Rancangan, sampling, issues, dan pengumpulan data dalam METODE KUALITATIFBy: Yayi Suryo Prabandari – IKM FK UGM 2013
RANCANGAN
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Skills for Core Process: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
Rancangan Penelitian Kualitatif
• Studi kasus• Fenomenologi : mencari makna• Grounded research : pengalaman
proses• Etnografi : melihat budaya,
kebiasaan, perilaku• Etnoscience: deskripsi, taksonomi,
karakteristik• Etologi kualitatif: deskripsi pola
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Ethnography• A culture –studying culture• It consists of a body knowledge that includes
research techniques, ethnographic theory and hundreds of cultural description.
• It seeks to build a systematic understanding of all human cultures from the perspective of those who have learned them
• Ethnography is based on the following assumption: knowledge of all cultures is valuable
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Ethnography
• A strong focus on exploring the nature of particular social phenomena
• A tendency to work primarily with unstructured data
• Examination of a small number of people, perhaps just one in detail
• Analysis of data which involves explicit interpretation of the meanings and functions of human actions-and descriptions and explanations of the events take priority
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Phenomenology• Study situations in the everyday world from the viewpoint of
the experiencing person• In contrast to the emphasis on culture that is characteristic of
ethnographers, phenomenology emphasis the individual’s construction of a “life world”
• Taken together, the whole of people’s unquestioned, subjective experience of their biological worlds can be termed their “life-world”
• The life world is the individual’s world of their everyday life – clothes should be worn, what the weather will be like, the way you should greet a friend
• Each individual’s life-world is different and individual’s actions can be understood by situating them within the life-world of the actor
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Grounded theory• Is one that is inductively derived from the study of
the phenomenon it represents• That is discovered, developed and provisionally
verified through systematic data collection and analysis of data pertaining to that phenomenon
• It makes no sense to start with received theories or variables (categories) because these are likely to inhibit or impede the development of new theoretical formulations, unless of course your purpose is to open these up and to find new meanings in them
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Studi Kasus
Summarized from references by:Yayi Suryo PrabandariProgram Studi S2 IKM FK UGM
• Attempts to derive general conclusions from limited number cases– Examine the marketing process in a single
or a few manufacturing companies in order to come to conclusions regarding business to business marketing
• Seeks to arrive at specific conclusions regarding a single case because this “case history”
Karakter Case Study
• Exploratory-single or multiple cases– A pilot study that can be used a basis for formulating more
precise questions or testable hypotheses determining the feasibility of the desired research procedure
• Descriptive-single or multiple cases– Is attempt to describe presents a complete description
of a phenomenon within its context • Explanatory-single or multiple cases
– Is looked upon with skeptis present data bearing on cause-effect relationships-explaining how events happened
Tipe Case Study
• Selecting the cases to be studied, whether following a single-case or multiple case design
• Specifying what is being explored when you are doing exploratory case studies
• Stipulating rival theories when you are doing exploratory case studies
• Generalizing the results to other cases
Theory, kapan digunakan:
Issues
• The need to create a framework of study
• Unit of analysis
• Criteria for selecting cases
• Case screening
• How and why do research findings get into practical use
Exploratory Study
Issues
• Multiple-case design
• Categorical vs non categorical education
• Unit of analysis and selection of cases
Descriptive case studies
Jenis Penelitian Kualitatif lainnya
• Studi ex post facto• Penelitian aksi• Metode biografi• Pendekatan sejarah• Riset klinis
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SAMPLING PADA PENELITIAN KUALITATIF
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Issues
• Tidak ada aturan khusus “jumlah sampel”• Seeking breadth or seeking depth• The validity, meaningfulness and insight
generated from qualitative inquiry have more to do with the information-richness of the cases selected and the observational/analytical capabilities of the researcher than with sample size.
