;zfp fz;l fdT ahJ?
7. Nfhtyd; fz;zfp fTe;jpabfs; re;jpg;gpid tpsf;Ff.
2.9. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gypa+Hf;Nfrpfd; (njspTiu) ghup epiyak;>
nrd;id 108> 1993
2. rpyg;gjpfhuk; -Gfhu;f;fhz;lk; eh.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;
ciu nfsuh gjpg;gff;FOkk;> nrd;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
$$WW ..33 ,,ssqq;;NNffhhttbbffss;; -- rrppyygg;;ggjjppffhhuukk;; -- kkJJiiuuff;;ffhhzz;;llkk;; 3.1. fhLfhz; fhij (fhij -11)
3.1.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
ciwa+upypUe;J Gwg;gl;l NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk;
fTe;jpabfSk; njd;jpir Nehf;fpr; nrd;W xU Nrhiyapy; jq;fpdH
. mq;F ghz;badpd; ngUik gw;wpj; jhNd Ngrpf;nfhz;bUe;j
khq;fhl;L kiwNahidr; re;jpj;jdH . mtdplk; kJiu nry;Yk;
top gw;wp tpdtpdH. mk;kiwNahd; %d;W topfisg; gw;wp
tpsf;fkhf vLj;Jf; $wpdhd;. mtHfs;> mtd; $wpa ,l topapy;
nrd;wdH. ePH Ntl;if fhuzkhff; Nfhtyd; xU ngha;iff;
fiuia mile;jNghJ> fhDiw nja;tk; tre;jkhiy tbtj;Jld;
te;J mtis kaf;fpaJ. mtd; nfhw;wit ke;jpuj;ij cr;rupf;f>
tQ;rf tbtk; khw> nja;tk; jd;dpay;gpidf; $wp kiwe;jJ. gpd;
%tUk; Iiaapd; Nfhapiy mile;jdH.
3.1.2. khq;fhl;L kiwNahd; re;jpg;G
%d;W jpq;fis mLf;fp itj;jhw;Nghd;w mofpa
Kf;Filf;fPo; nrq;fjpH QhapW Nghy xspAilNahdhfp>
khiyNghy kyHfs; kyHe;J njhq;Fk; mNrhfpd; nfhOtpa
epoypNy vOe;jUspa> jdf;nfhU Kjy;td; ,y;yhj
Njhw;wj;jpidAila mUfg; ngUkhidg; gzpe;J tzq;fpdH.
epf;fe;jDila gs;spapNy cs;s rkz rkaj; JwtpfSf;nfy;yhk;>
Kd;dH Mw;wpilf; Fiwahfpa jpUtuq;fj;jpd; mfd;w NrhiyapNy
rhuzH jkf;F mUspa jFjpkpf;f mwTiufisf; fTe;jpabfs;
,dpikAw vLj;Jiuj;jhH. mj;JwtpaH ciwAk; mt;tplj;jpNyNa
%tUk; md;W jq;fpdH. %tUk; kWehs; njw;F Nehf;fpr; nry;y
tpUk;gp itfiwahfpa tpbaw;fhyj;jpy; ciwa+iu tpl;L ePq;fp
elf;fyhapdH. QhapW fpof;Nf tpsq;fpj; Njhd;wpdhd;. mtHfs;> ePH
tsk; kpf;f tay;fSk; Fsq;fSk; nghypT ngw;w topapNy cs;s
Nrhiyapd;fz; xU kz;lgj;Js; Eioe;jNghJ mq;Nf xU Kjpa
kiwNahidf; fz;ldH. mk;kiwNahd; ghz;baupd; ngUikiag;
gpd;tUkhW ghuhl;b tho;j;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jhd.; kd;dd; ahupDk;
jiy rpwe;j jifikAilNahdhfpa vk; kd;dd; tho;thdhf!
,t;Tyifg; gy Copf;fhyk; mtNd fhg;ghdhf! jd; ngUikapd;
mstpid cyfj;J murHf;nfy;yhk; fliyf; fhyhy; kpjpj;J
czHj;jpatd;> tbk;gyk;g epd;w ghz;bad;! fly;;kPJ Ntiy vwpe;j
47
Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
ngupa gifapidg; nghWf;fhJ nghq;fpnaOe;J> g/Wspahw;Wld;
gy gf;f kiyfisAila Fkup kiyapidAk; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;L mopj;jJ. Mjyhy; mtw;wpw;Ff; <lhf tlf;Nf nrd;W
fq;ifahw;iwAk; ,kakiyiaAk; iff;nfhz;L njd; jpir
Mz;lhd;> ghz;bad;! me;jg; ghz;bad; Gfo; tho;tjhf! "re;jpu
Fy kuG Nkd;ikailAkhW Mapuk; fz;fisAila ,e;jpud;
mzptpj;j typik nghUe;jpa Muj;ijj; jdJ moF tpsq;Fk;
khHgpNy g+z;lhd; ghz;bad; > me;jg; ghz;bad; Gfo; tho;tjhf! ">
',td; > ek; Fy Kjy;tdhd ,e;jpud; jiyapNy #ba Kbapy;
,Ue;j fpk;Gupia cilj;jtd; ' vd ,bAld; $ba kio rpy
Mz;Lfs; ghz;b ehl;by; nga;ahJ xope;jJ . MapDk; jd; ehl;by;
jg;ghj tpisAshfpa kpf;f tsk; ngUFk; tz;zk; >
mk;Nkfq;fisr; rpiwg;gLj;jp kio nghopar; nra;jhd; ghz;bad;!
me;jg; ghz;bad; Gfo; tho;tjhf! vd;wpt;thW mk;Kjpatd; jPJjPH
rpwg;gpd; njd;dtH kugpid tho;j;jpapUe;jdd;. mtd; mUNf nrd;w
Nfhtyd;> "ahJ Ek; CH? ,q;F vjw;fhf te;jPH? " vd tpdtpdhd;>
Fd;whr; rpwg;gpidAila jhd;kiwahsd; jdJ tUiff;Fupa
Nehf;fk; gw;wpf; $wyhdhd.; " ehd; Nkw;F kiyg; gf;fj;Nj cs;s
khq;fhL vd;Dk; Cupy; tho;gtd; . fupa Nkfk; caHe;j nghd;
kiykPJ tpupe;J gue;J gbe;j jd;ik Nghyg; gue;njOe;j Mapuk;
jiyfisAila mupa typik nghUe;jpa ghk;gizahfpa
gs;spkPJ gyUk; tzq;fpg; Nghw;WkhW> kpf;f miyfisAila
fhtpupg; Nguhw;wpd; ,ilf; Fiwapy; jpUtuq;fk; khWgl;L
epyj;ijr; Rl;nlupf;f > Ky;iyAk; FwpQ;rpAk; ey;ypay;G nfl;Lj;
jd;idr; rhHe;jhiu eLq;fr; nra;Ak; ghiy vdg;gLk;
nfhLe;jd;ikAWk; ',j;jifa Ntdpw;fhyj;Nj fhupifAld; fLk;
gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;BNu! fw;ghiwfSk; > rpW kiyfSk; kaf;fk;
jUk; fhdy; ePH NtypAk; fye;J fplf;Fk; ,e;j ePz;l ghiy
topiaf; fle;J nrd;W nfhLk;ghs+H> neLq;Fsk; vd;Dk; ,uz;L
CHfSf;Fk; nghJthd Vupf; fiuapid mile;jhy;> gpiw #ba
rptngUkhdpd; Kj;jiyr; #yk; Nghy> flj;jw;fupa %d;W topfs;
gpupAk;! "vdf;$wp> NkYk; mtw;iw tpupthf vLj;Jiuj;jhd;
mk;kiwNahd; .
3.1.3. tyg;Gw topapd; ,ay;Gfs;
%d;W topfSs; tyg;Gw topahfr; nry;yj; Jzpe;jhy;>
tpupe;j jiyiaAila ntz;flk;Gk;> fha;e;J Nghd XikAk;>
48
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nghupe;j jhspid cila thifAk; cyHe;j Gy;yhfpa %q;fpYk;
ePuw;Wr; RUq;fpf; fplf;Fk; fs;spAk; topnaq;Fk; epiwe;J
fplg;gijf; fhz;gPH. ePH Ntl;ifahy; tUe;Jk; khd;fs; epd;W
myUk; fhl;ilAk;> vapdH FbapUg;igAk; fle;J nry;y
Ntz;bapUf;Fk;! gpd; kiyr; rhuypy; tpisAk; Itdk; vd;Dk;
ney;Yk; > ,iyaw;w fZf;fisAila Kwpf;Fk; gf;Ftj;jpy;
cs;s fUk;Gk;> nfha;Ak; gUtj;ijAila moF ngw;w jpidAk;>
tskhd Gdj;jpd;fz; tpise;j tuFk;> nts;Ss;spAk;> kQ;rSk; >
mofpa nfhbapidAila ftiyAk; > jho;e;j FiyAld; $ba
thioAk;> fKFk;> njq;Fk; > khTk;> gyhTk; Mfpa ,it
xd;iwnahd;W mLj;jLj;Jr; #o;e;jpUf;Fk; ghz;badpd; rpWkiy
tpsq;fpj; Njhd;Wk.; mk;kiyapd; tyg;Gwkhfr; nry;tPuhapd;
kJiuia miltPH.
3.1.4. ,lg;Gw topapd; ,ay;Gfs;
mt;topr; nry;yhJ ,lg; gf;fj;J topahfr; nry;y tpUk;gpd;>
mJ gw;wpf; $WNtd;@ rpwfpidAila tz;Lfs; nrt;topg; gz;
Nghy; ghLfpd;w Mokhd Fsq;fisAk;> tay;fisAk; FspHe;j
g+Q;NrhiyfisAKila kUj epyj;ijAk;> gpd;dHr; Ruk;gy
,ilapilNa fplf;fpd;w fhl;L topiaAk; fle;J nry;tPuhapd;>
jpUkhypUQ;Nrhiy kiyia miltPH . mq;Nf kpf;f kaf;fj;ijg;
Nghf;Fk; gpyj;J top xd;W cz;L. mg;gpyj;jpDs;Ns> tpz;ztUk;
Nghw;WkhW tpaf;fj;jf;f Kiwapy; Gz;zpa rutzk;> gtfhuzp>
,l;l rpj;jp vdg; ngaH ngw;w> vd;Wk; ePq;fhj rpwg;gpid cila
%d;W ngha;iffs; cs;sd. Gz;zpa rutzk; vd;Dk;
ngha;ifapy; Ko;fp ePuhLtPuhapd; > tpz;ztH Nfhkhdhfpa
,e;jpudhy; ,aw;wg;ngw;w Ie;jpwk; vd;Dk; ,yf;fzj;ijf; fw;Wj;
NjHe;jtuhtPH! gtfhuzpapy; %o;fp ePuhLtPuhapd; ,e;jg; gpwtpf;Ff;
fhuzkhf ,Ue;j Kw;gpwtpfs; gw;wp czHtPH! ,l;l rpj;jp vd;Dk;
ngha;ifapy; %o;fp ePuhLtPuhapd; mg;NghJ ePq;fs; kdj;jpy;
fUjpatw;iw nay;yhk; ngWtPH. ePq;fs; mg;gpyj;Js; Eioa
tpUk;gpdhy; Xq;fp caHe;j mk;kiyf;fz; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk;
jpUkhiy tzq;fp> mtdJ jpUtbfisr; rpe;ijapy; nfhs;tPuhf!
mg;gb mg;ngUkhidj; Jjpj;J> mk;kiyia Kk;Kiw tyk;
te;jhy; epyk; gpsf;Fk; tz;zk; g+kpia mWj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;
Mokhd rpyk;ghw;wpd; mfd;w fiuapNy> eWkz kyHfs; epiwe;j
Ntq;if kuj;jpd;fPo;f; fupa Nkfk; Nghd;w $e;jiyAila tise;j
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
tisay; mzpe;j xH ,af;f khJ Njhd;Wths;! mg;gbj; Njhd;Wk;
mts; xU tpdh tpdTths;> " ,k;ik ,d;gKk; kWik ,d;gKk;>
,uz;Lk; ,d;wp vg;NghJk; Jhajha; epw;Fk; ,d;gKk;| Mfpatw;iwf;
$Wq;fs;. ehd; ,k;kiyapy; tho;fpNwd; ' vd; ngaH tNuhj;jik !
,k; %d;W cz;ikfis ciug;ghHf;F ehd; vt;tifapYk;
cupats; MNtd;' Mjypd; > ePq;fs; ciug;gPHfshdhy; jFjpAila
ckf;F ,g;gpy thapw; fjtpidj; jpwg;Ngd;! " vd;W $Wths;.
ePq;fs; Vw;w gjpy; $wpd; fjitj; jpwe;J tpLths;. gpd; mtd;
fhl;Lk; ey;y topapNy nry;tPuhapd; gy fjTfs; ( thapy;fs; )
Njhd;Wk; ! ,ul;ilf; fjtpidAila thapy; xd;Wk; Njhd;Wk;!
njhlHe;J nrd;why;> xtpakhfj; jPl;lg;gl;l g+q;nfhb Nghd;w mofpa
ngz; xUj;jp vjpHg;gLths;. mts;> ",Wjp ,yh ,d;gk; vd;gJ vJ?
mjid vdf;F ,q;F ciug;gPuhapd;> ePq;fs; tpUk;gp te;j
nghUs;fisf; fhz;gPH! " vd;W tpdTths;> " ePq;fs; vdJ
tpdhf;fSf;F tpil $whtpl;lhYk; cq;fisj; Jd;GWj;j khl;Nld;.
,e;j neL topf;F mg;ghy; nfhz;L Ngha; tpl;LtpLNtd;. nghUe;jg;
gjpy; ciug;ghH csuhapd; mtHf;F Nkw;$wpa %d;W
ngha;iffspd; fiufisAk; fhl;bj; jpUk;GNtd;! " vd;Wk;
ciug;ghs;. " mupa Ntjq;fspy; czHj;jg;gLk; Ie;njOj;J
ke;jpukhd ekrptha vd;gjidAk;> vl;nlOj;J ke;jpukhd Xk; eNkh
ehuhazha vd;gjidAk; kdk; xd;wp Kiwahf Xjp ePH
tpUk;gpanjhU ngha;ifapy; ePuhLtPuhapd;> mjdhy; ePq;fs; ngWk;
gad; ngupjhk;. mjidj; jtj;NjhUk; fhz;ly; mupJ. ePtpH kw;wg;
ngha;iffspd; gaid vz;zhJ kyHkpir epd;w jpUkhypd; mofpa
jhkiu kyH Nghd;w jpUtbfis cs;sk; xd;wp epidAq;fs; .
mt;thW cs;sk; nghUe;jpj; jpahdk; nra;jhy;> mj;jpUkhypd;
fUlf; nfhb gwf;Fk; ePz;l nfhb fhL kuk; fz;Zf;Fj; njupAk;.
gpd;> mtsJ kyH Nghd;w ,izabfs; cq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhz;L
gpwtpj; Jaiug; Nghf;Fk;! me;epiyapy; Ngupd;gk; mile;jtuha;
khz;Gila kJiuf;Fr; nry;tPuhf! fz;$lhff; fhzj;jFk;
gpyj;jpd; jd;ik ,JNtahFk;!.
3.1.5. ,il topapd; ,ay;Gfs;
me;j topapYk; nry;y cq;fSf;F tpUg;gkpy;iyahdhy; >
,ilg;gl;l top ey;y topahFk; Njd; rpe;Jk; kyHr; Nrhiyfs;
#o;e;j CHfs; ,ilapilNa cs;s fhLfs; gytw;iwf; fle;J
nrd;why;> me;j mupa topapNy ngUe;Jd;gk; jUk; fhDiw
50
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nja;tk; xd;W vjpNu Njhd;Wk;! fz;NlhH eLf;fk; nfhs;shjthW >
,dpa tbtj;NjhL te;J Jd;gk; nra;ahJ topg; Nghthiuj;
jLf;Fk;> mjdplkpUe;J jg;gp ele;J Nkw;nrd;why;> mk; kJiu
nry;Yk; top %d;Wk; xd;W NrHe;J ngUtopahf tpsq;Fk;. Mjyhy;
ePq;fs; nrd;W thUq;fs;! ehd; > neba cyfj;ijj; jhtpase;j
jpUkhypd; jpUtbfis tzq;Fk; jd;ikAilatd;. Mjyhy; vd;
topapNy Ngha; tUfpNwd;! " vd;W $wp Kbj;jhd;. khkiwNahd;
thapyhf topapd; ,ay;Gfisf; Nfl;lwpe;j fTe;jpabfs; >
eyk;Gup nfhs;if ehd;kiw ahs
gpyk;Gf Ntz;Lk; ngw;wp <q;fpy;iy
fg;gj; jpe;jpud; fhl;ba E}ypd;
nka;g;ghl; baw;ifapd; tpsq;ff; fhzha;
,we;j gpwg;gpd; va;jpa nty;yhk;
gpwe;j gpwg;gpw; fhzh NaheP
tha;ikapd; tohJ kd;Dap Nuhk;GeHf;F
ahtJ Kz;Nlh va;jh mUk;nghUs;
fhKW nja;tq; fz;lb gzpa
ePNgh ahq;fSk; ePs;newpg; glHFJk;
xU nghUs; nghUe;jpa ciuia ciug;ghuhapdhH “ ey;
xOf;fj;ij tpUk;Gk; nfhs;ifapidAila ehd;kiw ty;ytNd! eP
$wpa gpyj;jpy; Gf Ntz;ba epiy vq;fSf;F ,y;iy! ePL
tho;jiyAila ,e;jpud; ,aw;wpa tpahfuzj;jpid> mUfg;
ngUkhs; mUspa gukhfkj;jpy; tpsq;ff;fhz;gha; ! Mjyhy;
Gz;zpa rutzj;jpy; %o;fp ePlhu Ntz;lh!. eP nry;thahf.
ehq;fSk; ePz;l topapNy kJiu Nehf;fpr; nry;Nthk; vd;whu;.
3.1.6. Iiaf;Nfhl;lk; miljy;
thdpy; nry;Yk; QhapW ntk;ik nra;aj; njhlq;fpw;W .
Mjyhy; jPik kpf;f ghiy top ,dp ntapypy; nrd;W flj;jw;F
mupJ vd czHe;jdH Nfhtyd;> tise;j fhjzpia mzpe;j
fz;zfp> fTe;jpabfs; MfpNahH. kaf;fj;ijj; jUk; topiaAila
epyg; gug;gpy; cs;s FutKk;> Ntd; flk;Gk;> Nfhq;Fk;> Ntq;ifAk;
jk;kpw; fye;J nghypTld; tsHe;jpUe;j> Nrhiy #o;e;J tpsq;fpa
Xuplj;ij neUq;fpdH. neUq;fp> flj;jw;fupa topfspy; nry;NthuJ
tsj;jpidad;wp > kio tsj;jpidg; ngwhj tpy;iyAila kwtH>
vkid xj;j typAld; tise;j tpy;iyf; ifapy; Ve;jpg; giftH
Kidaplj;Jr; nry;y> mtHf;F ey;y ntw;wpiaf; nfhLj;J
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mjw;Ff; ifk;khwhf tPuj; jd;ikf;F milahskhd
mtpg;gypahfpa flid vjpH Nehf;Fk; new;wpf; fz;izAila
FkupAk; > tpz;NzhH Nghw;Wk; ghitAk; > Fw;wkw;w
rpwg;gpidAila thd ehl;ilAilatSkhd nfhw;witapd;
Nfhapy; xd;W mq;fpUf;ff; fz;L> mf;Nfhapypd; xU Gwkhfr;
nrd;W jq;fpdH.
3.2. Ntl;Lt tup (fhij -12) 3.2.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
fTe;jpabfs;> fz;zfp> Nfhtyd; %tUk; Iia Nfhapypd;
xU gf;fj;Nj ,isg;ghwpdH. mq;Nf> rhypdp> nja;tk; Vwg;ngw;W
MNtrk; nfhz;lhs;. nfhw;witf;Fr; nra;a Ntz;ba nra;flid
epiwNtw;WkhW $wpdhs;. nja;tk; Vwpa rhypdp fz;zfpia
midtHf;Fk; Rl;bf; fhl;b> “ ,tNsh nfhq;fr; nry;tp>
Flkiyahl;b> njd;jkpo; ehL nra;j jtf;nfhOe;J" vd mtsJ
vjpHfhyj; nja;tepiy Fwpj;J tpae;Jiuj;jhs; . mJ Nfl;l
fz;zfp > ehzKw;Wf; fztdpd; Gwj;Nj xJq;fp epd;whs;.
Ntl;LtHfs; nfhw;witapd; Gfo; $wp tupg; ghly;fisg; ghbf;
nfhz;lhbdH.
3.2.2. nja;tk; Vwg; ngw;w rhypdpapd; Kof;fk;
Qhapw;wpd; ntk;ikahd fjpHfs; fLikahfj; jhf;Fk;NghJ
topg; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ljhy; kzkpF $e;jiyAila fz;zfp
ngUe;Jd;gKw;whs;. mtsJ rpw;wbfs; rpte;jd@ tUj;jk; jhshJ
FKwpr; nrwpe;jhs;. top eilj; Jd;gk; njhiyAkhW %tUk; Iia
Nfhl;lj;jpy;> ahtUk; mwpahjthW xU gf;fkhf ,Ue;jdH. mq;Nf>
mk;gpid toq;Fk; tpy;ypid Ve;jpa ngupa iffisAila kwtH
FbapNy gpwe;j cupikahy;> goq;flidj; ju Koq;fp MHg;gupf;Fk;
rhypdp> nja;tk; Vwg; ngw;whs;. mtsJ nka;k;kapHr; rpypHj;jJ.
mts; iffis vLj;J caHj;jp> Ks; Ntyp ,lg;gl;l Cupd; eLNt
vapdH xUq;F $bg; gfpHe;J cz;Zk; CH kd;wj;jpy; ahtUk;
tpaf;Fk; tz;zk; fhy; ngaHj;J Mbdhs;! " goq;fld;
juhikahy;> giftuJ Muthuk; kpf;f ngupa Cupy; Mdpiufs;
jpuz;ld! ,q;Nfh typa tpy;ypidAila kwtHfspd; kd;wq;fs;
gho;gl;ld! kwf;Fb kwtUk; topg;gwpahy; tsk; Ruf;fg; ngwhJ
mwf;FbapdH Nghyr; rpdk; Fiwe;J nrUf;F mlq;fpdH!
fiyahfpa CHjpiaAila nfhw;witf;F ePq;fs; nra;flidj;
juhtpl;lhy;> mts; cq;fs; tpy;Yf;F ntw;wpiaj; jukhl;lhs;! topg;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
NghthH nghUisg; gwpj;J cz;Zk; kf;fNs! ePq;fs; fs; Fbj;J
kfpo;e;J thOk; tho;it tpUk;GtPuhapd;> nfhw;witf;Fupa gypf;
flid mspg;gPuhf! " vd;W ciuj;jhs;.| jk; jiyiaj; jhNk
mupe;J nfhw;witf;Fg; gypapl;L ,j;jid vd vz;zpf;
nfhs;SkhW nra;Ak; mk;kwtHfs; Nehahy; nrj;J vupf;fg;gl;L
twpNj ,wf;fhj FbapdH. mtHfs;> jk; njhy;Fbapy; gpwe;j
nja;tk; Vwg;ngw;w mr;rhypdpapd; FWfpa RUz;l $e;jiyr;> rpW
nts;isg; ghk;Gf; Fl;b Nghyr; nra;j nghd; fapw;wpdhy; ePz;l
ril Kbahfr; Rw;wpf; fl;bdH. fl;L Ntyp #o;e;j Njhl;lg; gapiu
mopj;j gd;wpapdJ tise;j nfhk;gpidg; gpLq;fp> mjidg; gpiwr;
re;jpud; vd;DkhW rilKbapy; rhj;jpdH. mQ;rhikAila typa
Gypapd; thiag; gpse;J ngw;w ntz; gw;fis xOq;fhd
khiyahff; Nfhj;Jg; Gypg;gy;jhyp vd mts; fOj;jpy; mzpe;jdH.
tupf; NfhLfSk; Gs;spfSk; fye;j Gypj;Njhy; Milia mtsJ
,ilapy; Nkfiyahf cLj;jpdH. md;Gld; tapu tpy;iy vLj;J
mtsJ ifapy; nfhLj;jdH. KWf;Fz;l nfhk;igAila Mz;
khd; kPJ mtis mkur; nra;jdH. ghitAk; fpspAk;>
rpWkapiuAila mofpa rpwfpidf; nfhz;l fhl;Lf; NfhopAk;>
ePyepw kapYk;> ge;Jk;> fpoq;Fk; Mfpa ,tw;iwf; nfhLj;J
mtisf; nfhw;witahfg; Gide;J Jjpj;jdH. tz;zf; Fok;Gk;>
Rz;zg;nghbAk; FspHe;j kzKs;s re;jdKk;> mtiuAk;>
JtiuAk;> vs;SUz;ilAk;> epzj;Jld; $ba NrhWk;> kyHfSk;>
GifAk;> tpUk;gpa kzg; nghUs;fSk; Mfpa ,tw;iwg; gzpg;
ngz;fs; Ve;jp mts; gpd;Nd tUkhW nra;jdH. topg;gwpf;Fk;NghJ
nfhl;Lk; giwAk;> nfhk;Gk;> Gy;yhq;FoYk; > ngUik kpf;f
kzpAk; Mfpa ,it jk;kpw; $b xUNru xypf;FkhW
mr;rhypdpahfpa nfhw;wit Kd;Nd epWj;jpdH. gpd; mzq;Nfwpa
mr;rhypdp jhd; je;j ntw;wpapd; tpiyahfpa gypapid cz;Zk;
,lkhfpa kyH tpupe;j gypgPlj;ij Kjypy; tzq;fpg; gpd;dH>
tpiue;j nrytpidAila fiyia CHjpahf cila
nfhw;witiaf; ifahy; njhOJ ehthy; Nghw;wpdhs;.
3.2.3. nja;tk; Nghw;wpa nja;tf; fz;zfp
,tNsh> nfhq;fr; nry;tp Flkiy ahl;b
njd;wkpo;g; ghit nra;j jtf;nfhOe;J
xUkh kzpaha; cyfpw; Nfhq;fpa
jpUkh kzpnadj; nja;tKw; Wiug;g
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nja;tk; Vwg; ngw;w mr;rhypdp> jk;Ks; xj;j jhkiu
kyHNghYk; rpw;wbfs; tUe;j kpfTk; Jd;Gw;Wj; jd; fztDld;
mq;F xUghy; jq;fpapUe;j kzk; nghUe;jpa $e;jiyAila
fz;zfpia vapdHf;Fr; Rl;bf; fhl;bdhs;> NkYk;> ",ts; >nfhq;F
ehl;bd; tpiy kjpg;gw;w nry;tp@ Flkiy ehl;il Ms;gts;@ njd;
jkpo;g; ghit@ NkNyhH nra;j jtf; nfhOe;J@ ,t;Tyfpw;nfy;yhk;
xg;gw;w khkzp Nghd;W kpf;f xspiaj; jUk; nja;t kfs;! " vd;W
nka;kwe;J Nghw;wpj; Jjpj;jhs;.
3.2.4. fz;zfpapd; mlf;fKilik
rhypdpapd; GfOiuiaf; Nfl;l fz;zfp> “,k;
%jwpTilahs; VNjh kaf;fj;jhy; ,t;thW $wpdhs; NghYk;!" vd;W
fUjpg; ngWjw;fupa fztdhd Nfhtydpd; gpd;dhy; xLq;fp>
GjpanjhU Gd;dif g+j;J ehzp epd;whs;.
3.3. GwQ;Nrup ,Wj;j fhij (fhij -13) 3.3.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
fz;zfpapd; cly; NrhHtpid czHe;j Nfhtyd;> “
ghz;badpd; nrq;Nfhy; rpwg;ghy; ehl;by; ahnjhU ,ila+Wk;
NeuhJ. Mjyhy; ,utpy; nry;yyhk; ' vdf; $wpdhd;. mt;thNw
%tUk; ele;J nrd;wdH. Ks;Ntyp #o;e;j fhty; kpf;f ,lj;Nj
,UtiuAk; ,Uf;fr; nra;J> Nfhtyd; jdpNa ePHj;Jiwia ehbr;
nrd;whd;. mq;Nf Nfhrpfidr; re;jpj;jhd;. Nfhtyidg; gpupe;j GfhH
efuk; cw;w JaH gw;wpf; Nfhrpfd; tpupthff; $wp> khjtpapd;
fbjj;ij mtdplk; mspj;jhd;. fbjj;jpd; Nkd;ikia czHj;j
Nfhtyd;> “mts; nra;j Fw;wk; ahJk; ,y;iy! ,J vd; jPJ' vd
nehe;J jd;idNa gopj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. me;jr; rpwe;j fbjj;ijg;
ngw;Nwhuplk; NrHj;J mtH jk; Jd;gk; fisAkhW Nfhrpfid
Ntz;bf; nfhz;lhd;. gpd;> ghznuhL NrHe;J aho; ,irj;jhd;>
kJiu vt;tsT J}uk; ,Uf;fpwJ' vd mg;ghzuplk; tpdt>
mtHfs;> ' mz;ikj;Nj' vd nkhope;jdH . gpwF NfhtyDk;
fz;zfpAk; fTe;jpabfSk; xU fl;L kuj;jpy; Vwp itiaahw;iwf;
fle;J> njd;fiuia mile;J> kJiuapd; kjpw;Gwj;Jg;
GwQ;Nrupapy; jq;fpdH.
3.3.2. kJiu Nehf;fpa %tupd; gazk;
tpba tpba ele;jdH. Nfhtyd; topeilg; gazj;jhy;
NrhHe;J fisj;jpUe;j fz;zfpia Nehf;fp> ",e;j topapy; tupg;
Gypfs; cWKk;@ Nguhe;ijfs; myWk;@ fubfs; Koq;Fk;@ ,tw;iwf;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Nfl;L eP mQ;rhJ vd;Dld; ,ize;J tUf ! " vd;W $wp>
tisay; mzpe;j mtsJ ifiaj; jdJ Njhs;kPJ rhHj;jpf;
nfhz;lhd;. top eil tUj;jk; jPUk; tz;zk; ght nkhopapd;
ePq;fpa Fw;wkw;w Nfs;tpapidAila fTe;jpabfspd; mwTiufisf;
Nfl;lthNw flj;jw;fupa topiaf; fle;jdH. mg;NghJ KJNtdpy;
ntk;ik epiyngw;w %q;fpy; vupe;J rupe;J fplf;Fk; fhl;blj;Nj
fhl;Lf; Nfhopfs; #upad; tUifia mwptpj;jd. tupg;ghl;ilg;ghLk;
,ay;gpduha;> kiwE}y; jd;ikapypUe;J khWgl;l ,Of;fpduha;>
Kg;Gup E}y; mzpe;J tho;Nthupd; XH Ciu mtHfs; mile;jdH.
me;j Cupd; cs;Ns nry;yhJ xU Gwj;Nj jq;fpdH. Nfhtyd;>
fTe;jpabfSlNd fz;zfpia xU ghJfhtyhd ,lj;Nj ,Uf;fr;
nra;J> Ks;Ntypiaf; fle;J re;jp Kjyhd fhiy epakq;fis
Kbg;gjw;fhf ePz;l topapy; cs;s ePH epiyia ehbr; nrd;whd;.
3.3.3. Nfhrpfd; re;jpg;G
mtd; fhl;L topapNy fz;zfpia mioj;J te;jikf;Fg;
ngupJk; tUe;jp ciyj; JUj;jp Nghyg; ngU%r;nrwpe;jhd;. cly;
jsHe;J cs;sk; NrhHe;J Nkdp epwk; khWgl;bUe;jjhy;> mtidj;
Njb te;j Nfhrpfd; vd;Dk; gpukr;rhup ,td; Nfhtyd; jhdh' vd
IAw;whd;. jdJ Iaj;ijg; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf mUfpy; ,Ue;j
' khjtp ' vd;w ngaUila FUf;fj;jpf;nfhb glHe;j xU ge;jiur;
rhHe;J> ' khjtpNa! jd;id tpl;Lf; Nfhtyd; gpupe;jjhy; kpf;f
Jd;gj;ij mile;j nea;jy; kyH Nghd;w fz;fisAila
khjtpiag; Nghy ePAk; nghWj;jw;fupa ,k;KJNtdpw; fhyj;J
ntapw;F Mw;whJ thb kyHfisf; fise;J Jd;Gw;whNah?"
Nfhrpfdpd; $w;iwr; nrtpNaw;w Nfhtyd;> 'IaNd! ePH ,q;Ff;
$wpajd; nghUs; vd;d? vd tpdtpdhd;. mt;tstpy; mtsJ Iak;
ePq;fpaJ 'jPjpy;yhJ ,Uf;fpd;whd;! ehd; fz;L gpbj;J tpl;Nld;>
,td; Nfhtyd;jhd;' vd kfpo;r;rpAld; mtid neUq;fpf;
$wYw;whd;.
3.3.4. Nfhtyidg; gpupe;j Gfhupd; epiy
NfhtyNd! epd; je;ijahd ngUQ;nry;td; khrhj;JthDk;>
mtDila ngUkidf; fpoj;jpahd epd; jhAk; mupa khzpf;fj;ij
,oe;j ehfk; Nghy xLq;fpdH@ epdJ cwtpdH ,dpa capiu
,oe;j cliyg; Nghyj; Jd;gf; flypy; Mo;e;jdH. epd; je;ij>
'vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; nrd;W Nfhtyidj; Njbf; nfhz;L tUf!'
vd VtyHfis mDg;gpdhd;@ me;j VtyHfs; cd;idj; Njbg; gy
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
jpirfSf;Fk; nrd;Ws;sdH. 'je;ij Vtiyf; Nfl;L mjd;gb
elg;gNj rpwe;jJ> mtd; gzpapy;yhJ murhl;rpNa fpilg;gpDk;
jQ;rk; vd;W mjidg; gw;wpg; ghz;Lk; fplg;gJ jPikNaahFk;!”
vd;W fUjpj; je;ijapd; fl;lisg;gb fhdfk; nrd;w ,uhkidg;
gpupe;J Jd;Gw;w mNahj;jp Nghy Ek; gpuptpdhy; Gfo; ngw;w
%J}uhd GfhH Jd;GWfpwJ!"
3.3.5. khjtpapd; ,uz;lhk; kly;
NfhtyNd! ,d;ndhd;W Nfs;> eP Xiyia thq;f kWj;Jf;
$wpatw;iw nay;yhk; tae;jkhiy %yk; Nfl;l khjtp gre;j
Nkdpasha; gyg;gy epide;J Mw;whsha;> vOepiy khlj;J
eLepiyapy; mike;j gLf;ifapy; tPo;e;J Jd;GWfpd;wds;. mts;
mt;thW epd;id epide;J epide;J cw;w Jauj;ij ehd;
Nfs;tpAw;Wg; ngupJk; tUe;jp MWjy; $wr; nrd;Nwd; . kpf;f
Jd;gKw;w khjtp> ' epd; ,izab njhONjd; : vdf;F te;j
Jd;gj;jpidg; Nghf;Ftha; ! ' vd;W $wp > kyH Nghd;w jd;
ifapdhy; xU Klq;fiy vOjp Kj;jpiuapl;L vd;dplk; je;J> '
vd; fz;kzp Nghd;wtDf;F ,ijf; fhl;Lf! ' vd;W vd;dplk;
je;jhs;. ,jid Ve;jpg; gy ,lq;fspYk; miye;J jpupe;J ,d;W
,q;F Ek;ikf; fz;Nld;! " vd;W vy;yhtw;iwAk; Fw;wkpd;wp
vLj;Jf; $wp fhjy; cs;sj;jhy; neQ;rope;J tUe;Jk; mofpa
$e;jiyAila khjtp je;j Klq;fiyf; Nfhrpfd;> Nfhtydpd;
kyHf;ifapNy nfhLj;jhd;.
3.3.6. kly; rpwg;G
khjtp jd; $e;jyhy; mk;Klq;fypy; kz; ,yr;rpid
nghwpj;jpUe;jhshjypd;> mk;Klq;fy;> mtd; mtSld; tho;e;j
fhyj;jpy; g+rpa GOF nea;apd; kzj;ij czHj;jpaJ. vdNt
mjidf; ifapdpd;Wk; tpLtpf;fhjtdha;> rpwpJ nghOJ jho;j;Jg;
gpd;dH mijg; gpupj;Jg; gbf;fj; njhlq;fpdhd;. "mbfNs! cq;fs;
jpUtbfisj; njhOfpNwd;@ njsptpy;yhj vd; Gd;nkhopfis
kdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;: jhq;fs; jq;fSila jha; je;ij
Mfpa ,U KJFutHf;Fr; nra;a Ntz;ba gzptpiliar; nra;ahJ
tpl;BHfs;! md;wpAk;> caH FbapNy gpwe;j fz;zfpAld; ,utpNy
,e;efiu tpl;L ePq;fpr; nrd;wPHfs;' ,tw;Wf;nfy;yhk; ahd; nra;j
Fw;wk; ahJ vd mwpa ,ayhky; vd; cs;sk; tUe;JfpwJ. ,ijj;
jhq;fs; Nghf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fw;wk; ePq;fpa ew;fhl;rpfisAila
Nkd;ikAilaPH! ek; GfOf;Ff; FiwAz;lhfhky; fhg;gPuhf! " vd;W
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
mts; vOjpa Gfo; nkhopfspd; nghUis ed;F czHe;j
Nfhtyd;> mtsplk; Fw;wk; vJTk; ,y;iy vdj; njspe;J> ' ,J
vd; Fw;wk;' vd;whd;. Klq;fypd; rpwg;gpid mwpe;j Nfhtyd;>
,k;kz; Kj;jpiu ,lg;gl;l Klq;fy; vd;idg; ngw;nwLj;j
je;ijf;Fk; (mbfNs! cq;fs; jpUtbfisj; njhOfpNwd;@
njsptpy;yhj vd; Gd; nkhopfis kdj;jpy; Vw;wUs; Ntz;Lk;! ehd;
jq;fSf;Fr; nra;a Ntz;ba gzptpilfisf; iftpl;ljd;wp> ,e;j
caH Fbapy; gpwe;j fz;zfpAld;> jq;fis tpl;L ePq;fp ,utpy;
gpupe;jjw;Ff; fhuzkhd vd; gpioiag; nghWj;J> vq;fsJ gpupthy;
NeUk; cs;sj; jsHr;rpiag; Nghf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;! Fw;wk; jPHe;j
nka;f;fhl;rpAila Nkd;ikaPH@ Nghw;wp vd) mofhfg; nghUe;Jk;
jd;ikapy; cs;sJ! Mjypd;> 'NfhrpfNd! Fw;wkpy;yhj vd; ,U
KJFutupd; kyH mida jpUtbfis tzq;fpNdd;! vdf; $wp
vd; je;ijf;F ,jidf; fhl;Lthahf!' vd mk; Klq;fiy
mtdplk; nfhLj;J> vkJ gpupthy; mtHf;Fz;lhd eLf;fj;jpidg;
Nghf;fp> mtHjk; ey;y cs;sj;jpy; nghUe;jpa JaiuAk;
fistjw;F tpiue;J nry;thahf!" vd;W $wp mtidg; GfhUf;Fj;
jpUk;g mDg;gpdhd;. Nfhrpfkhzpia tpl;Lg; gpupe;j Nfhtyd;
khrpy;yhj fw;gpidAila fz;zfpAk; fTe;jpabfSk; ,Ue;j
,lj;ij mile;jhd;.
3.3.7. kJiuia miljy;
NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk; fTe;jpabfSk; Kjy; ehs;
NghyNt kw;w ehl;fspYk; ,utpy; ele;J nrd;W itfiwg;
nghOjpy; kJiuia neUq;fpdH. mg;NghJ mopj;jy;
njhopiyAila rptngUkhd; Nfhapypdpd;Wk;> Gfo; kpf;f
ghz;badpd; muz;kidapdpd;Wk; xypf;Fk; fhiy Kurpd; xypAk;>
NtjpaH ehd;F Ntjq;fis xJk; xypAk;> ngUe;jt KdptHfs;
fhiyapy; XJk; ke;jpuj;jhy; cz;lhd xypAk;> kd;ddhy;
rpwg;gpf;fg; ngw;w ths; tPuH jk; tPuj;jpw;F milahskhf
ehl;fhiyapy; vOg;gpa KuR Kjypatw;wpd; xypAk; > Nghupy;
giftiu ntd;W nfhz;L te;j NghH ahidfspd; Kof;fKk;>
fhl;by; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L tug;gl;l ahidfspd; Kof;fKk;>
Fjpiufspd; fiyg;nghypAk; nghUeH itfiwapy; vOg;Gk;
fpizg;giwnahypAk; Mfpa ,t;nthypfs; fUq;fliyg; Nghy
xypj;J tuNtw;f mjdhy; mtHfs; Kd;G jhk; mile;j Jd;gq;fs;
vy;yhk; ePq;fg; ngw;wdH >
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
3.3.8. itia vd;Dk; ngha;ahf; Fyf;nfhb
ijaw; FWtJ jhdwpe; jds;Nghy;
Gz;zpa eWky uhil NghHj;Jf;
fz;zpiw neLePH fue;jds; mlf;fpg;
Gdy;ah wd;wpJ g+k;Gdy; ahnwd
Nfhtyd;> fz;zfp> fTe;jpabfs; Mfpa %tUk;
itiaahw;wpdJ tlfiuia mile;jdH. Fuh kuKk;> kfpo kuKk;>
Nfhq;f kuKk;> Ntq;if kuKk;> ntz; flk;g kuKk;> RuGd;id
kuKk;> kQ;rhb kuKk;> kUj kuKk;> nrUe;jp kuKk; Mfpa ,it
ghjpup kuj;Jld; kyHe;J itianad;Dk; eq;iff;Fg; g+e;Jfpyhf
tpsq;Fk;@ FUf;fj;jpAk;> nrk;Ky;iyAk;> tstpa nfhbiaAila
KRz;ilAk;> tpupe;j g+f;fisAila Nkhrp ky;ypAk;> nts;isf;
$jhsKk;> ntl;ghiyAk;> %q;fpYk;> nfhOq;nfhb gfd;iwAk;>
gpltKk;> ,Uthl;rpAk; Mfpa gy kyUk; gpd;dpg; glHe;J
me;eq;ifapd; Nkfiyahfj; jpfOk;@ mfd;W caHe;j fiuNa me;
eq;ifapd; my;FyhFk;@ Mw;wpilf; Fiwf;fz; mbg;gf;fk; mfd;W >
gy kyHfshy; caHr;rp ngw;W xd;ww;nfhd;W xj;J caHe;J
Ftpe;J tpsq;Fk; kzy; Fd;Wfs; me; eq;ifapd; nfhq;iffs;
MFk;@ fiuapNy cjpHe;J fplf;Fk; KUf;f kyHfs; me;eq;ifapd;
rpte;j tha; MFk;: mUtp ePUld; te;j Ky;iy kyHfs; me;
eq;ifapd; gw;fs; mFk;@ FWf;Fk; neLf;Fkhf Xbj;jpupAk; fay;
kPd;fs; me;eq;ifapd; ePz;l fz;fs; MFk;: kzk; fkOk; kyHfs;
ePq;fg; ngwhj fUkzy; me; eq;ifapd; fUq;$e;jy; MFk; @ ,j;jF
moF eyk; tha;e;j ,ts;> gy;tifg; nghUs;fis tpistpj;J>
cyf capHfis tsHf;Fk; mUs; cilats;@ GytH ehtpNy
nghUe;jpa jpUkfs;@ itia MW vd;W $wg;gLk; tsk; ngha;ahj
ghz;baH Fyf; nfhbahd ,ts; fz;zfpf;F epfotpUf;Fk;
Jd;gj;ij Kd;dNu mwpe;jtidg; Nghy> Gz;zpa eWkyHfshy;
Md Milahy; cly; KOJk; NghHj;J> jd; fz;fspypUe;J ngUfp
tUk; ePiu kw;wtH fhzhjthW cs;slf;fpj; Njhd;wpdhs;.
3.3.9. ,J ePH MW md;W@ g+thW!
',e;j MW ePH mW md;W : g+thW! ' vd;W Gfo;e;J>
md;dk; Nghd;w eilAila fz;zfpAk; > NfhtyDk; itiaiaj;
njhOJ Nghw;wpdH . gpd; mtHfs; mupa JiwapNy nrYj;Jk;
Fjpiu Kf xlk;> ahid Kf Xlk;> rpq;f Kf Xlk; Mfpatw;wpy;
Vwpg; gyUk; nry;Yk; ngupa Jiwg;gf;fj;Nj nry;yhJ> mq;Fs;s
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
rpwpa Jiwapy; fTe;jpabfSld; xU kug;Gizapy; Vwpj; Njd;
rpe;Jk; kyHfs; epiwe;j NrhiyfSld; $ba njd;fiuia
mile;jdH.
3.3.10. tuhjPH! tuhjPH !- top kwpj;j neLq;nfhb
NghUoe; njLj;j Mnuapy; neLq;nfhb
thunyd; gdNghy; kwpj;Jf;if fhl;l
'thdtH ciwAk; kJiu eiu tyk; te;jhy; kpfTk;
ed;ikAz;lhFk;' vd;W fUjp> mopj;jw;fupa fhtw;fhL #o;e;j
mfopiar; Rw;wpr; nrd;wdH. mg;NghJ> mfopapy; kyHe;Js;s
Ftis kyUk;> my;yp kyUk;> jhkiu kyUk; Mfpa ,it>
fz;zfpf;Fk; NfhtyDf;Fk; epfog; NghFk; Jd;gj;ij Kd;dNu
mwpe;J nfhz;ld Nghy> tz;Lfs; jk;kplk; ,Ue;J ghLk; xypNa
mOif xyp Nghy; tpsq;ff; fz;zPiur; nrhupe;jd@ jhs;fs;
eLq;fpd@ fhw;why; mire;jd. giftiu ntd;wjw;F mwpFwpahf
mupa kjpypd;kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;s nfhbfs;> Nfhtyd; >
fz;zfpaiug; ghHj;J> ' ,e;efUf;F ePq;fs; tuNtz;lh' vd;W jk;
ifahy; kwpj;Jf; fhl;Ltd Nghy mirj;J gwe;J nfhz;bUe;jd !
| gwitfs; moF nra;Ak; tay;fSk; NrhiyfSk; nghUe;jg;
ngw;W> kpf;f ePiuAila XilfSk; Njhl;lq;fSk;> tpupe;j
ePiuAila VupfSk;> Fiy Fiyaha;j; njhq;Fk; fha;fisAila
njd;idAk;> thioAk;> fKFk;> ,uz;L %q;fpyhy; ,lg;gl;l
ge;jUk; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk; ,Ug;gplj;ijAila > mwj;jpidNa
tpUk;Gk; Jwtpfs; md;wpg; gpwH nrd;W jq;fhj efupd;
GwQ;Nrupapid %tUk; tpUk;gpr; nrd;wile;jdH.
3.4. CHfhz; fhij (fhij -14) 3.4.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
NrhiyfspYk; tay;fspYk; ePHepiyfspYk; gwitfs; xyp
vOg;gpd. QhapW fPo;j;jpir cjpj;jhd;. Nfhapy;fspy; KuRfs;
xypj;jd. Nfhtyd; fTe;jpabfisj; njhOJ jdJ kdj; Jaiu
vLj;Jiuj;jhd;@ fz;zfpf;F NeHe;j Jd;gj;Jf;fhfg; ngupJk;
tUe;jpdhd;> cs;sk; nehe;J fple;j mtDf;Fr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;
MWjy; toq;fpdhH fTe;jpabfs;> Nfhtyd; jhd; kJiu nrd;W
jpUk;gp tUk;tiu fz;zfpia mbfspd; ghJfhg;gpy; ,Uf;fr;
nra;J> $ly; khefupd; cs;Ns nrd;W> gy;NtW fhl;rpfisf;
fz;lhd;. gy;NtW filj; njUf;fisAk; fz;lhd;@ gpd;
GwQ;Nrupf;Fj; jpUk;gp te;jhd;.
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
3.4.2. kJiuapd; mikg;Gk; rpwg;Gk; - mur tPjp
%L tz;bAk;> gy;yf;Fk;> kzpfs; gjpj;j fhy;fisAila
fl;bYk;> tpisahl;Lg; nghopypy; cWJizahapUe;J kfpo;jw;Fupa
rpwg;Gk;> rhkiuahfpa ftupAk;> nghd;dhyhd ntw;wpiyg; ngl;bAk;>
$H Kid thSk; jk; murd; nfhLf;f> mt;thW ngw;w nry;tk;
vg;NghJk; khwhj tho;f;ifAilatuhf kfspH Gjpa kzk;
nghUe;jpapUg;gH@ mk; kfspH> Vty; ngz;bH nghd; fpz;zq;fspy;
Ve;jpj; jUk; ,dpa fs;spd; njspitg; gUfp kaq;FtH@ mk;
kaf;fj;jhy;> Gs;spfisAila ghLk; tz;Lfis> mit
nkha;f;fhj ,lj;jpypUe;Jk; xl;LtH@ ,ytk; g+tpd; ,jo; NghYk;
rpte;j tha; ,jo;fspNy ,sKj;Jg; NghYk; gw;fs; Njhd;w
KWtypg;gH@ ePNyhw;gtk; Nghd;w fz;zpidAila mk;kfspH Cly;
fhyj;jpy; eh fhthJ $wpa nrhw;fs;> neQ;R Kjyhd vz;tif
,lj;Jk; nghUe;jhj eif nkhopahFk;@ mofpa nrq;fOePH kyHfs;
mUk;ig nefpo;j;J kyHe;jhw; NghYk; rpte;j faypidnahj;j
mtHfsJ ePz;l fz;fs;> filr; rptg;ghfg; g+rypLk;@ mtHjk;
nfhiyj; njhopypy; ty;y tpy; Nghd;w GUtj;jpd; mofpa Nfhbfs;
cs; tisAk; > mtHjk; jpyfk; mzpe;j rpwpa new;wpapNy
tpaHit mUk;Gk;> ,j;jifa mk; kfspH Nkw;nfhz;l mt;Tly;
jPUk; rkaj;ij vjpHghHj;J> tsk; kpf;f Fbg;gpwe;j nry;tNuhL ehL
fhf;Fk; murUk; tpUk;Gk; fhkf; fpoj;jpaH thOk; tPjpfisAk;
Nfhtyd; nrd;W fz;lhd.;
3.4.3. vz;nzz; fiyQH tPjp
Rl;l XLfshy; NtahJ nghd; jfLfshy; Ntag;gl;ldTk;>
Fw;wk; ePq;fpa rpwg;igAiladTk;> Kb #ba murUk; gpwH
mwpahJ jq;fpapUe;jw;Nfw;w jd;ik AiladTkhd fhty;kpf;f
kidfspy; tho;gtH muq;ff; $j;jpaH. mtHfs; Ntj;jpaYk;
nghJtpaYkhfpa ,Utiff; $j;jpd; ,ay;Gfis mwpe;J> mit
kaq;fh tz;zk; Mbg;ghLk; ,ay;gpdH@ jhsq;fSk;> jhsq;fspd;
toptUk; VO tifj; J}f;FfSk;> ,tw;Wld; xUq;fpize;J
,irf;Fk; Njhw;fUtpfspd; $WghLfisAk; ed;F mwpe;jtH@
ehy;tif kugpidAila mtpda epyj;jpYk;> Fuy; Kjyhfpa VO
epyj;jpDk; nghUe;jpa Mly;ghly;fis epfo;j;Jk; ,ay;gpdH .
,j;jifa khwhj rpwg;gpidAila 'jiyf;Nfhy; ' gl;lk; ngw;w
mupitaUk;> gpd;ghl;Lg; ghLk; Njhupa kle;ijaUk;> jiyg;ghl;Lg;
ghLk; $j;jpaUk;> ,ilg;ghl;Lg; ghLk; $j;jpaUk; vd;Dk; ehy;NtW
60
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
tifapdNuhLk; $b > ahtUk; tpUk;gj;jf;f jd;iknahL
Mapuj;njl;Lf; foQ;R gRk; nghd;id ehs;NjhWk; Kl;Lg;ghbd;wpg;
ngWk; jd;ikapy; tOthj> jhf;fp tUj;Jk; mzq;F NghYk;
NguoFila fzpifaH gyH mq;fpUe;jdH. mtHjk; fz;
tiyg;gl;Lg; ngWjw;fupa jk; mwpT nfl;nlhopa> jtnewpapNy
epd;NwhuhapDk;> kyHNjhWk; nrd;W Njidg; gUFk; tz;L Nghy>
mtHjk; fhkg; Gd;rpupg;Gf;fhf Vq;fpf; fplf;Fk; ,isNahuhapDk;
fhk ,d;gj;ij ,JfhWk; mwpahj GjpNahuhapDk; ehs;NjhWk;
mtUld; $b kaq;fp ,d;Japy; nfhs;tH. gz;fisAk; mtw;wpd;
jpwq;fisAk; gopj;j gpd; nrhy;ypdH vd;DkhW mWgj;J ehd;F
fiyfspYk; ty;y mk; kfspH thOk; ,U ngUk; tpjpfisAk;
Nfhtyd; fz;lhd;.
3.4.4. etuj;jpdf; filtPjp
,Uisj; njspa itj;jhw;Nghy; tpsq;Fk; ePykzp
tiffSk; kQ;rSk; rptg;Gk; fye;jhw; Nghd;w NfhNkjf
tiffSk; xd;Wgl;l gpwg;gpidAk; NtWgl;l Ie;J tif
mofpidAk; ciladthfp xsp tpsq;Fk; ed;ik nghUe;jpa
khzpf;fk;> GUluhfk;> ePyk; > NfhNkjfk;> it^upak; vd;Dk;
kzpfSk;> ,t;ite;jpw;Fk; %yk; gspq;F fhw;W kz; fy; ePH
vd;gtw;why; cz;lhFnkd;W Muha;e;J czHe;j kf;fs;
njhifahy; rpwe;Njhq;fpa> giftH Jd;GWj;jiyawpahj gad;
kpf;f etuj;jpd tPjpiaAk; Nfhtyd; fz;lhd;.
3.4.5. nghd;kpF filtPjp
rhj&gk;> fpspr;rpiw> Mlfk > rhk;g+ejk; vd ehd;F
rhjpahfr; rpwe;Njhq;Fk; ,ay;gpidAila nghd;dpd; Ntw;Wikiag;
gFj;jwpAk; nghd; thzpfH> thq;FNthH' ,J vq;Nf ,Uf;fpwJ ? "
vd IAWk; Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;f ' ,J ,q;Nf ,Uf;fpwJ ? ' vdf;
nfhbfl;b mwptpf;Fk; ed;ik nghUe;jpa nghd; fil tPjpiaAk;
Nfhtyd; fz;lhd;.
3.4.6. Jzpf;fil tPjp
gUj;jp E}yhYk; vyp kapuhYk; gl;L E}yhYk; ,io nrd;w
,lk; njupahjthW kpfTk; EZf;fkhf nea;ag;gl;Lg; gyE}W
mLf;Ffshf mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;l ewpa Glitfs;
neUq;fpapUf;Fk; Jzpf; fil tPjpiaAk; Nfhtyd; fz;lhd; .
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
3.4.7. $yk; Ftpj;j $y tPjp epWf;Fk; Jyhf; NfhiyAilatuha;g; giw vd;Dk; msT
fUtpia Ailatuha;> msf;Fk; kuf;fhiyAilatuha;j; juF
nra;NthH vq;Fk; jpupAkhW> fhyk; my;yhf; fhyj;jpYk; ngupa
kpsF Kl;ilfSld; gy $yq;fSk; Ftpj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; $y
tPjpiaAk; Nfhtyd; fz;lhd;.
3.4.8. Nfhtyd; kJiuiaf; fz;L jpUk;Gjy;
gFjp NtWghL njupe;j me;jzH> murH> tzpfH> NtshsH
vd;Dk; ehy;tifapdH thOk; ehy; Ntwhfpa njUf;fspYk;>
Kr;re;jpapYk;> ehw;re;jpapYk; KLf;F topfspYk; FWf;Fj;
njUf;fspYk; thdpd; eLtpNy ntk;ikAld; Njhd;Wk; Qhapw;wpd;
fjpHfs; EioahjthW rpwpa nfhbfSk;> ngupa nfhbfSk;
neUq;fpg; ge;jy; ,l;lJNghy; tpsq;f> mtw;wpd; epoypNy jpupe;J
nrd;W> njd;dtd; jpUefH tsk; fz;L kfpo;e;j Nfhtyd;>
nfhbfisAila kjpw;Gwj;Nj kPz;Lk; te;jhd;.
3.5. milf;fyf; fhij (fhij -15) 3.5.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
kJiuia xUthW Rw;wpg; ghHj;J kPz;L te;j Nfhtyd;>
mk;khefupd; rpwg;gpidAk; ghz;badpd; Nkd;ikapidAk;
fTe;jpabfsplk; $Wk;NghJ> khly kiwNahd; mq;F te;J
NrHe;jhd;. mtd; Nfhtyidf; fz;L tpae;jhd;. GfhH efupy;
Nfhtyd; tho;e;j nfhil tho;f;if> tPu tho;f;if Mfpatw;iw
ehd;kiwahsd; ngupJk; ghuhl;bdhd;. ",e;jg; gpwtpapy; eP
nra;jnjy;yhk; ey;tpidNa! mg;gbapUf;f fz;zfpAld; eP ,q;F
mile;jJ gz;il tpidapd; gad; NghYk;! " vdf; $wpdhd;.
Nfhtyd; jhd; fz;l jPf;fdhitf; $wpj; Jd;gk; tpiutpy; tUk;
vd ciuj;jhd;. mJ Nfl;l khlyDk; fTe;jpabfSk; “,g;GwQ;Nrup
,Uf;if ,y;ywj;jhHf;F cupajd;W@ Jwtwj;jhHf;Nf cupaJ!" vd
nkhope;J NfhtyidAk; fz;zfpiaAk; ghJfhtyhf kJiuf;F
cs;Ns nry;YkhW tpiuTgLj;jpdH. mt;Ntisapy;> khjup vd;Dk;
MaHFy KJkfs; xUj;jp> mq;F te;J fTe;jpabfis
tzq;fpdhs;. gpd; mbfs;> ngUik kpf;f fz;zfpiag;
ghJfhf;FkhW mk;khjupaplk; $wpf; fw;gpd; nry;tpia mtsplk;
xg;gilj;jhH. khjup kfpo;e;J> fz;zfpiaAk; NfhtyidAk;
mioj;Jg; Gwk;Nrupapd; ePq;fpj; jdJ ,y;yj;ij mile;jhs;.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
3.5.2. khlyd; tUif
Mokhd ePiu Ntypahf cila jiyr;nrq;fhdk; vd;Dk;
Cupy; cs;stDk;> ehd;F Ntjq;fisAk; ed;F mwpe;jtDk;>
ed;ikia tpUk;Gk; nfhs;if cilatDkhfpa me;jzH
jiytdhd khlyd; vd;gtd; mq;F te;J NrHe;jhd;. mtd;> kpf;f
jtj;jpidAila mfj;jpa Kdptdpd; nghjpa kiyia tyk;
nfhz;L tzq;fp> Fkupapd; ngupa Jiwapy; Kiwg;gb ePuhb jd;
Rw;wj;jhH ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;gp tUgtd;. topeil
tUj;jj;jhy; NeHe;j Jd;gk; xopa> epoy;kpf;f Nrhiyapy;
fTe;jpabfs; ,Ue;j gs;spia mile;jhd;. mq;fpUe;j Nfhtyd;
mtdJ jpUtbfis tzq;fpdhd;.
3.5.3. khlyd; Nfhtyidg; GfOjy;
xy;fhr; nry;tj; JWnghUs; nfhLj;J
ey;topg; gLj;j nry;yhr; nry;t
nrhy;yhw;wy; kpf;f me;j me;jzd; Nfhtyidr; rpy
tpdtpj; jhNd gy ciuf;fYw;whd; " murd; mspj;j (
Mapuj;njl;Lf; foQ;Rnghd; ) rpwg;gpdhy; kpf;f Gfoile;j> khe;jspH
NghYk; NkdpAila khjtp kle;ij> gr;rpsq; Foe;ijia
<d;nwLj;jhs;. J}a;ikapd;ikahfpa ehl;fs; fope;jgpd;> taJ
KjpHe;j fzpif kfspH> ' khjtpapd; Gjy;tpf;F ey;y Gfo;
tha;e;j ngaiu ,LNthk;! ' vdj; jhk; ,d;GWjw;F Vw;w jFjpahd
nrhw;fisf; $w> ePAk; mtw;iwf; Nfl;lha; Nfl;L epd; kdf;
fUj;ijg; Gyg;gLj;jpdha;@ Kd;ndhU ehs;> ,Us; epiwe;j
es;sputpy; miy NkhJk; ngupa flypNy vk; Kd;Ndhd; xUtdpd;
kuf;fyk; cile;jJ! MapDk; Kw;gpwtpapy; Gz;zpa jhdk;
Gupe;jtdhjypd; ( mtDf;F kuzk; Neutpy;iy ) flypy; rpy
ehl;fs; ePe;jpf; nfhz;NlapUe;jhd;. mg;NghJ xU nja;tk; Njhd;wp '
,e;jpud; Vtyhy; ,q;F tho;fpNwd;@ mtd; Vtyhy; epd; JaH
Jilf;f te;Njd;@ ,dp eP mQ;r Ntz;lh@ cdJ rpwe;j jhdg;
gad; cd;idtpl;L ePq;fhJ@ Mjyhy; ,f;fly; Jd;gj;jpd; ePq;fpj;
Jauf; flypdpd;Wk; fiuNaWthahf! " vd;W $wp ke;jpuj;jhy;
fiuia milar; nra;J mtd; JaH ePf;fpaJ! ' me;j vkJ Fy
nja;tkhd> kzpNkfiyapd; ngaiuNa vk; kfSf;F ,LtPuhf! '
vd;W $wpdha;! mt;thNw moF nra;Ak; Nkfiy mzpe;j Mapuk;
fzpifaH $b epd;W Foe;ijf;F' kzpNkfiy 'vdg; ngaupl;L
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
tho;j;jpdH. mg;nghOJ> kq;fy kle;ijahd khjtpAld; NrHe;J eP
cd; nrq;ifapdhy; nrk;nghd;id kio vdg; nghope;jha;!"
3.5.4. fUiz kwtd; eP
tPL ngWjw;F Vw;w ey;y newpahfpa Qhdj;jpd; vy;iyahf
tpsq;fpa xUtd;> jhdk; ngWk; Nehf;fj;NjhL jsHe;j eilAld;
NfhiyNa fhyhf Cd;wp cd;dplk; tuyhdhd;! $Dila me;j
kiwNahid> ghfHf;Fk; mlq;fhJ vq;Fk; vr;rupf;ifg; giw Koq;f
te;j kjahid rpdj;Jld; Jjpf;ifahy; gw;wpf; nfhs;s> mJ
fz;l eP tpiue;J te;J mk; kiwatid ahidapdpd;Wk;
fhg;ghw;wpdha;! mjDld; mikahJ ahidapd; Jjpf;ifiaj;
jhtpg; gpbj;J> NghH nra;Ak; tise;j nts;spa je;jq;fspNy
mlq;fp> fupa ngupa Fd;wpd;kPJ ,Uf;Fk; tpj;jpahjuidg; Nghy;
mjd; gplupapNy mkHe;J> kpf;f rpdk; ePq;fhj> kjKila me;j
ahidia mlf;fpa fUiz kpFe;j tPud; eP!". fUiz fhuzkhf
ahidiaf; nfhy;ytpy;iy@ kwk; fhuzkhf ahidia
mlf;fpdhd;@ mjdhy; Nfhtyd; fUiz kwtd; vdg;gl;lhd.;
3.5.5. jpUtUs; nry;td; eP
khlyd; njhlHe;J Ngrpdhd;. “ gps;isiaf; fhj;j xU
fPupiaj; jd; kidtp mbj;jjhy; mJ ,we;jJ. mjd; fhuzkhfg;
ngupJk; Jd;Gw;w kiwNahd; mtis ntWj;J xJf;fp tpl;Lf;
fq;if Ml tljpir nry;yYw;whd;. kidtp Vq;fp mtd; gpd;
nry;y> ' cd; ifapy; czT thq;fp thOk; tho;T ,dp
Kiwad;W@ Mjyhy; tlnkhop thrfk; vOjpa ,e;j ey;y Vl;bid
kf;fl; gpwg;gpd; khz;gpid - Fwpf;Nfhis czHthH ifapNy jUf!
" vdr; nrhy;ypg; Nghdhd;! mts; filtPjpfspYk; ,y;ye;NjhWk;
miye;J jpupe;J> ' vdJ nfhiyg; ghtk; njhiyaj; jhdk;
nra;jw;Fg; nghUs; mspj;Jg; Gz;zpak; ngWq;fs;! ' vd;W $wpg;
Gyk;gpdhs;! eP mg; ghHg;gdpia mioj;J > eP cw;w Jd;gk; ahJ?
,/njd;d VL? ' vd;W tpdt> mts; jhd; mile;j kpf;f
Jd;gj;jpidf; $wp> nghUs; nghjpe;j ,e;j Vl;bid thq;fp>
ifg;nghUs; je;J vd; fLe;JaH fisf! vd;whs;. 'mQ;rhNj !
nghWj;jw;fupa cdJ Jaupidg; Nghf;FNtd;! epd; neQ;rW Jauk;
ePf;Ff! ' vd mtSf;F MWjy; nkhope;J> mg;NghNj Ntjk; XJk;
me;jzH tFj;j newpg;gb> nfhiyj; njhopy; Gupe;jhspd; ghtk;
njhiyAkhW jhdk; nra;J mstJ
Jd;gj;jpidj;njhiyj;jha;!fhL nrd;w fztidAk; Njbf;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nfhzHe;J ,UtiuAk; xd;W NrHj;J> jsuhj nry;tk;
cilikapdhy; kpf;f nry;tj;ijAk; mtHfSf;F mspj;J
mtHfis ed;ndwpg;gLj;jpa njhiyahj nry;tk; cilatd; eP! ".
3.5.6. ,y;NyhH nrk;ky; eP
NkYk; khlyd; njhlHe;J Ngrpdhd;: “ nghUSf;fhf
xUtd; gj;jpdp xUj;jp gop va;JkhW mts; fztdplNk nrd;W
gy ngha; $wpdhd;. jtW nra;gtiug; ghrf;fapw;why; gw;wp
miwe;J cz;Zk; G+jk; ngha;f;fup $wpatidg; gw;wpaJ! mt;thW
g+jj;jplk; mfg;gl;ltDila jha; gLk; Jd;gj;jpidf; fz;L
tUe;jpa eP mtisf; fl;ba ghrj;jpDs; tpiue;J nrd;W> '
vd;Dapiug; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L ,tDapiuj; je;jUs;tha; ' vd;W
Ntz;bdha; ! Mdhy; me;j ey;y neLk; g+jNkh > ' fPNohDila
capUf;Fg; gjpyhf ey;y capiuf; nfhz;L Nkyhd fjpia
,of;Fk; jd;ik vd;dplk; ,y;iy! Mjyhy; cd; vz;zj;ij
tpLf" vd;W $wpj; jhapd; fz;nzjpupNyNa mtid miwe;J
nfhd;wJ! nrayw;w mj;jhNahL nrd;W mtDila Rw;wj;jhiuAk;
neUq;fpa cwtpdHfisAk; md;ghy; gpzpj;j epdJ Rw;wk; Nghyf;
fUjp> mtHjk; grpg;gpzp Nghf;fp> mtHfisg; gy;yhz;L fhj;j
twpNahH jiytd; eP! "
3.5.7. ,k;ikr; nra;jJ ey;tpid !
,k;ikr; nra;jd ahdwp ey;tpid
ck;ikg; gad;nfhy; xUjdp Aoe;jpj;
NkYk; khlyd; njhlHe;J Ngrpdhd;. " mwpthy; KjpHe;j
NfhghyNd! NfhtyNd! ,k;ikapy; eP nra;jnjy;yhk;
ey;tpidfNs! mtw;iw ehd; ed;F mwpNtd;! MapDk; xg;gw;w
Jd;gj;jhy; eil nkype;J kpf tUe;jp jpUkfisg; Nghd;w ,e;j
khzpf;ff; nfhOe;jhd fz;zfpAld; te;jjw;Ff; fhuzk; gz;il
tpid NghYk; vd;whd;.
3.5.8. khjupaplk; milf;fyk; mspj;jy;
jtj;NjhH mlf;fyk; jhd;rpwp jhapDk;
kpfg;Ng upd;gk; jUkJ Nfsha;
mwj;ijNa tpUk;Gk; neQ;rpduhd Jwtpfs; epiwe;j
kjpy;Gwj;J %J}upy; vOe;jUspa g+g;NghYk; fz;Zila
,af;fpf;Fg; ghy; NrhW gilj;Jj; jpUk;gp te;J nfhz;bUe;j
MaHFy %jhl;bahd khjup> fTe;jpabfisf; fz;L mb njhOJ
tzq;fpdhs;. mtis tho;j;jpa fTe;jpabfs;> gRf;fisg; gpzp
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Kjypa tw;wpdpd;Wk; fhg;ghw;wp me;jg; gRf;fs; jUk; gaid
ahtHf;Fk; ey;Fk; MaH tho;f;ifapy; rpwpJk; jPik ,y;iy@ NkYk;
,ts; Fw;wkw;wts;@ Kjpats;@ gz;Gilats;@ mUs; cs;sk;
nfhz;lts;. Mjyhy; ,k;khjupaplk; fz;zfpia milf;fykhfj;
jUtjpy; Fw;wk; xd;Wk; ,y;iy! vd;W vz;zpdhH. gpd; mtis
Nehf;fp> " khjup > Nfl;ghahf! ,g;ngz;zpd; fztDila
je;ijapd; ngaiuf; Nfl;l mstpy; mtd; Fyj;ijr; rhHe;NjhH >
ngww;fupa nghUisg; ngw;wtH Nghyj; jkJ tpUe;jpduhf vjpH
nfhz;L mioj;J> ,f;fupa ngupa fz;fisAila fz;zfpAld;
mts; fztidAk; jkJ fhty; kpf;f ,y;yj;jpy; jq;fr; nra;tH.
mq;qdk; mr;nry;tKilahH ,y;yj;jpd;fz; nry;Yk; tiu
,ilf;Fyg; ngz;zhfpa cd;dplk; ,tis milf;fykhf
mspf;fpd;Nwd;! " vd;whH. NkYk; fTe;jpabfs; khjupia Nehf;fp> “
,e;j mofpa fz;zfpia ed;dPuhl;b nrq;fay; NghYk; ePz;l
fz;fspy; ik vOjp> Njd; nghUe;jpa nkd; $e;jypNy rpy
kyHfisr; #l;b> J}a Glitia cLj;J> Kd;NdhH $wpa
rpwg;gpidAila NjhopAk;> nrtpypAk;> jhAk; ePNaahfpf;
fhg;ghw;Wthahf. ,q;F vd;Dld; te;jpUf;Fk; ,e;j ,sq;nfhb
NghYk; eq;ifjd; tz;zr; rPwbfis Kd;dH epykfSk;
fz;lwpahs; . Qhapw;wpd; nfhba ntk;ikapdhy; Jd;Gw;w jd;
fztd; nghUl;L> fz;lhH eLq;fj;jf;f Jauj;ij mile;J ehTk;
cyUkhW thl;lKw;W> jd; Jauj;jpidr; rpwpJk; czuhj jFjp
kpf;f g+q;nfhb ,ts;! jk; fztHf;F ,dpa Jizahf tpsq;Fk;
kfspHf;F ,d;wpaikahj fw;ghfpa flikia Nkw;nfhz;l
,j;nja;tNk my;yhJ> NtW nghypTila nja;tk; xd;wpid ahk;
fhztpy;iy! " gUt kio jtwhJ@ epytsKk; Fd;whJ@ ngupa
epyg;gug;ig MSk; Nte;jupd; ntw;wpAk; rpijahJ: fw;Gila kfspH
thOk; ehl;by;! ' vd;W rhd;NwhH $Wk; jFjp kpf;f ey;y nkhopia
eP czuhNah?" vd;W fz;zfpapd; ngUikapid czHj;jpdhH.
3.6. nfhiyf;fsf; fhij (fhij -16) 3.6.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
khjup fz;zfpiag; ghuhl;bdhs;> ePuhl;bdhs;@ jd; kfs;
Iiaia mtSf;Fg; gzp Gupar; nra;jhs;@ czT nra;jw;Fupa
nghUs;fis mspj;jhs;. fz;zfp rikj;j czitf; Nfhtyd;
,dpjhf cz;lhd;. me;jf; fhl;rpiaf; fz;l khjupAk; IiaAk;>"
,td; ek; Fyf; fz;zNd! ,ts; ek; Fy eg;gpd;idNa!" vdf;
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
$wpg; ngUkpjk; mile;jdH. Nfhtyd; jd;dhy; fz;zfpf;F NeHe;j
Jd;gk; Fwpj;Jg; ngupJk; tUe;jpdhd;@ md;NghL mtis mioj;J
cs;sk; cUfg; Ngrpdhd;. vd;NdhL Nghe;J <q;F vd; JaH
fise;j nghd;Nd! nfhbNa! ' vdg; Gfo;e;jhd;@ Gyk;gpdhd;! "
rPwbr; rpyk;gpy; xd;iw tpw;W tUNtd;@ kaq;fhjpU " vd;W $wpr;
nrd;wtd;> fil tPjpapy; nghw;nfhy;yidr; re;jpj;jhd;@ rpyk;ig
tpw;gJ Fwpj;J tpdtpdhd;> " ,r; rpyk;G Nfhg;ngUe;Njtpf;Nf
nghUe;jf; $baJ! " vd;w nghw;nfhy;yd;> jdJ jpUl;ilf;
Nfhtyd; kPJ Rkj;j tpiue;J nray;gl;lhd;> jPtpidg; gaidj;
je;jJ! jd; kidtpapd; Cly; jPHf;fr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j
ghz;baidf; fz;L mtd; fhypy; tPo;e;J tzq;fp> "
ghz;bkhNjtpapd; rpyk;igj; jpUba fs;td; mfg;gl;lhd;@ vd;
Fbyfj;jhd;! " vd;W $wpdhd;. fs;tidf; nfhd;W rpyk;gpidf;
nfhzUkhW fhtyHf;Ff; fl;lisapl;lhd; Nte;jd;! Nfhtyidf;
fz;l fhtyH “ Misg; ghHj;jhy; jpUld; Nghy; njupatpy;iyNa!
" vd;wdH. nghw;nfhy;yd; gjwpdhd;! mtHfs; kdj;jpy; gjpAkhW
fsT Ehy; gw;wpg; Ngrpdhd;@ fs;tupd; jpwj;ijg; gythW $wpdhd;.
mg;NghJ fhtyUs; fy;yhj %Hf;fd; xUtd; Nfhtyid thshy;
ntl;bdhd;> Nfhtyd; cly; kz;zpy; rha;e;jJ! $lNt Nte;jdpd;
nrq;NfhYk; tPo;e;jJ!
3.6.2. fz;zfp rikj;jy; - NfhtyDf;Fg; gupkhWjy;
fz;zfp> mtHfs; mspj;j gy;NtW tifg;gl;l fha;fis>
tise;j mupths;kizapd; cjtpahy; mupe;jhs;@ mjdhy; mtsJ
nky; tpuy;fs; rpte;jd@ Kfk; tpaHj;jJ@ fz;fs; rpte;jd@
mg;NghJ rikay; miwapy; vOe;j Gifiaf; fz;L nrd;W
itf;Nfhyhy; jPia %l;ba IiaAld; NrHe;J> jdJ fztDf;F
Vw;w czitr; rikj;J Kbj;jhs;. mbfNs mKjk; cz;f!
fz;zfp gidapdJ ntz;ikahd Xiyahy; ifj; njhopypy;
ty;y ngz;zhy; mofhfr; nra;ag;ngw;w jLf;ifapl;lhs;! Nfhtyd;
mjpy; mkHe;jhd;. Gjpa kz; ghj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s ePiu thHj;Jj;
jdJ jhkiu kyH Nghd;w ifapdhy; NfhtyDila mbfisf;
fOtpj; Jilj;J tzq;fpdhs;@ gpd;dHg; g+kp Njtpapd; kaf;fj;ij
xopg;gtisg; Nghy epyj;jpy; ePH njspj;J nkOfpdhs;. mjd;gpd;
Fiy <dhj thioapd; FUj;ijj; jhd; nkOfpa ,lj;jpd; Nky;
gug;gpdhs; @ mjpy; czit ,l;lhs;@ jd; fztid Nehf;fp>
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
“mbfNs> ,g;NghJ czit cz;gPuhf! " vd;W md;Gld;
,ak;gpdhs;.
3.6.3. fz;zfp fw;gpd; jpwk;
mwNthHf; fspj;jYk; me;jz Nuhk;gYk;
JwNthHf; nfjpHjYk; njhy;NyhH rpwg;gpd;
tpUe;njjpH NfhlYk; ,oe;j vd;idEk;
CHfhg; ghsiuf; $tp <q;nfd;
fz;zfp cs;sk; iee;J cUFk; Nfhtyid Nehf;fp> "
IaNd! jhq;fs; vd;idg; gpupe;jjhy; ehd; mwNthHf;F
mspj;jiyAk;> me;jziug; Nghw;WjiyAk;> Jwtpfis vjpHnfhz;L
gzptpil nra;jiyAk;> rhd;NwhH Nghw;Wk; rpwg;Gila tpUe;jpdiu
tuNtw;W cgrupj;jiyAk; ,oe;jpUe;Njd;. mg;NghJ ngupa Gfo;>
murH Nghw;Wk; rpwg;G Mfpatw;iwAila jq;fs; je;ijahH> ck;
jhahUld; te;J vd;idf; fhz> ehd;> jhq;fs; vd; Kd; epy;yhJ
vd;id tpl;Lg; gpupe;jjhy; cz;lhfpa Jd;gj;ij kiwj;J
xOfpNdd;. mjid czHe;J nfhz;l mtHfs; md;G kpFe;J>
mUs; kpf;f nrhw;fshy; vdJ nghWikiag; ghuhl;l> mg;NghJ
ehd; cs;sj;jpy; kiwj;J itj;jpUe;j gpupTj; JauKk; nka;
tUj;jKk; Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ Nghd;wpUe;j vdJ
ngha;g; Gd; rpupg;igf; fz;L mtHfs; kdk; tUe;jpdH. mq;qdk;
ngw;NwhH tUe;JkhW jhq;fs;> Nghw;Wjw; Fupajy;yhj xOf;fj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jPH! ehNdh> jq;fs; kdf; fUj;Jf;Fr; rpwpJk;
khw;wkpy;yhj tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;! Mjyhy;"
kJiuf;Fg; Gwg;gLf> vd;wJk; clNd jq;fSld; Gwg;gl;Nld;! "
vd;whs;.
3.6.4. tpid tpis fhyk; tpistpj;j Nfhyk; !
jho;g+q; Nfhij jd;fhw; rpyk;G
fd;wpa fs;td; ifa jhfpy;
nfhd;wr; rpyk;G nfhzHf <q;nfdf;
"nfhk;gpd;fz; kyUk; Ntg;g khiyia mzpe;j ghz;bad;>
jd; jPtpid Njhd;wpg; gaidj; jUk; fhykhjyhy;> me;jg;
nghw;nfhy;ydpd; nrhy;iyr; rpwpJk; Muha;r;rp nra;ahky;>
CHf;fhtyiu mioj;J> “ jho;e;j kyH khiyAila
murkhNjtpapd; rpyk;G> ,td; $wpa fs;td; ifapy; ,Uf;Fkhdhy;>
( mtidf; nfhy;tjw;F mr;rpyk;Gld; ,q;Ff; nfhz;L tUf vdf;
$w vz;zpatd; mt;thW $whky;) mtidf; nfhd;W me;jr;
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Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
rpyk;ig ,q;Ff; nfhz;L tUf! " vd;W fl;lisapl;lhd; . ehd;
vq;Fk; ghHf;ftpy;iy! MfNt ,f;fs;tupd; nra;if vtuhYk; mwpa
,ayhJ! ,tidf; nfhy;yhky; tpl;lhy; murd; ek;ikj;
jz;bg;ghd;' vdNt > gilf;fyd; cila fhtyHfNs! ehk; ,dpr;
nra;a Ntz;baijr; rpe;jpj;Jr; nrhy;tPuhf! " vdf; fhty;
,isNahd; $wpdhd;.
fy;yhf; fspkf ndhUtd; ifapy;
nts;ths; vwpe;jdd; tpyq;$ lWj;jJ
Gz;Zkpo; FUjp nghope;Jld; gug;g
kz;zf kle;ij thd;WaH $uf;
fhtyd; nrq;Nfhy; tis,a tPo;e;jdd;
Nfhtyd; gz;il Co;tpid cUj;njd;.
mf;fhtyHfSs; fy;tp mwptw;w xU fs;Fbad;
Nfhtyidj; jd; thspdhy; ntl;bdhd;. mJ Nfhtydpd; cliy
,ilNa ntl;baJ. ntl;lg;gl;l Gz;zpypUe;J ntspg;gl;l ,uj;jk;
Fjpj;J vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; gue;jJ. epykfs; kpf;f Jauj;ij
mila ghz;badpd; nrq;Nfhy; tisa > Nfhtydpd; Kd;
tpidahdJ KjpHe;J te;J Cl;Ljyhy; mtd; ntl;Lz;L jiuapy;
tPo;e;jhd;.
3.7. Ma;r;rpaH Fuit (fhij -17) 3.7.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
MaHghbapy; gytifj; jP epkpj;jq;fs; epfo;e;jd ! japH
filar; nrd;w khjup jpLf;fpl;lhs;! ghy; ciwatpy;iy!
ntz;nza; cUftpy;iy. Ml;Lf; Fl;bfs; Js;sp
tpisahltpy;iy! gRf;fs; mOfpd;wd! ,tw;why; VNjh Jd;gk;
tug;NghfpwJ vd tUe;jpdhs; khjup. mts; Kd;dH MaH Nrupapy;
fz;zDk; gyuhkDk; gpd;idAld; Mba Fuitia ,g;NghJ
JaHjPu MLNthk;! " vd Iiaia Nehf;fpf; $wpdhs;. fd;dpaH
vOtH jpUkhypd; rpwg;igg; ghbf; Fuit MbdH.
3.7.2. jPa epkpj;jq;fs;
Flg;ghy; ciwah Ftpapkpy; Vw;wpd;
klf;fzPH NrhUk; tUtnjhd; Wz;L@
cwpeW ntz;nza; cUfh cUFk;
kwpnjwpj; jhlh tUtnjhd; Wz;L@
ehd;Kiy ahak; eLq;FG epd;wpuq;Fk;
khd;kzp tPOk; tUtnjhd; Wz;L@
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
1 . "ehk; New;W ciwapl;l jhopfspy; ghy; NjhahjpUf;fpwJ!
jpuz;l jpkpiyAila MNdw;wpd; mofpa fz;fspdpd;Wk; ePH
topfpwJ! Mjyhy; ekf;F tUtnjhU jPq;F cz;L! |
2 . "cwpapNy Kjy;ehs; itj;j kzkpF ntz;nza;
cUf;fpdhYk; cUftpy;iy! Ml;Lf; Fl;bfSk; Js;sp
tpisahlhky; NrhHe;J ,Uf;fpd;wd! Mjyhy; ekf;F tUtnjhU
jPq;F cz;L! |
3 . "ehd;F Kiyf; fhk;Gfisf; nfhz;l gRf;fs; jk; cly;
eLq;fp myWfpd;wd! mg;gRf;fspd; fOj;jpNy fl;ba kzpfSk;
mw;W epyj;jpy; tpOfpd;wd ! Mjyhy; ekf;F tUtnjhU jPq;F
cz;L!" vd;W $wp > ,j;jifa jPa epkpj;jq;fshy; VNjh Jd;gk;
Neug; NghfpwJ vd kdk; kaq;fpdhs; khjup.
