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KONSTANTINOS VII 913-959
KONSTANTINOS, son of Emperor LEON VI & his fourth wife ZoeKarbonopsina (905-9 Nov 959, bur Constantinople Church of the Holy Apostles).
Theophanes Continuatus records the birth of "Leo ex Zoe quartauxore sua
filium Constantinum" and his baptism "die sacroluminum"[1136].
Symeon Magisterrecords that "Constantini Leonis filii exZoe" was born in
the twentieth year of his father's reign[1137]. He is named "Constantinum,
Leonis imperatoris filium" by Liudprand[1138]. Symeon Magisterrecords
that "Constantinum filium suum in Porphyra natum
()" was crowned "die sancto pentecostes" in the twentieth
year of his father's reign[1139]. Theophanes Continuatus records that "Leo
imperator filium Constantinum" was crowned "Augustum"[1140].
Theophanes Continuatus records that "Alexandercum Constantino
Leonisfilio" succeeded after the death of Emperor Leon VI and ruled for one
year and 22 days[1141]. He succeeded his paternal uncle in 913 as Emperor
KONSTANTINOS VII, under a council of regency headed by Patriarch
Nikolaos. Theophanes Continuatus records that "Constantinus" ruled for seven
years with his mother after the death of his paternal uncle Alexander, a further 26
years "cum Romano socero suosubiectus", and 15 years alone[1142].
Following his predecessor's refusal to pay the annual Bulgarian tribute, Symeon
Prince of Bulgaria invaded Byzantium and arrived at Constantinople Aug 913.
After demanding the imperial crown, Symeon was obliged to compromise faced
with the impenetrability of the city's defences, and was crowned Tsar and
Autocrat of the Bulgarians at Constantinople 913 by the Patriarch [1143].
Theophanes Continuatus records the invasion by "Symeon Bulgari
princeps", his arrival at Constantinople, his meeting with Patriarch Nikolaos
and his return to Bulgaria[1144]. The concessions granted to Symeon triggered a
palace revolution in which Patriarch Nikolaos was replaced as regent in 913 by
Emperor Konstantinos's mother Zoe, who cancelled the betrothal of Symeon's
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daughter to her son. Symeon invaded Byzantium once more, Adrianople
submitting to him in Sep 914. He defeated the Byzantine fleet at Anchialos on the
Black Sea coast 20 Aug 917[1145], and the army at Katasyrtai near Constantinople
in early 918, moving on to capture most of Greece north of Corinth. Following
this disastrous war, Empress Zoe was replaced as regent by Romanos Lekapenos,
whose history of more successful military campaigns provided a good basis for
optimism that he could contain Bulgarian expansion. He married his daughter to
the emperor, and was crowned co-emperor in Dec 920, Konstantinos VII being in
effect demoted [20 May 921/Apr 922] although his name still appeared first on
protocol lists[1146]. After Emperor Romanos I was deposed and banished by his
sons 16 Dec 944, Konstantinos VII succeeded in imposing himself once more as
sole emperor and in turn arrested and banished Stefanos and Konstantinos
Lekapenos 27 Jan 945[1147]. Theophanes Continuatus records that
"ConstantinusRomani gener" became emperor again in Dec "anno
6454"[1148]. A prolific writer, he composed among other works an encyclopaedia
The Book of Ceremonies, a history of the provinces of the empireDe
administrando imperio, and a biography of his grandfather Emperor Basileios I.
Cedrenus records the death 15 Nov of Emperor Konstantinos aged 54 years and
two months and his burial "juxta patremsuum"[1149]. Theophanes
Continuatus records the death 15 Nov of "Constantinus Porphyrogennetus
imperator" aged 55 years and two months[1150]. Emperor Konstantinos VII'sDe
Ceremoniis Aul records that "imperator Leo Sapiens Basilii filius et
filius eius Constantinus Porphyrogenitus" were buried in the church of
the Holy Apostles[1151], although this presumably represented the emperors
plans for burial assuming that he was the author of this part of the text.
Betrothed (913, contract broken 913) to --- of Bulgaria, daughter of SYMEON I
Prince of Bulgaria & his second wife --- (before 913-). The betrothal of this
unnamed daughter, at the same time as her father's coronation as Tsar, is
referred to by Fine, who says that it was arranged as part of the negotiated
settlement with Prince Symeon after he invaded Byzantium, but was annulled by
Empress Zoe after she seized the regency[1152]. The primary source which
confirms this daughters parentage and betrothal has not yet been identified. It is
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assumed that the daughter would have been little more than a child at the time of
her betrothal, considering the birth date of her betrothed. It is therefore likely
that she was born from her father's second marriage.
m ([Apr] 919) HELENA Lekapene, daughter of ROMANOS Lekapenos [later
Emperor ROMANOS I] & his [second] wife Theodora --- ([915]-19 Sep 961).
Theophanes Continuatus records the marriage in Apr of "Constantino
imperatore" and "Helen Romani filitertiaque pasch", dated to just
after the Bulgarian war of 918[1153]. "Romanosfiliam suam Helena" is
named as wife of Emperor Konstantinos by Liudprand[1154]. No record has been
found of her age at the time of her marriage. It is likely that she was very young
as her son was born nearly twenty years after her marriage. Her father arranged
this marriage to increase his influence with Emperor Konstantinos. Theophanes
Continuatus records the death 19 Sep of "Helena Augusta" (in 961)[1155].
Emperor Konstantinos VI & his wife had six children:
1. ZOE . Theophanes Continuatus names "Zoen et Theodoram et
Agatham" as daughters of "Helena Augusta"[1156]. Theophanes
Continuatus names "sorores Zoen Theodoram Agatham
TheophanonemAnnamque" when recording that they were banished
to the convent of Kanikleion (in 959), and that Zoe, Theodora and Theofano
were later sent to "Antiochi monasterio"[1157]. She was banished to the
convent of Kanikleion in 959, later to Antiochus with her sisters Theofano
and Theodora.
2. ROMANOS ([938/39]-15 Mar 963). Theophanes Continuatus records that
"Romanus imperator" was 21 years old when he succeeded "patre suo
Constantino Porphyrogenneto"[1158]. He was crowned co-emperor 6
Apr 945. He succeeded his father in 959 as Emperor ROMANOS II.
- see below.