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Sampling strategies
• Purposeful sampling– Extreme or deviant case sampling– Intensity sampling– Maximum variation sampling– Homogeneous sampling– Typical case sampling– Stratified purposeful sampling– Critical case sampling
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Sampling strategies
• Purposeful sampling– Snowball or chain sampling– Criterion sampling– Theory-based or operational construct sampling– Confirming & disconfirming cases– Opportunistic sampling– Random purposeful sampling (small sample size)– Sampling politically important cases– Convenience sampling– Combination or mixed purposeful sampling
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ISSUES KESAHIHAN DAN METODE PENGUMPULAN DATA
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Kesahihan dan Keandalan
• Kredibilitas kebenaran
• Transferabilitas penerapan
• Dependabilitas pengulangan
• Konfirmabilitas objektivitas
Alat pengumpul data dalam kualitatif dan kuantitatif
KUALITATIF: • Wawancara mendalam• Focus Group
Discussion• Observasi• Study dokumen
(analisis isi)• Visual (videografi,
fotografi)• Personal Experience
KUANTITATIF:• Wawancara terstruktur• Observasi dengan
check list• Study dokumen
dengan check list• Kuesioner/angket/skala
• Pengukuran dengan alat (timbangan, meteran, dsb.)
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Rapid Assessment Procedure:salah satu alternatif untuk melakukan need assessment
• Diadopsi dari pendekatan dan metode dalam bidang ilmu antropologi
• Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk mengetahui konteks lokal dan budaya setempat agar suatu program kesehatan dapat efektif
• Prosedur ini pada awalnya bertitik tolak pada kepercayaan dan persepsi yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan, penggunaan sumber kesehatan tradisional maupun biomedis.
• Prosedur ini kemudian dikembangkan untuk hal yang lain yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan
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Metode Pengumpulan Data pada RAP
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• Formal interview
• Informal interview
• Conversation
• Observation
• Participant observation
• Focus Group Discussion
• Documentation & bibliography study
Penyusunan Panduan
• Menyesuaikan dengan pertanyaan penelitian
• Menyusun bentuk panduano Berupa pertanyaan rinci atau
kerangka/topik pertanyaano Tidak memasukkan terlalu banyak topik o Alur pertanyaan sealami mungkin o Mungkin berbeda untuk responden berbeda
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Metode Pengumpulan Data:Diskusi Kelompok Terarah
• Diskusi yang mempunyai fokus tertentu & dirancang dengan seksama
• Menggali persepsi tertentu• Tidak mencari konsensus• Hasilnya adalah variasi jawaban • Peserta 6-12 orang• Suasana informal, santai dan
tidak menekan
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Metode Pengumpulan Data:Diskusi Kelompok Terarah
• Waktu diskusi maksimal 2 jam• Tempat diusahakan nyaman,
menimbulkan suasana privasi• DKT dipandu seorang
fasilitator, sebaiknya dibantu oleh penulis
• Informan sebaiknya tidak mengenal satu sama lain dan homogen
• Proses sebaiknya terekam dan ijin dulu pada informan
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Metode Pengumpulan Data:WAWANCARA MENDALAM
• Tatap muka dengan tujuan khusus• Dipandu dengan panduan
wawancara atau betul-betul bebas• Hindari kehadiran orang lain selain
informan• Maksimal waktu untuk wawancara
adalah 2 jam, termasuk basa basi• Suasana dibuat nyaman, ada privasi• Sebaiknya direkam setelah ijin
terlebih dulu
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Metode Pengumpulan Data:WAWANCARA MENDALAM
• Pewawancara harus netral• Ringkasan wawancara dibuat
segera• Bias dapat terjadi pada
pewawancara (menjurus,tendensius, kegagalan menggali) ataupun panduannya
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Metode Pengumpulan Data:OBSERVASI
•Observasi •Observasi
partisipatif•Observasi un-
obstrusif
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Metode Pengumpulan Data:OBSERVASI
• Dilakukan pada waktu tertentu vs partisipatif
• Langsung mengamati vs dibantu alat (video, one way mirror, cctv)
• Perhatikan batasan yang akan diamati
• Lamanya tidak ada batasan• Pengamat harus netral, lepas dari
prasangka31
Metode Pengumpulan Data:YANG LAINNYA
• Interpretasi dokumen dan material• Metode visual• Pengalaman personal
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Terima Kasih Atas Perhatian Anda
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