3.8. Jd;g khiy (fhij - 18) 3.8.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
Fuit Kbe;jJk; khjup itiff;F ePuhlr; nrd;whs;.
mg;nghOJ> Nfhtyd; nfhy;yg;gl;l nra;jp Cupy; gutpaJ! CHg;
Ngr;irf; Nfl;l xUj;jp te;J> muz;kidapy; rpyk;G jpUba
fs;td; vd;W $wpj; Nfhtyidf; nfhiy nra;jdH" vd;whs;.
mt;tsTjhd;! fz;zfp nghq;fpnaOe;jhs;! rPwpr; rpde;jhs;!
fhz;ghH vy;yhUk; ,uq;f > mOJ Jbj;jhs; ! “ fha;fjpHr;
nry;tNd! fs;tNdh vd; fztd; vdr; #upaid Nehf;fp
tpdtpdhs;! " epd; fztd; fs;td; my;yd; @ fs;td; vd;W $wpa
Ciuj; jPAz;Zk; ! " vdg; gjpy; fpilj;jJ .
3.8.2. Jd;gr;nra;jp
mire;j rhaiyAila MaH KJkfshd khjH g+Tk;
GifAk;> Gidtjw;F mike;j re;jdKk; khiyAk; nfhz;L> ePH
epiwe;J ,ilawhJ nry;Yk; itiaahw;wpd; fiuapy; ,Uf;Fk;
jpUkhy; mbfisg; Nghw;wpj; Jjpf;f tpUk;gp> ePuhlr; nrd;whs;.
mg;NghJ xUj;jp > CupDs;Ns gpwe;j xU nrhy; Nfl;L mjidf;
$w> MaHghbf;F tpiue;J te;jhs;. mq;qdk; $w te;jts; mj;
Jau nkhopapidf; fz;zfpf;Ff; $whJ epd;whs;. mg;NghJ
fz;zfp Iiaia Nehf;fp> Njhop! kJiuf;Fr; nrd;w fhjyd;
,d;Dk; tuf;fhNzd;! mjdhy; neQ;R fyq;fpj; Jd;GWfpwJ!
%r;Rk; nfhy;yd; CJk; JUj;jpAk; Njhy;tpAWkhW moy; vo
capHf;fpd;wJ! Mjyhy; mayhH $wpaJ> ahNjh? “ Njhop! ey;y
gfw;nghOjpNyNa eLq;fr; nra;Ak; Jd;gk; kpFjpahapw;W@
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
mJTkd;wp> vd; fztidf; fhzhJ cs;sk; ngupJk; tUe;JfpwJ
: ,q;qdk; vdJ cs;sk; tUe;JkhW mayhH $wpaJ ahNjh? "
Njhop! vd; fztd; tuf;fhNzd;! Mjyhy; ,dp vdf;NfhH
milf;fyKk; cz;Nlh? vd; jiytDf;F ahNuh tQ;rfk; nra;J
tpl;lhHfs; vd;Nw vd; neQ;rk; kaq;FfpwJ. Mjyhy; mayhH
$wpaJ ahNjh? " vdf; $wpj; jtpj;jhs; fz;zfp mg;NghJ Iia >
" murd; ciwAk; muz;kidapypUe;j> moF nghUe;jpa
rpyk;gpidr; rpwpJk; rj;jk; ,y;yhky; ftHe;j fs;td; vd;W $wp>
xypf;Fk; tPuf;foy; Gide;j CHf; fhtyH Nfhtyidf; nfhiy
nra;jdH! " vd;whs;. fz;zfp jpq;fs; tPo;e;jJ Nghy; tPo;e;jhs;.
3.8.3. fz;zfp Gyk;gy;
fha;fjpHr; nry;tNd fs;tNdh vd;fztd;
fs;tNdh my;yd; fUq;faw;fz; khjuha;
xs;nsup cz;Zkpt; t+nud;w njhUFuy;.
my;yYw;W Mw;whJ mOk; fz;zfp> " vy;yhUk;
fhZq;fs;! jPik ePq;Fk; nghUl;L> Fuitf; $j;jpDs; te;J jpuz;l
MaHFy kfspH vy;yhUk; NfSq;fs;! fha; fjpHr;nry;tNd! gue;j
miyfisAila fliy Ntypahf cila ,t;Tyfpy;
epfo;tdtw;iwnay;yhk; eP mwptha; ! Mjyhy; ePNa nrhy;! vd;
fztd; fs;tdh? " vdf; Nfl;L cs;sk; iee;jhs; . mg;NghJ> “
fupa fay; NghYk; fz;fisAila khNj! epd; fztd; fs;td;
my;yd;@ mtidf; fs;td; vd;W $wpa ,t;T+iuj; jP gw;wpAz;Zk;!
" vd;W xU Fuy; tpz;zpypUe;J xypj;jJ.
3.9. CH#o; tup (fhij -19) 3.9.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
fjputd; ciuj;jijf; Nfl;l fz;zfp> tPW nfhz;L jdJ
kw;nwhU rpyk;Gld; Gwg;gl;lhs;. kJiuj; njUf;fspy; jd; fz;
vjpupy; te;j kfspiunay;yhk; Nehf;fp muw;wp mOjhs;@ “
fztidf; fhz;Ngd;@ mtd; thapypUe;J xU jPjW ey;Yiu
Nfl;Ngd;!' vdr; #s; ciuj;jhs;> ntl;Lz;l fztidg; gyH
fhl;lf; fz;L JbJbj;jhs;! " nghd;dW eWNkdp GOjpapNy
fplg;gjh! " vd kUz;lhs;! " eP ,q;Nf ,U" vdf; fztd; tha;
jpwe;J nkhopaf; Nfl;Lf; flik czHe;jhs;@ gop Jilf;fg;
ghz;baidf; fhz muz;kidia Nehf;fp tpiue;jhs;.|
3.9.2. fz;zfp tQ;rpdk;
fisahj Jd;gkpf; fhupiff;Ff; fhl;b
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
tisahj nrq;Nfhy; tise;j jpJntd;nfhy;
kd;dtH kd;dd; kjpf;Fil ths;Nte;jd;
njd;dtd; nfhw;wk; rpije;j jpJntd;nfhy;
<njhd;W Nfs; ! fha;fjpHr; nry;td; ' epd; fztd; fs;td;
my;yd; ' vd;W $wf; Nfl;lJk;> tisaiy mzpe;j fz;zfp
rpwpJ NeuKk; mq;F epy;yhshfp kw;nwhU rpyk;gpidf; ifapy; Ve;jp
MaHghbapdpd;W ePq;fp> efuj;Js; nrd;W Jau kpFjpahy; gythW
Ngrpdhs;. " ePjpaw;w ,t;turdJ Cupy; thOk; gj;jpdpg; ngz;bNu !
,/J xd;W NfSq;fs;@ ,k;khiy Neuj;jpy; ahUk; glhj Jauk;
gl;Nld;@ ahUk; cwhj Jauk; cw;Nwd;@ ,/J xU tpidg; gad;! -
" vd; fztd; fs;td; my;yd; @ vdJ fhw; rpyk;gpd; tpiyiaj;
juhJ mjidf; iff;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;Lf; fs;td; vdg; gop
Rkj;jpf; nfhd;wdNu! ,/J XH mepahak;! jk; fztuhy;
tpUk;gg;gLk; jFjpapidAila khjuhH fz;Kd;Nd vd; mk;G
epiwe;j fztidf; fhz;Ngd;! ,/J xU GJik! fhjw;
fztidg; gz;LNghy; fz;L mtd; thapy; jPjw;w ey;Yiu
Nfl;Ngd;@ ,/J xU #Siu! mt;thW mtd; $Wk; ey;Yiuiaf;
NfNsdhapd;> ' tUe;jj; jf;f nray; nra;jts; ' vd;Wk; > '
fs;td; kidtp ,ts; ' vd;Wk; vd;id ,fOq;fs;! ,/J XH
mtyk;! " tisahj nrq;Nfhy; tise;jJ ,Jntd; nfhy; |
vdj; Jd;Gw;W Mw;whJ mOJ Gyk;Gk; fz;zfpiaf; fz;L Vq;fp >
tskhd kJiu tho; kf;fs; vy;yhUk; nra;tjwpahJ jpifj;jdH. “
ePf;f Kbahj Jd;gj;jpid ,f;fhupiff;Fr; nra;J > vf;fhyj;Jk;
tisahj kd;dtdpd; nrq;Nfhy; tise;jNj! ,jw;F ahJ
fhuzNkh? kd;dtHf;nfy;yhk; kd;dDk; jpq;fisg; Nghd;w
FilapidAk;> thspidAk; cila Nte;jDk; Mfpa njd;dtdpd;
murhl;rp mopTw;wNj! ,jw;F ahJ fhuzNkh? " jd; Ml;rpr;
rpwg;ghy; epyTyfpidf; Fspur; nra;Ak; tPuk; kpf;f NtiyAk;>
rpwe;j jFjpAk; cilatd; njd;dtd; mtdJ jz;ikAila
Fil epoyh ,t;thW nfhLikiar; nra;jJ? ,jw;F ahJ
fhuzNkh? " nrk;nghd;dhyhd rpyk;G xd;wpidf; ifapNy
Ve;jpathW Gjpa ngupa nja;tk; te;Js;sNj! ,jw;F vd;d
fhuzNkh? mofpa nrt;tup gue;j ik g+rpa fz;zpidAila
,ts;> ,t;thW mOJ Vq;fpg; Gyk;Gfpd;whNs! ,f; fhupif
nja;tj;jd;ik nghUe;jpa ngUikAilats; NghYk;! ,dp ,q;F
vd;d NeUNkh! " fz;lhisj; jhd; fhzhd; vd;wpd;dthW gy $wp
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
tUe;jp Vq;fpj; jk; kd;didg; gop $Wk; kf;fisAilj;jhapw;W
kJiu! mq;F Muthuj;Jld; jpupAk; rpyH nrk;nghd; nfhb Nghd;w
fz;zfpf;Ff; Nfhtyidf; fhl;bdH . MapDk; jd;idf;
fhz;ghis mtd; fhzhd;! mg;NghJ > tsk; epiwe;j ngupa
cyfj;jpw;F ,Uis Cl;b khkiy Nky; jdJ rpte;j fjpHfisr;
RUf;fpf; nfhz;L QhapW kiwe;jhd;> kaf;fj;ijj; jUk; mk;khiy
Neuj;jpy;> g+f;fs; cjpHe;j nfhb Nghd;w fz;zfp> jd; fztd;
cly;Nky; tpOe;J mOJ muw;wyhy; mt;t+nuq;Fk; mtyg;
NgnuhypnaOe;jJ! md;W fhiyapy; jd; fztidj; jOtp
mtsplkpUe;J> tz;Lfs; xypf;Fk; fupa mtdJ jiy khiyia
thq;fpj; jdJ ePz;l $e;jypy; Fbf; nfhz;l mts; > khiyapy;>
mtdJ ntl;Lz;l Gz;zpdpd;Wk; nghq;fpa FUjp clnyq;Fk;
eidf;ff; fz;L gjwpdhs;! mf;fztd; jd;idf; fhzhj '
Jauj;jpidAk; fz;L jpLf;fpl;lhs;! ' ,J jPtpid vd;W
ciuaPNuh? " vdJ kpf;f Jaiuf; fz;Lk;> ' ,ts; ,jw;Fj;
Jd;GWthNs" vd epidg;gPNuh? ekJ nghd; Nghd;w Nkdp
GOjpapNy gbe;J fplf;fj;jf;fNjh? kd;dd; nra;j ,f;nfhiy
vjdhy; epfo;e;jJ vd mwpahj vdf;F> ,f;nfhiyf;Ff; fhuzk;
Kw;gpwg;gpy; ahd; nra;j jPtpidNajhd;! ' vd ciuapNuh ?
vdf;Fj; Jizahf ahUkpy;yhj kaf;fk; jUk; ,k;khiyf;
fhyj;Nj> JaUWfpd;w jdpashd vd; fz; Kd; > khiyfs;
epiwe;j epdJ moF khHG ,g;gb ntWepyj;Nj gbe;J fplf;fj;
jf;fNjh? ghNuhH gopr; nrhy; $wpj; J}w;Wk; tz;zk; ghz;bad;
jtW nra;a NeHe;j ,J. jPtpidapd; gad; vd ciuaPNuh?
fz;zPH NrhHe;J tPo;fpd;w jPtpidAilNad; fz;Kd;> Gz;zpd;W
xOFk; FUjpapidAilatuha; ePH GOjpapNy gbe;J fplf;fj;
jf;fNjh? kf;fnsy;yhk; gop $wpj; J}w;WkhW kd;dtd; jtW
nra;a NeHe;j ,J jPtpidapd; gad; vd ciuaPNuh? cz;L nfhy;
" ,k;kJiu khefupy; kfspUk; cs;shNuh? kfspUk; cs;shNuh?
jhk; nfhz;l fztHf;F cw;w Jd;gj;ijg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
kfspUk; cs;shNuh? kfspUk; cs;shNuh? " ,k;kJiu khefupy;
rhd;NwhUk; cs;shNuh? rhd;NwhUk; cs;shNuh? gpwH <d;w
Foe;ijiaj; jhq;fp tsHf;Fk; rhd;NwhUk; cs;shNuh? '
rhd;NwhUk; cs;shNuh ? " ,k;kJiu khefupy; nja;tKk;
cs;sNjh nja;tKk; cs;sNjh ? vd; fztidf; $upa thshy;
ntl;bajdhy; mwk; jtwpa ghz;badpd; kJiu khefupy;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nja;tKk; cs;sNjh? nja;tKk; cs;sNjh?" 'jPNte;jd;jidf;
fhz;Ngd; ! vd;W ,t;thwhd nrhw;fisr; nrhy;ypr; nrhy;yp
mOjts;> jd; fztDila jpUj;jq;Fk; khHgpidj; jd; khHNghL
nghUe;Jk; tz;zk; jOtpf; nfhz;lhs;. mtd; capH ngw;W vOe;J
epd;W fz;zfpia Nehf;fp> ' KOkjp Nghd;w xspAila epd; Kfk;
,g;gb thb tpl;lNj" vd;W $wp> mts; fz;zpiuf; ifahy;
Jilj;jhd;. fz;zfp Gyk;gp mOJ epyj;jpNy tpOe;J jd;
fhjyDila njhoj;jf;f jpUe;jpa mbfisj; jdJ tisaiy
mzpe;j ,U iffshYk; gw;wpf; nfhz;lhs;> gOjw;w cliy tpl;L
ePq;fp vOe;jtd; > 'vOjpa mofpa kyH Nghd;w ik jPl;ba
fz;fisAilatNs! eP ,q;F ,Ug;ghahf !" vdf; $wpg; gy NjtH
$l;lj;Js; xUtdha;> tpz;ZyF mile;jhd;> | fz;zfp>" ,/J
vd;d khaNkh? kw;W ahNjh? vd;Ds;sj;ij kaf;fpaJ xU
nja;tNkh? ,dp vq;Fr; nrd;W vd; fztidj; NjLNtd;? ,q;Nf
$wpaJ nghUSiuad;W! fztidf; $Ljy; vspjhapDk; vdJ
kpf;f rpdk; jzpe;jhyd;wp mtiuf; $Nld;! me;jr; rpdk; jzpjw;Nf
nfhLik nra;j Nte;jidf fz;L ,f;nfhiyf;Fupa fhuzk; ahJ?
vd ahNd Nfl;Ngd;! " vd;W $wp vOe;jhs;> epd;whs;@ jd;D}upy;
fz;l Jd;gk; kpf;f jPa fdtpid epidj;jhs;. ePz;l fay; NghYk;
fz;fspdpd;Wk; ePH ngUfpaJ !
3.10. tof;Fiu fhij (fhij -20) 3.10.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
ghz;bkhNjtp jhd; fz;l jPa fdit kd;ddplk; nrhy;ypf;
nfhz;bUe;jhs; . mg;nghOJ fLQ;rpdj;Jld; muz;kidia
mile;j fz;zfp> ghz;bad; Kd; Njhd;wpdhs;. jd; fztid
MuhahJ nfhd;w nfhLq; Nfhd;ikia mQ;rhJ vLj;Jiuj;jhs;.
ePjpr; nrUf;F kpf;f ghz;bad;> jhd; nra;jJ jtW vd;gjid
Kjypy; czuhJ Ngrpdhd;. fz;zfp rPwpnaOe;J jdJ
fhw;rpyk;ig Nte;jd; Kd; tPrpnawpe;jhs;. cz;ikAzHe;j
ghz;bad;> “ ahNdh murd; @ ahNd fs;td;> nfLf vd; MAs;"
vd;W $wp cs;sk; jsHe;jhd;. capu; Jwe;jhd.; ghz;bkhNjtp
fztdpd;,izab njhOJ NrhHe;J tPo;e;jhs;.
3.10.2. ghz;bkhNjtpapd; jPf;fdT
fz;zfp muz;kid thapiy neUq;fpaNghJ> ghz;bkhNjtp
jhd; fz;l jPf; fditj; Njhopaplk; $wpf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;: "
Njhop! ek; Nte;jdJ ntz;nfhw;wf; FilAk; nrq;NfhYk; fPNo
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
tpof; fdT fz;Nld;! thapypy; ,iltplhJ mirAk; kzpapd;
XiriaAk; ehd; fdtpNy Nfl;Nld;! vl;Lj; jpirfSk; mg;NghJ
mjpHr;rpAw;wd! md;wpAk; Njhop! #upaid ,Us; tpOq;fTk; fdT
fz;Nld;! ,uT Neuj;jpy; thdtpy; Njhd;wf; fz;Nld;! ez;gfypNy
tpz;kPd;fs; vup nfhs;spfshff; fPNo tpof; fdT fz;Nld;.
,tw;wpd; gad; ahNjh Njhop! mwpFwp“ nrq;NfhYk; ntz;nfhw;wf;
FilAk; nrwpe;j epyj;jpNy Kwpe;J tPo;e;jd@ ek; Nte;jdJ nfhw;w
thapypd;fz; fl;ba kzp vd; cs;sk; eLq;FkhW mire;J
xypj;jJ@ ,utpy; thdtpy; Njhd;wpaJ. gfypy; tpz;kPd;fs; vwpe;J
fPNo tPo;e;jd@ vl;Lj; jpf;Fk; mjpHe;jd@ Mjyhy; ekf;F tuf;$ba
Jd;gk; xd;W csJ! vdNt kd;ddplk; nrd;W fditf; $WNthk;!
" vd;W $wp kd;did ehbr; nry;yyhdhs;.
3.10.3. fz;zfp tof;fhLjy;
Njuh kd;dh nrg;Gt JilNad;
vs;sW rpwg;gpd; ,ikatH tpag;gg;
Gs;SW Gd;fz; jPHj;Njhd; md;wpAk;
thapw; filkzp eLeh eLq;f
Mtpd; filkzp cFePH neQ;RRlj; jhd;jd;
mUk;ngww; Gjy;tid Mopapd; kbj;Njhd;
ngUk;ngaHg; Gfhnud; gjpNa mt;t+H
Vrhr; rpwg;gpd; ,irtpsq;F ngUq;Fb
khrhj;J thzpfd; kfid ahfp
tho;jy; Ntz;b Co;tpid Jug;gr;
#o;foy; kd;dh epd;dfHg; GFe;jPq;F
vd;fhw; rpyk;GgfHjy; Ntz;b epd;ghw;
nfhiyf;fsg; gl;l Nfhtyd; kidtp
fz;zfp nad;gnjd; ngaNu
rPwpr;rpde;J mq;F te;j fz;zfp> "thapy; fhg;gtNd !
thapy; fhg;gtNd! mwpT KOJk; mw;Wg;Nghd mwepidT mw;w
neQ;rj;Jld; mur ePjpapdpd;Wk; jtwpatdpd; thapy; fhg;gtNd! '
guypidAila ,uz;L rpyk;Gfspy; xd;wpidf; ifapy;
Ve;jpatsha;f; fztid ,oe;j xUj;jp> ek; muz;kid
thapypd;fz; cs;shs;' vd;W Nte;jdplk; nrd;W mwptpg;gha;!
mwptpg;gha;! " vd;whs;. Nfl;l thapNyhd; murdplk; nrd;W> " vkJ
nfhw;if efuj;J Nte;Nj! tho;f! njw;Nf cs;s nghjpa kiyf;Fj;
jiytNd! tho;f! nropaNd! tho;f! ghz;baNd! tho;f! ,Jtiu
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
gopr;nrhw;fs; gluhj gQ;rtNd> tho;f! ntl;Lthapdpd;Wk;
gPwpl;nlOk; FUjp ePq;fhj grpa Kz;lkhfpa gplHj;jiyahfpa
gPlj;jpd;fz; VwpapUe;j ,sq;nfhbahfpa ntw;wp jUk; Ntypidj;
jd; ngupa ifapNy Ve;jpa nfhw;witAk; my;ys; @ fd;dpaH
vOtUs; gplhupAk; my;ys;@ ,iwtid eldkhlr; nra;j
gj;jpufhspAk; my;ys;@ fz;lhHf;F mr;rj;ijj; jUk; fhl;ilj; jhd;
tpUk;Gk; ,lkhff; nfhz;l fhspAk; my;ys;@ jhUfdpd; gue;j
khHigg; gpse;j JHf;ifAk; my;ys;@ kpf;f rpdk; nfhz;lts;
NghyTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wds; ! Ntiyg;ghL kpf;f nghw;rpyk;G
xd;wpidf; ifapy; Ve;jpatsha;j; jpfo;fpwhs; ' fztid ,oe;j
mts; ek; thapypd; Kd;Nd epw;fpd;whs;" vd;W mwptpj;jhd;.
ahiuNah eP klf;nfhb? " mj;jifatis' tUf ' vdf; $wp
,q;Nf mioj;J tUf! " vd Mizapl;lhd;> kd;dd;. fz;zfp
murid mZfpr; nrd;wNghJ> mtd;> " ePH ngUFk;
fz;fisAlatNs! vd;Kd; te;J epw;gtNs! ,sq;nfhb
Nghd;wtNs! eP ahH? " vd;W Nfl;lhd;. “ Muha;r;rpapy;yhj kd;dNd
! epd;dplk; nrhy;y Ntz;banjhd;W cz;L! Nfs;! ,fo;jyw;w
rpwg;gpidAila NjtHfSk; tpag;GWkhW> Gwh xd;wpd;
Jauj;jpidg; Nghf;fpa rpgpAk;> fl;ba kzpapd; eLtpYs;s
ehthdJ mira> gRtpd; filf; fz;fspdpd;Wk; xOFk; ePH jdJ
cs;sj;ijr; Rl> jhNd jd; mUk;ngww; Gjy;tidj; NjHr;rf;fuj;jp
ypl;Lf; nfhd;w kDePjp NrhoDk; Mz;l kpf;f GfopidAila GfhH
efuNk ehd; gpwe;j CH| mt;t+upy; gopaw;w rpwg;Gld; $ba Gfo;
vq;Fk; tpsq;Fk; ngUq;Fbf;fz; khrhj;Jthd; vd;Dk; tzpfDf;F
kfdhfj; Njhd;wp > nghUsPl;b tho;f;if elj;jiy tpUk;gp>
Kd;idj; jPtpid nrYj;Jjyhy; tPuf;foyzpe;j kd;dNd! epdJ
kJiu efuj;jpDs; GFe;J> ,q;F vd; fhw;rpyk;gpid tpw;wy;
fhuzkhf epd;dplj;Jf; nfhiyAz;l Nfhtyd; kidtp ehd;@ vd;
ngaH fz;zfp!" vd;whs;. mJ Nfl;l kd;dd;> " ngz; mzq;Nf!
fs;tidf; nfhiy nra;jy; nfhLq;Nfhd;ik md;W! mJNt mur
ePjp! " vd;whd;. fz;zfp> mwnewpapy; nry;yhj nfhw;if Nte;Nj!
vd; fhy; nghw; rpyk;G khzpf;ff; fw;fisg; guy;fshff; nfhz;lJ!
" vd;whs; . ghz;baNdh> “ Njd; NghYk; ,dpa nkhop NgRgtNs!
eP ciuj;jit ePjpia epiyehl;l cjTk; ey;y nrhw;fshFk;! vk;
rpyk;G Kj;Jf;fisg; guy;fshff; nfhz;lJ" vd;W $wpg; gpd;
Vtyiu Nehf;fp 'Kd;dHf; NfhtydplkpUe;J ngw;w mr;rpyk;igf;
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Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nfhzHf! ' vdf;fl;lisapl;L> tutioj;J mjidj;jhNd
fz;zfpaplk;itj;jhd;! clNd fz;zfp> jhd; mzpAk; mofpa
rpyk;ig tPrpnawpe;J cilj;j mstpy;> mjdpd;Wk; vOe;j
khzpf;fg; guy; xd;W ghz;badpd; thaUNf njwpj;Jf; fPNo
tPo;e;jJ. mt;thW njwpj;j khzpf;fg; guy; fz;L jpLf;fpl;l
ghHNte;jd;> jho;Tw;w Filadha;> jsHe;j nrq;Nfhydha;> " nghd;
nra; nfhy;yd; ngha;Aiu Nfl;L ePjp jtwpa ahNdh murd.; murd;
my;yd;: Nfhtyd; rpyk;ig vd;Dilajhf; nfhz;ljhy; ehNd
jpUld;! " vdf; $wp cs;sk; FKwpdhd;@ Jbj;jhd;@ kf;fisf;
fhf;Fk; ghz;b ehl;L Ml;rpf;F vd; fhuzkhfj; jtW NeHe;J
tpl;lNj! ,J> ,dp tUk; ghz;bad; guk;giuf;nfy;yhk; gopahapw;Nw
vdg; gjwpdhd;! - nfLf vd; MAs; " vdf; jdf;Fj; jhNd
jz;lid tpjpj;Jf; nfhz;L kaq;fp tPo;e;J khz;L Nghdhd;!
njd;dtdpd; nja;tf; fw;gpdshfpa Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp cs;sk;
Fiye;jhs;@ cly; eLq;fpdhs;@ jha; je;ijaiu ,oe;jtHf;F
mk;Kiw nrhy;ypg; gpwiuf; fhl;b MWjy; $wKbAk;! Mdhy;
fztid ,oe;NjhHf;F mq;qdk; fhl;lyhfhJ vdf; fUjpj; jd;
fztdpd; ,izabfisj; njhl;L tzq;fp tPo;e;J ,we;jhs;.
3.11. tQ;rpd khiy (fhij – 21) 3.11.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
mur khNjtp capH ePj;jij mwpahj fz;zfp mtis
Nehf;fp> " xg;gw;w fw;Gil kfspH gyH gpwe;j Cupy; ehDk;
gpwe;Njd;> ahDk; xU gj;jpdpahNtd;. murNuhL kJiuiaAk;
mopg;Ngd;" vd;W tQ;rpdk; $wp mt;tplj;ij tpl;L mfd;whs.; gpd;>
ehd;khlf;$lypy; cs;s kfspNu> MltNu> khjtNu> NfSq;fs; !
Fw;wkpy;yhj vd; fztidf; nfhiy nra;j kJiuia ehd;
mopg;gJ Fw;wkhfhJ" vd;W $wp ,lKiyiaf; ifahy; jpUfp
vwpe;jhs;. clNd jPf; flTs; ntspg;gl;L Vty; Nfl;Lg; gzpe;J
epd;wJ! "ey;NyhH gf;fk; rhuhJ jPNahiu mopg;ghahf! " vd
Mizapl;lhs.; mt;thNw jPj;jpwj;jhH gf;fk; NrHe;jJ jP!
3.11.2. fz;zfp kJiu efu; kPJ nfhq;ifia vwpjy;
" ehd;khlf;$ly; vd;Dk; kJiutho; kfspUk;> MltUk;>
NjtUk;> kpf;f jtKilNahUk; NfSq;fs;! | ehd; tpUk;gpg;
Nghw;wpa vd; fztidf; nfhiy nra;j kd;didAk; mtd; Ml;rp
nra;j ,e;efuj;ijAk; rPwpNdd; @ Mjyhy; ehd; Fw;wNkJk;
nra;jpNyd;! " vd;W $wp> tpsq;fpa mzpapidAila fz;zfp>
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
kJiu efiu %d;W Kiw tykhf te;J> Njd; epiwe;j
kzKila njUtpy; epd;W> jdJ ,lg;gf;fj;Jf; nfhq;ifia
tyf;ifapdhy; jpUfp vLj;Jr; Row;wp tpl;nlwpe;jhs;!
3.11.3. fz;zfp kJiuia vupj;jy;
ghHg;ghH mwNthH gRg;gj; jpdpg;ngz;bH
%j;NjhH Fotp naDkptiuf; iftpl;Lj;
jPj;jpwj;jhH gf;fNk NrHnfd;W
mt;thW mts; vwpe;jNghJ > jhd; gw;wpa nghUis vupf;Fk;
mf;fpdp Njtd;> ePy epwj;ijAk;> KWf;Fz;l rpte;j ePz;l
riliaAk; ghy;Nghd;w ntz;gw;fisAk; cila ghHg;gd
tbtj;NjhL> jhNd fz;zfp Kd;dH te;J Njhd;wpdhd;! - Njhd;wp >
“rpwe;j gj;jpdpj; nja;tNk! epdf;F kpfTk; jtW ,ioj;j
me;ehspNy> ,e;efupy; gutp vupa+l;l ahNdhH Vtiy Kd;dNu
ngw;Ws;Nsd;! Mjyhy; ,q;F mj;jPapdpd;Wk; gpioj;jw;FupNahH
ahH? ahH ? mwptpg;ghahf ! " vd ,uq;fpf; Nfl;lhd; . “ me;jzH >
mwNthH> gR> gj;jpdpg; ngz;bH> KjpNahH> Foe;ijfs;
MfpNahUila ,Ug;gplq;fis tpl;L tpl;L> jPtpidahsH gFjpfis
kl;LNk vupg;ghahf!" vdr; rpdk; nfhz;l fz;zfp Vtpa
mg;nghONj> ey;y NjiuAila ghz;ba Nte;jdJ kJiu
efuj;ijg; GifAld; $ba jPg;gpok;G gw;wp mopj;jJ!.
3.12. mow;gL fhij (fhij -22) 3.12.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
muR fl;bypy; tPo;e;j murDk; murpAk; ,we;J tpl;ldH
vd;gij mwpahJ> Mrhd; KjyhNdhH Xtpak; Nghy; ciugpd;wp
mirtw;Wf; fple;jdH. giltPuH jPiaf; fz;L mQ;rp muz;kid
thapypy; te;J $bdH. ehy;tif tUzg; G+jq;fshfpa
nja;tq;fSk; efiu tpl;L ePq;fpd. gRf;fSk; fd;WfSk; Nky;
mfg;glhJ mfd;w njUtpy; Xbd. ghidfSk; FjpiufSk;
kjpw;Gwj;Nj nrd;wd> jP mwNthH gf;fk; rhuhJ kwNthH gf;fk;
kz;baJ> ,y;yw newpapdpd;Wk; gpwohj KJ kfspH fztid
,oe;j fz;zfpapd; nray; rpwe;jNj" vdj; jPf;flTis tzq;fpdH
. jPapd; ntk;ikiaj; jhq;fhj kJuhgjpj; nja;tk; fz;zfpapd;
Kd; te;J Njhd;wpaJ.
3.12.2. kJiuapy;; epfo;e;j khw;wk;
fz;zfp vd;Dk; fw;Gj; nja;tj;jpd; Vty; ngw;w jPf;flTspd;
vup Kfk; jpwe;jJ@ efnuq;Fk; jPg;gw;wpaJ> efiuf; fhf;Fk;
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Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nja;tq;fs; Nfhl;il thapiyf; fhthJ xope;jd. nty;Yk;
NghupidAila neLQ;nropad;> jdJ ePjp tise;jjid mwpe;jhd;.
mg;nghONj > tise;j nrq;Nfhiyj; jd; capuhfpa Mjhuj;jpid
<lhff; nfhLj;J mjidg; ngupa epykle;ijf;F czHj;Jk;
nghUl;L> Fw;wkw;w fw;gpidAila jd; ngUe;NjtpAld;
mupaizapNy ,we;jhd;. GNuhfpjd;> ngUq;fzp jiyik
epkpj;jpfd;> mwq;$W mitaj;jhH> tupapyhH> MNyhrid
KbTfis Xiyapy; vOJNthH vd;Dk; ,tHfSld;
muz;kidapy; cs;shUk; tisazpe;j Vty; kfspUk; MfpNahH
RtH Xtpak; Nghy; Ngr;rpd;wp mr;rj;Jld; mirtw;wpUe;jdH.
Fjpiug; ghfH> ahidg; ghfH> tpiue;J NjNuhl;Lk; NjHg;ghfH>
ntw;wp nghUe;jpa this Ve;jpa kwtH MfpNahH kd;ddJ ntw;wp
kpf;f muz;kid thapw;fz; jPapd; ngUf;fj;ij Nehf;fpj; jpifj;J
mq;fpUe;J tpyfpr; nrd;wdH. |Mjpg; g+jkhfpa flTSk;> kJiuia
tpl;L mfd;wJ! | mur g+jkhfpa flTSk; kJiuia tpl;L
mfd;wJ. tzpfg; g+jkhfpa kpfg;ngupa flTSk;> kJiuia tpl;L
mfd;wJ Ntshz; g+jk; kJiuia tpl;L mfd;wJ. ' g+jq;fs;
midj;Jk; ntspNawpd. " ,e;ehl;L kd;dd; nrq;Nfhd;ikapy;
jtwpa ehspNy> ,e; efupidj; jPpahdJ cz;Zk; Kiwahy;
cz;Zk; vd;gjid ahk; mwpAk; KiwahNy mwpe;Njhk;! Mjyhy;
mjw;Nfw;g ahKk; fhtiyf; iftpl;Lg; NghtJ ,ay;Ngad;Nwh? "
vdf; fUjp > jdJ nfhq;ifahy; efuj;ij vupa+l;b ntw;wp
nfhz;l fz;zfpapd; vjpNu ehy;NtWgl;l G+jq;fSk;>
ntt;Ntwplq;fis Nehf;fpr; nrd;W tpl;ld. ney; Kjyhd fyg;
nghUs;fs; tpw;Fk; fil tPjpAk;> nfhbAila NjH XLk; tPjpAk;>
gFjp Ntw;Wik czug;gl;l ehd;F NtW tifahd njUf;fSk;>
typa Fuq;Ff; nfhbAila tpy;yhsdhfpa mHr;Rdd; fhz;lt
tdj;ij vupa+l;ba me;ehspy;> mt;tdj;jpy; tho;e;j capupdq;fs;
fyq;fpdhw; Nghyf; fyq;fp> KOJk; vupe;J rhk;gyhapw;W. neUg;G
mwnewpahsH thOk; ,lq;fspy; nry;yhJ jPNahH thOk;
,lq;fisNa gw;wp vupj;jJ' ahidAk; FjpiuAk; tpiue;Njhbd.
fwitg; gRf;fSk; mtw;wpd; fd;WfSk; nfhSj;Jk; jPapy;
Jd;Gwhky; mwg;gz;Gkpf;f MaHfspd; mfd;w njUf;fis
mile;jd> mQ;rhik kpf;f Mz; ahidfSk; ngz; ahidfSk;
tpiue;J nry;Yk; FjpiufSk; kjpy; muZf;Fg; Gwj;Nj xba
gpioj;jd. khiyapNy epfOk; tpohf;fSk;> Ntj xypAk; > rpte;j
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
jPapy; Xkk; nra;jYk;> nja;t topghLk; > kfspH kyH J}tp
tpsf;Nfw;wp kfpo;jYk; > khiyf; fspahl;lKk; > Kurpd; Kof;fKk;
Mfpa midj;Jk; md;W epfoh njhope;jd@ vq;Fk; Jauk; glHe;jJ.
3.12.3. fz;zfp Kd; kJuhgjpj; nja;tk;
fhjyw; nfLj;j Nehnah Lsq;fdd;W
CJiyf; FUfpd; capHj;jd SapHj;J
kWfpil kWFq; ftiyapw; ftYk;
,aq;fYk; ,aq;Fk; kaq;fYk; kaq;Fk;
MuQ Uw;w tPugj; jpdpKd;
nfhe;joy; ntk;ikf; $nuup nghwhms;
te;J Njhd;wpds; kJuhgjpnad;.
fz;zfp jd; fztid ,oe;j ngUe;Jd;gj; jPapdhy;
cs;sk; ntJk;gp> nfhy;ydJ ciyf; fsj;Jj; JUj;jpiag; Nghy
nta;jhf neL %r;nrwpe;J neLe; njUf;fspNy Rod;W jpupths;@
FWe; njUf;fspNy ftiyAld; jpifj;J epw;ghs;@ nrd;W nfhz;Nl
,Ug;ghs;@ gpd; kPz;Lk; nrayw;W kaq;fp epw;ghs;! ,t;thW
nghWj;jw;fupa tPugj;jpdpapd; Kd;> jpuz;l moyhfpa ntk;ikkpf;f
jPapidf; fz;L neQ;R nghWf;fhj kJuhgjp vd;Dk; fhty;
nja;tk; te;J Njhd;wpaJ.
3.13. fl;Liu fhij (fhij -23) 3.13.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
kJuhgjpj; nja;tk; fz;zfpia Nehf;fp> " ehd; kJiuapd;
fhty; nja;tk; ! cdf;Fw;w Jd;gk; fz;L ehDk; Jd;Gw;Nwd;!
,e;ehl;il Mz;l ghz;baH midtUNk gjpAld; gluhjtH.
neLQ;nropaDk; mj;jifatNd ! Co;tpid fhuzkhf cdf;F
,j;Jd;gk; NeHe;jJ> epd; fztdpd; gok; gpwg;igf; $WfpNwd; Nfs;
! fypq;f ehl;by; rpq;fGuj;jpy; ,Ue;j tR vd;gtDk;> fgpyGuj;jpy;
,Ue;j Fkud; vd;gtDk; jha; cupik fhuzkhfg; gif
nfhz;bUe;jdH . xUehs; rq;fkd; vd;Dk; tzpfd; thzpgj;jpd;
nghUl;Lr; rpq;fGuj;Jf; filtPjpapy; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jhd; .
mg;NghJ gujd; vd;gtd; mr;rq;fkidg; giftdpd; xw;wd; vd;W
fUjp kd;ddplk; mioj;Jr; nrd;W nfhd;W tpl;lhd; > nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;l rq;fkd; kidtp ePyp jhq;nfhzhj; JaUld; gjpdhd;F
ehl;fs; vq;Fk; jpupe;J xU kiy cr;rpia mile;J> “ vdf;Fj;
Jd;gk; nra;jtH kWgpwg;gpy; ,j;jifa Jd;gj;ij milthuhf! "
vdr; rhgkpl;Lf; fPNo tPo;e;J khz;lhs;! me;jr; rhgNk ,d;W
80
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
NfhtydJ capiuf; ftHe;jJ. eP gjpdhd;fhk; ehspy; epd;
fztid miltha;! " vdf; $wp kiwe;jJ. gpd; JauNk tbthd
fz;zfp nfhw;wit Nfhapypy; nghw;nwhb cilj;J> Nkw;F
Nehf;fpr; nrd;whs;! jpUr;nrq;Fd;wk; vd;Dk; kiykPJ xU Ntq;if
kuj;jbapy; nrayw;W epd;whs;! kJuhgjpj; nja;tk; ciuj;jJ
Nghyg; gjpdhd;fhk; ehd; gfy; nghOJ fope;jJk;> mq;Fj; nja;t
tbTld; te;j fztDld; thd CHjp Vwp thdtH Nghw;w thdfk;
mile;jhs;!
3.13.2. kJuhgjpj; nja;tk; fz;zfpaplk; NgRjy;
rilapy; ,sk;gpiw cila nrd;dpas;@ Ftis kyH
NghYk; ikg+rpa fz;fis Ailats;@ nts;spa xsp nghUe;jpa
Kfj;ij Ailats;@ filtha;g; gy; ntspg;gl;Lj; Njhd;Wfpw
gtsk; Nghd;w rpte;j thiaAilats;@ epynthsp> jpfOk; Kj;Jg;
Nghd;w gw;fisAilats;@ ,lJ ghfk; ,Uz;l ePyepwkhf
,Ug;gpDk; tyJ ghfk; nghd;epwkhfj; jpfOk; tbTilats;@
,lf;ifapy; nghd;dpwj; jhkiu kyiu Ve;jpapUg;gpDk; tyf;ifapy;
xsptpLk; kOg;gilia Ve;jpapUg;gts;@ tyJ fhypy; Ntiyg;ghL
kpf;f tPuf; foiy mzpe;jpUe;jhYk; ,lJ fhypNy xg;gw;w rpyk;G
xypf;Fk; jd;ikAilats;. ,j;jifa Njhw;wKila kJuhgjpj;
nja;tk;> nfhw;if efuj; jiytDk;> Fkupahw;Wj; Jiwf;F
cupikAilatDk;> ,ka kiyiaj; jdJ Ml;rpapd; tl
vy;iyahf cilatDk; nghjpa kiyia cupikahf
cilatDkhfpa ghz;badpd; Fynja;tkhFk;. mJ fz;zfpapd;
gpd;Nd te;J > eq;ifNa> ehd; cd;dplk; nrhy;y xd;W cz;L vd
Ntz;bdhs;.
3.13.3. Nfhtydpd; Kw;gpwg;G tuyhW
ck;ik tpidte; JUj;j fhiyr;
nrk;ikap NyhHf;Fr; nra;jt KjthJ
thnuhyp $e;jy;epd; kzkfd; jd;id
<Nuo; ehsfj; njy;iy ePq;fp
thNdhH jq;fs; tbtpd; my;yij
<NdhH tbtpw; fhz;ly; ,y;nyd
kJiukh nja;tk; khgj; jpdpf;F
tpjpKiw nrhy;yp moy;tPL nfhz;lgpd;
"epiuj;j tisay;fisAilatNs! Nfl;ghahf! eWkzk;
fkOk; nghopy;fs; #o;e;j fypq;fk; vd;Dk; ey;y ehl;by; cs;s>
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
jPk;Gdy; fodpfs; epiwe;j rpq;fGuj;jpYk;> %q;fpw; fhLfisAila
fgpyGuj;jpYk; ,Ue;J murhs;fpd;w nry;tj;ijAila> xOq;fhfj;
njhLj;j khiyazpe;J Nte;jHfshf tR vd;gtDk; Fkud;
vd;gtDk; tpsq;fpdH. mtHfs; nflhj nry;tk; kpf;f rpwe;j
FbapNy gpwe;j jhaj;juhtH. mjd; fhuzkhf xUtH kPJ xUtH
gif nfhz;bUe;jdH . mt;tpUtH jk; ehl;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l MW
fhtj njhiyTila epyj;jpd;fz; vt;tplj;Jk; xUtiunahUtH
jhf;fp tPo;j;jp ntw;wp ngWk; nghUl;L ,ilawhJ NghH nra;J
te;jdH. vg;NghJk; NghH epfOkplk; Mjyhy; mq;Fg; NghthH
ahUkpyH ! “ MapDk; ngww;fupa nry;tj;ij <l;Lk; tpUg;gj;Jld
rpwe;j mzpfisr; Rke;J xw;wHfisg; Nghy khWNtlk; g+z;L> jd;
fhjypAld; $bf; fgpyGuj;J thzpfdhd rq;fkd;> mopahj
tsj;ij Gila rpq;fGuj;Jf; filtPjpapy; GFe;J> jdJ tpiy
kjpg;gw;w mzpfis tpw;Wg; nghUs; <l;bdhd;. grpa
tisay;fisAilaha;! Kw;gpwtpapy; epd; fztd; ntt;tpa
Mw;wy; kpf;f tR vd;Dk; kd;dDf;F mur tpid nra;gtdhf
,Ue;jhd;. mg;NghJ mtd; ngaH gujd;! mtd;> rq;fkd; nfhy;yh
tpujj;jpdpd;Wk; tpyfpajhy; ntWg;Gf; nfhz;L> ' ,td; gif ehl;L
xw;wd;! ' vd;W $wp mr;rq;fkidg; gw;wpapOj;Jf; nfhz;L Ngha;
ntw;wpNty; kd;dDf;Ff; fhl;bf; nfhd;W tpl;lhd;! "
nfhiyf;fsg;gl;l rq;fkd; kidtp ePyp Xuplj;jpYk; epiy
nfhs;shJ fjwpaOjhs;@ gjwpj; Jbj;jhs;! ' kd;dNd! eP vd;
fztidf; nfhd;wJ ePjpNah? tzpfHfNs> ,J ePjpNah? ghH tho;
khe;jNu! cq;fs; kd;dd; nra;jJ ePjpNah? ' vd;W $wp
kd;wq;fspYk; njUf;fspYk; Kiwapl;Lj; jpupe;jhs;. “ gjpdhd;F
ehl;fs; nrd;wgpd; ' fztid tzq;Fjw;Fupa ehs; ,J ' vd;W
fUjp mtid tho;j;jp > thdj;jpy; VWjw;Fupa Vzpiag; Nghd;w
kpf caHe;j kiy cr;rpapy; Vwp epd;W nfhiy nra;ag; gl;l jd;
fztid miljw;F Maj;jkhdhs;. me;epiyapy;' vkf;F
,q;qdk; kpff; nfhba Jd;gj;jpidr; nra;jtH vt;tifahDk; >
jhKk; ,j;jifa Jd;gj;ij milthuhf! ' vd;W rhgkpl;Lf; fPNo
tpOe;J capH Jwe;jhs;! Fw;wkw;w mts; ,l;l rhgj;jpd; gadhf
,g;gpwtpapy; ePq;fs; ,f; nfhLe;Jd;gKw;wPH!
3.13.4. fz;zfp kJiuia tpl;L ePq;Fjy;
fz;zfp> "vd;Ds;sj;jpy; epiwe;j fztidf; fhzh
Kd;dH mkuTk; khl;Nld;> epw;fTk; nra;Ngd;" vd;W $wpathW
82
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
myke;J nrd;W> nfhw;wit Nfhapypd; Kd;wpypy; jd; mofpa
tisay;fis cilj;njwpe;jhs;> gpd; mj;nja;tj;ij Nehf;fp> "
,e;efupy; > fPo;j;jpir thapyhf tUk;NghJ fztDld; te;Njd;@
,g;NghNjh fztid ,oe;J> efupd; ePq;fp Nkw;wpir thapy;
topahfj; jdpNa nry;fpNwd;" vd;W $wp kJiuia tpl;L
ntspNawpdhs;;. mt;thW kJiuia ePq;fpats;; ,untd;Wk;
gfnyd;Wk; mwpahshfp kaq;fpr; nrayw;W> xypf;Fk; ePH kpFe;j
itiaapd; xU fiuapNy nrd;whs;. Jd;gk; kpFe;J gjwp
,wq;Fjyhy; gs;sk; vd;W ghuhs;@ fztdplk; cs;sj;ij itj;J
VWjyhy; NkLfs; vd;Wk; fUjhs;. topapy; ,j;jifa jd;ikiar;
rpwpJk; nghUl;gLj;jhJ NkYk; NkYk; ele;J nrd;wts;> flypdJ
eLtplj;ijf; fpopj;J> fpuTQ;rk; vd;Dk; kiyapdJ neQ;rj;ijg;
gpse;J mq;Nf mRuiu ntd;W mopj;j xsptpLk; ,iy tbthd
ePz;l Ntypid Ve;jpa KUff; flTs; vOe;jUspAs;s
Fd;wj;jpd;fz; mb itj;J Vwpdhs;.
3.13.5. fz;zfp> fztDld; thDyF nrd;whs;!
g+f;fs; epiwe;j nfhk;GfisAila Ntq;if kuj;jpd; fPNo
epd;W vk; Fyj; nja;tkhd ts;sp Nghy;tPH ! ahuk;kh ePH ? vd
tpdtpa Fwtiu Nehf;fp ahd; xg;gw;w jPtpidAilNad;! " vdf;
$wp Vq;fpapUe;jds;! gjpdhd;F ehs; fle;j gpd;dH jhd;
fztidf; fz;L njhOjw;Fupa ehs; ,J vdf; fUjpf; Nfhtyid
epide;J tho;j;jpdhs; . mg;NghJ ,e;jpud; Rw;wj;jhH NfhtyDld;
thDyfpdpd;Wk; ,wq;fp> mf; fw;Gilahs; epw;Fkplk; te;J thlhj
fw;gf kyHfis kio Nghy; mts; kPJ nghope;J if Ftpj;J
tzq;fpj; Jjpj;jdH. me;epiyapy;> kzk; fkOk; $e;jiyAila
fz;zfp> kJiuapy; nfhy;yg;gl;l jd; fztdhd NfhtyDld;
thd CHjpapy; Vwp tpz;ZyF mile;jhs;.
3.14 njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy; fz;zfpf;Fk; NfhtyDf;Fk;
epfo;e;jit gw;wp mwpe;Njhk.; NkYk; NfhtyDila khz;Gfs;
,g;gFjpapy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. fz;zfpapd; fw;gpd; jpwk; ,q;Nf
tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3.15 Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs;
1. nja;tk; Vwg; ngw;w rhypdp Koq;fpad ahit?
2. Nfhtyd; Nfhrpfkhzp re;jpg;ig fhl;Lf
3. itif MW vt;thW ,Ue;jJ?
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
4. kJiuapy; ,Ue;j tPjpfs; ahit?
5. khlyd; $w;W topahf Nfhtydpd; ew;gz;Gfis fhl;Lf?
6. fz;zfpapd; tQ;rpdk; vt;thW ntspg;gl;lJ?
7. fz;zfp tof;F ciuj;j ghq;fpid Gyg;gLj;Jf
3.16. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gypa+Hf;Nfrpfd; (njspTiu) ghup epiyak;>
nrd;id 108> 1993
2. rpyg;gjpfhuk; -kJiuf;fhz;lk; eh.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;
ciu nfsuh gjpg;gff;FOkk;> nrd;id-5
84
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
$$WW ..44 ,,ssqq;;NNffhhttbbffss;; -- rrppyygg;;ggjjppffhhuukk;; --ttQQ;;rrppff;;ffhhzz;;llkk;;.. 11 4.1. Fd;wf; Fuit (fhij -24)
4.1.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
kJiu khefupy; fztid ,oe;j fz;zfp> nra;tjwpahJ
Nkw;F Nehf;fpr; Nru ehl;il mile;J> jpUr;nrq;Fd;wj;J Ntq;if
ku epoypy; epd;wNghJ> Fd;wf; FwtHfs; mtisf; fz;L jpifg;Gk;
tpag;Gk; va;jp> “vk; Fy nja;tkhd ts;sp Nghy;tPH> ahuk;kh eP vd
tpdtpdH. kJuhgjpapd; fl;Liuahy; xUthW rPw;wk; jzpe;jpUe;j
fz;zfp> jd; jPtpidahy; kJiu nfl;lJk;> kd;dd; khz;lJk;>
jhd; fztid ,oe;jJkhd epfo;r;rpfisf; $wp tUe;jpdhs;.
mg;NghJ thdtH> NfhtyDld; te;J nja;tf; fw;gpdshd
fz;zfpiag; Nghw;wpf; Jjpj;Jf; fztid mtSf;Ff; fhl;bdH.
gpd; NfhtyDld; fz;zfpia mioj;Jf; nfhz;L thdt+Hjpapy;
Vwp tpz;ZyF mile;jdH. ,e;j tpaj;jF epfo;r;rpiaf; fz;zhy;
fz;l Fd;wf; FwtHfs; Mbg;ghb kfpo;e;jdH. “ GjpanjhU nja;tk;
ek;ik tho;tpf;f te;jJ! mjw;Ff; Nfhapy; vLg;Nghk;! tpohr;
nra;Nthk;! " vdf; nfhz;lhbdH. ,f; Fd;wf; Fuitapy;
mike;Js;s mfj;Jiwg; ghly;fs; vz;zp vz;zp ,d;Gwj;jf;fd.
4.1.2. Fwkfspu; tpdhTk; fz;zfp tpilAk;
kzkJiuNah luRNfLw ty;tpid te;JUj;jfhiy
fztidaq; fpoe;JNghe;j fLtpidNad; ahndd;whs;
jpidg; Gdq;fspy; FUtpfis Xl;bAk;> fpspfis tpul;bAk;>
mUtpapy; ePuhbAk; Ridapy; %o;fpAk; tUfpNwhk; ehq;fs.; mg;gb
tUk; vq;fs; Kd;dH> Fd;wj;J Ntq;ifapd; ey;y epoypy; vq;fs;
Fynja;tkhd ts;spNghy; tpsq;Ffpd;wPH ! vk; cs;sk; eLq;Fk;
tz;zk; ,U Kiyapoe;J epw;fpd;wPH! ePtpHjhd; ahNuh? " vdf;
fz;zfpia Fd;wf; FwkfspH jpifj;Jk; tpae;Jk; eae;Jk;
tpdtpdH. mJNfl;l khngUk; gj;jpdp rpwpJk; rpdk; nfhs;shky;>
'kzk; kpf;f kJiu khefUld; mjd; murDk; mopAkhW gioa
jPtpid te;nja;jpaNghJ vd; fztidAk; mk;kJiuapNyNa
,oe;j jPtpidAilNad; ahd;!" vd;whs;.
4.1.3. fz;zfpj; nja;tk;
fz;zfp mt;thW $wf;Nfl;l FwkfspH mr;rKw;W
tisay; mzpe;j jk; iffisf; Ftpj;J tzq;fpdH. mg;NghJ
NjtHfs; kyHkhup nghope;J fz;zfpiag; Nghw;wpj; Jjpj;jdH. gpd;>
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Nfhtyid mf;fw;Gil eq;iff;Ff; fhl;b> mtisAk; fztDld;
mioj;Jf;nfhz;L> mf;FwkfspH fhZk; tz;zk;
tpz;Zyfkile;jdH. mf;fhl;rpiaf; fz;l FwkfspH ngupJk;
tpag;Gw;wdH. ",ts; NghYk; xU ngupa nja;tk; ek; Fyj;Jf;F
NtW ,y;iy!" vdf; $wp midtiuAk; mf;fz;zfpia
topgLkhW Ntz;bdH. “rpWFbaPNu ! rpWFbaPNu' ,f;
fw;Gilahisj; nja;tkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs; 'nts;is epwk;
tpsq;Ffpd;w mUtpfSilaJ neLNts; Fd;wk;. ,jd; gf;fj;Nj
eWkzk; fkOk; kyHfisAila Ntq;if kuj;J epoypy; ,J
nja;tj;jpw;F xU Nfhapiyf; fl;Lq;fs;. ' thapy; jpirj;
nja;tq;fisf; fhtyhf mikAq;fs;!. nfhz;lfg; giwapid
miwAq;fs.; rpW giwia Kof;Fq;fs;. 'nfhk;Gfis thapy;
itj;J CJq;fs;! kzpia mirj;J xyp vOg;Gq;fs; 'FwpQ;rpg;gh
ghLq;fs;! eWkzg; Gifapid Ve;Jq;fs;! g+thy; mHr;rid
nra;Aq;fs;! ,j; nja;tj;jpd; Gfo;ghbj; JjpAq;fs; ' gy;NtW kyH
nfhz;L J}tp topgLq;fs;! xU Kiy ,oe;j ,e;eq;ifia Nehf;fp>
' ,g;ngupa kiy epyk; XahJ tsk; ngUf mUs;tha; jhNa!' 'vd
midtUk; Ntz;bf; nfhs;Sq;fs;! " vd;wdu;;.
4.2. fhl;rpf; fhij (fhij – 25) 4.2.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; gilfs; #o;e;J tu> jd; Njtp
Ntz;khSld; kiy tsk; fhzr; nrd;W Ngupahw;wq;fiuapy;
jq;fpapUe;;jhd.; Fd;wf;Fwtu;fs; mq;Nf te;J kiygL
nghUs;fisf; fhzpf;ifahff; nfhz;L te;J jk; Nte;jDf;F
mspj;J> jhk; fz;l nja;tk; fhl;rpia> fz;zfp tpkhdj;jpy; Vwpr;
nrd;w mjpraj;ij mtdplk; $wpdH. kd;ddpd; mUfpy; ,Ue;j
jkpo; Mrhd; rhj;jdhH Nfhtyd; nfhiyAz;lJ > fz;zfp;
ghz;baidf; fz;L tof;Fiuj;jJ> ghz;bkhNjtp capH tpl;lJ
Nghd;w nra;jpfis tpupthf vLj;Jiuj;jhH. mJ Nfl;l
nrq;Fl;Ltd; > capH nfhLj;Jg; gop Jilj;Jg; Gfo; gilj;j
ghz;badpd; gz;gpidg; ghuhl;bdhd;@ ehlhs;tJ vj;jifa Jd;gk;
jUtJ vdr; Rl;bf; fhl;bdhd;. mUfpy; ,Ue;j NrukhNjtp>
"gj;jpdpj; nja;tj;ij tzq;fp topgly; Ntz;Lk;" vd;whs;. nghjpa
kiyapy; fy;nfhz;L fhtpupapy; ePHg;gLj;jiytpl ,ka kiyapy;
fy; nfhz;L> vd;ifapy; ePHg;gLj;jNy tPuf; Fbapy; gpwe;j jdf;F
Vw;wjhFk; vdr; nrq;Fl;Ltd; KbT nra;jhd;. “gj;jpdpf;Ff; fy;
86
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nfhs;s ,kakiyf;F vk; Nte;jd; Gwg;gLfpwhd;! tljpirapy;
cs;s kd;dnuy;yhk; jpiwAld; te;J tzq;Ff! tzq;fPuhapd;
,y;yk; ePj;Jj; JwT G+z;L fhl;Lf;Fr; nry;f" vd tQ;rp efupy;
giw miwag;gl;lJ.
4.2.3. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; kiy tsk; fhzy;
fliyNa NtypahfTila flk;g kuj;ij ntl;b NjtHfSk;
kUSk;gb tpy; nfhbiag; nghwpj;j NruH Fbapy; Njhd;wpa> tPu
thspidAila nrq;Fl;Ltd;> nts;sp khlj;jpNy jd; Njtpahd
Ntz;khSlDk; ,sq;NfhTlDk; mkHe;jpUe;jhd;. mg;NghJ>
,ilawhJ xypf;Fk; Kotpidg; Nghd;W mUtpfs; xypf;fpd;wJk;>
Nkfq;fs; ftpe;j Nrhiyfisg; ngw;wJkhd kiyapidr; nrd;W
fhz;Nghk;' vdf;$wp grpa tisaiy mzpe;j Ma kfspUk;>
ehy;tifr; NridAk; xUNruj; jpus> tQ;rp efupy; Kd;thapiyf;
fle;J kiy tsk; fhzr; nry;yyhdhd;. tsKs;s kyHfisf;
nfhz;l nghopypd;fz; Njt kfspUlNd tpisahLjiy tpUk;gpa
Mw;wy; kpFe;j NtypidAila ,e;jpud;> mofhd g+q;fhtpidAk;>
ePH kpFe;j Mw;Wg; gug;gpidAk;| Mw;wpilf;FiwiaAk;> ,skur;
NrhiyapidAk;> muq;FfisAk;> kz;lgq;fisAk;> xU E}w;W
ehw;gJ Nahrid msthf tpupe;J tpsq;FkhW xUNrug; gut
itj;Jj; jd; ngUkjq; nfhz;l fspw;wpd; NkNywpr; nry;tJ
Nghyr; nrq;Fl;Ltd; kiy tsk; fhzr; nrd;whd;. nrd;W>
Nfhq;fKk;> Ntq;ifAk;> tapuk; gha;e;j ey;y re;jd kuq;fSk;
Mfpatw;wpd; cjpHe;j kyHfspd; gug;gpdhy; jd; Gdiy
kiwj;Jf;nfhz;L jpUkhypd; khHgpNy tpsq;Fk; kuk; Nghd;W ngupa
kiyiaf; FWf;fpl;Lr; nry;Yk; Ngupahw;wpd; fiuf;fz;> MW
Ftpj;j kzy; Nkl;bdplj;Nj mtd;> jd; gupthuq;fSld; jq;fpdhd;.
4.2.4. FwtH fz;zfp gw;wpf; $Wjy;
fhd Ntq;iff; fPNohH fhupif
jhd;Kiy ,oe;J jdpj;Ja nua;jp
thdtH Nghw;w kd;ndhLk; $b
thdtH Nghw;w thdfk; ngw;wds;
FwtHfs; kd;did Nehf;fp> " VO gpwg;gpDk; ehq;fs;
ckf;F mbatuhNthk;. Ek; ntw;wp tho;tjhf' vdg; Nghw;wpf; “
fhl;by; cs;s Ntq;if kuj;jpd;fPo;f; fhupif xUj;jp jdJ xU
Kiy ,oe;J ngUe;JaH va;jpdshf ,Uf;f> mts; NjtHfs;
vy;yhUk; Nghw;WkhW jd; nfhOendhL $b thdfk; nrd;whs;>
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mts; ve;ehl;ilr; Nrhe;jtNsh? vtUila kfNsh? epdJ ehl;by;
ele;j ,t;thwhd epfo;r;rpia ,jw;F Kd; vk; epidthy; $l
mwpe;jpNyk; ' vd;W $wpg; gy E}whapuk; Mz;Lfs; tho;f vd;W
tho;j;jpdH.
4.2.5. jz;lkpo; Mrhd; rhj;jdhupd; tpsf;fk;
fhjyd; Jd;gk; fhzhJ fope;j
khjNuh ngUe;jpU TWf thdfj;J
mj;jpwk; epw;fek; mfy;eh lile;jtpg;
gj;jpdpf; flTisg; gury; Ntz;Lnkd
neLNty; kd;ddpd; ngUQ; rpwg;igf; fz;ljdhy;
tpag;igAk;> FwtHfs; nfhz;L te;j kiy tsj;ijf; fz;ljdhy;
ctg;igAk; ngw;w rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhH murid Nehf;fpg;
gpd;tUkhW $wyhdhh;. 'xs;spa njhbazpe;jtshd fz;zfpf;F
epfo;e;jijnay;yhk; jpz;ikAk; jpwikAk; cila murNd' ahd;
nrhy;yf; Nfl;ghahf" Kw gpwg;gpy; nra;j jPtpid> rpyk;igf;
fhuzkhff; nfhz;L mofpa tisaiy mzpe;J fz;zfpapd;
fztDf;F ,wg;gpid tpistpj;jJ | ntw;wpiaj; jUk;
giliaAila ghz;bad; Kd;dH> |fz;zfp vQ;rpa rpyk;NghL
nrd;W tof;fhb mr;rpyk;gpid tPrpnawpe;J cilj;J cz;ikia
czHj;jpdhs;! khngUk; gj;jpdpahfpa mtd; ghz;badpd; Njtp
Kd;G> “mofpa $e;jiy Ailaha;! vd; tQ;rpdj;ij mwpthahf!
kJiuia vupg;Ngd;! " vd;W $wp mt;tplj;ij tpl;L ePq;fp >
kJiuiar; Rl;nlupj;jhs;. mupaizapy; tPw;wpUe;j njd;dH Nfhkhd;
tpsq;Fk; g+q;nfhj;Jf;fshyhd khiyazpe;j fz;zfpf;F NeHe;j
Jaupidf; fhzg; nghwhj tshfp ,q;qdk; kaq;fpdhNdh vd;W
epidj;J mtDila kyHNghd;w jpUtbfis tUba
Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp> fz;zfp $wpa neLnkhopfisf; Nfshjtsha;>
fyf;fKk; nfhs;shjtdha;> fztd; JQ;rpaJ mwpe;J Jauk;
nghwhshfp> murd; capH nrd;wtplj;Nj vd; capH nry;yf;
fltjhf! " vd;W $wpj; jd;DapH nfhz;L kd;dd; capiuj; Njbg;
Nghths; Nghy> murDld; xUNru capH Jwe;jhs;> “ ntw;wp
Nte;jdhd njd;dtdpd; nfhLq;Nfhy; jd;ik ,t;thwhf ,Ue;jJ
vd epidf;Ff; $Wths; Nghyf; fztidapoe;J jdpikashfpa
fz;zfp> jdJ ehl;bw;Fr; nry;yhjtshfp> epd; ehl;blj;Nj te;J
NrHe;jhs; NghYk;!" vd;W ele;jtw;iwnay;yhk; epiwthf $wpa
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
rhj;jdhH> NkYk; “ epdJ tyk;gL nfhw;wkhdJ CopNjhWk;
toptopr; rpwg;gjhf" vd kd;did tho;j;jpdhH.
4.2.6. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; fz;zfpia topgl vz;Zjy;
mJ Nfl;l nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; khngUe;Njtp> " ghz;bad;
kidtp Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp jd; fztDld; capH Jwe;J thDyfk;
NrHe;jjdhy; mts; mq;Fg; ngUk; rpwg;gpidg; ngWthshf! ehk;
ek; mfy; ehlile;j ,g;gj;jpdpf; flTshfpa fz;zfpiag; Nghw;wpj;
Jjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;" vd;whs;. ntw;wpkhiyAk; ntz;FilAk; nfhz;l
nrq;Fl;Ltd; jd; Njtp $wpa fUj;ij tpUg;Gld; Vw;W> Nky; epfo
Ntz;Ltd Fwpj;J murpay; mwpe;j mikr;riu Nehf;fpdd;.
murdJ Fwpg;GzHe;j mtHfs;> " mopahj KiwikiaAila
nghjpa kiyapyhapDk; > ek; tpy;iyj; jd; jiyapNy nfhz;Ls;s
kpfg;ngupa ,kaj;jpyhapDk; fy;ypid vLj;J te;jhy; mJ
flTshFk;. nghjpa kiyapypUe;J nfhzHtijf; fhtpupahw;wpYk;>
,kaj;jpypUe;J nfhzHtijf; fq;ifapYk; ePuhl;bj; J}a;ik
nra;tpj;jy; kpfTk; jFjpAilajhFk;" vd;W gj;jpdpf; flTs;
mikg;gjw;fhd fy; fhy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tifiaf; $wpdH.
4.3. fhy;Nfhl; fhij (fhij – 26) 4.3.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
Nru Nte;jH Kd;dNu fdfd;> tprad; vd;w ,U Mupa
murHfs; jkpo; kd;dHfis ,fo;e;jdH vd;gjid tlf;Nf ,Ue;J
te;j KdptH %yk; mwpe;jpUe;jhd;. mtHfs; nrUf;if mlf;ff;
fhyk; ghHj;jpUe;jhd;@ “gj;jpdpj; nja;tj;jpd; cUtk;
mikg;gjw;fhd rpiyapid me;jf; fdf> tpraH Kbj;
jiyapNyw;wpf; nfhzHNtd;! " vdr; #Siuj;J tlGyk; nry;yj;
jahuhdhd;. thSk; FilAk; ey;y Neuj;jpy; Gwg;gl;ld. Nrud;
ehy;tifg; gil Gil #o Kjypy; ePyfpup nrd;whd;. gpd;>
mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gl;L tlehL nrd;W> E}w;WtH fd;dH cjtpahy;
fq;ifiaf; fle;J gif ehl;by; GFe;jhd;@ fdf> tpraUf;F
cjtpahf te;j kd;dHfisnay;yhk; ntd;W thif #bdhd;>
nrq;Fl;Ltd;. mikr;riuAk; NridiaAk; Vt ,kakiyapy;
gj;jpdpj; nja;tj;jpw;Fupa fy;iyj; NjHe;njLj;jhd; .
4.3.2. nrq;Fl;Ltd; tQ;rpdk;
tljpir kUq;fpd; kd;dHj Kbj;jiyf;
flT nsOjNthH fw;nfhz; ly;yJ
twpJ kPSnkd; tha;th shfpy;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nrwpfoy; Gide;j nrUntq; Nfhyj;Jg;
gifauR eLf;fhJ gaq;nfO itg;gpw;
FbeLf; FW}cq; NfhNy dhnfd
ngUikAld; tpsq;Fk; ntz; nfhw;wf; FiliaAila
Nrud; Mw;wy; kpf;f Nridj; jiytHfSf;nfy;yhk; $Wthdhdhd;:
,kakiyapdpd;Wk; ,q;F te;j KdptHfs; ,g;nghOJ mwptpj;j>
nghUe;jhj tho;f;ifapDila tlGy Nte;jHfspd; gopr;nrhy;
vk;kplj;Jf; fplg;gjhapd; mJ Nrho> ghz;baH vk;ik ,fo;tjw;F
,lkhfp tpLk; . Mjypd;> tlehl;by; cs;s mt;turHfspd;
Kbj;jiy kPJ> gj;jpdpf; flTSf;F cUtk; vOJjw;Fupa fy;iy
Vw;wpf;nfhz;L tUNtd;. mt;thwpd;wp vdJ ntw;wp ths; twpNj
kPz;L tUkhapd;> neUq;fpa tPuf;foy; mzpe;j nfhba NghHf;
Nfhyj;NjhNl nrd;w giftHfis mr;rj;jhy; eLq;fr; nra;ahky;>
gad; kpFe;j ehl;by; cs;s Fbkf;fis eLq;fr; nra;Ak;
nfhLq;Nfhyd; vdf; Fb gop J}w;Wk; ,opjifik Ailatd;
MNtd;! " vd;whd;
NrudJ #Siuiaf; Nfl;l Mrhd;> murid Nehf;fp> "
mt;thupa murH> Mj;jp khiyia Kbapy; #ba NrhoidAk;>
Ntg;gk; g+khiyia Kbapy; Fba ghz;baidAk; ,fo;e;jdNuad;wp>
,ka kiyia vy;iyahf cila epd;id ,fotpy;iy.
mQ;rpatHf;F mUs; GupAk; NghHj;jpwd; kpf;f mz;zNy! epdJ
tQ;rpd nkhop Nfl;L mQ;Rt jy;yhJ vjpHf;Fk; kd;dUk; csNuh?
vdNt rpdk; jzpf!" vd;whd;.
4.3.3. nrq;Fl;Ltd; tlehL miljy;
gd;dpU jpq;fspYk; Nfhs;fs; epw;Fk; epiyia
Muha;e;jwpe;J> jpjp Kjypa Ie;jpd; fy;tpAk; mikag;ngw;w
epkpj;jpfd; vOe;J > nte;jpwy; Nte;Nj ! tho;f epd; nfhw;wk; '
ngupa ,e;epy cyfpy; thOk; kd;dH vy;yhUk; mofpa nre;jhkiu
kyiunahj;j epdJ rpte;j jpUtbfisg; gzptjw;Fupa
ew;nghOjhFk; ,f;fhyk;' Mjyhy; ,g;nghONj eP Fwpj;j jpir
Nehf;fpg; NghUf;F vOthahf! " vd;whd;. mJ Nfl;l kd;dd;>
gilj; jiytiu tpspj;J ekJ thisAk; FiliaAk; tljpir
Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gLkhW nra;tPuhf! " vdf; fl;lisapl;lhd;.
epiy ngw;w fly; #o;e;j cyif Ms;gtdhfpa
nrq;Fl;Ltd;> ngUik nghUe;jpa ehl;il MSk; murHfs; jdJ
ntw;wpiag; ghuhl;l> jhd; tPw;wpUe;j ePyfpupg; ghb tPl;bdpd;Wk;
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;W> E}w;Wth; fd;duhy; jug;ngw;w ,lq;fspy; Vwpf;
fq;ifahw;iwf; fle;J mjd; tlfiuia mile;jhd;. mq;F
Ehw;WtH fd;dH Nru Nte;jid vjpHnfhz;L tuNtw;Wr; rpwg;Gr;
nra;jdH. gpd;> mtH ehl;ilAk; fle;J> fliy Ntypahf cila
tl ehl;ilr; nrd;wile;jhd;. mjd;gpwF > gif murH ehl;by;
Eioe;J ghb tPlikj;jpUe;jhd;.
4.3.4. NghHf;fsepiy
jLj;jw;fupa gilfisAila khtPudhd nrq;Fl;Ltd;
Kd;dH cj;jud;> tprpj;jpud;> cUj;jpud;> igutd;> rpj;jpud;> rpq;fd;>
jDj;jpud;> rpNtjd; vd;w tlehl;L murHfs; midtUk; xd;W$b>
' njd;dhl;L murHfspd; Mw;wiy ahk; fhz;Nghk;' vd;W
fdftpraUld; fye;j el;gpduha; epyTyfk; RUq;FkhW ngUk;
gilAld; Nghupl vjpHj;J te;jdH. mJ fz;l NruNte;jd;> ,iu
NjLk; nghUl;L Ntl;ilf;F vOe;j rpq;fkhdJ> vjpNu tUk;
ahidfspd; ngUq; $l;lj;ijf; fz;lJk; kdk; kfpo;e;J mt;
ahidf; $l;lj;jpd;Nky; ghAk; jd;ikNghy> vjpHj;JtUk;
Ntw;gilAila gif kd;dHfSld; NghH Gupaj; njhlq;fpdhd;.
mg;NghJ > Qhapw;Wf; fjpHfis kiwj;j Jfpy; nfhbfshfpa
ge;jupd;fPo; > gjdpl;l Njhyhy; NghHf;fg;gl;l tise;j NghHg;giw>
nts;spa rq;F> ePz;l nfhk;G> ,bNghy; Koq;Fk; NghHKuR> ,Ok;
vd;Dk; xypAila fQ;r jhsk;> Ngupb Nghy; Koq;fp capHfis
eLq;fr; nra;J capHg;gyp nfhs;Sk; tPuKuR Mfpa midj;Jk;
jpirfs; mjpug; Nguhuthu xyp vOg;gpd!. tpy;iyj; Njhspy;
cila kwtH> NghH Nty; Ve;jpa tPuH> fupa fpLfpidAila tPuH >
tpiue;J nry;Yk; Njupidr; nrYj;Jk; tPuH > ntz;ikahd
nfhk;GfisAila ahid kPNjwp tUk; ahid kwtH> tpiue;J
nry;Yk; FjpiukPJ Vwp tUk; Fjpiu tPuH vd;Dk; ,tHfs;
vOg;gpa xyp vq;Fk; epiwe;jJ.
4.3.5. fdf tpraH rpiwg;gLjy;
ehit mlf;fpahSk; jd;ikapd;wp> tstpa jkpo; kd;diu
,fo;e;j> nfhy;Yk; NtNye;jpa ngupa ifiaAila fdfDk;
tpraDk; tpiue;J nry;Yk; NjUld; $ba mtHfSila ez;gH
Ik;gj;jpUtUk; nrq;Fl;Ltd; rpdj;jpw;F Mshfpr; rpiwg;gl;ldH
me;epiyapy; gpwH jg;gpNahl Kad;wdH. rpyH rilAk; fhtpAilAk;
rhk;gy; g+r;Rk; cilatuhfpr; irtj; JwtpaH Nfhyk; g+z;L XbdH.
rpyH kizAk; kapy; gPypAk; cilatuhfpr; rkzj; JwtpaH
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Nfhyk; nfhz;L XbdH. rpyH gz;zpirj;Jg; ghLk; ghzH Ntlk;
jhq;fp XbdH. rpyH ,irf; fUtpfisj; Njhspy; ,l;Lf; $j;jH
Ntlj;Jld; xbdH. ,t;thW giftHfs; jhk; NghUf;F te;jNghJ
Ve;jp te;j ths; Kjypa fUtpfs; mope;J xopa> jhk; fw;w
tpj;ijfSf;F Vw;gf; Nfhyk; nfhz;L tpUk;gpa ,lq;fSf;F XbdH.
fOj;jpy; fapw;iwf; fl;ba ahidfisAila gif murHfs;
mr;rj;jhy; eLq;Fk;gb kUg;gpidAila fspWfisNa vUikf;
flhf;fshfg; gl;bthisj; jhw;Wf;Nfhshff; nfhz;l gif
tPuHfshfpa itf;Nfhiyf; fsj;jpNy flhtpl;l thNsH cotdhd
nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; NghHf;fs ntw;wpia tho;j;jp gpzk; jpd;Dk; ngz;
Nga;fs;> tPu tisazpe;j kwtH jk; ePz;l iffs; mirAkhW
J}f;fp> Kbazpe;j mtHjk; fUe;jiyfs; Kw;glj; Njhd;WkhW
Ve;jpf; nfhz;L> fly; tz;zd; gz;nlhU ehs; fliyf;
fyf;fpaNghJ cz;lhd NghHr; rpwg;igAk;> fliy mfopahf
cila ,yq;ifapy; epfo;e;j Nghupd; Nkd;ikiaAk;>
ghz;ltHf;fhfj; Nj&h;e;J epfo;j;jpa ghujg; Nghupd; ntw;wpiaAk;
ghb> ,k;%d;W NghHf;fsg; ngUik cila Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltdpd;
NjH Kd; epd;W Fuitg; ghl;Lf;fshy; mtid tho;j;jp kPz;Lk;
ntw;wp ngw;W thif #ba mtd; NjH ,aq;Fk; NghJk; mj;Njh;
gpd; epd;W mg;Nga;fs; Fuitf; $j;jhLk; ,lkhfg; NghHf;fsk;
tpsq;fpaJ .
4.3.6. fz;zfp rpiyf;Ff; fy; nfhz;lhd;
tPu kd;dHfspd; Kbazpe;j jiyahfpa mLg;gpNy>
ahidapd; jiyahfpa jhopapNy njhbazpe;j Njhshfpa
JLg;gpdhy; Johtpr; rikj;j Cdhfpa Nrhw;iw> tPuk; nghUe;jpa
Nga; kilad; gjk; mwpe;J Nga;fSf;F Cl;l mr;rpwg;ghd
cztpidg; Nga;fs; kfpo;e;J cz;ld. cz;L> nrq;Nfhy; gpwohj
ntw;wpahy; kwf;fskhfpa NghHf; fsj;ijAk; vkf;F cztspj;J
mwf;fskhf Mf;fpatd; CopNjhWk; tho;f! " vd tho;j;jpd.
,t;thW tl ehl;by; jdJ kwf;fs Nts;tpiar; nra;J Kbj;jhd;
thNse;jpa nrq;Fl;Ltd;. ' tljpirf;fz; ,ka kiyr;rhuypy;
kiwapidg; ghJfhf;Fk; me;jzupd; Xk Fz;lj;J Kj;jp mtpahJ
NgZk; ngupa mUs; tho;f;ifiaf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L
fhg;gPuhf ! vd;W fhw;Wg;Nghy; tpiue;J nry;Yk; J}jiu mioj;J
mtHfs; %yk; gilapdHf;F mwptpj;jhd; . gpd;dH Nrud;> tpy;ytd;
Nfhij vd;Dk; mikr;rDld;> ntw;wpAld; Nghiu Kbj;j
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NtNye;jpa tPuH gyiu Vtp nghd;dpwkhf kpd;Dk; cr;rpiaAila
,kakiyapd;fz;> xg;gw;w gj;jpdpahd fz;zfp flTSf;Fj;
jpUTU mikf;f Ntz;ba fy;iyg; ngaHj;J vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;.
4.4. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; kJiuapy; fztid ,oe;j fz;zfp Nruehl;il
mile;jij mwpe;Njhk.; fz;zfpapd; tuyhw;iwr; rhj;jdhH $wf;
Nfl;l Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; fz;zfpf;F Nfhapy;
mikf;f vz;zpaij mwpe;Njhk;.
4.5. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 1. nrq;Fl;Ltd; $wpa tQ;rpdk; ahJ?
2. nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; NghHf; jpwj;jpidf; fhl;Lf.
3. Nfhtyd; kiwtpw;Fg;gpd; g+k;Gfhupy; cs;NshH epiyahJ?
4. khlyd; $wpa mwpTiufs; ahit
4.6. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y; 1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gypa+Hf;Nfrpfd; (njspTiu) ghup epiyak;>
nrd;id 108> 1993
2. rpyg;gjpfhuk; -tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; eh.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;
ciu nfsuh gjpg;gff;FOkk;> nrd;id-5
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
$$WW ..55 ,,ssqq;;NNffhhttbbffss;; --rrppyygg;;ggjjppffhhuukk;; --ttQQ;;rrppff;;ffhhzz;;llkk;; -- 22 5.1. ePHg;gilf; fhij (fhij – 27) 5.1.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
,kakiyapypUe;J vLj;j gj;jpdpf; flTSf;fhd fy;iyf;
fdf tpraH jk; Kbj;jiy Vw;wpr; nrd;W fq;ifapy; ePHg;gil
nra;jhd; nrq;Fl;Ltd; . gpd;> Mupa murH mikj;j ghb tPl;by;
tPw;wpUe;jhd;. Nghupy; tPuk; fhl;b tpz;Zyfile;j tPuH jk;
cwtpdHf;Fj; jf;f guprspj;Jr; rpwg;Gr;nra;jhd;. mg;NghJ >
fq;ifahb te;j khlykiwNahd; %yk; Nfhtyd; kJiuapy;
nfhiyAz;l epfo;r;rpiaAk; > mtdJ nfhiyr; nra;jp Nfl;Lg;
GfhH efupy; ,Ue;j mtd; je;ijAk;> fz;zfp je;ijAk; JwT
Nkw;nfhz;lijAk;> ,UtH jhaUk; ,we;jijAk; mwpe;jhd;. NkYk;
ghz;b ehl;Lr; nra;jpfisAk; khlykiwNahdplk; Nfl;lwpe;jhd; .
mk;kiwNahDf;F> mtd; epiwasT nghd;idj; jhdk; nra;jhd;.
gpd; jd;dhy; rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l fdf> tpraiur; Nrho
ghz;baHf;Ff; fhl;b tUkhW ePyd; Kjyhd fQ;Rf khf;fis
Vtpdhd;> tpid Kbj;j ngUkpjj;Jld; Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;
ngUe;Njtp kfpo tQ;rp khefH te;J NrHe;jhd;.
5.1.2. gj;jpdpf; fy;iy ePuhl;Ljy;
tPuf;foy; mzpe;j Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;> tl jpirapNy
gj;jpdpf; flTSf;F cupa fy;iy tiu nra;J nfhz;l gpd;
mjid> nghUe;jpa Ntw;gilapd; typikahy; NghHf;nfOj;J>
Njhw;Nwhbg; gpbgl;l fdf tpraupd; xspkpf;f Kbj; jiyapy;
Vw;wpdhd;! mt;Nte;jd; njd; jpirapNy cs;s jkpo; tPuHfspd;
Mw;wiy mwpahJ Nghupl;l gpw Mupa murHfspd; capHfisAk;>
mtUld; NrHe;J te;j gil tPuHfspd; capHfisAk; nfhiyj;
njhopypy; ty;y $w;WtdJ njhopy; kpFkhW capHf;
$l;lj;ijAz;l NghHfs; gjpndl;L Mz;bYk;> jpq;fspYk;> ehspYk;>
ehopifapYk; Kbe;jd. gpd;dH nrq;Fl;Ltd; rpdk; kpf;f NtNye;jpa
gilAld; fq;ifg; Nguhw;wpd; fiuia mile;J ahtUk; tzq;Fk;
gj;jpdpf; flTSf;Fupa fy;iy ePHg;gil E}y;fspy; ty;ytiuf;
nfhz;L Kiwg;gb ePuhl;bdhd; .
5.1.3. khlyd; tUif – kd;dDld; ciuahly;
nfhiyf;fsg; gl;l Nfhtyd; kidtp
FltH NfhNt epd;dhL GFe;J
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tljpir kd;dH kzpKb Nawpds;
Nru kd;dd; tPw;wpUe;jNghJ khlykiwNahd; te;J Njhd;wp>
" vk; kd;dH ngUkhNd ' tho;thahf! fly; #o;e;j epy cyif
ntd;W mbg;gLj;jp Ml;rp Gupe;j murNd> ePL tho;thahf! " vd
tho;j;jpdhd;. nrq;Fl;Ltd;> "ehd;F kiwfisAk; fw;Wj; NjHe;j
me;jzNd! gif ehl;lurH gyUk; mwpe;jpuhj ifj;jpwk; xd;wpid
,q;F eP $wpdha;! eP $wpa nrhy;ypd; nghUs;jhd; ahNjh?” vd
tpdtpdhd.; khly kiwNahDk; kd;dHf;F mjid tpsf;fpdhd;.
NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk; kJiuf;F te;jgpd; ele;j epfo;r;rpfis
kl;LNk Nrud; mwpthd; . GfhH efur; nra;jpfis mtd; mwpahd;>
,g;NghJ khlyd; mtw;iwf; $Wfpwhd; . rpyg;gjpfhuf; fij
epfo;r;rpfisf; $Wtjw;nfd;Nw gilf;fg;gl;l xg;gw;w ghj;jpuk;
khly kiwNahd;! flw;fiur; Nrhiyahfpa FspHe;j mofpa
fly; Jiwapy; fly; tpisahl;by; khjtp ghba tupg;ghly;
fhuzkhf Neh;e;j Clyhy; Kd;id tpid gadspf;fj;
njhlq;fpaJ. mjdhy; Nfhtyd; khjtpAld; $lhJ mtis tpl;Lg;
gpupe;jhd; . jd; Fyf; nfhbahd fz;zfpAld;. khl
khspiffisAila gioa efukhfpa kJiuia mile;jhd; .
me;efupy; Ntg;g khiy #ba ghz;ba kd;dd;> mofpa
thDyfj;ij mile;jhd; . Nruehl;L Nte;Nj ! nfhiyf;fsg;gl;l
Nfhtyd; kidtp fz;zfp > epd; ehl;bDs; te;J GFe;J thDyF
mile;jjd;wpAk; tljpirAs;s Mupa kd;dH kzpKb kPJk;
Vwpdhs; . ,JNt ehd; $wpajd; nghUs;!
5.1.4. khjup capH tply;
ntw;wp NtyJ ifiaAila kd;dH kd;d> ' ahd; ,q;F
te;jjd; fhuzj;ijf; Nfl;lUs;thahf ! mfj;jpa Kdptd;
ciwAk; nghjpa kiyia tyk; te;J > Fkupg; ngUe;Jiwapy;
ePuhb vdJ CUf;Fj; jpUk;gpr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;Njd;! vdJ
Co;tpidg; gad; NghYk;! Gfo; kpf;f rpwg;gpidAila ntw;wp
tha;e;j thNse;jpa ghz;badpd; jiy efuhfpa kJiuia
mile;Njd;. ntw;wpkpf;f gilAila ghz;ba Nte;jid xg;gw;w
rpyk;gpdhy; fz;zfp ntd;whs; vd;w nra;jpiaf; Nfl;lJk;
kd;wj;Nj khjup Njhd;wp> Nfhtyd; jPjpyd; 'ek; Nte;jNd
nrq;Nfhd;ik jtwpdhd; 'ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba milf;fyg; nghUis
ahd; ,oe;J tpl;Nld;. murdpd; ntz;nfhw;wf; FilAk; nrq;NfhYk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
,t;thW jtW nra;J tpl;ldNth? " vdf; fjwp mOjthW ,Us;
nrwpe;j es;sputpy; vupKl;b mjpy; tPo;e;J khz;L Nghdhs;!".
5.1.5. fTe;jp capH Jwj;jy;
jtr; rpwg;Gila fTe;jpabfspd; rPw;wj;ij kpf caHe;j
nrq;NfhypidAila ngUepy Nte;jdhd ghz;badJ gpupe;j capH
xUthW jzpj;jJ. mg;nghWik kpf;f fTe;jpabfs; > ' ,tHfs;
jPtpid vd;Dld; ,tHfisf; nfhzHe;J gadspj;jNjh ? vd;
vz;zp cz;zh Nehd;G Nkw;nfhz;L capH Jwe;jhH !
5.1.6. Nfhtyd; ngw;NwhH epiy
nghd;dhyhd NjiuAila ghz;badpd; kJiu jPg;gw;wp
vupe;j nra;jp midj;ijAk; xd;Wtplhky; mwpe;J > ,tw;why;
NeHe;j vd; Jauj;ijnay;yhk; xUthW nghWj;Jf;nfhz;L vdJ
CUf;F kPz;Lk; nry;yj; njhlq;fpNdd;. mg;gbr; nry;Yk;NghJ
Nrhodpd; gok;gjpahd Gfhiu mile;J Nfhtyd; fz;zfp
MfpNahupd; ngw;NwhHf;F ehd; mwpe;j kJiur; nra;jpiaj;
njuptpj;Njd;. Nfhtyd; je;ijahd khrhj;Jthd; jd; ike;jDf;F
NeHe;j gopAk;> kuzKk;> mjdhy; fz;zfp milj;j Jd;gKk;>
nrq;Nfhy; Nte;jDf;F cz;lhd NfLk; Nfl;Lf; nfhLe;JaH
mile;jhd; jdJ rpwe;j nry;tk; midj;ijAk; khngUk; jhdkhf
mspj;Jtpl;L ,y;yj;jpd; ePq;fpdhd; @ me;efupy; ,e;jpudhy;
mikf;fg;gl;l VO muq;FfisAila jtg;gs;sp nrd;whd;. mq;F
,e;jg; gpwg;Ng ,Wjpg; gpwg;ghFkhW Kaw;rp nra;Ak; me;jurhupfs;
Ke;E}w;WtH Kd;dpiyapy; jPl;ir VWj; JwT g+z;lhd;. mt;thW
Jwe;J nrd;w khrhj;Jthdpd; kidtp> kfDf;F NeHe;j Jaiug;
nghWf;fyhw;whJ ngUe;Jd;gk; mile;J Vq;fpj; jtpj;J> ,we;jhs;!.
5.1.7. fz;zfp ngw;NwhH epiy
fz;zfpapd; je;ijahd kheha;fd; KdptH Nfhyj;Jld;>
jiy rpwe;j jtj;Jld; $ba MrPtfH Kd;dH> Gz;zpaj;jpw;Fupa
jhdk; nra;J mtH jk; Jwtw newpia Nkw; nfhz;lhu;! jhdk;
Gupe;J jtnewpia Nkw;nfhz;l mk; kheha;fspd; kidtpahd
fz;zfpapd; jha; tho;ehisr; rpwpJ rpwpjhf tpLk; jdJ
ey;Yapupid mg;NghNj ePj;jhs;!
5.1.8. khjtp JwT
NfhtyDf;Fk; fz;zfpf;Fk; NeHe;j Jauj;ijf; Nfl;l
khjtp kdk; cile;jhs;! jd; jhahd rpj;jpuhgjpia Nehf;fp 'ehd;
,dp ed;ndwpahfpa Jwtwj;jpy; nry;yj; Jzpe;Njd;!
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kzpNkfiyia khngUe;Jd;gk; jUfpd;w nghy;yhj fzpifaH
Nfhyj;jpdshfr; nra;ahnjhopf! ' vd;W $wp> jhd; mzpe;jpUe;j
jiykhiyiaf; $e;jYld; xUNruf; fisj;njwpe;J tpl;Lg;
Gz;zpak; jUk; jhdk; Gupe;J Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhz;lhs;.
5.1.9. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; tQ;rpailjy;
mKj nkhop NgRk; kfspH ,dpa nea;jy; gz;izg;
ghbdH . me;j nea;jy; Kjyhd gy;jpizg; ghly;fisAk; >
gpupthw;whikahy; cwq;fhjpUf;Fk; NrukhNjtp Nfl;L
kfpo;e;jpUe;jhs.; ,t;thW ehdpyg; ghly;fisAk; Nfl;L kfpo;r;rpahy;
g+upg;gile;j Nfhg;ngUe;Njtpapd; if tisay;fs; nrwpe;jd.
tyk;Gupr; rq;Ffs; ntw;wpiag; Gyg;gLj;jp Koq;fpd! khiy
mzpe;j ntz; nfhw;wf;Filapd; fPo;> thif #ba
KbiaAiladtha; tpiue;J tUk; gl;lj;J ahidapd; gplupapd;
kPJ mkHe;J nghypTld; jpfOk; Nru Nte;jd;> ahidf; $l;lj;Jld;
jiy efuNk jpuz;L tuNtw;f> tQ;rp efuj;Js; GFe;jhd.;
5.2. eLfw; fhij (fhij – 28) 5.2.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
tQ;rpf;Fj; jpUk;gpa nrq;Fl;Ltd; jd; NjtpAld; muz;kid
epyh Kw;wj;ijr; rhHe;jhd;@ $j;jr; rhf;ifad; epfo;j;jpa
$j;jpidf; fz;L fspj;jhd;. gpd; mupaizapy; tPw;wpUe;jhd;.
mg;nghOJ ePyd; KjyhNdhH te;J Nte;jidj; njhOjdH . ePyd;>
" Mupa murHfisr; NrhoehL nfhz;L nrd;wNghJ Nrhod;>' Kdp
Ntle;jhq;fpg; NghHf;fsj;jpdpd;Wk; jg;gpg; gpioj;J Xba
kd;dHfis ntd;wJ xU ntw;wpahFkh? ' vd;W tpdtpdhd; vd;Wk;>
gpd;dH> ghz;ba ehL nrd;wNghJ ghz;bad;> ' jt Ntlk;
jhq;fpatH kPJ nfhz;l rpdk;> xU rpdkh? vd vs;sp
eifahbdhd; vd;Wk; $wpdhd;. mJ Nfl;l Nru Nte;jdpd; fz;fs;
rpdj;jhy; rpte;jd. mUfpy; ,Ue;j khlyd; vOe;J> “murH VNw!
mlq;Ff epd; rpdk;! ,sik> ahf;if > nry;tk; Mfpait
epiyahdit my;y! epd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,Jtiu eP Mw;wpa
kwf;fs Nfs;tpiaf; iftpLf! ,dp mwf;fs Nfs;tp nra;f! " vd
mwpTiu $wpdhd;. kd;dd; kdk; khwpdhd;. Mupa muriu me;jr;
rpiwapdpd;Wk; tpLjiy nra;jhd;. " Fbkf;fsplkpUe;J tup thq;f
Ntz;lhk; " vd fl;lisapl;lhd.; fz;zfpf;Ff;; Nfhapy; fl;bdhd;.
mjpy; rpiyiag; gpujp\;il nra;jhd;. gy ehl;L kd;dHfSk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mg;gj;jpdpf; flTisj; njhOJ tzq;fpdH. gj;jpdp topghL ntsp
ehl;bYk; gutpaJ.
5.2.2. nrq;Fl;Ltd; jd; Njtpiar; re;jpj;jy;
xyp fly; #o;e;j gad; nghUj;jpa ,g;ngupa cyfj;jpd;
eLtpNy epd;W caHe;j ePz;l cr;rpiaAila NkUkiy Nghy>
nfhb fl;ba kjpy; #o;e;j gok;gjpahd tQ;rp khefupd; ,ilNa
epd;W ghHj;j nghd; khspifapy; kzpfshy; moF nra;ag; ngw;w
epyh Kw;wj;jpypUe;J jpq;fspd; moiff; fhz nrq;Fl;Ltspd;
gl;lj;jurpahd Ntz;khs; vd;Wk; kq;fyj;jd;ik nghUe;jpa
Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp mq;F te;jhs;. mts; tUk;NghJ> xsp tPRk;
tisay; mzpe;j kfspH mj;Njtpf;Fg; gy;yhz;L tho;j;Jf; $wp
Ve;jpa tpsf;Ffs; xU gf;fk; tpsq;fpd@ tise;j jz;bidAila
ahNohirAk; > ,ir ,d;gk; kpFe;j ghly;fSk; xU gf;fk;
kpFe;jd fj;Jhupf; Fok;Gk; njha;apy; vOJjw;Fupa nts;spa
re;jdKk; Mfpa ,tw;iwf; $dUk; Fs;sUk; xU gf;fk; Ve;jp
epd;wdH. tz;zq;fisAk; > Rz;zq;fisAk;> kyH khiyfisAk;
ngz; jd;ik kpf;f NgbaH xU gf;fk; Rke;J epd;wdH@ G+Tk;>
eWkzg;GifAk;> tpUk;Gk; kzg; nghUSk; md;dj; Jhtpahy;
mike;j gLf;ifia xU gf;fk; #o;e;jpUe;jd> fz;zhbAk;>
MilAk;> mzpfyDk; Mfpatw;iwf; ifapy; nfhz;L gzp kfspH
xU gf;fk; moFld; epd;wdH. mq;qdk; gyH #o te;j
ngUe;NjtpAld;> mofpa kzpfs; gjpj;j me;j epyh Kw;wj;jpy;>
fly; #o;e;j ,t;Tyif MSk; nrq;Fl;Ltd; jhDk; mkh;e;jhd;.
giwa+upypUe;J te;j $j;jr; rhf;ifad; vd;Dk; fiyQd;
nrq;Fl;Ltd; Kd; Mbdhd;. me;j Ml;lj;ijf; fz;L kfpo;Tw;whd;
Nte;jd.; mr; rhf;ifad; jd;idg; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;J ePq;fpa gpd;
ngupa epyTyif MSk; Nrud;> murit $Lk; ' mj;jhzp
kz;lgj;ij mile;jhd;.
5.2.3. ePyd; KjyhNdhH tUif
ePyidj; jiytdhff; nfhz;l fQ;Rf khf;fs; jpUk;gp
te;jdH. ehd;kiw ty;y khly kiwNahDk; mtHfSld; te;jhd;.
mtHfs; jk; tUifia thapy; fhg;NghH thapyhf murDf;Fj;
njuptpj;jdH. mDkjp ngw;W muz;kidg; gzpahsUld; cs;Ns
nrd;W Nte;jid tzq;fp tho;j;jpdH. gpd; > ePyd; $wYw;whd;.
Jk;ig #ba nfhLikahd Nghupy; ty;y> tPuf;foy; Gide;j muNr
! Kjypy; jhq;fs; NrhodJ gioa efuj;ij mile;Njhk; .
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NghHf;fsj;jpy; Njhw;Nwhba fdf tpraUlNd murDila
gzpahsH toptplr; nrd;W> mk;kd;ddpd; mofpa jpUtbfis
tzq;fpr; nra;jp mwptpj;Njhk;! mJ Nfl;L> ngupa NghHf;fsj;jpy;
kpf;f tPuj;Jld; jhk; nfhzHe;j thisAk; FiliaAk; Nghl;L
tpl;Lr; rhjYf;F mQ;rpj; jtf;Nfhyk; nfhz;L jg;gp Xbatiuf;
ifg; gw;wp tUjy; ntw;wp md;W! " vd;W jd; NjHg;gilj;
jiytuplk; $wp eifj;jhd;> tpy;iyAk; Mj;jp khiyiaAk;
cila Nrhod;! mwnewp Nghw;Wk; nrq;Nfhy; Nte;Nj ! gpwF
ehq;fs; Nrho ehl;bdpd;Wk; ePq;fp> caHe;j rpwg;G gpidAila
kJiu nrd;W fdf tpraUld; ghz;ba Nte;jidf; fz;Nlhk; .
,g;gbj; jg;gp Xbr; nrd;wtH kPJ nfhL mky; rPw;wk; nfhz;L ek;
kd;dd; ngw;w ntw;wp GJikAilajhFk; ' vd;W $wp mt;
ntw;wpNtw; nropaDk; eifj;jhd; " vd mk;kd;dH ,UtUk;
$wpatw;iw nay;yhk; ePyd; nrhy;yp Kbj;jhd;.
5.2.4. khlyd; mwpTiu
thdtH Nghw;Wk; topepdf; fspf;Fk;
ehd;kiw kUq;fpd; Nts;tpg; ghHg;ghd;
mUkiw kUq;fpd; murHf; Nfhq;fpa
ngUey; Nts;tp ePnray; Ntz;Lk;
ehisr; nra;Ftk; mwnkdpy; ,d;Nw
Nfs;tp ey;YapH ePq;fpD ePq;Fk;
,Jntd tiue;J thOeh SzHe;NjhH
KJePH cyfpy; KOtJ kpy;iy
; me;j ,opnkhopfisf; Nfl;l nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; jhkiu kyH
NghYk; rpte;j fz;fs; NkYk; jPnadr; rpte;jd. mtd; rpdk;
nfhz;L eifj;jhd;. mg;NghJ> kpFe;j ehw; Nfs;tpAila khlyd;
vOe;J epd;W> “ kd;dH kd;d ! epd; ntw;wp tho;tjhf! eP ePL
tho;f" vd tho;j;jpf; $wYw;whd; kpsFf; nfhb tsUk; kiyapNy
cwq;Fk; ahidiaAk; > rpwpa nfhj;jhfg nea;jy; g+f;fisAk;
cila tpaYiu mopj;J eP ntw;wp ngw;wha;! gpd;dH> mj;jpkhiy
#ba xd;gJ Nrho murHfisAk; xUNru Neup thapy;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; epiyngw;w Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;wha; ! gpd;dH > ngupa
NjHg; gilAld; nrd;W ,Lk;gpy; vd;Dk; CHg;Gwj;Nj jq;fpapUe;J>
nfhLk; NghH Gupe;J giftiu ntw;wp ngw;wha;! gpd;dH > gue;j
flypNy kuf;fyj;ijr; nrYj;jp > vjpHj;j mupa muriu > tpiue;J
nry;Yk; ePiuAila fq;ifg; Nguhw;wpd; fiuapNy ntw;wp ngw;wha;!
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
" ,t;thW Gfo; kpf;f thif khiy mzpe;j ngUk; gilAila
Nte;jNd ! caHe;j rhd;NwhHf;F xg;g nka;g; nghUs; czHe;j
murHf;F muNr epd; rPw;wk; jzptjhf! cyfk; midj;ijAk;
MSk; kd;dNd! epd; tho;ehl;fs; FspHr;rp nghUe;jpa
nghUieahw;wpd; kzypDk; kpFtdthf ! fly; #o;e;j
,t;Tyfpid MSk; murNd! eP ePLop tho;thahf! vd; nrhw;fis
,fo;e;J xJf;fhJ Nfl;L mUs;thahf! vd khlyd; NkYk;
njhlHe;jhd.; eP ehlhSk; nghWg;gpid Vw;W> Ik;gJ Mz;Lfs;
cUz;L Xb tpl;ld ' ,d;dKk; eP mwf;fs Nts;tp nra;ahJ
kwf;fs Nts;tpNa nra;fpd;wha; ' rpwpJ vz;zpg; ghH! kd;dHf;Fupa
flikfisf; Fiwtpy;yhky; Kbj;j> thNse;jpa ntw;wpAila
gdk; g+ khiy #ba epd; Kd;NdhUs; > flyplj;Nj nrd;W giftH
flk;gpid ntl;b tPo;j;jpa fhtyd; ,d;wpy;iy! ,kakiyapd;
cr;rpapNy tpy;iyg; nghwpj;j ntw;wp kpf;f Mw;wy; cilatDk;
,d;wpy;iy ! ehd;F kiwfspy; ty;y me;jzd; ghba ghly;fis
Vw;W> mtd; tpUk;gpathW Nts;tp nra;jw;F Vw;w nry;tj;ij
kpFjpahf mspj;J mtidj; Jwf;fj;jpw;F mDg;gpatDk;
,d;wpy;iy! 'epiyngw;w capHfisf; nfhy;tjpy; xU tiuaiwia
Nkw;nfhs;thahf! " vdf; $w;WtDf;Nf Mizapl;l Mw;wy; kpf;f
Nte;jDk; ,d;wpy;iy' nfhba nrhw;fisAila atduJ tskpf;f
ehl;bid ntd;W Mz;L> ,kak; | tiu nrd;W thif #batDk;
,d;wpy;iy! kpfg; ngUk; gilAld; nrd;W giftH kjpiy mopj;j
Mw;wy; kpf;f kd;dDk; ,d;wpy;iy. mr;rk; jUjw;Ff; fhuzkhd
mapiu kiyapy; ,Ue;j nfhw;witia ePuhl;b topgl;L xU gfy;
nghOjpy; Nkw;Ff; fly; fpof;Ff; fly; Mfpa ,U flypYk; nrd;W
ePuhba Mw;wy; kpf;f kd;dDk; ,d;wpy;iy. ,e;jpuDila
mkuhgjpapdpd;Wk; rJf;fg; g+jq;fis tQ;rpf;Ff; nfhzHe;J> kJ
mUe;Jjw;Fupa Nrhk ahfj;jpidr; nra;jtDk; ,d;wpy;iy. ahf;if
epiyapy;iy vd;gij czu;tha;.
5.2.5. fz;zfp flTs; kq;fyk;
kJiu khefuk; mopTWkhW > rpdj;jhy; nfhba jPiaj;
jdJ nfhq;ifapd; %yk; Njhw;Wtpj;J> gpd; ekJ ey;y ehl;bid
mile;J nrwpe;j fpisfisAila> nghd;Nghy; moFld; Gjpjhfj;
jtpHj;J kyHe;j Ntq;if ku epoypy; jq;fpa fz;zfp flTSf;Ff;
Nfhapy; vLg;Nghk;! vdNt> mwf;fs Nts;tp nra;j me;jzUk; >
ey;yhrpupaDk;> NrhjplDk; rpwg;Gila rpw;gpaUld; nrd;W> NjtUk;
100
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
tpUk;Gk; rpw;g E}y; czHe;j fk;kpauhy; gFjpg;gl tFj;j gj;jpdpf;
Nfhapypy; thdtH ciwAk; ,ka kiyapd; cr;rpapy; cs;s
,iwtid topgl;L > nra;a Ntz;ba midj;Jk; nra;J
Kbf;fg;gl;l mj;nja;tj; jpUtbtj;jpw;F> ifj;njhopy; ty;yhH
nra;j rpwe;j mofpidAila mzpfyd;fs; midj;ijAk;
mzptpj;J> kyHJ}tp topgl;L > fhty; nja;tq;fisf; fil
thapypy; epWj;jp> ehs;NjhWk; g+irAk; tpohTk; eilngw Vw;ghL
nra;J gpujpl;il nra;f!" vd;W Vtpdhd; > tlehl;L ks;siu
tzq;fr; nra;j kd;dHf;F kd;ddhd nrq;Fl;Ltd;.
5.3. tho;j;Jf; fhij (fhij – 29) 5.3.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
nrq;Fl;Ltd;> fz;zfp Nfhapypy; tPw;wpUe;J gpw ehl;L
kd;dHfs; mspj;j jpiwiag; ngw;whd;. mg;NghJ> g+k;GfhupypUe;J
Gwg;gl;l fz;zfpapd; nrtpypj; jhAk; mbj; NjhopAk;> Njte;jpGk;
kJiuia mile;J khjup kfs; Iiaia mioj;Jf; nfhz;L
tQ;rpapy; cs;s fz;zfp NfhapYf;F te;J NrHe;jdH. Nru Nte;jd;
Kd;dpiyapy; > fz;zfpf;Fk; jq;fSf;Fk; cs;s cwitf; $wp
tha;tpl;L mOjdu;.> g+k;Gfhupy; fz;zfp Nfhtyd; MfpNahupd;
je;ijaH JwT Nkw;nfhz;lJk; > jhahH ,UtUk; ,we;jJk; >
khjtp > kzpNkfiy Mfpa ,UtuJ JwTk; > khjup capH
ePjj;Jk; Mfpa nra;jpfisr; nrhy;yp muw;wpdH . fz;zfp nja;t
tbtj;Jld; Nrud; nrq;Fl;LtDf;Ff; fhl;rpaspj;jhs;. fz;zfp
Nruid tho;j;jpdhs;.
5.3.2. Njte;jp KjyhNdhH kJiu khefH nry;yy;
Nfhtyd; jd; gotpid cWj;j FWkfd; xUtdhy;
nfhiyAz;l epiyapy; kpf JaUw;w fz;zfp kjp NghYk;
Kfj;jpd; fz;fspy; ,Ue;J rpy ePH Jsp tpo> GOjp gbe;j
fUq;$e;jy; mtpo;e;J KJif kiwf;f mwj;jpidg; gopj;Jf;
fhtydpd; muz;kidf;F tof;Fiuf;fr; nrd;whs.; GfhupypUe;J
fz;zfpapd; nrtpypj; jhAk; Njhopahfpa Njte;jpAk; Nrapioahd
fz;zfpiaf; fhz;Nghk; vd;W kJiu khefH GFe;jdH.
fz;zfpahy; kJiuapy; tpise;j g+riyf; Nfl;ldH. khjupapd;
,y;yj;ij mile;jdH. mq;fpUe;J mts; kfshd IiaNahL
itif ejpapd; fiuia xU topahff; nfhz;L neLNts;
Fd;wj;jpy; Nky; VwpdH. gpd; fz;zfpapd; Nfhapiy mile;J
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mtSf;F tpoh epfo;j;jpa nrq;Fl;Ltid fz;L mtDf;F jd;
epiyiag; gw;wpf; $wpdH.
5.3.3. gyUk; muw;Wjy;
moF kpf;f Nkd;ikj; jd;ik tha;e;j khjtpia
ntFshjts; jd; md;G epiwe;j fztdJ ifapidg; gpbj;Jr;
nry;Yjiy kPwhky;> Flk; GFjy; ,y;yhj fpzWfisAila
nfhba fhl;il mile;jhs;. kpf ePz;l fz;fisAila mf;
fz;zfpf;F ehd; nrtpypj; jhahNtd; vd;whs; fhtw;ngz;L.
jz;zpa g+k;Gfhupy; Njhd;wpa ghitf;F ehd; nrtpypj; jhahNtd;!
jd;idg; ngw;nwLj;j jhaplKk; xU nrhy; nrhy;ytpy;iy! jdf;Fr;
nrtpypahd vd;idg; ngw;w jhaplKk; xU nrhy; nrhy;ytpy;iy!
vd;dplKk; xU nrhy; nrhy;ytpy;iy! fw;ghfpa flikiaNa
jiyaha mwkhff; nfhz;L jd; fhjyd; gpd;Nd nrd;w> nghd;
tisay; mzpe;j ,f;fz;zfpf;Fj; Njhop ahd; fz;BH vd;whs;
mbj;Njhop! g+k;GfhHg; ghitf;Fj; Njhop ehd; fz;BH! " Kd; nra;j
ey;y jtk; ,y;yhNjd; ahdJ fz;l jPf; fdhitf; $wpa
me;ehspy; mijg; gw;wpr; rpwpJk; Muha;e;J ghuhnjhope;Njd;! INah!
vd;d fhupak; nra;Njd;! nrwpe;j $e;jiyAila kq;ifNa! eP
kJiuapy; nra;j nfhq;ifg; g+riyf; Nfl;lNghJ> epd; md;id
capH Jwe;j nra;jpiaf; Nfl;lhNah Njhop! epd; khkp capH Jwe;j
nra;jpiaAk; Nfl;lhNah NjhoP! vd;whs; Njte;jp.
5.3.4. fz;zfpf; flTspd; eaTiu
njd;dtd; jPjpyd; NjtHNfhd; wd;Nfhapy;
ed;tpUe; jhapdhd; ehdtd; wd;kfs;
mzpfis cila kpd;dy; nfhb Nghd;w ngz; cUtk;
thdpy; Njhd;WfpwNj vdr; nrq;Fl;Ltd; tpae;jhd;. njd;dhl;L
Nte;jdhd ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad; Fw;wk; ,y;yhjtd;. Mjyhy;
mtd; ,e;jpud; muz;kidapy; ey;y tpUe;jpdd; Mapdd;. ehd;
mg;ghz;bad; kfshNtd;. ntw;wpNty; Ve;jpa KUfDila
,f;Fd;wpy; te;J vg;NghJk; tpisahLNtd; ! NkYk; ' nrq;Fl;Ltd;
ePL tho;f !' vdj; jd; nja;t nkhopahy; tho;j;jp mUspdhs;
fz;zfp.
5.4. tue;jU fhij (fhij – 30) 5.4.1. fhijr;RUf;fk;
Njte;jp nrq;Fl;LtDf;F kzpNkfiyapd; JwT tuyhw;iw
ciuj;jhs;. gpd;> mj;Njte;jp rhj;jd; vd;Dk; nja;tj;jpd;
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Fwpg;Gfs;
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Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Mizg;gb khlyd; > mq;F te;jpUe;j rpWkpaH %tHkPJ fuf
ePiuj; njspj;jhd;. fz;zfp ew;wha;> Nfhtyd; ew;wha;> khjup
vd;Dk; KtNu mr; rpWkpauhfg; gpwe;j tuyhw;iw khlyd;
nrq;Fl;LtDf;F vLj;jpak;gpdhd.; Nte;jd; gj;jpdp topghL ehSk;
eilngw Njte;jpiag; g+ir nra;gtshf mkHj;jpdhd;. gj;jpdpf;
flTis Kk;Kiw tyk; te;J gzpe;J tzq;fpg; Nghw;wpdhd;.
mg;nghOJ rpiw ePq;fpa fdf tpraUk;> Flff; nfhq;fUk;> khSt
kd;dDk;> ,yq;if murdhd fathFTk;> “ vq;fs; ehl;L
Nts;tpapYk; te;jUs;f!" vd;W fz;zfp nja;tj;ij Ntz;bdH."
tuk; je;Njd;" vd;Dk; xyp vOe;jJ . mJ Nfl;l midtUk;
tpag;Gw;wdH . gpd; nrq;Fl;Ltd; khlyDld; Nts;tpr; rhiyf;Fr;
nrd;whd;. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; gj;jpdpf; NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;whH. gj;jpdpj;
nja;tk; Njte;jpNky; ntspg;gl;L mbfshupd; JwT tuyhw;iw
ciuj;jJ. jd; tuyhw;iwf; $wpa NgW ngw;wikf;F mbfshH
ngupJk; kfpo;e;jhH. ,jidf; Nfl;Fk; NgW ngw;w cyNfhH jPjpd;wp
tho;thuhf! vd tho;j;jp mUspdhH.
5.4.2. nrq;Fl;Ltd; tpdh
tlehl;L Nte;jHfis ntd;W gzpar; nra;j NruH
ngUkhdhfpa nrq;Fl;Ltd; fz;zfpapd; nja;t tbtj;ijf;
fz;zhuf; fz;L fspj;jhd;. gpd; > Njte;jpia ed;F Nehf;fp> “eP
tha; tpl;L muw;wpa kzpNkfiy ahH? mts; JwT Nkw;nfhs;sf;
fhuzk; ahJ? ,q;F mtw;iw vdf;Ff; $Wthahf! " vd;whd;.
5.4.3. Njte;jpapd; tpil
Njte;jp> “Nte;jH ngUkhNd! epdJ ntw;wp Xq;Ftjhf! ehL
tsk; jUtjhf!" vd tho;j;jp> mofpa Nkfiy Kjyhdtw;iw
mzpe;j NjhopaupilNa caHe;J tpsq;fpa kzpNkfiyapd;
Nkyhd JwTgw;wp tpupthff; $wYw;whs;. fupa <upa nea;g;Aila
$e;jyhdJ> $WgLj;jyhy; cz;lhFk; moFld; Ie;J tifahfg;
gFf;Fk; gUtj;jpid cw;wJ! nrt;tup glHe;j tskhd
filapidAila fz;fs; fz;lhiuf; ftUk; jd;ikia mwpe;jd!
Mdhy; mjid mts; mwpatpy;iy! jk;Ks; xj;J tpsq;Fk; ,U
gtsj;Js;Ns xsp tPRk; Kj;Jf; Nfhit Nghd;w gw;fs; Kjpuhj
mstpdthapd! neUq;fpa Kiyfs; mbgue;J vOe;jd!
jOTjw;Fupa khHGk; gue;J mfd;wJ! JtSk; ,il rpWj;jJ!
mofpa my;Fy; mfd;wJ! ,U njhilfSk; jpul;rpAw;wd! moF
nra;jiyAk; nghwhjthW tpsq;Fk; mtsJ ghjq;fs; nea;apy;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Njha;j;j jspupidg; Nghd;wd! mtSf;F Mly; gapw;Wtpf;Fk;
jiyf;Nfhy; Mrhd; Kd; tuhikahy; mtis caHFb khf;fs;
rpwe;j fzpifahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;shH. Mjyhy; ,e;epiyapy;
mtisg; gw;wpa epd; fUj;J ahJ! ' vd khjtpapd; ew;wha;
rpj;jpuhgjp> khjtpia Nehf;fp tpdtpdhs;> “ jd; jha; ,t;thW
$wf;Nfl;l khjtp> ,sik moF kpFk; vd; kfNs! kzpNkfiyNa!
,q;Nf tUf! vdj; jd; kfis mUNf mioj;jhs;!
cUtkpy;yhjtdhd fhkd; jdJ xg;gw;w fUk;G tpy;iyAk;
kzk;kpF kyH mk;GfisAk; twpa epyj;jpNy tPrpnawpAkhW
xOq;fhd khiyiaf; $e;jNyhL fise;J mtisg;
Gj;jg;gs;spapy; NrHj;Jj; Jwtw newpia Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;jhs;!
kzpNkfiy JwT Nkw;nfhz;l nra;jpiaf; Nfs;tpAw;w Nrho
Nte;jDk;> GfhH efupy; thOk; kf;fSk;> caHe;j khzpf;fj;ij
mOk; kpf;f flypNy ,oe;jtHfisg; Nghyg; ngUe;Jd;gk; va;jpdH.
nka;g;nghUis czHj;Jk; nkhopfisNa ciuf;Fk; khjtuhfpa
mwtztbfs;> ' kzpNkfiy jd;Dila Jwtpid vkf;F
mwptpj;jhs;' vd mtsJ md;Gkpf;f ey;Yiuia mUnshLk;
ciuj;jhH. JwT Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fupa gUtk; ,y;yhjNghJk; grpa
tisaiy mzpe;j kzpNkfiy> jpUkfSk; tpUk;Gk; jdJ
Nguoifj; Jwe;jhs;! Mjyhy; mjid epide;J ehd; tha;tpl;L
mONjd;! " vd;W Njte;jp murdplk; ciuj;jhs; .
5.4.4. fz;zfp nja;tk; tuk; juy;
ve;ehl; lhq;fz; ,ka tuk;gdpd;
ed;dhl; nra;j ehszp Nts;tpapy;
te;jP nfd;Nw tzq;fpdH Ntz;lj;
je;Njd; tunkd; nwOe;j njhUFuy;
mupa rpiwapdpd;W tpLtpf;fg; gl;l fdf tpraH Kjyhd
Mupa murUk;> Kd;dNu tQ;rp khefug; ngUQ; rpiwapy; fple;j
gpwFk;> Flf ehl;Lf; nfhq;fUk;> khSt ehl;L kd;dUk; fly; #o;
,yq;if Nte;jdhd fathFTk; fz;zfp nja;tj;ijj; njhOJ
Nghw;wpdH." ,kakiyia vy;iyahff; nfhz;l ,e;jr; NruH
ngUkhd; epdf;F ,e;ehspy; epfo;j;jpa tpohtpy; eP vOe;jUspaijg;
Nghy vq;fs; ehl;by; ehq;fs; cdf;F mikf;f tpUf;Fk;
jpUf;Nfhapy; tpohf;fspYk; vOe;jUs; thahf!" vd Ntz;bf;
nfhz;ldH. mt;tstpy; mq;qdNk tuk; je;Njd;! " vd thdpNy
xU Fuy; vOe;jJ .
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
5.4.5. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; mwTiu
fz;zfp nja;tj;jpd; jd;ikfis tpsf;fpa jFjp kpf;f
ed;nkhopfisf; nfhz;l ,r; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpid Nfl;l
ey;ytHfNs! jPtpid fhuzkhfg; nghUs; Kjyhdtw;iw ,of;f
NeHe;j NghJk; tUe;jhjPH. gpwH jUk; Jd;gj;jpw;Fk; fyq;fhjPH
tUj;jKk; Jd;gKk; Md;khTld; njhlHGiladty;y vdf; fUjp
mtw;iw tpl;nlhopAq;fs;. ehd; vj;jidNah nja;tq;fisg; gw;wp
,f; fhg;gpaj;jpy; ciuj;Js;Nsd;! MapDk; cz;ikj; nja;tj;ij
ePq;fs; czHe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;! mq;qdk; cz;ikj; nja;tj;ij
czHe;NjhH ciufisg; Nghw;wpg; gpd;gw;Wq;fs;! ngha; $w
mQ;Rq;fs;! Gwq;$Wjiy mfw;Wq;fs;! Cd; czit tpyf;Fq;fs;!
capHfisf; nfhiy nra;ahjPHfs;! jhdk; nra;Aq;fs;!
gytifahd Nehd;Gfis> jt newpia Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;! gpwH
nra;j cjtpia kwthjPHfs;! jPNahH el;ig xJf;Fq;fs;! ngha;r;
rhd;W $whjPHfs;! cz;ik nkhopapid tpl;L ePq;fhjPHfs;!
mwNthH mitapdpd;Wk; mfyhJ NrHe;jpUq;fs;! jPtpidahsH
mitapdpd;Wk; jg;gp ePq;Fq;fs;! gpwH kidtpia tpUk;Gjiy
mQ;Rq;fs;! Jd;Gw;w capHfisg; ghJfhj;J cjTq;fs;!
,y;ywj;ijg; Nghw;Wq;fs;! ghtr; nray;fisg; Nghf;Fq;fs;!
fs;Sk;> fsTk;> fhkKk;> ngha;Ak;> gadw;w Ngr;Rk; vd;Dk;
,tw;iw xopf;Fk; Kiwahy; xopj;jpLq;fs;! ,sikAk; nry;tKk;
ahf;ifAk; epiyaw;wd! xt;nthUtuJ MAl; fhyKk; tiuaiw
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ . mjid ePl;bf;f ,ayhJ! vdNt
kuzj;jpdpd;Wk; jg;g KbahJ! mjyhy; tho;ehis tPo;
ehshf;fhky; ,we;j gpd; capH nry;Yk; kWik cyfpw;F cw;w
Jizahfpa ey;ywj;jpid ,k;ikapNyNa Njbr; nra;Aq;fs;!
nry;t tsk; kpf;f ,g;ngupa cyfpy; thOk; kf;fNs! kd
tsj;Jld; tho;tPuhf!"
5.5. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; ,kakiyapy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l fy; fq;ifapNy ePHg;gil
nra;ag;gl;L NruehL nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ mwpe;Njhk.; NkYk; Nrud;
fz;zfpf;F vLj;j Nfhapy; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; mjd; fhuzkhf
Nruehl;by; epfo;e;j epfo;Tfs; gw;wpAk; fz;zfpapd; Kw;gpwg;G
tuyhw;iwAk; ehk; ,g;gFjpapd; %ykhf mwpe;Njhk.;
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Fwpg;Gfs;
5.6. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs;
1. Nfhtyd; kiwtpw;Fg;gpd; g+k;Gfhupy; cs;NshH epiy ahJ?
2. khlyd; $wpa mwpTiufs; ahit?
3. nja;tkhf te;j fz;zfp vd;d $wpdhs;?
4. ,sq;Nfhtbfspd; mwpTiuia jUf.
5.7. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gypa+Hf;Nfrpfd; (njspTiu) ghup epiyak;>
nrd;id 108> 1993
2. rpyg;gjpfhuk; -tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; eh.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;
ciu> nfsuh gjpg;gff;FOkk;> nrd;id-5
106
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
$$WW ..66 jjppUUjj;;jjff;;ff NNjjttuu-- rrPPttff rrppee;;jjhhkkzzpp 6.1. rPtf rpe;jhkzp
NrhoHfSila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;ngw;w fhg;gpak;
rPtf rpe;jhkzp. ,J fp.gp. xd;gJ my;yJ gj;jhk; E}w;whz;by;
Njhd;wpaJ vd;gH. rPtf rpe;jhkzpf;F Kd;dH vOe;j ngupa
E}y;fs; vy;yhk; ntz;ghthYk;> mftyhYk; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
Mdhy; Kjd;Kiwahf ~tpUj;jk;| vd;w xU GJr;nra;As; tifapy;
vOjg;gl;lJ rPtf rpe;jhkzp.
~,J tiuapYk; ngupa E}y;fs; vy;yhk; ntz;ghthYk;
mftyhYk; ,aw;wg;gl;L te;j jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy;>
fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by;> xU GJikiag; GFj;jpatH
jpUj;jf;fNjtH vd;Dk; ird KdptH. mtH rPtfd; vd;w
murDila tuyhw;iw xU fhg;gpakhfg; ghbaNghJ> tpUj;jk;
vd;w GJr; nra;As; tifiag; gad;gLj;jpdhH. %thapuj;Jf;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l ghl;Lfs; nfhz;l xU ngUq;fhg;gpaj;ij me;jg; Gjpa
nra;As; tifapNyNa KOJk; ghb Kbj;jhH| vdg; Nguh. K.
tujuhrdhH jpUj;jf;f Njtupd; rpwg;gpid vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whH.
tpUj;jk; vd;gJ ehd;F mbfs; cilaJ. Kjy; mbapy;
vj;jid rPHfs; tUNkh mj;jid rPHfNs gpw %d;W mbfspYk;
tUk;. Kjy; mbapy; mike;j rPHfspd; mikg;Ng mLj;j
mbfspYk; mNj Kiwapy; tUk;. mjdhy; Kjybapd; XirNa
gpw %d;W mbfspYk; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g xypf;Fk;. XH mbf;F
,j;jid rPHfs; tuNtz;Lk;> ,d;d msthd rPHfs; tuNtz;Lk;
vd;w tiuaiw ,y;yhikahy;> tpUj;jk; gytifahf tpupT
mile;jJ. xU tpUj;jj;jpd; mbfs; ePz;L tuyhk;@ kw;nwhU
tpUj;jj;jpd; mbfs; FWfp tuyhk;. rpW rpW rPHfs; nfhz;l xU
tpUj;jk; gugug;ghfNth> JbJbg;ghfNth xypf;fyhk;. ePz;l rPHfs;
nfhz;l kw;nwhU tpUj;jk; MoKilajhfNth>
mikjpAilajhfNth> czHr;rp ePz;ljhfNthxypf;fyhk;. MfNt>
tpUj;jk; vd;w ngaH nfhz;l ,J> xU nra;As; tifahf
,Ue;jhYk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd XirNtWghLfisg; gilj;Jf;fhl;l
,lk; je;jJ. jkpo;f;ftpijapy; Vw;gl;l ,e;jg; Gul;rpahy;
czHr;rpf;F Vw;wthW ftpijapd;eilia khw;wpaikf;Fk; tbtr;
rpwg;G NkYk; tsHe;J ngUfj; njhlq;fpaJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; fk;gH
,jpy; ngUk; ntw;wpngw;whH. Nrf;fpohH> fr;rpag;gH MfpNahUk; ,e;j
ahg;igg; gad;gLj;jp ntw;wp ngw;Ws;sdH.
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
tlnkhopapYs;s \j;jpu #lhkzp> fj;jpa rpe;jhkzp>
=Guhzk; Mfpa E}y;fspy; cs;s fijiaj; jOtpr; rPtf
rpe;jhkzp vOjg;gl;lJ. rPtfrpe;jhkzp $Wk; rPtf kd;ddJ
tuyhW> tlehl;Lr; rhHG cilaJ. vdpDk; jkpofj;Jr;
r%fj;ijg;gpd;dzpahff; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j E}y; gpw;fhy ,yf;fpa tsHr;rpf;F topfhl;bahf
mike;jJ vd;gH. fk;gH> ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;J> ~XH
mfg;igiaKfe;J nfhz;lhH| vd;W $Wk; kuG cz;L. ehL efuk;
Kjypatw;iw tUzpf;Fk; KiwapYk;> Ie;jpizahfg;
gFf;fg;gLk;epyq;fspd; ,aw;if moFfis tpsf;Fk; KiwapYk;>
,ir Kjypa fiyfis tpsf;Fk; KiwapYk;> rPtf rpe;jhkzp>
fhg;gpa mikg;gpd; Kd;Ndhbahfr; rpwg;Gw;Wj; jpfo;fpwJ. fhjy;
Rit kpFe;jpUe;jhYk;> vz;tifr; RitAk;,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy;
ngUkstpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;E}Yf;F er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH rpwe;j
ciu xd;W vOjpAs;shH.
6.2. ngaHf; fhuzk; ~rpe;jhkzp| vd;gJ NjtH cyfj;J kzpfSs; xd;W.
Ntz;bNahHf;F Ntz;baij toq;Fk; jd;ikAilaJ.
rpe;jhkzpf; fhg;gpaKk; fw;NghHf;F Ntz;baij toq;Fk;
rpwg;GilaJ. rPtfdpd; jhahH Kjd; Kjypy; jd; kfd; rPtfDf;F
,l;lngaH rpe;jhkzp. ~rPt| vd;gJ gpd;dH ~mruPup|ahf xypj;jjhy;
rPtfrpe;jhkzp vd;W ngaH ngw;wJ vd;gH.
6.3. E}ypd; mikg;G ,e;E}y; 13 ,yk;gfq;fisAk; (,yk;gfk; - fhz;lk;
vd;gJ Nghd;w gFg;G)> 3145 nra;Al;fisAk; cilaJ.
ehkfs;,yk;gfk; (379)> Nfhtpe;ijahH ,yk;gfk; (84)> fhe;jUt
jj;ijahH ,yk;gfk; (358)> FzkhiyahH ,yk;gfk; (315)>
gJikahH ,yk;gfk; (246)> NfkrupahH ,yk;gfk; (145)>
fdfkhiyahH ,yk;gfk; (339)> tpkiyahH ,yk;gfk; (106)>
RukQ;rupahH ,yk;gfk; (107)> kz;kfs; ,yk;gfk; (225)> g+kfs;
,yk;gfk; (51)> ,yf;fizahH ,yk;gfk; (221)> Kf;jp,yk;gfk; (547)
vd;gd 13 ,yk;gfq;fs;.
6.4. rPtf rpe;jhkzpapd; fijr; RUf;fk; 1. ehkfs; ,yk;gfk;
Vkhq;fj ehl;bd; jiyefH ,uhrkhGuk;@ mjd; murd;
rr;re;jd;> jd; kidtp tpriaAld; fhk ,d;gj;jpy; mjpf ftdk;
108
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nrYj;jp> murhl;rpapy; ftdk; nrYj;jj; jtwp tpLfpwhd;.
#o;r;rpahy; mikr;rd; fl;baq;fhud;> muridf; nfhd;W Ml;rpiag;
gpbj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;. fl;baq;fhud; #o;r;rpiaAk;> jd; ,Wjp
KbitAk; mwpe;j rr;re;jd; fU cw;wpUe;j jd; kidtpia>
kapw;nghwpapy; Vw;wp mDg;gp tpLfpwhd;. nghwpia ,af;fj;
njupahjjhy; mJ RLfhl;by; ,wq;f> mq;F mtSf;Fr; rPtfd;
gpwf;fpwhd;.
VJkw;w #oypy; jd;kfid vg;gbf; fhg;ghw;WtJ vd
vz;zpa NghJ> nja;t mUshy; fe;Jf;fld; vd;w tzpfd;
Foe;ijia vLj;Jr; nrd;W tsHf;fpwhd;. gpd;dHf; fe;Jf;flDf;F
ee;jl;ld;> eGyd;> tpGyd; vd;w kfd;fs; gpwf;fpd;wdH. rPtfd;
jk;gpanuhLk; NjhoHfNshLk; NrHe;J mr;rze;jp vd;w Mrpupauplk;
tpj;ijfisf; fw;wdH. MrpupaNu rPtfd; je;ij rr;re;jd; vd;gij
mtDf;Fj; njuptpj;Jf; fl;baq;fhuid nty;Yk; toptiffisr;
nrhy;fpwhH. ,it ehkfs; ,yk;gf epfo;Tfs;.
2. Nfhtpe;ijahH ,yk;gfk;
fl;baq;fhudpd; muritg; gRf;fis NtlHfs; ftHe;J
nry;y> Mepiu kPl;gjw;Ff; fl;baq;fhud; gil tPuHfshy; ,ayhJ
NghfpwJ. ,jid mwpe;J tUe;jpa ,ilaH jiytd;
ee;jNfhgd;Mepiu kPl;NghHf;Fj; jd; kfs; Nfhtpe;ijia kzk;
nra;J jUtjhf mwptpf;fpwhd;. rPtfd; Mepiufis kPl;Lf;
nfhLj;Jf; Nfhtpe;ijiaj; jd; Njhod; gJKfDf;Fj; jpUkzk;
nra;fpwhd;.
3. fhe;jUt jj;ijahH ,yk;gfk;
nts;sp kiy tpj;jpahju murd; fYoNtfd;> jd;kfs; fhe;jUt
jj;ijia kzg;gtd; ,uhrkhGuj;jpy; cs;shd; vd;gijr;
Nrhjplj;jhy; mwpe;J> jj;ijia me;efH tzpfd;
rPjj;jd;,y;yj;jpy; jq;fr; nra;fpwhd;. mq;Fj; jj;ijia aho;
,irg;Nghl;bapy; nty;thHf;F mtis kzQ;nra;J nfhLg;gjhf
mwptpf;fpwhd;. mg;Nghl;bapy; gd;dhl;L murHfSk;>
Nky;tUzj;jhUk; jj;ijaplk; Njhy;tp milfpd;wdH.
rPtfd;jj;ijia ahopirg; Nghl;bapy; ntd;W mtis kzf;fpwhd;.
,jid vjpHj;j murHfisr; rPtfd; Nghupy; nty;fpwhd;.
4. FzkhiyahH ,yk;gfk;
,sNtdpy; fhyj;jpy; nghopy; tpisahlr; nrd;w NjhopaH
Fzkhiy> RukQ;rup MfpNahUf;F ,ilNa Rz;zg; Nghl;b
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
vw;gLfpwJ. ahH ,bj;j Rz;zk; rpwe;jJ vd;gNj ,q;Fg; gpur;rpid@
,g;gpur;rpid gyuhy; jPHf;fg;glhjpUf;f> rPtfdplk; fhl;Lfpd;wdH.
mtd; ,Utupd; Rz;zj;ij vLj;J thdpNy tPr> Fzkhiyapd;
Rz;zj;ij tz;Lfs; cz;zf; fz;L> mJNt rpwe;jJ vd;fpwhd;.
RukQ;rup> rPtfd; jd; Rz;zj;ij ,fo;e;jhd; vd tUe;jpj; ~jd;id
te;J rPtfd; nfQ;Rk;gb nra;Ntd;| vd tQ;rpdk; $wp>~MltiuNa
ghHf;fkhl;Nld;| vdr; #Siuj;Jf; fd;dpkhlj;jpy; jtkpUf;fpwhs;.
mg;NghJ> me;jzd; xUtdpd; Nrhw;iw eha; ft;t> mjid mtd;
mbj;Jj; Jd;GWj;Jfpwhd;. mjw;F ,uq;fpa rPtfd;> mjd; fhjpy;
gQ;r ek];fhuk; vDk; ke;jpuk; Xjpdhd;. mJ> RjQ;rzd; vDk;
Njtdhf khWfpwJ. jd;id vg;nghOJ epidj;jhYk; clNd
cjtpf;F tUtjhff; $wpr; RjQ;rzd;tpz;zfk; nry;fpwhd;.
mg;NghJ> fl;baq;fhudpd; gl;lj;J ahid mrdpNtfk; kjk;
nfhz;L> Fzkhiyiaf; nfhy;y Kw;gl> rPtfd; ahidia
mlf;fpf; Fzkhiyiaf; fhf;fpwhd;. md;dj;ijj; J}J tpl;Lf;
Fzkhiy jd; fhjiyr; rPtfDld; gupkhwpf; nfhs;fpwhs;. mts;
ngw;NwhH rk;kjj;Jld; rPtfd; mtis kzf;fpwhd;. rPtfd;
mlf;fpa mrdpNtfk; ahid rPtfdplk; Njhw;wjw;fhf ehzp czT
nfhs;shjpUf;f> fl;baq;fhud; rPtfidr; rpiwg;gpbf;fpwhd;.
Xuhz;Lf; fhyk;> jhd; ahH vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jf; $lhJ vd;w
MrpupaH Mizahy; rpiwg;gl;l rPtfid kPl;fj; jj;ijapd; Vtyhy;
nja;tq;fs; tUfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ehzpa rPtfd;> RjQ;rzid
epidf;f> mtd; rPtfid kPl;Lj; NjtNyhfk; vLj;Jr; nry;fpwhd;.
rPtfidr; rpiwg;gpbj;j kjdd;> fl;baq;fhuDf;F mQ;rp> NtW
xUtidf; nfhd;W> rPtfidf; nfhd;wjhff; $wpg; gupR ngWfpwhd;.
5. gJikahH ,yk;gfk;
rPtfd; gy ehLfisf; fhzNtz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpaij
mwpe;j RjQ;rzd;> moFNkdp ngWjy;> tplk; ePf;Fjy;> tpUk;gpa
cUtk; vLj;jy; Fwpj;j %d;W ke;jpuq;fisr;
rPtfDf;Fciuf;fpwhd;. mNjhL> rPtfd; nry;Yk; top $wp>
newpg;gLj;Jfpwhd;. mt;top> rPtfd;> gwitfisAk; tpyq;FfisAk;
Ntl;ilahLk; Ntlidj; jpUj;jp> nfhy;yhik tpujk; Vw;fr;
nra;fpwhd;. gpd; fhl;Lj;jPahy; #og;gl;L tUe;jpa ahidfis
kPl;fpwhd;. mLj;J muzghjk; kiyia mile;J> mUfid
topgLfpwhd;. ,Wjpapy;> gy;yt ehL mile;J> mjd; jiyefH
re;jpuhgk; nrd;W> me;ehl;L murd; jdgjpapd; kfd;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
cNyhfghyDld; el;Gf; nfhs;fpwhd;. mq;F> cNyhfghyd; jq;if
gJikiag; ghk;G jPz;l> mjd; tplk; ePf;fpg; gJikia kze;J
,U jpq;fs; jq;Ffpwhd;.
6. NfkrupahH ,yk;gfk;
gJikiag; gpupe;J rpj;jpu $lk; vDk; jtg;gs;sp mile;J
mq;Fs;s jhgjHfisj; jpUj;jp> jf;fehl;bd; jiyefH NfkkhGuk;
milfpwhd;. me;efuj;jpy; Rgj;jpud; vd;w tzpfDf;F Nfkrup vd;w
XH mofpa kfs; ,Ue;jhs;. Rgj;jpudplk; NrhjplHfs; “epd; kfs;
vtidf; fz;L ehZfpd;whNsh> mtNd mtSf;Ff; fztd;
MFtd;@ gpw Mltiuf; fz;lhy; mtSf;F ehzk; Njhd;whJ"
vdf; $wpapUe;jdH. NfkkhGuj;ij mile;j rPtfd; Rgj;jpud; tPL
nry;y> mq;Nf Nfkrup mtidf; fz;L ehZfpwhs;. NrhjplHfs;
$wpagb> rPtfNd jd; kfSf;Ff; fztd; vd;gjwpe;J
kzQ;nra;fpwhd;. NfkrupAlDk; ,U jpq;fs; ,Ue;Jtpl;Lg; gpd;
gpupfpwhd;.
7. fdfkhiyahH ,yk;gfk;
jd; gazj;ijj; njhlHe;j rPtfd;> gy ,lq;fisf; fle;J
kj;jpk ehl;bd; jiyefH VkkhGuk; nrd;W> me;efUf;F mUNf
cs;s xU Nrhiyia milfpwhd;. mq;F> fhe;jUt jj;ij kw;Wk;
Fzkhiyia vz;zpf; fyq;fp ,Uf;f> me;ehl;L murd; kfd;
tprad; tUfpwhd;. mtdhy; va;J tPo;j;j Kbahj khq;fdpiar;
rPtfd; xNu mk;gpy; tPo;j;jpj; jd; iff;F tur; nra;fpwhd;. rPtfdpd;
tpy;yhw;wiy mwpe;j tprad;> jd; ehl;Lf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;wJld;>
murd; kf;fSf;F tpy; tpj;ij fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupauhf;Ffpwhd;.
kfpo;e;j murd;> jd;kfs; fdfkhiyiar; rPtfDf;F kzk; Kbj;J
itf;fpwhd;. rPtfd; gpupthy; tUe;jpa ee;jl;ld; fhe;jUt jj;ijapd;
tpj;ijahy; rPtfd; ,Ug;gplk; mwpe;J mtidf; fhz;fpwhd;.
Vidaj; NjhoHfSk; mtidf; fhzr; nrd;w topapy; cs;s jtg;
gs;spapy; rPtfd; jhiaf; fz;L> rPtfd; mur Fkhud; vd;gij
mwpfpd;wdH. gpd;dH rPtfidf; fz;L mtd; jhapd; ,Ug;gplj;ij
mwptpf;fpd;wdH. rPtfd; NjhoHfSld; jhiaf; fhzg; Gwg;gLfpwhd;.
8. tpkiyahH ,yk;gfk;
rPtfd; jz;lfhuzpak; nrd;W jhia tzq;fp mwpTiu
ngWfpwhd;. mq;F MW jpq;fs; jq;fp> gpd; jhapd; Mizg;gb>
khkd; Nfhtpe;jidf; fhz Vkhq;fj ehl;bd; jiyefH ,uhrkhGuk;
nry;fpwhd;. mq;Fg; ge;jhba tpkiyiaf; fz;L fhKw;W> mts;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
je;ij rhfujj;jd; filapy; nrd;W mku> filg;nghUs; midj;Jk;
tpw;gidahfp tpLfpwJ. Nrhjplj;jpd;gb> mtNd jd; kfSf;Fupa
kzhsd; vd;gij mwpe;J> rPtfDf;F tpkiyiaj; jpUkzk;
nra;J itf;fpwhd;. mtSld; ,Uehl;fs; jq;fpa rPtfd;> kPz;Lk;
jd; gazj;ijj; njhlHfpwhd;.
9. RukQ;rupahH ,yk;gfk;
rPtfidf; fhk jpyfd; vd ez;gHfs; ghuhl;l> Gj;jpNrdd;>
~,q;Fr; RukQ;rup MltiuNa ntWj;J tho;fpwhs;@ mtis kaf;fpj;
jpUkzk; nra;jhy;jhd; mtidf; fhkj; jpyfdhf Vw;f KbAk;|
vd;fpwhd;. rPtfd; Kjpa me;jzH tbT nfhz;L> RukQ;rupapd;
me;jg;Guk; mile;J mtis kaf;fp kzf;fpwhd;. xUehs; mtSld;
jq;fp> gpd;dH> tsHg;Gj; je;ij fe;Jf;flid tzq;fp> jj;ij>
FzkhiyahH Jaupid ePf;fp> Vkhq;fj ehl;ilf; fle;J
nry;fpwhd;.
10. kz;kfs; ,yk;gfk;
tpNja ehL nrd;W> khkd; Nfhtpe;jdpd; gilj;Jiz ngw;W
Vkhq;fj ehl;Lf;F kPz;Lk; te;J> fl;baq;fhuDld; Nghupl;L ntd;W>
,oe;j jd; ehl;bd; Ml;rpiag; ngWfpwhd;. khkd; Nfhtpe;jd;
mwptpj;j Rak;tuj;jpd;gb jpupgd;wpg;nghwp Nghl;bapy; ntd;W
,yf;fiziag; ngWfpwhd;.
11. g+kfs; ,yk;gfk;
rPtfd; Ml;rpiaj; njhlq;Ffpwhd;. fl;baq;fhud;
cwtpdHfSf;F MWjYk; ghJfhg;Gk; mspf;fpwhd;. fl;baq;fhudhy;
Jd;GWj;jg;gl;ltHfSf;Fr; rPtfd; tho;tspf;fpwhd;.
12. ,yf;fizahH ,yk;gfk;
rPtfd; jd;NjhoH vy;NyhiuAk; tutioj;J> Kiwg;gb
,yf;fizia kzk; nra;fpwhd;. gpd;> efHtyk; nrd;W mUfid
topgLfpwhd;. jd;id md;Gld; tsHj;j je;ijahfpa
fe;Jf;flDf;Fk; jhahfpa Ree;ijf;Fk; muR gl;lk; toq;Ffpwhd;@
ee;jl;lid ,sturdhf;Ffpwhd;. kw;iwj; NjhoHfSf;Fk; cupa
rpwg;Gfisr; nra;fpwhd;. RjQ;rzDf;Ff; Nfhapy; vOg;Gfpwhd;@
jhd; ,sikapy; tpisahba Mykuj;Jf;Fr; rpwg;Gr; nra;fpwhd;.
13. Kj;jp ,yk;gfk;
jtg; gs;spapy; tpria mUfDf;Fk; jd;idg; ghJfhj;j
nja;tq;fSf;Fk; Nfhapy; vLf;fpwhs;. jd;idAk; kfidAk;
fhg;ghw;wj; Jiz nra;j kapw;nghwpia muz;kid khlj;jpy;
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Fwpg;Gfs;
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Self Instructional Material
,lk;ngwr; nra;fpwhs;. rPtfd; gpwe;j RLfhl;il md;djhdr;
rhiyahf;fp ehSk; 505 Foe;ijfSf;F md;djhdk; toq;Ffpwhs;.
gpd;dH ~gpwtpf;fly; ePe;jr; Ree;ijAld; jtg;gs;sp mile;J jd;
Jwitj; njhlHfpwhs;. rPtfd; NjtpaHf;F vl;L kfd;fs;
gpwf;fpd;wdH. rPtfd; NjtpaH vz;kUld; nghopy; tsk; fhzr;
nry;fpwhd;. mq;Ff; fLtd; - ke;jp (Fuq;Ffs;) ngw;w gyhg;goj;ij
Ntld; ftHe;J nry;tijf; fz;L nry;tk; epiyahikia
czHfpwhd;. gpd; efiu mile;J mUfid topgl;Lr; rhuzH %yk;
gpwtpg; ngUq;fly; ePe;Jk; Kiwiaj; njupe;J nfhs;fpwhd;. mtH
%yk; jd; Kw;gpwg;G tuyhw;iwAk; mwpfpwhd;. gpd; muz;kid
nrd;W jd; Jwit mwptpf;fpwhd;@ jd; kfd; rr;re;jid
murdhf;fpj; NjtpaH vz;kNuhLk; JwT Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;.
tHj;jkhdiuj; juprpj;J> tpGyfpupapy; jtk; nra;J rpj;j Nrj;jpuk;
mile;J tPLNgW milfpwhd;
rPtfd; fy;tp fw;wijf; $WtJ ehkfs; ,yk;gfk;.
fl;baq;fhuid ntd;W ehl;il mile;jJ kz;kfs; ,yk;gfk;.
rPtfd; Ml;rp va;jpaJ g+kfs; ,yk;gfk;> tPLNgwila tpUk;gpaJ
Kj;jpapyk;gfk;. gpw vl;L ,yk;gfq;fSk; KiwNa> fhe;jUtjj;ij>
Fzkhiy> gJik> Nfkrup> fdfkhiy> tpkiy> RukQ;rup>
khkd;kfs; ,yf;fiz Mfpa vl;Lg; Ngiur;rPtfd; jpUkzk; nra;j
nra;jpfisf; $Wfpd;wd. ez;gd; gJKfDf;F ee;jNfhgd; kfs;
Nfhtpe;ijia kzk; Kbj;Jitj;j nra;jpAk; XH ,yk;gfj;jpy;
$wg;gLfpwJ. ,g; ngz;fspd; ngaHfshNyNa ,yk;gfg; ngaHfs;
mike;Js;sd.
rPtfd;> vl;Lg; ngz;fisj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l
epfo;r;rpfs; fhg;gpaj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpahf mike;Js;sd.
rPtfdpd;ez;gd; gJKfd; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l epfo;r;rpAk;
,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,it kl;Lky;yhky; rPtfd; fy;tp
gapd;Wrpwg;Gw;w nra;jpiaf; $Wkplj;Jk;> rkz newp ngw;w
nra;jpiaf; $Wkplj;Jk;> mit jpUkzkhfNt $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
mjdhy; ,e;E}iy kzE}y; vd;W $WtH.
6.5. jpUj;jf;f NjtH rPtf rpe;jhkzpia ,aw;wpatH jpUj;jf;f NjtH. ,tH NrhoH
Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtH vd;W er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH ciu Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,tH> jkpopYk; tlnkhopapYk; Gyik cilatH. ,sikapNyNa
rkz rkaj;ijj; jOtpj; JwTg+z;ltH.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
jpUj;jf;f NjtH rhd;NwhHfSld; njhlHGnfhs;sf; fUjp>
kJiuf;Fr; nrd;W> mq;F rq;fg; GytHfNshL $b
mstshtp,Ue;jNghJ mq;fpUe;j jkpo;g; GytHfspy; rpyH> MUfj
rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jtHfs; JwT Kjypatw;iwNa ghLthHfNs
ad;wpf;fhkr; Ritglf; fhg;gpak; ghl ,ayhjtH vd;W $wpdH
vd;Wk; ,ijf; Nfl;l jpUj;jf;f NjtH> fhkr;
RitAld;rpe;jhkzpia ,aw;wpdhH vd;Wk; xU fij epyTfpwJ.
fhg;gpak; nra;af; fUjpa jpUj;jf;f NjtH> jk; fUj;jpidj;
jk; MrpupaUf;Ff; $w> mjw;F mtH> jpUj;jf;f Njtupd;
Gyikiamwpa> mg;nghOJ mq;Nf Xba xU eupiar; Rl;bf;
fhl;b> ~ePq;fs; fhtpak; ghLKd;dH> ,e;j eupiag; nghUshf
itj;JxU E}y;,aw;wpf; fhl;Lf| vd;W fl;lis ,l;lhH vd;Wk;>
clNd NjtUk; xU rpW E}y; ghb mjw;F ~euptpUj;jk;|
vd;Wngaupl;Lj; jk; MrpupaUf;Ff; fhl;bdhH vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLtH.
mJ eupapd; nraiyf; nfhz;L ePjpia tw;GWj;Jk; E}y;.
E}ypd;rpwg;gpid mwpe;j MrpupaH> ~,dp ePapH epidj;jgbNa
ngUq;fhg;gpak; nra;f| vd;W gzpf;f mg;gzpiaj;
jiyNkw;nfhz;L> mf;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Ff; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghb
toq;FkhW Ntz;bdhH vd;Wk;> MrpupaUk;> ~nrk;nghd;
tiuNkw;gRk;nghd;| vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghl;ilg; ghbf; nfhLj;jhH
vd;Wk;> gpd;dHj; jpUj;jf;f NjtH> ~%tH Kjyh cyfk;|
vd;Dk;flTs; tho;j;ijg; ghbf; fhg;gpaj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhH vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLtH.
6.6. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; ehk; ,f;$wpd; %ykhfr; rPtf rpe;jhkzp vd;Dk; E}ypd;
,yf;fpa tuyhw;iwAk; jpUj;jf;f NjtH gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk;
mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
6.7. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 1. rPtf rpe;jhkzpapd; E}y; mikg;gpid Gyg;gLj;Jf
2. jpUj;jf;fNjtH Fwpj;j nra;jpfis jUf.
6.8. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y; 1. rPtfrpe;jhkzp – Qh. khzpf;fthrfd; ciu>
kzpthrfH gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id 1
114
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
$$WW..77--rrPPttffrrppee;;jjhhkkzzpp--NNffkkrruuppaahhuu;; ,,yykk;;ggffkk;;
7.1. NfkrupahH ,yk;gfk; fijr;RUf;fk;
gy;yt ehl;il tpl;L ePq;fpa rPtfd;> rpj;jpu $lk; vd;Dk;
jtg;gs;spiar; rhHe;jhd;. mq;fpUe;j jt KdptHfSf;F
ey;YgNjrk; nra;jUsp> mtHfisj; jpUe;JkhW nra;J> gpd;> jf;f
ehl;Lj; jiyefuhd NfkkhGuj;ij mile;jhd;. me; efuj;Js;
rpwe;j tzpfd; Rgj;jpud;. mtd; kidtp epg;Gjp@ kfs; Nfkrup.
mts; gpwe;jNghJ rhjfk; fzpj;jtHfs;> ',ts; ve;j Mltidf;
fz;L ehzk; nfhs;fpwhNsh me;j MltNd ,tSf;Ff;
fztdhthd;' vdf; $wpapUe;jdH. mjdhy; Rgj;jpud; gyiuAk; jd;
kidf;F mioj;J tpUe;jspj;J cgrupj;J te;jhd;. MapDk;
Nfkrup ahiuAk; fz;L ehzk; nfhs;stpy;iy> xU ehs; Rgj;jpud;>
mUfd; Nfhapypy; rPtfidr; re;jpj;J mtdJ moiff;fz;L
tpae;J jd;dpy;yj;jpw;F mioj;J te;jhd;. mg;nghOJ Nfkrup
rPtfidf; fz;L ehzKw;Wf; fhjy; nfhz;lhs;. Rgj;jpud;
kfpo;e;jhd.; rPtfd; - Nfkrup jpUkzk; rpwg;ghf eilngw;wJ.
mtSlDk; rPtfd; ,uz;L jpq;fNs jq;fpapUe;J gpupe;J nrd;whd;.
nry;Yk;NghJ vjpupy; te;j xUtDf;F mwpTiu $wp
mzpfyd;fisf; nfhLj;jhd;. gpupthw;whikahy; tUe;jpa
Nfkrupf;Fj; jha; epg;Gjp MWjy; $wpdhs;. NfkrupAk;
Mw;wpapUe;jhs;.
7.2 rPtfdpd; fhl;L topg;gazk; thdpd; toq;Fk; tz; if kzp nra; Mu khHgpd;
NjDk; toq;Fk; igk; jhH tpiria rpWtd; Njk; nfhs;
ehdk; toq;Fk; Nfhij iea nta;a Ma
fhdk; toq;fy; Nktp fhypd; VfpdhNd
Nkfk; Nghyf; nfhil nfhLf;Fk; ifapidAk;>
Kj;Jf;fshyhd khiyia mzpe;j khHgpidAk;> Njd; rpe;Jk;
khiyapidAk; cila> tpriaapd; kfdhd rPtfd;> tz;Lfs;
jq;Fk; GDF fkOk; khiyia cilatshd gJik tUj;jk;
mila> nfhLik epiwe;j fhLfspy; fhyhy; ele;J nrd;whd;.
tpy;yplk; cs;s ehzpd; KWf;F me;j tpy; mopAk;tiu jPuhJ.
mJ Nghyj; jhk; ,wf;Fk; tiu mopahj jpUe;jpa fw;gpid
cila kfspuplk;> jhd; mzpe;j ,iy fye;j kyH khiy nra;j
Jd;gk; ePq;f mk; kfspUila nfhq;iffisj; jd; fz;fshy;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
cw;Wg; ghHj;J> gpwF mizj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Njhs;fis
cilatdhd rPtfd;> kiyfis ,ilNa nfhz;l fhl;il
mile;J kfpo;r;rpNahL nrd;whd;. goq;fs; epiwe;j thiof;
fhl;bNy> fupa ikiag; g+rp itj;jJ Nghd;w mofpy;yhj
Kfq;fis cila Fuq;FfSk; KR vdg;gLk; fUq;Fuq;FfSk;
rPtfidf; fz;L gae;J Xbd. mtw;wpd; mr;rk; mfYkhW
mUNshL ghHj;jthW rPtfd; nry;Yk; mt;topapd; Kd;Nd FspHe;j
nts;spa miyfs; epiwe;j fliyg; Nghy> elg;gjw;F ,dpikahd
xU fhL Njhd;wpaJ. Ntl;if nfhz;L ePiug; gUFgtHfisg; Nghy
MHtj;NjhL jOtp> nghUs; jPHe;jTlNd jk;ik ehba Mltiug;
gpupAk; kzk; fkOk; $e;jiyj; nfhz;l Ntrpfisg; Nghy>
nkha;f;Fk; ,ay;Gs;s tz;Lfs;> mofpa kyHf; nfhb rhAk;gb
jOtp ,dpa Njidg; gUfptpl;L> Njd; jPHe;jTld; mijg; gpupe;J
mUNf epd;W J}w;Wtijg; Nghy Muthupf;f> rPtfd; mijg;
ghHj;Jf; nfhz;Nl nkJthfr; nrd;whd;.
7.3. rPtfd; jtg;gs;spia miljy; Gy;Yk; my;ypAk; NghF caH ePs; fio
ney;Yk; ePH tpis NfoYk; NjhiuAk;
my;y jPk; gok; fha; fpoq;F Mjpah
ey;yNt EfHthH gs;sp ez;zpdhd;
,t;thW nrd;w rPtfd; ,iwtid vspjhf tho;j;jp tyk;
nra;Jtpl;L> KdptHfs; thOk; rpj;jpu$lk; Kd;Nd cs;sJ vd;W
RjQ;rzd; $wpajhy; mjidf; fhz tpUk;gpj; jdpNa nrd;W>
KdptHfs; tho;fpd;w xU FspHr;rp nghUe;jpa kyhg;nghopypy;
cs;s gs;spiaf; fz;lhd;. Gy;yuprp> my;ypf;fhapy; cs;s muprp>
kpf caHe;j %q;fpy; muprp> ePupy; tpisfpd;w Fsj;J ney;> Njhiu
vd;Dk; ney; Mfpatw;iwAk;> ,itay;yhjitahd ,dpagok;>
fha;> fpoq;F KjyhditAkhd ey;y czTg; nghUs;fisNa
cz;gtuhd KdptHfs; thOk; gs;spiar; rPtfd; mile;jhd;.
mq;Fs;s KdptHfs; mupa Nfhl;ghLfisf; nfhz;ltH@ epiwe;j
Ie;J jPf;fspd; eLtpy; ,Ue;J tPl;Lyif tisj;jpLk; ngUik
cilatH@ tpsf;fkhd ehd;kiwfisg; gapd;w ehitg; ngw;wtH@
tpsf;fkw;w ,j;njhopyhd fhkj;njhopiyr; rpe;ijapy; nfhz;ltH.
ts;spf; fpoq;fhfpa RitkpFe;j czTk;> kiyapy; cs;s
thioapd; NjHe;njLj;j ,dpa goKk; Mfpa ,tw;Ws; rpytw;iwj;
je;j gpwF> kpFjpahd ePiug; nghopAk; Nkfk; Nghd;wtNd! tpUe;J
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
cz;ghahf! vd;W $wp> rPtfid kfpo;e;J cgrupj;jdH. ",e;jr;
rPtfd; vy;yhf; fiyfSk; epiwe;j fy;tpia cilatd;>
cz;ikg; nghUisf; Nfl;lwpe;jtd;. ,tdplKs;s mf;fy;tp>
Nfs;tpfis ehKk; mwpNthk;" vd;W vz;zp> jk; caHe;j
fl;Liufspy; xd;wpuz;il ciuj;jdH.
7.4. rPtfd; Kdptu;fSf;F cgNjrpj;jy; IaH $wYk; mz;zYk; $Wthd;
irak; g+z;L rKj;jpuk; ePe;Jthd;
ca;ANky; njhlHg;ghl;bd; ,q;F ahitAk;
va;jpdhHfSk; ca;g vd;W Xjpdhd;
mq;Fs;s KdptHfs; rpy fl;Liufs; $w> rPtfDk; jd;
fUj;ijf; $wpdhd;. fy;iyf; fOj;jpNy fl;bf;nfhz;L flypNy
ePe;Jgtd; gpiog;ghd; vd;why;> ,t;Tyfpy; fhk EfHr;rpNahL $lNt
tpujq;fis Nkw; nfhz;ltHfSk; gpiog;gH" vd;W gy E}y;fisr;
rhd;W fhl;br; rPtfd; Xjpdhd;. tPL ngWtjw;fhfr; riliar;
rpwg;ghf tsHj;jy; clk;igf; fhtp epwk; Cl;ba MilahNy
NghHj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; kz;ilNahl;ilf; iff; nfhs;Sjy; jdpNa
,Uj;jy; vd;W $wg;gLk; ,j; jd;ikait> rpwg;gw;w gpwtpf;F
tpijahFk; vd;W rhd;NwhH $WtH vd;W rPtfd; xjpdhd;.
mq;Fs;s KdptHfs;> " fhisNa! ehq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l top ey;y
top ,Jty;yhjjhd eP $wpa top J}a;ikaw;w top. mjid
ehq;fs; njupe;jpUf;fpNwhk; jpUkhy; $wpa ,e;j topapNy jPik
,Ue;jhy; mij eP $Wf" vd;W Nfl;f > rPtfd; gpd; tUkhW
tpsf;fpdhd;. jpUkhy; vq;fSf;F> fhAk; fdpfSk; cz;gjdhy;
ey;yit my;yhj tpidfs; vy;yhk; epy;yhky; ePq;Fk; vd;W
ciuj;jhH vd;W ePq;fs; $WfpwPHfs;. mt;thwhdhy;> caHe;j ePz;l
kuq;fspNy njhq;Ffpd;w rpwe;j rpwFfis cila xLq;Fk;
,ay;igf; nfhz;l ntsthy;fs;> mUfpy; cs;s goq;fis
cz;gjhy; mtw;wpd; gotpidfs; ePq;Fk; my;yth?.>“ my;ypf;fhapy;
cs;s muprpiaAk; Gy;yuprpiaAk; rhg;gpl;L jpUkhy; $wpa
newpapNy Nehw;gjdhy; jPtpidfs; ePq;Fk; vd;why; nfhba ntk;ik
cila fhl;bNy fw;fis cz;L thOk; Gwhf;fs; ahTk;> jk;ikg;
gpzpj;j ,U tpidfisg; Gwq;fz;L ntw;wp ngWk; my;yth?
ehq;fs; ePz;l ril Kbia cilatHfshf> ePupNy Fspj;J>
epyj;jpNy jq;fp tho;e;J tUj;jpa clk;igg; ngw;wjhNy rpwe;j
tPl;ilg; ngWNthk;' vd;why;> fub fhl;bNy nrd;W> Fsj;jpNy
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Fspj;J tho;tjhy; mJ mf; fhl;bypUe;Nj tPl;il mila
Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW fub miltjpy;iy. mjdhy; ckJ nghUsw;w
ciuia tpLq;fs;" vd;W rPtfd; Xjpdhd;. ,irf;fiy tsHfpd;w
,dpa nkhop NgRk; kfspUld; JapYk; mofpa nky;ypa
gLf;ifia tpLj;Jr; nrd;W> ,iyfshy; %lg;gl;l Fbirfspy;>
ngUepyNk gLf;ifahf> me;j kfspupd; nfhq;if tsHe;j
khHgpidj; jOtpdhy; tpidfs; ahTk; mopAk; vd;why; kiyapy;
thOk; FwtHfSf;Fk; mf;nfhba tpidfs; ahTk; mopAk;
my;yth?" vd;W rPtfd; Xjpdhd;. “ Ez;zpa Mil vupe;J
moptjw;F mQ;rp> neUg;ig me;j Milf;Fs;Ns itj;J %b>
mijf; nfhz;LNgha; kiwthd ,lj;jpy; itj;jhy;> mg; nghq;Fk;
neUg;G Miliar; Rl;L vupf;fhky; tpl;L tpLkh? fOj;jpNy
GDifg; g+rpAs;s kfspupd; fhtYila tPl;il ePq;fpf; fhl;Lf;Fr;
nrd;W> mq;F Kd;G nra;j fytpj; njhopiyNa Nkw;nfhz;L
ghtj;ijg; Nghf;f epidj;jhy;> Nghf;f KbAkh? KbahJ vd;W
rPtfd; Xjpdhd;. fhkNehapy; KjpHr;rp ngw;w Fuq;ifg; Nghyf;
fhkEfHr;rpia Nehf;f Ntz;lhk.; fha;KjpHr;rp ngw;why; fdpahfp
tpOtijg; Nghy KjpHr;rpailAk; ,t;Tlk;G tpOe;J tpLk;. %q;fpy;
Kw;wp tsHe;j ,e;jf; fhl;bNy> fhkid ntd;w mUff; flTspd;
cUtj;Jld; epd;W tpsf;fKw ,g;nghONj Njhw;Wr; nrd;W>
Kw;wpa nrhHf;f ,d;gj;ij ngw;W> mDgtpg;gij tpUk;Gq;fs;"
vd;W rPtfd; Xjpdhd;. “Qhdk; vd;gJ> cz;ikia mwptJ. fhl;rp
vd;gJ mt;thW mwpe;j nghUs;fisg; ngha;apd;wpj; njspe;J
ek;gpf;if nfhs;tJ. xOf;fk; vd;gJ Ik;nghwpfisAk;
Ik;Gyd;fspy; nry;yhky; jLj;J> capiuf; nflhky; mt;TapH
ca;Ak; tifapy; elg;gJ| ,k;%d;Wk; xOf;fKk; ( Kk;kzpfs; )
,g;gb epiwe;j nghONj ,UtpidAk; nfLk; " vd;W rPtfd;
Xjpdhd;. kiy Nghd;wtdhd rPtfd; ,t;thW $wpaijf; Nfl;L>
ey;tpid te;jilAk; gf;Ftk; ngw;w KdptHfs; jk; kidtpaiuj;
Jwe;J> ",d;W jhq;fs; cd;dhy; mwpTz;lhf;fg; gl;Nlhk;" vd;W
$wp> vOe;J nrd;W> fhkid ntd;w mUfdpd; jpUtbia mile;J
tPl;il milAk; ey;topapy; Nrug; ngw;wdH. mr;rkak; #upad;
kiwe;jhd.; rPtfDk; ,isg;Gj; jPHe;jhd;. ,t;thW
,isg;ghwpagpwF> ,Us; kiwe;j tpbaw;fhiyapy;> Fw;wj;jpypUe;J
tpLgl;ltHfshd KdptHfs; topfhl;bajhy;> Nky; cyfj;jpy;
,y;yhj Nkd;ik kpf;f cz;ik ,yf;fzk; nghUj;jpa clk;ig
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
cilatdhd rPtfd;> nry;y Ntz;ba jpirAk; mq;Nf cs;s
MWk; njupe;J nfhz;L nrd;whd; .
7.5. rPtfd; jf;f ehl;il miljy ; glk; Gide;J vOjpa tbtpy; gq;fa
jlk; gy joP,aJ jf;f ehL mJ
tlk; nfO tU Kiy kfspH khik Nghd;W
,lk; ngupJ ,dpJ mjd; vy;iy va;jpdhd;
xg;gid nra;J jPl;lg;gl;l Xtpaj;jpd; tbtk; Nghd;w
jhkiuf; Fsk; gy #o;e;jJk; Kj;Jtlk; nghUe;jpa tsUk;
nfhq;ifia cila kfspupd; moF Nghy mDgtpg;gjw;F kpfTk;
,dpikahdJk;> ' jf;fehL ' vd;Dk; ngaiu cilaJkhd
ehl;bd; vy;iyiar; rPtfd; mile;jhd;. ,dpa Fsj;jpy; cs;s
mofpa kyH tpupe;J ntspg;gLj;jpa kzKk;> kyiu mzpe;j
$e;jiy cila kfspH g+rpa re;jd thrKk;> mfpw;Gif fye;j
kzKk;> me;j ehl;bd; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; jq;fpapUj;jyhy; mJ
jf;f ehL vd;Dk; ngaiug; ngw;wJ. me;jj; jf;f ehL> rz;gf
kyHfshy; njhLf;fg; gl;l kzk; kpFe;j khiyAk;> kzf;Fk;
re;jdKk;> rpwe;j ghf;Fk;> mofpa ntw;wpiyAk;> cz;Zk; czTk;
vd;Dk; ,tw;iw> vy;yhHf;Fk; Fiwtpy;yhky; ngw;wpUg;gJ> tsKk;
GfOk; tha;e;j jf;f ehl;bd; ,ay;G ,j;jifaNj. fUk;igg;
ngw;Ws;s tsj;ij cila taypy;> mofhd jhkiu kyH rha;e;J
tug;;igr; NrHe;jpUf;f> mj; jhkiuapd; ntw;wpapNy fple;j nre;new;
fjpH> muq;fpNy Mguzk; mzpe;J tUk; ehlf kfspupd; mofpa
new;wpapNy tz;Lfs; #o;e;j jiyf; Nfhyk; vd;Dk; mzpfydpd;
Njhw;wk; Nghyj; jpfo;e;jJ.