3. THEODORA. Theophanes Continuatus names "Zoen et Theodoramet
Agatham" as daughters of "Helena Augusta"[1159]. Theophanes
Continuatus names "sorores Zoen Theodoram Agatham
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TheophanonemAnnamque" when recording that they were banished
to the convent of Kanikleion (in 959), and that Zoe, Theodora and Theofano
were later sent to "Antiochi monasterio"[1160]. She was banished to the
convent of Kanikleion in 959, later to Antiochus with her sisters Zoe and
Theofano. Leo Diaconus records the marriage of "Ioannes" and
"Theodoram, Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imp. filiam" in Nov, in
971 from the context[1161]. m (Nov 971) as his second wife,Emperor
IOANNES I Tzimiskes, son of --- Tzimiskes & his wife --- Kourkouas (-10
Jan 976).
4. AGATHA . Theophanes Continuatus names "Zoen et Theodoram et
Agatham" as daughters of "Helena Augusta"[1162]. Theophanes
Continuatus names "sorores Zoen Theodoram Agatham
TheophanonemAnnamque" when recording that they were banished
to the convent of Kanikleion (in 959), and that Zoe, Theodora and Theofano
were later sent to "Antiochi monasterio"[1163]. She was banished to the
convent of Kanikleion in 959, later to Myrelaion with her sister Anna.
5. THEOFANO . Theophanes Continuatus names "sorores Zoen
TheodoramAgatham Theophanonem Annamque" when recording
that they were banished to the convent of Kanikleion (in 959), and that Zoe,
Theodora and Theofano were later sent to "Antiochimonasterio"[1164].
6. ANNA . Theophanes Continuatus names "sorores Zoen Theodoram
Agatham TheophanonemAnnamque" when recording that they
were banished to the convent of Kanikleion (in 959), and that Zoe, Theodora
and Theofano were later sent to "Antiochi monasterio"[1165]. She was
banished to the convent of Kanikleion in 959, later to Myrelaion with her
sister Agatha.
ROMANOS II 959-963, BASILEIOS II 963-1025
ROMANOS, son of Emperor KONSTANTINOS VII & his wife Helene Lekapene
([938/39]-15 Mar 963). Theophanes Continuatus records that "Romanus
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imperator" was 21 years old when he succeeded "patre suo Constantino
Porphyrogenneto"[1166]. Liudprand names Romanos as son of Constantine when
recording his marriage to the daughter of Ugo King of Italy[1167]. He was
crowned co-emperor 6 Apr 945. He succeeded his father in 959 as EmperorROMANOS II. He left the government entirely in the hands of Nikeforos Fokas,
supreme commander of the army. Nikeforos Fokas captured Crete in 961, and
Anazarbus and Marash in Germanicia, Asia Minor in 962[1168]. As recompense,
he was crowned co-emperor. Cedrenus records the death 15 Mar "indictione 6"
of "Romanus imperator" aged 24 after ruling for three years, 4 months and 5
days, worn out by "luxuriosa et voluptatibus deditavita", other said by
poison[1169].
m firstly (Sep 944)BERTA, illegitimate daughter of UGO King of Italy Comte de
Vienne & his mistress Pezola --- ([927/30]-Autumn 949). Liudprand specifies that
the wife of Romanos was the illegitimate daughter of King Ugo, "the Greeks not
enquiring about the nobility of her mother"[1170], and in a later passage names her
Berta "filiam suam quam ex meretrice Pezola ipse genuerat" specifying
that she was called EVDOKIA in Byzantium[1171]. Theophanes Continuatus
records the marriage in Sep of "Hugonem regemFrancifiliam" and
"Romanus imperatorRomano Constantini generi suifilio", stating
that she lived five years with her husband[1172], which confuses the identity of
Berta's father. Cedrenus records that "filia Hugonis", married to "Romano",
died a virgin[1173].
m secondly (957) as her first husband, ANASTASIA, daughter of KRATEROS
(the wine seller) & his wife --- (943-after 969). Theophanes Continuatus names
"AnastasiamCrateri filiam" as wife of "Romano filio suo" (referring to
Emperor Konstantinos VII), stating that she adopted the name THEOFANO on
her marriage[1174]. Cedrenus records that Romanos married secondly
"genereplebeio, ortam parentibus cauponibusAnastasiam",
adding that she adopted the name "Theophano"[1175].Leo Diaconus names
"Theophano, obscuro loco nata" when recording that she was regent for"filii eius Basilius et Constantinus infantes" after the death of her first
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husband, recording her second marriage in a later passage[1176]. Regent in 963
for her infant sons Emperors Basileios II and Konstantinos VII, they were set
aside by Nikeforos Fokas who was crowned emperor and married Theofano as
her second husband. Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus imperator" married
"Theophanonem" 20 Sep after becoming emperor (in 963)[1177]. Zonaras records
that Nikeforos took "Theophanonencum liberis eius" with him when he
invaded Cilicia in the second year of his reign[1178]. She became the mistress of
Ioannes Tzimiskes, and betrayed her husband. Cedrenus records that Patriarch
Polyeuktes required Emperor Ioannes to send "Theophanonem" in
"Proconnesum", but that she was rescued by "Basilio cubiculario" and sent
"in provinciam Armenicamin Damidis monasterium", while
"materTheophanonis" was exiled "in Mantineum"[1179].
Emperor Romanos II & his second wife had three children:
1. BASILEIOS (959-15 Dec 1025, bur Constantinople, Monastery of St John
Evangelist in the Hebdemon[1180], transferred 1259 to Selymbria,
Monastery of the Saviour[1181]). Psellos names "Basil and Constantine, the
sons of Romanus", clarifying that Basil was the elder[1182]. He nominally
succeeded his father in 963 as Emperor BASILEIOS II, co-emperor with his
brother, under the regency of their mother. He was set aside by Nikeforos
Fokas who was acclaimed emperor by his troops in Csarea, entered
Constantinople 14 Aug 963, was crowned 16 Aug, and married his
predecessor's widow. On the death of Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes in 976,
Basileios was restored as emperor, under the guidance of his great uncle
Basileios Lekapenos, who assumed a position of great power. He was
immediately faced with the revolt of Bardas Skleros, who was proclaimed
emperor by his troops in Summer 976 and who conquered most of Asia
Minor. Skleros approached Constantinople in early 978, but was defeated
24 Mar 979 by Bardas Fokas in the plain of Pankaleia near Amorium.
Basileios's troops were unsuccessful in crushing the 976 rebellion in
Macedonia of the Kometopulos brothers, the imperial army suffering its
final defeat there in Aug 986 and losing the areas of Bulgaria which
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Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes had conquered in 971[1183]. In 985, the
emperor assumed personal rule and banished Basileios Lekapenos[1184].
