Pemilihan subyek penelitian: spesifikasi & samplingIstilah dasar dan konsep- populasi target dan aksesibilitas- generalisasi hasil-hasil penelitian-tahap-tahapan dalam rancangan protokol untuk mendapatkan - subyek penelitianSpesifikasi- pemantapan kriteria inklusi- pemantapan kriteria ekslusi- pemilihan populasi aksessibilitasSampling- sampling probabilitas- sampling nonprobabilitas- Kesimpulan pemilihan opsi rancangan sampling
Pemilihan subyek penelitian: spesifikasi & sampling (sambungan)Rekrutmen- tujuan rekrutmen- mempertinggi angka respon- pendekatan rekrutmen umum
Ikhtisar kesalahan (error) dalam pemilihan subyek penelitian.-rancangan error- implementasi error
Summary of how research worksTRUTH INTHE UNIVERSE
RESEARCHQUESTION
TRUTH INTHE STUDY
STUDY PLAN
FINDING INTHE STUDY
ACTUAL STUDY
Targetpopulation
Phenomenaof interestIntendedsample
IntendedvariablesActualsubjects
Actual measurementSRandom &systematicerrorinferinferRandom &systematicerrorRandom &systematicerrordesignimplementINTERNALVALIDITYEXTERNALVALIDITY
Choosing the research question and designing the study planTRUTH INTHE UNIVERSE
RESEARCHQUESTION
TRUTH INTHE STUDY
STUDY PLAN
FINDING INTHE STUDY
ACTUAL STUDY
Targetpopulation
Phenomenaof interestIntendedsample
IntendedvariablesActualsubjects
Actual measurementSinferinferRandom &systematicerrorINTERNALVALIDITYEXTERNALVALIDITYERRORERROR TRUTH IN THE TRUTH IN UNIVERSE THE STUDY
RESEARCH STUDY QUESTION PLANERRORERRORinferdesignimplement
Choosing the study subjects that represent the populationTRUTH INTHE UNIVERSE
RESEARCHQUESTION
TRUTH INTHE STUDY
STUDY PLAN
FINDING INTHE STUDY
ACTUAL STUDY
Targetpopulation
Phenomenaof interestIntendedsample
IntendedvariablesActualsubjects
Actual measurementSinferinferINTERNALVALIDITYEXTERNALVALIDITYERRORERRORERRORERRORdesignimplementTargetpopulationIntendedsampleActualsubjects
Inferences in generalizing from the study subjects to the accesible andtarget populations using a finding from the Framingham studySTUDY PLAN
RESEARCH QUESTION
ACTUALSTUDYActualsubjects
Ass betweenHyp & CHDobsered inthe actual ofFraminghamadultsIntendedsample
Same assocexist in the designed sampleFraminghamadultsTargetpopulation(GENERALIZATION FAIRLYSECURE)same ass existin all suburbanUS adultsEXTVALINFER#1INTVALIDITYINFEREXTVAL INF#2Accessiblepopulation
Same assocexist in allFraminghamadults(GENERALIZATION LESSSECURE)exists in:a) people livingother contriesb) other USadults
The three steps in designing the protocol for choosing the study subjects
STEP #1Target populations
Specify clinical and demo-graphic characteristicss
CRITERIA
Well suited to theresearch questionSTUDYPLAN(Truth in th study)RESEARCHQUESTION(Truth in the Universe)
STEP #2Target Accessiblepopulations
Specify temporal and demo-graphic characteristicss
CRITERIA
Rep of target populations andeasy to thestudySTEP #3Intended sample
Design an approachto selecting the sample
CRITERIA
Rep of accessiblepopulations andeasy to doSamplingSpecification
SAMPLINGSimple random samplingSystematic samplingStratified random samplingCluster sampling
Consecutive sampling- a study of upper respiratory illness in patients seen during a 2 -month period beginning in AugustConvenience sampling- The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention TrialJudgmental sampling- a study of the effectiveness of a brochure about fat-controlled diets.Probability samplingNonprobability sampling