7.6. NfkkhGuj;jpd; vopy; tz;Lfs; thOk; tise;j ePHj;Jiwapy; fd;dpahfpa
thiskPdpd; Nky;> ez;bd; efk; gl;lJ. mjdhy; me;j this
eLf;fk; mile;J> ehzj;jhy; mt;tplj;ij tpl;L> czit
ntWj;J> xLq;fpapUf;Fk; ePiuj; jd;dplk; ngw;Ws;s mfop #o;e;j
NfkkhGuk; vd;Dk; efuj;jpd; ,ay;ig ,dp ,ak;GNthk.; kjpy;
vd;Dk; nry;tpf;F> Njhz;b mikf;fg;gl;l mfopNa mofhd Mil@
kjpypd; mbapy; cs;s MNshbfs; Mfpa ghk;GupfNs> Gfoj;jf;f
Nkfyhguzk;> kjpypd;Nky; cs;s Qhapy; vd;Dk; cUg;Ng>
mzpfs; mzpe;j nfhq;if@ tpsq;Fk; mofpa NfhGuNk> jpq;fisg;
Nghy xsptpLk; Kfk;@ ePz;l nfhbNa kapH Kb vd;W mwpe;NjhH
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
$WtH. me;j xsp tPRk; nghd; kjpy;> kj;juk; vd;Dk; kiyiag;
ghw;flypy; fhl;bf; file;J mKj;jij Cl;bdhYk;> me;j
mKjj;Jf;fhf Mirg;gl;L me;j efiu tpl;L ePq;FgtHfs; ,y;iy.
Mjyhy;> <l;lg;gl;l tsk; kpFe;j nry;tk; NrHe;jpUf;Fk;
mg;ngupaefuk; efuq;fSf;nfy;yhk; jiyikahdJ vd;W cr;rpr;
#l;L itj;jijg; Nghy; jpfo;e;jJ. Ngnuhypia cila me;j
tsk; kpFe;j efuk;> tPuHfNs vwpAk; RwhkPd;fshfTk; > Ve;jpa
g+q;nfhbfNs klq;fptpOk; miyfshfTk;> kiyiag; Nghd;w
khspiffNs ngupa kuf;fyq;fshfTk;> fpilj;jw;fupa jpUkfs;
Nghd;w kfspNu mKjkhfTk; jpfo MuthuKila fliyg; Nghyj;
jpfo;e;jJ. me;j efuk;> re;jpudpd; jz;Ltlj;ijj; Nja;f;Fk;
cr;rpia cila khspiffisf; nfhz;l ePz;l njUf;fs; NjhWk;>
$e;jy; mtpo;jypd; Kj;J khiyfs; tpOe;J> nghd;dhy;
nra;ag;gl;l rpwe;j mzpfyd;fs; rpe;JtjhNy> epjp miwiaj;
jpwe;J ghHj;jij xj;j xU jd;ik ngw;wJ@ mr;rk;
cz;lhf;Ftjhy; GjpatHfs; mq;Fr; nry;y Kbahj moNfhL
tpsf;fk; ngw;wJ .
7.7. Rgj;jpud; kfs; Nfkrup khR ,yhs; gpwe;j Qhd;Nw kjp tyhd; tpjpapd; vz;zp
fhR ,yhs; fz;l-Ngho;Nj fJnkd ehzg;gl;lhd;
J}R cyhk; my;Fyhl;F Jiztdhk; GzH-kpd; vd;W
Ngrpdhd; md;W nfhz;L ngU tpUe;J Xk;Gfpd;whd;
cyfj;jpw;Fj; jpyfk; itj;jhw; Nghd;wJ NfkkhGuk; vd;Dk;>
Nflw;w ew;Gfo; ngw;w nghd;dfuk;. me;efupy; khiyfs; ePz;l
ntz;nfhw;wf; Filiag; ngw;w> cyfj;jpd; fhtyd; ,Ue;jhd;.
mtNd> mr;re;jUk; NtNye;jpa eugjp Njtd; Mthd;. me; efuj;jpy;
murid xj;j Mz;lifadhfr; Rgj;jpud; tho;e;jhd.; mtd;
tbtj;jpy; xg;gpy;yhjtd;@ Ntj tpjpg;gb thOk; tzpfd;> iff;F
epfuhf mike;j Ntiy Ve;jpatd;. kzk; gug;Gk; khiy R+batd;@
ikG+rpa FspHe;j fz;fisg; ngw;w kfspH kaf;f> mtHfs;
,d;gj;Nj jq;Fthd;. Rgj;jpud; ePz;l tpy; nfhz;L gapw;rp
nra;jyhy; > gUj;J kiyNghyj; Njhd;Wk; NjhisAilatd.; kio
nga;Ak; Kfpiy ntd;w tz;ik kpf ifiaAilatd;> mtDila
kidtp epg;Gjp vd;ghs; Nfkrup vd;Dk; ngz;izg; ngw;nwLj;jhs.;
Nfkrup > gpw kfspupd; rpwe;j moif ntd;wts; vd;W vy;yhj;
jpirfspYk; jd; ngaupd; eyj;ijg; nghwpj;Jg; ngz;ikf;Fg;
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Self Instructional Material
ngUtpsf;fhfp epd;whs;. khrpyhj kq;if Nfkrup gpwe;jNghJ>
Nrhjpld; xUtd;> Kiwahf Muha;e;J> ",ts; fz;lNghNj> ,tis
ehzKwr; nra;gtd;> Milazpe;j my;FiyAila ,tSf;Ff;
fztdhthd;. mtDf;Nf ,tis kzk; nra;J nfhLq;fs;" vd;W
$wpdhd;. md;W Kjy; jd; kfs; MltH gyiuAk; fhz;gjw;fhfg;
ngUtpUe;J mspj;jiyf; iff;nfhz;lhd; Rgj;jpud;.
xU gpbf;Fs; mlq;Fk; ,ilapdhSk;> tis #o;e;j
NjhspdhSkhd Nfkrup> njhq;Fk; igk;nghd; khiy> ngupa
kyHfshy; njhLf;fg;gl;l khiy> tpUg;gk; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; kzpfshy;
nra;ag;gl;l khiy Mfpa ,tw;Wf;fpilNa kpd;diyg; Nghy epd;W>
nrk;nghd; Jizg; nghUe;jp> Co; jdf;Fj; jutpUf;Fk; fztidj;
Njb Nehf;fpdhs;. Nrapioahshd Nfkrupf;Ff; fztdhFk;
jpUkfidf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhf mts; je;ij xt;nthU ehSk;
Mapuj;njl;L ,isQHf;F MuKJ Nghd;w Nrhwspj;J te;jhd;.
,t;tifapy; g+q;nfhb NghYk; nkd;ik ngw;w Nfkrupf;Fg;
gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lfs; nrd;wd. KUf;fkyupd; ,jopy; Fq;Fypfj;ij
Cl;b itj;jhw; Nghd;w> KWtiyAila rpte;j thiaAk;>
jpUkfspd; mofike;j tpUg;ge;jUk; tpopfisAk;> gUj;j
nfhq;iffisAk;> Njd; nghUe;jpa kyHkhiyiaAk;> newpj;j
$e;jiyAk;> moF nra;Ak; nghd;dzpfisAk; ngw;w Nfkrupapd;
tbt KjpHr;rpiaf; fz;L> mtSila jha; nghWf;f Kbahky;
tUe;jpdhs;. Mltiu kUl;Lk; ghHit ngw;w khtLitAk;
kioiaAk; xj;j tpopfisf; nfhz;l kjp Kfj;ijAk;> g+g; Nghd;w
nkd;ikiaAk; ngw;w Nfkrup> xg;gid nra;j moFld;>
jpUkzkpd;wpj; jdpNa gpUg;gijf; fz;L> mk;G gl;l khd; Nghyg;
ghHj;J> iftis RoYk;gb nkype;J epd;whs; Nfkrupapd; jha;>
7.8. rPtfidf; fz;l Rgj;jpud; NfkkhGuk; te;j rPtfidf; fz;lhd; Rgj;jpud;. mtDila
Jilfs; kapUld; nghUe;jp moFld; tpsq;fpd . mit kw;w
cWg;Gf;fisf; fhl;bYk; rpwe;jpUe;jd. gplup xypf;Fk;
,iriaAila mofpa Koit xf;Fk;> thapd; moF> tPuk;
nghUe;jpa Gypapd; thia xf;Fk;. kiy Nghy mfd;w khHgpy;
tupfs; %d;Ws;sd Fw;wkw;w nghd;id nahj;j ehTk;
$HikAila jhapUe;jJ. mupa kiy Nghd;w Njhs;fs; >
NjtHfspd; murdhfpa ,e;jpuDf;Fupa Iuhtjk; vd;Dk; ahidapd;
moF kpf;f Jjpf;ifapd; tbT nfhz;ld. ngupa nghd;kiy
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Nghd;w jiytDf;Fj; jhkiug; nkhl;Lg; Nghd;wjha; > tykhfr;
Ropj;J nghUe;jpf; Fope;j ,ay;NghL moNfhL mike;j ehgpAk;
,dpjhfj; Njhd;Wk;. jbj;J tupfs; jpuz;L > nghd;dpw %q;fpyuprp
midatha; ntz; rpW fLFk; Eioa Kbahjgb neUq;fp xsp
nra;Ak; iftpuy;fs;> jk; mstpw;Nfw;w #y; nfhz;l nfspW
vd;Dk; kPspd; moiff; nfLj;jd . Kfj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jpa %f;F>
tapuj; Njhl;bia xj;jJ. ePz;L tpsq;Ffpd;w gw;fisAila tha;
gtoj;ij xf;Fk;. mfq;ifAk;> cs;sq;fhYk; nghUe;jpa jhkiug;
g+it xf;Fk;. Mjyhy; ,td; jpUkfs; fztdhd jpUkhy;
vdj;NjHe;j Rgj;jpud;> ,tNdhL Ngrp ' ,td; jpUkhy; my;yd; '
vdj; njupe;J gpd; rPtfidj; NjupNy mkHj;jp mioj;Jr; nrd;whd;.
,tHfs; ,UtUk; NjupNy te;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ> Rgj;jpud;
tPl;bNy> $upa efj;jhy; typa kyur; nra;J njhLj;j xU
nrq;fOePH khiyia> ey;ypir ey;Fk; tPizapy; #l;b
cyFzHe;j flTisg; ngz; nfhbahfpa Nfkrup ghbf;
nfhz;bUe;jhs;. Kj;J ckpOk; fly; ePupd; epwk; ngw;w
kzptz;zDk; %d;W cyFk; gf;jpNahL ghlg; ngWgtDkhfpa
mUfg; ngUkhspd; jpUtbiaf Nfkrup ghbdhs.; mijf; Nfl;l
muk;ig Nghd;w epg;Gjp jd; fUj;Jk; jd; kfs; fUj;Jk;
xj;jpUj;jy; fz;;L ctif mile;J> ,tsoFf;F Vw;w xU
tpj;jfid ,ts; ,g;NghNj mila Ntz;Lk; vd Ntz;bdhs.;
7.9. rPtfd; Rgj;jpud; tPl;il miljy; kz; jpd;DkhW kz;bf; fple;j nry;tj;ijg; ngw;w mg;ngupa
tPl;bDs;> mq;Fs;Nshupd; tUj;jk; ePq;fg; nghypNthL rPtfd; GFe;j
NghJ> fy;Jizg; Nghd;w Nfkrupapd; ghHitAk; xd;wpg; nghUe;jpd.
rPtfidf; fz;lTlNd Nfkrupapd; if tisfs; mts; fhybapy;
tPo;e;J kz;zpNy nghUe;jpd. khikAk; cs;spUe;j epiuAk;
ehzKk; nfl;ld> Miria xspUk; jPaha; mts; tsHj;Jf;
nfhz;L > mj; jPahNy mtSk; cUfpdhs;. jpUj;jKw;w
nja;tj;jd;ik kpFe;j mofpa rPtfDf;F mts; Nehf;fk; Jd;gk;
ju> kdNeha; ngw;W tUe;jp> fr;rpdhy; ,Wf;fg;gl;Lj; Jd;gq;
nfhs;Sk; nfhq;ifapidAk; > %q;fpy; NghJk; NjhspidAk;
cila ,ts; jhf;fp tUj;Jk; nja;t kfNsh> khdpl kfNsh vd
IAw;whd;.| ey;y tskpf;f jhkiu ehZk; xsp Kfj;jpNy
nfhy;Yk; njhopypy; ty;y Ntiyg; Nghd;w tpopia cilatshd
Nfkrup tUe;jpdhs; vd;W> NrhHe;j FoiyAila Nfkrupapd;
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NjhopaHfs; ,r;nrhy;iyg; gug;gpatuhfp ky;ypNy ty;y khHgdhk;
rPtfid te;J #o;e;jdH. epidtpy; mlq;fhj ngUq; fw;gpdshfpa
epg;Gjp mq;F te;J> gRf;$l;lj;jpilNa epw;Fk; VW Nghd;w
rPtfdpd; vopiy Nehf;fp> Gdf;nfhb Nghd;w Nfkrupapd; moNfhL
Gz;zpa ek;gpahk; rPtfdpd; moif xg;gpl;Lg; ghHj;J> mt;
ths;fz;zhs; mfd;whs;. rPtfid > thrnea; g+rp > kzpf;
Flj;jpypUe;J njspe;j ePiug; nga;J ePuhl;bdH. ,dpa Gifiaj;
jd;dplk; nfhz;l Milia mtd; mzpe;j gpd;dH> Njd; nrhupAk;
khiyiaAk;> kw;Ws;s mzpfisAk; mtDf;F kfspH
mzptpj;jdH. cz;Zkplj;ijr; re;jdj;jhy; nkOfp > Kj;jhNy
Nfhykpl;ldH . gpd;> Njd; kyHkhiy azpe;j > faw; fz;izg;
ngw;w kfspH rPtfid mioj;Jr; nrd;W cl;GFe;jdH. mofpa
nghw;fyj;jpNy rpwe;j czit mspj;jdH. mtDk;> mtHfs;
Gfo;e;J $w> cz;lhd;. gj;jpahfr; tupirahf nra;ag;gl;l gRe;
jpz;izapd;Nky;> Xtpar; rpwg;Gg; ngw;w ,Uf;ifapNy> myHe;j
khiyazpe;j rPtfd; mkHe;J> Kj;Jkzp Nghd;w fufj;jpypUe;J
thHj;j ePiuf; nfhz;L xOq;fhff; ifayk;gp Kbj;jhd;. xU
KOg; gspq;if mWj;J > mjd; gf;fj;Nj nghd;dplg;gl;l gj;jpapy;>
tpspk;gpy; Kj;Jf;fis mOj;jpa> gtsj; jr;rH iftpidAila>
njspe;j nghd; milg;igapy; ghf;Fk;> kzq;fko; ntw;wpiyAk;> '
KfthrKk;> jdpg;ghFk; nrd;wd.
7.10. rPtfidf; fz;l Nfkrup fz;Zw fhisia fhz;lYk; if tis
kz; cw Njha;e;J mb tPo;e;jd khikAk;
cs; epiw ehZk; cile;jd Ntl;ifAk;
xs; epw jP tpisj;jhs; cUf;Fw;whs;
rPtfd; kzpahw; nra;j Fz;lyk; mire;J xsp tPRk;gb
ntw;wpiyiar; RUl;b nkd;W xspAz;lhFk; gb gy;iyj; Jilj;J>
ckpo;e;J> ,dpik fkOk; thrj;ij cl;nfhz;lhd;. gz;nzhj;j
nrhw;fis milahspd; gue;j Ve;jpa my;Fy;> tz;zKWk;
Nkfiy Mfpa ,it nghUj;jpa Milapd; cs;Ns epiy ngw;W
epd;W Gj;njhsp ckpOfpd;wd. ,it ghtpNaDila fz;izAk;
kdj;ijAk; jkf;F ,Ug;gplkhff; nfhz;ld. vd; cly;
KOtijAk; jd; kzk; fkOk; $e;jypdhy; fl;b eLNt tise;j
typa tpy;yhfpa jd; GUtj;jhy; Gilj;J > tUj;Jk; kyuida
neLq; fz;fshy; capiug; gpse;J> nfhbatSila
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
,sq;nfhq;iffs; vd;idf; nfhy;Yk;> nfhy;Yk;.
kzKs;sitaha;> fr;rpdhNy fl;lg;gl;litaha;> nfhba
jd;ikAilaitaha;> Fq;Fkk; g+rg;gl;litaha;> mbaplk; gue;J
Kj;Jfis mzpe;jitaha; tpsq;Fk;> tpUg;ge; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;
nfhq;iffs; jk;ikr; Rke;jpUf;Fk; ,ilahfpa ,lj;ijj;
Jd;GWj;Jtdthk;. ,it vd;id vd;d nra;ah? vy;yhj;
Jd;gj;ijAk; jUk;.| fupa epwKiladtha; cs;Ns
kzKiladtha;> fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;ldtha;> filf; FiojYld;
fOj;jpd; Gwj;Nj apUf;Fk; $e;jy; > rpte;j ePz;l> ngupa
tpopfisg; NghyTk; tUj;jk; jUfpd;wd. Muhapd; ,it vy;yhk;
nra;a ty;yd. fhjy; jd;ikiaj; jd; fz;Zs;Ns mlf;fp >
mf;fz; vd;Dk; Jhjpdhy; jhd; fUjpa nghUis vdf;F mwptpj;J>
jd; Rw;wj;jhHf;Fj; jd; fhjy; jd;ik ntspg;glhjthW kiwj;j
Nfkrupapd; Nehf;fk; flypy; Njhd;wpa mKijAk;> ,e;j cyifAk;
jdf;F tpiyahff; nfhs;Sk;. Ky;iy kyH khiyiaAila>
,izahf tpsq;Fk; nta;a nfhq;iffs;> kw;iwa cWg;GfSf;Ff;
nfhlhj> kpFfpd;w typikiaj; jPHj;J Kj;Jf;fis mzpe;J>
kpd;Dk; ,fohj kzpfspy; ey;ydtw;iwf; fiuj;Jf; nfhz;L
vOjp> ey;y nghw;fr;rhfpa Kfglhj;ijAk; itg;g> ,jdhy;
ntspg;gl;Lf; nfhy;y Kbahky; glhj;Js;NsNa epd;W> Misf;
Nfhgpj;J Nehf;fp > cs;sk; mod;W fz; fupe;jd. tz;Lfs;
cz;zf; fw;w $e;jiyAila Nfkrupapd; fz;fs; > Cidj;
jpd;df; fw;w vkdJ ifapYs;s kzpfs; gjpj;j NtyhFk;@ $d;
gpiw Nghd;w GUtk;> xg;gw;w $w;wpd; cUtkhFk;. Ftpe;j
nfhq;iffs;> $w;Wtd; ifapYs;s ghrkhFk; . ,t;thW ,Uf;fTk;
ehd; capH tho Mirg;gLfpNwd; . vdNt ehd; kf;fSf;Fs;Ns
,uq;fj;jf;ftd;. fw;gfkhiyAilacUtpw;F tpsf;fkhk;
nghw;G+q;nfhbahd Nfkrup> jpUkfSf;Fk; KUfDf;Fk; fhkDf;Fk;
vdf;Fk; neUq;fpa rilia Aila rptngUkhDf;Fk; gifahf
,Uf;fpd;whs.;
7.11. rPtfd; Nfkrup jpUkzk; ,b ckpo; vwp jpiu Kof;fpy; gy;ypak;
nfhb mzp tpay; efH FOkp MHj;J vo
fb kzk; ,aw;wpdhH flTs; ehspdhy;
tb kyH Nfhijia ike;jw;F vd;gNt
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
fiyj; njhFjpfspd; eyk; gytw;iwAk; mwpe;j rPtfd;>
jd;Nky; md;Gila Nfkrupapd; mofpid ,t;thW epidj;jgb
,Uf;f> Rgj;jpud;> kiyfspd; jpus; Nghd;w kjk; nghUe;jpa
ahidfisAila murDf;Fk;> jd; Rw;wj;jhHf;Fk; njupAk;gb kdr;
nra;jpia mwptpj;jhd;. nfhbazpe;j ngUefupy; > ey;y ehspy;
rPtfDf;Ff; Nfkrupia ,bapd; xypAk; miyfly; Kof;fKk;
Nghyg; gy jpUkz thj;jpaq;fs; xypf;fj; jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhLj;jdH. kzpahw; nra;j Flj;ij mOj;jp itj;jhw; Nghd;w
NjhisAila rPtfdJ> cUt mofpw;Ff; $wg;gl;l E}ypy;
ty;ytHf;Fk; Gfo ,lk; nfhlhj mofpid> mzpfSf;F ,lkhd
Nfkrupapd; xspUk; moFlNd gpzpj;jjhy;> mtd; EfHe;j ,d;gk;
ePq;fhjjhapw;W. mofpa Mil ngUk; miyahf> ngupa>
tpUg;g%l;Lk; nfhq;if Ve;jpa kiyahf> jdJ ,uf;fk; ePupd;
mirthf> typa ,U Njhs;fSk; ghk;ghff; nfhz;L mts;
filjypdhy; mf;fhkf; fly; mtDf;F mKjk; <e;jJ.
rPtfDila khiyfs; mtd; khHgpypUe;j re;jdr;
Nrw;wpilNa Fioe;J cilAk;gb> kyHkhiyazpe;j neba
$e;jiyAk; grpa tisay;fisAk; ngw;w Nfkrupapd;> rupahj
nfhq;iffs; KOFkhW gha;jyhy; mofpa rpyk;Gk; my;FypypUe;j
NkfiyAk; tha;tpl;L Muthuk; nra;jd. mtSila khiyAk;
$e;jYk; Fiya> Ftpe;j nfhq;ifNky; mzpe;j thr khiyapd;
kyHfs; rpe;j> mzpfyDk; fly; Kj;Jk; gpzq;fp xd;wpy; xd;W
%o;fg; GzHjypdhy; fhjYk; fspg;Gk; kpff; nfhz;L> ,uTk; gfYk;
gpupahjtuha;> ,wg;Gk; gpwg;Gk; mw;w jd;ik cila NjtHfisg;
Nghd;wtuhapdH. Copdhy; md;G kpf;ftuhd xg;gid nra;j
khiyazpe;j rPtfDk;> kyuzpe;j nfhb Nghd;w NfkrupAk;> rpwe;j
kyHr; NrhiyapYk;> FspHe;j Fsj;jpYk; Mb> RidapYs;s
Ftisiag; gwpj;J kyH #o;e;j fz;zpahfr; nra;J> GzHr;rpr;
rpwg;ig EfHe;J tho;e;jdH.
7.12. rPtfd; Nfkrup ,U jpq;fs; ,d;GWjy; nghope;J cF fhjy; g+z;L Gy;Yif tplhJ nry;y
fope;jd ,uz;L jpq;fs; fhisAk; kw;NwhH ehshy;
gpope;J nfhs;T mida ngz;ik nga; tis Njhsp-
jd;NdhL
mope;J tPo; mUtp Fd;wpy; Ma; kyH fhT Gf;fhd;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
epiwe;J Gwj;Jk; Njhd;Wfpd;w fhjy; nfhz;L> ,t;thW
,izjiyf; iftplhJ tho> ,uz;L khjq;fs; nrd;wd.
tbj;njLj;jhw; Nghd;w ngz;ikiaAila> tisazpe;j
Njhspdhshfpa NfkrupAld; rPtfd;> ngUfp tpOk; mUtpiaAila
kyHr; Nrhiyapy; GFe;jhd;. nghd;dpwf; fha;fis cila fKFk;
nghd; Nghd;w fdpfisg; ngw;w thioAk; #og;ngw;W
g+q;fpisAila RuGd;id kuKk;> jPk;G kuKk; nghUe;jpa fUg;g+ur;
NrhiyapNy> khq;fpisfspy; kapy;fs; Ml> rz;gfg; g+f;fs;
rpe;Jfpd;w ,dpa Ris ngw;w Fd;wpNy rpwg;Gw Vwpdhd;. jpid
tpise;j Gdj;jpNy rpte;j thiaAila rpwpa fpspfisf; Nfkrup
Xl;l> mofpa tisazpe;j mtsJ Fuiyf; fpspapd; FuyhfNt
fUjp mit Nghftpy;iy mjdhy; mf;Nfhijahs; ehzp nghd;dup
khiyahy; Xl;l> mg;NghJk; mit Nghftpy;iy. xypf;Fk;
foyzpe;j rPtfd; mijf; fz;L jhNd nrd;W mf; fpspfis
Xl;bdhd;. vupAk; moy; nfhz;l Nty;Nghd;w fz;fspdhy; vd;
capiuf; nfhs;is nfhz;l kyHf;nfhk;Ng> nrt;tpa jioapidAk;
khiyapidAk; Ve;jp epd; rpw;wbfis tzq;f te;Njd; ,dp
capUldpUe;J epd; Vty; nra;Ak; flik ngw;NwNdh?
clk;igtpl;L ,we;J tpLNtNdh? ige;jio ALj;j my;Fy;
ghitNa> Nkw;$wpa ,uz;by; xd;iw mUs;f" vd;W mtisg;
Gfo;e;jhd;. tPizAk; Nta;q;FoYk; ghYk; mKjKk; fUk;Gk;
NjDk;> ,d;dpir jUk; ahOk; ,d;Ritf; fspAk; Mfpa ,tw;iw
vy;yhk; ntd;w fpspNghy; NgRk; tzpf kfspH Kjy; nfl fhupak;
nra;ahH vd;W njspe;J mtsJ g+zzpe;j nfhq;iffs; tpk;kj;
jOtp ,d;g eyk; gUfpdhd;. gpiwr; re;jpud; nrt;thdj;NjapUe;J
xspu;tJ Nghy;> Fq;Fkk; mzpe;j khHgpy; G+z;l fjpH tPRk; Kj;J
khiy kpsWk;gb jdpa NfkrupAld; ,Ue;jNghJ> kzkyH
khiyapdhd; > tz;ilf; fz;L ,uT gpupaf; fUjp xU nkhop
ciuj;jhd.; fupa tz;Nl> eP ,k;khjupd; kyH khiyapy; Njidg;
gUf te;jNghJ> mq;Fs;s epd; ngil tz;L mq;NfNa ,wthkYk;>
tUj;jk; ,d;wpAk; ,Uf;FNkh? epd; ngil tz;L ,we;jhy; ePAk;
,we;J tpLtha; vd;gijf; fUjp> cd;dplj;jpYs;s njhopiy
KjypNyNa jd;dplj;Jf; nfhs;shikahy;> ,we;J tplhky;
Mw;wpapUf;Fk; my;yth" vd;whd; rPtfd;. fjputd; fhiyapy;
Fotpaha;g; gpwe;J> ez;gfypy; Fkudhfp ntk;ik kpFe;J>
khiyapy; Mir ePq;fpa Kjpatdhfpr; rpwe;j fjpHfs; rpwg;gpoe;J
126
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nfl;L> Nkw;wpirapy; tpOjypd;> rPtfd;> KuYk; tz;L
CjpahbayHe;j ky;ypif khiyiar; #l;b> Foypir Nghd;w
nkhopahs; NfkrupNahL tskhd mfpw;Gif g+l;lg;gl;l mkspia
mile;jhd;. jpUkfs; ciwAk; khHgpddhd rPtfdJ mofpa
khiy fyf;FjyhNy ,d;g Ntjid aile;J ,isj;j Nfhijahk;
Nfkrup > rpwe;j xspnghUe;jpa ngUq; fz;fshfpa ePyj;ijf;
Ftpj;j mstpy; tpop %baTld; mg;nghd; Nghd;whis ePq;ff; fUjp
mkspapypUe;J vOe;J gtoj;jhyhfpa typa jhiog; ngw;w
gytif kzpfs; gjpj;j fjit mile;jhd; rPtfd;.
7.13. rPtfd; Nfkrupia tpl;Lg; gpupjy ; my;ypAs; ghit md;dhs; mwpTwh tifapd; xw;wp
nky;yNt jpwe;J ePf;fp kpd;Dtpl;L ,yq;F igk; g+z;
nfhy; rpd klq;fy; md;dhd; nfhO epjp khlk; ePe;jp
gy; fjpH gUjp Nghy gha; ,Us; VfpdhNd
xsp tPrpj; jpfOk; mzpfs; mzpe;j nfhy;Yk; rpdKila
rpq;fk; Nghd;w rPtfd;> jhkiu kyupy; cs;s jpUkfs; Nghd;w
Nfkrup mwpahjthW> nky;yj; jhioj; js;spf; fjitj; jpwe;J>
tskpFe;j nry;tj;ij cila khlq;fisf; fle;J> epiwe;j
fjpHfisAila #upaidg; Nghyr; nrwpe;j ,UspNy nrd;whd;. xsp
tpsq;Fk; mzpfs; mzpe;j ngha;ifapy; cs;s> jz;ilAila
jhkiu kyH Nghd;w moFld; tpsq;Fk; Kfj;jpidAila Nfkrup>
jd; tsUk; nfhq;iffspd;Nky; gbj;J> ehs;NjhWk; tsHfpd;w
gpiwkjp Nghd;W ,d;gk; jUk; fhjyidf; fhzhJ tUe;jpdhs.;
fdtpy; mts; Nghff; fz;lhs;.
7.14. Nfkrupapd; gpupTj;Jau; fdp nfhs; fhkk; fye;J capH xd;wypd;
,dpaH kq;ifaH vd;gJ $Wtha;
gdp nfhs; kh kjp Nghy; grg;G Cu ahd;
jdpas; MtJ jf;fJNth nrhyha;
muj;jhy; muhTjyhy; cz;lhfpa nghd; J}s; Nghd;w Njky;
glHe;j nfhq;ifiaAila Nfkrupia ePq;fpa rPtfd;> mq;qdk;
,utpy; nry;y> xsp tpsq;Fk; tisazpe;J nkype;j nkd;ikahd
NjhSila> tuk; jUk; nja;tj;ijg; Nghd;w Nfkrup> ,Uz;l
,utpy; jd; fz;l fdthy; Jhf;f kaf;fk; ePq;fp> tpopj;J vOe;J>
vq;Fk; Njbg; ghHj;Jf; fztidf; fhzhJ kpfTk; tUe;jpdhs;.
mofpa kzpfs; gjpj;j nrk;nghd;dhyhfpa g+q;nfhb Nghd;w Nfkrup
127
Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
jd; fz;zpd; fUkzpg; ghit Nghd;w fztd; kiwe;J nrd;w
,lj;ijf; fhzhjtsha; khlj;jpy; vupAk; kzptpsf;fpd; xspiaj;
Njb miye;J> xU ehfg; ghk;G jd; mupa khzpf;fkzpia ,oe;J
tUe;Jtijg; Nghy; tUe;jpdhs;. IaNd! eP vq;Nf ,Uf;fpd;wha;@
ehd; cd;idg; gpupe;J jdpahf ,Uf;f mQ;RfpNwd;@ ePz;l
Njhs;fis cilatNd> ,g;NghNj cliy tpl;L vd; capH
Nghfj; Jzpfpd;wJ @ vdNt ehd; epiwaope;Njd; Mjyhy; vd;
jiytNd! vd;id te;J jOtpf; nfhs;f" vd;W Njd; NghYk;
,dpa nrhw;fshy; nrhy;yp tUe;jpdhs;. md;G fspe;j fhjy;
capNuhL xd;wp cwthLk; NghJ kq;ifaH ,dpikAilahH vd;W
Kd;G eP $wpdha;! mt;thW $wpa ePNa> ,g;NghJ> gdp %ba
KOkjp Nghyg; griy glHe;J ehd; Jd;Gw vd;idj; jdpNa
jtpf;f tpLtJ cdf;Fj; jFjpjhdh? nrhy; vd;W nrhy;yp
tUe;jpdhs;.
IaNd! cd;id ehbr; nry;Yk; vd; neQ;Rld; if tisAk;
foYk;> fz;fSk; kaq;fp ehw;GwKk; RoYk;> clYk; cUFk;
nghd;Nghy; nfhjpj;J cUFfpd;wJ@ mjdhy; nghWf;f KbahJ
Jd;GWfpd;Nwd;@ epoiyg; Nghy ePj;jw;fupa fhjiyAk; eP
iftpl;lhNah? vd;W nrhy;yp tUe;jpdhs;. Muha;e;J njhLj;j
ky;ypif khiyia ehd; tpUk;gpr; #bDk;> NgijNa! g+q;nfhb
Nghd;w cd; nky;ypil tUe;Jk; ' vd;W $Wk; tQ;rfNd! ,g;NghJ
ehd; fUfp tUe;j> mij eP fhz;gjw;Fk; typikAiliaNah? vdr;
nrhy;yp tUe;jpdhs;. ,tsJ njhz;ilf; fdp mida
nrt;thiaAk;> njha;apy; nfhb vOjpa nfhq;ifiaAk; fz;L
gpukDk; kdk; tUe;Jthd; vd;W Kd;dpiyg; Gwnkhopahf Kd;dHg;
Gfo;e;J $WthNa> Njd; epiwe;J topAk; khiy mzpe;jtNd! eP
Kd;G tz;bidg; ghHj;Jf; $wpa nkhopapd; nghUis ehd;
czHe;J nfhs;shJ NghNdNd" vd;W nrhy;yp tUe;jpdhs;.
tpy; ty;NyhNd! vd; capHf;Fj; JizahdtNd! Cly;
jPHe;J vd; khHigj; jOt epidg;gpd;> jiuapNy cd; jiyiaj;
jho;j;jp vd; fhy;fis md;Gld; jlTtha;! mj;jifa eP ,g;NghJ
vd;idg; Gwf;fzpj;Jr; nry;yf; fhuzk; ahnjhd;W
njupatpy;iyNa@ njupa mUStha;!" vd;W nrhy;yp> tUe;jpdhs;..
fly; Kj;Jkhiyazpe;j nfhq;iffspdhy;> jd; khHgpy; vt;tsT
,lk; cz;Nlh mt;tstpYk; NjhAk;gb ehd; jOt> vd;NdhL
ciwfpd;wtd;> ,dp kPz;Lk; vd;dplj;jpy; tutpy;iyahdhy; ehd;
128
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
,d;Dk; capH thOk; epiyik mwpahikNa ahFk;" vd;W nrhy;yp
tUe;jpdhs;. eWkzkpf;f khiyazpe;jtNd ! vd;dplj;jpy;
fhl;ba md;gpdhNy vd; Rw;wj;jhH vd;id ehs;NjhWk; ngWfpd;w
md;Gilats; vd;W $Wtjy;yhky;> FiwAk; md;Gilats; vd;W
$Wthupy;iy. vdNt cd;id epidj;J> cUFk; vYk;GlNd kdk;
mopfpd;w vdf;F > mUs; Gupa tUtha;." vd;W nrhy;yp
tUe;jpdhs;. jpidg; Gdj;jpy; thOk; kapNy> nghopNy> ePH kpFe;j
ngha;ifNa> moF nghUe;jpa RuGd;id kuNk> kiyNa> flNy>
gy;tif kzpfshy; Md mofpa mzpfis mzpe;j vd;
fztid ehd; milNtdh? cq;fisg; Nghw;wp tzq;FfpNwd; >
mtd; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij ciug;gPuhf vd;W nrhy;yp tUe;jpdhs.;
tise;j ntk;ikahd tpy;ypypUe;J tUk; mk;gpDk; nfhbajhfpa>
es;spuT nra;Ak; tUj;jk; ngupjhapUf;fpd;wJ. ePz;l
xspf;fjpHfisAila ntz;zpyTk; gpupe;jpUj;jw;F ,uq;fhJ
vd;id tUj;Jk;. ,t;tsT Jd;gj;jpw;Fk; vdf;Fj; Jizahf
,Ue;J> mwf;flTNs! mUs; nra;akhl;lhNah? vd;W nrhy;yp
tUe;jpdhs;.
fz; kyHfNs! mtd;> ' ,f; fz;fs; fay; kPd;fs; ' vd;W
$wpg; Gfo;e;jNghJ mg;Gfopy; kaq;fp ePq;fs; md;Gw;Wf; fplf;f>
maNydhfpa ehs; mwpahjthW mtd; cq;fSf;Ff; $wpanjy;yhk;
,g;gpupitg; gw;wpj;jhdh? ,dpNadhfpa vdf;F Kd;G ,dpauhf
,Ue;jPNu> ,dp ca;Ak; topiaf; $WtPuhf!" vd;W nrhy;yp
tUe;jpdhs;. mtd; epidit tpUk;Gk; NjhspizfNs! grpj;J
itj;jJ Nghd;w jd;ikadthff; flypy; gpwe;j rq;F
tisay;fisAk; xspiaAila Kj;Jf;fisAk; mzpe;J> Njhspy;
fUk;igAk; nfhq;iffspy; njha;apy; nfhb Kjypatw;iwAk; vOjp>
ek;ikg; GfOk; kzk; fko; khiyazpe;jtd; vt;topr; nrd;whd;?
jOTjiy nefpo;e;J nry;ytpl;l ePtpH mtd; nrd;w ,lj;ij
mwptPH! ck;ik ehd; ,d;Wk; Gfo;jw;F mts; nrd;W ,lj;ijf;
$WtPuhf! " vd;W nrhy;yp tUj;jpdhs;. Nfkrup " nfhba
nfhq;iffNs ! nea; g+rpa xspkpf;f NtypidAila rPtfd;
khHgpidj; jOtpf; fple;j ePq;fs;> mtidg; gpupe;J Nghfhjgb
gpzpf;fj; jtwptpl;BHfs;@ ,dp vd; nra;Ntd;! " vd;W fz;zPH
FskhFkhW mOjhs;.
ghy;NghYk; ,dpa nkhop NgRk; Nfkrup> jhd; mOj
fz;zPupNy Njhd;wpa> jd; moF nfl;l epoy; thb tUe;jp
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mOtjidf; fz;L> “ vd; md;ghHe;j NjhopNa> eP tUe;jhNj!
moTk; nra;ahNj! mtH ekf;Fg; gifahthNuh? MfhH! " vd;W
$wpj; Njw;wpdhs;. jhd; mzpe;j kzkpF jiykhiyfs; tpOe;J
fz;zPiuAila epyj;ij kiwf;f> Co; tpisahy; Jd;GWk;
Nfkrup > epoyhfpa Njhopiaf; fhzhjtdha;> xsptPRk;
tisay;fs; mzpe;j mts; mtidj; NjLjw;Fg; Nghdhs;@
jhkjpf;fTk; nra;jhs;@ ,dp> mtidj; Njbf; fz;L mioj;J
tUths; vd;whs;. ahopir NghYk; ,dpa nkhopAila Nfkrup>
mofpa ,sik nghUe;jpa kapNy! FapNy! ,sik nghUe;jpa
eilaofhy; Nkk;gl;l md;dg; ngilNa! mofhd fpspNa' vd;Dld;
tpisahLk; vd; jiytidj; NjLq;fs; " vd;W $Wtjw;Fs; nka;
NrhHe;J tpOe;jhs;.
7.15. Nfkrupf;Fj; nja;tk; MWjy; $Wjy; kw;Nghupy; rpwe;j rPtfdJ gpupTj; JaH vd;Dk; jPapy;
kiyapy; tsHe;j ,s %q;fpy; Nghd;w NjhisAk;> Kj;Jg; Nghd;w
gw;fisAk;> rpte;j thiaAk;> tpy; Nghd;w GUtj;ijAk; cila
Nfkrup nte;J fplf;Fk;NghJ > xsp nghUe;jpa mt; tPl;by; thOk;
nja;tk; mts; epiyiaf; fz;L tUe;jpf; $Wk;. giftHjk;
clypy; Gz; cz;lhf;f tpUk;Gk; Gyhy; kzk; fkOk; thNse;jpa
ifapidAk > nghw; foypidAk;> njhLj;j Gjpa
khiyapidAKila> fz; fhztpUk;Gk; moFila rPtfidf;
fhkNd fz;lhYk;> mf; fhkDf;Fk; ,iria tpUk;Gk;
nkhopiaAk;> gtsk; Nghd;w nrt;thiaAk;> jsuhj nfhq;ifiaAk;
mfd;w my;FiyAk; cila ngz;ikia mila tpUk;Gk; Mir
kdj;jpNy Njhd;Wk; vd;why;> ngz; khd; Nghd;w Nfkrupf;Fg;
gpiof;Fk; jd;ikAz;Nlh?.“ fhl;by;> Njdhfpa nea;apy; fdpiaj;
Njha;j;jJ Nghd;w ,dpa ftsj;ij cz;Zk;gb ngupa
Jjpf;ifahy; Cl;bj; jOTfpd;w kjk; nghUe;jpa Mz; ahid
gpupe;J nrd;why;> ngz; ahidf;F tho;Tz;Nlh? mijg; Nghy>
Nfkrupapd; fhy; mbapy; jd; jiyiaj; jho;j;jp tzq;fp Cly;
jPHj;Jf; $Lk; nfhil ts;syhd rPtfd; gpupe;j gpwF Nfkrupf;F
tho;T cz;Nlh? jd;idj; jOtpa fztd; $wpa tz;bd;
tbtha;> nkd;nfhq;ifiaAila ,y;Yiw nja;tk; mts; vjpupNy
te;jTld;> tUe;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j> tpsq;Fk; Nghd; Nghd;w Njky;
gle;j NkdpiaAk;> ePy epwf; fz;fisAk; cila Nfkrup> tz;il
Nehf;fpj; jd; fztd; Kd;dHf; $wpaij czHe;J fztDf;F
130
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
mj;jifa gopAk;> ,we;JgLjYk; NeUNkh vd mQ;rp> Nghjw;Fj;
Jzpe;j capiuAk; NghfhJ jhq;fpdhs;. gQ;rpd;Nky; kpjpj;J
ele;jhYk; tUe;Jfpd;w mbAila Nfkrup> “tQ;rpj;Jf; $Wk;
thAila ePy epw tz;LfNs! ePtpH> ,we;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;
Jauk; ePq;FkhW kio Nkfk; gbAk; nghd; khlj;jpNy te;J
jq;Fk;> njhoj;jf;f ,y;Yiw nja;tkhtPuhf " vd;whs;. tpk;kpg;
gUf;Fk; mofpa nfhq;iffisj; jhq;f Kbahky; ,il tUe;jp
nkypa > xU ge;ijAk; vLf;f Kbahj Nfkrup> ghy; file;njLj;j
ntz;nzahy; Md ghit ntapypy; cUfpaijg; Nghy cly;
iee;J nfl > thd eq;iff;F ,l;l new;wpr; Rl;b Nghd;w moFld;
nts;sp Kisj;jJ.
7.16. jhahd epg;Gjp Nfkrupiaj; Njw;Wjy; gpwq;fpd nfLq;fs; ahTk; GzHe;jtH gpuptH Ngrpd;
,wq;fpd tPOk; Nkyha; Xq;fpa vz;zpy; Nahdp
gpwe;jtH rhtH nrj;jhH gpwg;gNt vd;d Nehf;fp
fwq;F ,ir tz;L ghLk; Nfhij eP ftyy; vd;whs;
Nfkrup > nfhOe;J tpl;nlupAk; jPapy; gl;l khe;jspH Nghy
kaq;fp thbj; jd; njhz;ilf; Fuy; xypia> KWf;fptplg;gl;l
euk;igAila ghnohypapdpd;Wk; Ntwhf ePf;fp tUe;jp mo
mjdhy; cz;lhd mOif xyp Nfl;L tPl;bYs;shH jpuz;L
te;jdH. mg;nghOJ mofhd kyH khiyAila Nfkrupapd; jhahd
epg;Gjp mtsplk; $wYw;whs;. ew;FbapNy gpwe;J> nfhba gpwtpj;
Jauhfpa Ntiu mWj;J> cz;ik newpapy; epd;W> vt;tifapYk;
jtwpd;wp> ehk; Kd; nra;j jtg; gadhf te;J> mad; tr;rpuj;jpd;
Edpahy; vOjpa mopahj vOj;ijg; Nghd;wtd; cdf;fspj;j
,d;gj;ijj; jtwhky;> NkYk; eP ngWtha; " vd;whs;. ,d;dpir
ghb tz;Lfs; nkha;f;Fk; khiy mzpe;jtNs! cyfpy; moFs;sd
ahTk; mopAk;@ $batH gpuptH@ Muha;e;J ghHj;jhy; caHe;jit
jhOk;. fzf;fw;w gpwtpfspy; gpwe;jtH ,wg;gH@ ,we;jtH gpwg;gH.
vdNt ,d;gKk; Jd;gKk; khwp khwp tUk; ,t;Tyf ,ay;ig
czHe;J eP ftiyg;gLtij tpLf vd;whs;. vupAk; jPapd;
jd;ikiaj; jd;dplj;Nj nfhz;l fhkg;GzHr;rpahw; ngWk; ,d;gk;
ePHj;Jsp Nghd;wjhFk;@ mdhy; gpupthy; NeUk; Jd;gNkh ngupa
fliy xj;jjhFk;@ ,j;jifa gpupTj;Jauhy; iee;J cUfp cly;
mopAkhdhy;> ,k;ik kWikfspy; ngWk; jd;ikia xUtUk;
va;jhH vd Md;NwhH $wf; Nfl;bUf;fpNwhk; my;yth ? vdNt
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
gpupthy; tUe;jhNj! kf;fspd; ,sikg; gUtk; ePHf;FkpopNghy;
tpiutpy; mopAk;@ mtHfs; ngWk; ,d;gNkh kpd;diyg; Nghy; kpf
tpiutpy; kiwAk;@ mtHfsJ nry;tKk; ntapiyf; fz;l gdp
Nghy; mopAk;@ ,dpa ,ir nghopAk; ey;y ahopdJ ,spvd;Dk;
euk;gpDk; ,dpa nrhy;iy cilatNs! jPtpidapd; gad; mg;gb
typjhapUf;Fk;@ MfNt gpupit vz;zp tUe;Jtjhy; vd;d gad;?|
ey; Milapd; Nky; Gjpa nghd; Nkfiyiar; #o itj;J eQ;R
Fbnfhz;l ghk;gpdJ glj;ijg; gopj;J mfd;w my;FyhNy Gwj;Nj
fhtypl;L > nfhq;if khHNg xU rpiwf; Nfhl;lkhf> mk;
khHgpNyNa jq;Fk;gb jk; fztiur; rpiwg;gLj;jp itf;fj;
njupahj kfspH gpupTj; Jauj;ij tpLthuhf! " J}a Mil mzpe;j
> my;FiyAila > kzpahy; nra;j ghit Nghd;w Nfkrup > kzk;
kpf;f khiyAila rPtfd; tz;bDf;F ciuj;j nrhy;yhfpa
fapw;why; md;G kpFjpahy; ePq;fhjgb fl;lg;gl;l capiu kl;LNk
cilatshfp > kw;w clk;ngy;yhk; gpire;jplg; gl;lnjhU
gpizay; khiyia xj;jhs;.
7.18. rPtfd; gazk; glj;ijAila ghk;gpdhy; tpOq;fg;gl;l xsp tPRk; epyitg;
Nghy moF nfl;L gpupT vd;Dk; Jauj;jpNy %o;fp eLeLq;fp
neQ;RUfp tUe;Jk; fupa $e;jiyAila Nfkrup> jd; fztid
tiy tpupj;Jj; NjLtJ Nghy; vq;Fk; NjbAk; fhz Kbatpy;iy.
Mdhy; fhis Nghd;w rPtfNdh jd; Nghf;fpy; nrd;W
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. xsp tpLk; gspq;fhw; nra;j Flj;jpNy ghiy
Ve;jpf; fupa epwKila Nrw;wpNy tPOkhW nrhuptijg; Nghy> xsp
tpsq;Fk; jpq;fshfpa nja;tk; jd; xspf; fjpHfis ,UspNy
%o;Fk;gb nrhupe;J> kfspuJ griy nfhz;l Kfk; Nghyj; Njhd;wp
tise;j fly; Nky; Kisj;jJ. rPtfd; nry;Yk; topapy; cs;s
,Ul;il Xl;l Ve;jpa if tpsf;ifg; Nghy kpfr; rpwe;j jpq;fs;
Kisj;jjhy; mtDk; rpwpJ J}uk; tpiue;J nrd;whd;. mt;tstpy;
jd; jd;ikapy; xU rpwpJk; khWglhj QhapW miyflypy;
Kisj;njo> mt;topNa nry;Yk; xUtDf;F NkNyhdhfpa rPtfd;
jd; mzpfyd;fisf; nfhLf;f tpUk;gpdhd.;
7.19. topg;Nghf;fd; re;jpg;Gk; rPtfd; mwTiuAk; mg;nghOJ mt;topNa te;j topg;Nghf;fd; > rPtfid
Nehf;fp> ePH ve;j CH? ,g;NghJ ve;j CUf;F te;jPH? ckf;F
kidtpaH vj;jid NgH? kf;fspy; ey;nyhOf;fk; cilatH
132
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
vj;jid NgH? xOf;fk; ,y;yhjtH vj;jid NgH? " vd;W Nfl;lhd.;
mjw;Fr; rhd;Nwhdhfpa rPtfd;> ehDk; ,t;Tlk;gplj;Njd;@ ,t;Tlk;G
vLj;jw;F te;Njd; vdf;F kidtpaH ehd;FNgH@ kf;fSs; xOf;fk;
,y;yhjhH ahUk; ,y;iy: xOf;fk; cilatd; xUtd;
,Uf;fpd;whd;" vd;W gjpy; $wpdhd; . xOf;fk; cila kfd;
xUtNd mtDk; ehd;F jha;khuJ tapw;wpNy gpwe;jpUf;fpwhd;
vd;W $wf;Nfl;L cyfpy; ,tidg; Nghy; ,dpatHfs; ahH
,Ug;ghHfs?; vd;W $wp mwptpy;yhj topg;Nghf;fd; eifj;jhd;.
gpd;> mwpTila ,td; $w;wpYk; xU nghUs; ,Uf;Fk;@ vdNt
tpupthff; Nfl;Nghk; vd;W vz;zp> “ ey;ytNd> eP ,g;NghJ
$wpajd; nghUis > ed;F tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;" vd;W Ntz;bf;
nfhz;lhd;. mt;thNw rPtfd; tpsf;f> topg;Nghf;fDk; ftdkhff;
Nfl;lhd; . . " ey;y jhdk; > ey;y xOf;fk; > jtwpy;yhj jtk;>
mwptH topghL vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; ,e;ehd;Fk; ehd; Kd; $wpa
kidtpaH@ ,j;jifa ehd;F kidtpaH tapw;wpYk; gpwe;J> gad;
mspg;gtdhfpa ' ey;tpid ' vd;Dk; me;j xg;gw;w kfNd
Nkhl;rfjpf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yk; cuNthdhthd;@ mtidg;
ngw;wtNu kf;fisg; ngw;wtuhtH@ mt; TuNthidg; ngwhjtH
kf;fisg; ngwhjtH MtH@ mtH ngw;w gpw kf;fSk; mtH kf;fs;
my;yH. glnkLf;Fk; ghk;G Nky;Njhiy cupg;gijg; Nghy
mfg;gw;Wk;> Gwg;gw;Wk; Jwe;J ghHg;gtH nka; rpypu;f;fj; jt
newpia Nkw;nfhz;L> Ik;nghwpfshy; Njhd;Wk; Mirfis
ntd;whHf;F kfpo;e;J mspg;gNj jhdk; vd;Wk;> ,d;Ritj; NjDk;
njspe;j fs;Sk; > capHfs; jq;Fjw;F ,lkhfpa CDk; Mfpa
,tw;iw mwNt ePf;FjNy ' xOf;fk; ' vd;Wk; ciuj;jhH
kpf;NfhH.' mjDld; jtwhky; rJHj;j rpapYk; ml;lkpapYk; gl;bdp
fple;J Nehd;G Nkw;nfhs;tNj nflhj jtk; ' vd;Wk; > FspHe;j
jpq;fisg; Nghd;w Kf;Filf;fPo; mkHe;j mUfg;ngUkhd;
jpUtbfis kyuhYk;> mfpw;GifahYk;> re;jdj;jhYk; mHr;rpj;jYk;
myq;fupj;jYk; Muhjid nra;jYk; gpw topghLfSk; Mfpa
,tw;iwNa ' g+ir ' vd;Wk; ciuj;jdH> Mfk E}iy czHe;j
rhd;NwhH. Nkw;$wpa jhdk; > rPyk; > jtk; > mwptH rpwg;G vd;Dk;
ehd;F newpfis kidtpaH MfTk; > ey;tpidia kfdhfTk;
cilatH thdtH cyif mile;J> nghd;khiy GuSk;
khHgpidAila ,e;jpuuha; tpz;Zyif Mz;L gpd;
rf;futHj;jpaha; cyfk; KOJk; Mz;L> Kf;Filf;fPo; mkHe;j
133
Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mUfg; ngUkhDf;Fr; rpwg;Gld; topghbaw;wpg; gpd;> tuk;gpyh ,d;gk;
mspf;Fk; Kf;jp cyifg; ngWjy; cz;ik vd;W $wyhk;.
Njd; nghUe;jpa kyH epiwe;j mNrhf ku ePoypy;
Kf;Filapd;fPo; vOe;jUspapUf;fpd;w mUfg; ngUkhNd tuk;gpyh
,d;g cyfpd; fjitj; jpwf;Fk; jhohfpa jpUtbia cila
jiytd; vd;gjid mwptPuhf ! ( NkYk; ) vl;NlDk; gj;NjDk;
,y;yhjtHf;F ( nghUs; ,y;yhHf;F ,t;Tyf ,d;gk; ,y;yhjijg;
Nghy> mUfg; ngUkhidj; njspahjhHf;F ey;tpidfs; rhuh
vd;gjidAk; czHtPuhf. maytH ahUk; ,y;yhj Ek; cwtpdH
CUf;Nf nrd;whYk;> mtNuhL rpdk; nfhz;ltiug; Nghyf; fl;Lr;
Nrhw;wpid vLj;Jf; nfhs;shky; Xub ntspNa vLj;J itf;f
khl;BHfNs!. mj;jifa ePq;fs;> $w;Wtd; vkJ capiuf; nfhz;L
jdpNa nfhba topapNy nry;Yk;NghJ> Njitg;gLk; vd;gjw;fhf
,g;NghNj ey;tpidahfpa fl;Lr; Nrhw;iwf; fl;bf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
me;Njh! moifj;jhd; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wPHfNs jtpu mwpitr; rpwpJk;
ngwtpy;iyNa! Ja;f;Fk; fhkj;jhYk; Jd;GWj;Jk; fs;shYk;>
nea; xOFk; CdhYk; tpistJ jPtpidNa vd;gjid mwptPuhf!
vdNt ,k;%d;iwAk; tpl;LtpLq;fs; vd;W $wpdhy;;> KUf;F
mtpo;e;j kyHkhiy #ba kq;ifaupd; gUj;j nfhq;ifNghy; fz;
rptf;f> jhk; tUe;j ed;ik $WNthiug; Gupe;J nfhs;shJ rpdk;
nfhs;fpwhHfNs! INah! ,/njd;d nfhLik! Cdhy; nra;j
clk;gpw;fhf> CDliyNa Rke;J> fOFf;fhf mijf; fhty;
nra;fpd;wtH kpfj; jPa Fw;wj;ijr; nra;a vz;Zk; ,Uk;G NghHj;j
typa kdj;juha;> Xl;il kur; nrtpauha;g; ghy; Nghyg; ngUfp
mKJ}Wk; ey;ywj;ijj; jhNkAk; mwpahH@ gpwH $wTk; NfshH.
xUtd; ,wf;Fk; epiyapy; tha;r; nrhy; tuhjjhy; ifahNy
nry;tj;jpuspd; msitf; Fwpg;ghff; fhl;l> kPd; Nghd;w fz;Zila
mtd; kidtp nghUs;fspd; msitg; gpwH mwpe;J nfhs;tij
tpUk;ghjtsha;> 'IaNd! tpshk;gokh Ntz;Lfpd;wPH! tpf;fy;
tUjyhy; mJ jUjw;F ,J jUzk; md;W@ vd; nra;Ntd; ' vd;W
$wp ey;ytisg; Nghy ebj;J> fztd; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;ba
gpwtw;wpw;Fk; ngha;g;nghUs; $wh Kd;dNk > gpwUf;Ff; nfhLj;J
cz;gij tpUk;Gq;fs; !“ FspHe;j jpq;fspd; xspia tpUk;gpg;
gUFk; my;yp kyiug; Nghd;w> mj; jpq;fis ntw;wp nfhs;fpd;w
moF KfKila kfspupd; Gd;difia tpUk;GNthH> Kbtpy;yhj
fhyk; vy;yhk; Jd;gk; jUk; jPa fjpfspy; Njhd;wp ehlfj;jpy;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Ntlk; khWgtiug; Nghy ntt;NtW ahf;if nfhz;L tUe;jpj;
jpuptH!. Mdhy; xspkpf;f ngupa jpq;fspd; fjpUf;F taypYs;s
jhkiu mQ;rpf; $k;Gtijg; Nghy> Foy; ,irapDk; kpf;f ,dpa
nrhy; NgRk; kq;ifaupd; moFf; Nfhyj;Jf;F mQ;rpNdhH gyUk;
njhOk;gb tpz;Zyif Ms;tH. ,q;qdk; mt;topg;Nghf;fDf;F
ed;nkhopfisf; $wp > xsptpLk; kzpAk; > tapuKk; nghUe;jpa
mzpfisnay;yhk; mtDf;F tpUk;gpf; nfhLj;J> 'eP nrd;W tUf'
vd;W $w mtDk;> rPtfid tyk; te;J tzq;fpr; nrd;whd;. gpd;>
tpy; njhopy; gapd;w ePz;l NjhSila rPtfd; ntk;ik kpf;f fhl;L
topapy; nry;yYw;whd;.
7.20. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; fhg;gpaj; jiytd; rPtfd; Nfkrup vd;Dk; vd;Dk;
kq;ifia kze;jij mwpe;Njhk.; ,Ujpq;fs; NfkrupNahL kfpo;thf
,Ue;j rPtfd; gpd;du; gpupe;J nrd;wijAk; mwpe;Njhk;.
7.21. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 1. jf;f ehl;bd; tsj;ij fhl;Lf.
2. Nfkrup gw;wp Nrhjpld; ciuj;jtw;iwj; jUf.
3. rPtfid fz;lJk; Nfkrupf;F epfo;e;jd ahit?
4. Nfkrupapd; gpupT Jaupid tpsf;Ff.
7.22. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y; 1. rPtfrpe;jhkzp – Qh. khzpf;fthrfd; ciu>
kzpthrfH gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id 1
2. rPtfrpe;jhkzp ciu eilapy; – uh.rPdpthrd;>
nfsuh gjpg;gff; FOkk;> nrd;id 5
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
$$WW..88--rrPPttff rrppee;;jjhhkkzzpp -- mmwwff;;ffUUjj;;JJff;;ffss;;
8.1. Kd;Diu
kdpjd; kd;duhf ,Uf;fyhk;@ kfspiu kzf;fyhk;@
mwnewp jtwhky; Nghuplyhk;@ Mdhy;> jd; flikfis
Mw;wpagpd;dH> ,Wjpapy; Kw;Wk; Jwe;J> jtk; Gupjy; capupd;
caHe;j flik vd;w rkzj;jpd; mwj; jj;Jtj;ij ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd;
fij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
8.2. rkz mwf; Nfhl;ghL rkz rkaj;jpd; nfhs;iffisAk; Nfhl;ghLfisAk;
kf;fspilNa vLj;Jiug;gjw;fhf vOe;j fhg;gpak; rPtf rpe;jhkzp.
ciuahrpupaH er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH rkz rkaj; jj;Jtq;fis ed;F
mwpe;j gpd;dNu ,e;E}Yf;F ciu vOjpdhH vd;W $WtH. me;j
msT rkz mwf;Nfhl;ghLfs; ,jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. mUfidj;
Jjpj;J Mq;fhq;Nf fhg;gpaj;jpy; ghly;fs; tUfpd;wd. cyf
epiyahik> nry;t epiyahik> ahf;if epiyahik vd;gd
gw;wpAk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Jwtwj;jpd; ngUik
epiyehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
8.3. gQ;r ek];fhuk; gQ;r ek];fhuk; vd;gJ rkz rkaj;jpd; %y ke;jpuk;. ,jd;
ngUikia czHj;Jk; epfo;r;rp xd;W FzkhiyahH ,yk;gfj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. jhk; cz;Ztjw;fhf me;jzH Mf;fpa Nrhw;iw
ehnahd;W ft;tpr; nrd;wJ. mjdhy; Nfhgq; nfhz;l me;jzH>
ehia mbf;f XbdH. eha; mQ;rp Xb> mUfpy; ,Ue;j Fsj;jpy;
gha;e;jJ. mtHfs; mjid mbj;J> mjd; fhiy xbj;jdH. mijf;
fz;lme;j ehapd; nrhe;jf;fhud; kpFe;j Jd;gk; mile;jhd;.
mtdJ Jd;gj;ijf; fz;l rPtfd;> gQ;r ek];fhuj;ij
ehapd;nrtpapy; Xjpdhd;. eha; nrtpkLj;J mjidf; Nfl;lJ. rpwpJ
Neuj;jpy; me;j eha; RjQ;rzd; vd;Dk; NjtdhfpaJ. RjQ;rzd;
jdf;F ele;jitfisnay;yhk; czHe;J nfhz;lhd;. rPtfd;
nray;> gpd;tUk; ghlypy; tpsf;fg;ngWfpwJ.
cWjpKd; nra;jJ ,d;wp xOfpNdd; vd;W neQ;rpy;
kWfy; eP gw;nwhL MHtk; tpl;bL kuz mr;rj;J
,Wfy; eP ,iwtd; nrhd;d Ik;gj mkpHjKz;lhy;
ngWjp ew; fjpia vd;W ngUeit mfw;wpdhNd.
(ghly;> 946)
136
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
~Kd;Nd nra;j ed;ik xd;Wkpy;iy vd;W epidj;J eP tUe;j
Ntz;lhk;. gw;iwAk; MHtj;ijAk; tpl;LtpL> ,wg;G
vd;Dk;mr;rj;ijf; nfhs;shNj@ ,t;thW tho;e;J> ,iwtd; $wpa
Ik;gjkhfpa mkpHjj;ij (gQ;r ek];fhuk;) eP gUfpdhy;
ew;fjpiamiltha;| vd;W $wp ehapd; ngUe;Jd;gj;ij ePf;fpdhd;.
cyfg;gw;iw ePf;fp> gQ;rek];fhuj;ij mwpe;jhy; ew;fjpia
milayhk; vd;w rkzf; Nfhl;ghL ,jd;
thapyhfntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
8.4. Kk;kzpf; Nfhl;ghL ey;Qhdk;> ew;fhl;rp> ey;nyhOf;fk; vd;git Kk;kzpfs;
vdr; rkz rkak; $WfpwJ. rkzHfspd; Nfhl;ghlhfpaKk;kzpf;
Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; rPtfd; $Wfpwhd;. rpj;jpu $lk; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;
thOk; JwtpfSf;Fr; rPtfd;> mUfg;ngUkhdpd; kiw nkhopfisg;
gpd;gw;WkhW $Wifapy; Kk;kzpf; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhd;.
nka;tif njupjy; Qhdk; tpsq;fpa nghUs;fs; jk;ikg;
ngha;tif ,d;wpj; Njwy; fhl;rpIk; nghwpAk; thl;b
ca;tif capiuj; NjahJ xOFjy; xOf;f %d;Wk;
,t;tif epiwe;j Ngho;Nj ,Utpid fopA nkd;whd;.
(ghly;> 1436)
QhdkhtJ cz;ikia mwpjy;> fhl;rpahtJ mt;thW
mwpe;j nghUs;fisg; gw;wpj; njspjy;> xOf;fkhtJ
Ik;nghwpfisAk; mtw;wpd; Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplhky; jLj;J capH
ca;Ak; tifapy; elj;jyhFk;. ,k;Kk;kzpAk; epiwe;j NghNj
,UtpidAk; nfLk; vd;W rPtfd; mwpTiu $Wfpd;whd;.
8.5. tpidf; nfhs;ifAk; gpwTk; fhg;gpak; KOf;f tpidf; nfhs;if ,lk; ngWfpwJ. tu
Ntz;ba ed;ikfs; tUk;. NghfNtz;ba eyd;fs; NghFk;. ,jid>
Mk; nghUs;fs; MFk; mJ ahHf;Fk; mopf;nfhz;zh
Nghk;nghUs;fs; NghFk;mit nghwpapd; tiftz;zk;
vd;W fhl;LfpwhH jpUj;jf;f NjtH. kf;fshfg; gpwe;jtHfSf;F
tho;ehSk; ,d;gq;fSk; fUtpNy mikf;fg;gl;ld vd;Wk; ,wg;gJk;
gpwg;gJk; tpidgw;wpNaepfo;td vd;Wk; fUj;Jr;
nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. kf;fs; ahf;ifapd; ,opT Fwpj;Jk; gy
,lq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. epiyahik Fwpj;J epfo;r;rp
%yk; jpUj;jf;f NjtH tpsf;FfpwhH. nry;tj;ijr; NrHj;J
itj;Jj; Ja;f;fhky; Gijj;Jitj;jxUtd;> ,wf;Fk; Neuj;jpy;
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Gijay; Fwpj;Jr; irifapy; fhl;l mij czuhj cwtpdHfs;>
mtd; tpshk;gok; Nfl;fpwhd; vdepidf;fpd;wdH. mtd; ,we;j gpd;G
mtd; epidthf tpshq;fdpiag; gilj;jdH vd;fpwhH. gpwUf;Ff;
nfhLf;fkdkpy;yhjtHfs; milAk; ,opit>
kz;zhH rl;b fuj;Nje;jp kueha; nfsTq; fhypduha;
mz;zhe; Njq;fp ,ug;ghiu mwpe;Njhk; mwpe;Njhk; mk;kk;k
gz;zhH nkhopahH ghy;mbrpy; gupe;jq; $l;l Kfk; jpUg;gp
cz;zh epd;w NghnjhUtw;(F) cjth khe;jH ,tHjhNk
vd;Wk;>
khrpj;jpq;fs; khrpd rpd;dj; JzpKs;spd;
Crp %rpa thil cilahfg;
Ngrpa ghtha; gpr;irnadf; ifafy; Ve;jpf;
$rpf;$rp epw;gH nfhLj;Jz; lwpahjhH
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. Kd;gpwtpapy; nra;Ak; tpidapd; gad;
mLj;j gpwtpapy; njhlUk; vd;w fUj;ij Kj;jp ,yk;gfj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. my;ypj;jz;L Kwpe;J tpOe;jhYk; mjd; E}y;
mWe;Jtplhky; ,uz;L Jz;LfisAk; njhlHGWj;Jk;. mJNghyg;
gpwtpKbe;jhYk; tpid> mLj;j gpwtpAld; mjid ,izf;Fk;
vd;fpwhH.
my;ypj;jhs; mw;w NghJk; mwhj E}y; mjidg;Nghy
njhy;iyj;jk; clk;GePq;fj; jPtpid njhle;J ePq;fh
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. gpwg;ig mWj;J tPLNgW epiy miljiyr;
rkzk; typAWj;jpaJ. JwT ntspNtlky;y vd;gJ rkzf; fUj;J.
cs;sj; Jwitr; rkzk; typAWj;JfpwJ. tPLNgw;iw ntspNtlj;
Jwthy;mila KbahJ vd;gJ rpe;jhkzpapy; typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ.
riltsHj;Jf; fhl;by; tho;e;J Fsj;jpy; %o;fp vOfpwJ fub>
vdpDk; mjd; gpwg;nghopatpy;iy. Gw xOf;fj;jhy; kl;Lk; gpwg;G
xopahJ.
ePl;ba rilakhfp ePH%o;fp epyj;jpy; NrHe;J
thl;ba clk;gpd; ahq;fs; tufjp tpisj;Jk; vd;dpw;
fhl;bil fub Nghfpf; fak; %o;fpf; fhl;bd; epd;W
tPl;bid tpisf;f Ntz;Lk; ntspw;Wiu tpLkpd; vd;whd;
,t;thW rkz rka mwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; fhg;gpaj;jpy; gy
,lq;fspy; rPtfd; thapyhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
138
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
8.6. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; mwf;fUj;Jf;fs; gapd;W te;Js;sikia
,f;$wpd; %ykhf ehk; mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk.; NkYk; rPtfd; $w;W
thapyhfNt rkz rkaf; fUj;Jfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtij
mwpe;Njhk;.
8.7. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 1. rPtfrpe;jhkzp fhl;Lk; mwf;fUj;Jf;fis jUf.
2. rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; rkz rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfs; fhl;lg;gLtijg;
Gyg;gLj;Jf.
8.8. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y; 1. rPtfrpe;jhkzp – Qh. khzpf;fthrfd; ciu>
kzpthrfH gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id 1
2. rPtfrpe;jhkzp ciu eilapy; – uh.rPdpthrd;>
nfsuh gjpg;gff; FOkk;> nrd;id 5
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
$W.9 fk;gu;-fk;guhkhazk;- mNahj;jpahfhz;lk;
9.1. fk;gh;
“fk;gd; tPl;Lj; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;" vd;nwhU gonkhopNa
cUthFk; mstpw;F> fk;guJ GfOk;> ftpj;jpwikAk; midtuhYk;
,d;wsTk; Ngrg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ~ftpNguurH fk;gH|> ~ftpr;rf;utHj;jp
fk;gH|> ~fy;tpapy; ngupatH fk;gH| vd;nwy;yhk; mtuJ
ftpj;jpwidg; giwrhw;Wk; mstpw;F mtUf;Fg; gl;lq;fs;
toq;fg;gl;ld. rk];fpUjk; kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopapy; nrhy;td;ikf;
nfhz;ltuhf ,Ue;j mtH> Mokhd ftpij mDgtKk;> fw;gid
Mw;wYk;> Gyikj; jpwDk; ngw;W> mtuJ rkfhyj;Jg; GytHfshd
Xl;lf;$j;jH> Nrf;fpohH Nghd;Nwhupd; ed;kjpg;igAk; ngw;wpUe;jhH.
fk;gH mtHfs;> fpgp 12 Mk; E}w;whz;by;> jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy;
Fj;jhyk; tl;lj;jpy; jpUtOe;J}H vd;wiof;fg;gLk; NjuOe;J}H
vd;Dk; Cupy; Mjpj;jd; vd;gtUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhH. mtuJ
ngw;NwhHfs;> flTs; eurpk;kupd; jPtpu gf;jHfs; vd;gjhy;> mtUf;F
~fk;gH| vd;W ngaH #l;bdH. ~fk;gh| vd;why; ~J}z; vd;W nghUs;.
~gf;jg; g;ufyhjidf; fhf;f> eurpk;kH> J}izg; gpse;J nfhz;L
te;jhH| vd;w gf;jpf; $w;iwf; nfhz;L> mtUf;F mtUila
ngw;NwhH mg;ngaH #l;bdH. fk;giu rilag;g ts;sy; vd;gtH
Mjupj;J te;Js;shH. ,tNu fk;giu ,sikf; fhyj;jpy;
Ngzpf;fhj;jtH vd;Wk;> gpd;Ng Nrho kd;dd; fk;giu Mjupj;J
te;jjhfTk; $Wfpd;wdH. Nrho kd;dd; fk;gehL vd;w gFjpiaf;
fk;gUf;F je;Js;shH. ftpr;rf;futHj;jp vd;w gl;lKk; Nrhod;
je;jJ vd;W $Wfpd;wdH.
9.2. fk;gupd; ftpg;Gyik khngUk; ftpQuhf cUntLj;j fk;gupd; Gfio mwpe;j
mg;Nghija Nrho kd;dH> mtUf;F miog;G tpLj;jhH.
muz;kidf;Fr; nrd;w mtH> kd;dupd; md;Gf; fl;lisf;fpzq;f
mtUila gilg;Gfspy; rpy tupfis mtUf;Fg; ghbf; fhl;bdhH.
mtuJ ftpj;jpwid Neupy; fz;L tpae;j Nrho kd;dH> mtUf;Ff;>
~ftpQHfspd; NguurH| vd;Wk; mHj;jKila ~ftp rf;futHj;jp|
vd;Wk; gl;lk; #l;b> mtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ngUthupa epyj;ijg;
guprspj;J> mjw;F ~fk;gehL| vd;Wk; ngaH #l;bdhH.
140
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
9.3. ,yf;fpag;gzp fk;gupd; jha;nkhop> jkpo; vd;whYk;> rk];fpUjj;jpYk; mtH
Gyikg; ngw;Nw tpsq;fpdhH. mjw;Fr; rhd;W> mtH vOjpa
~fk;guhkhadk;|. KdptH thy;kPfp rk];fpUjj;jpy; gilj;j
uhkhazj;ij> mtH jkpopy;> mtUf;Fupj;jhd ghzpapy; kPz;Lk;
vOjpdhH. mtuJ ghly; tupfspd; moF> mw;Gjkhd eak;>
ctkhdk; kw;Wk; gy tifahd tpaf;fj;jF ftpij eilfs;
mtuJ ghuk;gupa ftpijfspy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. jkpo;nkhopapd;
ngUikia> ,ilf;fhy fhyfl;lq;fspy; mw;Gjkhf
ntspf;fhl;bajhy;> mtH ~fk;g ehl;lho;thH| vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhH.
mtH> fk;guhkhazk; jtpu> ~rpiynaOgJ|> ~rlNfhgH me;jhjp|>
~ruRtjp me;jhjp|> ~jpUf;if tof;fk;|> ~VnuOgJ| kw;Wk;
~Kk;kzpf;Nfhit| Nghd;w mw;Gjg; gilg;Gfisg; gilj;Js;shH.
ftpr;rf;utHj;jp fk;gH> fpgp 1250 Mk; Mz;by; ,aw;if va;jpdhH.
,Jtiu te;j jkpowpQHfs; gl;baypy;> fk;gH ahUk; vl;l Kbahj
,yf;fpy; cs;shH vd;W jhd; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. Mdhy;> ,d;wsTk;
jkpo; mwpQHfs; kj;jpapy;> fk;gdpd; ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs;
,izaw;wjhfNt cs;sd.
9.4. fk;guhkhazk; ,uhkdJ tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}y; ,uhkhazk; MFk;.
,e;E}y; ,e;J rka ,jpfhrq;fs; ,uz;bDs; xd;whd
,uhkhazj;jpid %ykhff; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gl;ljhFk;.
fk;guhkhazk; xU top E}yhFk;. ,J tlnkhopapy; thy;kPfp
vd;gtH ,aw;wpa ,uhkhazj;jpidj; jOtp vOjg;gl;l E}y; MFk;.
,J xU top E}yhfNt ,Ue;jhYk; fk;gH jdf;Nf cupj;jhd
ghzpapy; fUg;nghUs; rpijahky; jkpo; nkhopapy; ,aw;wpAs;shH.
tlnkhop fythj J}a jkpo;r;nrhw;fisj; jdJ E}ypy;
ifahz;ljhy; fk;gH> njhy;fhg;gpa newp epd;wtH vd;W
Gfog;gLfpwhH. %y ,yf;fpakhd tlnkhop ,uhkhazj;jpypUe;J
rpy khWghLfNshL fk;gH ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpapUe;jhH. fk;gH
,aw;wpa ,uhkhazk; vd;gjhy; ,J fk;guhkhazk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
9.5. fk;guhkhazk; - mikg;G fk;guhkhazk; ghyfhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;a
fhz;lk;> fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;> Aj;j fhz;lk; vDk;
MW fhz;lq;fisAk; E}w;Wg;gj;njhd;gJ (119) glyq;fisAk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
cilaJ. fhz;lk; vd;gJ ngUk;gpuptpidAk; glyk; vd;gJ mjd;
cl;gpuptpidAk; Fwpf;Fk;. Vohk; fhz;lkhfpa "cj;jpu fhz;lk;"
vd;Dk; gFjpia fk;gupd; rk fhyj;jtuhfpa "xl;lf;$j;jH"
,aw;wpdhH vd;gH. jkpopyf;fpaj;jpy; fhg;gpa tsHr;rp fk;gupd;
fhyj;jpy; (fp.gp. gd;dpnuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L) cr;repiyapid
mile;jJ vd;gH. ,e;E}ypd; rpwg;G fUjpAk; jpUf;Fwspd; ngUik
fUjpAk; ,t;tpU E}y;fisAk; "jkpOf;Ff; fjp" (fk;guhkhazk;
jpUf;Fws;) vd;gH. fk;gupd; ,uhkhazj;ijf; fk;gehlfk; vdTk;
fk;gr;rpj;jpuk; vdTk; fw;wwpe;j mwpQH ngUkf;fs; miog;gJz;L.
fk;gupd; ahg;G tz;zq;fs; E}y; neLfpYk; kpd;dp kpspHfpd;wd.
"tukpF fk;gd; nrhd;d tz;zKe; njhz;Z}w;whNw (ahg;G
tz;zq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 96)" vd;nwhU fzf;fPLk; cz;L.
fk;guhkhazk; ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fupa ,yf;fzq;fis
KOikahfg; ngw;wJ. mzp> nghUs;> eil Mfpatw;why; rpwe;J
tpsq;FtJ. nrhw;RitAk; nghUl;RitAk; nfhz;L
jkpo;g;gz;ghl;NlhL ,iae;J tpsq;FtJ.
9.6. fk;guhkhazj;jpd; top Ehy;fs; fk;gH ,e;j E}iy ,aw;wpa gpwF vz;zw;w ,uhkhaz
E}y;fs; gilf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thW ,uhkhaz E}y;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;F
fk;guhkhazk; J}z;Ljyhf ,Ue;jJ vd;W mwpQHfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. mitahtd> jf;f uhkhazk;> Fapy; uhkhazk;>
,uhkhaz mfty;> Nfhfpy ,uhkhazk;> mkHj ,uhkhazk;>
,uhkhazf; fPHj;ijfs; kw;Wk; ghy ,uhkhazk;.
9.7. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; ,uhkDf;Fk; rPijf;Fk; jpUkzkhfp gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lfs;
fope;j gpd;dH> Nfhry ehl;L kd;dH jrujd;> Kjyikr;rH Rke;jpuH
cs;spl;l Fy FU trpl;lH> gpuGf;fs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; cs;spl;l
muritiaf; $l;b> %j;j ,sturuhd ,uhkUf;F mNahj;jpiaj;
jiyefuhff; nfhz;l Nfhry ehl;bd; kd;duhf kzpkFlk; #l;Lk;
jdJ tpUg;gj;ijj; njuptpj;jhH.Mdhy;> ifNfapapd;
gzpg;ngz;fspy; xUj;jpahd $dp vDk; ke;jiu vd;ghs; ,uhkd;
kPJ ntWg;Gw;wpUe;jhs;. ,uhkd; murdhtij mts; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
mjdhy;> ifNfapiaj; J}z;b tpl;L ,uhkd; murdhtijj; jLf;f
vz;zpdhs;. ifNfapAk; $dpapd; tiyapy; tpOe;jhs;.
Kd;ndhUNghJ jrujdpd; capiuf; ifNfap fhj;jikf;fhf ,uz;L
tuq;fs; jUtjhfj; jrujd; thf;fspj;jpUe;jhd;. mt;tpU
142
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
tuq;fisAk; Nfl;L thq;Fk;gb $dpahd ke;jiuifNfapf;F
MNyhrid $wpdhs;. mt;tuq;fspd; gb> jdJ kfd; gujd;
murdhf Ntz;Lk;> ,uhkd; gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; fhl;by;
thoNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; ,uz;L tuq;fisf; ifNfap jrujuplk;
Nfl;lhs;. kdij khw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;gb jrujH Ntz;bAk; ifNfap
gpbthjkhf kWj;Jtpl;ljdhy;> jhd; nrhd;d nrhy;iyf;
fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf NtW topapd;wp mtSila Nfhupf;iff;Fj;
jrujd; ,zq;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. jrujupd; Kbitf; Nfs;tpAw;w
,uhkd;> rPijkw;Wk; ,yl;RkzDk; fhl;Lf;Ff; fpsk;gpdH. ,uhkd;
fhl;Lf;Fg; Ngha;tpl;lhd; vd;gijf; Nfs;tpAw;w jrujH ftiy
jhq;fhky; clNdNa ,we;Jtpl;lhH.,uhkd; ruA ejpia fle;J gpd;
tdk; GFe;jhH. gpd;dH Ffdpd;JizAld; fq;if Mw;iwf; fle;J
rpj;jpu$lk; nrd;W fhl;by; jq;fpdhH. Nffa ehl;by; jd; khkDld;
jq;fpapUe;j gujDk;> rj;JUf;fDk;> je;ijapd; ,wg;Gr; nra;jp
Nfs;tpAw;W mNahj;jp te;jile;jdH.,uhkH fhl;bw;F nrd;wJ
ifNaapNa fhuzk; vd;gij mwpe;j gujd; Nfhgk; nfhz;L> Kb
#l;bf;nfhs;s kWj;J> ,uhkidj; jpUk;gTk; mNahj;jpf;Ff; $l;b
tUtjw;fhff; fhl;Lf;Fr; nrd;whd;. je;ijapd; nrhy;iyf;
fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf mNahj;jpf;F tu ,uhkd; kWf;fNt> gujd;>
,uhkdpd; fhyzpfisf; Nfl;Lg; ngw;W> jd; jiy Nky; Rke;J
nfhz;L mNahj;jpf;Fj; jpUk;gp> ,uhkdpd; ghJiffis
mupaizapy; itj;J ,uhkd; fhl;bypUe;J kPSk; tiu
mtDf;fhfg; gujd; Ml;rp elj;jpdhd;.
9.8. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; fk;gH gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk; fk;guhkhazj;jpd;
mikg;gpidAk; ehk; mwpe;Jnfhz;Nlhk;. fhg;gpa ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
fk;guhkhazk; ngw;wpUe;j jdpr;rpwg;GfisAk; ehk;
mwpe;Jnfhz;Nlhk;.
9.9. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 1. fk;gH gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisj; jUf
2. fk;guhkhazj;jpd; E}y; mikg;gpidf; fhl;Lf
3. fk;guhkhazj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpj; Njhd;wpa Ehy;fs; ahit?
9.10. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y; 1. fk;guhkhazk; - njhFjp 2 – mNahj;jpah fhz;;lk;>
G+tz;zd; ciu> tu;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id 17>
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
$$WW ..1100 ffkk;;gguuhhkkhhaazzkk;; -- mmNNaahhjj;;jjppaahh ffhhzz;;llkk;;
10.1. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; mikg;G
mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; ke;jpug; glyk;> ke;jiu #o;r;rpg; glyk;>
ifNfap #o;tpidg; glyk;> efH ePq;F glyk>; ijyk; Ml;L glyk;>
fq;ifg; glyk;> Ffg; glyk;> tdk; GF glyk;> rpj;jpu$lg; glyk>;
gs;spgilg; glyk;> MW nry; glyk;> fq;if fhz; glyk;> jpUtb
#l;L glyk; vd;Dk; 13 glyq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
10.2. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; RUf;fk; ,uhkd; rPijiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;L
mNahj;jpahtpw;Fr; nry;fpwhH. cld; ,yf;FtDk;> tpRthkpj;jpuUk;
nry;fpd;wdH. mNahj;jpapd; kd;duhd jrujd; ,uhkDf;F
gl;lhgpNrfk; nra;a Vw;ghLfisr; nra;fpwhH. mjid mwpe;j
kf;fSk;> ke;jpupfSk; kfpo;fpd;wdH. ke;jiu vDk; $dp gujdpd;
jhahd ifNfaplk; nrd;W mtSila kdjpid khw;Wfpwhs;.
ifNfap jrujd; Kd;G je;j ,uz;L tuq;fis ,g;Nghija
#o;epiyf;Fj; jf;fthW> ,uhkd; fhlhsTk;> gujd; ehlhsTk;
Nfl;Lg; ngWfpwhs;. ,uhkDk;> rPijAk; fhl;bw;Fr; nry;Yifapy;>
,yf;FtDk; cld; nry;fpwhd;. %tUk; fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;W
KdptHfisAk;> FfidAk; re;jpf;fpd;whHfs;. Ffidj; jd;Dila
kw;nwhU rNfhjud; vd;W ,uhkd; ngUikahff; $WfpwhH. jrujd;
,we;J Nghdjhy;> ,Wjpf; fhupaq;fisr; nra;Jtpl;L gujd;
,uhkid fhl;by; te;J re;jpf;fpwhH. mNahj;jpa muir Vw;f
,uhkdplk; tw;GWj;JfpwhH. Mdhy; ,uhkd; mjid Vw;f
kWf;fpd;whH. gujd; ,uhkd; kPz;Lk; te;J nghWg;G Vw;Fk; tiu
,uhkdpd; ghJiffis itj;J muR nra;fpwhd;.
kpjpiyapy; ,uhkd; rPij jpUkzk; eilngw;W Kbe;j gpwF>
jruj kd;dDk; gupthuq;fSk; mNahj;jpf;Fj; jpUk;gpdH. gujdpd;
ghl;ldhH Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lgb> jrujd; gujidf; Nffa ehl;Lf;Fr;
rj;Uf;dDld; mDg;gp itf;fpwhd;. ,e;j epiyapy; jrujd; xUehs;
Kfk; ghHf;Fk; fz;zhbapy; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ>
fhNjhuk; xU eiuKb ,Ug;gijf; fz;L tpLfpwhd;. X! jdf;F
KJik tuj; Jtq;fp tpl;lJ. mur ghuj;ijj; jd; kfd; ,uhkdplk;
nfhLj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpf; nfhz;L> jdJ
ke;jpuhNyhrid rigiaf; $l;Lfpwhd;.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
10.3. ke;jpuhNyhrid rig $ly; ke;jpuhNyhrid rig $baJ. FyFUthd trp\;lH te;J
NrUfpwhH. njhlHe;J mikr;rHfs; te;J NrUfpd;wdH. te;j
mikr;rHfs; Kjypy; trp\;l KdptiuAk; gpwF jruj kd;didAk;
tzq;fpj; jj;jk; Mrdq;fspy; mkHfpd;wdH. ke;jpuhNyhrid
njhlq;FfpwJ. Kjypy; jrujd; jdJ cs;sf;fplf;ifia
mikr;rHfSf;Fk; kw;wtHfSf;Fk; czHj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; Ngrj;
Jtq;Ffpwhd;.