Bardas Fokas rebelled and was acclaimed emperor by his troops 15 Aug 987
at Chresianus[1185], supported by major land-owners in Asia Minor. Fokas
agreed to partition the empire with the exiled Bardas Skleros, under which
Fokas would keep Constantinople and the European provinces while
Skleros would take Asia Minor[1186], but Skleros rebelled and proclaimed
himself emperor at the same time, although he was captured by Fokas at
Tyropaeum 14 Sep 987. Bardas Fokas approached Constantinople in early
988. Emperor Basileios allied himself with Vladimir Grand Prince of Kiev,
confirmed by Vladimir's marriage to Basileios's sister Anna which was
agreed on condition that Vladimir accepted baptism. With his new allies,
the emperor defeated Fokas at Chrysopolis in summer 988 and at Abydos 13
Apr 989. Bardas Skleros rebelled again in 989, after which he was blinded,
accepted the title curopalates, and died in retirement[1187]. From the 990s,
Basileios was faced with invasions on two fronts, from the Bulgarian empire
of Samuil Kometopoulos, and from the Fatimid empire in Syria. He request
Venetian help to defend his interests in Dalmatia, granting the Doge the title
duxof Dalmatia and the honorary position of proconsul, and recognising
him as Byzantium's official representative[1188]. Against the Fatimids, he
restored Byzantine suzerainty over Aleppo in 995, and marched down the
coast as far as Tripoli in 999. In 1001, he concluded a ten-year truce with
the Fatimid Caliph, which fixed the frontier between the two states and
guaranteed that Aleppo remained within Byzantine territory, although the
Mirdasite dynasty established there in 1023 soon obtained de facto
independence from Byzantium[1189]. In [1000/1001], Emperor Basileios
started a counter-offensive against Bulgaria, recapturing Sardika [Sofija]
(1001), Macedonia and Thessaly, Vidin and Skopje (1004), and Durazzo
(1005). Emperor Basileios finally defeated Samuil Tsar of Bulgaria in Jul
1014 at Clidion, near Strymon[1190]. Basileios proceeded to conquer the
remaining parts of the Bulgarian empire, which was annexed by Byzantium
in 1018. The Venetian civil war of 1024 also enabled Byzantium to reassert
its authority over its Dalmatian towns[1191]. Before he died, Emperor
Basileios appointed his brother Konstantinos as his successor[1192].
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Basileios lived alone, and ruled as an autocrat without advisers. Psellos
records that he died "in his seventy-second year"[1193], but this is
inconsistent with the marriage date of his parents.
2. KONSTANTINOS (Constantinople 961-15 Nov 1028). Cedrenus records the
birth "in Fontano palatio" of "filiusConstantinum" in the year after
the coronation of Emperor Romanos II[1194]. He succeeded his father in 963
as co-emperor with his brother, under the regency of their mother. He
succeeded his brother in 1025 as Emperor KONSTANTINOS VIII.
- see below.
3. ANNA (13 Mar 963-[1008/11] or [1022], bur Kiev, church of the Palace).
Cedrenus records that "filiamAnn" was born two days before the death
of Emperor Romanos II[1195]. ThePrimary Chronicle names "Anna, sister
of Emperors Basil and Constantine", recording her brothers agreement to
her marriage to Vladimir on condition that he accepted baptism, and her
arrival and marriage at Kherson[1196]. Zonaras records that "Uladimero
ducem [Russorum]" married "sorore Anna" (referring to Basileios
and Konstantinos)[1197]. The marriage marked the start of considerably
increased influence for the Greek Orthodox church in Russia, as the newRussian church reported to the Patriarch of Constantinople. The sources
are contradictory regarding the dating of Annas death. ThePrimary
Chronicle records the death of Anna wife of Vladimir, dated to [1008/11]
from the context[1198]. Cedrenus records that "Anna imperatoris
sorore" died "in Rossia", adding that her husband had already died, in a
passage following the record of events dated to [1022], adding that
"Chrysochir quidam Bladimeri cognatus" (not yet identified) sailed
for Constantinople after she died but was defeated and killed at Lemnos by
"Davido Achridensi Sami prfecto ac NicephoroCabasila duce
Thessalonic"[1199]. m (Kherson 988) as his second wife,VLADIMIR I
"Velikiy/the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev, son of SVIATOSLAV I Grand
Prince of Kiev & his mistress Malusha [Malfred] ([960]-Berestov 15 Jul
1015).
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KONSTANTINOS VIII 1025-1028, ZOE 1042-1052, THEODORA
1054-1056
KONSTANTINOS, son of Emperor ROMANOS II & his second wife Theofano
[ne Anastasia] (Constnatinople 961-15 Nov 1028). Cedrenus records the birth
"in Fontano palatio" of "filiusConstantinum" in the year after the
coronation of Emperor Romanos II[1200]. Psellos names "Basil and Constantine,
the sons of Romanus", clarifying that Basil was the elder and stating that
Constantine "appeared to be apathetic, lazy and devoted to a life of luxury"[1201].
He succeeded his father 963 as co-emperor with his brother, under the regency of
their mother. He was set aside by Nikeforos Fokas along with his brother. On the
death of Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes in 976, he was restored as co-emperor with
his brother but renounced most of his privileges in favour of his older brother,
according to Psellos[1202]. He succeeded his brother in 1025 as Emperor
KONSTANTINOS VIII, after which he "devoted himself to a life of luxury"
according to Psellos who, in a later passage, gives a detailed description of his
character and personal characteristics[1203]. Psellos records that Emperor
Konstantinos hastily arranged the marriage of his second daughter to "Romanus"
when dying, and that he "survived just long enough to see the marriage ceremony
performed"[1204].
Chapter 7. EMPERORS 920-945 (LEKAPENOS)
ROMANOS I 920-944
THEOFILAKTOS "Abastasos/the Unbearable" Lekapenos . According to
Ostrogorsky, he was an Armenian peasant[1229]. Symeon Magisterrecords that
"Theophylactus Abastasct usRomani pater eius qui postea
imperatorum tenuit" served Emperor Basileios I in the fifth year of the
emperor's reign[1230].
m ---. The name of the mother of Emperor Romanos I is unknown.
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Theofilaktos & his wife had one child:
1. ROMANOS Lekapenos ([880]-Prote Island 15 Jun 948, bur Monastery Prote
Island). Symeon Magisternames "Theophylactus Abastasctus" as
father of "Romaniqui postea imperatorum tenuit"[1231]. No
precise information has been found concerning the birth date of Romanos
Lekapenos. However, given the likely chronology of the births of his
children it is improbable that he was born much later than [880].