“#upa Fyj; Njhd;wy;fshd vd; %jhijaHfs; topapy;
mWgjpdhapuk; Mz;Lfs; mur ghuj;ij Kiwahf vd; Njhspy;
jhq;fp te;Njd;. ,Jtiu mwtopapy;> ,e;j g+kpapd; capHfSf;fhfg;
gw;gy ed;ikfisr; nra;J te;Njd;. ,dp vdJ capHf;F
ed;ikjUk; nray; Fwpj;J Nahrpj;J mjd;gb elf;f tpUk;GfpNwd;.
vdf;F KJik tuj; Jtq;fptpl;lJ vd;gijf; ftdpj;Njd;. ,dpAk;
,e;j mur ghuj;ij vd;dhy; Rkf;f KbahJ. vdf;F me;j
typikAk; Fiwe;J tUfpwJ. vdJ Kd;NdhHfs; Ml;rpg;
nghWg;igj; jq;fs; gps;isfsplk; xg;gilj;Jj; jtk; ,aw;wf;
fhdfk; nrd;wJ NghyNt> ehDk; nra;a tpUk;GfpNwd;. ehl;by;
cs;s giffis ntd;w ehd;> ,dp vd; cs;sj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
giffshd fhkk;> ntFsp Kjyhd vjpupfisAk; jtk; vDk;
MAjk; nfhz;L nty;y tpUk;GfpNwd;."
“neLq;fhyk; kfg;NgW ,y;yhky; tUe;jpapUe;Njd;. vd; kdf;
Fiw ePq;fpl ,uhkd; te;J mtjupj;jhd;. ,dp ,e;jg; Gtp ghuj;ij
,uhkd; jhq;fp tUe;jTk;> ehd; ,jdpd;Wk; jg;gp <Nlwpg; NghfTk;
tpUk;GfpNwd;. %g;gile;j gpwFk;> ehNd Ml;rp nra;jhy;>
gps;isfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fhky; ,Uf;fpNwd; vd;w mtg;ngaH vdf;F
tUk;. vdNt> ehd; ,uhkdplk; Ml;rpiaf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L> gpwtp
Neha;f;F kUe;jhd jt Nts;tpiaj; njhlq;f tpUk;GfpNwd;.
mikr;rHfNs! cq;fs; fUj;J vd;d?" vd;W mikr;rHfis Nehf;fp
tpdtpdhd; jrujd;.
,jidf; Nfl;l ke;jpuf; fpotHfSf;F ,uhkDf;F murgjtp
vd;wJk; kfpo;r;rpAk;> jrujd; gpupT vDk; Jf;fj;ijAk; mile;jdH.
,uz;L fd;WfisAila gR> xU fd;wpidg; gpupa NeUk;NghJ
vijAk; gpupa kdkpd;wp jtpg;gJ Nghy jtpj;jdH. jrujd; gpupT
tUj;jj;ijj; jUtJ vd;whYk;> mtd; kWikf;Fj; jtk; nra;tJ
mtrpak; vd;gjhYk;> kd;DapHf;nfy;yhk; ,uhkidg; Nghd;w XH
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
murd; fpilg;gJ vd;gJ mupJ vd;gjhYk;> tpjpapd; topNa
midj;Jk; elf;Fk; vd;W mtHfs; cWjpahf ek;gpajhYk;>
mikr;rHfs; jrujd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F rk;kjpj;jhHfs;.
midj;ijAk; rPHJ}f;fpg; ghHj;J trp\;lH Ngrj; Jtq;fpdhH:
“jrujh! Kd;G cd; Kd;NdhHfs; Mf;Qh rf;fuj;ijr; nrYj;jpg;
ngUik nfhz;l kd;dHfspy;> ,uhkid kfdhfg; ngw;w cd;
ngUikf;F <lhf ahUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ? mwk; czHe;jtHfs;
nra;a Ntz;ba nraiyNa eP nra;aj; Jzpe;jpUf;fpwha;. ,uhkd;
newp jtwhky; cd;idg; NghyNt rpwg;ghf Ml;rp Gupthd;.
Kk;%Hj;jpfspy; xUtNd ,uhkdhf te;J gpwe;jpUg;gjhy;> mtdhy;
MfhjJ xd;Wkpy;iy. kf;fSk; jhq;fs; gUFk; ePiuf; fhl;bYk;>
jk; capiuf; fhl;bYk; ,uhkid kfpo;NthL Vw;ghHfs;. vdNt cd;
vz;zg;gbNa> ,uhkDf;F Kb #l;lyhk;" vd;whH.
trp\;lupd; thHj;ijfisf; Nfl;l jrujd;> jhd; ,uhkid
kfdhfg; ngw;wNghJ kfpo;e;jijf; fhl;bYk;> kpjpiyapy; ,uhkd;
rptjDir xbj;jNghJ kfpo;e;jijf; fhl;bYk;> guRuhkdpd;
fHtj;ij xopj;j me;j ehisf; fhl;bYk; kpFe;j kfpo;r;rp
mile;jhd;. trp\;lupd; nkhopNfl;L jrujd; fz;fspy; ePHky;f>
FUtpd; ghjq;fspy; ek];fupj;J “IaNd! jhq;fs; fhl;ba
ey;topapNy ehd; uh[;a ghuk; jhq;fpaijg; NghyNt> ,uhkDf;Fk;
jhq;fNs topfhl;bahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;" vd;W Ntz;bf;
nfhz;lhd;.
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kfpo;r;rpf;Fupa nra;jp vdpDk;> cdJ gpupT vd;gJ vq;fs;
cs;sq;fisr; Rl;nlupf;fpd;wJ. MapDk; cq;fs; FyjHkg;gb eP
nra;Ak; ,e;jr; nray; mwtopg;gl;lNj" vd;whd;. jrujd;
Rke;jpudplk; “ed;W nrhy;ypid> ,dp ,uhkDf;F Kb#l;LtJ
Fwpj;J MfNtz;ba fhupaq;fisf; ftdpg;Nghk;. ePNa Ngha;
yf;\;kp kzhsdhd = ,uhkid ,t;tplk; mioj;J th" vd;whd;.
,t;Tiu Nfl;l Rke;jpud; kd;did tzq;fp tpilngw;W> nghw;NjH
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mq;Nf ,uhkd; jk;gp ,yf;FtNdhLk;> rPjhgpuhl;bNahLk;
mkHe;jpUf;ff; fz;L> tzq;fp “,uhkh! rf;futHj;jpf;F cd;dplk;
xU fhupak; ,Uf;fpwJ> cld; tUthahf!" vd;W nrhd;dTld;
146
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
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Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
jhkiuf; fz;zdhd = ,uhkd; xU Nkfk; ele;J nry;tJ Nghy
ele;J nrd;W NjupNy Vwpf;nfhz;lhd;.
,uhkd; NjH Xl;br; nrd;w tPjpfspy;> kfspH tpufj;jhy;
rpe;jpa kyHfSk;> cly; ntg;gj;jhy; fha;e;j kyHfSk; fple;jd.
,it> ,uhkDf;F gpd;dhy; tpisag;NghFk; fhupaj;ij
epidt+l;LtJ Nghy mike;jJ. ,yf;FtDld; ,uhkd; te;J
jrujidj; njhOjTld; mtidj; jd; khHGwj; jOtpdhd; kd;dd;.
,J vd;d? jrujd; jhd; jhq;fp te;j Gtp ghuj;ijj; jhq;ff;$ba
Njhs;typAk;> GatypAk; jd; kfd; ,uhkd; ngw;wpUf;fpwhdh vd;W
jd; NjhNshL mtd; Njhis itj;J mse;J ghHf;fpwhd;.
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epyq;fs; jhq;FWk; epiyapid epiyapl epidj;jhd;
tpyq;fy; md;d jpz;NjhisAk; nka;j;jpU ,Uf;Fk;
myq;fy; khHigAk; jdJ Njhs; khHG nfhz;L mse;jhd;".
,uhkidj; jd; mUfpy; mkHj;jpf; nfhz;L “,uhkh!
cd;dplk; ehd; Nfl;Lg; ngw Ntz;baJ xd;W cz;L. vdf;F
KJik te;Jtpl;lJ. mur ghuk; vdf;Fr; Rikahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
,jpypUe;J tpLgl;L jtnewp Nkw;nfhs;s ePjhd; vdf;F cjtp Gupa
Ntz;Lk;" vd;whd; jrujd;.
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gps;isfsplk; nfhLj;Jtpl;Lj; jtk; nra;ar; nrd;wpUf;fpwhHfs;.
,uhkh! ehd; nra;j jtg; gadha; eP vdf;Fg; gps;isaha; te;J
gpwe;jpUf;fpwha;. ePNa ,e;j mur ghuj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;!
cd; kPJ ghuj;ijr; Rkj;Jtjhf vz;zhNj! ,Jjhd; ey; mwk;
vd;gijf; fUjp Vw;Wf; nfhs;thahf!" vd;whd; jrujd;. je;ij
$wpa midj;ijAk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;l ,uhkd; mtd; $WtNj mwk;
vd;W czHe;J mlf;fj;NjhL mtd; rk;kjj;ijf; Fwpg;ghy;
czHj;jpdhd;. jrujd; kfidj; jOtp MrPHtjpj;J mDg;gpdhd;.
10.4. Kb#l;LtpohTf;fhd Vw;ghL clNd Kb#l;LtpohTf;fhd Vw;ghLfisr; nra;ar; nrhy;yp
cj;juTfisg; gpwg;gpj;jhd;. trp\;l KdptH mjw;fhd
Vw;ghLfisf; ftdpf;fg; Gwg;gl;Lg; NghdhH. vy;yh ehl;L
murHfSf;Fk; miog;G mDg;gg;gl;lJ. midj;J murHfSk; te;J
$bdhHfs;. mtHfsplk; jrujd; “ehd; JwT cs;sk;
nfhz;likahy;> ,uhkd; vd; Gjy;td; vd;W mtdplk; ehd; cupik
147
Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nfhz;lhlKbahJ. mtid cq;fsplk; xg;Gtpj;J tpl;Nld;. ,dp
mtd; cq;fs; Gjy;tdhff; fUjp cupad nra;tPHfshf! vd;whd;.
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Nfl;lkhj;jpuj;jpy; Mq;fhq;Nf kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpia ntspf;fhl;Lk;
tpjkhf jhWkhwhf jhsfjpapd;wp MLfpwhHfs;. Fuy; tsk;
,y;yhjtHfs;$l cuj;j FunyLj;Jg; ghLfpwhHfs;. xUtiu xUtH
fl;bg; gpbj;J fuk; NfhHj;J kfpo;fpd;wdH> ,uhkidg; ngw;w
ghf;fpatjpahd Nfhriyaplk; ,e;j kfpo;r;rpahd nra;jpiar;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lkhk;> XLfpd;wdH mts; ,Uf;Fk; khspif Nehf;fp.
mq;Nf Ngha; Nfhriyaplk; ,e;jr; nra;jpiar; nrhy;fpd;wdH.
,uhkDf;F kFlk; vd;gJ kfpo;r;rpahd nra;jpjhd;> Mdhy; jrujd;
jtk; nra;ag; NghtJ vd;gJ gpupT my;yth? me;j vz;zk;
Jd;gj;ijAk; nfhLf;fpwJ. jdJ Fy nja;tj;Jf;F g+i[
nra;Jtpl;L> kf;fSf;Fj; jhd jUkq;fisr; nra;fpwhd; jrujd;.
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nfhLf;fpwhd;. te;jtHfs; midtUf;Fk; rhg;ghL Nghl;L> Gjpa
MilfisAk; jhdkhff; nfhLf;fpwhd;.
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vy;yh eyd;fSk; mUSjy; cd; flNd" vd;W Fynja;tj;jplk;
Ntz;bf; nfhs;fpwhd;. jdJ muz;kid N[hjpliu tutioj;J>
mtuplk; fye;J MNyhrpj;J Kb#l;L tpohtpw;F xU ey;y ehisg;
ghHf;fpwhd;. me;j N[hjplH “ehisNa ey;y ehs;" vd;W $w>
kd;dd; kfpo;r;rpailfpwhd;. trp\;liu mioj;J clNd
Kb#l;Ltpohtpw;fhd tpujk; Kjyhd fhupaq;fisj; njhlq;fr;
nrhd;dhd;.
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khspiff;Fr; nrd;W mtdplk; tptuq;fisf; $wpdhH. gpwF
mtdplk; muR MSk; Kiw gw;wpAk;> mtd; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba
gw;gy ePjpfisAk; cgNjrpf;fpwhH. ,dp mtd; Foe;ij my;y>
,e;j ehl;il Msg;NghFk; kd;dd; my;yth? FyFUthd trp\;lH
nra;a Ntz;ba flikay;yth ,J?
trp\;lH nrhy;fpwhH: “,uhkh! ehd; nrhy;Yk; mwtopfis
ed;F Nfl;L mjd;gb ele;Jnfhs;. eP Ntj rh];jpu tpw;gd;dHfisg;
Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J mtHfSf;F vy;yh trjpfisAk;
nra;JnfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;@ Vd; njupAkh? mtHfs; Kg;ngUk;
148
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
NjtHfisf; fhl;bYk;> gQ;r g+jq;fisf; fhl;bYk;>
nka;g;nghUisf; fhl;bYk; caHe;jtHfs;. “fLk; nrhw;fisg;
NgRtij mwNt ePf;fptpL! ePjp E}y;fs; fhl;Lk; ghijapy; eP elf;f
Ntz;Lk;. vtUlDk; gifik nfhs;shNj! gifikia
ePf;fptpl;lhy; NghH nra;a tha;g;gpy;iy> mg;gb xU epiyik
te;jhYk; NghH nra;ahNj! eLepiyNahLk;> kd cWjpNahLk; Ml;rp
nra;! ey;NyhH nrhy;Yk; MNyhridfisf; Nfl;L mjd;gb el!
Fbkf;fs; capH vd;why;> mjidj; jhq;Fk; clyhf eP ,U!."
“,d;nrhy;Ny NgR! <ifAld; ,U! cs;Sk; GwKk; J}atdhf ,U!
tpidj;jpl;gk; cilatdhf ,U! caHe;j vz;zq;fisf;
nfhz;bU! vg;NghJk; ntw;wpNahL ,U! mur ePjp jtwhky; Ml;rp
nra;!. ey;nyhOf;f topapy; elg;ghahf! eLepiyahsdhf ,U!
Mirfis tpl;nlhop! Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;zhir mopitj; jUk;
vd;gjhy; mt;ntz;zj;ij mbNahL tpL! ,t;thW gw;gy ePjpfis
trp\;lH ,uhkDf;F cgNjrpj;jhH. gpwF ,uhkgpuhDf;Fr; nra;a
Ntz;ba g+Hthq;f rlq;Ffisr; nra;tpf;fpwhH. Gz;zpa jPHj;jkhb>
jHg;ghrdj;jpy; mkHe;J Nehd;G Nehw;W> jpahdj;jpy; mkHfpwhd;
,uhkd;.
kd;dd; efH KOtJk; KuR miwe;J ehisf;F
,uhkDf;Fg; gl;lhgpN\fk; vd;W mwptpf;fpwhH.
“Vtpd ts;StH ~,iwtd; ehisNa
g+kfs; nfhOedha;g; GidAk; nksyp! ,f;
NfhefH mzp| nfdf; nfhl;Lk; Ngup mj;
NjtUk; fspnfhsj; jpupe;J rhw;wpdhH"
,uhkDf;Fg; Kb#l;Ltpoh vd;w nra;jp Nfl;lTld;> mNahj;jp
efuj;J khe;jH midtUk; fpilj;jw;fupa NjthkpHjk; ngw;W
cz;ltHfs;Nghy; ngUkfpo;r;rp nfhz;ldH. mjd; tpisthf
“MHj;jdH@ fspj;jdH@ Mbg; ghbdH@
NtHj;jdH@ jbj;jdH@ rpypHj;J nka;k;kapH
NghHj;jdH@ kd;didg; Gfo;e;J tho;j;jpdH
J}Hj;jdH ePs; epjp nrhy;ypdhHf; nfyhk;".
,uhkdpd; Kb#l;Ltpohr; nra;jpiar;
nrhd;dtHfSf;nfy;yhk; epjpia thup thup toq;fpduhk; mNahj;jp
kf;fs;. efuk; kpf mofhf myq;fupf;fg;gl;lJ. gy epwf; nfhbfs;
fl;lg;gl;ld. efu khe;jH jj;jk; tPl;L epfo;r;rpiag; Nghy vz;zp
149
Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
ge;jy;> Njhuzk;> thio> fKF fl;b myq;fupj;J kfpo;e;jdH.
mNahj;jp efH NjtNyhfk; Nghy fhl;rp mspj;jJ.
10.5. $dp vd;Dk; nfhLq;$w;W mg;NghJ efupy; elf;Fk; Muthuq;fisf; Nfl;L> ifNfapapd;
jhjpAk;> clypy; $d; tpOe;j Njhw;wKila ke;jiu vDk; ngaH
nfhz;l ~$dp|> vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;W ghHg;gjw;fhf ntspNa
te;jhs;.
“me;efH mzpTWk; mkiy thdtH
nghd;dfH ,ay;ngd nghypAk; vy;tapy;
,d;dy; nra; ,uhtzd; ,ioj;j jPikNghy;
Jd;dUk; nfhLkdf; $dp Njhd;wpdhs;".
,e;jf; $dpahy; tpisag; NghFk; jPikfisf; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L> nfhLkdf; $dp vd;Wk;> ,Wjpapy; ,uhtzd; tjk;
nra;ag; gLtjw;F ,ts; nra;Ak; #o;r;rpNa fhuzkhf ,Uf;fg;
NghfpwJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; tpjj;jpy;> ,uhtzd; ,ioj;j
jPikNghy;; $dp Njhd;wpdhs;. ,ts; %Tyfq;fSf;Fk; jdJ
nrayhy; Jd;gk; %l;Lths;. ,uhkDf;Fg; gl;lhgpN\fk; vd;w
nra;jpiaf; Nfl;lTld; neQ;R Jbj;J tUe;jpdhs;. jhq;nfhzhf;
Nfhgk; nfhz;lhs;@ kdk; rQ;rykile;jhs;@ rpdj;jhy; fz;fs;
jPapid ckpo;e;jd.
“Njhd;wpa $dpAk; Jbf;Fk; neQ;rpds;
Cd;wpa ntFspahs;@ cisf;Fk; cs;sj;jhs;
fhd;W vup eadj;jhs;@ fypf;Fk; nrhy;ypdhs;@
%d;W cyfpDf;Fk; XH ,Lf;fz; %l;Lths;".
,tSf;F Vd; ,t;tsT Nfhgk;? Mj;jpuk;? ,uhkd; kPJ Vd;
,t;tsT nghwhik? fhuz;k; ,Uf;fpwJ. Kd;nghU ehs; ,uhkd;
rpWtdhf ,Ue;j NghJ> jd; tpy;ypy; kz; cUz;ilfis itj;J
,e;jf; $dpapd; $d;tpOe;J tise;j KJfpy; mbj;jijj; jd;
Mo;kdj;jpy; ,Uj;jp tUe;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;. vdNt mtd; kPJ
nfhz;bUe;j Mj;jpuj;jhy;> mtDf;F Kb#l;Ltpoh vd;w
nra;jpiaf; Nfl;lTld; mtSf;F kpFe;j Nfhgj;ij cz;L
gz;ZfpwJ. jd; v[khdpahd ifNfapaplk; tpiue;J nry;fpwhs;.
,uhtz tjj;jpw;fhf> ,e;jf; $dp NjtHfshy;
mDg;gg;gl;ljhf Mo;thH ghRuq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ifNfap jdJ
khspifapy; gl;L nkj;ijapy;> filf;fz;fs; mUs; nghopa
jpUg;ghw;flypy; fplf;Fk; gtsf;nfhbNghy gLj;jpUe;jhs;. rpy
150
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Nfhs;fspd; Mjpf;fk; jPikfis tpistpf;Fk;. mJNghd;w xU jPa
fpufkhf $dp ifNfapiaj; njhl;L vOg;gpdhs;. $dpapd; if
gl;lJk; tpopj;Jf; nfhz;l ifNfap> miuj; J}f;fj;jpy; vOe;J
“vd;dB?" vd;W Nfl;ff; $dp Gyk;gj; njhlq;fpdhs;. “mbNa
ifNfap! uhF jd;idg; gpbf;f tUk;NghJk; jd; jz;nzhspiag;
gug;gp epw;Fk; re;jpud; Nghy> cd;idj; NjbtUk; jPik njupahky;
J}q;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhNa! vOe;jpU" vd;whs;. “vd;db Jd;gk;
vdf;F? vd;d Jd;gk; NeHe;jhYk; mitfisg; Nghf;f ty;y vd;
kf;fs; ehy;tUk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ vdf;F vd;db ftiy? cyfj;jpy;
ey;y Gjy;tHfisg; ngw;wtHfs; ,k;ikapy; kl;Lky;y> kWikapYk;
ew;fjp ngWtH. mjpYk; ,uhkNd kfdhfg; ngw;w vdf;F vd;db
jPik te;JtpLk;?" vd;whs; ifNfap. “Nghb mwptw;wtNs! cdf;F
tUk; ed;ikfs; midj;Jk; njhiye;J Nghapw;W. cd; nry;tk;
midj;Jk; mope;J Nghapw;W. Gj;jprhypahd Nfhriy> jd;
Gj;jpahy; tho;fpwhs;" vd;whs; $dp. “jrujidf; fztdhfTk;>
gujid kfdhfTk; ngw;w kfuhrp nfsriyf;F ,ijtpl vd;d
Nkk;gl;l tho;T fpilj;JtpLk;? vd;W $dp $wtUk; nra;jp mwpahj
ey;ykd ifNfap gjpyspj;jhs;.
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ey;nyz;zKk; ,e;jf; $w;wpd; %yk; tpsq;FfpwJ my;yth? rpy
ngz;fs; jd; fztDila jq;ifaplk; NgRk; NghJ> vd; GU\d;
vd;W nrhy;yhky; “cd; mz;zd;" vd;W Fwpg;gpLthHfs;> mijg;
NghyTk; ifNfap nrhd;dhNsh vd;dNth? “jhlif vd;w
ngz;izf; nfhd;W Mz;fs; vy;yhk; gupfrpf;Fk;gbahfTk;> tPuk;
khR gLk;gbahfTk;> jd; ifapy; tpy; Ve;jp epw;Fk; ,uhkd; ehis
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nfhz;L te;j cdf;F ,e;jh ,e;j kzpkhiy" vd;W xU tpiy
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ifNfap tUe;Jths; vd;W vjpHghHj;jjw;F khwhf> ,g;gb
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ifNfapia mjl;bdhs;@ Nfhgkha; ghHj;jhs;@ itjhs;@ ntg;g
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
ngU%r;R tpl;lhs;@ jd; Nfhyj;ij myq;Nfhykhf Mf;fpf; nfhz;L
xg;ghup itj;J mOjhs;@ ifNfap guprspj;j ,uj;jpd khiyiaj;
J}f;fp vwpe;jhs;. me;jf; $dpapd; cly; kl;Lk; $dy; my;y@ mts;
kdk;> Fzk;> nray; midj;JNk Nfhzy;jhd;. mts; ifNfapiag;
ghHj;J nrhy;fpwhs;: “mbNa! eP Ngij@ mwptpyp@ igj;jpaf;fhup@
cd; kfNdhL neLehs; tho;e;J Jd;gg;glg; Nghfpwha;. eP cd;
%j;jhshd nfsriyf;F jhjpahfp rPuopag; Nghfpwha;. mij
vd;dhy; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f KbahJ."
“,uhkDf;F Kb#l;bdhy;> mtd; rPijNahL Mlk;gukhf
rpk;khrdj;jpy; tPw;wpUf;f> cd; kfd; gujd; mtDf;F Vty;
nra;Ak; njhz;ldhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epiyia czHe;j
gpwFk;> eP kfpo;r;rp milfpwha; vd;why; ehd; vd;d nrhy;y
,Uf;fpwJ? Nfhriy jd; rhkHj;jpaj;jhy; muridf; iff;Fs;
Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L ,uhkDf;F muRupik thq;fp tpl;lhs;. mts;
tho;ths;. ePAk; ,Uf;fpwhNa! gujd; cd; kfdha;g; gpwe;jjhy;
nry;tkpoe;J jtpf;fpwhd;. mtd; ,t;Tyfpy; gpwe;Jk; gpwthjtdhf
,Uf;fpwhd;". “me;j ,uhkDk; yf;\;kzDk; ,e;j g+kpia mstw;w
fhyk; nry;tr; nrWf;NfhL Ms cd; kfd; gujDk; rj;Uf;FdDk;
fhL Ngha; jtkpaw;wp tpujk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; ed;W. mur Fyj;jpy;
vy;yh rpwg;GfNshLk; gpwe;jpUe;Jk; gujd; ehlhSk; NgW ngwhjtd;.
,g;gb xU #o;r;rpia kdjpy; nfhz;Ljhd; jrujd;> gujid Nffa
ehl;Lf;F mDg;gptpl;L> ,uhkDf;F Kb #l;l Vw;ghL nra;fpwhd;
vd;W ,g;NghJ vdf;Fg; GupfpwJ".
“INah! gujh! vd; mg;gNd! eP vd;d nra;tha;? je;ijNah
cdf;Fj; JNuhfk; nra;fpwhd;. jhAk; cd;idg; nghUj;jtiu
nfhbatshf ,Uf;fpwhs;> vd;d nra;tha;?> ifNfap! eP murpaha;g;
gpwe;J> murpahf muz;kidapy; tsHe;J> rf;futHj;jpf;F
tho;f;ifg;gl;Lk; Jauf; flypy; tPo;fpwhNa! ,uhkidtpl ve;j
tpjj;jpYk; Fiwtpyhj gujd; rhf;filapy; ,ope;j mKjk;Nghy
tPzhfpwhNd!"
10.6. ifNfapapd; rpdk; ,g;gb $dp Ngrpa nrhw;fs; ifNfapf;F NkYk; Nfhgj;ij
%l;baJ. fz;fs; rpte;jd. $dpiag; ghHj;J “nfhbatNs! #upa
Fyj;jpy; cjpj;j kd;dHfs; capUk; nry;tKk; NghdhYk; rj;jpak;
jtwkhl;lhHfs;. mg;gb kD ePjpg;gb uh[;a gupghydk;
eilngWk;NghJ> cd; ,ope;j Gj;jpahy; ,g;gbg; Ngrptpl;lha;. eP
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
vdf;Fk; ey;yts; ,y;iy@ gujDf;Fk; ey;yts; ,y;iy. jHk
epahag;gb ghHj;jhy;> eP cdf;Nf ey;yts; ,y;iy. Co;tpid
ce;j ,q;Nf te;J ,g;gbnay;yhk; NgRfpwha;."
“vdf;F ey;iyAk; my;iy@ eP vd; kfd; gujd;
jdf;F ey;iyAk; my;iy@ mj;jUkNk Nehf;fpd;
cdf;F ey;iyAk; my;iy@ te;J Co;tpid J}z;l
kdf;F ey;yd nrhy;ypid kjpapyh kdj;Njha;".
“xUtH thOk;NghJk; GfOld; thoNtz;Lk;. ,we;j gpwFk;
GfOld; thoNtz;Lk;. me;jg; Gfio NeHikNahLk;> jHkj;NjhLk;
ele;J jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jHkg;gb %j;jtNd
murhs Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F khwhdijr; nra;jhy; mJ ,Of;F.
nra;aj; jf;fJ md;W. Gupe;Jnfhs;! kjpnfl;ltNs! eP Ngrpa
Ngr;Rf;F cd; ehit mWj;njwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gofpa
fhuzj;Jf;fhfg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. eP NgrpaJ ntspNa
njupe;jhy; uh[ jz;lidf;F Mshtha;. ,NjhL thia %bf;nfhs;.
,dp vd; Kd; epw;fhNj! XbtpL!" vd;whs; ifNfap.
“ifNfap! eP vd;dplk; Nfhgg;gl;lhYk;> mbj;J tpul;bdhYk;
cdf;F cz;ikia czHj;jhky; Nghfkhl;Nld;" vd;W
nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl ifNfapapd; ghjq;fspy; tPo;e;J gzpe;J tzq;fp
NkYk; NgRfpwhs; ke;jiu.
“%j;jtd; ,Uf;f ,isatDf;Fg; gl;lk; ,y;iy vd;fpwha;.
rup! mg;gbahdhy; tajpy; %j;j jrujd; ,Uf;Fk; NghNj
,uhkDf;F Kb#l;ly; vq;qdk; nghUe;Jk;? mg;gb ,Uf;f
gujDf;F Kb#l;Ljy; vg;gb jtwhFk;? nry;tk; te;Jtpl;lhy;
cwT VJ? NfhriyAk; ,uhkDk; ,dp Kd;Nghy ,Ug;gH vd;gJ
vd;d epr;rak;? kdj;jhy; cdf;Fj; jPq;F nra;a epidg;ghHfs;.
,uhkDf;F uh[;ak; vd;W Mfptpl;lhy; nghwhik Fzk; nfhz;l
Nfhriy cd;idAk;> cd; kfidAk; vg;gb elj;Jths;? mts;
cte;J NghLk; gpr;irjhd; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;."
“,g;NghJ eP tpUk;gpatHfSf;nfy;yhk; jhd jHkk;
nra;fpwhNa> ,dp KbAkh? me;j Nfhriyaplk; Ngha; jhdk; nra;a
nghUs; nfhL vd;W Nfl;ghNah? my;yJ Nfl;gtHfSf;F ,y;iy
vd;W nrhy;yp mDg;gptpLthNah? my;yJ nfhLf;f Kbatpy;iyNa
vd;W mtkhdj;jhy; khz;L NghthNah? vg;gb ,Uf;fg; Nghfpwha;?
nrhy;!".
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
“eP xU Nguurp vd;W epidj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; cd; jha;
je;ijaH ,q;F te;J eP ,Uf;Fk; epiyiag; ghHj;jhy; vd;d
epidg;ghHfs;. [dfd; Kd;dNk cd; je;ijaplk; gif nfhz;ltd;.
cd; fztDf;F mQ;rp ,Jtiu thshtpUf;fpwhd;. ,dp ,uhkd;
murd; vd;W Mfptpl;lhy;> mtd; jd;Dila khkdhH gf;fk;
,Ug;ghd;. mg;NghJ cd; je;ijapd; fjp vd;d?"
“Nfhriyiag; Nghy Kad;wpUe;jhy; ePAk; cd; kfd;
gujid murdhf;fpapUf;fyhk;. mij eP nfLj;J tpl;lha;. ,dp
toptopahf ,uhkd; topj; Njhd;wy;fSf;Nf muRupik Ngha;tpLk;.
gujDk;> rj;Uf;FdDk; jpz;lhbf; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;." ,t;thW $dp
vDk; ke;jiu ifNfapapd; kdijr; rpWfr; rpWf khw;wpdhs;.
ifNfapf;F jpUkzkhfpf; fztd; tPl;Lf;F te;jNghJ> mts;
md;id ,e;j ke;jiunaDk; $dpiaj; Jizahf mDg;gpdhs;.
“,g;NghJ cdf;Ff; NfL te;Jw;wNghJ ehd; fhg;ghw;wtpy;iy vd;w
Vr;R vdf;F tUk;" vd;W nrhy;yp $dp ifNfapiaj; J}z;Lfpwhs;.
“jPa ke;jiu ,t;Tiu nrg;gYk; Njtp
J}a rpe;ijAk; jpupe;jJ #o;r;rpapd;@ ,ikNahH
khiaAk;> mtH ngw;Ws tuk; cz;ikahYk;>
Ma me;jzH ,aw;wpa mUe;jtj;jhYk;".
ifNfap kdk; khwp> jrujdplk; tuk; Nfl;L ,uhkidf;
fhl;Lf;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk;> ,uhkd; fhl;by; muf;fHfis mopj;J
,uhtz tjKk; epiwNtw Ntz;Lnkd;W NjtHfs; khak;
nra;jpUe;jhHfs;> mjd; gadhfTk;> Kdptu;fSk; NtjpaHfSk;
muf;fHfspd; mopTf;fhfr; nra;j mUk;ngUk; jt Nts;tpfspd;
gydhYk;> ke;jiu ifNfapapd; kdij khw;wptpl;ljwpe;J NjtHfs;
kfpo;e;jhHfs;. ke;jiu nra;j khaj;jpd; tpisthf ifNfap kdk;
khwpdhs;. $dpapd; nrhw;fs; kl;Lkh mjw;Ff; fhuzk;> ,y;iy
,y;iy> NjtHfspd; khiaAk;> up\pfspd; Ntz;LjYk; $l
fhuzkhapd.
10.7. ifNfapapd; kdkhw;wk; muf;fHfs; nra;j ghtKk;> mwNthH nra;j jtKk;$l ey;y
rpe;jidAs;s ifNfapapd; kdk; jpupaf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.
Vnddpd; ,uhk mtjhuNk ,uhtz rk;`huk;jhd; Nehf;fk;.
mjdhy;jhd; J}a rpe;jidAs;s ifNfap kdk; khwTk;> ifNfap
fhuzkhf ,Ue;J ,uhkd; tdk; GfTk;> muf;fH mopaTk;
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhs; vDk; fUj;jpidf; fhZk;NghJ> ifNfap kPJ
154
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
tUk; Nfhgk; ekf;nfy;yhk; kiwe;JtpLky;yth? jd;idf; fhl;Lf;F
mDg;g fhuzkhf ,Ue;j ifNfapiaj; jd; jha; vd;W ,Wjpapy;
,uhkgpuhd; ngUiknfhz;lJ kl;Lky;y> jd; je;ij jrujidAk;
~mts; ,dp vd; kidtp ,y;iy| vd;W $wpa rgjj;ijAk; khw;wpf;
nfhs;sr; nra;fpwhNd!
kdk; khwpa ifNfap $dpia md;NghL ghHj;J “ke;jiu> eP
vdf;Fk; ey;yts;> vd; kfDf;Fk; ey;yts;. eP $wpagb gujd;
murd; Mtjw;F XH cghak; nrhy;" vd;whs;. rw;WKd;Gjhd;
ifNfap me;jf; $dpia “eP vdf;F ey;iyAk; my;iy@ eP vd;
kfd; gujDf;Fk; ey;iyAk; my;iy> mj;jUk Nehf;fpy; cdf;Fk;
ey;iyAk; my;iy" vd;W nrhd;dij khw;wp> ,g;NghJ $dp
jdf;Fk; jd; kfDf;Fk; ey;yts; vd;fpwhs; ifNfap.
,JfhWk; ifNfapia mwptpypnad gopj;j $dp mij
khw;wpg; NgRfpwhs;. “mwpthw;wy; kpf;f ifNfap! vd; nrhy;iyj;
jl;lhky; ele;jhy; gujd; Kb#l;bf; nfhs;tJ cWjp" vd;whs;.
cliyg; NghyNt cs;sKk; Nfhzyhfpg;Nghd $dp NkYk;
NgRfpwhs;: “Kd;G rk;guhRuDld; ee;j Nghupy; cd; fztd;
jrujDf;F eP nra;j cjtpiag; ghuhl;b mtd; cdf;F ,uz;L
tuq;fisf; nfhLj;jhdy;yth? mjid eP gpwF ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjhff; $wpapUe;jhay;yth> me;j ,uz;L tuq;fisAk; eP
,g;NghJ Nfl;Lg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;" “eP ngWk; ,uz;L tuq;fspy;
xd;wpdhy;> gujDf;F muRupikiaAk;> kw;nwhU tuj;jpdhy; ,uhkd;
VopU gUtq;fs; ngUk; fhl;by; Rw;wpj; jpupAk;gbAk; nra;thahf.
,uh[;ak; cd; kfd; gujDf;Ff; fpilf;f ,J xd;Nw top" vd;whs;
$dp.
,g;gbr; nrhd;d $dpia> kdkfpo;e;J ifNfap Muj; jOtpf;
nfhz;lhs;. etuj;d khiyiaAk;> nghUisAk; nfhLj;J> vd;
kfDf;F ,t;Tyfk; fpilf;Fk;gb nra;jha;. eP ,dp mtDf;F jha;
Nghd;wts;" vd;W ghuhl;bdhs;. “eP $wpa cghak; kpfTk; ed;W.
mjd;gbNa ehd; nra;J Kbg;Ngd;. ,y;iynadpy; vd; Mtp
Jwg;Ngd;".
10.8. ifNfapapd; epfo;j;jpa ehlfk; ke;jiuia ntspNa Nghfr; nrhy;yptpl;L ifNfap> jd; kyH
kQ;rj;jpypUe;J ,wq;fpf; fPNo tpOe;J> jiyapy; #bapUe;j
kyHfisg; gpa;j;J vwpe;jhs;. ,ilapy; mzpe;jpUe;j Nkfiyia
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mWj;J tPrpdhs;@ ghj fpz;fpzpiaAk;> if tisay;fisAk;
fow;wp vwpe;jhs;@ new;wpapy; mzpe;jpUe;j Fq;Fkj; jpyfj;ij
mopj;jhs;@ NkNy mzpe;jpUe;j ,uj;jpd Mguzq;fis tPrp
vwpe;jhs;@ $e;jiyg; gpupj;Jj; jiuapy; gue;J tpupe;J fplf;FkhW
nra;jhs;: fz;fspy; g+rpapUe;j mQ;rdk; fiua mOjhs;@
,iyfSk; g+f;fSk; ePq;fpa ntw;W kuk;Nghy epykpir tPo;e;jhs;.
moFk;> kq;fyKk; jUk; nghUl;fisnay;yhk; ePf;fptpl;L> gpd;dhy;
jdf;F tug;NghFk; ifk;ik Nfhy epiyia Kd;djhfNt
Nkw;nfhz;lhs; ifNfap.
“et;tp tPo;e;jd> ehlf kapy; Japd;nwd;d
ft;it $Hjur; rdfpahk; fbfko; fkyj;J
mt;it ePq;Fk; vd;W mNahj;jp te;J mile;j
jd;it Mk; vdf; fple;jds;> Nffad; jdia".
Js;sp tpisahLfpd;w khd; fPNo tpOe;J fplg;gijg; Nghy
fple;jhs;@ Njhif tpupj;jhLk; kapy; Japy; nfhs;tJ Nghy
jiuapy; fple;jhs;@ kzkpf;f nre;jhkiu kyupy; thrk; nra;Ak;
jpUkfshd [hdfp mNahj;jp efiu tpl;L ePq;fpdhs; vd;W fUjp
me;j ,lj;jpw;F te;Jtpl;l yf;\;kpapd; %j;jtshd %Njtp Nghyf;
fple;jhs; Nffa kd;ddpd; Gj;jpupahd ifNfap.
md;iwa nghOJ rha;e;jJ. ,uT Neuk; te;J NrHe;jJ.
,utpd; eL [hk Neuk;. kWehs; Kb#l;L tpohtpw;fhd
Vw;ghLfisnay;yhk; nra;J Kbj;Jtpl;L jd; md;gpw;F mjpfKk;
ghj;jpukhd ifNfapapd; ,y;yj;Jf;F kfpo;r;rpNahL te;J NrHe;jhd;
jrujd;. khspifapd; cs;Ns nrd;W jiuapy; myq;Nfhykhf
tpOe;J fplf;Fk; ifNfapiaf; fz;lhd;. xU ahidj; jd;
Jjpf;ifahy; vLg;gJ Nghy mtisj; jd; ePz;l fuq;fshy; J}f;fp
vLj;jhd;. mtdJ iffis tpyf;fptpl;L> mts; kPz;Lk; rupe;J
jiuapy; tPo;e;jhs;.“ifNfap! vd;d ele;jJ? cdf;F ,opT
nra;jtH ahuhapDk; vd; ifahy; khz;nlhoptH. ele;jijr; nrhy;.
mjd; gpwF ghH!" vd;whd; jrujd;. “vd;ghy; ckf;F cz;ikahd
md;Gk;> mUSk; cz;L vd;why;> Kd;Nd vdf;F mspj;jtw;iw
ePq;fs; kdKte;J ,g;NghJ juNtz;Lk;" vd;whs; ifNfap. ,ijf;
Nfl;L jrujd; rpupj;jhd;. “cd; cs;sk; tpUk;gpaijr; nra;Ntd;@
kWf;fkhl;Nld;@ cd; kfDk; ts;sYk;> vd; fz;kzpAkhd ,uhkd;
kPJ Miz" vd;whd; jrujd;. jrujd;> ,uhkd; Nky; Mizapl;Lf;
$wpajhy; thf;Fj; jtwkhl;lhd; vd;W cWjp nra;J nfhz;l
156
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
ifNfap> “NjtHfs; rhl;rpahfr; rk;guhRu Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ> ePq;fs;
nfhLg;gjhff; $wpa ,uz;L tuq;fis ,g;NghJ ePq;fs; vdf;Fj;
jUtPuhf!" vd;whs;. “ehd; thf;fspj;j tuq;fs; Ntz;Lnkd;why;
Neubahff; Nfl;fhky;> mjw;F ,j;jid Jd;gg; gLthNdd;.
juNtz;baijj; juhky; ,Ug;gJ ghtk;. clNd Nfs;@ jUfpNwd;"
vd;whd;. clNd ifNfap Nfl;fpwhs;.
“Va tuq;fs; ,uz;by; xd;wpdhy; vd;
Nra; cyfhs;tJ> rPij Nfs;td; xd;why;
Ngha; tdk; Ms;tJ vdg;Gfd;W epd;whs;
jPait ahitapDk; rpwe;j jPahs;".
“ePq;fs; nfhLj;j ,uz;L tuq;fspy; xd;wpdhy; vd; kfd;
gujd; Kb#bf;nfhz;L uh[;aj;ij MsTk;> kw;nwhU tuj;jpdhy;
rPijkzhsd; ,uhkd; Ngha; tdk; GFjYk; Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;lhs;.
jPikfSf;nfy;yhk; rpwe;j jPikahf tpsq;Fk; ifNfap. mts;
thapypUe;J Gwg;gl;l tp\k; Nghd;w nrhw;fisf; Nfl;l jrujd;
fPNo tpOe;jhd;. mg;NghJ kd;dd; jrujd; mile;j Ntjid
nrhy;Yk; jukhNkh? kdk; cise;J nfhy;yd; ciyf;fsk; Nghy
ntg;gg; ngU%r;R tpl;lhd;. ifNfap Nky; Nfhgk; jiyf;Nfw>
xd;Wk; nra;a Kbahky; jpifj;jhd;. kdKk; Gyd;fSk; kuz
fhyk;Nghy fyq;fpd. nra;tjwpahJ jtpj;jhd;. vOthd;@ gpd;G
kdk; fyq;fp tpOthd;@ mkHthd;@ epw;ghd;@ gpd;dUk; tPo;thd;@
ifNfapiag; gw;wp vw;w vz;Zthd;@ gpd; jsHe;J Nghthd;.
ngU%r;nrwpe;J cyhtpAk;> maHe;J epd;Wk; gythW
tUe;jpdhd;. mtd; nfhLj;j tuj;jpy; xd;W mtd; neQ;rpy; gha;e;J
Gz;zhf;f> kw;nwhd;W me;jg; Gz;zpy; jPnadg; gha;e;jJ. ,t;tsT
Jd;gq;fisAk; jrujd; mDgtpf;Fk; NghJk; ifNfap fz;fspy;
ve;j khw;wKk; ,y;iy. ngz;ikf;Nf cupj;jhd mr;rk;> ehzk;>
,uf;fk; midj;ijAk; ePf;fptpl;ltisg; Nghyj; Njhd;wpdhs;.
mtsJ kdjpypUe;j tQ;rj;jpd; Mok; Gupahky; jrujd; mts; kPJ
capiuNa itj;jpUe;jhNd!
ifNfapia jrujd; NeUf;F Neuhfg; ghHj;J “cdf;F vd;d
Gj;jp Ngjypj;J tpl;ljh? ahNuDk; tQ;ridahy; cd; kdjpy;
fyf;fk; Vw;gLj;jpdhNuh? vd; Nky; Miz> cz;ikiar; nrhy;"
vd;whd; jrujd;. ifNfap kdk; jsutpy;iy. jrujDf;F kWnkhop
nrhd;dhs;.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
“jpirj;jJk; ,y;iy@ vdf;F te;J jPNahH
,irj;jJk; ,y;iy@ Kd; <e;j ,t;tuq;fis
Firg;gupNaha;! jupd; ,d;W nfhs;ntd;@ md;Nwy;
tirj;jpwd; epd;tapd; epw;f khs;ntd;" vd;whs;.
“eP nfhLj;j ,uz;L tuq;fis> vdf;F Ntz;Lk;NghJ
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjhfr; nrhd;Ndd;. ,g;NghJ mtw;iwf; Nfl;fpNwd;.
nfhLg;gjhdhy; rup@ ,y;iyNay; ehd; vd; capiu kha;j;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;" vd;fpwhs; ifNfap.
,uhkd; tdk; GfNtz;Lk; vd;W tuk; Nfl;L> mjpy; ,ts;
cWjpahf ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;gij czHe;j jrujd; “M!
nfhbatNs!" vd;fpwhd;. gpd;G capH NrhHfpwhd;. INah! jHkj;ijf;
fhg;gJ kpf kpff; nfhbaJ vd;fpwhd;. ~rj;jpak; vd;d Ntz;bf;
fplf;fpwJ> rhfl;Lk;| vd;W vz;zp vOthd;> gpd;G js;shb fPNo
tpOthd;. ,e;jg; ngz;fNs tQ;rfpfs;. Fy NflHfs;. mtNshL
ngz; Fyj;ijNa g+z;NlhL mopj;J tpLfpNwd;> mjdhy; fPo;
kf;fs; tupirapy; ehDk; NrHe;J nfhs;tjhy; Fw;wkpy;iy vd
nghq;fp vOfpwhd;.
“ifNahL ifag; Gilf;Fk;> tha; fbf;Fk;
nka;Aiu Fw;wnkdg; GOq;fp tpk;Kk;
nea;naup cw;nwd neQ;R mope;J NrhUk;
itaf Kw;W ele;j tha;ik kd;dd;".
,g;gbj; Jd;gj;jhy; gygbahfr; rpe;jpj;J jrujd; xd;Wk;
nra;ahJ nghWj;J> ehd; gLk; ngUk; Jd;gk; fz;Lk;> rpwpNjDk;
kdkpuq;fpj; jd; epiyapdpd;Wk; khwhj ,tis> ,ue;J Ntz;Ljy;
xUf;fhy; gyd; mspf;ff;$Lk; vd;W fUjp> mt;thNw nra;aj;
Jzpe;jhd;. jrujd; ifNfapapd; fhy;fspy; tPo;e;J mtsplk;
nfQ;Rfpwhd;.
10.9. jrujd; kd;whly; “ifNfap! ifNfap! cd; kfd; gujd;> ,e;j muir
Vw;fkhl;lhd;. mg;gb mtd; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk;> ,e;j ehLk;
kf;fSk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s khl;lhHfs;. gujd; ehL Ms> ,uhkd; fhL
GFjiy NjtUk; xg;gkhl;lhHfs;. ,uhkd; fhL nrd;why;> kf;fs;
capH tho khl;lhHfs;. mg;Gwk;> eP ahNuhL ,Ue;J ,e;j muir
Msg;Nghfpwha;?". “,uhkid Kb#l;bf; nfhs;s Kiwg;gb
Nfl;ljhy;> mtd; xg;Gf;nfhz;lhd;. eP cd; kfd; gujDf;F Ml;rp
158
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,uhkdplk; $wpdhy;> mtNd kdk; tpUk;gp
uh[;aj;ijf; nfhLj;J tpLthd;. ifNfap! eP vd; fz;fis
Ntz;LkhdhYk; Nfs;! nfhLj;J tpLfpNwd;. vd; capiu
Ntz;LkhdhYk; Nfs;! nfhLj;J tpLfpNwd;. Ntz;Lkhdhy; cd;
kfDf;F ,e;j uh[;aj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhs;. kw;nwhU tuj;ij kl;Lk;
kwe;J tpL!". “ifNfap! ehd; nrhd;d nrhy; jtwkhl;Nld;.
jtwpdhy;> mJ Fw;wkhFk;. ehd; Ntz;Lfpd;w tuj;ij eP kdkpuq;fp
juNtz;Lk;. ,uf;fkw;w Nga;$l tUe;jp xUtH ahrpj;jhy; kdk;
,uq;fpj; je;JtpLk;. eP juyhfhjh?"
,g;gbg; gyg;gy nrhy;yp ,iwQ;rpAk; me;jj; jPats;
ifNfap> kdk; ,uq;ftpy;iy. “kd;dh! ,e;j tuq;fis Kd;Nd
je;jha;. ,g;NghJ jukWj;J Nfhgg;gl;lhy;> cd; tha;ik vd;dhtJ?
tha;ikf;F xU jrujd; vd;W cyfj;jhH nrhy;thHfNs! ,dp ahH
,Uf;fpwhHfs; ,e;j cyfpy; tha;ikiaf; fhf;f?" ,e;jr;
nrhw;fisf; Nfl;L tUe;jpa jrujd;> ,ts; ngz; my;y. capiuf;
nfhy;Yk; tp\k; vd;W %Hr;rpj;Jg; gpd; vOe;J kWgbAk;
nfQ;Rfpwhd;. “ehL KOtijAk; nfhLj;J tpLfpNwd;. ngha; $Nwd;.
cd; kfNd ,e;j uh[;aj;ij Msl;Lk;. ePNa Mz;L nfhs;. cd;
mjpfhuj;ijr; nrYj;J. Mdhy;> vd; kfd;> vd; fz;Nghd;w ,uhkd;
,e;j ehl;iltpl;Lf; fhdfk; Nghf kl;Lk; nrhy;yhNj! vdf;F ,e;j
tuj;ijf; nfhL" vd;whd;. “,uhkidf; fhzhky; ehd; capNuhL
,Uf;f khl;Nld;. vdNt vd; capH> cd; milf;fykhf cd;
ifapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mij eP fhj;jpl Ntz;Lk;. jaT nra;J kdk;
,uq;Fthahf!" “eP ,ug;gJ Nghy Nfl;lhYk;> typikAs;s eP vdf;F
,Lk; Mizjhd; eP Nfl;gJ. ,J mwky;y> nfhLj;j thf;ifj;
jtwtpLtJjhd; jHkkh?" vd;whs; ifNfap. ,t;tsT kd;whbAk;
kdk; ,uq;fhjijf; fz;L kd;dd; ~,dp ,uhkd; fhL Nghtijf;
jLf;fTk; ,ayhJ@ vd; capH gpuptijAk; jLf;f ,ayhJ| vd;W
czHe;J maHTw;Wf; fPNo tPo;e;jhd;. ,Jtiu ,dpatshfg; gofp
te;j ,e;jf; ifNfapaplk; ,t;tsT nfhLikAk;> mw;gj;jdKk;
Fbnfhz;bUg;gijf; fz;L Jauk; fiufhzhjjhapw;W@ jiuapNy
kdk; ntJk;gpg; Gus;fpwhd;.
“fztNdhL jhDk; ,we;J NghFk; ngz;fisg;
ghHj;jpUf;fpNwd;. Mdhy;> fztd; capiuNa Nghf;fpLk; cd;
Nghd;wtis ehd; ghHj;jjpy;iy. ngz;ik Fzq;fs; vJTNk
159
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
,y;yhj eP! fztidNa nfhy;yj; Jzpe;J tpl;lha;. cd;id ehd;
nfhy;yhtpbDk;> cyfj;jhH cd;idf; nfhd;W xopg;gH.
ngz;fSf;Nf cupj;jhd mr;rk;> klk;> ehzk;> gapHg;G vJTk;
,y;yhj eP ngz;Nz my;y! ehzkpy;yhH eq;ifahfhH. cUtj;jhy;
ngz;zhapDk; Mz;ghyNu!" “cly;typ> giltyp> kjptd;ik Mfpa
vy;yhr; rpwg;igAk; ngw;w murH kw;Wk; NjtHfis ntd;W> jrujd;
vd;W ngaH ngw;w ehd;> xU rhjhuzg; ngz;zhNy> kidtpahNy
NfLw;whd; vDk; gopr; nrhy;Yf;F Mshfp tpl;NlNd!" ,g;gbg;
gw;gyr; nrhy;yp Gyk;gpdhd; jrujd;.
vjw;Fk; ,uq;fhj nfhLkdf; ifNfap “muNr! gygbahfg;
NgrNtz;lhk;. ehd; Nfl;l tuq;fisj; jtwhJ nfhLj;jjhf
kdjhur; nrhy;. ,y;iyNay; ,g;NghNj capH tpLNtd;" vd;whs;.
,tsJ nfhLQ;nrhy; Nfl;l kd;dd;> ,ts; ,we;J tpLNtd;
vd;fpwhNs vd;W fUjp ~,e;j tuq;fisj; je;Njd;! je;Njd;!|
vd;whd;. ehd; ,we;J Ngha; tpz;Zyif Ms;Ntd;. Mdhy; eP cd;
kfNdhLk; $b> tir nts;sk; $b> gopahfpa ngUnts;sj;jpy;
ePe;jpf; nfhz;bU!" vd;W nrhy;yp kaq;fp fPNo tpOe;jhd;. murd;
tuq;fisf; Nfl;lgb nfhLj;Jtpl;l jpUg;jpapy; ifNfap epk;kjpahf
cwq;fr; nrd;whs;.
10.10. ifNfap ,uhkd; re;jpg;G kWehs; nghOJ tpbe;jJ. Kb#l;Ltpoh nfhz;lhl;lj;Jf;F
efuk; jahuhfpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. gd;dhl;L murHfSk; te;J Ftpaj;
Jtq;fptpl;lhHfs;. gl;lhgpN\f kz;lgj;Jf;F te;j trp\;lH>
Njitahd nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L te;J NrHj;J> epfo;r;rpfisj;
njhlq;fj; jahuhdhH. kd;didf; $l;bf;nfhz;L tu Rke;jpud;
fpsk;gpr; nrd;whd;. rf;futHj;jp ifNfapapd; muz;kidapy;
,Ug;gJ mwpe;J> mq;Nf nrd;W jhd; te;j tptuj;ijf; $Wfpwhd;.
mjw;F Kd;ghf ifNfap vjpHg;gl;L> ,uhkid clNd ,q;F
mioj;J tUkhW Rke;jpudplk; gzpj;jhs;. Rke;jpud; mts; ,l;l
fl;lisia rpuNky; Vw;W> ,uhkd; ,Uf;Fk; khspiff;Fr; nrd;W>
,uhkidf; fz;L> gl;lhgpN\fj;jpw;F te;jpUf;fpw midtUk;
fhj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. mjw;Fs;> cd; rpwpa md;id ifNfap cd;id
mioj;J tUk;gb gzpj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. tpiutpy; tUfntdf;
$wpdhH.
,e;j cj;juitf; Nfl;lJk; ,uhkd; vOe;J muq;fg;
ngUkhidr; nrd;W tzq;fptpl;L> ,d;dpir fPjq;fSk;>
160
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
tho;j;njhypfSk; Koq;f Rke;jpuNdhL Gwg;gl;lhd;. ,uhkgpuhd;
Njupy; nry;tij efu tPjpfspy; ,UGwKk; jpuz;L epd;w kf;fs;
tho;j;jpdhHfs;. NeNu rgh kz;lgk; nrd;W mq;Nf kd;dd;
fhzg;glhikapdhy;> ifNfapapd; muz;kidiar;
nrd;wile;jhd;.muz;kidAs; nrd;w ,uhkd; mq;Nf kfpo;r;rpahd
#o;epiy ,y;iy vd;gij czHe;jhd;. ,td; tuit vjpHNehf;fp
je;ijAk; ifNfapAk; fhj;jpUf;ftpy;iy. kdf; fyf;fj;NjhL
mtHfs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; Nehf;fpr; nry;yj; njhlq;fpdhd;.
,uhkd; tUtijf; fz;l ifNfap> mtd; nrd;W jrujidf;
fz;lhy; vd;d NeUNkh? mtd; thahy; fl;lisfisr;
nrhy;thNdh? mjdhy; ehNd Ngha; Kd;djhf kd;dd;
fl;lisfis mtDf;Fr; nrhy;Ntd; vd;W nrd;whs;. “kfNd!
,uhkh! cd; je;ij vd; %yk; cdf;Fj; njuptpf;fr; nrhd;d
fl;lisnahd;W cz;L. mij ehd; nrhy;yyhnkd;why;
nrhy;YfpNwd;" vd;whs; ifNfap. mjw;F ,uhkd; “je;ij xU
fl;lisapl mijj; jhq;fNs vdf;F mwptpg;gjhdhy;> ,jdpDk;
ew;NgW NtW vdf;F cz;Nlh? vd;dg; Nghy; Nkk;gl;ltd; vtUk;
cz;Nlh? ,J ehd; nra;j jtg; gaNdad;wp Ntnwd;d? je;ijAk;
jhAk; ePq;fNs! mk;kh! fl;lisapLq;fs;" vd;whd;.
“ve;ijNa Vt> ePNu ciunra> ,iae;jJ cz;Nly;
ca;e;jdd; mbNad;> vd;dpw; gpwe;jtH csNuh thop
te;jJ vd; jtj;jpd; Ma gad;> kw;nwhd;W cz;Nlh
je;ijAk; jhAk; ePNu! jiy epd;Nwd;> gzpkpd; vd;whd;".
ifNfap> jdJ fl;lisfis ,uhkDf;F njuptpf;fpwhs;.
~fly; #o;e;j ,t;Tyif gujNd Ms> eP Ngha; rlhKb jupj;Jf;
nfhz;L> jtq;fisr; nra;J> fhdfk; nrd;W> Gz;zpa jPHj;jq;fspy;
ePuhb gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; nrd;wgpd; th| vd;W murd; nrhd;dhd;
vd;whs;.
“Mop#o; cyfnky;yhk; gujNd Ms> eP Ngha;
jhopU rilfs; jhq;fpj; jhq;fUk; jtk; Nkw;nfhz;L
g+opntk; fhdk; ez;zpg; Gz;zpaj; Jiwfshb
Vopnuz;L Mz;bd; th vd;W ,ak;gpdd; murd; vd;whs;".
,jid ehd; $wtpy;iy@ cd; je;ij murd; nrhd;dhd; vd;W
,uhkdplk; rhkHj;jpakhf ciuf;fpwhs;.
“,g;nghOJ vk;kNdhuhy; ,ak;GtJ vspNjh ahUk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nrg;gUk; Fzj;J ,uhkd; jpUKfr; nrt;tp Nehf;fpd;
xg;gNj Kd;G> gpd;G mt;thrfk; czuf; Nfl;l
mg;nghOJ myHe;j nre;jhkiuapid ntd;wjk;kh".
rf;futHj;jp jrujd; fl;lis ,l;l fhuzj;jpdhy; Kb#l;bf;nfhs;s
,uhkd; rk;kjpj;jhNdad;wp> tpUk;gp ,e;j mur ghuk; Vw;f
rk;kjpf;ftpy;iy. vdNt ,g;NghJ ehl;il gujDf;Ff;
nfhLj;Jtpl;L> jhd; tdk; nrd;W jtk; Nkw;nfhz;L> Gz;zpa
ejpfshb gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; Kbe;jgpd; th vd;W je;ij
Mizapl;ljha;> jha; $wpaJk; kl;lw;w kfpo;r;rpaile;J tz;bapy;
g+l;lg;gl;l khL fl;ltpo;j;J tplg;gl;lJ Nghy czHe;jhd; ,uhkd;.
Kd;G cdf;F kFlk; vd;wNghJ mtd; Kfk; vg;gbapUe;jNjh>
mJNghyNt kFlk; cdf;F ,y;iy> gujDf;Fj;jhd;> eP gjpdhd;F
Mz;Lfs; tdthrk; nra;J tuNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dNghJk;
mNjNghy> md;W kyHe;j nre;jhkiu kyHNghy xspNahLk;>
kyHr;rpNahLk; ,Ue;jJ.
“jhNa! kd;ddpd; fl;lis ,y;iynad;whYk;> jq;fs;
fl;lisia ehd; kWg;Ngdh? vd; jk;gp gujd; ngw;w nry;tk; ehd;
ngw;wJ Nghytd;Nwh? jq;fs; fl;lisia rpuNkw;nfhz;Nld;.
,g;nghONj fhdfk; nry;fpNwd;> jq;fsplk; tpilngWfpNwd;"
vd;whd; ,uhkd;.
“kd;dtd; gzp md;whfpDk; Ek; gzp kWg;gNdh vd;
gpd;dtd; ngw;w nry;tk; mbaNdd; ngw;wjd;Nwh!
vd; ,dp cWjp> mg;ghy; ,g;gzp jiyNkw;nfhz;Nld;
kpd;ndhspH fhdk; ,d;Nw Nghfpd;Nwd; tpilAk; nfhz;Nld;"
,uhkd; ,t;thW ifNfaplk; nrhy;yptpl;L> mtisj;
njhOJ ek];fupj;Jtpl;L> jd; je;ij ,Ue;j jpir Nehf;fp tzq;fp
Gwg;gl;L NeNu jd;idg; ngw;w jha; Nfhriyapd; khspifiar;
nrd;wile;jhd;.
10.11. Nfhriyiar; re;jpj;j ,uhkd; mq;Nf Nfhriy ,uhkid Kb#ba Nfhyj;jpy;> mjw;Fupa
Fil Kjyhd rpwg;Gf;fSld; jd; khspiff;F tUthd; vd;W
kfpo;r;rpNahL mtid vjpHghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jtSf;F> ,uhkd;
ntWk; ifadha;g; Ngha; epd;wJk;> Nfhriy mjpHr;rpAw;whs;.
“tPRfpd;w ftup ,y;iy@ murDf;Fupa ntz;nfhw;w Filapd;wp@ jdp
kdpjdhf> tpjp ,uhkid topelj;jpr; nry;yj;> jHkk; mtd; gpd;
tUj;jJld; gpd;njhluf;> Nfhriy Kd; Ngha; epd;whd;.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
“,uhkh! vd; fz;Nz! vd;d ,J? cd; jiyapy; kzpKb
,y;iy@ cd; cly; kq;fy kQ;rs; ePuhy; eide;jpUf;ftpy;iy@
vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl> jd; fhybapy; tPo;e;J tzq;fpa
,uhkdplk; kdk; nefpo;e;J> mtid kdjhu tho;j;jptpl;L “Vd;
mg;gh! eP Kb#l;bf; nfhs;tjw;F VNjDk; ,ila+W
NeHe;Jtpl;ljh?" vd;fpwhs;. ele;jtw;iwnay;yhk; jd; jhaplk;
nrhd;dhy; mts; kdk; cile;J Nghths; vd;W fUjp ,uhkd;
iffisf; $g;gpj; jd; jhia Fk;gpl;L “mk;kh! cd; md;G kfd;
Fw;wkw;w FzKila gujd; Kb#lg; Nghfpwhd; mk;kh!" vd;whd;.
“mg;gbah? cd;idf; fhl;bYk; epiw Fzq;fs; cila gujd;
ey;ytd;@ Kb#l nghUj;jkhdtd;. ,Ue;jhYk;> %j;jtd; ,Uf;f
,isatd; Kb#LtJ ek; Fyj;jpy; ,Jtiu ,y;iyNa> mJjhd;
Fiw" vd;whs; me;j ngUe;jd;ikahd jha; Nfhriy. “,uhkh!
kd;dH fl;lisg;gb gujDf;F uh[;aj;ijf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L>
mtNdhL xd;Wgl;L gy;Y}op fhyk; eykha; tho;thahf!" vd;W
tho;j;jpdhs;. jhapd; ciuNfl;L kfpo;e;j ,uhkd; “mk;kh! ehd;
ed;ndwpapy; ca;Ak; nghUl;L murd; vdf;F ,l;l fl;lis xd;Wk;
,Uf;fpwJ!" vd;whd;.“mJ vd;d fl;lis ,uhkh?"“ehd; gjpdhd;F
Mz;Lfs; tdk; nrd;W mq;F thOk; ngUk; jtrpfNshL
jq;fpapUe;J tuNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; kd;dd; fl;lis mk;kh!"
,jidf; Nfl;l khj;jpuj;jpy; Nfhriy ngupJk; tUe;jpdhs;@
kaq;fpdhs;@ tpk;kp mOjhs;@ tpOe;jhs;@ Nrhfj;jpd; vy;iyf;Nf
nrd;whs;. gpd; njspe;J vOe;J “,uhkh! ,J vd;d tQ;rfk;?
ehlhsr; nrhy;yp gpd; mij khw;wp cd;idf; fhl;Lf;F Juj;JtJ
fs;skd;Nwh? ehd; ,dp capH tho khl;Nld;" vd;whs;.
“vy;NyhiuAk; fhl;bYk; cd;ghy; Ngud;G nfhz;L ePNa capH vdf;
fUjpa kd;dH mjw;F Kw;wpYk; khwhf cd;idf; fhl;bw;F
mDg;Gk; tifapy; eP VNjDk; jtW nra;J tpl;lhNah ,uhkh?"
vd;whs; Nfhriy. “ehd; mwq;fNsad;wp jPtpid vijAk; nra;jts;
my;yNt! vdf;F Vd; ,e;jj; Jauk;? fd;iwg; gpupe;j gRNghy
fjWfpd;NwNd!" vd;W Gyk;Gfpwhs;. gpwF ,uhkd; Nfhriyaplk;
gythW vLj;Jr; nrhy;yp MWjy; $Wfpwhd;.
“,uhkh! eP tdk; nry;fpwha; vd;wJNk> vd; capH NghapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbg; Nghftpy;iy. Mdhy; eP NghdgpwF ehd;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
capiuj; jhq;fpf; nfhz;L ,Ug;gJ ,ayhj fhupak;. vdNt
vd;idAk; cd;Dld; fhl;Lf;F mioj;Jr; nry;" vd;whs;.
“jhNa! je;ij vd;idg; gpupe;j gpwF kpfTk; JaukilthH
my;yth? mg;NghJ mtUf;F MWjy; $whky; jhq;fs; vd;Dld;
fhl;Lf;F tUtJ vd;gJ KiwahFkh?" vd;whd; ,uhkd;. ,dp
,uhkidj; jLj;J epWj;j KbahJ vd;W ed;F czHe;j gpwF
Nfhriy> jrujid tpl;Nl nrhy;ypj; jLj;Jtplyhk; vd;W
vz;zkpl;lhs;. gpwF ,uhkd; Rkj;jpiuaplk; nrd;W tpilngwr;
nrd;whd;. Nfhriy jd; fztd; jrujidf; fhz;gjw;fhf
ifNfapapd; muz;kidf;Fr; nrd;W mq;F kd;dd; fple;j
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L %Hr;irailfpwhs;. %Hr;ir njspe;J vOe;J
Nfhriy mOJ Gyk;Gfpwhs;. mtsJ mOFuy; muz;kidnaq;Fk;
vjpnuhypf;fpwJ.
10.12. Nrhfj;jpy; %o;fpa nrhh;f;fGup mq;Nf> uh[ rigapy; ,Ue;j kf;fs; fhJfspnyy;yhk;
kq;fy xypfs; Nfl;f Ntz;ba Neuj;jpy;> ,g;gbnahU mOFuy;
mkq;fykha;f; Nfl;fpwNj> mJ vd;dntd;W ghHj;J tu trp\;liu
mDg;Gfpd;wdH. ifNfapapd; muz;kidf;Fr; nrd;w trp\;l KdptH
epiyikiag; Gupe;J nfhz;lhH. ifNfapaplk; ele;jJ vd;dntd;W
Nfl;f> mts; rpwpJk; fyf;fkpd;wp Fw;w czHT rpwpJkpd;wp
ele;jijf; $wp Kbj;jhs;.
trp\;lH kd;did vOg;gp Njw;WfpwhH. ,dp ifNfapaplk;
nrhy;yp kPz;Lk; ,uhkDf;Nf muirj; jUkhW Nfl;fyhk; vd;W
MWjyhfg; NgRfpwhH. jrujd; Nrhfj;jpy; ,uhkh! ,uhkh! vd;W
Gyk;gpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;. xUf;fhy; ifNfap kdk; khwp ,uhkDf;Nf
ehl;ilf; nfhLj;jhYk; ,uhkd; mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thdh vd;w Iak;
Vw;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; KdptH trp\;lupd; MNyhridia ifNfap
Vw;fhky; kd;dd; nfhLj;j thf;iff; fhg;ghw;wtpy;iyahdhy; jhd;
clNd capHePg;Ngd; vd;fpwhs;. Nfhgk; nfhz;l trp\;lH
ifNfapia “eP ngz; my;y> Nga;!" vd;fpwhH. jrujd; FyFUthd
trp\;luplk; “,uhkd; fhdfk; Ngha;tpl;lhdh?" vd;W Nfl;fpwhd;.
Nfhgj;Jld; ifNfapaplk; “,uhkd; fhl;Lf;Fg; Ngha;tpl;lhy;> ehd;
capH jupNad;" vd;fpwhd;. ,t;thW gythW ifNfapaplk; nrhd;d
gpd;:
“,d;Nd gyTk; gfHthd; ,uq;fhjhis Nehf;fpr;
nrhd;Ndd; ,d;Nw> ,ts; vd; jhuky;y> Jwe;Njd;
164
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
kd;Nd Mthd; tUk; mg;gujd;jidAk; kfd; vd;W
cd;Ndd;> Kdpth! mtDk; Mfhd; cupikf;F vd;whd;".
“KdptNu! ,dp ,e;jf; ifNfap vd; kidtpAk; my;ys;@
me;jg; gujid vd; kfdhff; fUjkhl;Nld;@ mtd; ,dp kfd; vd;w
cupikapy; nra;aNtz;ba fhupaq;fSf;Fk; cupatd; ,y;iy"
vd;whd; jrujd;. gpwF Nfhriyiaf; fz;L kdk; tUe;jpg;
Gyk;Gfpwhd;. Nfhriy fztidj; Njw;Wfpwhs;. jrujd; gioa
epfo;r;rpfisr; nrhy;ypr; nrhy;ypg; Gyk;Gfpwhd;. Nfhriy
fztdplk; “,uhkidg; gpupe;J jtpf;Fk; vd;id ePq;fSk; iftpl;Lr;
nrd;why; vd; epiy vd;dthFk; Nahrpj;jPHfsh?" vd;W Nfl;fpwhs;.
“Nfhriy! vd; capH ePq;Ftjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,e;j ,uhkdpd; gpupT
,Uf;Fk; vd;W vdf;F xU rhgk; cz;L. me;j rhgk; vdf;F
Vw;gl;l tuyhw;iwr; nrhy;fpNwd; Nfs;!" vd;W nrhy;yj;
njhlq;Ffpwhd; jrujd;.
10.13. jrujd; jd; Kd; tuyhW $wy; “xU Kiw ehd; fhl;Lf;F Ntl;ilahlr; nrd;wpUe;Njd;.
mq;Nf ahidfSk;> rpq;fq;fSk; elkhLk; gFjpf;Fr; nrd;W
Ntl;ilf;Fj; jahuhf kiwe;J epd;wpUe;Njd;. mg;gb kiwe;J
,Uf;Fk;NghJ> ryNghrdd; vDk; rpwe;j KdptDk; mtd;
kidtpAk; ghHit ,oe;jtHfshfj; jd; kfNd Jizahf
mtDld; ,Ue;jhHfs;. fz; ,oe;j ngw;NwhUf;Fj; jz;zPH nfhz;L
tUk; nghUl;L xU FWfpa ghj;jpuj;jpy; ePNuhilapy; me;j kfd; ePH
nkhs;Sk;NghJ cz;lhd Xir> ahid ePH mUe;Jk; Xir Nghy
,Ue;jjhy;> kiwe;jpUe;j ehd;> ahid vd;W vz;zp> xyp te;j
jpir Nehf;fp mk;igr; nrYj;jptpl;Nld;. me;j mk;G ePH
nkhz;Lnfhz;bUe;j ,sk; gpuk;kr;rhupapd; kPJ gha;e;Jtpl;lJ. me;j
,isQd; jiukPJ tpOe;J Gyk;gpdhd;. xyp te;j jpir Nehf;fp
mk;G tpl;NlNd jtpu mq;F ,Ue;jJ ahidah kdpjdh vd;W
vdf;Fj; njupahJ. mtd; mywp tPo;e;j gpwFjhd; Xbg; Ngha;g;
ghHj;Njd;. mepahakhf ,g;gb XH ,isQd; kPJ mk;G
nrYj;jptpl;NlhNk vd;W kpfTk; tUe;jpNdd;."
“ifapypUe;j Flk; eOtp fPNo tpOe;J fplf;f> jiuapy;
fple;J GuSk; me;j ,isQidf; fz;lJk;> vd; tpy;Yk; kdKk;
NrhHe;J tpo> mtd; mUfpy; nrd;W “,isQNd! eP ahH?" vd;W
Nfl;Nld;. mjw;F mtd; “ehd; fhrpg Kdptupd; topapy; te;j
165
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
ryNghrd; vDk; Kdptdpd; kfd; RNuhrdd; vd;whd;". “,U
fz;fspYk; ghHit ,oe;j vdJ ngw;NwhHfSf;fhf jz;zPH
nfhz;L tUk; nghUl;L ,e;j Xilf;F te;Njd;. eP ahid vd;W
fUjp vd;kPJ mk;G nrYj;jptpl;lha;. ,J vdJ tpjpg;gad;@ md;wp
NtW vd;d? eP vd;d nra;tha;> tUe;jhNj vd;W me;j ,isQd;
nrhd;dhd;".
“vd; ngw;NwhH jz;zPH Ntl;ifahy; jtpj;Jf;
nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;. vdNt eP clNd mtHfSf;Fj; jz;zPH nfhz;L
Ngha;f; nfhLj;J> vd; epiyikiaf; $wp> vd; ,Wjp
ek];fhuq;fisAk; mtHfsplk; njuptpj;JtpL! vd;whd; mtd;. gpwF
capH ePj;jhd;". “ike;jd; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lgb> mtd; ngw;NwhUf;F
ePiuAk;> ,we;j kfdpd; cliyAk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Ngha; me;jg;
ghHit ,oe;j ngw;NwhH ,Uf;Fkplk; nrd;Nwd;. mtHfs; vd; fhyb
Xir Nfl;Lj; jdJ kfd; vd;W vz;zp “Foe;jha;! Vd; ,t;tsT
jhkjk;. cdf;F VNjDk; rq;flk; NeHe;jNjh vd;W ehq;fs; kpfTk;
tUe;jpNdhk;. th! kfNd> vd; mUfpy; th! vd;whd; me;j
fz;zpoe;j je;ij." “clNd ehd; XH murd; vd;Wk;> ele;j
tuyhw;iwf; $wp Kbj;Njd;. mijf; Nfl;L Gj;jpu Nrhfj;jhy; me;j
ngw;NwhH Jd;Gw;W mOjdH. fz; ghHit ,oe;j vq;fSf;Ff;
fz;Nghy ,Ue;j vq;fs; fz;kzp Ngha; tpl;lhNd. kfNd!
cd;idg; gpupe;J ehq;fs; vg;gb tho;Nthk;? ehq;fSk; cd;Dld;
te;Njhk;> vd;W mywpdH".“cq;fs; kfidg; Nghy ,Ue;J> ehd;
jq;fSf;F Ntz;Ltd nra;Ntd; vd Ntz;bf; nfhz;Nld;. ,dp
vq;fSf;F tho;T Njitapy;iy. kd;dh! ,dp vq;fisg; NghyNt
ePAk; cd; kfidg; gpupe;J> me;j Gj;jpu Nrhfj;jpy; capH ,of;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W rhgk; nfhLj;J tpl;lhd; me;j Kdptd;. Nfhriy!
me;j Kdptdpd; rhgk; epiwNtWk; fhyk; te;Jtpl;lJ. ,uhkd;
vd;id tpl;Lg; gpupjYk;> mjdhy; ehd; capH Jwg;gJk; epr;rak;"
vd;whd; jrujd;.
10.14. ,yf;Ftd; rpdk; jdpj;j ,uhkd; clNd trp\;lH Gwg;gl;Lg; Ngha; rgh kz;lgj;jpy;
$bapUe;jtHfSf;F> ,uhkd; Kb#l;L tpoh epd;Wtpl;lijAk;>
,uhkd; tdk; nry;yg; NghtijAk; njuptpj;jhH. ehl;L khe;jH
midtUk; Ntjidahy; JaUw;W jtpj;jdH. ,uhkidf; fhl;Lf;F
mDg;gpa jrujd; nraiyf; Fiw $wpdH. ,uhkgpuhd; tdk;
166
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
nry;tJ mwpe;J kf;fs; kl;Lkh tUe;jpdhHfs;? ,y;iy ,y;iy.
tsHg;Gg; gpuhzpfSk; tUe;jpdthk;. mt;tsT capHfSk; Mo;e;j
Jauj;jpy; tUe;jpd.
,e;jr; nra;jpfs; midj;ijAk; Nfs;tpg;gl;l ,yf;Ftd;
rpdk; nfhz;lhd;. NghHf;Nfhyk; g+z;lhd;. ,uhkd; Kb#Ltjw;Fj;
jilahf cs;stH vtuhapDk;> mtHfisf; nfhd;nwhopg;Ngd;.
ifNfapapd; Nehf;fk; epiwNtw tplkhl;Nld;. vd;W vOe;jhd;.
,yf;Ftd; vOg;gpa tpy;ypd; ehnzhyp Nfl;L ,uhkd; mq;Nf
tUfpwhd;. “jk;gp! Nfhgg;glhNj> eP Vdg;gh ,g;NghJ Nfhgg;
gLfpwha;" vd;W mtid mikjpg; gLj;j Kidfpwhd;.
,yf;FtDf;F ,uhkd; gy ey;Yiufisf; $wp mtd; Nfhgk;
jzptpf;fpwhd;. gpwF ,uhkd;> ,yf;FtDld; Rkj;jpiu ,Uf;Fkplk;
nry;fpwhd;. mJtiu ele;jit midj;ijAk; Nfl;l Rkj;jpiu
tUj;jj;jpy; Mo;e;jpUe;jhs;. ey;thHj;ijfs; $wp ,uhkd; mtisj;
Njw;Wfpwhd;.
gpd;dH Vty; kfspH> jtrpfs; mzpaNtz;ba kuTup nfhz;L
tu> mjid ,uhkd; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhd;. clNd ,yf;Ftd;
jhDk; ,uhkDld; tdk; nry;y Ntz;Lnkd;W jd; jha;
Rkj;jpiuaplk; Nfl;fpwhd;. mjw;F me;jj; jha; nrhy;fpwhs;.
“,yf;\;kzh! eP clNd Gwg;gL. ,dp ,uhkd; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk;jhd;
cdf;F mNahj;jp. eP ,uhkd; kdk; Nfhzhky; ele;J nfhs;. mtd;
tdthrk; Kbe;J ehL jpUk;gp te;jhy; ePAk; th! mg;gb mtDf;F
VNjDk; jPq;F NeHe;jhy; mtDf;F Kd;ghf eP ,we;J tpL!"
vd;whs; me;jg; Gdpjkhd jha;.
10.15. ,uhkd; fhl;bw;Fg; Gwg;gly; ,uhkDk; ,yf;FtDk; gpwF Rkj;jpiuia tzq;fp>
fd;Wfisg; gpupa NeHe;j gRitg; Nghy Rkj;jpiu mOJ fz;zPH
rpe;j> jj;jk; mur cilfisf; fise;Jtpl;L jhjpaH nfhz;L
te;j kuTupfisj; jupj;Jf; nfhz;L ntspNa Gwg;gl;lhHfs;.
,yf;FtDk; jd;idg; NghyNt> kuTup jupj;j fhl;rp fz;L> ,uhkd;
nrhy;fpwhd;. “yf;\;kzh! ehd; fhdfk; nry;tjhy;> ifNfap ePq;fpa
jha;khH ,UtUk;> je;ijAk; Mwhj; Jaupy; Mo;e;Js;shHfs;. eP
mtHfNshL jq;fp ,Ue;jhy; mtHfSf;Fr; rw;W MWjyhf
,Uf;Fk;. vdf;fhf eP> mtHfNshL jq;fpapUf;ff; $lhjh?" vd;W
Nfl;lhd;. ,uhkd; mt;thW nrhy;yTk;> md;Ng cUthd ,yf;Ftd;
Njhs;fs; FYq;f tpk;kp mOJ> ,uhkid Nehf;fpf; nrhy;fpwhd;:
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
“mz;zh! ehd; cq;fSf;Fr; nra;j jPikjhd; vd;d? ePHepiyfspy;
ePH ,Ue;jhy; kPd;fSk; my;ypAk; Mk;gYk; ,Uf;Fk;@ g+kp
,Ue;jhy;jhd; mjd; kPJs;s [PtuhrpfSk; ,Uf;Fk;. Nfhjz;luhkh!
ahH ,Ue;jhy; ehDk; jpUkfshk; rPjhgpuhl;bAk; capNuhL ,Ug;Nghk;
vd;gij ePq;fNs nrhy;yp mUs Ntz;Lk;" vd;whd;. vJ MjhuNkh>
mJ ,d;wp mjd; rhHGg; nghUl;fs; ,Ug;gJ vg;gb rhj;jpak;?
vd;gJ ,yf;Ftd; Nfs;tp.
“mz;zh! tha;ik fhg;gtd; vd;W cd;id cyNfhH
$wpf;nfhz;bUf;f> cd;idf; fhl;Lf;F mDg;gp tpl;L ,d;Dk; ek;
je;ij jrujr; rf;futHj;jp capNuhL ,Uf;fpwhH my;yth? mtuJ
kfd;jhNd ehDk;@ cq;fisg; gpupe;J capNuhL ,Ug;Ngd; vd;W
epidj;jPHfs; NghYk;".
“Kd;G ehd; rpdk; nfhz;L vOe;j Nghnjy;yhk;> ~cd; rpdk;
ey;yjy;y> mjid Kw;wpYk; jtpHj;J tpL vd;W ePq;fs;
fl;lisapl;lijtpl> ,g;NghJ vd;idj; jq;fs; cld;tuhJ ,Uf;fr;
nrhy;tJ kpfTk; nfhLikahdJ" “IaNd! murr; nry;tKk; kw;w
gpw ,d;gq;fSk; xU nghUl;ly;y vd;W fUjpj; jhq;fs;
mtw;iwnay;yhk; Jwe;J nrd;whYk;> vd;idAk;> rPjhgpuhl;biaAk;
~ifJilj;J| tpl;Lr; nry;tJ nghUj;jKilajh?" vd;fpwhd;
,yf;Ftd;.