Drongarios of the fleet. He manoeuvred himself into a position of power,
replaced Empress Zoe as regent in 918, married his eldest daughter to
Emperor Konstantinos VII, and was granted the title basileopator.
Theophanes Continuatus records that "Romanus" was granted
"csarisdignitate" 24 Sep (in 920), and crowned as Emperor
ROMANOS I 17 Dec 920[1232]. He became primary emperor [20 May
921/Apr 922][1233]. His successful military campaigns contained Bulgarian
expansion. Peter Tsar of the Bulgarians renewed the war with Byzantium
after his accession in 927 and raided Thrace, but in Sep/Oct he made peace
under which Byzantium confirmed recognition of Bulgaria's borders
established by the 897 and 904 treaties and Peter's own title of Tsar. The
treaty was sealed by Peter's marriage to the emperor's granddaughter[1234].
After the peace agreement with Bulgaria, Emperor Romanos turned his
attention to Asia Minor, where he recaptured Melitene in 931 and 934[1235].
Rus traders attacked coastal areas near Constantinople in 941 led by a
"king named Inger"[1236]who negotiated renewal of privileged trading
terms with Byzantium in [944], the text being incorporated into thePrimary
Chronicle[1237]. Emperor Romanos was deposed by his sons 16 Dec 944 and
deported to the isle of Proti where he became a monk[1238]. Theophanes
Continuatus records that "Romanus imperator" was deposed by
"Stephanum filium"[1239]. Theophanes Continuatus records the death
15 Jun "in insulaProten" of "Romanus imperator" and his burial in
the monastery there[1240]. Cedrenus records the death in July "sext
indictionis" of "Romanus" and his burial "in Myrelo"[1241]. m [firstly]([900]) ---. The primary source which indicates that Emperor Romanos
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married twice has not yet been identified. If there was an earlier marriage,
the name and origin of the first wife are not known. However, Kresten and
Mller point out that Symeon Magister refers to Christoforos, domestikos of
the Scholai, as gambros of "the emperor". They argue that the latter must
have been the reigning emperor at the time, who would have been Romanos
I, whose first wife could therefore have been the daughter of this
Christoforos, which would explain the introduction of this name into the
Lekapenos family. They also suggest that her name may have been Maria,
the name given by Christoforos to his daughter (on the assumption that she
was his eldest daughter)[1242]. Zonaras records that "Christophori uxor
Sophia" became augusta after "Romani uxore Theodora Augusta"died[1243]. This passage does not specify that Theodora was the mother of
Christoforos: a comment to that effect would have been natural if that had
been the case. m [secondly] THEODORA, daughter of --- (-20 Feb 922, bur
Myrelus). Theophanes Continuatus records that "Romanus" crowned
"uxorem suam Theodoram" as "Augustam" in Jan "anno 6428" (921)
[1244]. Symeon Magisternames "NicetasRomani socer", which
appears to refer to the father-in-law of Romanos Lekapenos, when
recording that he ejected "Nicolaum patriarcham" from his
palace[1245]. However, Georgius Monachus Continuatus records that
"Nicetaspatricius, Romani consocer" ejected "Nicolaum
patriarcham" from his palace[1246], which clarifies that Niketas was the
father-in-law of Romanos's son (see below). According to the Vita Basil, the
patriarch Theofilaktos was the son of Emperor Romanos's second marriage
to Theodora[1247]. Vannier interprets the same phrase to mean that
Emperor Romanos had two wives, both named Theodora[1248]. Theophanes
Continuatus records the death 20 Feb, in 922 from the context, of
"Theodora Romani coniux"[1249]. Cedrenus records the death 20 Feb
"indictione decima" of "uxor Romani Theodora" and her burial
"in Myrel"[1250]. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Romanos's mistress is not
known. However, her origin is indicated byLeo Diaconus who names her
son "Basilius Nothus, Romani quondam Augusti ex Scythica
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femina filius"[1251]. Emperor Romanos I & his [first/second] wife had
[five] children:
a) CHRISTOFOROS Lekapenos (before [905]-14 Aug 932). Theophanes
Continuatus records that "Romanum" installed "eiusfilio
Christophoro" as "hetriarcha", recorded in a passage which
follows the report of his sister's marriage to Emperor Konstantinos
VII, probably therefore dated to 919[1252]. Liudprand names
Christoforos as "Romanosprimogenito"[1253]. His birth date is
estimated from his daughter Maria Lekapene having married in 927.
Even if she was an infant at the time, it is unlikely that her father
could have been born much later than [905] at the latest. Cedrenus
records the death 14 Aug of "Christofer Csar" and his burial "in
monasterio patris sui"[1254]. The monastery in question has not
yet been identified. Theophanes Continuatus records that "Romanus"
crowned "filium suum Christophorum" as "imperatorem" 17
May "anno 6428" (921)[1255]. He became second emperor and heir to
the throne when his father became primary emperor in [921/22],
displacing Emperor Konstantinos VII. TheophanesContinuatus
records the death in Aug of "Christophorusimperator" and his
burial "in patris suimonasterio", in a passage before the record
of his brother's ordination as Patriarch (in Feb 933)[1256]. m (before
[919]) SOFIA, daughter of NIKETAS magister& his wife ---.
Theophanes Continuatus records that "Sophia Christopheri
imperatoris uxor" was crowned in Feb, in 922 from thecontext[1257]. Georgius Monachus Continuatus records that
"Nicetaspatricius, Romaniconsocer" ejected "Nicolaum
patriarcham" from his palace, dated to [919] from the context[1258].
Symeon Magisternames "Nicetas magister, Christophori
imperatoris socer" when recording that he rebelled, was banished
and became a monk[1259]. Zonaras records that "Christophori
uxor Sophia" became augusta after "Romani uxore Theodora
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Augusta" died[1260]. Theophanes Continuatus records that
"Sophia Augusta Christophori imperatoris uxor" was a nun
at the convent of Kanikleion to which the sisters of Emperor Romanos
II were banished (in 959)[1261]. Co-Emperor Christoforos & his wife
had three children:
i) MARIA Lekapene ([920/25]-before 15 Mar 963 or [965]).
Theophanes Continuatus records the marriage of
"Christophori imperatoris filia Maria" and "Petri"[1262].