,yf;FtDila cs;shHe;j fdpe;j md;G nkhopfisf;
Nfl;l ,uhkgpuhd; xd;Wk; nrhy;y ,ayhjtdhfpf; fz;fspy; ePH
jhiu jhiuahfr; nrhupaj; jk;gpapd; Kfj; jhkiuiag; ghHj;j
tz;zk; mikjpahf epd;whd;. mg;NghJ trp\;lH mq;Nf tUfpwhH.
mtiu ,UtUk; tzq;FfpwhHfs;. nka;g;nghUis czUk;
jd;ikAila trp\;lH mt;tpUtH Njhw;wj;ijAk; fz;l
khj;jpuj;jpy;> mtHfsJ Nehf;fj;ij mwpe;J kdNtjidaile;J
jd; trk; ,oe;jhH. Co;tpidia ahNu khw;wty;yhH vd;W
ngU%r;nrwpe;jhH. rpe;ijAk; nraYk; nrg;gKila ,uhkDf;F ,e;j
epiy tu ifNfap fhuzk; vd;gJ Gwj; Njhw;wNkad;wp> NtW
ahNjh fhuzKk; ,jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;jf; fhuzk; gpd;dH
ntsptUk; vd;W trp\;lH epidj;jhH. vdpDk; ,uhkid Nehf;fp
“,uhkh! eP fhdfk; nrd;Wtpl;lhy; jrujd; capH tho;jy; ,ayhJ"
vd;whH. “FUNjth! kd;dtd; gzpia Vw;W elg;gJ vd; flik.
mjdpd;W ehd; gpwNod;. kd;did MWjy; thHj;ijfs; $wp
168
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Njw;Wjy; FUNjtuhfpa cq;fs; flikahFk;. ,t;tpuz;L
flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wjy;jhd; Kiw" vd;whd; ,uhkd;.
“,uhkh! tuk; vd;w ngauhy; ifNfap Nfl;ljw;F “jUfpNwd;" vd;W
Muhahky; cld;gl;lijad;wp “eP tdk; Ngh" vd;W kd;dd; jd;
thahy; cd;idg; gzpj;jhdh? ,y;iyNa! vdNt> ,J mtdJ
Mizay;y" vd;whH trp\;l KdptH. “je;ij ,iae;jjhNyjhNd
jha; vd;id Vtpdhs;. ehDk; cld;gl;L mtSf;F cWjp
$wptpl;Nld;@ ,t;tsTk; mwpe;j jhq;fs; je;ij thahy; “Ngh" vd;W
$wtpy;iy vd;nwhU Nghf;Ff; fhl;b vd;idj; jLg;gJ> rfy
rh];jpuq;fSk; mwpe;j jq;fSf;F Kiwahdjd;W" vd;whd; ,uhkd;.
trp\;luhy; xd;Wk; gjpy; $wKbatpy;iy. fz;fspypUe;J fz;zPH
ngUfp epyj;jpy; tpo epd;whH. ,uhkDk; ,yf;FtDk; mtiuj;
njhOJ muz;kid thapiy Nehf;fp ele;jdH. FkuH ,UtUk;
tPjpapy; ele;J nry;tijf; fz;L efu khe;jUk; gpwUk; ngUk;
Jaukile;jdH. ,uhkd; tdk; GFtjhy; ed;ik milag;NghFk;
NjtHfNs$l tUe;jp epd;whHfs; vd;why; kw;iwNahH epiy Nfl;f
Ntz;Lkh?
10.16. fz;zPu; tpl;Lf; fjwpa kf;fs; ,uhkdpd; jtf;Nfhyk; fz;L efu kfspH iffshy;
fz;fspy; mbj;Jf; nfhz;L mOjdH. efu khe;jH gyH Jauk;
jhq;fhky; capiu tpl;ldH. rpyH kaq;fpdH@ rpyH tpk;kp mOjdH@
rpyH fz;zPH nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpdH@ $e;jy; jPg;gpbj;jJNghy mywp
mOjdH rpyH. ,uhkd; Kb#l;bf;nfhz;L gtdp tUthd; vd;W
MtNyhL fhj;jpUe;j kf;fs;> khwhd fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ~INah! ek;
fz;fs; FUlhftpy;iyNa| vd;W tUe;jpdH. mNahj;jp efuj;J
kf;fs; kl;Lkh? ,y;iy> IawpT> ehywpT cs;s capupdq;fSk;$l
Jauj;jhy; Jtz;L Nghapd. CUk; kf;fSk;> kw;w capupdq;fSk;
tUe;jp thl> ,UtUk; rPij ,Uf;Fkplk; nrd;wile;jdH.
Kb#l;bf; nfhz;L kd;ddha; ,uhkd; tUthd; vd;W
fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j rPij ,tHfsJ Nfhyk; fz;L JZf;Fw;whs;.
cly; eLq;f “,e;jj; Jauk; te;J Nru vd;d fhuzk;?" vd;W cly;
eLq;f Nfl;lhs;. “rPjh! gujd; ehl;il MsTk;> ehd; fhL nry;yTk;
ngw;NwhH gzpj;jdH. mjidr; rpuNky;nfhz;L ehd; ,d;Nw fhdfk;
Gwg;gLfpNwd;. kPz;L tUNtd;. eP ,q;Nf tUj;jg;glhky; ,U"
vd;whd; ,uhkd;. ,e;jr; nrhw;fs; rPjhgpuhl;biag; ngupJk; tUj;jpd.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
“jha; je;ij nrhy;iy Vw;Wj; jhq;fs; fhdfk; nry;tJ rupjhd;.
Mdhy; vd;id kl;Lk; ,q;Nf ,U vd;W nrhy;tJ vd;d epahak;?
mij ehd; nghNwd;" vd;whs; rPij. “cd; ed;ik fUjpNa ehd;
,g;gbr; nrhd;Ndd; rPjh! fhdfj;jpy; elf;Fk; NghJ ntk;ikAk;>
rpW fw;fs; ghjj;jpy; Fj;Jk; Jd;gj;ijAk; cd;dhy; jhq;f
KbahJ" vd;whd; ,uhkd;.
mjw;F rPjhgpuhl;b nrhy;fpwhs; “epd; gpuptpDk; RLNkh
ngUq;fhL?". cd;idg; gpuptJ vd;gJ vt;tsT nfhLik> mjdpDk;
nfhLikahdjh fhdfj;jpy; ntg;gk; fhiyr; RLtJ vd;fpwhs;
rPjhgpuhl;b. ,tisf; fz;zPH flypy; kpjf;f tpl;L vg;gbg; gpupe;J
nry;tJ vd;W ,uhkd; kdjpy; Fog;gk; Vw;gLfpwJ. mg;NghJ rPij
cs;Ns nrd;W jhDk; kuTup jupj;J ,uhkd; Kd;ghf te;J
epd;whs;. ,uhkDila ifiaj; jd; nky;ypa fuj;jhy; gw;wpdhs;.
gpuhl;bapd; ,e;jr; nraiyf; fz;NlhH midtUk; kaq;fp
tpOe;jdH. “eP mtrug;gl;L Jzpe;j nray; cdf;F kfpo;r;rp
jUtjhapDk; vdf;Fg; ngUk; Jd;gk; jUfpwJ" vd;whd; ,uhkd;.
“fhl;L tho;f;if Jd;gk; jUtJjhd;> ehd; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; m/J
,d;gkhfp tpLkh?" vd;whs; rPij. ,uhkgpuhdhy; xd;Wk; Ngr
Kbatpy;iy. %tUk; mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gl;ldH. “tuTupiaj; jd;
clk;gpy; Rw;wpf; nfhz;L jpUkfs; gpd;Nd tu> tpy; Ve;jpa
ifadha; ,yf;Ftd; Kd;dhy; nry;y> fhHNkf tz;zd; ,uhftd;
nry;Yk; fhl;rpiaf; fz;l mt;t+uhUf;F cz;lhd Jd;gk; nrhy;Yk;
jukhNkh?"
“rPiu Rw;wpj; jpUkfs; gpd; nry
%up tpw;if ,isatd; Kd; nryf;
fhiu xj;jtd; Nghk;gb fz;l mt;
t+iu cw;wJk; czHj;jTk; xz;ZNkh?"
,e;jf; Nfhyj;NjhL fhdfk; nry;Yk; ,tHfisf; fz;l
mNahj;jp khe;jH> ,dp ,tHfs; tdk; GFk; vz;zk; khwhJ vd
czHe;J> ,dp mOJ gadpy;iy> ,tHfSf;F Kd;ghf ehk; tdk;
nry;tNj ed;W vd;W vOe;jdH. ,k;%tUld; NfhriyAk;>
Rkj;jpiuAk; gpd;njhlHe;J nry;yj; njhlq;fpdH. jd;idj;
njhlHe;J te;j jha;khHfisj; jLj;J epWj;jp “ePq;fs; vd;idg;
gpd; njhlHtij tpl;L> Ngha; muriuj; Njw;Wq;fs; vd;whd; ,uhkd;.
gpd;dH ,yf;Ftd; Kd;nry;y> rPij gpd; njhlu ele;J te;j
170
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
,uhkgpuhd;> Rke;jpud; nfhz;L te;J epWj;jpa Njupy; Vwpf;
nfhz;ldH. NjH Gwg;gl;lJ.
10.17. efiu tpl;L ePq;fpa efuj;J khe;jHfs; mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gl;L mNahj;jp efiu ePq;fp ,uz;L Nah[id
J}uk; nrd;wgpwF xU Nrhiyia milfpd;wdH. mq;F ,Ue;j
KdptHfSld; ,tHfSk; jq;fpdH. ,uhkidj; njhlHe;J efuj;J
khe;jHfs; midtUk; te;J NrHe;J> me;jr; NrhiyapNyNa
jq;fpdH. $bapUe;j khe;jH midtUk; Cz; ,d;wp> cwf;fk;
Jwe;J Jauj;jpy; %o;fpapUe;jdH. me;j Neuj;jpy; ,uhkDk;
Rke;jpuDk; kl;Lk; Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
wMfNtz;Lk;. md;G kpFjpapdhy; ek;NkhL te;jpUf;Fk; ,e;j
kf;fisj; jpUk;g mDg;GtJ vspjhd fhupakd;W. mg;gb
mtHfisj; jpUk;g mDg;ghky; ehk; njhlHe;J tdk; GFtJk;
ed;wd;W. Mifahy; ePq;fs; ,g;NghNj ujj;ij Xl;bf; nfhz;L
efuj;Jf;Fj; jpUk;gpr; nrd;W tpLq;fs;. ePq;fs; ujk; Xl;br; nrd;w
jlj;ijg; ghHj;J mtHfSk;> ehd; ehL jpUk;gptpl;Nld; vd;W CH
jpUk;gp tpLthHfs;" vd;whd;.
,uhkd; $wpa MNyhridia Vw;W Rke;jpuH Gwg;gLKd;
,uhkdplk; “,uhkh! jhq;fs; %tiuAk; fhl;by; nfhz;L tpl;L
te;jjhfg; Ngha; kw;wtHfsplk; nrhy;NtNdh> cld; mioj;Jf;
nfhz;L te;Njd; vd;W nrhy;NtNdh> vd;d nrhy;Ntd;. ,uhkh!
jq;fis ,e;jf; fhl;by; tpl;Ltpl;L ehd; kl;Lk; ehL jpUk;gpr;
nrd;why;> vd; md;Gf;Fk;> el;Gf;Fk; vd;d nghUs;? efuj;J
khe;jHfSk; kw;iwa murHfSk; cq;fs; gpd;dhy; tUfpwhHfs;.
vg;gbAk; cq;fisj; jpUk;g mioj;Jf; nfhz;L te;JtpLthHfs;
vd ek;gpapUf;Fk; cq;fs; je;ij> jhq;fs; tutpy;iy vd;gJ
njupe;jhy; capH jupj;jpUg;ghuh? mtUf;F ehNd vkd;
MfNtz;Lkh?"
“ifNfap cd;id tdk; Nghfr; nrhd;djhy;> jrujd;
kuzg;gLf;ifapy; ,Uf;fpwhH. MapDk; capH ,d;Dk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
ePq;fs; tdk; Ngha;tpl;lij ehd; Ngha; nrhd;dhy;> mtuJ capH
gpupe;JtpLk;. mtiuf; nfhd;w gop vd;idr; Nruhjh?
vjw;Fk; ,uhkd; ,ire;J tutpy;iy vd;wJk; Rke;jpud; mtd;
mbapy; tPo;e;J Guz;L kd;whLfpwhd;. gpwF ,uhkd; Rke;jpuidj;
J}f;fp vLj;J epWj;jp> Muj; jOtpf; nfhz;L mioj;Jf; nfhz;L
nrd;W NgRfpwhd;.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
10.18. Rke;jpud; mNahj;jp jpUk;Gjy; “Jd;gk; vj;jifatUf;Fk; tUk; vd;gjidr; rpwe;j
mwpthspahd ePq;fs; mwpaPNuh. ,g;NghJ fhL nry;Yk; Jd;gk;
tUfpwNj vd;W> nja;tkha;f; fUjw;Fupa je;ijapd; nrhy;iyr;
jl;b ele;jhy;> ehd; va;Jk; gop rhjhuzkhdjd;W vd;gJk;
ckf;Fj; njupahjh? ePq;fs; vd;idf; fhL nry;yhJ jtpHg;gJ
Kiwapy;iy" vd;whd; ,uhkd;. ,g;gbg; gw;gy nrhy;yp> jhd; tdk;
GFtNj mwk; vd;Wk;> ,y;iyNay; ngUk;gop jdf;F te;J NrUk;
vd;Wk; ,uhkd; $Wfpwhd;. ehL jpUk;gpagpd; ifNfapaplk;
Nfhgg;glf;$lhJ vd;Wk;> jk;gp gujdplk; khwhj mUs; ghypj;J
tuNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpwhd;. nry;Yk; nrhy;
ty;yhdhfpa ,uhkgpuhd; kPz;Lk; VJk; nrhy;tjw;F ,lkpd;wpj; jd;
fl;lisahff; $wpatw;iwf; Nfl;l Rke;jpud;> mjw;F cld;gl;L
mtHfis tzq;fptpl;Lg; Gwg;gl;lhd;.
rPij Rke;jpudplk; “rf;futHj;jpaplKk;> khkpauplKk; vd;
tzf;fq;fisf; $Wq;fs;. vd; jcq;ifaHfsplk; ehd; tsHj;J
tUk; g+id> fpsp Kjyhd gwitfisAk; gh. Jfhj;J
tuNtz;Lkha;f; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;" vd;whs;. rPij jhd;
fhdfj;jpy; glg;NghFk; Jauq;fisg;gw;wp epidahky;>
muz;kidapYs;s Gs; ,dq;fSf;fhf tUe;JfpwhNu vd;W
Rke;jpud; tUe;jpdhd;. ,uhkgpuhd; Njw;wpAk; Jf;fk; jhq;fhkhy;
Rke;jpud; mOjhH.,yf;Ftd; Nfhgk; jzpaTk;> Rke;jpud;
,tHfisg; gzpe;J> gpd; NjH epWj;jpapUe;j ,lk; Nehf;fpr;
nry;fpwhd;.Rke;jpud; nrd;wgpd;> ,uhkd; kw;w ,UtNuhLk;
Gwg;gl;lhd;. #upa cjaj;Jf;F Kd;ghf ,utpNyNa ,uz;L
Nah[id J}uk; ele;jhHfs;.
,/J ,q;qdkpUf;f> mNahj;jp Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;l Rke;jpud;>
mNahj;jp efiuaile;J ,uhkgpuhd; $wpathW Kjypy; trp\;liuf;
fz;L ele;jtw;iwf; $WfpwhH. vy;yhtw;iwAk; Nfl;l trp\;lH
kpfTk; kdk; tUe;jpdhH. ,dpAk; jrujd; capH tho khl;lhd;>
Kbe;jdd; kd;dd;" vd;fpwhH.trp\;lH “ehd; vt;tsT vLj;Jr;
nrhy;ypAk;> jLj;Jk; Nfshky; ,uhkd; tdk; Ngha; tpl;lhNd!
tpjpia ahuhy; nty;y KbAk;! vd;W tUe;jpg; Gyk;gpdhH.
10.19. jrujd; capH tply; gpd;dH Rke;jpuidAk; mioj;Jf; nfhz;L jrujd; muz;kidf;Fr;
nrd;whH. NjH te;J epd;wJk; ,uhkd;jhd; te;J tpl;lhd; vd;W
172
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
vz;zpa jrujd;> mq;Nf ,uhkidf; fhzhky; NrhHe;J Nghdhd;.
jrujd; Rke;jpuid Nehf;fp “,uhkd; vq;Nf ,Uf;fpwhd;" vd;W
tpdtpdhd;. mtH ,uhkd; ,yf;FtNdhLk;> rPijNahLk; fhl;by;
neLe;njhiytpy; cs;shd; vd;W nrhy;yTk;> jrujd; capH mtd;
cliytpl;Lg; gpupe;J Nghapw;W. jruj kd;ddpd; cliytpl;Lg;
gpupe;J Nghd mtdJ Mtpia NjtHfs; tpkhdj;jpy; itj;Jj;
jhq;fpr; nrd;W Nkhl;r Nyhfj;jpy; NrHj;jdH. kPz;Lk; gpwg;G
,y;yhj cyfk; ,e;j tPl;Lyfk;.jrujd; cliy Nrhjpj;Jg; ghHj;J
mtdJ capH gpupe;Jtpl;lJ vd czHe;j Nfhriy Nrhfj;jhy;
JbJbj;J mOjhs;@ fjwpdhs;.fijapd; ,e;j ,lj;jpy; thd;kPfk;
$WtJ rw;W tpj;jpahrkhdJ. ,uhkd; KjyhNdhH tdk; GFe;j
nra;jp mwpe;J jrujd; capH gpupfpwJ. mjid mwpahj me;jg;Gw
kfspUk; NjtpaUk; maHe;J J}q;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. kWehs;
fhiy kd;dd; Japy; vohik fz;L midtUk; gjwp mOfpd;wdH.
mt;tOifnahyp Nfl;L NfhriyAk; Rkpj;jpiuAk; tpopj;J vOe;J
nra;jpawpe;J gijgijj;J mOJ Guz;ldH.jrujd; Mtp
gpupe;jjwpe;j Nfhriy mile;j kdNtjid nrhy;Yk; jukhNkh?
gpuk;kd; Kjyhd cyfpYs;s vy;yhtw;iwAk; gilj;j
MjpKjy;tid kfdhfg; ngw ghf;fpak; nra;j me;j Nfhriy> jd;
fztd; capH ePj;j Jauk; jhq;fhky;> mkpHjk; fpilj;J mjid
,oe;jts;NghyTk;> jd;dplk; cUthd khzpf;fj;ij ,oe;j ehfk;
NghyTk;> mUikahd jdJ Jizia ,oe;j md;wpy; gwit
NghyTk; Jauf; flypy; Mo;e;jhs;.mq;Fs;s #o;epiyiag; Gupe;J
nfhz;l trp\;lH ed;F rpe;jpj;J ,Wjpf; fld; nra;a Ntz;ba
Gjy;tHfs; vtUk; mUfpy; ,y;iy. gujd; tUksTk; kd;dd;
cliy vz;nzapy; ,l;L nflhJ fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;yp
mt;thNw nra;tpf;f Vw;ghL nra;jhd;.
jrujdpd; kw;w kidtpkhHfs; cld;fl;il Vw vz;zpAk;>
,g;NghJ Ntz;lhk; vd;W mtHfisj; jLj;J mDg;gpdhH. gpwF
gujid clNd mioj;J tu J}jHfis mDg;gp itf;f Vw;ghL
nra;jhH. rpwe;j Ie;J Ngiuj; NjHe;njLj;J Nffa kd;dDf;Fk;
gujDf;Fk; gupRg; nghUl;fs; gytw;iw mtHfsplk; nfhLj;J>
,uhkd; tdk; nrd;wJk;> kd;dd; ,we;jJk; mq;Nf njuptpf;fhky;>
Kf;fpa gzp fhuzkhf vd;W nrhy;yp gujid clNd mioj;J
tu Vw;ghL nra;jhH. mwptpy; rpwe;j kjpa+fp mikr;rH nra;a
Ntz;ba Kiwapy; ,e;jf; fhupaq;fis trp\;lH nra;jij
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
vz;zpg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.,dp> tdj;jpy; tpl;Ltpl;L te;j ,uhkdJ
epiyikiar; rw;W ghHg;Nghk;. ,uhkidg; gpd;njhlHe;J nrd;w
mNahj;jp efu khe;juidtUk; J}q;fp tpopj;njOe;jTld; mq;F
,uhkgpuhidf; fhzhky; JaUw;wdH. gpd;dH NjHj;jlk; nrd;w
ghijNahL nry;yj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;. Njupd; jlk; mNahj;jp
Nehf;fpr; nry;fpwJ vd;WzHe;J> ,uhkgpuhd; efuk; jpUk;gptpl;lhd;
vdf; fUjp kfpo;r;rp Muthuk; nra;jdH.,uhkd; CH jpUk;gptpl;lhd;
vd;w vz;zj;jpy; kfpo;r;rpNahL efuj;jpw;Fs; GFe;j kf;fSf;F
Kjypy; kd;dd; ,we;JNghd nra;jpAk;> ,uhkd; tdk; Ngha;tpl;l
nra;jpAk; fpilj;jd. mstw;w JauKw;wdH.
10.20. fq;iff; fiuapy; ,uhkd; Ffidr; re;jpj;jy; mq;Nf fhdfj;jpy; ,uhkd;> ,yf;Ftd;> rPij %tUk;
fq;ifapd; tlfiuia nrd;wilfpd;wdH. mq;F ,Ue;j
KdptHfNshL jq;fp> mtHfsJ cgrupg;ig Vw;wdH. mq;Nf
,tHfs; fq;if ejpapy; ePuhb kfpo;e;jdH. ,uhkdpd; jpUtb gl;l
khj;jpuj;jpy; rfy ghtq;fSk; ePq;Fnkdpd;> mtd; Nkdp KOJk;
fq;ifapy; mkpo;e;J ePuhbajhy;> me;j fq;if ejpapd; rpwg;G
mjpfkhapw;W@ fq;if Gdpjk; mile;jJ.fq;iff; fiuapy;
KdptHfNshL tpUe;Jz;L jq;fpapUe;j jUzj;jpy;> me;jf; fhl;by;
trpg;gtDk;> fq;if ejpapy; glNfhl;Lk; cupik ngw;wtDkhd
Ffd; vDk; Ntl;Lt murd;> jd; cw;whH> gupthuq;fs; Gil#o
,uhkd; te;jpUg;gjwpe;J> mtidf; fhz te;J NrHe;jhd;.
Ffd; rpUq;fpNguk; vDk; ,lj;jpw;F
murdhthd;.thapw;Gwj;jpy; ngupa $l;lk; vOg;Gk; Xir Nfl;L
,yf;Ftd; KdptHfNshL ,uhkd; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUe;j Mrpukj;jpd;
thapYf;F te;J vd;dntd;W ghHf;fpwhd;. Ffd; jd; gupthuq;fs;
#o epw;gJ fz;L ePq;fs; ahH? vd;d fhupakhf te;jpUf;fpwPHfs;
vd;W tpdtpdhd;. mjw;F Ffd; “IaNd! ehtha;fis ,e;j fq;if
ejpapy; Xl;Lk; Ntl;Ltdhd ehd;> ,uhkgpuhd; foy; Nrtpf;f
te;Njd;" vd;whd;. ,jidf; Nfl;l ,yf;Ftd; “rw;W ,Uq;fs;| vd;W
nrhy;yp cs;Ns Ngha; ,uhkdplk; “nfhw;wt! jhapDk; kpf
ey;ytdhd J}atd; xUtd;> ,e;jf; fq;if ejpapy; glF
nrYj;Jgtd;> rpUq;fpNguj;jpd; kd;dd;> Ffd; vd;ghd; jq;fs;
jpUtb Nrtpf;f tpUk;gp te;jpUf;fpwhd;" vd;W nrhy;y> ,uhftd;
“clNd mtid cs;Ns tur; nrhy;" vd;fpwhH. ,yf;Ftd;
Ffdplk; te;J cs;Ns tur; nrhy;yp miof;fpwhd;. cs;Ns
174
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Eioe;j Ffd; fz;fs; fspf;Fk;gb ,uhkid juprdk; nra;J> Nkdp
tisj;J> iffshy; tha; nghj;jp gzpNthL epd;whd;. ,uhkd;
mtid mkUk;gb nrhy;ypAk; Ffd; mkutpy;iy. “IaNd! NjtuPH
mKJ nra;jUSk;gb jq;fSf;fhfj; NjHe;njLj;j NjDk;> kPDk;
,q;Ff; nfhz;L te;Njd;> jhq;fs; jia$He;J mtw;iw
Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mKJ nra;jUs Ntz;Lk;" vd;whd;. Gd;rpupg;NghL
,uhkd; KdptHfis Nehf;fpdhd;. jtnthOf;fk; g+z;l ehd;
cz;Zjw;F Kbahjtw;iwf; nfhzHe;j mtd; nts;is
cs;sj;ijAk; kpFjpahd md;igAk; vz;zp ,uhkd; nefpo;fpwhd;.
“cs;shHe;j md;NghL eP nfhzHe;j ,tw;iw ehk; cz;ljhfNt
vz;zpf;nfhs;" vd;whd;. ehq;fs; ,d;wpuT ,q;Nf jq;fp ehis
tpbaw;fhiy fq;ifiaf; fle;J mg;ghy; nry;y epidf;fpNwhk;. eP
,g;NghJ cdJ gupthuq;fNshL CUf;Fj; jpUk;gpr; nrd;W ehisf;
fhiyapy; glFld; ,q;F te;J NrHthahf!" vd;whd;.
jtf;Nfhyk; g+z;bUe;j ,uhkidg; ghHj;J Ffd;
Jaukile;J “IaNd! jq;fisg; gpupe;J nry;y vd; kdk; ,lk;
jUtjpy;iy. ehd; jq;fSlNd ,q;NfNa jq;fptpLfpNwd;"
vd;whd;.mJNfl;l ,uhkd; “mg;gbahapd; ePAk; ,d;W vq;fNshL
,Uf;fyhk;" vd mDkjpj;jhd;. clNd Ffd; jd; Nridia
mioj;J fhl;L kpUfq;fs; mq;fpUg;gtHfisj; Jd;GWj;jhjthW
fhj;jpl me;jj; jtg; gs;spiar; Rw;wp fhty; ,Uf;FkhW
gzpj;Jtpl;Lj; jhDk; fhtYf;F epd;whd;. “jhq;fs; jpUefH ePq;fp
mNahj;jpiatpl;L tdk; GFtjw;F vd;d fhuzk;" vd Ffd; tpdt
,yf;Ftd; ele;j tuyhw;iw mtDf;F ciuf;fpwhd;. mijf; Nfl;L
Ffd; kpfTk; tUe;jp ,uhkd;ghy; NkYk; gf;jp nfhz;lhd;. md;wpuT
,uhkDk; rPijAk; ehzy;fis tpupj;J mjpy; gLj;jdH.
,isangUkhs; ,uT KOtJk; fz; JQ;rhky; tpy; Ve;jpa
ifadha; fhty; ,Ue;jhd;. ,ijnay;yhk; FfDk; fz;tpopj;Jg;
ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. nghOJ tpbe;jJ. ,uhkd; vOe;J
flikfisnay;yhk; Kbj;J> mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gl tpiue;J nrd;W
“glfpidf; nfhz;L th" vd;W Ffidg; gzpj;jhd;. mg;NghJ
,uhkgpuhidg; gpupa kdkpy;yhj Ffd;> mtd; fq;ifiaf;
fle;jgpd; mq;F jq;fhJ nrd;Wtplf; $Lnkd vz;zp> mtd;
jd;NdhL jk; CupNyNa jq;fptpl Ntz;Lnkd;W ,iwQ;Rfpwhd;.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
10.21. ,uhkd; fq;ifiaf; flj;jy; FfdJ md;gpid czHe;j ,uhkd; mtdplk; kpf;f
fUizNahL jhd; kPz;Lk; tUk;NghJ te;J jq;fpr; nry;tjhff;
$Wfpwhd;. Ffd; nfhz;Lte;j glfpy; %tUk; Vwp fq;ifiaf;
flf;fpd;wdH. mf;fiu nrd;wgpd; ,uhkidg; gpupa kdkpd;wp Ffd;
kWgb jd; Miriaf; $Wfpwhd;. md;NghL mjid kWj;j ,uhkd;
Ffd;ghy; nfhz;l md;ghy;> “jk;gp! Ffh! ehq;fs; rNfhjuHfs;
ehy;tHjhd; ,Ue;Njhk;. ,g;NghJ cd;NdhLk; $l ItuhNdhk; vd;W
nrhy;yp tpilngw;Wr; nry;fpwhd;. gpwF %tUk; fq;iff; fiuapd;
njd;gFjpapy; njw;F Nehf;fpg; gazk; nry;fpd;wdH. topele;J
nry;Yifapy; #upa m];jkd fhyj;jpy; XH Mrpukj;ijf;
fhz;fpd;wdH. me;j Mrpukj;jpy; trpj;J te;J guj;th[ KdptH
,tHfis tuNtw;W cgrupj;jhH. mtH ,uhkidj; jOtpf;nfhz;L
tpk;kp> mtd; tdthrk; nra;a te;j tptuj;ijf; Nfl;fpwhH.
ele;jtw;iw ,uhkd; nrhy;y> KdptH tUj;jkilfpwhH. gpwF
KdptH ,uhkidj; jd;DlNdNa jq;fptpLkhW Ntz;LfpwhH.,e;j
,lk; mNahj;jpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;sJ. Nfhry ehl;L kf;fs;
,e;j ,lj;Jf;F te;J $LthHfs;. mJ cq;fisg; Nghd;w
KdptHfSf;nfy;yhk; ,ila+whf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt> jhd; njhlHe;J
tdj;Jf;Fs; nry;tNj Kiw vd;whd;. clNd guj;th[ KdptH
rpj;jpu$l kiyapd; ngUikfisnay;yhk; $wp mq;Nfjhd;
mtHfs; jq;f rpwe;j ,lk; vd;W $WfpwhH. %tUk; mtuplk;
tpilngw;Wf;nfhz;L aKdh ejpf; fiuia milfpd;wdH. mq;Nf
fpilj;j %q;fpw;fopfis> xj;j msthfj; Jz;bj;J khiznaDk;
fhl;Lf; nfhbiaf; fapwhff; nfhz;L njg;gnkhd;W fl;b> mjpy;
Vwp aKidahw;iwf; flf;fpd;wdH.
10.22. rpj;jpu$l kiyapd; vopy; ,uhkidAk;> rPijiaAk; glfpy; ,Uj;jp ,yf;Ftd; mijj;
js;spf; nfhz;L ePe;jpf; flf;fpwhd;. gpwF neLe;J}uk; gazk;
nra;J xU ghiyepyj;ij mile;jdH. ,uhkd; tUifahy; me;j
ghiyepyk; FspHe;J ePHtsk; cs;s ,lkhf Mapw;W. gpwF
mtHfs; mt;tplj;ijf; fle;J rpj;jpu$l kiyiaf; fz;ldH.
,aw;if tsq;fs; epuk;gpf; fplf;Fk; me;j rpj;jpu$lf;
fhl;rpfisnay;yhk; ,uhkd; rPjhgpuhl;bf;Ff; fhl;LfpwhH. mq;Nf
Nkfq;fs; ahidfisg; Nghy tpj;jpahrkpd;wp Njhd;Wk;
fhl;rpfisAk;> kufj gr;irnahsp #upad; Njupy; g+l;ba Fjpiufs;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
NghyTk;> %q;fpy; Gjupy; rpf;fpa ghk;gpd; cupj;j Njhy;fs;
khspifkPjpy; gwf;Fk; nfhbfs; Nghy MbaJk;> kiyr; rpfuq;fs;>
mUtpfs;> gRikahd Nrhiyfs;> fspWfs; #y;nfhz;l
gpbfSf;Fj; Njd; nfhLf;Fk; fhl;rpfs;> fLtd;fSk; ke;jpfSk;
jhtp tpisahLk; fhl;rpfs;> nfhbr;rpaH ftz; tPRk; fhl;rpfs;> ePH
tw;wpa fhl;lhWfs;> fw;gf kyHfs;> mRzg; gwitfs; ghly;
Nfl;Lj; JapYk; fhl;rpfs;> mUtp ePupd; eWkzk; ,g;gb khwp khwpj;
Njhd;Wk; fhl;rpfisnay;yhk; ,uhkd; rPijf;Ff; fhl;b kfpo;fpwhH.
gpd;dH mt;tpUtUk; fz;%b jpahdj;jpy; mkHe;J gpd; ,yf;Ftd;
mikj;j xU gHzrhiyapy; jq;Ffpd;wdH. ,q;Nf ,yf;Ftd;
%q;fpy;fis msthf ntl;b> mjid el;L mjd;Nky; tupr;Rf;
Nfhy;fis gug;gp> cyHe;j Njf;F ,iyfshy; $iu mikj;J>
mjd; Nky; ehzw; Gw;fisg; gug;gp> ehw;GwKk; %q;fpy; fhy;fis
neWf;fkhf ehl;b mjd; Nky; kz; g+rpr; RtH mikj;j tifapid
tptukhff; $WfpwhH fk;gH. cynfyhk; gilf;Fk; ngUikAila
,uhkd; xU rpW Fbypy; Fb GFe;jhd;. ,yf;FtDf;Fj;> jhd;
Jd;gk; jUtjhf ,uhkd; $w> ,yf;Ftd; ,J jdf;Fj; Jd;gkd;W
vd;Wk;> ,uhkd; ,g;gb fhl;by; xU Fbypy; ,Uf;Fk;gb Mapw;Nw
vd;gJjhd; jdJ Jauk; vd;Wk; $wpdhd;.
10.23. Nffa ehl;by; gujd; trp\;l KdptH gujid mioj;J tUk;gb mDg;gpa
J}jHfs; tpiue;J nrd;W ,uT gfyhfg; gazk; nra;J Nffa ehL
nrd;wile;jdH. te;j J}jHfis tuNtw;w gujd;> jd; je;ij
jPjpd;wp eykhf ,Uf;fpwhuh vdf; Nfl;lhd;. mjw;F me;j J}jHfs;
je;ij “typad;" (ed;whf ,Uf;fpwhd;) vd gjpy; nrhy;YfpwhHfs;.
vd; mz;zh ,uhkd; ,sty; ,yf;FtDld; eyk;jhNd? vdf;
Nfl;fpwhd;. Mk; vd mtHfs; $w jiyNky; fuk; Ftpj;J
mtHfis khdrPfkhf tzq;Ffpwhd; gujd;. gpwF midtuJ
eyidAk; Nfl;lwpe;jgpd; mtHfs; nfhzHe;j jpUKfj;ij
thq;fpdhd;. je;ijapd; jpUKfkhjyhy; mjid kupahijNahL
thq;fp vOe;J epd;W jiyNkw; nfhz;lhd;. gpd;dH gujd; jdJ
Nrid kw;Wk; gupthuq;fSld; mNahj;jpf;Fg; Gwg;gLfpwhd;.
neLe;J}uk; gazk; nra;J Nfhry ehl;bd; vy;iyia milfpwhd;.
VO ehl;fs; gazk; nra;J ,e;j J}uj;ijf; flf;fpwhd;.
vOr;rpAk;> Js;sYk;> kfpo;r;rpAk; jhz;ltkhba Nfhry ehL
Jauj;jpy; Mo;e;jpUe;jJ. kf;fs; Jd;gf;flypy; Mo;e;J ,Ug;gijf;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
fz;lhd;. vq;F Nehf;fpDk; Jauf; fhl;rpfs;. taypy; new;fjpHfs;
jiyrha;e;J kzpfs; cj;He;J fple;jd> ngz;fs; jk; njhopypy;
ehl;lkpd;wp Clypy; ,Ue;jdH> ,g;gb ehL fis ,oe;J gpzk;Nghy
fhl;rpje;jJ.
10.24. mNahj;jpapd; fz;ljpu;e;j gujd; ehl;bd; mty epiy fz;L gujd; ,q;F VNjh ngUe;jPq;F
epfo;e;jpUf;fpwJ vd;W czHe;J nfhz;lhd;. mg;gb vd;d epfo;e;jJ
vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mtypy; Njupid tpiue;J nrYj;jr;
nra;jhd;. efupd; ngUthapiy milfpwhd;. mq;Nf kjpypYk;
khspiffspYk; thdshtg; gwe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; nfhbfisf;
fhztpy;iy. efuj;jpy; ,ug;NghHf;F toq;Fk; nfhilfs;
eilngwtpy;iy. kq;fyk; ghLNthH $j;jH KjyhNdhH gupR
ngw;Wr; nry;Yk; fhl;rpfisf; fhztpy;iy. me;jzHfs; gupR
ngw;Wr; nry;Yk; fhl;rpfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. aho; ,irAk; khe;jH
MLk; rpyk;gpd; XirAk; Nfl;ftpy;iy. tPjpfs; mutkpd;wp
ntupr;Nrhbf; fple;jd. gho;gl;l giftH CH NghyTk;> jpUkhYk;
jpUkfSk; ePq;fpa nghyptpoe;j ghw;fly; NghyTk; mNahj;jp
twpjhfpg; NghdJ. gujdJ NjH Ntfkhfr; nrd;W murdJ
khspifia mle;jJ. je;ijia vq;Fk; fhzhky;> je;ij
,we;jpUf;ff;$LNkh vd;W mr;rk; Njhd;wpaJ. cz;ikiaj; njupe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd Ntfkhfg; Gwg;gl;l gujdplk; ifNfap
mDg;gpa J}jHfs; te;J “cd; jhahH cd;id clNd ghHf;f
tpUk;GfpwhHfs;" vd;w nra;jpiaf; $wpdhHfs;. te;J tzq;fpa
gujidf; ifNfap jOtpf; nfhz;lhs;. gpd; jd; gpwe;j tPl;bdupd;
eyk; tpdt> RUf;fkhf tpilaspj;jhd; “jPjpyH" vd;W. je;ijia
vq;F NjbAk; fhztpy;iyNa> je;ij vq;Nf? vd;whd; gujd;.
je;ij vq;Nf vd;wTld; kdk; fyq;f Ntz;ba ifNfap rw;Wk;
tUj;jkpd;wp mtH ,we;j nra;jpiar; nrhy;yp ePAk; tUe;jhNj
vd;whs;.
10.25. ifNfapiag; gopj;j gujd; je;ijiaf; fhzhJ Vq;fpj; jtpj;j gujDf;F> ifNfapapd;
nrhw;fs; Ngupbnad jhf;fp kaq;fp jiuapy; rha;e;jhd;. Jauj;jhy;
jhf;Fz;l gujd; jd; jhaplk; “gpwH nrhy;y mQ;Rk; nra;jpia eP
tha; $rhky; nrhy;fpwhNa! cd;dpYk; nfhbats; cyfpy;
cz;Nlh?" vd;whd;. je;ij Ngha;tpl;lhd;> ,dp mtid epide;J
Gyk;Gtjpy; gadpy;iy. ,uhkidf; fz;L juprpj;J mjdhy; kd
178
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Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
MWjy; ngwyhk; vd;W vz;zp “vd; mz;zh ,uhkid juprpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mtH vq;Nf?" vd;whd;.
rpwpJ$l tUj;jkpd;wp ifNfap nrhd;dhs;: “,uhkd;
jk;gpNahLk; NjtpNahLk; fhdfj;jpy; cs;shd;" vd;W. ,jidf;
Nfl;l gujd; jPia cz;ltd; Nghy Mdhd;. ,uhkgpuhd; tdk;
Nghdhd; vd;why; vd;d fhuzkhf ,Uf;Fk;. FU JNuhfk;> nja;tf;
Fw;wk; ,tw;wpy; vJ fhuzkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;wp kjp kaq;fpdhd;.
gpwHf;Fj; jPq;F vz;zhj kdj;jpdd; ,uhkd;. mg;gbapUf;f mtd;
tdk; Nghff; fhuznkd;d vd;whd; gujd;. rf;futHj;jp capUld;
,Uf;Fk; NghNj ,uhkd; fhl;Lf;Fg; Ngha;tpl;lhd; vd;W gjpy;
$wpdhs; ifNfap. Vd; mg;gb ele;jJ? vd;whd; gujd;. “ehd; cd;
je;ijaplk; ,U tuq;fisf; Nfl;Nld;. mtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L>
xU tuj;jpdhy; ,uhkid fhl;Lf;Fg; Nghfr; nra;Njd;. kw;nwhU
tuj;jpdhy; ehL cdf;F cupaJ vd;W Mf;fpNdd;. mij nghWf;f
khl;lhky;> cd; je;ij> jdJ capiu ePf;fpdhd;" vd;whs;.
fhJfspy; jP GFe;jJ Nghy ,e;jr; nrhw;fisf; Nfl;l gujd;
nrtpfisg; nghj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;. ifNfap nrhd;d nrhw;fs;
gujdpd; nrtp GFe;jJk; mtd; fd;dq;fs; rpdj;jhy; Jbj;jd@
kapHf;fhy;fs; jP ckpo;e;jd@ Gif #o;e;jJ@ tha; kbj;Jf; fuq;fs;
xd;Nwhnlhd;W Nkhjp miwe;jd@ rpdj;jP gujid KOtJkha;
Ml;nfhs;s thdtUk;> mTzHfSk; mQ;rpdH@ JQ;rpdH@ jpir
ahidfs; kUz;ld@ #upaDk; jpir khwpdhd;@ fLk; rpd fhyDk;
fz;fis %bf; nfhz;lhd;. “cd; nfhba #o;r;rpahy; vd; je;ij
khz;L Nghdhd;@ mz;zh ,uhkd; ngUk; jtk; Nkw;nfhz;lhd;.
,ijf; Nfl;l gpwFk; cd; thia fpopf;fhky; ,Uf;fpNwNd!
ghtj;jhy; eP ngw;w ,e;j uh[;aj;ij ehd; Mz;ltdhfNt
Mfptpl;NlNd!" “Kjypy; czuhJ jtW nra;jpUe;jhYk;> mjd;
tpid njupe;j gpwF eP khz;LNghapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. m/jpd;wp
,d;Dk; eP capNuhL ,Uf;fpwhNa! cd;idf; nfhd;Wtpl
epidf;fpNwd;. Mdhy; me;j jhapDk; ey;y ,uhkd; vd; kPJ
Nfhgg;gLthNd vd;W jaq;FfpNwd;". “#upa Fyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa
ehd;> jhapd; jfhj #o;r;rpahy; fpilj;j muir ngw;Nwd; vd;W
gpw;fhyj;jpy; gop Vw;Fk;gb nra;J tpl;lhNa! eP nra;j nfhba
nrayhy; xUtH (jrujd;) khsTk;> tdk; Ngha; kPz;Ltu xU tPud;
(,uhkd;) ,Uf;fTk;> eP tpUk;gpa ,e;j ehl;il ehd; (gujd;) MsTk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nra;jhnad;why; ,J ey;y jHkk; jhd;!" vd;W ,fo;r;rpahff;
$wpdhd; gujd;.
“cd; nrayhy;> cdf;Nfh> vdf;Nfh> ehl;Lf;Nfh ey;yJ
xd;Wk; ,y;iy. jHkk; nfl;lJ> gop NrHe;jJ@ ehl;Lf;Fj; Jd;gk;
NeHe;jJ. cdf;F ,e;j #o;r;rpiar; nrhd;dJ ahH? vdf;F ,e;j
muRk; Ntz;lhk;> ,e;jg; gopAk; Ntz;lhk;." “ehd; Neubahfr;
nra;ahky;> cd; %ykhf ,j;jPr; nray;fisr; nra;jjhfj;jhd;
cyfj;jhH nrhy;YthHfs;. “va;jtd; ,Uf;f mk;ig NehthNtd;"
vd;W eP Fw;wKk; gopAk; mw;wtshfp tpLtha;! Mdhy; vdf;F
NeHe;j gopia khw;w KbahJ. cd;idf;$l ey;ytshf;fp tpl;Nld;
ehd;" vd;W gujd; nehe;J nfhs;fpwhd;.
“vdf;F Vw;gl;Ltpl;l ,e;jg; gopf;F mQ;rp ehd; capiu
kha;j;Jf; nfhs;tijf; fhl;bYk;> capNuhL ,Ue;J ehd;
Fw;wkw;wtd; vd;gij ,e;j cyFf;Fj; njupar; nra;tNj Nky;
vd;W vz;ZfpNwd;. mg;gb ehd; gopapypUe;J tpLgLNtdhdhy;>
ePjhd; fhuzk; vd;W cyfk; mwpe;J nfhz;L cd;id ,fOk;.
eQ;R> cz;ltiuf; nfhy;Yk;> eP nra;j gop cd;idf;
nfhy;yj;jhd; NghfpwJ".
“gpwH epdf;ff;$l mQ;Rfpd;w nfhLikahd nraiyf;
$rhky; nra;Jtpl;l ngUk; ghtp eP! cd; ght tapw;wpy; gpwe;J
tpl;ljhy;> me;jg; ghtk; vd;idAky;yth njhlUk;. mjdhy; ehd;
nra;ahj gpiof;F ehNd fhuzk; NghyTk;> mjdhy; kdk; tUe;jp
Jd;GWk; epiyf;F Mshfptpl;Nld;! ,e;jg; gop ePq;fNtz;Lkhdhy; eP
,uhkDf;F mspj;j jt tho;f;ifia ehNd Nkw;nfhs;SfpNwd;.
,J ahUf;fhfTk; my;y> jHkj;Jf;fhfr; nra;fpNwd;". “vdf;F
ed;ik jUtJ jtk; vd;W nrhd;Ndd;. cdf;F ed;ik jUtJ vJ
njupAkh? eP capHJwj;jNy ed;W. mJjhd; epahak;. eP capH
Jwe;jhy; ifNfap Ra czHT ,y;yhky; jtW nra;J tpl;lhs;>
mJ jtW vd;gJ czHe;jJk; capiu tpl;L tpl;lhs;@ mts;
Fw;wkw;wts; vd;w GfioahtJ eP ngWtha;. mjdhy; cdJ
ghtq;fSk; jPHe;J NghFk;" vd;whd; gujd;. vt;tsT vLj;Jf;
$wpAk; ifNfap kdk; khwhjJ fz;L gujd;> ,dp ,q;fpUg;gjpy;
gadpy;iy. vy;yh Jd;gq;fisAk; ePf;fp ,jkspf;f ty;yts;
nfsry;ah Njtpjhd;. me;j md;idiar; nrd;W fhz;fpNwd; vd;W
Gwg;gl;lhd;.
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Self Instructional Material
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10.26. Nfhriyiaf; fz;l gujd ; Nfhriyiaf; fz;l gujd; mbaw;w kuk;Nghy mts;
jpUtbfspy; tPo;e;J> mtw;iwg; gw;wpf; nfhz;L Gyk;Gfpwhd;. Jauk;
kpFe;J vo rpwpJ Neuk; NgrKbahky; jpzwpagpd; NgRfpwhd;.
“mk;kh! ve;ij vt;Tyfpy; cs;shH? vd; mz;zh ,uhkd;
vq;fpUf;fpwhH. ,e;j epiyiaf; fhzth ehd; jdpadha; ,q;F
te;J NrHe;Njd;. vd; kdj;JaUf;F gjpy; nrhy;Yq;fs; mk;kh!"
vd;whd;. Nfhriyiaf; fz;lJk; mtd; Jauk; mjpfupj;J jiuapy;
Guz;L mOfpwhd;. “,e;jf; nfhLikiar; nra;jtHfs; jk;
Fyj;NjhL mope;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mtHfs; mopatpy;iyNa.
,tw;wpw;Ff; fhuzkhd nfhbats; ifNfapapd; tapw;wpy;
gpwe;Njdy;yth? ehd;jhd; tQ;rfd;. vdNt mijr; nrhy;yTk;
vdf;F mUfij ,y;iy. ,e;jj; Jauk; ePq;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;> ehd;
,we;J xopjy; xd;Nw topahFk;".
“,Jtiu gopghtk; nra;J nfl;l ngaH ngw;wtH xUtNuDk;
ek; Fyj;jpy; cjpf;ftpy;iy. ehd; te;J gpwe;NjNd gopfhudhf!
ehl;il Kd;G fhj;J te;jtUk; ,dpf; fhf;Fk; cupik ngw;wtUk;
ehl;by; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lhHfNs! ehL fz;fis ,oe;J
jtpf;fpwNj@ ,e;j ehL ,e;j epiyia milayhFNkh?" vd;W
gujd; Gyk;Gfpwhd;. ,jid Nfhriy Nfl;lhs;. caHFbg; gpwg;Gk;
mjw;Nfw;w nghWik> fw;G newp Kjyhd rPupa Fzq;fisg;
ngw;wtsy;yth Nfhriy. gujDila kdepiyia ed;F Gupe;J
nfhz;lhs;. mtdJ jha; ifNfapapd; #o;r;rpapy; mtDf;Fk; gq;F
,Uf;FNkh vd Kd;G fUjpapUe;jikahy; Vw;gl;l Nfhgk; khwp>
kdk; nefpo;e;J mtidg; ghHj;Jr; nrhy;fpwhs;. “jhNa! ifNfap
nra;j #o;r;rp vdf;F Kd;Ng njupe;jpUf;Fkhdhy; ehd; eufj;Jf;Fg;
NghNtd;. vg;gb njupAkh? jHkk; nfLk;gb jPa topapy; nry;gtDk;>
,uf;fkw;w fy;kdk; gilj;jtDk;> khw;whd; kidtp kPJ fhkk;
nfhz;L mts; thapypy; fhj;Jf; fplg;gtDk;> fhuzkpd;wp gpwH kPJ
Nfhgg;gLgtDk;> nfhLik nra;J capHfisg; gwpg;gtDk;>
jtrpfSf;Ff; fLe;Jd;gk; tpistpj;jtDk; ve;j eufj;Jf;Fg;
NghthHfNsh me;j eufj;Jf;F ehd; NghNtd;".
"vd; jhapd; #o;r;rp vdf;F Kd;Ng njupe;jpUf;Fkhapd;
Ik;ngUk; ghtq;fshd murd;> MrpupaH> jha;> je;ij> jikad;
MfpNahiuAk; ngz;fisAk; thshy; nfhd;wtd;> murDf;Fr;
NruNtz;ba nghUl;fis tQ;ridahy; ftHe;jtd;> Nghupy;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
vjpupaplk; Njhw;W Gwk; fhl;b Xbte;jtd;> gpwuplk; ahrfk; ngw;Wf;
nfhzHe;j nghUis mtHfisj; jhf;fp mgfupj;jtDk; ve;j
eufj;Jf;Fg; NghthHfNsh me;j eufj;Jf;F ehd; NghNtd;". “vd;
jhapd; #o;r;rp vdf;F Kd;Ng njupe;jpUf;Fkhapd; Jst khiy
mzpe;j jpUkhiy jiytd; (guk;nghUs;) my;y vd;W nrhd;dtd;>
mupa xOf;fk; mike;j me;jzHfSf;Fg; gpio Gupe;jtd;>
Fw;wkw;w Ntj newpiag; Ngzhky;> jtWfis ,ioj;jtd;> ngha;
vDk; Nga; gpbj;j kdj;jpdd;> MfpNahH NghFk; eufj;Jf;F ehd;
NghNtd;". ,g;gbahfg; #Siufisg; gujd; jha; Nfhriy “NffaH
Nfhkfs; ,ioj;j ifjtk; eP mwpe;jpiy NghYk;!" vd;W Nfl;l
Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpyhff; $wpKbj;jhd;. “vd; jhapd; #o;r;rp vdf;F
Kd;Ng njupe;jpUf;Fkhapd; cs;s midj;J eufq;fSf;Fk; ehd;
NghNtdhf!" vd;W $wpf;nfhz;Nl Nfhriyapd; ghjq;fspy;
tPo;e;jhd; gujd;. gujd; $wpa thHj;ijfisf; Nfl;l Nfhriy>
mtdJ kdj; J}a;ikia czHe;J> ,uhkNd jpUk;gp
te;Jtpl;lijg; Nghy kfpo;e;J md;gpdhy; fz;zPH ngUf;fp gujid
vLj;Jj; jOtpf; nfhz;lhs;. jha; ifNfapapd; fba kdj;ijAk;>
gujdpd; caHe;j Fzq;fisAk; vz;zp tpk;kpg; ngUkpjkile;j
Nfhriyapd; jdq;fspy; ghy; Rue;jJ. gujid md;NghL
mizj;Jf; nfhz;L mts; NgrYw;whs;.
10.27. Nfhriy gujdplk; ,Wjpf;fld; nra;a Ntz;Ljy; “Foe;jha;! gujh! goikAk; GfOk; tha;e;j cd; Fyj;Js;
cjpj;jtUs; cd;idg; Nghd;w rpwe;jtH ahH csH?" vd;W
Nfhriy $wTk;> gujd; kWgb mtsJ ghjq;fspy; tpOe;j gzpa>
mg;NghJ trp\;lH mq;F te;jhH. gujd; FyFU trp\;lupd;
ghjq;fspYk; tpOe;J tzq;fpdhd;. FUitf; fz;lJk; Jf;fk; gPupl
gujd; “ve;ij vq;Nf Nghdhd;?" vd;W mOjhd;. “khrw;w vd;
ike;jh! gujh! cd; je;ij ,we;J VO ehl;fs; fle;J tpl;ld.
Gjy;tH nra;a Ntz;ba ,Wjpf; flid eP nra;J Kbg;ghahf"
vd;W Nfhriy gujdplk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhs;.
je;ijapd; ,Wjpf; fld;fisr; nra;AkhW gzpj;j jha;
Nfhriyapd; nghw;ghjq;fis tzq;fp> trp\;lUld; nrd;W
jd;DapH <e;J jHkj;ijf; fhj;j jrujdpd; cliyf; fz;lhd;.
je;ijapd; cliyf; fz;l khj;jpuj;jpy;> gujd; kz;kPJ tpOe;J
mywpj; jPHf;fpwhd;. cyfk; KOtJk; eyKwf; fhj;j jrujd;
cly; vz;nzapy; ,Ue;jJ. mjidj; jd; fz;zPuhy; fOtpdhd;.
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Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
ehd;F Ntjq;fisAk; fw;Wj; NjHe;j me;jzHfs;> kd;ddpd;
cliy> ijyg;Ngioapdpd;Wk; nky;y vLj;J> mur
kupahijfNshL$ba thj;jpa Kof;fq;fSld; xU nghd;
tpkhdj;jpy; Vw;wpdH. mg;NghJ jrujdpd; rhujpahd Rke;jpuDk;>
mikr;rHfSk;> gilj;jiytHfSk;> kw;WKs;s uh[hq;f
mjpfhupfSk; el;G Rw;wk; midj;Jk; #o;e;Jnfhz;L mOJ
jPHj;jdH. kf;fs; mOJ Gyk;gpf; nfhz;L fuq;fis cauj; J}f;fp
tzq;f> tpkhdj;ij XH ahidapd; kPJ Vw;wpf; nfhz;L NghapdH.
rq;F> Kurq;fs; Koq;f> ngUe;Jf;fj;jhy; kf;fs; fz;zPH ky;f>
ahid Fjpiu> NjHg;gilfs; Kd; nry;y Ntjk; Xjpf; nfhz;L
me;jzHfs; gpd;nry;y> jrujdpd; mWgjpdhapuk; NjtpaUk;
mtHfisj; njhlu> miyfly; Nghy midtUk; ruA ejpf;
fiuia mile;jdH.
10.28. rj;Uf;Fdd; ,Wjpf;fld; nra;jy ;
“cd; jha; kidtp vd;w cupikiaAk;> eP kfd; vDk;
cupikiaAk; ,og;gjhff; $wp rf;futHj;jp ,we;J NghdhH" vd;whH
KdptH. trp\;lH ,k;nkhop ciuj;jJk;> kdk; tUe;jp
ngU%r;nrwpe;jhd; gujd;. Kjypy; eifj;jhd;. gpd; ngUe;Jauhy;
kdk; nehe;J $Wfpwhd;. “je;ijf;F ,Wjpf;fld; Mw;w
cupikapy;yhj ehd;> murhSk; cupikia kl;Lk; ngw;NwNdh?
“fha;j;Jf; FYq;Fk; njd;idf; Fiyapy; ey;y fha;fSf;F
kj;jpapy; gjb (NjiuAz;l fha;) Nghy ehd; te;Njd;. vd;id
murdhf;ff; fUjp vd; jha; nra;j nray;jhd; vd;Nd!" ,t;thW
Gyk;gpj; jtpf;Fk; gujd; jd; jk;gp rj;Uf;Fdidf; nfhz;L <kf;
fld;fisr; nra;tpj;jhd;.
jrujdJ NjtpkhHfs; mWgjpdhaputUk; mtd;
,we;jTlNdNa jhq;fSk; capHtplj; Jzpe;jdH. Mdhy; trp\;l
KdptH Mizahy; mg;NghJ> capHj;jpahfk; nra;tijj; jtpHj;j
mtHfs; ,g;NghJ g+Q;Nrhiyapy; GFk; kapy; $l;lk; Nghy
cld;fl;il VwpdH. “rffkdk;" vDk; cld;fl;il VWjy; gj;jpdpg;
ngz;bH mt;thW nra;tjhy; jkf;F ew;fjp cz;lhFNkh MfhNjh
vd;fpw Iakpd;wp Jzpe;J nra;a Ntz;Lkhk;. mj;jifatuha;
gj;jpdpg; ngz;bH midtUk; mt;thNw nra;J ey;Yyfk;
mile;jdH. Kjy;ehs; rlq;Ffs; rj;Uf;Fddhy; elj;jp
itf;fg;gl;lgpd;> midtUk; muz;kid nrd;wile;jdH. Vida
ehl;fspd; rlq;FfSk; Kbe;jgpd;> muR fl;by; VwtpUk;ghj gujd;
183
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
cl;gl midtUk; muz;kidapy; $bdH. ,dp nra;a
Ntz;baJgw;wp MNyhrpf;f trp\;lH> kiwatHfs; Gil#o
te;jpUe;J gujdplk; ehL murd; ,y;yhky; ,Uj;jyhy; Vw;gLk;
jPq;Ffs; gw;wp vLj;Jiuj;jhHfs;. trp\;lH “gujh! ehL murdpd;wp
,Uj;jy; jfhJ. murhl;rp cd;idj; Njb te;Js;sJ> vdNt eP
Kbjupj;J ehl;ilg; ghJfhg;gJ cd; fld;" vd;whH. gujd;
,r;nrhw;fisf; Nfl;L tUe;jpdhd;. jd;id eQ;R cz;ZkhW
tw;GWj;JtJ Nghy ,Ue;jJ gujDf;F. murhl;rp kw;wtHf;F
mKjk; Nghy ,Uf;fyhk;> Mdhy; gujDf;F mJ eQ;RNghyj;jhd;
,Ue;jJ. Jauk; kpFjpahy; gujd; %Hr;iraile;jhd;. gpd;G
njspe;J vOe;J> nkJthfj; jd; fUj;ij midtUk; mwpaf;
$wyhdhd;.
10.29. muNrw;FkhW gujid Ntz;Ljy; “ngupNahHfNs! ePq;fs; $WtJ jHkkhfhJ> Fw;wNk!
%j;jtd; ,Uf;f ehd; Kb#Ljy; vt;tifapYk; jfhJ. vd;
md;id nra;jJ ngUq;Fw;wk;. ,uhkd; ,t;Tyfk; kl;Lkpd;wp
%Tyfq;fisAk; jhq;Fk; jFjpAk; Mw;wYk; cs;std;. %j;jtd;
vd;gNj Kb#Ltjw;F cupikahapw;W. ehd; vt;tifapYk; mjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdtd; my;y". “ehd; murhl;rpia Vw;f khl;Nld;.
mz;zd; ,uhkr;re;jpu %Hj;jpia kPz;Lk; mioj;J te;J
Kb#l;LtijNa ehd; tpUk;GfpNwd;. mg;gb ,uhkid kPz;Lk;
mioj;J tuKbatpy;iynad;why; ehDk; fhl;bNyNa jq;fp mupa
jtj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;Ntd;. mg;gbAk; Kbahtpl;lhy; vd;
capiuj;Jwg;Ngd;" vd;whd; gujd;. rigNahH tpae;jdH. “je;ij
,Ue;jNghNj> ,uhkd; Kb#l ,ire;jhd;. ePNah jha; je;ij
,UtUkhf cdf;fspj;j muir ,uhkd; ,q;F ,y;yhj NghJk;
kWf;fpwha;. cd;idg; Nghy rpwe;j Fzk; gilj;NjhH mur
Fyj;jpy; ,Jtiu Njhd;wpdhupy;iy" vd;W Gfo;e;jdH. “eP muR
Vw;W cd; je;ijiag; Nghy rpwg;ghf Ml;rp nra;J ngwf;$ba
GfopDk;> muir kWj;J eP ngw;w Gfo; ngupJ. m/J vd;Wk;
tho;f!" vd;W tho;j;jpdH. gujd; jd; jk;gp rj;Uf;Fdid
mioj;jhd;. “jk;gp! ehL KOtJk; KuR miwe;J ,uhkgpuhid
mioj;J tu Nridia clNd jahH nra;" vd;whd;.
184
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
10.30. ,uhkid mioj;J tug; Gwg;gl;l gujd; ,uhkd; kPz;Lk; tUthd;> Kb#Lthd; vd;w nra;jpiaf;
Nfl;lTlNdNa ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk; ctifkpf mile;jdH.
re;jpNuhjak; fz;L fly; nghq;fpf; nfhe;jspg;gJNghy kf;fs;
fpsHe;njOe;jdH. ahidfs;> Fjpiufs;> NjHfs;> tz;bfs; vd
fz;Zf;nfl;ba J}uk; jahuhfptpl;ldH. ngUj;j Muthuj;Jld;
gilfs; efuj; njhlq;fpd. gilfis Kd;Nd nry;ytpl;lgpd;
gujd; jhDk; jd; jk;gpAkhf jtf;Nfhyk; g+z;L kuTup jupj;J
NjHkPNjwp Gwg;gl;lhd;. jha;khHfs; %tUk;> mikr;rHfs;> J}a
me;jzHfs; MfpNahH gujidj; njhlHe;J #o;e;Jnfhz;L
nrd;wdH. ,g;gb efHe;J nry;Yk; $l;lj;jpy; ,t;tsTf;Fk;
fhuzkhd $dpAk; ce;jpf; nfhz;L ele;J Nghtijf; ftdpj;j
rj;Uf;Fdd; mtisf; nfhd;Wtpl epidj;Jg; gha;e;J nrd;whd;.
mtidg; gujd; jLj;J epWj;jpdhd;. “jk;gp! jha; ifNfap jtW
,ioj;jts; vd;W ehd; mtisf; nfhd;Wtpl;Nldhdhy;> mz;zd;
,uhkd; vd;id kd;dpf;fkhl;lhd;. mjdhy;jhd; ehd; mtisf;
nfhy;ytpy;iy. ,jid ePAk; vz;zpg;ghH" vd;W nrhy;yp jk;gpiar;
rkhjhdg; gLj;jpf; $l;br; nrd;whd;. ,uhkd; fhl;Lf;Fr; nry;ifapy;
jq;fpa NrhiyapNyNa ,g;NghJ ,tHfSk; jq;fpdhHfs;. ,uhkd;
Kd;G jq;fpa Nrhiyapy; mz;zd; ,uhkd; Kd;G radpj;j
,lj;ijf; Nfl;lwpe;J> mjid kpjpf;fTk; mQ;rp> mjd; gf;fj;jpy;
GOjp gbe;j ntWe;jiuapy; md;wpuitf; fopj;jhd;. mWRit
cz;bia ePj;J fpoq;ifAk; fdpfisAk;$l cz;zhky;
gl;bdpahff; fz;zPH ngUf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. ,uhkgpuhd; me;jr;
NrhiyapypUe;J fhy; eilahfNt ele;J nrd;w nra;jpawpe;J>
jhDk; ele;Nj nry;yyhapdhd;. ,g;gb ele;Nj fq;iff; fiuiar;
nrd;wile;jdH.
10.31. gujdpd; gilia re;Njfpj;j Ffd; fly;Nghd;w gujdpd; gil gupthuq;fs; midj;Jk;
fq;ifapd; tlfiuia mile;jJ> Mw;wpd; kWfiuapypUe;J
ftdpj;j Ntl;Lt murd; Ffd;> ,uhkgpuhd; kPJ NghH nra;J
mopg;gjw;fhf ,e;jg; gil tUfpwJ NghYk; vd NfhgKw;whd;.
clNd jdJ ,ilapy; njhq;fpa CJnfhk;ig vLj;J Cjp> NghH
te;Jtpl;lJ vd;W Njhs;g+upf;f thia kbj;J cjLfisf; fbj;J
fz;fs; jP ckpo Gwg;gl;lhd;. ,Njh tUk; gil xU vypf;$l;lk;.
ehd; ehfk; Nghd;wtd; vd;whd;. jd; gilfs; midj;ijAk; xd;W
185
Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
jpul;b fq;ifapd; njd;fiu te;J mile;jhd;. mq;F jd; gil
tPuHfis Nehf;fp “tPuHfNs! ek; md;gpw;Fupa ,uhkgpuhd; gjpdhd;F
Mz;Lfs; fopj;Jj; jpUk;gpte;J muR nfhs;s ,lkpd;wp> ,g;NghNj
mtiuj; njhiyj;JtpLk; #o;r;rpNahL me;jf; fiuapy; ,e;jg; gil
te;jpUf;fpwJ. mJ NkNy nry;yhjthW ehk; jLj;J mtHfis
,q;NfNa mopj;JtplNtz;Lk;" vd;whd;.“Nkftz;z ,uhkgpuhd; vd;
capH ehafd;. mtid ehL Ms tplhjgb tQ;ridahy; muirf;
ifg;gw;wpa kd;dHfs; tUfpwhHfs;. vd;Dila jP ff;Fk; mk;Gfs;
mtHfs; kPJ ghahjh vd;d? mg;gb ,tHfs; vd;dplkpUe;J jg;gpg;
Ngha;tpl;lhy; kf;fs; vd;id “eha;f;Ffd;" vd;W Vrkhl;lhHfsh?"
“Mokhd ,e;j fq;ifahw;iwf; fle;J ,tHfs; Ngha;tpLthHfNsh?
ngupa ahidg; giliaf; fz;L mQ;rp toptpLgtdh ehd;?
vd;idg; ghHj;J mtH “eP vdf;Fj; Njhod;" vd;W nrhd;dhNu.
mJtd;Nwh ehd; ngw;w NgW. ,tHfis capH gpioj;Jg; Nghf
ehd; tpl;Ltpl;lhy;> mwptpyp ,e;j Ffd; ,wf;ftpy;iyNa vd;W
kf;fs; vd;id Vrkhl;lhHfsh?"
“gujd; jdf;F muR Ntz;Lnkd;w Mirahy;> jikad;
vd;Wk; fUjhJ ,uhkgpuhid mopf;fj; Jzpe;jhYk; ,yf;Ftd;
,Uf;Fk;NghJ mJ elf;Fkh? mJ fplf;fl;Lk;> ehd; xUtd;
,Ug;gij ,td; kwe;J tpl;lhd; NghYk;. md;wp vd;idg;
nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iyah? murH caHe;NjhH> NtlH jho;e;NjhH
vd;gjdhy;> NtlHtpLk; mk;Gfs; murH khHgpy; ijf;fhNjh?
mijAk; ehd; ghHj;JtpLfpNwd;. ,tid mopf;fhky; tplkhl;Nld;".
“kz;zhir gpbj;j kd;dHfs;> mt;thirahy; vj;jifa jPq;ifAk;
nra;thHfs; NghYk;. kw;wtHfs; vg;gb ,Ue;jhYk; ,uhkgpuhdpd;
jk;gpahfpa ,td; vg;gbr; nra;aj; Jzpe;jhd;? vd;dplkpUe;J
jg;gpg;gpioj;Jg; Nghdhy;jhNd! ghHf;fyhk;."
“murhsg; gpwe;j jiytd; ,uhkd; jtk; Nkw;nfhs;s> muRupik
,y;yhj ,td; jtwhd topapy; murpidg; ngWtNjh? mjw;F ehd;
,lk; nfhNld;. ,tidj; jLj;J mopj;J Gfiog; ngWNtd;. ,jpy;
vd; capH NghdhYk; vdf;Ff; ftiy ,y;iy".
“jdf;F cupa ehl;il ,uhkgpuhd; ,tDf;Ff; nfhLj;Jtpl;l gpd;Gk;
,e;j gujd; ehk; MSfpd;w ,e;j fhl;ilAk; nfhLf;f kdkpd;wp
gilnaLj;J te;Jtpl;lhd; ghuPH! vd;d nfhLikapJ! Mifahy;
MLfpd;w nfhbfNshL $ba ,e;jg; gilapid mopj;J> mjd;gpd;
186
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
,uhkgpuhid ehl;il MSk;gb kPl;Lf; nfhLj;J> cyNfhH nrhy;Yk;
Gfio ePq;fnsy;yhk; milaNtz;Lk;".
Ffd; ,g;gbnay;yhk; NgrpdhNd jtpu cs;s+u mtDf;F xU gak;.
,uhkgpuhDf;Fj; jd; jk;gpia ehk; mopj;J tpl;Nlhk; vd;W Nfhgk;
te;jhy; vd;d nra;tJ vd;w ftiy te;JtpLfpwJ mtDf;F.
mg;NghJ Ffid Kd;Ng mwpe;jtdhd Rke;jpud; kWfiuapy;
jd;dUfpy; epd;wpUe;j gujdplk; Ffidg; gw;wp $Wfpwhd;. “gujh!
mNjh ghH. me;jf; fiuapy; jd; gilfSld; te;J ifapy;
tpy;Yld; epw;fpwhNd> mtd;jhd; Ffd;. ,e;j fq;ifapd; ,U
fiufspYk; cs;s epyg;gFjpf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhud;. cq;fs;
Fyehjdhk; ,uhkDf;F capHj; Jiztd;. fzf;fw;w glFfSf;Fr;
nrhe;jf;fhud;@ kfhtPud;. tPuj;jpy; Mz; ahidiag; Nghd;wtd;@.
tpy;Nye;jpa tPuHfisAila gilia cilatd; neQ;rk;
KOtJk; md;ig cilatd;. cd;Dila tuit vjpHghHj;J
mNjh me;jf; fiuapy; mtd; jd; gilfSld; epw;fpwhd; ghH!"
Rke;jpud; Ffidg; gw;wp ~cq;fs; Fyj; jdp ehjw;F capHj;
Jiztd;> fiufhzh fhjyhd;| vd;W nrhd;dit gujDf;F
clNd mtidf; fhzNtz;Lnkd;w Mtiyj; J}z;baJ. clNd
jd; jk;gpiaAk;> cld; mioj;Jf; nfhz;L vOe;J nrd;W fq;iff;
fiuia mile;jhd;. gujd; mg;gb te;J epw;Fk; fhl;rpia
kWfiuapy; epd;w FfDk; fhz;fpwhd;. gujd; mzpe;jpUe;j kuTupf;
Nfhyj;ijg; ghHf;fpwhd;.
10.32. gujdpd; Nfhyk; fz;ljpu;e;j Ffd; nghyptpoe;J thbapUf;Fk; mtd; gupjhg epiy fz;L
FfDf;F gfPH vd;wJ. ,uhkd; kPJ gilnaLj;J tUfpwhd;
vd;wy;yNth epidj;Njd;. Mdhy; ,tNdh ,g;gb tUfpwhNd! ,Njh
,e;j gujd; vd; ehafd; ,uhkidg; NghyNt ,Uf;fpd;whd;. mUfpy;
epw;Fk; mtd; jk;gp> ,yf;Ftidg; NghyNt ,Uf;fpwhd;. jt Ntlk;
Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;. kdj;jpy; mstw;w Jd;gj;ijj; jhq;fpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;. ,uhkgpuhd; nrd;w jpir Nehf;fpj; njhOJ
nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;. mllh! vk;ngUkhd; ,uhkDf;Fj; jk;gpauhfg;
gpwe;jtHfs; jtW nra;gtHfshfth ,Ug;ghHfs;? epr;rak;
khl;lhHfs;". ,td; kdjpy; VNjhnthU ,Lf;fz; Jd;GWj;JfpwJ.
,uhkd; kPJ Mwhj fhjy; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;. ,uhkd; Nkw;nfhz;l
mNj jtf; Nfhyj;ijNa ,tDk; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;. ,td;
187
Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
csf; fUj;ij mwpe;J tUfpNwd;" vd;W nrhy;yp> jhd; kl;Lk; xU
glfpy; Vwp fq;ifiaf; fle;J tlfiuiar; nrd;wilfpwhd;.
“te;njjpNu njhOjhid tzq;fpdhd;> kyH ,Ue;j
me;jzDk; jiy tzq;Fk; mtDk; mtdb tPo;e;jhd;
je;ijapDk; fsp$uj; jOtpdhd; jfTilNahH
rpe;ijapYk; nrd;dpapYk; tPw;wpUf;Fk; rPHj;jpahd;".
gliftpl;L ,wq;fp te;J njhOj Ffid gpuk;k NjtDk;
jiy tzq;Fk; jFjpAila gujd; tzq;fpdhd;. me;j FfDk;
gujd; mbfspy; tpOe;J tzq;fpdhd;. jd; mbfspy; tpOe;J
tzq;fpa Ffid gujd; J}f;fp epWj;jpj; je;ijapDk; fsp$uj;
jOtpdhd;. mg;gb tPo;e;j Ffidj; je;ijapDk; fsp$u gujd;
jOtpdhd;> me;j gujd; jfTilNahH rpe;ijapYk; nrd;dpapYk;
tPw;wpUf;Fk; rPHj;jpahd;. ,e;j ghlYf;F ,UtpjkhfTk; nghUs;$wp
tUfpd;wdH. ahH ahH mbapy; tpOe;J tzq;fpdhH vd;gjpy;
Fog;gj;ijj; njuptpf;fpd;wdH. Ffd; gujdplk; “eP te;j fhupak;
vd;d?" vd;W Nfl;fpwhd;.“mNahj;jp muRf;F cupikAs;stUf;F
muirf; nfhLf;fhky; Kiwjtwptpl;ldH> me;j KiwNfl;il ePf;fp
mNahj;jpf;F cupikAs;s murid mioj;Jg; Nghtjw;fhf
te;jpUf;fpNwd;" vd;fpwhd; gujd;. ,ijf; Nfl;l Ffd; kfpo;r;rp
nghq;f kPz;LnkhUKiw> gujd; fhypy; tPo;e;jdd;. iffisf;
$g;gpf;nfhz;L Ffd; nrhy;Yfpwhd;.
“jha; ciu nfhz;L jhij cjtpa juzpjd;idj;
jPtpid vd;d ePj;Jr; rpe;jid Kfj;Jj; Njf;fp
Nghapid vd;wNghJ GfopNdha; jd;ik fz;lhy;
Mapuk; ,uhkH epd;Nfo; MtNuh njupapdk;kh".
“gujh! uh[;aj;ij eP tpUk;gTkpy;iy@ Nfl;fTkpy;iy. jha; Nfl;L>
je;ij nfhLj;j uh[;aj;ij Ntz;lhk;> ,J jtW vd;W nrhy;yp
kWj;Jtpl;L> Kfj;jpy; ftiy glu ,uhkidj; Njb fhdfk;
te;jpUf;fpwha; vd;gijf; fhZk;NghJ> gujh! Mapuk; ,uhkH
cdf;F ,izahthNuh?"
“gujh! cd;id vd;d nrhy;ypg; GfONtd;. ehNdh fw;wwpah Ntld;.
#upaDila gpufhrkhd xsp vg;gb re;jpud;> el;rj;jpuq;fs;
,tw;wpd; xspianay;yhk; ,Uf;Fkplk; njupahky; nra;J
gpufhrpg;gJ Nghy> ePAk; cd; utpf;Fyj;njhd;wy; midtupd;
GfioAk; cd; GfOf;nfjpNu xd;Wkpy;yhky; nra;J tpl;lha;".
188
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
,uhkgpuhdpd; Fz tpNr\q;fisf; fz;Ljhd; Ffd; ,uhkdplk;
cs;sj;ijg; gwpnfhLj;jhd;. mJ NghyNt gujdpd; Fz
eyd;fisf; fz;L ,td; kPJk; gf;jp nfhz;lhd;. ,q;Nf ,uhkgpuhd;
vt;tplj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;jhH vd;W Ffdplk; Nfl;lhd; gujd;. FfDk;
me;j ,lj;ijf; fhl;Lfpwhd;. ,U ghiwfspd; ,ilapy; Gw;fs;
gug;gpa ,lj;ijf; fz;lhd;. Jbj;Jj; jiuapy; tPo;e;jhd;. fz;zPH
tpl;Lf; fjwp mOjhd;.
vd;dhy; md;Nwh mz;zh cdf;F ,g;gbg;gl;lj; Jd;gq;fs;
NeHe;jd. Gy;ypy; gLj;jha;> fpoq;ifAk;> fdpfisAk; cz;lha;. eP
gl;l Jd;gq;fis mwpe;j gpd;dUk;> ehd; capH Jwf;fhky;
tho;fpNwNd.
,uhkgpuhd; gpuhl;bNahL Japd;wjhy; ,yf;Ftd; mq;F ,Ue;jpUf;f
KbahJ. vdpDk; ,tHfisf; fhf;Fk; gzpiaj; jiyNky;
nfhz;bUe;jjhy; cwq;fpapUf;fTk; khl;lhd;. vdNt Ffid
Nehf;fpf; Nfl;fpwhd; “FfNd! ,yf;Ftd; vq;Nf jq;fp ,uTg;
nghOijf; fopj;jhd;?" ,e;jf; Nfs;tpia gujd; Nfl;fTk; Ffd;
fz;fspy; fz;zPH ngUf;nfLj;jJ.
“my;iy Mz;L mike;j Nkdp mofDk; mtSk; JQ;r
tpy;iy Cd;wpa ifnahLk; nta;J capHg;NghLk; tPud;
fy;iy Mz;L caHe;j Njhsha;> fz;fs; ePH Nrhuf; fq;Fy;
vy;iy fhz;gsTk; epd;whd;> ,ikg;gpyd; eadk; vd;whd;".
“gujh! mz;zYk; gpuhl;bAk; J}q;Fk;NghJ> tpy; Cd;wpa ifadha;>
ngU%r;RlDk;> fz;fspy; ePH Nrhu tpba tpbaf; fz;tpopj;Jf;
fhty; fhj;jhd; ,yf;Ftd;" vd;whd; Ffd;.
10.33. gujd; Ffdplk; cjtp Ntz;Ljy; md;wpuT ,uhkd; gLj;jpUe;j ,lj;jpy; gujd; gLj;jpUe;J
kWehl;fhiy fq;if Mw;iwf; fle;J nry;Yk; tpUg;gj;ijf;
Ffdplk; nrhy;y> mt;tz;zNk mtDk; ehtha;fisf; nfhz;L
te;J NrHf;fpwhd;. gujDk; mtDld; te;jtHfSk; glFfspy; Vwp
fq;if Mw;iwf; fle;J njd; fiuia milfpd;wdH. mq;Nf
gujDld; mtdJ jha;khHfs; Nfhriy> ifNfap> Rkpj;jpiu
MfpNahH epw;fpd;wdH. mtHfspy; Nfhriyiag; ghHj;J Ffd;>
,tHfs; ahH? vd;fpwhd;.“,tHjhd; jruj rf;futHj;jpapd; Kjy;
Njtp. %d;W cyfq;fisAk; gilj;j gpuk;kidg; ngw;nwLj;j
jpUkhyhfpa ,uhkgpuhidj; jd; tapw;wpy; Rke;jtH> ehd;
gpwe;jikahy; me;j kfid fhl;Lf;F mDg;gptpl;L ngUe;Jd;gj;ij
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mile;jtH> ,tH jhd; Nfhriy" vd;whd;.clNd Ffd;
Nfhriyapd; fhy;fspy; tPo;e;jhd;> mOjhd;. ,tdJ md;Gfz;L
nefpo;e;j Nfhriy gujdplk; “,td; ahH?" vd;whs;.mjw;F gujd;
“,e;j epd;w Fuprpy; (tPud;) ,uhftdpd; ,d;DapH Njhod;.
,yf;FtDf;Fk;> rj;Uf;FdDf;Fk; vdf;Fk; %j;j mz;zd;. ngaH
Ffd;" vd;whd;. clNd Nfhriy “vd; mUikf; FkhuHfNs! ,dp
Jd;gj;jhy; tUe;jhjPHfs;. ,uhk ,yf;FtH fhl;Lf;Fg; NghdJk;
ey;yjhapw;W. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; cq;fSf;F ,g;gbnahU rNfhjud;
fpilj;jpUg;ghdh? ,dp ePq;fs; ItPUk; xUtH Nghy gpupahky;
uh[;aj;ij neLehs; Msf;fltPuhf!" vd;whs;. mLj;jjhf
Rkpj;jpiuiaf; fhl;b> ,tH ,yf;FtidAk;> rj;Uf;FdidAk;
ngw;nwLj;j Njtpnad mwpKfg; gLj;Jfpwhd;. mLj;jjhf
ifNfiaf; fhl;b> Ffd; “,tH ahH?" vdf; Nfl;f> gujd;
nrhy;Yfpwhd;.
“glH vyhk; tsHj;jhisg; goptsHf;Fk;
nrtpypiaj; jd; gho;j;j ghtpf;
FlupNy neLq;fhyk; fple;Njw;Fk;
capHg;ghuk; Fiwe;J Nja
clnuyhk; capH ,oe;jntdj;
Njhd;Wk; cyfj;Nj xUj;jp md;Nw
,lupyh Kfj;jhis czHe;jpiyNah>
,e;epd;whs; vd;id <d;whs;".
cyfj;jpy; Ntnwq;Fk; fhzKbahj nfhLik kpf;f ghtp ,ts;.
,ts; ngw;W tsHj;jJ Jd;gq;fisAk;> gopfisANk! ,ts;
tapw;wpy; fple;jjhy; ,tisg;Nghy; fy; neQ;R vdf;F ,y;iy.
,t;tsT NgUk; Jd;gf; flypy; Jtz;L fplf;ifapy;> ,ts; xUj;jp
kl;Lk; JaH ,y;yhjts; vd;gJ Kfj;jpNyNa njupANk! vdNt
,ts; ahH vd;W cdf;Fj; njupe;jpUf;fyhk;. ,ts;jhd; vd;idg;
ngw;wts;" vd;whd; gujd;.
gujdpd; jha; vd;W njupe;jJk; Ffd; mtisAk;
tzq;fpdhd;. glFfs; fiu mile;jgpd; jhaH rptpifapy; Vwpr;
nry;y> gujDk; FfDk; ele;J nry;fpd;wdH. me;jg; gFjpapy;
tho;e;j guj;th[ Kdpt;uJ ngUikia mwpe;J mtiuf; fhz>
mtH Mrpukk; nrd;wile;jdH. KdptUk; gujdpd; tUifawpe;J
vjpHnfhz;lioj;Jr; nrd;whH. KdptH guj;th[iuj; jd;
190
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
je;ijNghy epidj;J tzq;Ffpwhd; gujd;. KdptH md;NghL Mrp
$WfpwhH. KdptH gujid Nehf;fp “IaNd! mNahj;jpapd; mur
Kb#b MSk; cupik fpilj;j gpd;Dk;> eP KdptHfSf;Fupa
kuTup cLj;J> fhdfk; te;j fhuzk; vd;dNth?" vd;whH. eP Kb#b
murhs;tNj Kiw> mijtpLj;J Vd; fhdfk; te;jha; vd;W KdptH
Nfl;ljhy;> gujDf;F kdjpy; rpdk; cz;lhfpaJ. “mwpthHe;j
ngupNaha;! jhq;fs; nrhy;tJ epahaky;y. Ntjehafdhk;
,uhkDf;F cupikAs;s uh[;aj;ij> ehd; vg;gb nfhs;s KbAk;.
mg;gb mtH uh[;ak; Vw;f kWg;ghuhfpy; ehDk; gjpdhd;fhz;Lfs;
mtUlNd ciwNtd;" vd;whd;.
gujd; $wpa ,k;nkhop Nfl;L guj;th[ KdptUk; mtUld;
,Ue;j KdptHfSk; kdk; kpf kfpo;nta;jpdH. clNd mtH gujd;
KjyhdtHfisj; jd; Mrpukj;Jf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W>
tpUe;jpdHfSf;Fj; Njitahd czT tiffs;> cgrupg;G
Kjyhdtw;wpw;fhfj; NjtHfis Ntz;b mf;dpapy; N`hkk; nra;aj;
njhlq;fpdhH. NjtNyhf khe;jH te;J gujDf;Fk; mtDld; te;j
gupthuq;fSf;Fk; rpwg;ghd tpUe;jpidg; gilj;jdH. ahid> Fjpiu
,tw;Wld; gil tPuHfs;> mikr;rHfs;> gpujhdpfs; MfpNahUk;
jhq;fs; ele;J te;j fisg;G jPu guj;Jth[ KdptH mspj;j
tpUe;ijAz;L kfpo;e;jpUe;jdH. MapDk; gujd;> vt;tsT
tw;GWj;jpAk; caHe;j czT tiffis tpyf;fptpl;L
jtrpaHf;Fupa fha;> fpoq;Ffis kl;LNk cz;lhd;. ,uT Neuk;
te;jJ. gilfs; ed;F cwq;fp vOe;jdH. fjputd; cjpj;jhd;.
midtUk; Ke;ija ehs; tpUe;jpd; kfpo;T kwe;J gioa epiy
mile;jdH. gujDk; NridfSk; mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gl;L xU
ghiytdj;ij mile;jdH. me;jg; ghiy epyj;ijAk; kUj epyk;
Nghyf; fUjp mjidf; fle;J rpj;jpu$lk; nrd;wile;jdH.
10.34. gujd; rpj;jpu$lk; miljy; ngUk; Nridapd; tuthy; Vw;gl;l NgnuhypAk;> GOjpg;
glyKk; J}uj;Nj ghHj;Jtpl;l ,yf;Ftd; Ntfkha; vOe;jhd;. xU
Fd;wpd; kPJ Vwpdhd;. mq;fpUe;J miyfly; Nghy tUk; gujd;
Nridaf; fz;lhd;. mtDf;F Nfhgk; tUfpwJ. je;ij nrhy;
Nfl;L fhdfk; te;j ,uhkidf; nfhy;yNt> gujd; gilnahL
tUfpwhd; vd Mj;jpug;gl;Lf; fhyhy; kiyapd; Kfl;il Xq;fp
cijf;fpwhd;. mJ J}s;J}shfpwJ. mq;fpUe;J jiuf;Fj; jhtpf;
Fjpj;J ,uhkdplk; Xbr; nrd;W $Wfpwhd;. “mz;zh! gujd;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
cd;id kjpf;fhky; ngUk; gilAld; cd;idj; jhf;f tUfpwhd;"
vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl ,Lg;gpy; cilthisf; fl;bf;
nfhs;fpwhd;. fhypy; tPuf;foiy mzpe;J nfhs;fpwhd;. mk;Gwhj;
J}zpiaj; Njhspy; vLj;J khl;bf; nfhs;fpwhd;. ftrj;ij mzpe;J
nfhz;L jd; tuptpy;iyf; ifapy; Ve;jpagb> ,uhkdpd;
jpUtbfisj; njhl;L tzq;fp vOe;J $Wfpwhd;. “mz;zh! ,k;ik>
kWik> ,uz;ilAk; ,oe;Jtpl;l ,e;jg; gujd; Njhs;typiaAk;>
mtd; gil typiaAk;> ePNa vy;yhk; vd;W cd; gpd;Nd te;Js;s
vd; Njhs;typiaAk; guhf;fpukj;ijAk; ,g;NghJ ghH!" vd;whd;.
gujDila Nridiaj; jhd; vg;gbg; nghbg;nghbahf;FNtd;
vd;gijAk;> mtd; gilfs; jd; fizfshy; glg;NghFk; ghl;ilAk;
vLj;Jf; $Wfpwhd;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; nghWikahfg; Gd;difNahL
Nfl;Lf;nfhz;l ,uhkd; nrhy;Yfpwhd;. ."jk;gp! ,yf;Fth! eP
epidj;jhy; <NuO gjpdhd;F cyfj;ijAk; fyf;Ftha; vd;gJ
vdf;Fj; njupAk;. cd;id mg;gbr; nra;ahky; jLg;gJk;> Kbahj
fhupak;jhd;@ vd;whYk;$l jk;gp! cdf;F ehd; xd;iwr; nrhy;y
tpUk;GfpNwd;. nghWikahff; Nfl;ghah" vd;whd; ,uhkd;.
10.35. ,yf;Ftdpd; rpdk; jzpj;j ,uhkd; “typa NjhSila yf;\;kzh! ek; Fyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa
kd;dHfSs; FyjHkj;ijf; iftpl;ltHfs; vtUkpy;iy. yf;\;kzh!
eP vd; kPJ msT fle;j md;ig itj;Jtpl;lha;. me;j md;gpd;
kpFjpahy; eP gujdJ ,ay;ig mwpahky; NgRfpwha;. mtd;
nray;fs; midj;Jk; Ntj newpfspypUe;J gpwohjit. ,jid
ePNa gpd;G czHe;J nfhs;tha;".
“gujDk; cd;idg; NghyNt vd;kPJ md;G nfhz;ltd;.
muRupikia Vw;f mtd; tpUk;gpapUf;f khl;lhd;. mjdhy; vd;id
mioj;J tUk;gb je;ij nrhy;ypapUf;fyhk;> jd; ,ay;ghd
md;gpdhYk;> vd;id mioj;Jg; NghfTNk mtd; tUfpwhd;
vd;gijj; jtpu NtWtpjkhf vz;ZtJ mwpTlik my;y" vd;whd;
,uhkd;. “mJkl;Lky;y> gujd; vd;NdhL NghH Gupthd; vd;W
epidg;gNj$l mwpTilik MfhJ yf;\;kzh! jHk Njtij
Nghd;w gujid> ey;y Fzj;jpw;nfy;yhk; ciuahzp
Nghd;wtDkhd gujid> eP ,t;thW vz;Zjy; jFkh? mtd; ,q;F
tUtJ vd;idf; fhZk;nghUl;Nl. ,ij ePNa gpd;dH epr;rak;
fhzg;Nghfpwha;". ,t;thW ,uhkd; jd; jk;gpaplk; $Wfpwhd;.
,g;gbf; $wptpl;L ,yf;FtNdhLk; jd; jk;gp gujid vjpHNehf;fp
192
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
,uhkd; epd;wNghJ> gujDk; jd; jk;gp rj;Uf;Fdd; gpd;tu ,uhkd;
Kd; te;J NrHe;jhd;.
“njhOJ caH ifapdd;@ Jtz;l Nkdpad;
mOJ mop fz;zpdd;@ mtyk; <J vd
vOjpa gbtk; xj;J va;Jthd; jid
KOJ czH rpe;ijahd; Kba Nehf;fpdhd;".
jiykPJ Ftpj;j fuq;fs;@ thba Nkdp@ mOJ mOJ ePH
NrhUk; fz;fs;@ Jauj;jpd; KO tbtk; Nghy te;J jd; vjpNu
epw;Fk; gujid> midj;ijAk; czHe;j ,uhkd; $He;J
Nehf;fpdhd;. gpwF NgRfpwhd;: “gujh! mNahj;jpapy; je;ij ed;F
eykhf cs;shuh?". “IaNd! cd; gpupthYk;> vd;idg; ngw;wtspd;
tuk; vDk; vkdhYk;> rj;jpaj;ij ,e;j g+kpapy; epiyepWj;jptpl;L>
mg;gh thDyfk; Ngha;tpl;lhH" vd;fpwhd; gujd;. kd;dd; jrujd;
RtHf;fk; mile;jhd; vd;w nra;jp Nfl;L> Gz;zpy; Nty; gha;e;jJ
Nghy; czHe;J> fz;fs; Nrhu> kdKk; Roy> ,uhkd; jiuapy;
tPo;e;jhd;. rpwpJ Neuk; czHT ,y;yhky; fple;jhd;. gpwF epidT
jpUk;gpg; Gyk;gpdhd;> mOjhd;> kdk; tUe;jp ngU%r;nrwpe;jhd;.
je;ijapd; ew;Fzq;fisnay;yhk; nrhy;ypr; nrhy;yp mOjhd;.
mUfpypUe;j midtUk; ,uhkidj; Njw;Wfpd;wdH. mg;NghJ
FyFUthd trp\;lH> “,uhkh! eP cd; je;ijf;fhf tUe;Jtij
tpl;L> mtUf;Fr; nra;a Ntz;ba ePj;jhH fld;fisr; nra;?"
mtutH nra;j tpidg; gad;fSf;F Vw;g cyfpy; gpwe;J ,d;g
Jd;gq;fis EfUk; capHfs;> me;EfHr;rpf;Fupa fhyk; Kbe;jTld;
mt;TapHfis vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; akd; ey;y capH nfl;l capH
vd;W ghHg;gjpy;iy. gpwe;j Foe;ijfNs$l khz;LtpLfpw
fhl;rpiaf; fhZfpd;w ehk; mWgjpdhapuk; Mz;Lfs; rpwg;Gw
Mz;l rf;futHj;jpapd; ,og;gpd; nghUl;L tUe;JtJ rupapy;iy".
“,uhkh! ftiyia xop. je;ijf;Fupa fld;fis nra;JKb.
mJNt cdJ Kjw; flik" vd;whH trp\;lH. ,uhkd; fyf;fk;
ePq;fpdhd;. ePuhl ejpj;Jiwf;Fr; nrd;whd;. ePuhbtpl;L trp\;lH
topfhl;l ePj;jhH fld;fis ed;F nra;J Kbj;jhd;. gpwF gujd;
Kjypa gupthuq;fs; Gil#o gHzrhiy nrd;wile;jhd;.
ngUQ;rpwg;GfSld; muz;kidapy; thoNtz;ba ,uhkd;> ,q;Nf
vspa Fbypy; tho;tJ fz;Lk;> gupthuq;fs; NjhopaHfs; Gil#o
,Uj;jw;Fupa gpuhl;b jdpasha; ,Ug;gJ Fwpj;Jk; gujd; kPz;Lk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
tUj;jkile;jhd;. rPijapd; fhy;fspy; tpOe;J Gyk;Gfpwhd;.
kd;ddpd; ,wg;Gr; nra;jpawpe;J rPijAk; tUe;jp fz;zPH rpe;jp
mOfpwhs;.
10.36. jha;khHfs; ,uhkidr; re;jpj;jy; jha; Nfhriy> ifNfap> Rkj;jpiu MfpNahiu mioj;Jf;
nfhz;L Rke;jpud; tUfpwhd;. ,uhkd; jha;khiu tzq;Ffpwhd;.
,uhkidf; fz;lJk; midtUk; kdk; nehe;J tUe;Jfpd;wdH.
jha;khHfs; rPijiaj; jOtpf;nfhz;L tUe;J fpd;wdH. md;iwa
nghOJ rha;e;jJ. #upaDk; jrujDf;F gpj;Uf;fld; nra;Jtpl;L
%o;FtJ Nghy flYs; %o;fpdhd;. kWehl;fhiy> midtUk;
$bapUe;j mitapy; ,uhkgpuhd;> gujd; te;j fhupaj;ij
tpdtpdhd;. Kb#lhky; ,q;F Vd; te;jha; vd;whd; ,uhkd;.
,g;gbf; Nfl;l ,uhkid gujd; neLNeuk; gjpy; $whky; ntwpj;Jg;
ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. “ngupNahHfs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sKbahj
tuq;fshy; cd;id jtepiy Vw;fr; nra;jtSk;> rf;utHj;jpapd;
capiug; Nghf;fbj;jtSkhd ghtp ifNfapapd; tapw;wpy;
gpwe;Jtpl;l vdf;F vd;d jtk; Ntz;bf; fplf;fpwJ?. jtk; vdf;Fg;
nghUe;jhJ. capH tpLjNy vdf;Fj; jFk;. Mdhy; mg;gbr;
nra;ahky; ,Uf;fpNwNd! eP Kb#lhky; jt Ntlq;nfhz;L ,q;Nf
Vd; te;jha; vd;W Nfl;fpwhNa! mg;gb ehd; muR Nkw;nfhs;tJ
kuGf;F cfe;jNjh?".“fw;G newp jtwpa kfspupd; FzKk;> nghWik
ePq;fpa jt xOf;fKk;> mUs;newp jtwpa jHkKk;> kuGtop jtwpa
murhl;rpAk; Kd;NdWkh?" “muRf;F cupikAs;s eP> mjid ePj;J
jtk; Nkw;nfhz;lJk; jtW. %j;jtd; eP ,Uf;f> eP Kiwapd;wp
muir iftpl;Lf; fhl;Lf;F tuTk;> mjdhy; cd; gpuptpdhy; je;ij
,wf;fTk;> me;jj; jUzk; ghHj;J ehd; muirf; iff;nfhz;L
Ms;Ntdhdhy;> NrhHe;j Neuj;jpy; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;
giftDf;Fk; vdf;Fk; vd;d NtWghL ,Uf;f KbAk;?" “je;ij
cd;idf; fhl;Lf;F mDg;gp> jhDk; ,we;J Ngha; kf;fisAk;
Jd;gj;jpy; Mo;j;jptpl;lhd;@ vdNt je;ijNa jPik nra;jtH
MfpwhH".
gujd; NgRtijf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;l gpwF ,uhkd;
nrhy;fpwhd;> “ntw;wp tPuNd! gujh! ed;ndwpfSk;> rj;jpaKk;>
epahaq;fSk;> Nkd;ikAk;> jHkk; KjyhditfSk;> Ntj
rh];jpuq;fisf; iftplhj murHfSila fl;lisahNy cyfj;jpy;
epiyj;J ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,it Nghd;w ed;ndwpfSf;Ff; fhuzk;>
194
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
ngw;NwhHfNs vd;gij eP czHthahf!". “jha; tuk; Nfl;lhs;.
je;ij nfhLj;jhd;. me;j gpJHthf;a gupghydk; nra;a ehDk;
fhdfk; te;Njd;. mg;gb ehd; Nkw;nfhz;l jHkj;jpypUe;J
khwptplNtz;Lnkd;gJ cd; tpUg;gkh? ngw;NwhH ,l;l fl;lisia
epiwNtw;WtNj gps;isfspd; flik. ehd; mtH nrhy;iy
kPwpapUe;jhy; nghy;yhj ghtj;Jf;F my;yth MshNtd;". “ifNfap
ngw;w tuj;jpdhYk;> je;ij nfhLj;j tuj;jpdhYk; ehL MSk;
cupik cd;DilaNj. mjid kWf;fhky; uh[;aj;ij eP
MsNtz;Lk;" vd;fpwhd; ,uhkd;. “mz;zh! cd; $w;Wg;gbNa>
uh[;ak; vd;DilaJ vd;why;> ,g;NghJ ehd; mij cq;fSf;F
cte;J mspf;fpNwd;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;!. ehL murd; ,y;yhky;
jtpf;fpwJ. eP te;J Kb#l;bf;nfhz;L ehl;ilf; fhg;gJ cd;
flik". “gujh! mg;gb ehd; ehl;Lf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhy;> ehd;
xg;Gf;nfhz;l tdthr fhykhd gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; Kbe;J
tpl;ljhf MfptpLkh? tha;ik fhj;jypDk; rpwe;jJ Ntwpy;iy
vd;gJ cdf;Fj; njupahjh? gujh! ek; je;ijahH vd;id
gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; fhl;by; thOk;gb fl;lisapl;lhH. me;jf;
fhyk;tiu ehl;il MSk;gb cdf;Ff; fl;lisapl;lhH. me;j
Ml;rpiaj; je;ij Mizg;gb eP MSjNy KiwahFk;. mjid
ePahf Ntz;lhtpl;lhYk; ,g;NghJ ehd; cdf;Ff; fl;lisapLfpNwd;.
muir Vw;Wf; nfhs;!". vd;whd; ,uhkd;. trp\;l KdptH gw;gy
jHkq;fis vLj;Jiuj;J ,uhkidNa ehl;il MSk;gb Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;fpwhH. ,ijf; Nfl;l ,uhkDf;F Nfhgk; cz;lhfpwJ.
“NeHikahd nraiyr; nra;Ntd; vd;W ehd; cWjp Nkw;nfhz;lgpd;
mjid kPWjy; vtHf;Fk; MfhJ. vdNt> nfhz;l
nfhs;ifapdpd;Wk; ehd; eOTjy; elf;fhJ" vd;whd; ,uhkd;.
mg;gbahdhy; jhDk; fhl;bNyNa jq;fptpLtjhf gujd;
$Wfpwhd;. jhq;fs; jtk; Gupe;J Ntz;ba fhupak; eilngwhky;
Ngha;tpLNkh vd;W mQ;rp NjtHfs; thdj;jpy; $bdhHfs;. NjtHfs;
,uhkdplk;> jhd; nfhz;l gpujpf;iQg;gb fhl;by; ,Ug;gJk;> gujd;
ehl;il MStJk;jhd; Kiw vd;fpwhHfs;. “ghH! NjtHfNs
nrhy;yptpl;lhHfs;> gujh! ePjhd; ehl;il MsNtz;Lk;" vd;whd;
,uhkd;. mg;NghJ gujd; xU gpujpf;iQ nra;fpwhd;. “mg;gbahdhy;
mz;zh! gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; Kbe;j mLj;j fzk; eP te;J uh[;a
ghuj;ij Vw;fNtz;Lk;. mg;gb ,y;iynad;why; ehd; jPg;GFe;J
195
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
capiu kha;j;Jf; nfhs;Ntd;" vd;fpwhd; gujd;. ,uhkgpuhd; ,jw;F
xg;Gf; nfhs;fpwhd;. “mz;zh! cdJ ghJiffs; ,uz;ilAk; eP
vdf;Fj; ju Ntz;Lnkd" gujd; Nfl;Lg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhd;.
ghJiffisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l gujd; mtw;iwj; jd; jiyapNy
itj;Jf; nfhz;L jiuapy; tPo;e;J ,uhkid tzq;Ffpwhd;. gpd;dH
gujd; kw;Wk; gupthuq;fs; Gil#o jpUk;gg; gazg;gl;L mNahj;jp
efUf;Fs; nry;yhky;> ee;jpf;fpuhkk; vDk; ,lj;ij mile;jhd;.
mq;Nf ,uhkdpd; ghJiffis rpk;khrdj;jpy; itj;Jj; jd;
Ik;nghwpfis mlf;fp ePH NrhUk; fz;fNshL jtk; Gupe;J
tho;e;jhd;. ,uhkd; KjypNahH gazg;gl;L NkYk; njd; jpir
Nehf;fpr; nry;yyhapdH.
10.37. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; ,uhkDf;F Kb#l;L tpoh Vw;ghL njhlq;fp mJ elthky;
Nghf ,uhkd; fhL nry;tJk; Ffd; el;G fpilg;gJk; Ffd;
cjtpNahL uhkd; fq;ifiaf; fle;J fhl;Lf;Fr; nry;tJk;
uhkidf; fhz te;j gujd; kPz;Lk; ehL jpUk;gp ehl;il
Ms;tJkhd nra;jpfis ehk; fz;Nlhk;.
10.38. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 1. ifNfap Vd; kdk; khwpdhs;?
2. $dpapd; nrhy;yhw;wuiyg; Gyg;gLj;Jf .
3. ifNfap ,uhkd; re;jpg;gpidf; fhl;Lf
4. ,uhkdpd; gpupitf; fz;L kf;fs; mile;j Jauk; ahJ?
4. ,uhkd; Ffd; re;jpg;gpid tptupf;f.
5. gujd; ifNfapia vt;thW gopj;jhd.;?
10.39. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y; 1. fk;guhkhazk; - njhFjp 2 – mNahj;jpah fhz;;lk;>
G+tz;zd; ciu> tu;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id 17
196
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
$$WW ..1111 NNrrff;;ffppoohhuu;; -- jjppUUjj;;nnjjhhzz;;llHHGGuuhhzzkk;; -- gg++rryyhhHH GGuuhhzzkk;;
11.1 jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzk;
fp.gp. 11> 12-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nrhoehl;il Ml;rp nra;j
kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhodhthd; (megha Nrhod;).
mk;kd;ddpd; mitapy; Kjy; mikr;ruhfg; gzp Gupe;jtH
Nrf;fpohH. Nrho kd;ddpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;f>
rptdbahHfspd; caHe;j tho;f;ifiaf; fijg; gpd;dyhff; nfhz;L
ngupa Guhzj;ijg;ghbdhH Nrf;fpohH. Re;juH ghba jpUj;njhz;lj;
njhifia Kjy; E}yhfTk;> ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp ghba
jpUj;njhz;lH jpUte;jhjpiatopE}yhfTk; nfhz;L ngupa
Guhzj;ijr; rhHG E}yhfg; gilj;jhH Nrf;fpohH. mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j
Nrf;fpohH gy CHfSf;Fk; nrd;W jpul;ba jfty;fisf; nfhz;Lk;
ngupaGuhzk; vOjg;ngw;Ws;sJ.nraw;F mupa nra;tH ngupaH
vd;Dk; Fws; tupf;Nfw;g mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khHfs; Gupe;j
,iwg; gf;jpiaAk;> njhz;L newpiaAk; tuyhw;W Kiwapy; $Wk;
E}Ny ngupa Guhzk;(ngupaH Guhzk;) MFk;. ,e;E}y; gy;NtW ehL>
CH> rhjp> njhopy; nfhz;l ehad;khHfSila tho;f;ifia
tptupf;fpwJ. mf;fhyr; rKjha tuyhw;iwAk; vspa> ,dpa
eilapy; vLj;J nrhy;fpwJ. jpy;iy mk;gyj;Nj MLk; rptngUkhd;
cynfyhk; vd;W mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLf;fr; Nrf;fpohH> gf;jp tsKk;>
,iwaUl; jpwKk; FiwtpyhJ rpwf;FkhW ,yf;fpag;
ngUq;fsQ;rpakhfg;> ngupa Guhzj;ij ,aw;wp mUspdhH.
cynfyhk; vd;W mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLf;fr; Nrf;fpohH cynfyhk;
czHe;J Xjw;F mupatd; vd ngupaGuhzj;jpidj; njhlq;fpajhf
ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kf;fspd; tho;f;if gw;wp
tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;fpy; mwptjw;F ,e;E}y; cjTfpwJ
11.2. fhg;gpag; gFg;G ngupa Guhzk; vd;Dk; ngUq;fhg;gpak; jkpofr; #oiyAk;> 63
mbahH ngUkf;fisAk; ikakhff; nfhz;L jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,e;E}y;
ngUk; gpupthf ,uz;L fhz;lq;fisAk;> cl;gpupthf 13
rUf;fq;fisAk; cilaJ. 4286 tpUj;jg; ghf;fisAila xU ngU
E}yhFk;. ngupaGuhzk; Kjy; fhz;lk;> ,uz;lhk; fhz;lnkd ,U
fhz;lkhfTk;> Kjy; fhz;lj;jpy; Ie;J rUf;fq;fisAk; ,uz;lhk;
fhz;lj;jpy; vl;L rUf;fq;fisAk; cilajhf
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ. Re;ju%Hj;jp Rthkpfspd; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
ghly;fspd; Kjy; tupNa rUf;fq;fspd; ngaHfshf cs;sJ.
fhg;gpa fijahdJ fapyhaj;jpy; njhlq;fg;ngw;W> irt
mbahHfspd; tho;f;ifia tptupj;J> ,Wjpahf fapyhaj;jpy;
KbfpwJ.
Kjw; fhz;lj;jpy;>
1. jpUkiyr; rUf;fk;>
2. jpy;iy tho; me;jzH rUf;fk;>
3. ,iy kype;j rUf;fk;>
4. Kk;ikahy; cyfhz;l rUf;fk;>
5. jpUepd;w rUf;fk; vd;w Ie;J rUf;fq;fSk;>
,uz;lhk; fhz;lj;jpy;
1. tk;gwh tuptz;Lr; rUf;fk;>
2. thHnfhz;l tdKiyahs; rUf;fk;>
3. ngha;abikapy;yhj GytH rUf;fk;>
4. fiwf;fz;ld; rUf;fk;>
5. fly;#o;e;j rUf;fk;>
6. gj;juha;g; gzpthH rUf;fk;>
7. kd;dpa rPHr; rUf;fk;>
8. nts;shidr; rUf;fk;
vd;Dk; vl;L rUf;fq;fSk; mike;Js;sd.
11.3. fhg;gpa mikg;G Re;juupd; rpwg;G> mbahHfspd; rpwg;G> rptngUkhdpd;
mUl;jpwk;> FU (Mrpupad;)> ,ypq;fk; (,iwtd; jpUNkdp)> rq;fkk;
(mbahH) Mfpa Kiwfspy; rptid topgl;l epiyfs;> njhz;bd;
jpwk;> rhjp> kj> ,d NtWghby;yhky; mbahH Nehf;fpy; fz;L
topgl;L Kj;jp ngw;w jd;ikfs;> rptd; mbahHfis Ml;nfhz;l
tpjk; Kjyhd gy nra;jpfisf; nfhz;ljhf ,e;E}y;
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. mbahHfspd; tuyhWk;. mtHfs; filg;gpbj;j
njhz;L newpAk;> ,iwtd; mtHfis Ml;nfhz;l tpjKk; ,e;E}y;
KOJk; vLj;Jf; $wg;gLtjhy; Nrf;fpohH> jpUj;njhz;lH khf;fij
vd;W ngaupl;lhH. nraw;fupa nray; Gupe;j mbahHfspd;
(ngupahHfspd;) rpwg;gpid ciug;gjhy; ,jidr; rhd;NwhHfs;
ngupaH Guhzk; vd;W $w> fhyg; Nghf;fpy; ngupa Guhzk; vd;W
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
198
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11.4. fhg;gpa Nehf;fk; rptid Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp topgLk; rkakhfpa irtj;ijAk;>
mbahHfsJ tuyhW> njhz;L epiwe;j tho;T> Kj;jp ngw;w epiy
Mfpatw;iwAk; tpupthfTk; njspthfTk; Gyg;gLj;JtNj ngupa
Guhzj;jpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;.
11.5. fhg;gpar; rpwg;G mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khHfspd; Gfo; kpf;f tuyhw;wpid
cyfwpa> gf;jpr; RitNahL tpupthf vOjpa ngUikf;F cupatH
Nrf;fpohH MthH. mtH Nrho ehl;L mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jikahy;
ehl;bd; gy gFjpfSf;Fk;> ehad;khHfs; tho;e;j CHfSf;Fk;
Neupy; nrd;W> mt;tplj;jpy; nrtptop kughf toq;Fk; tuyhw;Wr;
nra;jpfisAk; njhFj;J ,e;E}iy mikj;jhH vd;gH. gpw nkhopf;
fijfisj; jOthky;> jkpo; kf;fisAk;> jkpofr; #oiyAk;
ikakhff; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Mfpa
fhg;gpaq;fisg; NghyNt ngupaGuhzk; vd;Dk; E}y; rpwg;Gw;Wj;
jpfo;fpd;wJ. Mz; ngz; NtWghbd;wpg; gy ,dq;fisAk;> njhopy;
gpupTfisAk; rhHe;j rptdbahHfisg; gw;wpa E}yhf
mike;Js;sjhy; ,e;E}iyj; Njrpa ,yf;fpak; vd;W rhd;NwhHfs;
ghuhl;LtH.
11.6. E}yhrpupaH- Nrf;fpohH nrd;idf;F mUfpYs;s Fd;wj;J}H vd;Dk; Cupy; NtshsH
kugpy; gpwe;jtH mUz;nkhopj; NjtH. ,g;ngaNu mtUf;Fg;
ngw;NwhH ,l;L toq;fpajhFk;. Nrf;fpohH vd;gJ ,tuJ
Fbg;ngauhFk;. ,tH fy;tp Nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpajhy;>
,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; mitapy; Kjyikr;ruhfg;
gzpGupe;jhH. mk;kd;ddpd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W> mbahHfspd;
ngUikia tuyhwhf vOjpdhH. ,e;E}ypd; ngUikia czHe;j
kd;dd;> mtiug; gl;lj;J ahidapd; kPNjw;wp efHtyk;
nra;Jcj;jk Nrhog; gy;ytuhad; vd;Dk; gl;lk; je;J rpwg;gpj;jhd;.
,tUila fhyk; fp.gp. 12 -Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpahFk;.
rptj; njhz;lHfspd; tuyhw;iwr; rpwg;gpj;j fhuzj;jhy;
,tUf;Fj; njhz;lHrPH guTthH vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngaUk; cz;L.
fy;ntl;Lfs; ,tiu khNjtbfs; vd;Wk;> ,uhkNjtH vd;Wk;
rpwg;gpf;fpd;wd. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is> gf;jpr;Rit
edp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghba ftp tyt vd;W ,tiug;
ghuhl;Lfpd;whH.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
11.7. g+ryhH ehadhu; Guhzk; - RUf;fk; njhz;il ehl;by; jpUepd;wt+upNy kiwatH Fyj;jpNy
Njhd;wpatH g+ryhH vd;Dk; ngUe;jifahH. ,tH rptdbahuhfpa
md;gHf;F Vw;wgzp nra;jNy gpwtpg;gad; vdf; nfhz;L nghUs;Njb
mbahHf;F mspj;J te;jhH. rptngUkhDf;Fj; jpUf;Nfhapy;
mikj;Jg; gzpnra;a tpUk;gpa ,tH jk;kplj;Jg; nghUs;
,y;yhikahy; mjw;Fupa nghUis tUe;jpj; NjbAk; ngw
,ayhjtuhapdH. ,e;epiyapy; kdj;jpNy rptngUkhDf;Fj;
jpUf;Nfhapy; mikf;f vz;zpdhH. kdj;jpd;fz; rpwpJrpwpjhfg;
ngUk;nghUs; NrHj;jhH. jpUg;gzpf;F Ntz;ba fy; kuk;Kjypa
rhjdq;fisAk; gzpnra;jw;Fupa jr;rH Kjypa gzpahsHfisAk;
kdj;jpy; Njbf;nfhz;lhH. ey;y ehs; ghHj;Jj; jpUf;Nfhapw;
gzpiaj; jk; kdj;Js;Ns njhlq;fp ,uTk; Japyhky; mbg;gil
Kjy; cghdk; Kjypa tupirfis mikj;J cupa msTg;gb
tpkhdKk; rpfuKk; mikj;J mjd;Nky; J}gpAk; el;ldH.
RijNtiy Kbj;J mf;NfhapypDs;Ns fpzW jpUf;Fsk;> kjpy;
Kjyhd vy;yhk; tFj;jikj;J ,t;thW jk;kdj;jpy; cUthfpa
jpUf;NfhapYs;Ns rptngUkhid vOe;jUsr; nra;tjw;Nfw;w
ey;yehSk; NtisAk; epr;rapj;jhH. ,tuJjpUg;gzp ,t;thW
epfo;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyapy;> fhltHNfhdhfpa Nte;jHngUkhd;
fhQ;rp efuj;jpNy ,iwtDf;Fj; jpUf;fw;wsp mikj;Jj; jd; ngupa
nghUs; KOtijAk; mj;jpUf;Nfhapw; g+ridf;nfd;W tFj;Jj; jhd;
mikj;j fw;wspapNy rptngUkhid vOe;jUStpg;gjw;Fg; g+ryhH
mfj;jpy; tFj;j me;j ehisNa Fwpj;jhH. g+ryhuJ md;gpd;
jpwj;ij cyfj;jhHf;F mwptpf;fj; jpUTsq; nfhz;l rptngUkhd;>
me;ehspd; Kjy; es;sputpy; fhltH Nfhkhd; Kd; fdtpy;
vOe;jUsp epd;wt+Hg;g+ry; md;gd; nebJehs; epide;J nra;j
ed;ik kpf;f Myaj;Js; ehis ehk; GFNthk;@ eP ,q;F
nra;aj;Jzpe;j jhgdj;jpid ehisa jpdj;jpy; itj;Jf;
nfhs;shJ gpd;dH kw;nwhU ehspy; nra;thahf| vd;W gzpj;jUsp
kiwe;jUspdhH. gy;ytHNfhd;> JapYzHe;njOe;J ,iwtH
csKtf;Fk; tz;zk; ngupajpUf;Nfhapiy mikj;j
ngUe;jifahiur; nrd;W fhztpUk;gpj; jpUepd;wt+iu mile;jhd;.
mq;F mUfize;jtHfis Nehf;fp> ~g+ryhH mikj;j Nfhapy;
vq;Nf cs;sJ?| vd;W Nfl;lhH. mJNfl;l epd;wt+H kf;fs;> ~g+ryhH
,t;t+upw; Nfhapy; vJTk; fl;ltpy;iy| vd;wdH. kd;dd; mt;t+H
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kiwatHfis mioj;J ~g+ryhH ahH| vdf;Nfl;lwpe;J> Mrpy;
Ntjpauhfpa mtH ,Uf;Fkplj;jpw;Fj; jhNd nrd;W mtiu tzq;fp>
~NjtuPH mikj;j jpUf;Nfhapy; ahJ? mf;Nfhapypy; rptngUkhid
vOe;jUsr; nra;Ak; ehs; ,e;j ehs; vd;W ,iwtH njuptpj;jUsj;
njupe;J ck;ikf;fz;L gzpjw;F te;Njd;| vd;whH. g+ryhH> murd;
ciuNfl;L kUz;L> ~,iwtH vd;idAk; nghUshf
mUs;nra;jhuhapd; mf;Nfhapypd; ngUik vj;jifaJ? vd;W
jkf;Fs;NsNa rpe;jpj;Jj; jhk; kdj;jhy; Kad;W nra;j
jpUf;Nfhapypd; mikg;gpid kd;dDf;F tpsq;f vLj;Jiuj;jhH.
murd; mjprapj;Jg; g+ryhiu epyKw;wj; jho;e;J tzq;fpj; jdJ
efUf;Fr; nrd;whd;. g+ryhH ehadhH jhk; fl;ba kdf;NfhapypNy
Fwpj;j ew;nghOjpy; rptngUkhidj; jhgpj;Jg; g+ridfs; vy;yhk;
ngUQ;rpwg;Gld; gyehl;fs; Ngzpr; nra;jpUe;J rptngUkhd; jpUtb
ePoiyaile;jhH.
11.8. jpUepd;wt+upd; rpwg;G md;wpdhH Guk; vupj;jhHf;F Myak; vLf;f vz;zp
xd;Wk; mq;F cjthJ Mf czHtpdhy; vLf;Fk; jd;ik
ed;W vd kdj;jpdhNy ey;y Mak; jhd; nra;j
epd;w CHg; g+ryhHjk; epidtpid ciuf;fy; cw;whH
cyfpdpy; xOf;fk; vd;Wk; caH ngUk; njhz;il ehl;L
eykpF rpwg;gpd; kpf;f ehd; kiw tpsq;Fk; %J}H
Fy Kjy; rPyk; vd;Wk; FiwT,yh kiwNahH nfhs;if
epytpa nry;tk; ky;fp epfo; jpUepd;w Cuhk;
giftHfshd mRuH %tiu> mtHjk; Nfhl;ilfSld;
vjpu;j;J mopj;j rptngUkhDf;Fj; jpUf;Nfhapy; vLf;f vz;zpahUk;
mr;nraYf;F cjthky; NghfNt> ,dpNky;> cs;sj;Js;NsNa
jpUf;Nfhapy; mikf;f vz;zp> vz;zpathW ey;yjpUf;Nfhapiy>
kdf;Nfhapyhf vLg;gpj;j g+ryhH ehadhH tuyhw;iw ciuf;fj;
njhlq;fpNdd.; ,t;Tyfpy; ey;nyhOf;fk; vf;fhyj;Jk; caHe;J
tpsq;Fk; ngUikAila njhz;il ehl;by;> eyk; kpf;f
rpwg;Gfisf; nfhz;L ehd;kiwfSk; tpsq;Ftjw;F ,lkhd gioa
CH> Fyj;jpw;F Kjd;ikahd xOf;fj;ij ve;ehSk; nfhz;L
xOFfpd;w Fiwtw;w kiwatHfs; jk; nfhs;ifapy; epiy epd;w
tpsq;Fjyhfpa nry;tk; nghUe;jpa jpUepd;wt+uhFk;.
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Fwpg;Gfs;
11.9. g+ryhH Nehf;fk; mUkiw kuG tho mg;gjp te;J rpe;ij
jUk; czHthd vy;yhk; jk;gpuhd; foy;Nky; rhu
tUnewp khwh md;G tsHe;J vo tsHe;J tha;ikg;
nghUs; ngW NtjePjpf; fiy czH nghyptpd; kpf;fhH
mLg;gJ rptd;ghy; md;gHf;fhk; gzp nra;jy; vd;Nw
nfhLg;gJ vt;tifAk; Njb mtH nfhsf; nfhLj;Jk; fq;if
kLg;nghjp Ntzp IaH kfpo;e;J ciwtjw;F XH Nfhapy;
vLg;gJ kdj;Jf; nfhz;lhH ,U epjp ,d;ik vz;zhH
mupa kiwtoptUk; kuG tho mg;gjpapy; Njhd;wpr;
rpj;jj;jpy; tUk; czHTfs; vy;yhk; rptngUkhd; jpUtbapy;
NrUkhW mikAk; newpapdpd;Wk; gpwohJ md;G tsHe;Njhq;fj;
jhKk; tsHe;J nka;g; nghUis miljw;F VJthd kiwf;
fiyfis czUk; tpsf;fj;jpd; kpf;fhH. rptngUkhDf;Fk;
mtUila md;gHfSf;Fk; MFk; gzpfisr; nra;jNy jf;fJ
vd;W Jzpe;J mbatHfSf;Ff; nfhLg;gjw;nfd vt;tifahYk;
nghUisj;Njb mtHfs; nfhs;Sk;gb je;J jpUf; Nfhapy;
mikg;gjw;Fg; ngUe;jpushd nry;tk; jk;kplk; ,y;yhikia
vz;zhjtuha;f; fq;if jq;fpa riliaAila ,iwtH kfpo;e;J
vOe;jUspapUg;gjw;F vd xU Nfhapiyf; fl;Lk; nraiyAk; jk;
cs;sj;jpy; nfhz;lhH.
11.10. jpUf;Nfhapy; mikf;f Kw;gLjy; kdj;jpdhy; fUjp vq;Fk; khepjp tUe;jpj; Njb
vidj;Jk; XH nghUl;NgW ,d;wp vd; nra;Nfd; vd;W iethH
epidg;gpdhy; vLf;f NeHe;J epfo;TW epjpak; vy;yhk;
jpidj;Jiz Kjyhj; Njbr; rpe;ijahy; jpul;bf; nfhz;lhH
rhjdj; NjhL jr;rH jk;ikAk; kdj;jhy; Njb
ehjDf;F Myak; nra; eyk; ngW ey; ehs; nfhz;Nl
Mjupj;J Mfkj;jhy; mbepiy ghupj;J md;ghy;
fhjypy; fq;Fy; NghJk; fz;glhJ vLf;fy; cw;whH
jpUf;Nfhapy; mikj;jw;nfd Ntz;Lk; nghUisj;Njbg;
ngWk; ,lq;fis cs;sj;jhy; epidj;J vq;Fk; mg;ngUQ;
nry;tj;ij tUe;jpj; NjbAk;> xU rpwpJk; mjidg; ngWk; NgW
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fpl;lhjtuha;> ,dp vd; nra;Ntd; vd;W tUe;jp> epidthy; Nfhapy;
vLf;f vz;zpj;Jzpe;J> mr;nray; epfo;tjw;Fupa
nry;tq;fisnay;yhk; jpidasT fplg;gpDk; mjidAk; rpwpJ
rpwpjhf cs;sj;jhy; NrHj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. jpUf;Nfhapiyf;
fl;Ltjw;Fupa rhjdq;fSld; jr;rHfisAk; kdj;jhy; Njbf;
nfhz;L> ,iwtw;Ff; Nfhapy;> vLg;gpg;gjw;Fupa eyk; kpf;f ey;y
ehisAk; nghOijAk; Fwpf;nfhz;L> tpUk;gp Mfk newpapd;gb
mbepiy vLj;J> md;gpd; epiwtpdhy; mij kpFe;J ,utpYk;
gfypYk; cwq;fhJ Nfhapy; vLf;fyhdhH.
11.11. cs;sj;jpy; cau;e;j Nfhapy; mbKjy; cghdk; Mjp Mfpa gilfs; vy;yhk;
tbTWk; njhopy;fs; Kw;w kdj;jpdhy; tFj;J khd
KbTW rpfuk; jhDk; Kd;dpa Koj;jpy; nfhz;L
nebJ ehs; $lf; Nfhapy; epuk;gpl epidthy; nra;jhH
J}gpAk; el;L kpf;f RijAk; ey;tpidAk; nra;J
$tYk; mikj;J khL Nfhapy; #o; kjpYk; Nghf;fp
thtpAk; njhl;L kw;Wk; Ntz;Lt tFj;J kd;Dk;
jhguk; rptDf;F Vw;f tpjpj;j ehs; rhU ehspy;
jpUf;Nfhapypd; mbepiy Kjy;> jpUf; NfhGuj;jpd; mbg;gFjp
tiuapyhd mLf;Ffs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; XtpaNtiyg;ghLfs;
nghUe;j kdj;jhy; mikj;J> tpkhdj;jpd; Kbtpy; mikAk;
rpfuKk;> Mfkj;jpy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l KO mstpy; nfhz;L ePz;l
ehs;fs; nry;y> Nfhapy; epiwTgl midj;ijAk; epidthy;
nra;jhH. J}gpiaAk; nghUj;jp epwk; nghUe;jpa fyit g+rp Nky;
rpw;gq;fSf;Fupa xg;gid tiffisAk; nra;J jpUKOf;fpw;nfd;
J}aePH mike;j fpzWk; mikj;Jk;> gf;fj;jpYk; Nfhapy; Rw;wpYk;
kjpy;fis vLj;Jf; Fsk; mikj;J> NkYk; Ntz;Ltdtw;iwAk;
tif glr;nra;J > epiyngw;w ,ypq;fj;jpUNkdpapy; rptngUkhs;
vOe;jUOkhW cWjpg;gLj;jpa ehs; neUq;fpaJ.
11.12. murd; mikj;j Myak; fhltH Nfhkhd; fr;rpf; fy;jsp vLj;J Kw;w
khnlyhk; rptDf;F Mfg; ngUk; nry;tk; tFj;jy; nra;thd;
ehlkhy; mwpahjhiuj; jhgpf;Fk; me;ehs; Kd;dhs;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
VlyH nfhd;iw Nta;e;jhH ,utpilf; fdtpy; va;jp
gy;yt kd;ddha ,uhrrpk;kd; fhQ;rp khefuj;jpy; fw;Nfhapy;
vLg;gpj;J> KOikahf mjd; gf;fq;fspy; vy;yhk; rptDf;fhfg;
ngUQ; nry;tq;fis epakpg;gtd;> jpUkhYk; Njlw;;F mupatuhd
,iwtiuj; jpUf;Nfhapypy; vOe;jUS tpj;jw;nfd epakpj;j
me;ehSf;F Kd;ida ehspy; ,jo;fs; tpupfpd;w nfhd;iw
kyHfisr; #ba ,iwtd; mtdJ fdtpy; Njhd;wpdhu;.
11.13. fdtpy; te;j flTs; epd;w CHg; g+ry; md;gd; nebJehs; epide;J nra;j
ed;W ePL Myaj;J ehis ehk; GFNthk; eP ,q;F
xd;wpa nraiy ehis xope;J gpd; nfhs;tha; vd;W
nfhd;iw thHrilahH njhz;lHNfhapy; nfhz;lUsg;
Nghe;jhH
njhz;liu tpsf;fj; J}Nahd; mUs; nraj; Japiy ePq;fpj;
jpz;jpwy; kd;dd; me;jj; jpUg;gzp nra;jhH jk;ik
fz;L ehd; tzq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vOk; fhjNyhLk;
jz; jiyr; #oy; #o;e;j epd;w CH te;J rhHe;jhd;
jpUepd;wt+upy; cs;s g+ry; vd;w md;gd; ePz;l ehl;fshf
epidtstpy; nra;j ed;ikahy; ePLk; Nfhapypy;> ehis ehk;
GFNthk; vdNt ,q;Ff; fdtpy; nghUe;jpa nra;ifia ehis
itj;Js;sikia khw;wpf; nfhs;f vd;W $wpf; nfhd;iw #ba
ePz;l rilAila ,iwtH g+ryhupd; Nfhapypd;
vOe;jUStpj;jpUf;Fk; jpUNkdpiaf; nfhz;lUs vOe;jUspdhH.
njhz;luhd g+ryhiu ,e;epyTyfj;jtH mwpAk; nghUl;Lj; J}a
rptngUkhd; ,q;qdk; $wpaUs> cwf;fj;ij tpl;L vOe;j>
jpz;zpa Mw;wiyAila mk; kd;dd; mj;jifa jpUg;gzp
nra;jtiuf;fz;L ehd; tzq;fNtz;Lk;! vd;W Nkd;NkYk; vOfpd;w
ngU tpUg;gj;NjhLk; Nrhiyfs; #o;e;j jpUepd;wt+iu mile;jhd;.
11.14. mbatiuj; Njb te;j murd; mg;gjp mize;J g+ry; md;gH ,q;F mikj;j Nfhapy;
vg;GilaJ vd;W mq;fz; va;jpdhH jk;ikf; Nfl;fr;
nrg;gpa g+ry; Nfhapy; nra;jJ xd;W ,y;iy vd;whH
nka;g;ngU kiwNahH vy;yhk;tUf vd;W ciuj;jhd; Nte;jd;
g+RuH vy;yhk; te;J Gutyd; jd;idf; fhz
khrpyhg; GryhH jhk; ahH vd kiwNahH vy;yhk;
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Mrpy; Ntjpad; ,t;t+uhd; vd;W mtH miof;f Xl;lhd;
<rdhH md;gH jk;ghy; va;jpdhd; nta;a Ntyhd;
njhz;liur; nrd;W fz;l kd;dtd; njhOJ ePH ,q;F
vz; jpir NahUk; Vj;j vLj;j Myak; jhd; ahJ ,q;F
mz;lHehafiuj; jhgpj;JmUSk; ehs; ,d;W vd;W ck;ikf;
fz;lb gzpa te;Njd; fz; Ejy; mUs; ngw;W vd;whd;
kd;dtd; ciug;gf; Nfl;l md;gH jhk; kUz;L Nehf;fp
vd;idNahH nghUshf; nfhz;Nl vk;gpuhd; mUs; nra;jhNuy;
Kd;tU epjp ,yhik kdj;jpdhy; Kad;w Nfhapy;
,d;djhk; vd;W rpe;jpj;J vLj;jh thW vLj;Jr; nrhd;dhH
kd;dd; > mj;jpUepd;wt+iu mile;J g+ryhH vd;w mbatH>
fl;ba Nfhapy; vk;kUq;fpy; cs;sJ vd;W mq;F ,Ue;jtHfisf;
Nfl;f ePq;fs; $WkhW g+ryhH Nfhapy; VJk; fl;baJ ,y;iy vd;W
ciuj;jdH. mJ Nfl;lmurd; > nka;AzHT jiyg;gl;l me;jzHfs;
vy;yhk; xUq;F tUf! vd;W Mizapl;lhd;. mt;thizapd;
tz;zk; mg;gjpapYs;s me;jzHfs; vy;yhk; te;J gy;yt
kd;didf; fhzf; Fw;wk; ,y;yhj g+ryhH vd;gtH ahH? ' vd;W
kd;dd; tpdt> mk; kiwatH vy;yhk; mtH Fw;wkw;w me;jzH!
,t;t+updH vd;W $wpdH. mt;thW $wpa mtHfisg; g+ryhiu
mioj;J tUkhW mDg;ghJ ,iwtupd; md;guhd mg;g+ryhuplj;jpy;
nfhba NtiyAila kd;dd; jhNd nrd;W mile;jhd;.
mj;njhz;liur; nrd;W fz;l kd;dd;> mtiu tzq;fpj;
jhq;fs; ,t;tplj;Jj; NjtH ngUkhdhd rptngUkhidj; jq;fs;
Nfhapypy; vOe;jUStpf;Fk; ehs; ,d;W vdj; njupe;J> fz;Zjy;
ngUkhdpd; jpUtUshy;> cq;fisf; fz;L> jpUtbfis
tzq;Ftjw;F te;Njd; vdf;$wpdhd;.
,q;qdk; gy;yt kd;dd; nrhy;yf;Nfl;lg+ryhH ehadhH>
tpag;gile;J mtiug;ghHj;J vd;idAk; xU nghUshff; nfhz;L
ngUkhdhH ,t;thW mUspr; nra;jhuhapd;> Kd;djhf Ntz;Lk; epjp
fpilahikahy;> cs;sj;jpdhy; Kad;W epidtstpy; nra;j
Nfhapy; ,JthFk; vd;W jk; rpe;jidapd; nrayhfr; nra;j
Nfhapiyj; jhk; tpsq;f vLj;Jr; nrhd;dhH.
11.15. mbatiug; gzpe;j murd; murDk; mjidf; Nfl;L mq;F mjprak; va;jp vd;Nd
GiuaW rpe;ij md;gH ngUik vd;W mtiug; Nghw;wp
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
tpiu nrwp khiy jho epykpir tPo;e;J jho;e;J
Kunrwp jhid NahL kPz;L jd; %J}Hg; Gf;fhd;
murDk; mt;tbahH $wpaijf;Nfl;L kpf;f tpag;gile;J
'Fw;wkpy;yhj md;gupd; ngUik ,Ue;jthW vd;Nd ! vd;W mtiug;
Nghw;wp tzq;fp eWkzk; kpf;f khiy fpNo gbAkhW epyj;jpy;
tpOe;J tzq;fp > KuRfs; xypf;Fk; gilfSld; jpUk;gpj; jd;
gioa Ciu mile;jhd;.
11.16. kdf;Nfhapyp;;y; kq;fs tpoh md;gUk; mikj;j rpe;ij Myaj;J mudhH jk;ik
ed; ngUk; nghOJ rhuj; jhgpj;J eyj;jpNdhLk;
gpd;G g+ridfs; vy;yhk; ngUikapy; gy ehs; Ngzpg;
nghd; Gid kd;WshLk; nghd; foy; ePoy; Gf;fhH
md;guhd g+ryhUk;> jk; cs;sj;jpy; mikj;j jpUf;Nfhapypy;
rptngUkhid ehSk; XiuAk; eyk; kpfte;j mikaj;J
vOe;jUStpj;J> ed;ikkpf mjd; gpd;G nra;aNtz;ba
topghLfis vy;yhk; gy ehs;fs; tpUk;gpr; nra;J tho;e;J
nfhz;bUe;j epiyapy; nghd;dhy; Ma mk;gyj;jpy; MLk;
$j;jg;ngUkhdpd; mofpa jpUtb epoiyr;NrHe;jhH.
11.17. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; fhg;gpa ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ngupaGuhzj;jpd; ,lj;jpid
ehk; mwpe;Njhk;. ngupaGuhzk; irtrka mbatHfspd;
tuyhw;wpidf; fhl;Lk; jd;ik gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk.; ,jpy;
ngupaGuhzj;jpd; mikg;igAk; g+ryhH ehadhH tuyhw;wpidAk;
ehk; mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
11.18. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 1. ngupaGuhzj;jpd; E}y; mikg;gpidf; fhl;Lf.
2. Nrf;fpohH Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj; jUf.
3. murd; mikj;j Myaj;jpy; vOe;jUsy; g+ryhH mikj;j
Myaj;jpy; ,iwtd; Vd; vOe;jUspdhH?
11.19. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y; 1. Nrf;fpohH> jpUj;njhz;lu; Guhzk;> jUikahjPdk;>
kapyhLJiw - 609 001
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$$WW –– 1122 ttPPuukkhhKKddppttHH -- NNjjkk;;gghhttzzpp -- gghhiiyyGGFF ggllyykk;;
12.1. Njk;ghtzp
Njk;ghtzp vd;Dk; E}y; ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; tsHg;G
je;ijahd Gdpj NahNrg;G kPJ ,aw;wg;gl;l Kjw; ngUk; nra;As;
tif E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; ,j;jhypa ehl;ltuhd tPukhKdptH (1680 -
1742) mtHfs; jkpopy; jpwk;gl Mf;fpa E}y; vdg; Gfog;gLfpwJ.
fpwp];jt rkaj;jpd; RUf;fnkd;Nw ,e;E}iy mwpQHfs;
kjpg;gpLfpd;wdH. ,j;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak; gpwnkhop E}y; xd;wpy;
tUfpd;w nra;jpfisj; jOtp> jkpo; newpf;Nfw;g vOjg;gl;ljhFk;.
mjhtJ> ];ghdpa ehl;L MfpUj efupy; tho;e;j MfpHj kupahs;
(María de Ágreda) vd;Dk; fd;dp kiwnghUshd ,iwefuk;
(Mystical City of God) vd;Dk; E}iy> fd;dp
kupahtpd; Mizg;gb vOjpajhff; $wpAs;shH. me;j E}ypy;
,NaRtpd; tsHg;Gj; je;ijahd NahNrg;G gw;wpa nra;jpfSk;
cz;L. MfpHj kupapd; me;E}iyj; jOtp> jkpo; kuGf;Fk;> jkpo;g;
gz;ghl;Lf;Fk; Vw;g NahNrg;gpd; tuyhw;iw ,aw;wpapUf;fpwhH
tPukhKdptH.
12.1.1. Njk;ghtzpapd; nghUs;
Njk;gh +mzp vdg; gpupj;J thlhj khiy vd;Wk;> Njd;+ gh +
mzp vdg; gpupj;Jj; Njd; Nghd;w ,dpa ghly;fspd; khiy vd;Wk;
,jw;Fg; nghUs; cz;L. ,NaR ehjiu tsHj;j je;ijahfpa
#irag;giuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L ,J ghlg;gl;lJ.
#irag;gUf;Fj; Njk;ghtzp vdg; ngaupl;L ,e;E}ypy; ghbAs;shH.
12.1.2. Njk;ghtzpapd; muq;Nfw;wk;
'Njk;ghtzp' fp.gp. 1726 Mk; Mz;by; kJiuj;
jkpo;r;rq;fj;jpy; gyj;j vjpHg;GfSf;fpilapy; muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ. gy
GytHfspd; mLf;fLf;fhd Nfs;tpfSf;Fr; risf;fhky; gjpyspj;j
tPukhKdptuplk; jkpo;g; GytHfs;> "vy;yhk; njupAnkdf; $Wk;@
ng];fp mtHfNs! thdj;jpy; vj;jid el;rj;jpuk; ,Uf;fpwJ@ vdf;
$w KbAkh?" vd ieahz;bahff; Nfl;lhHfs;. gjl;lkpd;wp "Kg;gJ
%d;W Nfhb> Kg;gjp%d;W yl;lj;J> Kg;gjp%thapuj;J>
Kd;D}w;wpKg;gjp%d;W el;rj;jpuq;fs; re;NjfkpUe;jhy;
vz;zpg;ghUq;fs;" vd;wJk;> rigapy; rpupg;nghyp vOk;gpg; gyH
Kdptiug; ghuhl;bdhHfs;. "Njk;ghtzp"apd; rpwg;igg; ghuhl;b
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
kJiuj; jkpo;r;rq;fk;@ ng];fpg; ghjpupahUf;F uh[up\p vd;w gl;lk;
mspj;J rpwg;gpj;jJ.
12.1.3. E}ypd; mikg;G
Njk;ghtzp %d;W fhz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. xt;nthd;wpYk;
12 glykhf 36 glyq;fs; cs;sd. nkhj;jk; 3>615 tpUj;jg; ghf;fs;
90 re;j tiffSld; ghlg; ngw;wJ Njk;ghtzp. Njk;ghtzp
MrpupaH> ntsp ehl;ltNu MapDk;> fhg;gpaf; fijj; jiytH #ir
tho;e;jJk; jkpo; kz;zpy; ,y;iy vdpDk;> fhg;gpak; KOf;fj;
jkpo; kzk; fko;tjhfj;> jkpo;g; gz;ghl;by; Njha;e;jjhfNt
gilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sikf;Fg; gy rhd;Wfs; $wyhk;. gpw jkpo;f;
fhg;gpaq;fisg; NghyNt> rPupa cyfk; %d;Wk; vd kq;fyr;
nrhw;fisg; nga;Nj> njhlq;FfpwhH MrpupaH. ,iwtid tzq;f
Kw;gLk; NghJ> NkdhLfspy; toq;Fk; fpwpj;jt kuGfisr; rhuhJ>
jkpo; kuigNa rhHe;J> ,iwtdJ ghjq;fisNa Kjypy;
tzq;FtijAk;> ,iwtdJ ghjq;fis kyuhff; fhz;gijAk;
,q;Ff; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,iwtDf;F thfdq;fis cupik nra;J
ghLtd jkpofr; rkaq;fs;. mj;Jld;> ,iwtDf;Fupa nfhbfshfr;
rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gJk; ,q;Fs;s rka kuG. ,jidg; gpd;gw;wp
tPukhKdptUk; jpUkfd; ,NaRit Nkf thfdj;jpy; tUgtuhfTk;>
mtuJ Kd;Ndhuhd jhtPJ muridr; rpq;ff; nfhbNahd; vd;Wk;
ghLfpwhH. NkYk; ,iwtdJ jpUNkdpf;F tz;zk; (epwk;) Fwpj;Jg;
ghLtJ> ,iwtidj; jiuapy; jiygl tzq;FtJ> if $g;gp
tzq;FtJ> kyHfs; J}tp topghL nra;tJ> gy;tif tpsf;Ffis
Myaj;jpy; Vw;WtJ> NjHj;jpUtpoh fhz;gJ Kjypa gy jkpo;r;
rka kuGfisj; jk; fhg;gpaj;jpy; tPukhKdptH ,izj;Js;sijf;
fhz;fpNwhk;. XupU ,lq;fspy; jhk; $wtUk; nra;jpfSf;F
ctikahfj; jkpo;ehl;Lg; Guhzr; nra;jpfisAk;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shH. ,t;thW jkpo; kuGf; Nfw;g> jk; fhg;gpaj;ijf;
ftpQH mikj;Js;sik GydhfpwJ.
,dp> Njk;ghtzp vdg;gLk; ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpwg;GfisAk;
gz;GfisAk; fhz;Nghk;. ,d;ndhU fpwpj;jtf; fhg;gpakhd
,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;ijg; NghyNt> ,j; jkpo;f; fhg;gpaKk;
gpwnkhopf; fhg;gpak; xd;iwj; jOtp> jkpo; newpf;Nfw;g
vOjg;gl;ljhFk;. ];ghdpa ehl;L MfpUj efupy; tho;e;j MfpHj
kupahs; vd;Dk; fd;dp ,iwefuk;(City of God) vd;Dk;
E}iy> md;id kupapd; Mizg;gb vOjpajhff; $wpAs;shH.
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Fwpg;Gfs;
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md;id kupapdhy; jkf;F ciuf;fg;gl;l #irag;gupd; tuyhw;iwNa
jhk; E}yhf vOjpAs;sjhf mtH $WfpwhH. me;E}iyj; jOtp>
jkpo; kuGf;Fk;> jkpo;g; gz;ghl;Lf;Fk; Vw;g tPukhKdptH
Njk;ghtzpia ,aw;wpapUf;fpwhH. Nkiyehl;L E}ypd; nkhopngaHg;G
vdj; Njhd;whj tifapy;> ,f;fhg;gpaj;ij tPukhKdptH
cUthf;fpAs;shH.
12.1.4. fhg;gpaf; fUTk; fijAk;
,j;jkpo;f; fhg;gpaj;jpd; fijj; jiytuhf tpsq;FgtH
,NaRngUkhdpd; tsHg;Gj; je;ijahfpa #irNa MthH. tsd;
vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gLk; ,tiug; gw;wpa tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;G tptpypaj;
jpUkiwapy; Ie;Nj ,lq;fspy; rpw;rpy tupfspNyNa ,lk;
ngWfpwJ. vdpDk;> MfpHj kupahspd; %yE}iyj; jOtp>
tPukhKdptH #irapd; tuyhw;iw tpupthd fhg;gpakhf
tbj;Js;shH.
12.1.5. fijr; RUf;fk;
flTspd; jpUTs;sg;gb #irf;Fk; kupf;Fk; jpUkzk;
epfo;fpwJ. mtHfs; ,y;yw tho;tpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lhYk; JwT
newpapNyNa tho;fpd;wdH. ,iwahw;wyhy; kdpj cwtpd;wp md;id
kupaplk; gpwf;Fk; nja;tf; Fkudhk; ,NaRit mtHfs; tsHj;J
tUfpd;wdH. thdtupd; fl;lisg;gb nray;gLk; mtHfs;>
mf;fl;lisahy; murd; VNuhjd;> jpUf;Foe;ijf;Fr; nra;a ,Ue;j
Jd;gj;jpdpd;W ePq;f> vfpg;J ehL nry;fpd;wdH. me;ehl;Lf;F
thdtHfspd; JizAld; nry;Yk; ,j;jpUf;FLk;gj;jpdH gazk;
gw;wpAk;>thdtHfs; ,tHfSf;F vLj;Jiuj;j tptpypaf; fijfs;
gw;wpAk; fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ. VNuhjd; Ml;rpapd; nfhLikfs;
rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;turd; ,we;jgpwF> ,tHfs; jha; ehL
jpUk;Gfpd;wdH. jpUkiw gy ehLfspYk; tsUk; ghq;F
tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. jpUkfd; ,NaR Foe;ijahfNt gy
mUQ;nray;fs; GuptJk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;dH #ir Nehahy;
Jd;gk; mile;J ,we;J> Gz;zpa Md;khf;fSf;Fj; jpUkfdpd;
J}juhfr; nry;fpwhH. ,iwkfd; ,NaRTk; jpUg;ghLfis mile;J>
,we;J capH ngw;wgpd;> #irAk; kPz;Lk; capHngw;W vOfpwhH.
mtUf;F tpz;ZyfpYk; kz;ZyfpYk; jpUKb #l;lg;ngWfpwJ.
,t;thW tsdhH ngUikiaAk; tuyhw;iwAk; $wpf; fhg;gpak;
epiwtilfpwJ.
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Fwpg;Gfs;
12.1.6. fhg;gpa mikg;G
Njk;ghtzpf; fhg;gpak; ghapuk; vdg;gLk; KfTiuAk;>
glyq;fs; vdg;gLk; Kg;gj;jhW rpW gpupTfSk; nfhz;L
tpsq;FfpwJ. ,e;j Kg;gj;jhW glyq;fisAk; %d;W
fhz;lq;fshfg;gpupj;J ntspapl;Ls;sdH. jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fspd;
mikg;Gf;Fk; kuGf;Fk; Vw;g> ghapug; gFjpapy; E}y; vOjg;gl;l
tuyhW $wg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; mitalf;fkhf ~fliyNa ef;fpf;
Fbf;f Kw;gl;l xU g+idiag; Nghy> Cikad; Nghd;w ehDk;
nrhy;Ytjw;F mupa tsdhupd; tuyhw;iw tbf;f Kw;gl;Nld;| vdf;
$WfpwhH. ctikapd; moif vz;zpg; ghUq;fs;. vj;Jizj;
jd;dlf;fk;! gpd;dH fhg;gpa kuGg;gb ehl;L tsk;> efH tsk;
Kjypad ed;F tUzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fhg;gpaj;jpYs;s Kg;gj;jhW
glyq;fspYk; fhg;gpaj; jiytdhfpa #ir> mtuJ Jiztpahfpa
kupahs;> mtHfshy; tsHf;fg;gLk; nja;tPfj; jpUf;Foe;ijahfpa
,NaR Mfpa %tuJ Nguhw;wYk; ngUikfSk; ed;F
tpupj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tptpypaj; jpUkiwapy; gioa Vw;ghLvDk;
Kw;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngWk; gy fijfs;> thdtHfspd;
tha;nkhopahff; $wg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thNw Gjpa Vw;ghLvDk;
tptpypag; gpw;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngWk; mupa nra;jpfSk; tuyhWfSk;
fhg;gpaf; fijapd; ClhfNt vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
12.2.1 tPukhKdptH tho;f;if tuyhW
tPukhKdptH (etk;gH 8> 1680 - ngg;utup 4> 1742) ,j;jhyp
ehl;bYs;s NfRjpfpypNahd; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhH. ,tupd;
,aw;ngaH - fhd;r;ld;ild; Nrhrg;G ngr;fp (Constantine
Joseph Beschi). ,tH ,NaR rigiar; NrHe;j FU MthH.
fpwpj;jt kjj;ijg; gug;Gk; Nehf;fpy;> 1709 Mk; Mz;L ,NaRrigg;
FUthdgpd;> 1710 Mk; Mz;L jkpofj;Jf;F te;jhH. ,tH jkpo;
nkhopapd; tsHr;rpf;Fk;> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; rpwg;ghd gzpfisr;
nra;Js;shH. 23 E}y;fisj; jkpopy; vOjpaJld;> ,NaRf;
fpwpj;Jtpd; tho;f;if njhlHghd epfo;r;rpfisAk; ,NaRtpd;
tsHg;Gj; je;ijahfpa Gdpj NahNrg;gpd; tuyhw;iwAk; jkpo;g;
gz;ghl;Lf;Nfw;g “Njk;ghtzp" vd;w ngUq;fhtpakhf ,aw;wpaJ
,tupd; jkpo;g; Gyikf;Fr; rhd;whf cs;sJ. jpUf;Fws;> Njthuk;>
jpUg;Gfo;> ed;D}y;> Mj;jp#b Mfpa E}y;fis gpw nkhopfspy;
nkhop ngaHj;jtH. ,tH yp];gdpy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gl;L 1710 #dpy;
fpwpj;jt kjk; gug;G gzp nra;a Nfhth te;J NrHe;jhH. rpy
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ehl;fs; Nfhthtpy; jq;fpatH> jkpo;ehL nry;y cj;Njrpj;J> nfhr;rp
te;J mq;fpUe;J fhy;eilahf mk;gyf;fhL te;J jq;fp kJiuapy;
fhkehaf;fd;gl;b te;J NrHe;jhH. 1822 ,y;> Kjd; Kjyhf
,tUila rupj;jpuj;ijj; jkpopy; vOjp ntspapl;l tpj;Jthd;
Kj;Jrhkp gps;is> ,tUila eilAil ghtidfis> me;E}ypy;
fPo;tUkhW vOjpapUf;fpwhH. ,e;jj; Njrj;jpy; te;j ehs; Kjyhfg;
Gyhy; khkprq;fis eptHj;jpj;J> ,uz;L jkpo;j; jtrpg;
gps;isfisg; gupRj;j md;dghfQ; nra;ar; nrhy;ypj; jpdnkhU
nghOJ khj;jpuk; Nghrdk; gz;zpf; nfhz;bUg;ghH. jkJ
klj;jpypUf;Fk; nghOJ> Nfhgpr; re;jdk; new;wpapypl;Lf; nfhz;L>
jiyf;Fr; #upafhe;jpg gl;Lf; Fy;yhTk;> miuf;F ePHf;fhtpr;
NrhkDe; jpUney;Ntypf; fk;gpr; Nrhkd; NghHit Kf;fhLkpl;Lf;
fhypw; ghjFwLk; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;bUg;ghH. ,tH ntspapw; rhup
NghFk; NghJ g+q;fhtp mq;fpAk; eLf;fl;Lk;> nts;isg; ghifAk;>
,sq;fhtpAj;jupa Kf;fhLk;> ifapdpw; fhtp AUkhiyAk;> fhjpy;
Kj;Jf; fLf;fDk;> nfk;nghl;Lf; fLf;fDk;> tpuypw;wk;ghf;F
NkhjpuKk;> ifapw;wz;Lf; NfhYk;> fhypw; NrhLlDk; te;J>
gy;yf;F nkj;ijapd; Nkypl;bUf;Fk; Gypj;Njhyhrdj;jpd;
NknyOe;jUspapUe;J> cga ntz;rhkiu tPrTk;> ,uz;L
kapw;Nwhiff;nfhj;jpul;lTk;> jq;ff; fyrk; itj;j fhtpg;gl;Lf;
Filgpbf;fTk; NghthH. ,tupwq;Fk; ,lq;fspYk; GypNjhyhrdj;jpd;
NkYl;fhUthH.
kiw gug;G Kaw;rpf;fhf Kjypy; jkpiof; fw;Wf;nfhz;l
,tH> jkpopy; tpaj;jF Gyik ngw;W ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;>
mfuhjp gilj;J jkpOf;Fr; nrOika+l;bdhH. jkJ ngaupidj;
ijupaehjrhkp vd;W Kjypy; khw;wpf; nfhz;lhH. gpd;dH> mg;ngaH
tlnkhop vd;gjhYk;> ed;F jkpo; fw;wjhYk;> jkJ ,aw;ngaupd;
nghUisj; jOtp> nre;jkpopy; tPukhKdptH vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhH.
ngauhYk;> gz;ghl;lhYk; jkpouhfNt tho;e;j tPukhKdptu;> jdJ
67-MtJ tajpy; kiwe;jhH.
12.2.2. jkpo;j;njhz;L
1. ,tH jkpofk; te;j gpd;> Rg;ujPgf; ftpuhauplk; jkpo;
,yf;fz> ,yf;fpak; fw;W> ,yf;fpag; NgUiufs;
elj;JksTf;Fg; Gyik ngw;whH.
2. ,yf;fpar; Rtbfisg; gy ,lq;fs; nrd;W Njb vLj;jjhy;
“Rtb NjLk; rhkpahH" vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhH. ,tw;wpy;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
fhz mupjhd gy nghf;fprq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;
$wg;gLfpwJ.
3. jkpopd; rpwg;ig Nky; ehl;lhH czu jpUf;Fws;> Njthuk;>
jpUg;Gfo;> ed;D}y;> Mj;jp#b Nghd;w E}y;fis gpw
INuhg;gpa nkhopapy; ntspapl;lhH.
4. jkpo; fw;f VJthf jkpo; - yj;jPd; mfuhjpia
cUthf;fpdhH. mjpy; 1000 jkpo;r; nrhw;fSf;F yj;jPd;
tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt Kjy; jkpo; mfuKjyp
MFk;. gpd;G 4400 nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l jkpo; - Nghj;Jf;fPa
mfuhjpia cUthf;fpdhH.
5. rJufuhjpia> epfz;Lf;F xU khw;whff; nfhz;L te;jhH.
6. mf;fhyj;jpy; Rtbfspy; nka;naOj;JfSf;F Gs;sp
itf;fhkNy vOJtJ tof;fk;. Gs;spf;Fg; <lhf ePz;l
NfhbUf;Fk;. NkYk; Fwpy;> neby; tpsf;f vd;W “u"
NrHj;NjOJtJ tof;fk;. “M" vd vOj “mu" vd 2
vOj;Jf;fs; tof;fpypUe;jJ. (m:mu> v:vu) ,e;j epiyia
khw;wp “M> V" vd khWjy; nra;jtH ,tH.
7. jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fs; ftpij tbtpy; ,Ue;J
te;jd. mtw;iw kf;fs; gbj;jwpa vspjpy; Kbatpy;iy
vd;gjid mwpe;J ciueilahf khw;wpatH ,tH.
8. njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; vd;w E}ypy; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;>
ahg;G> mzp Mfpa Ie;J ,yf;fzq;fisj; njhFj;jhH.
nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vd;w E}ypy;> jkpopy; Kjy;
Kjyhfg; Ngr;Rj; jkpio tptupf;f Kide;jtH. tof;Fk;
nra;ASNk xU nkhopapd; ,yf;fzkhf mikAnkd;whYk;>
,ul;il tof;F nkhopahd jkpopy;> Ngr;Rj; jkpOf;F
,yf;fzk; mike;jpuhj fhyj;jpy; nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
tFj;jJ rpwg;ghd Kaw;rpNa vd Ntz;Lk;.
9. jpUf;Fwspy; mwj;Jg;ghiyAk;> nghUl;ghiyAk; ,yj;jPd;
nkhopapy; ngaHj;jtH tPukhKdptH. ciueilapy; Ntj
tpsf;fk;> NtjpaH xOf;fk;> Qhdf; fz;zhb> nre;jkpo;
,yf;fzk;> gukhHj;j FUtpd; fij> thkd; fij Mfpa
E}y;fisg; gilj;jtH. jpUf;fhty; CHf; fyk;gfk;> fpj;Njup
mk;kd; mk;khid ,tuJ gpw E}y;fs;. 1728-,y; GJitapy;
,tupd; “gukhHj;j FUtpd; fij" vd;w E}y; Kjy; Kiwahf
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,tuhy; mr;rpl;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j eifr;Ritf;
fijfs; (Jean de la Fontaine 1621-1695) vDk;
gpud;rpauhy; vOjg;gl;lJ. INuhg;ghtpy; gpugykhf ,Ue;jij
ng];fp jkpopYk; nkhop ngaHj;jhH vd;W rpyH fUJfpd;wdH.
,J jkpopy; Kjy; Kjyhf te;j eifr;Rit ,yf;fpak;
MFk;.
10. Njk;ghtzp ,tH ,aw;wpaJ. %d;W fhz;lq;fspy; 36
glyq;fisf; nfhz;L nkhj;jkhf 3615 tpUj;jg; ghf;fshy;
MdJ ,e;jf; fhg;gpak;. ,jpYk; xU rpwg;G ,Uf;fpwJ.
gpd;dpizg;ghf ahg;G tbtq;fis mspj;jpUf;fpwhH. jkpopy;
mike;j fhg;gpaq;fspNyNa> jkpioj; jha; nkhopahff;
nfhs;shj ntspehl;ltH xUtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vDk;
ngUik Njk;ghtzpf;Nf cz;L. NkYk; tPukhKdptiug;
Nghy> Ntnwe;jf; fhg;gpag; GytUk; rpw;wpyf;fpak;> mfuhjp>
,yf;fzk; ciueil vdg; gpw ,yf;fpa tiffspy;
E}y;fs; gilj;jhuy;yH.
12.3. ghiyGF glyk; Foe;ij VRTld; jha; kupahs;> je;ij #irag;gu; Mfpa
%tUk; ghiytdj;ij Nehf;fpg; gazpf;fpd;wdu;. fhiyapy; #upa
cjaj;jpy; njhlq;fpa mtu;fspd; gazk; fhL Nrhiy vd;W gy
epiyfspy; mikfpd;wJ. nfhLk; ntg;gj;jpYk; ,tu;fisf; fz;l
,aw;if Gd;diff;fpwJ. mtu;fs; ahopy; vyPa Kdptdpd;
tuyhw;iwf; $Wfpd;wdu;. khiyg;nghOjpy; mtu;fs; ghiytdj;ij
milfpd;wdu;.
12.3.1. fhd; topg; gazk;
fhH vO eprp Nfhd;ik fba> tpy; xsp mk;ghy;>
NjH vO RlH ntk; NghHr; nrq; nfhb caH Njhd;w
ghH vO fsk; vq;Fk; gwitfs; KuR MHg;g>
NghH vO nghOjhfg; Gyup te;J ,tH NghdhH.
fUikahf Xq;fp epd;w ,utpd; Ml;rpia xopf;FkhW
tpy;nyhspahfpa mk;igj; jhq;fpf;nfhz;L> NjupNy vOe;J tUk;
QhapW nfhba NghUf;Fupa nrq;nfhbia caHj;jpf; nfhz;L
Njhd;w> cyfk; vd;Dk; vOr;rpnfhz;l NghHf;fsk; vq;Fk;
gwitfs; KuR nfhl;b xypf;f> NghUf;F voj;jf;f nghOjhf
tpbaw;fhiy te;J Njhd;wNt> %tUk; mq;fpUe;J vOe;J NghapdH.
thd; gapy; kjp Ve;Jk; tb tbT mbahSk;>
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Njd; gapy; kyH thifj; jpUkiw miwNahDk;>
Cd; gapy; cU ehjd; xsp mb njhOJ Ve;jp>
fhd; gapy; kyH g+j;j fb td newp NghdhH.
thdj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; re;jpud; jd;idj; jhq;fp epw;Fk; mofpa
tbtk; nfhz;l jpUtbfis cila kupahSk;> Njd;epiwe;j kyHf;
nfhb Ve;jpj; jpUkiw thOk; miw Nghd;w #irAk;> CNdhL
$ba kdpj cUtk; nfhz;l Foe;ij ehjdpd; xsp nghUe;jpa
mbfisj; njhOJ Ve;jp naLj;Jf; nfhz;L> kzk; nghUe;jpa
kyHfs; g+j;j rpwe;j Nrhiy topahf ele;J NghapdH.
12.3.2. Ru topg; gazk;
Japy; vd tpup g+q;fh Jk;gpfs; Foy; Mf>
Fapy; ,dk; KoT Mf> FspH nghopy;muq;F Mf>
kapy; ,dk; elk; MLk; kJ top top ePf;fp>
mapy; vd moy; tPRk; mUQ; Ru newp NghdhH.
Mo; Japypy; %o;fpaJNghy; tpupe;J fple;j g+Q;Nrhiyapy;
tz;Lfs; Foy; CJtdthfTk;> Fapy; ,dq;fs; nfhk;G
CJtdthfTk;> FspHe;j tdNk ehlf muq;fhfTk; nfhz;L> kapy;
,dq;fs; eldkhLk; Njd; tope;NjhLk; mr;Nrhiy topiaf; fle;J>
mk;GNghy; neUg;ig ms;sp tPRk; mupa ghiytdj;J
topapy;mtHfs; njhlHe;J nrd;wdH.
12.3.3. gazk; fz;L gijj;jd vy;yhk;
ez;zpa nghUs; ePq;fp ey;FuT vjpH cw;w
Gz;zpa kuNghH> cl; Gyd; maHT ,yHNghd;Nw>
kz;zpa tdk; ePq;fp> trp Fb ciw fhdk;
fz;zpa newp Nghff; fz;L> mOjd fhNt.
jk;kplk; nghUe;jpapUe;j rpwpjsthd nghUisAk; tpl;L ePf;fp>
tWikia tuNtw;Wf; nfhz;l Gz;zpa ,ay;GilNahH %tUk;>
ntspNa kl;Lkpd;wp cl;Gydhfpa czHtpYk; NrhHT ,y;yhjtH
Nghd;W> moF nra;ag;gl;lJ Nghd;w Nrhiyia ePq;fp> neUg;G
epiyahff; Fb nfhz;L jq;Fk; ghiytdj;ij Nehf;fpa topapy;
Nghff; fz;L> mr;Nrhiyapd; ,lq;fnsy;yhk; mOjd.
g+,il motz;L> nghJk;gpil mo kQ;iQ>
fh,il mo mk;g+> fb kyH jto; ahW
jhT ,il mo> 'me;Njh> jfhJ! ' vd mo ahTk;>
Nfh ,il muR Ms;NthH nfhL tdkmUF cw;whH.
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g+f;fspy; mkHe;J tz;Lfs; moTk;> nghe;Jfspy; epd;W
kapy;fs; moTk;> Nrhiyapy; kyHe;j mofpa g+f;fs; moTk;>
kzKs;s kyHfs; jd; Nky; jtor; nry;Yk; MW jd;
gha;r;rypilNa ,iue;J moTk;> 'INah! ,tHfl;F ,J jfhJ!'
vd;W vy;yhNk moTkhf> thdj;jpy; murhs;Nthuhfpa mk;%tUk;
nfhba ghiytdj;jpd; mUNf nrd;W NrHe;jdH.
12.3.4. nfhba ghiytdk;
Nky; rigahf thNdhH tpUg;G voP, kUq;fpy; #o>
E}y; rigahff; fw;NwhH Ejypa Gfopd; kpf;NfhH>
Nfhy; rigahf %tH> nfhLe; JaH Fbaha; itFk;
Ngw;rig vd;Dk; fhdk; ngw;W> csk; jsuh Gf;fhH.
NkYyfj;Jf; FOtpduhfg; gj;jhapuk; thdtH ,U gf;fKk;
jk;ikr; #o;e;Jtu> E}y; czHe;NjhH mitapy; ,lk; ngwj;jf;f
fw;NwhH fUjpa GfOf;nfy;yhk; Nkk;gl;l tUk;> Ml;rpf;Fupa
Fyj;jtUkhfpa ,k;%tUk;> nfhba Jd;gq;fnsy;yhk; Fbnfhz;L
jq;Fk; Ngw;rig vd;Dk; ghiytdk; tug;ngw;W> jk; cs;sk;
jsuhky; mjDs; GFe;jdH.
fhl;ba tpuiyj; jPf;f> fz;l fz; tpopiaj; jPf;f>
"#l;ba nfhba fhdk; RLk;" vdpy;> vDk; tha; jPf;f>
<l;ba moiy vz;zpy;> vz;zpa vz;zk; jPf;f>
Nfhl;ba kdj;jpd; jPf;Fk; nfhbaJ XH Ruk; mJ md;Nwh.
,JNt mg;ghiytdnkd;W Rl;bf;fhl;ba tpuiyNa
jPa;f;fTk;> mJNfl;L Nehf;fpa fz;zpd; ghHitiaj; jPa;f;fTk;>
",g;ngaH #l;bAs;s ,g;ghiytdk; RLk;" vd;W xUtd; nrhd;dhy;>
mt;thW nrhy;Yk; thiaNa jPa;f;fTk;> mq;Nf jpuz;Ls;s
neUg;ig kdj;jhy; vz;zpdhy;> vz;zpa mt;ntz;zj;ijNa
jPa;f;fTkhf> Nfhzpa
kdk; Nghyj; jPa;f;Fk; nfhbaNjhH ghiytdk; mJ.
Gdy; gir ,oe;j fhdpy;> nghop Jsp cs;sp te;jhy;>
fdg; gir ,oe;J jhKk;> fhHj; jpus; mfd;W Ntf>
,dg; gir ,oe;j jPNahH> ,utyH jk;ikf; fz;L>
kdg; gir ,oe;j Nfhuk; khdpa Ruk; mJ md;Nwh.
ePHg;girNa ,y;yhj mg;ghiytdj;jpy;> Nkff;$l;lq;fs;
kioj; Jspia mq;Fg; nghopa epide;J te;jhy;> Nkfj;jpw;Fupa
<ug; giria ,oe;J> jhKk; ePq;fpg;Ngha; mjd; ntg;gj;jhy; NkYk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
NtFk;. ,t;thW jk;ikg; Nghd;w kdpj ,dj;jpd; kPJ md;Gg; gir
,oe;j jPNahH> jk;ik ehbtUk; ,utyiuf; fz;L> rpwpJ xl;bf;
nfhz;bUe;j kdg;giriaAk; ,oe;jnfhLikf;F epfuhd
ghiytdk; mJ.
jPa; tapW MHe;j fhYk;> nrQ;RlHf; fjpUk;> nre; jP
Nka; tapW MHe;J NtFk; tpup kzw; gug;Gk; jP Ma;>
Neha; tapW MHe;j fhdk;> nehil ey khjH tQ;rk;
fha; tapW MHe;j thAk; fz;fSk; kdKk; Nghd;Nw.
mg;ghiytdj;J neUg;igj; jd; tapw;Ws; epiwaf; nfhz;l
fhw;Wk;> nre;epwf; fjpHfis cila gfytDk;> nre;neUg;ig
Nka;e;j jd; tapW epiwe;J mjdhy; NtFk; tpupe;j kzw; gug;Gk;
neUg;ghfNt khwp> KiwNa> ngWk; tpiyg;nghUl;Lj; jk; eyj;ij
tpw;Fk; tpiykhjH jk; tQ;rj;jhy; fha;e;j cs;splj;J epiwe;J
epd;W ntspg;gLk; tha;r; nrhy;Yk; fz; ghHitAk; kd epidTk;
Nghd;wd.