The wife of Tsar Peter is the (unnamed) daughter of
Christoforos according to Liudprand, the marriage taking place
just after the Tsar's accession after which she adopted the name
IRINA[1263]. Considering the chronology of the births of her
father and paternal grandfather, it is likely that Maria can have
been no more than an infant at the time of her marriage in 927.
The marriage was arranged to seal the peace agreed between her
future husband and Byzantium[1264]. Her date of death is
estimated from Zonaras recording that "PetrusBulgarorum
princeps, uxore sua mortua" sent their sons to Byzantium
as hostages to renew the treaty[1265]. Cedrenus records the same
event just after his passage recording the death of Emperor
Romanos II (in 963)[1266]. m (Constantinople 8 Oct 927) PETER
Tsar of the Bulgarians, son of SYMEON I Tsar of the Bulgarians
& his second wife --- [Sursuvul] (after [912]-29/30 Jan 969).
f) THEOFILAKTOS Lekapenos ([913/15]-27 Feb 956). Theophanes
Continuatus records that "Theophylactum eius filium" (referring
to Emperor Romanos I) was tonsured and ordained as sub-deacon, in
a passage after the record of his brothers' coronation (25 Dec, in 924
from the context)[1285]. According to the Vita Basil, the patriarch
Theofilaktos was Emperor Romanos's son by his second marriage to
Theodora[1286]. Theophanes Continuatus records the appointment of
"Theophylactus Romani filius matur tatis annos
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attingeret" as Patriarch, and his ordination as such in Feb (933) in a
later passage[1287]. His birth date is estimated from Stankovic who
cites sources which state that, although Emperor Romanos wanted to
install Theofilaktos as patriarch when he was aged 16, the emperordelayed his son's installation until he was 18 or 19[1288]. Cedrenus
records the death 27 Feb "indictione 14" of "Theophylactus
patriarcha" after ruling as patriarch for 23 years and 25 days [1289].
g) HELENALekapene ([915]-19 Sep 961). Theophanes Continuatus
records the marriage in Apr of "Constantino imperatore" and
"Helen Romani filitertiaque pasch", dated to just after
the Bulgarian war of 918[1290]. "Romanosfiliam suam
Helena" is named as wife of Emperor Konstantinos by
Liudprand[1291]. No record has been found of Helena's age at the time
of her marriage. However, it is likely that she was very young, as her
son was born nearly twenty years after she married. If this is correct,
she was probably born after her brother Theofilaktos and therefore
was also born from her father's presumed second marriage. Her
father arranged this marriage to increase his influence with Emperor
Konstantinos. Theophanes Continuatus records the death 19 Sep of
"Helena Augusta" (in 961)[1292]. m ([Apr] 919)Emperor
KONSTANTINOS VII, son of Emperor LEON VI & his fourth wife
Zoe Karbonopsina (905-9 Nov 959, bur Constantinople Church of the
Holy Apostles).
Emperor Romanos I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):
i) BASILEIOS (-985). Theophanes Continuatus names "BasiliumprotovestiariumRomanique decessoris imperatoris
naturalem ex pellicefilium"[1305]. Psellos states that the
"parakoimomenosBasil" was "born of the same father as the father of
[Emperors] Basil [II] and Constantine [VIII]", which suggests incorrectly
that he was the son of Emperor Konstantinos VII, and "on his mother's side
he came from different stock"[1306]. Psellos records that "in early
infancy he had suffered castration - a natural precaution
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against a concubine'soffspring"[1307]. Zonaras records that
Emperor Konstantinos VII ordered the castration of "Romani senioris
filium Basilium, ex ancilla procreatum"[1308]. Cedrenus
records that, after his restoration (944), Emperor Konstantinos VII had
"Basilium, Romano seni e serva natum" castrated[1309]. He
was in charge of civil administration under Emperor Nikeforos Fokas in
963, and granted the new titleproedros. Leo Diaconus records that
"Basilius Nothus, Romani quondam Augusti ex Scythica
femina filius" was granted "prsidis dignitate" by Emperor
Nikeforos[1310]. In 976, he became chief adviser [parakoimomenos] to the
restored Emperor Basileios II[1311]. Psellos records that In 985, the
emperor assumed personal rule and banished Basileios Lekapenos who
soon after died "his limbsparalysed and he a living
corpse"[1312].
Chapter 8. EMPEROR 963-969 (FOKAS)
The source for the early part of the pedigree of the Fokas family is Gustave
Schlumberger[1313].
NIKEFOROS Fokas (-[885/95]). The Vita Basiliinames "Nicephorus
Phocas"[1314]. Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus, Nicephori imperatoris
avus" campaigned in Sicily and for a brief time expelled "Saracenos" from
Italy[1315]. Theophanes Continuatus records that "Nicephorus" was reinstalled as
"dux in Thracesiorum themate" after a long absence but died soon after,
during the reign of Emperor Leon VI[1316].
m ---. The name of the wife of Nikeforos Fokas is not known.
Nikeforos Fokas & his wife had [three] children:
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1. LEON Fokas (-919 or after). Theophanes Continuatus names "Barda et
Leonis" as children of "Nicephorusdux in Thracesiorum
themate"[1317]. Magister. Domestikos of theScholai. Cedrenus records
that "Leo Phocas magister et scholarum domesticus
orientalium" plotted to replace "Constantinus cubicularius" as chief
adviser to Zoe, mother of Emperor Konstantinos VII, dated to [912/19] from
the context[1318]. Theophanes Continuatus names "magistro Leone
Phoca scholarum domestico" as commander of the army defeated by
Simeon Tsar of the Bulgarians in 918[1319]. Theophanes Continuatus
records that "LeonemPhocam" rebelled against Emperor Romanos I (in
919)[1320]. He was blinded in 919 by Emperor Romanos following a
rebellion. m ---, sister of KONSTANTINOS kubicularios, daughter of ---.
Zonaras records that "Leo Phocas, legionum domesticus" married
"Constantino eunucho cubiculariosororem"[1321]. Leon & his
wife had one child:
a) NIKOLAOS (-killed in battle [919]). Symeon Magisternames "Leo
scholarum dux eiusque filius Nicolaus" when recording their
part in the Bulgarian war after the accession of Emperor Konstantinos
VII[1322]. Georgius Monachus Continuatus records that "Nicolaus
Ducis filius" was killed in battle during the defeat at the hands of the
Bulgarians, which presumably refers to the same person[1323].