12.3.5. ghiy FspHe;jJ
NghH Kfj;J mod;w tPuH Gife;J vdg; Gife;j fhdk;>
VH Kfj;J vOe;j %tH va;jpa Ntiy> jhDk;
jhH Kfj;J cte;j kd;wy; jFk; GJ kfspH Nghd;W>
ePH Kfj;J> ,tH md;G MHe;j neQ;R vd> FspHe;jJ
md;Nw.
rpde;j tPuH Nghuplj;Jg; Gife;j jd;ikaha; ntg;gj;jhy;
Gife;J epd;w mg;ghiytdk;> mofpa Kfj;NjhL mq;F
vOe;jUspa ,k;%tH jd;id te;jile;jNghJ jpUkzj;jpw;Fj;
jFjptha;e;J kzkhiyiaf; fz;L kfpo;e;j GJ kzkfspH
Nghd;W> jhDk; ePHg;girg; ngw;W> ,k; %tH jk; md;ghHe;j neQ;rk;
Nghy; FspHe;jJ.
mapd;W vOk; tpiu tha;j; jhio myH kly; gs;sp gyehs;
Japd;W vOk; ,s Ntdpy;> Jjpj;j gq;Fdpapy; nry;y>
Fapd;W vOk; Fapy;fs; fhl;l> NfhJ mw kfpo; g+q; fhtpd;>
gapd;W vOk; Gfopd; kpf;NfhH gzp Kfj;J> cte;j ghiy.
mf;FspHr;rpiaj; jhDk; gUfp vOr;rp nfhs;Sk; kzk;
nghUe;jpa jhok;g+ kliyg; gLf;ifahff; nfhz;L cwq;fp vOk;
ey;y ,sNtdpw; gUtk;> Nghw;wj;jf;f gq;Fdp khjj;jpy; ,aq;fpf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. mJ fz;L $tpf; nfhz;L vOk; Fapy;fs; mJ
,sNtdpw; gUtnkd;W fhl;bd. mg;nghOJ> tof;fkhfg; GytH
216
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
thapdpd;W vOk; Gfionay;yhk; kpQ;rpa mk;%tHjk; Vtypd;
Kfj;Nj> Fw;wkw kfpo;e;j g+Q;NrhiyNghy> mg;ghiy epy
,lq;fnsy;yhk; kfpo;e;jd. ,sNtdpYf;F Ke;jpa fhH> $jpH>
Kd;gdp> gpd;gdpnay;yhk; ntapy; kpFjpahf ,uhikahy;>
mf;fhynky;yhk; ntapy; jhok;g+ klYf;Fs;Ns Japd;W
nfhz;bUe;jjhff; fw;gid nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. KJNtdpy; Nghyf;
nfhLikapd;wp> ,d;gk; jUtjhjypd;> ',sey;Ntdpy;' vd;whH.
mg;gUtj;jpYk;> gpe;jpa rpj;jpiu NghyhJ> Ke;jpa gq;Fdp ahtUk;
Nghw;wj;jf;fjhjypd;> 'Jjpj;j gq;Fdp' vd;whH. ,Uz;l ghtr;
nrayhy; nfhjpj;Jf; fple;j neQ;rpy; te;J nghUe;jpa nja;t
mUspd; khz;gpdhy; nrt;tpa ey;tpid GFe;j fhuzj;jhy; jPJ
ePq;fpr; rpwe;j jd;ik Nghy> mg;ght tpidia mopj;j ,k;
%tupd; mofpa Kfj;jpdpd;W nghope;j mUspdhNy ntg;gj;ijj;
jUk; nraypy; rpde;J epd;w mg;ghiytdk; kzk; nghopAk; kyH
Kfj;NjhL kfpo;e;J epd;wJ.
epiw kyH xOf;fj; jhs; fPo;> epj;jpyg; gug;gpy; J}a
eiw kyH gug;gpdhw; Nghy;> espHgl xOfp> #o
ciw kyH kztha;j; njd;wy; ciuj;j kq;fyj;jpd; tPr
kiw kyH g+z;l khHgH kfpo;T myH kdj;jpd; NghdhH.
Kj;Jf;fisg; gug;gpa ,lj;jpd;Nky; J}a kzKs;s
kyHfisg; gug;gpdhw;Nghy;> epiwthf kyHe;j xOf;fk; g+z;l
mk;%tH mbapd; fPo;> mg;ghiy epyk; FspHr;rpg; nghUe;j
mike;Jk;> Rw;wpYKs;s kyHfspd; kzj;ijj; jd;dplj;Jf;
nfhz;l njd;wy; kq;fyk; $wpa jd;ikahf tPrTkhf> Ntjj;ij
kyH khiyahf mzpe;j khHG nfhz;l mk;%tUk; kfpo;r;rpg;
nghq;Fk; kdj;NjhL ele;J NghapdH.
kpd; epwf; nfhbiar; #l;b> tpsq;fpa kzpapd; tpy; nra;
ey; epwj;J Muk; g+z;L> ehbte;J mzpapd; Njhd;Wk;
nry; epwf; Filapd; nfhd;w> nropj;j nrq;fjpupd; ntg;gj;J
,d; epwf; FspH g+ ePoy; ,aq;fpa rpwg;gpd; NghdhH.
kpd;dnyd;Dk; mofpa nfhbia NkNy #l;b> tpsq;fpa
kzpfisg; Nghd;w thd tpy;yhyhfpa ey;y epwKs;skhiyia
mzpe;J jk;ik ehbte;J mzpazpahfj; Njhd;Wk; Nkfnkd;Dk;
epwf; Filapdhy; kiwf;fg;gl;Lk; nropj;J epd;w gfytd;
ntg;gj;jpd; eLNt Njhd;wpa ,dpa mofpa FspHe;j nky;ypa
epoypy; ,aq;Fjyhfpa rpwg;NghL mtHfs; nrd;wdH. ,Uz;l ghtr;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nrayhy; nfhjpj;Jf; fple;j neQ;rpy; te;J nghUe;jpa nja;t
mUspd; khz;gpdhy; nrt;tpa ey;tpid GFe;j fhuzj;jhy; jPJ
ePq;fpr; rpwe;j jd;ik Nghy> mg;ght tpidia mopj;j ,k;
%tupd; mofpa Kfj;jpdpd;W nghope;j mUspdhNy ntg;gj;ijj;
jUk; nraypy; rpde;J epd;w mg;ghiytdk; kzk; nghopAk; kyH
Kfj;jhL kfpo;e;J epd;wJ.
ghF ,sQ;Rit nga; tpy; MH gts tha;j; Jiwapy;itj;j
ehF ,sk; jusk; fhl;b eif jU kle;ij Nghy>
MF ,sk; gdpg; g+q; fhdj;J> moF mzp nra;jhy;vd;d>
thF ,sQ; RlH nra; Nkdp thdtH fhl;b epd;whH.
nty;yg; ghfpd; ,sQ; Rit nga;J itj;jJk; xsp epiwe;j
gtsk; Nghd;wJkhfpa jd; thahfpa Jiwapy; ,l;Litj;j>
rq;fplj;Jg; gpwe;j ,sKj;Jg; Nghd;w gw;fisf; fhl;bg; Gd;KWty;
nra;Ak; kq;ifNghy> mq;Fg; ghiyapdpd;W cz;lhfpa ,sk;
gdpNghy; FspHe;j g+Q;Nrhiyapy;> moFf;F moF nra;jhw;Nghy>
moF epd;W ,sq; fjpH gug;Gk; Nkdpia thdtH fhl;b epd;wdH.
12.3.6. ghiyapy; vOe;j ghly;
<H vO tFg;gpd; NjHe;j ,d kzp ey; aho; thq;fp>
XH vO Fuypd; Xij cupf; fpis jspHg;g> ghfpd;
NeH vO kplw;wpd; Xij newpfs; %d;W ,af;fp> $l;b>
ghH vO elq;fs; thl;lg; ghbdH rpwg;gpd;> thNdhH.
mt;thdtH> gjpdhd;F tifahfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gy
,d kzpfs; gjpj;j ey;y aho;fisf; iffspy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L>
Fuy; Kjyhff; Fwpf;fg;gLk; VO ,irnahypfs; jj;jkf;Fupa
cwNthL jiof;FkhW> nty;yg;ghfpw;F epfuhf vOk; Fuypd;
Xiria %d;W newpfshYk; ,af;fp> gpd; mtw;iwf; fye;J eputp>
,t;Tyfpy; fhzg;gLk; eldq;fisnay;yhk; thl;ba rpwg;NghL
ghbdH.
fhkk; rhy; tpag;gpy; Xq;f>
fz;lit cs;sp> igk;g+e;
jhkk; rhy; nfhbNahd;>
tpz;NzhH jsq;fSs; jiytd; vd;d
Vkk; rhy; ,d;gj;J XHe;j
,Uk; Gfo; jspHj;J> Njt
ehkk; rhy; toq;f>
ey; aho; eilnahL ghbdhNd.
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Fwpg;Gfs;
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gRikahd g+khiyf;F Xg;ghd kyHf; nfhbia
cilatdhfpa #ir> ,t;thW fz;ltw;iwj; jd; kdj;Js; fUjpg;
ghHj;J> md;G epiwe;j tpag;NghL vOr;rp nfhz;L> thdtH
gilazpfSf;nfy;yhk; jhNd jiytd; Nghd;W> ghJfhg;G epiwe;j
,d;gj;NjhL jhd; czHe;j ngUk; Gfohy; jioj;Jj;> nja;tg;
ngaH kpFjpahf toq;f Ntz;b> thdtH mirj;j ey;y ahopd;
Nghf;fpw;F vw;g> gpd;tUkhW ghlj; njhlq;fpdhd;.
"ghiyapd; ntg;gk; gzp kUjj;J Mf;fpidNa>
khiyapd; jhkj;J mUs; ePjp ty;Nyha; !
mUs; ePjp ty;Nyhd; mb nrd;whH> ,q;fz;>
njUs; ePjp ePq;fhjhH> jPJ ,Lk;ig ez;zhNu.
"khiyapd; xOq;F Nghy mUSk; ePjpAk; ty;yikAk;
nfhz;l Mz;ltNd> eP ghiy epyj;jpd; ntg;gj;ijf; FspHe;j kUj
epyj;Jf;F xg;ghf khw;wpdha;! mUSk; ePjpAk; ty;yikAk; nfhz;l
,t;thz;ltd; mbiar; rhHe;jtH> njspe;j ePjp ePq;fhjtuha;>
,t;Tyfpy; jPikAk; Jd;gKk; mila khl;lhH.
"tPq;F Xj ePH epiy Mk;> nta;a eQ;R ,d; mKJ Mk;>
<q;F Xj xg;G ,we;j ve;ij mb nrd;why;!
ve;ij mb nrd;whH> vq;Fk; ,lH nkha;e;J cyt>
rpe;ij kfpo> jhk;> jPJ ,Lk;ig ez;zhNu.
",t;Tyfpy; jdf;F epfuhff; $Wjw;F ctikNa ,y;yhJ
fle;J epd;w vk; je;ijahfpa Mz;ltdpd; jpUtbiar; runzd;W
mile;jhy;> nghq;fp vOe;j fly; ePUk; epiy nfhz;L epw;fj;
jf;fjhFk;@ nfhba eQ;Rk; ,dpa mKjkhFk;! vq;Fk;
Jd;gk; jpuz;L cytpf; nfhz;bUf;f> vk; je;ijahfpa Mz;ltdpd;
jpUtbiar; runzd;W mile;jtH kl;Lk; kd kfpo;r;rpf; nfhz;L>
jPikAk; Jd;gKk; milahH.
12.3.7. #irapd; Nghw;wpg; ghly;
"thd; tho; mkuH tzq;fpj; jiy Vw;Wk;
Njd; tho; mb nrd;whH jPJ ,Lk;ig ez;zhNu.
jPJ ,Lk;ig ez;ZtH> ,r;rPwbia ehlhjhy;>
thJ ,Lk;ig tho;f;if tOf;F ,tWk; jPNahNu."
"thDyfpy; thOk; thdtH tzq;fpj; jk; jiyNky; Vw;wpg;
Nghw;Wk; Njd; thOk; kyH Nghd;w ,j;jpUtbiar; ruzndd;W
nrd;wile;NjhH jPikAk; Jd;gKk; mila khl;lhH. thJk;
Jd;gKk; epiwe;j ,t;Tyf thof;ifapy; jtwhd ,d;gq;fs; kPJ
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Mir itf;Fk; jPNahNuh> ,r; rpwpa mbfisj; Jizahf
ehlhikahy;> jPikAk; Jd;gKNk miltH."
12.3.8. thdtH gilj;j tpUe;J
Vo; ,irf; FoypNdhL ,dpa gz;
njhdpapNdhL ,ir tplhj
aho; ,irf;F> ,it vyhk; ,zH
eWq; nfhbapNdhd; miwa> ehjd;
Nfo; ,irj;J xspW jhs; nfOt
tk;G myH ewh kioia thupr;
#o; ,irj;J ,il cyhk; njhif
,oe;J mkuNu njhOJ NghdhH.
VO ,irf;F cupa FoNyhirNahLk; ,dpa ghlypd;
XirNahLk; ,irT nflhj ahopd; ,irf;Fg; nghUe;j g+q;nfhj;jpd;
eWkzk; nfhz;l nfhbiaj; jhq;fpa #ir ,itnay;yhk;
$wpdhd;. Foe;ij ehjdpd; epwj;NjhL ,ire;J xspUk; mbfspy;
epiwa kzk; nghUe;jpa kyHfspd; Njdhfpa kioia thupr; #o
epd;W ,irNahL nghope;J> ,ilNa cyhTk; jk; njhiff;Ff;
fzf;fpd;wpj; njhOjtz;zk; thdtH nrd;wdH.
,d;dtha;> kUjk; xj;J ,zH ewh ckpo;
tdj;J ,tHfs;gy; ehs;
Jd;d> thDyfpy; JWtpdhH mida cl;
Ritapd; tps;sh>
cd;d tha; kfpo;T Ja;j;J> czT
czh epidTk; mw;W xOfp> XH ehs;
md;d tha; mkuH cw;W mZfp>
thd; cup tpUe;J mikjy; nra;thH.
,t;thwhf> kUj epyk; Nghd;W g+q;nfhj;Jfs; Njid
ckpOk; mt;tdj;jpy; ,tHfs; gy ehl;fshfr; nrd;wpUe;Jk;>
thDyfpw; nrd;wile;jtH Nghy cs;sj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Rit ePq;fg;
ngwhky;> jk; kdj;ijNa thahff; nfhz;L kfpo;r;rpiaNa
czthf cz;L> czT cz;zhj epidTk; mw;wtuha; ele;J
Nghifapy;> xUehs; mt;tplj;Nj thdtH te;jZfp> thDyfpw;F
cupa tpUe;ij mikj;J epd;wdH.
nfhO epyh kufjf; nfhbapd;
Nky; kzpfs; g+j;J maUge;jH>
tpO epyh tpisAk; Kj;J mida kPd;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
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Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
tpupT nra; tpup tpjhdj;J>
vO epyh kzp epiuj;J vopdp tPo;j;J>
,zH ewh mksp gha;j;jp>
nrO epyh kzpKfj; jpUtpNdhH
mkspapy; nghypa epd;whH.
nfhOikahd xsp nghUe;jpa kufjf; nfhbapd;Nky;
gytif kzpfNs kyuha;g; g+j;J tpsq;Fk; ge;jypy;> rpwe;j xsp
tpisAk; Kj;J Nghd;w tpz;kPd;fs; gue;J fplf;Fk; tpupthd
Nkw;fl;b mikj;J> vOe;J guTk; xsp nfhz;l ,uj;jpdq;fis
tupirahfg; gjpj;j jpiur; rPiyiaj; njhq;f tpl;L> NjDs;s
g+q;nfhj;Jf;fspdhy; nkj;ij gug;gpr;> nrOikahd epyT Nghd;w
mofpa Kfq; nfhz;l nry;tuhfpa mk;%tUk; mk;nkj;ijapd;
Nky; mkHe;J nghypTld; tpsq;fpdH.
tpy; fyj;J cU epyh ,yf tpl;L
mkuH #o; tpatH Mf>
nghd; fyj;J myH ewhg; GdYk; ca;j;J>
mfpy; myH GifAk; Ml;b>
gy; fyj;J mkpHjNk gy Ritf;F
mika thdtH gug;gp>
nrhy; fyj;J ,iz ,yhr; Ritapy;
mj;jftpNdhH JjpnahL cz;lhH.
jhk; mzpe;jpUe;j xspAs;s mzpfyd;fNshL jk;
cUtxspiaAk; ,yq;ftpl;L thdtH Rw;wpYk; Vtyuhf epd;W>
nghw;fyq;fspy; jhq;fpa kyH kzk; nfhz;l gd;dPH njspj;J>
mfpw; fl;il nte;J gue;j GifAk; fhl;b> gy ghj;jpuq;fspy;
czitg; gy;NtW Ritf;Fg; nghUe;j thdtNu epd;W gug;gp
itf;fNt> nrhy; vd;Dk; mzpfydhy; ,iz nrhy;y ,ayhj
RitNahL> jFjp tha;e;j mk;%tUk; Mz;ltidj; Jjpj;J
mjid cz;ldH.
rhy; tUk; jia czHe;J ,dpJ
cZk; nghOJ> mUe; jFjp thNdhH
fhy; tUk; ftupAk; fko; tUk;
GifiaAk; fdpa thup>
ehy; tUk; fy euk;G ,ir eae;J vo>
ewh espd thahy;
ghy; tUk; Rit tUk; gy euk;G
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Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
,irnahLk; ghbdhNu.
jk;ghy; Mz;ltd; kpFjpahff; nfhz;Ls;s jait czHe;J
mt;tpUtUk; ,dpJ cz;Zk;nghOJ> mupa jFjp nfhz;l thNdhH
rpyH fhw;W tUtjw;fhd rhkiuAk; kzk; tUtjw;fhd GifiaAk;
fdpNthL thupg; nghopaTk;> NtW rpyH ehY tifahff; $wg;gLk;
aho;fspd; euk;gpw; gpwf;Fk; ,iria tpUg;gj;NjhL vOg;gTk; kw;Wk;
rpyH NjDs;s jhkiu kyH Nghd;w jk; thahy; ghypdpd;W gpwf;Fk;
Ritf;F xg;ghd gy euk;G nfhz;l ahopd; ,irf;Fg; nghUe;jg;
gpd;tUkhW ghlyhapdH.
12.3.9. vyPa Kdptd; tuyhW
"jd; Njhy; cupj;j ghk;G xj;j jtj;jpd;
thshy; nghwp Ie;Jk;
nfhd;Nwhd;> csk; gw;W ,Us; Gf;fh
Fd;whr; rPy tpsf;F Vw;wp
epd;Nwhd;> tUk; fhy; fle;J ciuf;Fk;
epiw nrhy; ty;Nyhd;>ghg; GfOk;
ntd;Nwhd; vyPa Kdptd; tpUe;J cz;L
cte;j tdk; ,JNt.
"jd; Njhiyr; rl;ilahf cupj;njwpe;j ghk;Gf;F epfuhfj;
jtk; vd;Dk; thshy; Ik;nghwpfspd; Mirnay;yhk;
nfhd;nwhopj;jtDk;> jd; cs;sj;jpy; mfg;gw;W Gwg;gw;W vd;Dk;
,Us; GfhjthW mtpahj xOf;fk; vd;Dk; tpsf;if Vw;wp
epd;wtDk;> tUq; fhyj;ijj; nja;tf; fhl;rpahy; fle;Jnrd;W
fz;L$Wk; jtwhj epiw nrhy;ypy; ty;ytDk;> ghf;fs;
vLj;Jf;$Wk; Gfo;fSf;nfy;yhk; Nkk;gl epd;W ntd;wtDkhfpa
vyPad; vd;Dk; ngUKdptd; tpUe;J cz;L kfpo;e;j ghiytdk;
,JNt MFk;.
"fhd; tho; Ritj; Njd; Jsp ef;fp>
fjp tho; khwhtho;T xope;J>
thd; tho; ,iwNahd; jid kWj;J>
tirg; gy; NjtHj; njhof; fz;L>
Njd; tho; fhTk; kd; capUk; Njk;gp thl>
Kt;tUlk;>
jhd;> tho; ciw nfhs; Kfpy; KfKk;
jifj;j rhg khKdpNa.
222
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
"fhl;by; cs;s Ritahd Njd; Jsp Nghd;w ,t;Tyf
,d;gq;fisNa ef;fp cz;L> Nkhl;r fjpapy; thOk; khwhj tho;T
gw;wpa vz;zKk; xope;J> thDyfpy; thOk; nka;ahd Mz;ltid
kWj;J> ,fo;r;rpf;Fupa gw;gy NjtHfis me;ehl;ltH njhof;fz;L>
Njd; nfhz;l NrhiyfSk; epiyngw;w capHfSk; nkype;J
thLkhW> %d;W Mz;lstha;> tho;tpw;Ff; fhuzkhd Jspiaj;
jd;dplj;Nj nfhz;Ls;s Nkfk; jd; Kfj;ijAk; fhl;lhjthW
jLj;j rhgj;jpy; ty;y ngU KdptDk; jhNd Mthd;.
"me; ehs; vy;yhk;> jhd; Eio tha;
mry KioAs; Gf;F ciwe;j
gy; ehs; vy;yhk; Kiw jtpuh gwe;J
XH fhfk; czT ca;g;g>
Kd; ehs; ,y;yh tuj;J caHe;J>
Kjy;td; mb NrHe;jhd; vd;d>
ve; ehs; vy;yhk; Nfhlhj
,ay;gpd; rPy khKdpNa
"me;jf; fhynky;yhk;> jhd; Eioe;Nj nry;tjw;Fupa xU
kiyf; Fiff;Fs; GFe;J jq;fpdhd;. me;ehl;fspnyy;yhk; Kiw
jtwhky; gwe;J te;J xU fhfk; czT nfhzHe;jJ> mg;nghOJ
Kd; ehl;fspy; jhd; ngw;wpuhj tuq;fspy; caHe;J> Mz;ltd;
jpUtbiar; nrd;W NrHe;jtd; Nghy> ve;ehSk; vy;yhk;
jtwhj,ay;NghL jtnthOf;fk; Nkw;nfhz;L epd;w ngUKdptd;
mtd; Mthd;;.
"gpioapd; nfhLq; Nfhd; JwtH
vyhk; gpd;whr; rpdj;Jf; nfhd;w gpdH. '
Kioapd; fple;j ,k;KdpAk;
Kupf;ff; nfhzHkpd;! ' vdtpl;l
cioapy;> xU % Ik;gJ Nty;
cotH xUq;Fk; tha; nkhopahy;>
kioapd; fdiy thd; nghopa!
' itJ vd;W vupj;j khKdpNa.
"gpio kpf;f nfhba kd;dd;> kio nga;tpf;fj;
jtwpaikahy;> jd; ehl;bYs;s Jwtpaiu vy;yhk; ePq;fhj
rpdj;NjhL nfhd;w gpd;> 'Fiff;Fs; mile;J fple;j ,t;ntyPa
KdptidAk; nfhy;tjw;Ff; nfhzHtPH! ' vd;W Vtp tpl;lNghJ>
mt;thW te;j E}w;iwk;gJ Nty; tPuiuAk; xUq;Nf jd; tha;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nkhopahy;> 'thdk; neUg;ig kioNghy; nghopf! ' vd;W rhgkpl;L
vupj;j khKdptd; Mthd;.
"nfhO nfhk;G ,oe;j nfhb md;d>
nfhOed; ,oe;j ,sq;ifik
nrO nfhk;G md;d Cd;Wjw;Fj;
jpjpapd; epd;w XH kfDk;
tpO nfhk;G md;d tPo;e;J ,we;J>
tpk;kp mOk; jha; edp ctg;g
vO nfhk;G md;d> mk;kfid
vOg;gpj; je;j khKdpNa.
"nfhO nfhk;ig ,oe;j nfhb Nghyj; jd; fztid
,oe;jXH ,sk; ifk;ngz;> nrOikahd nfhk;G Nghy; jhd; Cd;wp
elg;gjw;F cWjp epiy Nghy epd;w xNu kfDk; tpOe;j
nfhk;GNghy; Nehapy; tpOe;J ,wf;ff; fz;L tpk;kp mOjhs;.
mj;jha; kpfNt kfpOkhW> Kisj;njOe;j nfhk;G Nghy; mk;kfid
vOg;gpj; je;j khKdptDk; ,tNd Mthd;.
tyk; Gq;F mtdp kh kfs; jd;
kUq;Fy; kzp ePs; NkfiyNah>
rpyk;Gk; grpa nghw; rpyk;Ngh
rpwe;j NrhHjhd; ejp NrHe;J>
Gyk;Gk; jpiuiaf; fk;gsj;jhy;
Gilg;g mupjpd; gpupj;J> espHe;J
myk;Gk; jpiuapy; mb NjhahJ
mg;ghy; fle;j khKdpNa.
"typik kpf;f epynkd;Dk; ngUkfspd; ,ilapy; mzpe;j
ePz;l kzpNkfiyNah> mts; fhypw; fple;J xypf;Fk; gRikahd
rpyk;Ngh vd;DkhW rpwe;J fple;j NrhH jhd; Mw;iw mile;J>
mjd; xypf;Fk; jpiuiaj; jd; NghHitahy; mbj;J mupa tpjkha;
eLNt gpupj;J epWj;jp> FspHr;rpNahL ,U GwKk; myk;gp epd;w
jpiufspd; eLNt fhy; eidahJ mg;ghy; fle;J nrd;w
ngUKdptDk; ,tNd.
"mg;ghy; fle;j Ngho;J> ,Uis mfw;wp tPRk; RlH fz;lhy;>
ntg;ghy;> ,utp ,ujnkd Nta;e;J> FspHg;g tpLk; fjpupd;
xg;ghy; kjp jd; ,ujnkd> caH epd;W ,ope;j NjH Vwp>
vg;ghy; midj;Jk; cZfhj XH,lj;jpy; NrHe;j kh KdpNa.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
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"mt;thw;iwf; fle;J mg;ghy; nrd;wNghJ> ,Uis
mfw;WkhW tPRk; fjpiu Nehf;fpdhYk;> ntg;gj;ij Nehf;fpdhYk;
QhapW NjH Nghyj; Njhd;wp> gpd; FspHe;j jd;ikaha; tpLk; fjpupd;
xg;Gikahy;jpq;fs; NjH NghyTk; Njhd;wp> thdj;jpdpd;W ,wq;fp
te;j xU Njupy; Vwp> vt;tplj;jpUe;Jk; vy;yhg; nghUs;fSk; mZf
,ayhj
XH ,lj;jpy; nrd;W NrHe;j khKdptDk; jhNd Mthd;.
",d;Dk; ,e; ehs; jd; capH <W ,d;wp
,d;gf; fly; epd;Nwhd;>
gpd;Dk; ,iwtd; jdpy; Fzpj;j
gpd; ehs; jdpy; ,t; cyF vupe;J>
kd;Dk; capNuhL cf Kbjy; tUq; fhy;>
mf; fhy; kPl;L> xspahy;
kpd;Dk; cUNthL> ,t; cyfpy;
tpsq;fj; Njhd;Wk;> khKdpNa.
",d;Dk; ,e;ehs; tiuf;Fk; jd; capUf;F KbT ,y;yhky;
,d;gf;flypy; epiyngw;Ws;s ,g;ngU KdptNd> gpd;Dk; Mz;ltd;
jdf;Fs; fUjpitj;Js;s gpw;fhyj;jpy;> ,t;TyfKk; vupe;J>
epiyngw;w capHfNshL cyf KbTk; tUk; nghOJ> xspahy;
kpd;Dk; cUtj;NjhL> kPz;Lk; mf;fhyj;jpy; ,t;Tyfpy; tpsq;f
te;J Njhd;Wthd;.
"xy;fhj; jtj;jpd; tuj; njhifNahd;
xU ehs; RLk; ,t;tdj;jpilNa
nry;fhy;> jsHe;J> XH thdtDk; nrd;W
je;j mil mUe;jp>
my;fhj; jpwj;J ehw;gJ ehs;> mUe;jh>
grpah> neL newpNgha;>
ey;fhj; jpU ey;fpa kiy>
thd; ez;zp Kfpy; Njha; KbNrHe;jhd;.
"jsuhj jtj;jhy; tuq;fisj; njhifahff; nfhz;Ls;s
mt;ntyPad; Kd; xU ehs; RLk; ,g;ghiytdj; jpilNa
nry;Yq;fhy;> grpahy; jsHe;J> xU thdtd; te;J je;j milia
mUe;jp> Fiwahj jpwj;NjhL ehw;gJ ehl;fsha; Ntnwhd;Wk;
mUe;jhkYk;> grpf;F MshfhkYk; neLtopg; Ngha;> nfhLj;jw;fupa
nry;tkhfpa Ntjj;ij Mz;ltd; je;jUspa rPdap kiyapd;
thdj;ijj; njhl;L Nkfj;NjhL NjhAk; cr;rpia mile;jhd;.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
"vQ;rhj; jpwj;ij mk; Kdpf;F
md;W <e;Njhd;> <q;fz; ,d;W ckf;Nf
JQ;rhj; jiaapd; thd;tpUk;Gk;
Rit ,t; tpUe;J <e;jtd; ahNu?
mQ;rhj; jpwj;jpd; % cyFk; Mz;L>
ck;kplj;J kfd; Mfp>
tpQ;rhj; Jjp Nky; epd;w jia
tpisf;Fk; ,td; jhd;!" vdj;njhOjhH.
"Fiwahj ,j; jpwq;fisnay;yhk; mt;ntyPa KdptDf;F
md;W je;jtDk;> ,q;F md;W ckf;FNk J}q;fhj jaNthL
thDyfk; tpUk;Gk; Rit nfhz;l ,t;tpUe;J je;jtDk; ahnud;W
epidf;fpwPHfs;? vg;giff;Fk; mQ;r Ntz;lhj ty;ygj;NjhL
%d;Wcyfq;fis Mz;L nfhz;bUe;Jk;> ck;kplj;J kfdha;
mtjupj;J te;J> kpif vd;gjw;F ,lkpy;yhj jdJ GfopDk;
kpFjpahf epiyngw;w jait tpistpf;Fk; ,td;jhd; mtd;!"
vd;W nrhy;yp> %tiuAk; mt;thdtH njhOjdH.
12.3.10. ghiytdj;J %d;W topfs;
Njd; jpwj;J ,d;dit nrtpapw; Nfl;ldH@
thd; jpwj;J ,d;G cwP,> itaehjd; vd;W
Cd; jpwj;J ,stiy Mrp XjpdH@
fhd; jpwj;J I vO fhjk; NghapdH.
#irAk; kupahSk; Njdpd; Rit Nghy ,itnay;yhk;
nrtpje;J Nfl;ldH@ thDyfpw;F cupa ,d;gk; jhk; milj;J>
CDly; nfhz;L cjpj;Js;s rpWtid cyf ehjndd;W tho;j;Jf;
$wpdH@ mg;ghiytdj;jpy; Kg;ge;ije;J fhjk; fle;J NghapdH.
I vO fhtjk; Vfp> mg;Gwk;>
if vO #yj;Jf; ftHf;Fk; Ke;newp>
ngha; vO top vdg; Nghjy; fz;L csp>
nka; vO kpf;fNay; tpsk;gpdhd; mNuh
Kg;ge;ije;J fhj J}uk; nrd;W> mjd;gpd;> ifapy; vOg;gpg;
gpbj;j #yk; Nghy; gpupT nfhz;l %d;W topfs;> ngha;
gytpjkha;g; gpupe;J vOk; jd;ikNghy Nghjiyf; fz;L
jaq;fpaNghJ> nka;f;Fj; Jizahf vOk; ,ay;Gs;s kpf;fNay;
vd;Dk; thdtd; ,t;thW nrhy;yYw;whd;.
"ePH tpis khuKk;> epoy;nra; XikAk;
VH tpis Kfj;J ,lk; fple;j ,e; newp>
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Fwpg;Gfs;
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ghH tpis tho;T vdg; gdp Kfj;J> moy;
#H tpis nfhbaJ XH Ruk; mJ Mk; mNuh.
"ePUs;s ,lj;jpy; jiof;Fk; flk;Gk;> epoiy kpFjpahfj;
jUk;Xik kuKk; moF nghUe;jpa Kfj;ijf; fhl;b miog;gd
Nghy; ,lg; gf;fkha;f; fple;j ,g; ghij> ,k;kz;Zyfpy; tpisAk;
tho;T Nghy;> Kjypy; FspHe;j Kfk; fhl;b> NkNy neUg;Gg; Nghy;
Jd;gk; tpistpf;Fk; nfhbanjhU ghiytdj;Jf; nfhz;L
NrHg;gjhFk;.
"tyk; glf; fple;j mt; topAk;> Kd; epiy
eyk; glf; fhl;ba rpwpaH el;G vd>
myk; glr; nryr; nry m/fp> NfhW khj;
jpyk; glg; GFe;J> fy; rpyk;gpy; nry;Yk; My;.
"tyg; gf;fkhff; fple;j mt;topAk;> Kjw;fz;
eyKilaJNghy; fhl;bf;nfhs;Sk; mw;gH el;GNghy;> Kjypy;
tpupTgl;Lg; Nghfg; Nghff; FWfp> nfhy;Yk; tpyq;Ffisf; nfhz;l
fhl;bDs; nrd;W GFe;J> gpd; fy; kiyapy; nrd;W KbAk;.
"epyj;jplj;J murH if ePjpf; Nfhy; vd>
tyj;J ,lj;J vq;fZk; tOT ,yh> eLg;
Gwj;jplj;J ciwtop> nghUs; ngha;ah kiw
eyj;jplj;J> vrpj;jpid ey;Fk; Mk;" vd;whd;.
",t;Tyfpy; murH ifapy; jhq;fpa ePjpAs;s nrq;Nfhy;
Nghy> tyg;GwNkh ,lg;GwNkh vq;Fk; rha;jy; ,y;yhky; eLg;
gf;fj;jpy; nghUe;jpf; fplf;Fk; top> nka;g; nghUspy; ngha; GFjy;
,y;yhj Ntjj;jpd; eyj;ijg;Nghy;> vfpj;J ehl;il milaj;
jUtjhFk;" vd;whd;.
nrt;top csj;jpNdhH rpwe;J> nrt;tpa
mt;top ele;J> xsp murd; jho;e;J Ngha;>
nka; top xsp jur;#oe;j tpz;ztH>
ik top ,uh xU kuj;J xLq;fpdhH.
nrt;tpa newpapw; nry;Yk; ,ay;Gila #irAk; kupahSk;
mJNfl;L kfpo;e;J> Neupajhd me;eLg;Gwg; ghijapNy ele;J>
xspaurdhfpa QhapW kiwaNt> #o epd;w thdtH jk; cly;
topahf xsp je;J epw;f> ,Us; tope;NjhLk; mt;tpuTg; nghOijf;F
xU kuj;jbapy; jq;fpdH.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
12.4. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; jkpo;f; fhg;gpa tuyhw;wpy; Njk;ghtzpapd; epiyapid ehk;
mwpe;Njhk.; Njk;ghtzpapd; mikg;igAk; rpwg;GfisAk;
Gupe;Jnfhz;Nlhk.; jkpOf;F tPukhKdptH Mw;wpa njhz;bidAk;
ehk; njupe;Jnfhz;Nlhk.; ghiy GF glj;jpDila fijg;
Nghf;fpidAk; mwpe;Jnfhz;Nlhk;.
12.5. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 1. tPukhKdptupd; jkpoj; njhz;bid tptupf;f.
2. Njk;ghtzpapd; E}y; mikg;gpidf; fhl;Lf.
3. %tiuAk; fz;l ghiy epyj;jpd; epiy ahJ?
4. vyPa Kdptu; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ahit?
12.6. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y; 1. Njk;ghtzp> vk;. Mu;. milf;fyrhkp ciu> tu;j;jkhdd;
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id – 17.
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
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$$WW-- 1133 -- cckkWWgg;; GGyyttHH -- rrPPwwhhgg;; GGuuhhzzkk;;
13.1 rPwhg; Guhzk;
jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l jiyrpwe;j ,Ryhkpa ,yf;fpak; rPwhg;
Guhzk; MFk;. ,e;E}y; ,iwJ}jH egpfs; ehafj;jpd; tho;f;if
tuyhw;iw ikakhff; nfhz;L jkpo;kuGfisg; gpd;gw;wp vOjg;gl;l
xU fhtpak;. ,jid ,aw;wpatH 18-Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j
ckWg; GytH MthH. mNj fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ts;sy; rPjf;fhjpapd;
Mjuit ckWg; GytH ngw;whH. ts;sy; rPjf;fhjpapd; ngUikiar;
"nrj;Jk; nfhLj;jhd; rPjf;fhjp" vd;w nrhw;nwhlH tpsf;Fk;.
vl;ilaGu rkPd; M];jhdg; Gytuhfj; jpfo;e;j ckWg;GytH
,sk;tajpNyNa jk; FUtpd; vjpupia ntw;wp fz;ltH. egpfs;
ehafj;jpd; tuyhw;iwAk; mwpTiuiaAk; rkaj; njhz;ilAk;
tpsf;fp 5027 ghly;fs; nfhz;l rPwhg; Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpajhy;
,Ryhkpaf; fk;gH vd;W Nghw;wg;gLgtH. jiyg;ghif> KWf;F kPir>
ifapy; jq;ff;fhg;Gg; g+z;L ,e;J Nghy tpsq;fpa ,tiu vl;lg;g
g+gjpAk; rPjf;fhjpapd; nghUshsuhd mGy;fhrpKk; Mjupj;J
cs;sdH. ,Ryhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ rPwhg;
Guhzk;. ~rPwj;| vd;Dk; muGr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;Nj ~rPwh| vd;w nrhy;
Njhd;wpaJ. rPwj; - vd;w nrhy;Yf;F tho;f;if tuyhW vd;Wk;
'Guhzk;' vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg; Gdpjf; fij vd;Wk; nghUs;.
mt;tifapy; ,];yhkpaj;ij cyfpw;Fg; Nghjpj;J ey;tho;T
tho;e;j KfkJegp ]y; mtHfNs ,f;fhg;gpaj; jiytH.
tpUj;jg;ghf;fspyhd ,g;Guhzk;. rPwhg;Guhzj;jpy; nkhj;jk; 91
glyq;fs; cs;sd. E}ypd; nkhj;jg; ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 5>228.
18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;E}iy VL Njbg; gjpg;gpj;J ntspapl;ltH
GytH ehafk; nra;F mg;Jy; fhjpW eapdhH nyg;ig Mypk; GytH
(Nfdhg; GytH) MthH
13.1.1. rPwhg;Guhz mikg;G
rPwhg; Guhzk; ,uz;L ghfq;fspy; mike;Js;sJ.
Kjw;ghfj;jpy; 44 glyq;fSk;> ,uz;lhtJ ghfj;jpy; 47
glyq;fSk; cs;sd. Kjw;ghfkhdJ ,uz;L fhz;lq;fshf
mike;Js;sJ.
13.1.2. tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk; (nkhj;jk; 23 glyq;fs;)
Kjw;ghfj;jpy; Kjyhtjhf cs;s tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;
vd;gJ egpfs; ehafk; mtHfspd; gpwg;G Kjy; jpUkzk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
tiuapyhd tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfis tptupf;Fk; gFjpahFk;. flTs;
tho;j;Jg; glyk;> ehl;Lg; glyk;> jiyKiwg; glyk;> egpatjhug;
glyk;> mypkh Kiya+l;Lg; glyk;> ,yhQ;rid jupj;j glyk;>
Gdy; tpisahl;Lg; glyk;> Gifwh fz;l glyk;> ghij Nghe;j
glyk;> Ruj;jpw; Gdyioj;j glyk;> ghe;js;tijg; glyk;> ejpfle;j
glyk>; Gyptrdpj;j glyk;> ghe;js; trdpj;j glyk;;> ,Rwhfhz;
glyk>; fs;tiu ejpkwpj;j glyk>; rhK efH Gf;f glyk>; fuk;
nghUj;J glyk;> ;Crhitf; fz;l glyk>; fjPrh fdT fz;l
glyk>; kzk; nghUj;J glyk;> kzk;Gup glyk>; f/gj;Jy;yh
tuyhw;Wg; glyk; Mfpa glyq;fs; ,jpy; cs;sd.
13.1.3.EGt;tj;Jf; fhz;lk; (nkhj;jk; 21 glyq;fs;)
,uz;lhtjhf cs;s EGt;tj;Jf; fhz;lk; egpg;gl;lk;
mUsg;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J kf;fkhefupy; egpfs; ehafk; tho;e;j
fhyk;tiu ele;j tuyhw;wpidf; $WtjhFk;. ,J ,];yhkpa
rkak;> thdtH %yk; egpf;F mUsg;gl;lijf; $WfpwJ. egpg;gl;lk;
ngw;w glyk;> njhOif te;j tuyhw;Wg; glyk;> jPdpiyf;fz;l
glyk;> ckWfj;jhgPkhd; nfhz;l glyk;> cLk;G Ngrpa glyk;>
cj;Jgh te;j glyk;> mgPG kf;fj;Jf;F te;j glyk;>
kjpiaaiog;gpj;j glyk;> jirf; fl;biag; ngz;ZUtikj;j
glyk;> mgPG uh[h tupir tutpLj;j glyk;> <khd; nfhz;ltHfs;
mghrh uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fg; Nghe;j glyk;> khDf;Fg; gpiz epd;w
glyk;> <j;jq;Fiy tutioj;j glyk;> xg;ngOjpj; jPHe;j glyk;>
Gj;J Ngrpa glyk;> gpuhl;bahH nghd;DyF Gf;f glyk;>
gUg;gjuhridf; fz;Zw;w glyk;> mj;jhrPkhd; nfhz;l glyk;>
[pd;fsPkhd; nfhz;l glyk;> fhk;khg; glyk;> tpUe;J}l;Lg; glyk;
Mfpa glyq;fs; ,jpy; cs;sd.
13.1.4. ,rpwj;Jf;(`p[pwj;Jf;;)fhz;lk; (nkhj;jk; 47 glyq;fs;)
,uz;lhk;; ghfj;jpy; ,Wjpf;fhz;lkhd> ,rpwj;Jf;(`p[pwj;Jf;
fhz;lk;)fhz;lk; mike;Js;sJ. ,J kf;fkh efupypUe;J kjPdh
efUf;F egpfs; ehafk; Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;wJ Kjy; mtHfspd;
kjPdhefH tho;f;ifiaf; $WtjhFk;. <khd; nfhz;l glyk;>
kjPdj;jhH tha;ik nfhLj;j glyk;> ahj;jpiug; glyk;;> tplkPl;l
glyk>; Rwhf;fj;Jj; njhlHe;j glyk;> ck;kp kFgJg; glyk;>
kjPdk;Gf;f glyk;> fGfhGg; glyk;tpUe;jpl;Bkhd; nfhs;tpj;j glyk;>
cFghd; glyk;> ry;khd; ghupRg; glyk;> fFgj;Jy;yhit Nehf;fpj;
njhOj glyk;> Xeha; Ngrpa glyk;> tj;jhd; gilg; glyk;>
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ghj;jpkh jpUkzg; glyk;> rPGy; gFWg; glyk;> Gthj;Jg; glyk;>
mrPwhg; glyk;>gj;Dd;d Fyhg; glyk;> gj;Wg; glyk;> rtPf;Fg;
glyk;> Fjpupg; glyk;> jPak;Wg; glyk;> mgpwhgpF tijg; glyk;>
mrdhH gpwe;j glyk;> mg+j;jy;`h tpUe;Jg; glyk;> cFJg; glyk;>
mKwhg; glyk;> fFG tijg; glyk;>RFwhg; glyk;> gJW RFwhg;
glyk;> cirdhH gpwe;j glyk;> jhj;Jw; w`;`hf;Fg; glyk;> rhgpH
fld; wPHj;j glyk;> KiwrPf;Fg; glyk;> fe;jf;Fg; glyk;> cia
te;j glyk;> gdP Fiwyh tijg; glyk;> YkhkPkhd; nfhz;l
glyk;> nrapdG ehr;rpahH fypahzg; glyk;> xl;lif Ngrpa glyk;>
kioaiog;gpj;j glyk;> me;jfd; glyk;> fTyj;ij tpl;Lf; $l;bd
glyk;> cKwhTf;F Nghd glyk;> ry;kh nghUj glyk;> cwdpf;
$l;lj;jhH glyk; Mfpa glyq;fs; ,jpy; cs;sd.
13.2.1. ckWg;GytH
ckWg;GytH ( 1642 – 1703 ) J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;
ehfyhGuj;ijr; NrHe;jtH. ,tupd; je;ij NrF KjypahH vd
miof;fg;ngw;w nra;F Kfk;kJ mypahH MthH. vl;laGu kd;dd;
ntq;fNl];tu vl;lg;g g+gjpapd; mitg; Gytuhf tpsq;fpa
fbifKj;Jg; Gytuplk; ckW jkpo;g;; gapd;W Gyik ngw;whH. jk;
MrhDf;Fg; gpd; vl;laGu kd;ddpd; mitg;Gytuhfg;
nghWg;Ngw;whH. nra;F mg;Jy; fhjpHkiuf;fhaH vd;w ts;sy;
rPjf;fhjpapd; Ntz;LNfhspd; tz;zNk ckWg;GytH
rPwhg;Guhzj;ij vOjpdhH. E}y; KbTWk; Kd;dNu
rPjf;fhjpkiwe;jhH. gpd; mGy;fhrpk; vd;w ts;sypd;cjtpahy;
rPwhg;Guhzk; epiwT ngw;wJ. ckWg;GytH KJnkhopkhiy vd;w
vd;gJ ghf;fshy; Md E}iyAk; gilj;Js;shH.
13.2.2. ckWg;GytH tuyhW
mz;zy; ngUkhdhH K`k;kJ(]y;) mtHfspd; fhyj;jpy;
mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D ghfpH vd;ghH tho;e;jpUe;jhH. ngUkhdhupd;
jpUj;NjhouhFk; NgW ngw;w md;dhH > mz;zyhupd; mupa
tho;j;jpidg; ngw;wtH. mtupd; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; midtUk;
fhynky;yhk; fko;kzj;Jld; thoNtz;Lk; vd;Nw mz;zyhH Mrp
$wpdhH. me;j guk;giuapy; te;jtNu 'NrF KjypahH' vd;w nra;F
K`k;kJ mypahH MtH. md;dhH kiyahs ehl;bypUe;J
jkpo;ehl;bw;;F te;J> jpUney;Ntypiar; rhHe;j ehfyhGuj;jpy;
FbapUe;Jnfhz;L> mijaLj;jpUe;j vl;ilaGuj;J kfhuh[htplk;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
thridj; jputpaq;fis vLj;Jg; Ngha; tpw;Wf; fhyk; fopj;J
te;jhH.
caHe;j kzg;nghUl;fis toq;fpj; jk; cs;sj;ijf;
nfhs;is nfhz;l NrF KjypahH jk; mUfpNyNa tho;e;J
tuNtz;Lnkd;W kd;dH tpUk;gpdhH.vdNt> NrF KjypahUk;
kd;dupd; tpUg;gpw;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L>ehfyhGuj;jpYk; vl;ilaGuj;jpYkhf
tho;e;J te;jhH.mf;fhyj;jpy;jhd;> mtUila xg;gw;w mUe;jtf;
nfhOe;jhf 'ckW' vd;w mofpa Foe;ij gpwe;jJ.
,sikapNy vopYk; fy;tpahHtKk; tha;f;fg; ngw;w rpWtH
ckW> vl;ilaGuj;J muz;kidj; jkpo;g;GytuhapUe;j 'fbif
Kj;J GytH'vd;gtuplk; jkpo;f; fy;tp gapyj; njhlq;fpdhH.
gy;tiff; fy;tp-Nfs;tpfspy; NjHe;j ckW> jk; Mrhdpd;
ngUkjpg;gpw;Fupa khztuhdhH. ,t;thwpUf;ifapy;> xUehs;
tlehl;bypUe;J MupaKk; mUe;jkpOk; fw;Wg; Gyik ngw;w 'thiy
thUjp' vd;w GytH vl;ilaGu muritf;F te;J NrHe;jhH. jk;ik
thjpy; nty;yj; jf;fhH ahUkpyhH vd;W mtH khH jl;bg; Ngrpg;
gpw GytHfis thJf;fioj;jhH. mjd;gbNa vl;ilaGuj;J
muritapYk; te;J mwptpj;jhH. kd;dUk; Mtd nra;a ,ire;jhH.
Gyikj; jpwj;jhyd;wp> kha ke;jpuq;fshNyNa gy muritg;
GytHfis ntw;wpnfhz;l thiythUjpiag; gw;wpf; fbifKj;Jg;
GytH Nfs;tpAw;wpUe;jhH. mjdhy;> tpj;ijfs; GupAk; tpj;Jthidj;
jk;khy; vt;thW ntw;wpnfhs;s KbAnkd;w ePq;fhf; ftiyapy;
Mo;e;jpUe;jhH.
Mrhdpd; ftiyia mwpe;j khztH ckW> mtiu mZfp>
ftiyf;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhz;lhH. vdNt> thiy
thUjpAld; thjpLtjw;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l ehs; te;jJk;> jk;
Mrpupauplk; mtUf;Fg; gfukhf murit nry;Ytjw;fhd
mDkjpia type;Jg; ngw;W> vl;ilaGuj;J muritf;F te;J
NrHe;jhH. cly; eyf; Fiwthy; fbifKj;Jg; GytH
tutpy;iynad;Wk;> mtUf;Fg; gfukhf mtupd; khztH
te;jpUf;fpwhH vd;Wk;> thiy thUjp jk; nrhw;nghopitj;
njhlq;fyhk; vd;Wk; kd;dH cj;jutpl;lhH.
mijr; nrtpNaw;w thiythUjp> jk; tyf;ifapw; Nghl;bUe;j
jq;ff; flfj;ij mirj;J NkNyw;wpdhH. tof;fkhf
mf;flfj;jpypUe;J xypf;Fk; 'thiythUjp vd;wwpaPNuh' vd;w
nrhw;fs;> md;iwf;F kl;Lk;> 'thiythUjp vd;wwpahNah gps;sha;!'
232
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
vd;W cz;lhapd. mg;NghJ ckWg; GytH> jk; ,Lg;gpy;
nrUfpapUe;j aho;g;ghzj;J vOj;jhzpia vLj;J epyj;jpy; Cd;wp>
"vd; vOj;jhzpNa! ,tUf;nfjpH NgR!" vd;W fl;lisapl;lhH.
xd;Wk; epfotpy;iy! gpd;Dk; cj;jutpl;lhH.
mg;NghJk; VJk; epfotpy;iy! %d;whtJ KiwapYk;
Kad;W Njhy;tp fz;l ckW> fz;fs; rptf;f> Kfj;jpy; jPf;fdy;
gwf;ff; fLQ;rpdk; nfhz;L> vOj;jhzpiag; ghHj;J> 'NgR!' vd;W
cuf;ff; $wp cj;jutpl;lhH. mit fpLfpLj;j mt;Nthiriaj;
njhlHe;J> mt;ntOj;jhzpapypUe;J fPo;f;fhZk; ghly; cjpHe;J
cs;sq;fis mjpu itj;jJ.
"rkuJu fjJq;f kdUQ;r ghnrd;W
ruprkh rdkPjpNy
mkunthU eunfhk;G jpdKQ;R khnry;Y
kKjftp uh[dhNd
jpkpugif tiuntd;w gUjpnaD
nkknjl;lj; jPudzp thapy;tpj;thd;
ckWFK wpbyz;l KfLk;g
Bnud;D Ks;sr;rk; itAk;gps;sha;!"
,jidr; nrtpAw;w GytH thiythUjp> csk; gjwp> nka;
eLf;Fw;W> jdJ ke;jpur; rf;jpnay;yhk; ,j;jifa mw;Gjj;jpd; Kd;
mw;gk; vd;WzHe;J> vOe;J nrd;W ckW Gytuplk; kz;bapl;L
kd;dpg;Gf; Nfhup> muritia tpl;L mfd;whH. ,e;epfo;r;rp>
kd;dUf;F ckWg; GytH kPJ xg;gw;w kjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpw;W.
kfpo;r;rpg; ngUf;fhy;> kd;dH jk;kplkpUe;j tpUJfs; gytw;iwAk;
ckWg; GytUf;F toq;fp mDg;gpitj;jhH. ntw;wp ngw;W tPL
jpUk;gpa jk; khzhf;fiu ,Wfj; jOtpf;nfhz;l fbifKj;Jg;
GytH> jhk; mg;NghJ KJik va;jptpl;ljhy;> md;WKjy; ckNw
vl;ilaGuj;J muz;kid mitg; Gytuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;W
Mrp $wp mDg;gp itj;jhH. md;W Kjy; ckWg; GytH
vl;ilaGuj;J muz;kidia myq;fupj;J te;jhH.
13.2.2. rPwhg;Guhzk; ,aw;wg;ngw;w tuyhW
jkpofj;jpy; Mq;fhq;fpUe;j K];ypk; kf;fs; ,yf;fpa
MHtj;Jld; fk;guhkhazk;> kfhghujk; Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fspd;
cge;epahrq;fisf; Nfl;L tUtJ md;iwa tof;fkhf
,Ue;jJ.mf;fhyj;jpy;>,uhkehjGur; NrJgjp kd;dupd; mikr;ruha;
,yq;fp te;j nra;fg;Jy; fhjpH vd;w 'rPjf;fhjp kiuf;fhaH'mtHfs;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
,jid czHe;J> K];ypk;fs; mtHfspd; khHf;f mbg;gilapy;
mike;j Ngupyf;fpaq;fspd; cge;epahrq;fisf; Nfl;fNtz;Lk; vd;w
ngUtpUg;ig cilatuhapUe;jdH. jkJ ,t;Ntl;ifiaj;
jzpg;gjw;fhd ey;tha;g;ig vjpHNehf;fpAk; fhj;jpUe;jhH.
,t;thwpUf;ifapy;>xUehs; murhq;f Ntiyapd; epkpj;jk;
rPjf;fhjp kiuf;fhaH mtHfs; vl;laGu muritf;Fr; nry;y
NeHe;jJ.Mq;F ckW vd;w ngaupy; xU GytH ,Uf;ff;
fz;L>',tNu ngUkhdhupd; tho;f;ifiaf; fhg;gpakhfg; ghl
ty;ytH'vd;W XHe;jhH. rpd;dhl;fs; fope;j gpd;dH jkjpy;yj;jpy;
epfo;e;j tpUe;jpy; fye;Jnfhs;s ckWg; GytH te;j NghJ jkJ
cs;sf; fplf;ifia md;dhuplk; ntspapl;lhH rPjf;fhjp ts;sy;.
GytUk; ,j;id mlf;fj;Jld; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhH. vdpDk;>ts;sy;
ngUkhdhupd; tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis ciuahfj; jUtJ ahH vd;w
Nfs;tp vOe;jJ.rPjf;fhjp ts;sy; jk; Md;kPf topfhl;bahd
',iwNerH n\a;F rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh 'mtHfis mZfp>
ngUkhdhupd; tho;f;ifr; rupijapidf; fhtpakhfg; ghl ckWg;
GytUf;F ciu toq;FkhW Nfhup epd;whHfs;.
ckWg; Gytupd; myq;Nfhyj; Njhw;wj;ijf; fz;L>ciu
nfhLf;f mg;gh mtHfs; ,iratpy;iy.csk; thba ckWg;
GytH>ngUkhdhupd; tho;itf; fhtpakhf;fp> mjd; epkpj;jkhf
md;dhiuj; jhk; fhZk; ehs; ve;ehNsh vd;W
Vq;fp>gs;spthapYf;Fs; nrd;wkHe;J jk; cs;sj;J czHr;rpfisg;
ghf;fshfg; ghbf;nfhz;bUe;jhH. ,t;thW vz;gj;njl;L ghly;fs;
ghb Kbj;jNghJ Gytiuj; Japy; Ml;nfhz;lJ. ngUkhdhH(]y;)
mtHfs;> Gytupd; fdtpy; Njhd;wp> kWgbAk; mg;gh mtHfsplk;
nrd;W ciu Nfl;FkhW gzpj;jdH. fz; tpopj;j ckWg; GytH
fUiz egpatHfspd; fl;lisiar; rpuNkw;nfhz;L> mg;gh
mtHfsplk; nrd;W ciu NfhupdH. Kd;Nghyd;wp> Gytiu
vjpnfhz;lioj;J cgrupj;j mg;gh mtHfs;>rPwh ciu nfhLf;fr;
rk;kjpj;jdH.mg;gh mtHfs; jhq;fshfTk;>jk; khzhf;fuhfpa
k`;%J ge;jH vd;W toq;f ngw;w 'gwq;fpg; Ngl;iliar; rhHe;j
'kh% iedhH nyg;ig' vd;ghH %yKk; ckWg; GytUf;F ciu
toq;fpdH.mr;nra;jpfisf; nfhz;L rPwhf; fhg;gpak; gilf;fj;
njhlq;fpdhH ek; GytH.
,jw;fpilapy;>rPwhitg; ghlg; NgUjtpahf ,Ue;j rPjf;fhjp
kiuf;fhaH mtHfs; ,iwab NrHe;jdH. fhg;gpak; gilj;J te;j
234
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
ckWg; Gytupd; cs;sj;jpy; Ngupb tpOe;jJ.me;epiyapy;> Gytupd;
,uq;f jf;f epiyia czHe;j 'mGy;fhrpk; kiuf;fhaH'vd;w
ts;sy; ngUkhd;>Gytiu md;Gld; Mjupj;J> rPwhit ,aw;wj; jhk;
cWJizahapUg;gjhf thf;fspj;Jg; gy cjtpfSk; nra;J
Cf;fpdhH. 'rPwhg;Guhzk;"vd;w xU ngUq;fhtpak; cUntLj;jJ.
<bizapy;yh ,g;NgUjtp- fSf;F ed;wp nrhYk; Kfj;jhd;> ckWg;
GytH> mGy; fhrpk; kiuf;fhaiuj; jk; rPwhg;Guhzj;jpy; gy
,lq;fspy; kwthky; epidT $He;J Nghw;wp Gfo;e;Js;shH.
ckWg; Gytupd; 'rPwhg;Guhzk;'mz;zy; ngUkhdhupd;
tho;f;if KOtijAk; $wtpy;iy vd;gJ>tpag;gpw;FupaJk;>tUe;jj;
jf;fJkhFk;!ahJ fhuzj;jhNyh rPwhtpy; egpatHfspd; tuyhW
KOikahff; $wg;ngwtpy;iy.,Ug;gpDk;> ,];yhkpaj;
jkpopyf;fpaq;fspy; rPwhg; Guhzj;jpw;f;F jdpNahH ,lKz;L.
ngUkhdhupd; J}a jpUtho;f;ifapd; vQ;rpa gFjpfis gD} mfkJ
kiuf;fhaH ahj;J Kbj;jhHfs;. ,JTk; 'rpd;d rPwh' vd;w ngaupy;
gpugykhfpAs;sJ.
13.3. rPwhg;Guhzk; - khDf;Fg; gpiz epd;w glyk; khDf;Fg; gpiz epd;w glyk; MdJ EGtj;Jf; fhz;lk;
vd;Dk; ,e;E}ypd; ,uz;lhtJ fhz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. egpfs; ehafk;
Ntldplk; rpf;fpa xU ngz;khDf;fhfj; jhNk gpizahf epd;W>
mk;khid mtdplkpUe;J kPl;l ngUq;fUizj; jpwj;ij ,g;glyk;
czHj;Jfpd;wJ
13.3. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; rPwhg;Guhzk; E}y; vOe;j ,e;j tuyhw;wpid ehk; ,q;Nf
njspthfj; njupe;J nfhz;Nlhk.; rPwhg;Guhzj;jpd; mikg;igAk;
xt;nthU fhz;lk; fhl;Lk; nra;jpfisAk; ehk; ,q;Nf
mwpe;Jnfhz;Nlhk;.
13.4. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 1. ckWg;Gytupd; tuyhw;iwj; jUf.
2. rPwhg;Guhzk; E}y; mikg;gpid tptupf;f.
3. rpd;d rPwh gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
13.5. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;
1. rPwhg;Guhzk; - ghfk; - 1 Nf.gp. nra;Fj;jk;gp ghtyu; ciu>
jpuPnak; ntspaPl;lhsu;fs;> nrd;id – 1
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
$$WW-- 1144 -- kkhhDDff;;FFgg;; ggppiizz eeppdd;;ww ggllyykk;;
14.1. KfkJ egp tdj;jpy; fz;l fhl;rp
mupapdQ; nrwpe;j Nghd;w mwgpfs; FOtp dhg;g
nzhUjdpr; rPa nkhg;g Tilatd; W}jH nry;tj;
jpUefHg; Gwj;J ePq;fpr; nrOKfpd; Kbapw; whq;fp
kUkyH nrwpAQ; Nrhiy #o;e;jNjhH tiuiar; rhHe;jhH
,iwtdpd; jpUj;J}juhfpaKfkJ egp xUehs;>
efHg;Gwj;jpidePq;fpr; nrOikahd Nkfq;fisj; jdJ
Kbapdpy; jhq;fpaJk;> kzkpf;f kyH tdq;fisf; nfhz;lJkhd
xU kiyapid mile;jhH.
14.2. tiyapy; rpf;fpa khd; FWntaHg; Gjpj;j nka;Aq; nfhOe;jir kzj;j thAk;
gwpjiy tpupg;Gq; $He;j gLnfhiy tpopA khf
twgpdp ywgp Ntl dltpapw; nwhlHe;NjhH khidf;
fWnthLk; tiyapw; NrHj;jpf; fl;bitj; jpUg;gf; fz;lhH
tdq;fspy; jpupAk;tpyq;Ffisf; nfhd;W mtw;wpd;jirfis
mWj;Jf; Nfhypy; fl;bg;gf;Ftkhfr; Rl;Lj; jd;de;jdpNamtw;iw
cz;L> jdJ Cidg;ngUf;fptUk; Ntld; xUtd;,t;thW
Ntl;ilahb cz;gijj;jtpu NtnwhU mwpTk; mw;wtd;.rpWrpW
Kj;Jf;fshf tpaHitjpfOk;Nkdp@ Cd; kzf;fpd;w
tha;@Fj;Jg;GjHfs; Nghy; KbtsHe;jjiy@ gLnfhiy tPRk;
ghHitAilatpopfs;> muG nkhopapy; NgRgtd;.,t;thwhd Ntld;
xUtd; fhl;by;gpd; njhlHe;J nrd;W> khd; xd;iwr;rpdj;Jld;
tiyapy; gpbj;Jf; fl;bitj;jpUg;gjid KfkJ fz;lhH.
14.3. khDf;fhf kdk; fyq;fpa egp FioFioj; njupAQ; nre;Njd; nfhOkyHf; fhit Nehf;fhH
nghopkiy aUtp Nehf;fhH Gwj;Jed; dpoiy Nehf;fhH
nrOKfpw; ftpif ts;sy; nrwpjU kPe;jpd; nrq;fha;
kiwnadr; nrhupt Nehf;fhH khidNa Nehf;fpr; nrd;whH.
KfkJ egpfs; khidf;fz;lgpd;> mUk;GfSk; jspUk; kpf;f
NrhiyiaAk; fhzhH@ mUtpiaAk; fhztpy;iy. mUfpy; cs;s
epoiyAk; Nehf;fhH@ jk; kPJ <r;rq;fhaq;fs; kio
Nghyr;nrhuptijAk; Nehf;fhuhfp khidNa Nehf;fpr; nrd;whH.
14.4. egpfsplk; ngz;khd; Kiwaply; : epiwtsQ; Rue;j fhdp dpd;wee; egpia Nehf;fpf;
Fwpath yirj;J ePz;l nfhOq;fOj; JaHj;jp ePl;b
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Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
kiwglh kjpNa tz;ik Kfk;kNj nad;dg; Nghw;wpj;
jWfplh njtHf;Fq; Nfl;gr; ryhnkLj; Jiuj;Jf; $Wk;
tsk; epiwe;j mf;fhl;by; jd;dUNf te;J epd;w egpia
Nehf;fp> jdJ Fl;ilahd thiy mirj;J> neLq; fOj;ij ePl;bf;
fiwaw;w epyTNghd;wtNu! ts;sy; KfkNj! vd tpspj;Jg; Nghw;wpj;
jilapd;wp vtHf;Fk; Nfl;Fk; gbahf> tzq;fpr; ryhkpl;Lg; gpd;
$wyhapw;W.
14.5. fU tsu;j;j egpfspd; ehkk; ,Uepyj; jhirf; fhNah upsq;fd;nwd; tapw;W whjhd;
kUtpa fiyA ehDk; tUj;jKw; wpUf;Fq; fhyk;
ngUFjPd; Kfk;k NjEk; ngaupidg; Nghw;wy; nra;Nj
DUtike; jpsQ;#d; Kw;wp AjuKk; tsHe;j jd;Nw
“ty;ytdhfpa ,iwtdJ cz;ikj; J}jNu! tpiue;J vd;
nrhw;fis cfe;J Nfl;L ckJ mUisj; jUtPuhf!" vq;fSf;F
xU ,sq;fd;W Ntz;Lnkd Mirg;gl;L ehDk; vd; fiykhDk;
,Uf;f> ehd; #Ywhjjhy; tUj;jKw;Nwhk;. mg;NghJ Kfkjhfpa
cq;fs; ngaiug; Nghw;wpNdd;. vdf;F ,sQ;#y; cUthfpf; fU
tsHe;jJ."
14.6. ,d;gj;jpd; ,ilNa te;j Jd;gk; mj;jpirf; nfjpupd; Nky;gh yLj;njhU Ftl;bd; fz;Nz
kj;jff; fupA kha;f;Fk; tupg;Gyp Kof;f ePz;l
Fj;jpuj; jrdpj; jhf;fpd ; Ftya kjpuf; Nfl;Lj;
jj;jpnaj; jpirAe; jpf;Fe; jdpj;jdpr; rpjwp Ndkhy;
ahDk; vdJ JizAk; NrHe;J xd;whdhw; Nghd;w cUNthL
XH ,sq;fd;W gpwe;jJ. ,d;gf;flypy; Mo;e;J ,k;kiyaplj;ijr;
rhHe;JJd;gk; mfd;wpUe;Njd;. Mdhy; vd; Kd;tpidapid ehd;
mwpatpy;iy. vdJ capuida fd;Wk; Mz;khDk; ahDk; vq;fs;
Rw;wKk; kiyr;rhuypy; Xuplj;jpy; tapuhwj; jioAz;L> grpjPHe;J
gpd; ePH mUe;jp vs;ssT mr;rKk; ,d;wp epd;W cytpa Neuk;!
ehq;fs; epd;wpUe;j jpirapd ; vjpupypUe;J xU kiyf; Ftl;bd;fz;>
kj;j ahidAk; mQ;rp ,wf;fr; nra;Ak; jd;ikAld; nfh^ukhf
,bKof;fk; Nghd;W ePz;ljhf xU tupg;Gypapd; Kof;fk; Nfl;lJ.
mijf;Nfl;L ehq;fs; xt;nthU jpirapYk; jdpj;jdpahfr; rpjwp
XbNdhk;.
14.7. tiyapy; tPo;e;j tz;z khd;fs; mltpap dilAq; fhiy at;Tiof; fue;jpt; Ntld;
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
WlupLk; tiyiar; Rw;wpr; RUf;fplg; Gyptha;j; jg;gp
kplyup Aioapw; rpf;fp kpile;njd kpile;J nrt;tp
AlYapH gijg;gj; Njk;gp AzHtope; njhLq;fh epd;Nwd;
jhz;br; nrd;w nrbfSk; GjHfSk; epyj;jpy; mOe;j
xd;iwnahd;W nrd;w jpir fhzhky; ehq;fs; XbNdhk;. ehDk;
vdJ fd;iwf; fhzhJ thba kdj;NjhLk; clk;ghdJ
Mbf;fhw;wpy; JUk;G Nghy; Ml NtNwhH fhdfk; GFe;Njd;.
mf;fhl;bid mile;jNghJ> mq;F kiwe;jpUe;j ,t;Ntld;>
tiyiar; Rw;wp vdf;F RUf;F ,l;L> GypthapypUe;J jg;gpr;
rpq;fj;jpdplk; rpf;fpdhw; Nghy> ehd; clYapH gijf;fj; Njk;gp
kdkpoe;J xLq;fp epd;Nwd;.
14.8. khdpd; kaf;fk; gpbgL kpjw;F Kd;Nd %d;Wehl; gpwe;J Gy;ypd;
nfhbEid Nka;e;J ePUq; Fbj;jwp ahJ ghtp
kbKiy apwq;fpg; ghYk; tope;jJ Fotp NrhHe;J
gbkpir fple;njd; ghL gLtNjh twpfp NyNd
ehd; gpbgLtjw;F %d;W ehl;fSf;F Kd;G jhd; gpwe;jJ
vd;fd;W@ ,d;Dk; Gy;iy Nka;e;jwpahJ@ ePUk; gUfhJ@ vd; kbapw;
Rue;j ghYk; tope;jJ. vd; fd;W g+kpapy; fple;J vd;d ghL
gLfpd;wNjh? mwpNad;. vdJ fd;W jdJ je;ijahfpa
fiykhdplkhapDk; Nrh;e;jNjh? my;yJ NtnwhU Gwkhf
Xbr;nrd;wNjh> jd; ,dj;ijr; NrHe;J ngw;NwhUf;fhf Vq;fpaNjh?
my;yJ Gypapd; thapy; mbgl;L ,we;jNjh? vd;idj; Njb
,q;Fkq;Fkhf XbkWfpw;Nwh? mwpNaNd.
14.9. egpapd; ey;Yjtpia ehba khd; tpLj;jpNuw; fiyiar; NrHe;J tpioTWq; ftiy jPug;
gLj;jpnad; dpdj;Jf; Nfhjpg; gwopDf; fpdpa jPk;ghy;
nfhLj;jUk; grpia khw;wpf; Fyj;njhLQ; NrHj;J ty;Ny
aLj;njhU fbifg; Nghjpyilt ndd; iwe;j jd;Nw
vd;Wk; epiyngw;w fypkh vd;Dk; ,];yhj;jpd;
%yke;jpuj;jpd; thapyhf khe;jH vtUk; nrhHf;fj;jpy; Gfr;nra;Ak;
Gz;zpaNd! ehd; ,t;Ntldpd; grpiaj; jPHf;fr; rpj;jkhf cs;Nsd;.
mjw;F Kd; vd;fhy;fisg; gpzpj;Js;s gpizg;ig ePf;fp vd;idj;
jhq;fs; gpizahf epd;W tpLtpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vd;idj; jhq;fs;
tpLtpj;jhy;> vd;Dila fiykhidr; NrHe;J> mjd; ftiyia
khw;wp vdJ epiyia vd; ,dj;jpw;Fj; njuptpj;J vdJ fd;wpDf;F
238
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
,dpa jPk;ghy; Cl;b> vdJ Fyj;NjhL NrHe;J ,Ue;J tpl;Lr; rpy
ehopifg; Nghjpy; jpUk;GNtd; vd;W mg;ngz;khd; egpaplk;
Fiwapue;jJ.
14.10. khDf;Fg; gpiz epd;w khkdpju; egp fhuzf; Fuprpy; $Wq; fl;Liu nrtpap NdhHe;J
ghupdp nytHf;Fe; Njhd;whg; GJikghHj; jwpNth ky;yhw;
rhHgpdpw; rhuh nyhd;Wf; fpuz;LNk jUJ nkd;whH
Ngupdpw; gpzaha;f; nfhs;sy; fUj;njdg; ngupJl; nfhz;Nlhd;
khd; ,t;thW ciuf;ff; Nfl;l egp> kdj;jpy; fUiz nghq;f>
Ntlid Nehf;fp> “,e;j khd; jdJ fd;wpd; JaH jPHj;J tUk; tiu
ehd;> ,jw;F gpiz@ vdNt ,jid tpLf" vd;whH. vd;idg;
gpizahff; nfhz;l ,e;jg; ngz;khd; xU ehopifg; Nghjpy;
tuhtpl;lhy;> ehd; cdJ grpiaj; jPHg;gjw;fhf xd;wpw;F ,uz;lhf
md;Gld; jUNtd;! ftiyg; glhNj! vd;W ,dpikAld; egpfs;
ciuj;jhH.
14.11. Fl;bf;Fg; ghYhl;ba khd; kiytw tpdj;J shfp kdj;jpDl; ftiy ePf;fpf;
fiyapDs; tUj;je; jPHj;Jf; fd;wpid aizj;J tpk;K
Kiyapid a+l;b nkd;ik KJFth ybeh ePl;b
aiyju tisj;J Nkhe;J Ntl;ifia afw;wpw; wd;Nw
xU tdg; gFjpapdplj;J vz;zw;w ngz;khDk; fd;Wk;
fiyAld; ,Uf;f mf;$l;lj;ij ,dpNj fz;lJ. mg;ngz;khd;. jd;
,dj;jpDs; nrd;W NrHe;J ftiy ePq;fpaJ. jdJ fiyapd;
tUj;jj;ijAk; Nghf;fpj; jdJ fd;Wf;Fg; ghY}l;b> nkd;ikahd
KJifAk; thypidAk; ehtpdhy; ef;fpf; nfhLj;Jf; fOj;ij
tisj;J Nkhe;J mjd; Ntl;ifiaAk; Nghf;fpaJ.
14.12. rj;jpak; fhj;j khd; khWnfhz; ltHif jg;gp te;jkh dpdj;jpd; rhjp
Nfhwiy tpUk;gp Kd;D euHifapw; $bw; Wz;Nlh
NtWiu gfNuy; ghHg;ig ntWj;JKd; dpdj;ij ePj;J
kPnwdg; Nghjy; Ntz;lh nkDKiu apak;gpw; wd;Nw
fd;wpw;F mKjk; Cl;ba gpd;dHf; fhl;lfj;jpy; Xbr; nrd;W>
jdJ ,dj;jpw;nfy;yhk; jhd; Ntld; ifg;gl;l tuyhWk;> egpfs;
mij kPl;L tu tpl;lJk; vLj;Jiuj;jJ. gpizahf egpfs;
,Ue;jdH vd;w nkhopiaf; Nfl;Lg; gpizf;Fyk; midj;Jk;
cs;sg; gijg;gile;J Jd;gk; va;jpd. Jizahfpa Mz;khDk;
cly; NrhHe;J ngU%r;R va;jp epd;wJ. gpd;dH mq;Fg; Nghf
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fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Ntz;lhk; vdf;$wpaJ. jk;NkhL khWgl;ltH ifapypUe;Jk; jg;gp
te;j khdhdJ> mtuhy; jhk; nfhy;yg;gLjiy tpUk;gp kPz;Lk;
mj;jifa kdpjHfs; ifapy; NrHtJz;Nlh? kWj;Jr; nrhy;yhNj.
,f;Fl;bia ntWj;Jk; ek; ,dj;ijj; Jwe;Jk; Kbtpid Nehf;fpg;
Nghf Ntz;lhk; vd;Dk; Kiwapid vLj;Jf; $wpaJ.
14.13. ngz;khd; vLj;j KbT : rpwg;Gilf; Fuprpd; Kd;dQ; nrg;gpa khw;w khwp
kwg;nghL kpUe;Nj dhfpy; tupg;Gyp apdj;jpd; tha;g;gl;
bwg;gNj ruj ky;yh ypUg;gjw; fplkw; Wz;Nlh
Twg;ngUk; tpUg;g nkd;Nk ypUj;jiy nahopj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tiyapy; mfg;gLj;jpf; fapWfshy; gpizj;J vd;idg;
gw;wpa NtlDf;Fk; Vw;gg;Ngrp> jhNd gpizahf epd;whH. ngupatd;
J}juhfpa egpfs;> ,t;Tyfj;jpy; vy;yh capHfisAk; mizj;Jf;
fhg;gjw;F mtuy;yJ NtW xUtH ,y;iyay;yth? vdJ capiu
NtldJ grpf;fhf <e;J> egpapdJ gpizia kPl;f ehd; kdk;
nfhs;stpy;iynad;why;> ehd; nrhHf;fj;ijapoe;J jP eufpdpy;
GFtNjapd;wp vdf;F NtW fjpAk; ngUikAk; cz;Nlh? rpwg;Gkpf;f
Mz;lif egpapd; Kd;dHr; nrhd;d nrhy;iy khw;wptpl;L
kwe;jpUe;jhy; ehd; tupg;Gyp tha;g;gl;L ,wg;gNj fjpahFk;. NtW
,Ug;gjw;F ,lKk; cz;Nlh? vdNt tho;tjw;F vOk;
tpUg;gj;jpidf; iftply; Ntz;Lk;.
14.14. Ntldpd; kdkhw;wk; FUisAk; gpizAq; $b tUtJ Fwpj;J Nehf;fp
KUfyH Gaj;jhH ts;sd; Kfk;kJ kfpo;e;jd; ghf
tpUSW kdj;j dhd Ntlid apdpJ $tp
nahUgpizf; fpuz;Ld; ghypy; tUtnjd; Wiuj;jpl; lhuhy;.
khDk; mjd; fd;Wk; NrHe;J tUtjid egpfs; ngUkhd;
fz;L kfpo;e;J md;NghL ,Us; nfhz;l kdj;jhdhfpa Ntlidf;
$tpaioj;J> xU gpizf;F ,uz;lhf cd;dplk; tUfpd;wd ghH
vd;Wiuj;jhH.
14.15. khidg; Nghw;wpa khdpld; ngWfjp epd;dhw; ngw;Nwd; ngUk;gtq; fise;Njd; khwhj;
njWnfhiy tpisj;J Kd;dQ; nra;njhop wtpo;j;Nj dPA
kWfiy nawpe;J NjW k;df;fiy nahLfd; NwhL
KWfiy aplj;jpw; Ngha;r;NrHe; njhOfiy Kay;jp
nad;whd;
240
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
Self Instructional Material
mjidf; Nfl;L Ntld; tpag;ghf Nehf;Fk;NghJ> Kd; te;j
khDk; mjd; fd;Wk; egpfs; ghjj;jpy; gzpe;jd. gpd;dHg;
ngz;khdhdJ tzf;fk; $wpg; ghtp vdf;fhf Ntl;LtDf;Fj;
jq;fisNa gpizahf;fpdPH! ,g;NghJ kPl;lUs Ntz;Lk; vd;wJ.
,t;thW gf;fj;jpy; te;J ngz;khd; $w> Kfk;kJ egp Ntlid
mUfpy; mioj;J mtw;wpd; gz;gpidr; Rl;bf;fhl;b> eP ek;Kila
gpizia tpl;Ltpl;L> jdJ grpapidj; jPHj;Jf; nfhz;L ngUefupid
milf! vd;whH. NtlDk; jhd; tPL ngw;Nwd;@ tho;e;Njd; vd;W mtH
ghjj;jpy; tPo;e;jhd;. gpd;dH mt;Ntld; gpizia Nehf;fp cd;dhy;
kdpj tho;tpy; ngwf;$ba caHe;j fjpapidg; ngw;Nwd;. gpwtp
Nehiaf; fise;Njd;. khwhj nfhiyg;ghtj;ij tpisj;J> Kd;G ehd;
nra;j Ntl;Ltj; njhopiyj; jtpHj;Njd;. ePAk; kdk; kWFjiy tpl;Lf;
fd;NwhL ce;jd; fiykhdplj;Nj nrd;W ey;nyhOf;fg;gb tho;thahf
vd;whd;.
14.16. $l;lj;ijr; nrd;wile;j khd; thdtH guTq; Nfhkhd; Kfk;kJ khid Nehf;fpf;
fhdfQ; nrd;dP nad;whH fkynkd; gjj;jpw; who;e;J
jPdpiyf; Fupa Ntld; wd;idAe; jpUe;jg; Nghw;wp
ehdpyk; Gfyg; ghup dle;jpdQ; NrHe;j jd;Nw.
thdfk; tzq;Ffpd;w jiytuhfpa Kfk;kJTk; khid
Nehf;fp> eP cd; fhl;Lf;Fr; nry;thahf vd;whH. clNd me;jkhDk;
mtUila nkd;ikahd jhkiug; ghjq;fis tzq;fp> jPdpiyf;F
cupatdhf khwpa NtlidAk; jpUj;jKwg; Nghw;wp> ehdpyj;jhUk;
mjd; ngUik NgRk;gb epyj;jpy; ele;J jd; $l;lj;ijr;
nrd;wile;jJ.
14.17. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk; egpfs; ehafk; khdpd; kPJ fhl;ba md;gpid ehk; ,q;Nf
fz;Nlhk.; NkYk; khd; %yk; MwwpT gilj;j Ntld; kdk; khwpa
ghq;fpidAk; ehk; ,q;Nf fz;Nlhk.;;
14.18. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; 1. egpfs; ehafj;jpd; capHf; fUizia tpsf;Ff
2. Ntldpd; kdepiyia jha; khd; vt;thW khw;wpaJ 3. khDf;F gpiz epd;w glyk; fhl;Lk; ,];yhk; rkar;
nra;jpfisj; jUf
14.19. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y; 1. rPwhg;Guhzk; - ghfk; - 1 Nf.gp. nra;Fj;jk;gp ghtyu; ciu>
jpuPnak; ntspaPl;lhsu;fs;> nrd;id - 1
241
Self Instructional Material
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;Gfs;
njhiyepiyf; fy;tp ,af;ffk; ,sq;fiy ,yf;fpak; - (gp.ypl;.) ,uz;lhkhz;L - %d;whk; gUtk; jhs; - 10734 - fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
gFjp – m (10 x 2 =20) kjpg;ngz;:75 Neuk;: 3 kzp midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; XhpU thh;j;ijfspy; tpilaspf;f. 1.rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; flTs; tho;j;jpy; Nghw;wg;gLNthH ahtH?
2.rpyk;Gs: nfhz;k; - ahH ahuplk; $wpaJ?
3.fz;zfpia milf;fykhfg; ngw;NwhH ahtH?
4.Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; fz;zfpf;Fr; rpiy tbf;f vq;fpUe;J fy; nfhzHe;jhd;?
5.rPtfd; kze;j jf;f ehl;ilr; NrHe;j ngz;zpd; ngaH vd;d?
6.ifNfap Nfl;l ,U tuq;fs; ahit?
7.g+ryhH ve;j Ciur; NrHe;jtH?
8.Njk;ghtzpapd; MrpupaH ahH?
9.ckWg;GytHahUila Mjutpdhy; rPwhg;Guhzj;ij vOjp
Kbj;jhH?
10.Ntldpd; kdk; khwf; fhuzk; vd;d? gFjp – M (5x5=25)
xU gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf. 11.(m)fz;zfpia ,sq;Nfhtbfs; vt;thW mwpKfk; nra;fpwhH?
(my;yJ) (M) fz;zfpapd; ,uz;lhk; klypy; cs;s nra;jpfs; ahit?
12.(m) Nfkrupahu; gw;wpr; Nrhjplh; $wpad ahit? (my;yJ)
(M) jf;f ehl;bd; vopiyg; Gyg;gLj;Jf. 13.(m) gujd; ifNfaiag; ghHj;Jf; $wpad ahit?
(my;yJ) (M) ifNfap Vd; kdk; khwpdhs;?;
14.(m) ngupaGuhzk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf. (my;yJ)
(M) tPukhKdptupd; jkpo;j; njhz;bid tptupf;f. 15.(m) rPwhg;Guhzj;jpd; Ehy; mikg;gpidf; fhl;Lf.
(my;yJ) (M) khDf;F NeHe;j Jauk; ahJ?
gFjp - , (3x10=30) vitNDk; %d;W tpdhf;fSf;Ff; fl;Liu tbtpy; tpilaspf;f. 16. fhtpupg;g+k;gl;bdj;jpd; efu mikg;gpidf; fhl;Lf. 17. rPtfd; KdptHf;F ciuj;j rkar; nra;jpfisj; jUf. 18. g+ryhH ehadhupd; gf;jp jpwj;ijf; fhl;Lf. 19. egpngUkhd; mtHfs; khDf;F gpiz epd;w epfo;it tpsf;Ff. 20. ghiy epyj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis tptupf;f.
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