2. BARDAS Fokas (-969, bur Constantinople, Monastery Ta Gastria).
TheophanesContinuatus names "Barda et Leonis" as children of
"Nicephorusdux in Thracesiorumthemate"[1324].
- see below.
3. [daughter . Leo Diaconus indicates that "Ioannesprosapia
materna" was "Nicephoro Augusto consobrinus"[1325], which would
mean that his maternal grandmother was the aunt of Emperor Nikeforos if
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"consobrinus" is interpreted strictly. mTHEOFILOS Kourkouas, son of
---.]
NIKEFOROS II 963-969
BARDAS Fokas, son of NIKEFOROS Fokas & his wife --- (-969, bur
Constantinople, Monastery Ta Gastria). Theophanes Continuatus names "Barda
et Leonis" as children of "Nicephorusdux in Thracesiorum
themate"[1326]. Theophanes Continuatus names "Bardas Phokas" during the
account of the war with Bulgaria (in 918)[1327]. Cedrenus records that, after his
restoration (944), Emperor Konstantinos VII appointed "Bardum Phocam" to
"magistri honore" and "domesticum scholarum Orientis"[1328].
Theophanes Continuatus records that "Constantinus Romani gener"
invested "Bardam Phoc filium" with "magistri dignitate" and as
"scholarum domesticum", dated to the year of his restoration (944)[1329].
Zonaras records that "Nicephori pater Phocas Bardas" sought refuge "in
Magnam Dei ecclesie", during the build-up to his sons taking over as
emperor from the context[1330]. Zonaras records that Emperor Nikeforos
installed "Bardaspater" as csar[1331]. Emperor Konstantinos VII'sDe
Ceremoniis Aul records that "Irene, filia Bard Csaris[et] Csaris
Bard" were buried in "monasterii, ta Gastria vel Gastriorum dicti,
ecclesia"[1332].
m ---, sister of MIKHAEL Maleinos, daughter of ---. Her marriage and family
origin are confirmed by Cedrenus who names "Michaele monacho Maleino" as
"avunculo" of Emperor Nikeforos Fokas[1333].
Bardas Fokas & his wife had three children:
1. NIKEFOROS Fokas (-murdered 10/11 Dec 969). Zonaras records that
Emperor Konstantinos VII appointed "Nicephorum filius eius, qui
post [imperator]" as "prtorem Orientis" when he installed hisfather "Phocam Bardam magistrum"[1334]. Cedrenus records that,
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after his restoration (944), Emperor Konstantinos VII appointed "Bardum
Phocam" to "magistri honore" and "domesticum scholarum
Orientis", "Nicephorum et Leonem eius filios" as "Orientalium
ducem" and "Cappadociducem" respectively, and "Constantinum
tertium eius filium" as "Seleuci [prfectus]"[1335]. Theophanes
Continuatus records that "Nicephoro Niceta (Phoca nuncupato)" was
created "magister et scholarum domesticus"[1336]. He succeeded his father
end-954 as supreme commander of the Byzantine army, domestikos of the
EasternScholai. Theophanes Continuatus records that "Nicephorum
patricium ac ducem Asiaticorum eiusdem filium" succeeded "Bardas
Phocas" as "domesticum"[1337]. Emperor Romanos II left the government
entirely in the hands of Nikeforos Fokas, the latter capturing Crete in 961,
and Anazarbus and Marash in Germanikaia in 962[1338]. He was acclaimed
Emperor NIKEFOROS II by his troops in Csarea. He entered
Constantinople 14 Aug 963, was crowned 16 Aug, and married his
predecessor's widow. Runciman calls Emperor Nikeforos a "grim,
unlovable man"[1339], he was an ardent admirer of Saint Athanasioswhom he financed to build the monastery on Mount Athos[1340]. He
legislated against the growth of ecclesiastical property in 964, bringing to an
end the founding of new monasteries. Seeing the fight against Islam as a
sacred mission, he pursued his campaigns in the east, conquering Cilicia in
965, Cyprus in 966, and large parts of Syria including Antioch 29 Oct
969[1341]. He refused to pay the annual tribute to Bulgaria, which he
claimed was voided by the death of Maria Lekapene who had married Tsar
Peter. Emperor Nikeforos attacked Bulgarian border fortresses, then
summoned Sviatoslav Grand Prince of Kiev to attack Bulgaria. The Grand
Prince exceeded the terms of his mission by conquering Bulgaria[1342].
Cedrenus records how his wife "Theophano Augusta" conspired with
"Tzimiscam", dated to [968/69] from the context, and how Niekphoros was
murdered "nocte 11 Decembris, indictione 13"[1343]. m firstly --- (-before
963). The name of Nikeforos's first wife is not known. Leo Diaconus
records the death of "uxorisque ac filii Bard" (referring to Nikeforos)
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before he became emperor[1344]. m secondly (20 Sep 963) as her second
husband, THEOFANO, widow ofEmperor ROMANOS II, daughter of
KRATEROS (the wine seller) & his wife --- (943-after 969). Leo Diaconus
names "Theophano, obscuro loconata" when recording that she wasregent for "filii eius Basilius etConstantinus infantes" after the
death of her first husband, recording her second marriage in a later
passage[1345]. Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus imperator" married
"Theophanonem" 20 Sep after becoming emperor (in 963)[1346]. Regent in
963 for her infant sons by her first marriage co-Emperors Basileios II and
Konstantinos VII. They were set aside by Nikeforos Fokas who was
crowned emperor and married Theofano. Zonaras records that Nikeforos
took "Theophanonencumliberis eius" with him when he invaded
Cilicia in the second year of his reign[1347]. She became the mistress of
Ioannes Tzimiskes, and betrayed her husband. Cedrenus records how
"Theophano Augusta" conspired with "Tzimiscam", dated to [968/69] from
the context[1348]. Cedrenus records that Patriarch Polyeuktes required
Emperor Ioannes to send "Theophanonem" in "Proconnesum", but that
she was rescued by "Basilio cubiculario" and sent "in provinciam
Armenicamin Damidismonasterium", while "mater
Theophanonis" was exiled "in Mantineum"[1349]. Nikeforos & his first
wife had one child:
a) BARDAS (-killed in battle before 963). Leo Diaconus records the
death of "uxorisque ac filii Bard" (referring to Nikeforos)
before he became emperor, stating that Bardas was killed in
battle[1350]. Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus imperator
Bardas ex priore coniuge filius" died "in campoequitans"
while sparring "cum patruele suo Pleusa"[1351].
2. LEON Fokas (-[969/70]). Cedrenus records that, after his restoration (944),
Emperor Konstantinos VII appointed "Bardum Phocam" to "magistri
honore" and "domesticum scholarum Orientis", "Nicephorum et Leonem
eius filios" as "Orientalium ducem" and "Cappadociducem"
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respectively, and "Constantinum tertium eiusfilium" as "Seleuci
[prfectus]"[1352].
- see below.
3. KONSTANTINOS Fokas (-murdered 969). Cedrenus records that, after his
restoration (944), Emperor Konstantinos VII appointed "Bardum Phocam"
to "magistri honore" and "domesticum scholarum Orientis",
"Nicephorum et Leonem eius filios" as "Orientalium ducem" and
"Cappadociducem" respectively, and "Constantinumtertium eius
filium" as "Seleuci [prfectus]"[1353]. He was captured in 953 by
Saif-ad-Daulah when the latter reconquered Germanikaia from Byzantium.
Cedrenus records that "Constantinum, tertium Phoc filium" was
captured by "Chabdanus" and taken to "Chalepum"[1354].
4. EIRENE (-bur Constantinople, Monastery Ta Gastria). Emperor
Konstantinos VII'sDe Ceremoniis Aul records that "Irene, filia Bard
Csaris[et] Csaris Bard" were buried in "monasterii, ta
Gastria vel Gastriorum dicti, ecclesia"[1355].
5. [son/daughter . Leo Diaconus records that "Theodorum Bardam et
Nicephorum patricios atque fratresBard ducis consobrini"
supported the rebellion of "Bardas Dux, Leonis curopalat filius,
Nicephori Augusti ex fratre nepos" after the death of his uncle[1356],
which would mean that one of the parents of the three brothers was an
uncle/aunt of Bardas, assuming that "consobrinus" is interpreted strictly.
It is not impossible that the relationship was through Bardas's maternalfamily. However, the names Bardas and Nikeforos suggest a connection
with the Fokas family. m ---.] Three children:
a) THEODOROS . Leo Diaconus records that "Theodorum Bardam
et Nicephorum patricios atque fratresBard ducis
consobrini" supported the rebellion of "Bardas Dux, Leonis
curopalat filius, Nicephori Augusti ex fratre nepos" after
the death of his uncle[1357].
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b) BARDAS . Leo Diaconus records that "Theodorum Bardam et
Nicephorum patricios atque fratresBard ducis
consobrini" supported the rebellion of "Bardas Dux, Leonis
curopalat filius, Nicephori Augusti ex fratre nepos" after
the death of his uncle[1358].
c) NIKEFOROS . Leo Diaconus records that "Theodorum Bardam
et Nicephorum patricios atque fratresBard ducis
consobrini" supported the rebellion of "Bardas Dux, Leonis
curopalat filius, Nicephori Augusti ex fratre nepos" after
the death of his uncle[1359]
.
The precise relationship between the following person and the Fokas family has
not been ascertained:
1. PLEUSIS . Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus imperatorBardas
expriore coniuge filius" died "in campo equitans" while sparring
"cum patruele suo Pleusa"[1360].
LEON Fokas, son of BARDAS Fokas & his wife --- (-[969/70]). Theophanes
Continuatus names "Leonem patricium Bard Phoc filium
magistrum", recording that he was the deputy of "fratris sui Nicephori" in
the army[1361]. Leo Diaconus names "Leonem Phocam Nicephori fratrem"
when recording that Emperor Romanos I sent him to "Chambdanum"[1362].
Zonaras records that "alter filius Leo
" joined his brother when "Nicephori
pater Phocas Bardas" sought refuge "in Magnam Dei ecclesie", during
the build-up to his sons taking over as emperor from the context[1363]. He was
appointed curopalates, domestikos of the west, by his brother. Zonaras records
that Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes exiled "Leone curopalate et filio eius
Nicephoro" to Lesbos and "alteri eius filio Bard" to "Amasia"[1364].
Cedrenus records that Emperor Ioannes exiled "Leonem curopalatam" to
"Lesbum"[1365]. Zonaras records that "Leo cum altero filio Nicephoro" left
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Lesbos for Thrace but were captured and blinded on the orders of Emperor
Ioannes[1366].
m ---. The name of the wife of Leon Fokas is not known.
3. SOFIA Fokas . Leo Diaconus records that "Constantinus patricius
Sclerifrater" was the husband of "sororem Phoc"[1384]. Her name is
confirmed by Cedrenus who records that "Sophia Phoc soror"
married "Constantino Duri fratri"[1385]. mKONSTANTINOS Skleros,
son of PANTHERIOS Skleros & his wife Gregoria ---.
Leon Fokas had two illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:
4. PETROS . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been
identified. A eunuch.
5. MANUEL [Fokas] (-killed in battle). Cedrenus names "Manuelum
patricium, spurium filium Leonis patrui sui" when recording that
Emperor Nikeforos sent him on campaign in Sicily "contra Saracenos" in
the first year of his reign ([963/64])[1386]. Patrikios. A document entitledLuitprandi Legatio ad Nicephorum Phocam records Luitprand's mission on behalf
of Emperor Otto I to negotiate a marriage between "filiam Romani
imperatoris etTheophan imperatricis" and "domino meo filio
suoOttoni Imperatori Augusto" names "Manuele Patricio,
Nicephorinepote" recording his war exploits "in mari Siculo"[1387].
Leo Diaconus records that "Manuel" was killed in battle[1388].
THEOFANO ([955/60]-Nijmegen 15 May 991, bur Kln St Pantaleon). A
document entitledLuitprandi Legatio ad Nicephorum Phocam records
Luitprand's mission on behalf of Emperor Otto I to negotiate a marriage between
"filiam Romani imperatoris et Theophan imperatricis" and
"domino meo filio suo Ottoni Imperatori Augusto"[1420]. Her name is
not given in the document. It is unlikely, given the date of the marriage of
Emperor Nikeforos Fokas and Theofano (in 963) that any daughter of theirs
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would have been considered marriageable in the late 960s by Emperor Otto. It is
therefore likely that the document was prepared before Luitprand's visit, in
ignorance of the details of the emperor's family members. The identity of the
proposed bride is therefore not certain. Prior to Luitprand's arrival in
Constantinople, Emperor Nikeforos was murdered. According to Thietmar, his
successor Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes sent his niece Theofano back to Germany "
not the desired maidenaccompanied by a splendid entourage and magnificent
gifts"[1421]. Western sources consistently refer to Theofano as "neptis" of
Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes, for example the charter dated 14 Apr 972 under
which "Ottoimperator augustus" granted property to "Theophanu, Iohannis
Constantinopolitani imperatoris neptim"[1422]. Her exact relationship to
Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes is unknown. It is possible that she was a relative of
the emperor's wife rather than of the emperor himself. Davids suggests that she
was the daughter of Konstantinos Skleros and his wife Sofia[1423], who was
probably the sister of the first wife of Emperor Ioannes. An indication that this
may be correct is that Theofano's second daughter was named Sophie, normal
Byzantine practice being to name the first daughter after the paternal
grandmother and the second after the maternal grandmother[1424]. It alsoappears to be chronologically sustainable. However, too little is known about the
families of Emperor Ioannes and his wife to propose this as the only plausible
hypothesis, especially as the word "neptis" could cover a wide variety of
relationships. In addition, it cannot even be assumed that the wife of
Konstantinos Skleros was the only individual named Sofia in these families at the
time. "Ottoimperator augustus" granted property to "Theophanu, Iohannis
Constantinopolitani imperatoris neptim" dated 14 Apr 972[1425]. Lay Abbess of
Nivelles. She was regent during the minority of her son 984-991. Thietmar
records the death of Empress Theofano at Nijmegen on 15 Jun and her place of
burial[1426]. The necrology of Merseburg records the death "15 Jun" of
"Theophanu imperatrix"[1427]. m (Rome 14 Apr 972) OTTO co-Emperor and
King of Germany, son of Emperor OTTO I "der Groe" King of Germany & his
second wife Adelheid of Burgundy [Welf] (955-Rome 7 Dec 983, bur Rome St
Peter's). He succeeded his father in 973 as OTTO II King of Germany. On his
accession, he claimed Byzantium's possessions in Italy as part of his wife's dowry.
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He campaigned in Italy to support his claims, but was defeated in 982 by a
Byzantine/Muslim alliance near Stilo in Calabria.
[1136]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Leonis Imperatoris, 23, p. 370.
[1137] Symeon Magister (referred to as Pseudo-Symeon in PBE I CD-Rom), De Leone
Basilii filii, 17, p. 708.
[1138]Liudprandi Antapodosis, I.7, p. 276.
[1139] Symeon Magister (referred to as Pseudo-Symeon in PBE I CD-Rom), De Leone
Basilii filii, 24, pp. 711-2.
[1140]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Leonis Imperatoris, 29, p. 375.
[1141]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Alexandri Basilii filiis, 1, p. 378.
[1142]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 1, p. 381.
[1143] Fine (1991), pp. 142-48.
[1144]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 5, p. 385.
[1145] Fine (1991), p. 149.
[1146] Fine (1991), p. 151.
[1147] Ostrogorsky (1977), p. 304.
[1148]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 1, p. 436.
[1149] Cedrenus II, col. 71.
[1150]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 54, p. 469.
[1151]De Ceremoniis Book II, ch. 42, p. 643.
[1152] Fine (1991), pp. 142-48.
[1153]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 13, p. 394.
[1154]Liudprandi Antapodosis III.30, MGH SS III, p. 309.
[1155]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti
filii, 6, p. 473.
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[1156]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 40, p. 459.
[1157]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti
filii, 3, p. 471.
[1158]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogennetifilii, 1, p. 469.
[1159]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 40, p. 459.
[1160]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti
filii, 3, p. 471.
[1161] Leo Diaconus VII, 9, p. 127.
[1162]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 40, p. 459.
[1163]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti
filii, 3, p. 471.
[1164]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti
filii, 3, p. 471.
[1165]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti
filii, 3, p. 471.
[1166]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogennetifilii, 1, p. 469.
[1167]Liudprandi Antapodosis V.14, MGH SS III, p. 330.
[1168] Runciman, S. (1951, 1952 and 1954)A History of the Crusades (Penguin Books,
1978), Vol. 1, pp. 30-1.
[1169] Cedrenus II, col. 79.
[1170]Liudprandi Antapodosis V.20, MGH SS III, p. 332.
[1171]Liudprandi Antapodosis V.14, MGH SS III, p. 331.
[1172]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Romani imperium, 46, p. 431.
[1173] Cedrenus II, col. 62.
[1174]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 39, p. 458.
[1175] Cedrenus II, col. 62.
[1176] Leo Diaconus II, 10, p. 31, and III, 9, p. 47.
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[1177] Cedrenus II, col. 86.
[1178] Zonaras II, Liber XVI, XXV, col. 118.
[1179] Cedrenus II, col. 114.
[1180] Psellos, p. 49, footnote 1.
[1181] Gardner, A. (1912) The Lascarids of Nica, The Story of an Empire in Exile
(Methuen, London), p. 253, which describes the accidental discovery of the body "long
dead but not decayed" and its transfer arranged by Mikhail Palaiologos, later Emperor
Mikhail VIII.
[1182] Psellos, p. 27.
[1183] Fine (1991), p. 193.
[1184] Psellos, pp. 37-8.
[1185] Psellos, p. 33, footnote 1.
[1186] Psellos, p. 33, footnote 1.
[1187] Psellos, p. 40, footnote 1.
[1188] Fine (1991), p. 275.
[1189] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, pp. 33-4.
[1190] Fine (1991), pp. 195, 197-98.
[1191] Fine (1991), pp. 277-78.
[1192] Psellos, p. 53.
[1193] Psellos, p. 49.
[1194] Cedrenus II, col. 74.
[1195] Cedrenus II, col. 79.
[1196] Cross, S. H. and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, O. P. (trans. & eds.) (1973) The Russian
Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text(Cambridge, Massachusetts) ("Russian Primary
Chronicle") 988, p. 112.
[1197] Zonaras II, Liber XVII, VII, col. 155.
[1198] Primary Chronicle 1008-1011, p. 124.
[1199] Cedrenus II, col. 211.
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[1200] Cedrenus II, col. 74.
[1201] Psellos, p. 27.
[1202] Psellos, p. 27.
[1203] Psellos, p. 53.
[1204] Psellos, p. 58.
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[1229] Ostrogorsky (1977), p. 289.
[1230] Symeon Magister (referred to as Pseudo-Symeon in PBE I CD-Rom), De Basilio
Macedone, 8, p. 690.
[1231] Symeon Magister (referred to as Pseudo-Symeon in PBE I CD-Rom), De Basilio
Macedone, 8, p. 690.
[1232]Theophanes Cont
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