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Non Defning
Relative ClausesMuhammad Ridwan
Rizal Fathoni
Moh Riqi Al Author
Eko Jatmiko
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Defnition o Non DefningRelative Clause
• Nondefning relative !lauses "also
!alled non-identifying relative clauses ornon-restrictive relative clauses# giveadditional inormation on something$%ut do not defne it&
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'ooking at 'anguage
• (n nondefning relative !lauses we )ut a
!omma %eore and ater the main !lause&• *se the relative )ronouns who$ which$
whose$ where and when in nondefningrelative !lauses&
•+he relative )ronoun !annot %e omitted&
E,am)le - Mark Smith, who lives next doorto us, plays in a band.
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*.(N/ 012(C20 +3REFER +3 AN3+2ER
C'A*.E
• +he relative )ronoun which at the %eginning o a nondefning relative !lause !an reer to all the inormation
!ontained in the )revious )art o the senten!e$ ratherthan to 5ust one word&
E6AM7'E.
• Chris did reall8 well in his e,ams$ which is quite asurprise&
• M8 riends were all hiding in m8 a)artment$ whichisn't what I'd expected&
• .he9s stud8ing to %e!ome a do!tor$ which is dificult&
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D(FFERENCE. 1(+2DEF(N(N/ RE'A+(:E
C'A*.E.• (n defning relative !lauses$ the )ronouns who, whom$ and which are oten re)la!ed
%8 that in s)oken English& (n nondefning relative !lauses$ 8ou !annot re)la!e other)ronouns with that& ;ou also !annot leave out the relative )ronoun in nondefning relative!lauses$ in the wa8 8ou sometimes !an in defning relative !lauses& +he )ronoun isrequired$ even when it is the o%5e!t o the ver% in the relative !lause& Finall8$ nondefning
relative !lauses are alwa8s se)arated rom the rest o the senten!e %8 !ommas$ unlikedefning relative !lauses$ whi!h have no )un!tuation&
E6AM7'E.
• 2e gave me the letter$ which was in a blue envelope. "nondefning !lause- +here wasonl8 one letter$ it ha))ened to %e %lue& ;ou must use which#
• 2e gave me the letter which/that was in a blue envelope. "defning !lause- +here wereseveral letters o di
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+he !om)ares %etween two
kinds o relative !lauses -
Dening relative clauses Nondening clauses
Indenti!y something or
somebody
/ive e,tra inormation
Do not have commas Are se)arated rom h5e main
!lause %8 !ommas
"an use that instead o! who
or which
Do not use that
"an sometimes leave out the
relative pronoun
2ave to have the relative
)ronoun
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2ow the meaning o asenten!e !hanges a!!ording
to the t8)e o relative!lause =
• Nondefning - +he man$ who was
wearing a lime green hat$ seemed alittle strange "there is onl8 one man#
• Defning - +he man who was wearing alime green hat$ seemed a little strange
" there is more than one man$ and i wantto talk a%out the one in the lime greenhat#
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3ther 7oint
• 1hi!h !an reer to a whole !lause oten
with %e ad5e!tive - >1e s)ent a week high u) in the
mountain$ whi!h was wonderul?
• Nondefning relative !lauses !ome in
the middle or at the end o a senten!e>+he )oli!eman s)oke to the girl$ who didnot a))ear to listen?
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Fun!tion#unction $elative pronoun %xample
&ubect who$ whi!h Fahmi$ who was one
o the smarteststudent in our
s!hool$ !ame rom
Jakarta
(bect whom$ whi!h$ who .he invited Randi$whom he had met in
Ja)an$ to her
%irthda8 )art8
)ossessive whose +he !ar$ whose
owner is going on
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E,am)les o NonDefningClause at :arious Relative
7ronoun
• 1ho
&ubect "o ver% >is?# - +he woman$ who is ver8%eautiul$ is m8 tea!her&
&ubect "o ver% >!omes?# - +he manager$ whoalwa8s !omes on time$ has worked or almost@ 8ears&
(bect "o ver% >admire?# - Mr& A%raham$ who (admire so mu!h$ was m8 headmaster& B(normalwritten English$ s)oken ormal- whom
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E,am)les o NonDefningClause at :arious Relative
7ronoun
• *hom
(bect "o ver% >admire?# - Mr& A%raham$ whom ( admire so mu!h$ wasm8 headmaster&
• *hose
)ossessive + +he mansion$ whose owneris going on holida8$ has %urned down&
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Related %8 :er%
• 'inking :er%
A linking ver% !onne!ts the su%5e!t with aword that gives inormation a%out thesu%5e!t$ su!h as a !ondition or relationshi)&+he8 do not show an8 a!tion %ut the8 linkthe su%5e!t with the rest o the senten!e&
For e,am)le$ in the senten!e >+he8 a)ro%lem?$ the word >are? is the linking ver%that !onne!ts >the8? and )ro%lem? to showthe relationshi) %etween the two words&
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Related %8 :er%Is ,as Do &mell
-m 2ave Does Come
-re 2ad Did .ta8
*as/*ere e een +urn
Example: The manager, who always comes on time, has worked foralmost 10 years
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Related %8 :er%
• 2el)ing :er%
2el) out the main ver% in a senten!e2el)ing ver%s hel) e,)lain the sometimes
!om)li!ated nuan!es o meaning& Fore,am)le$ the8 !an show e,)e!tation$)ro%a%ilit8$ o%ligation$ )otential$ and
dire!tions
E,am)les- The car, which can reach speedsof over !!km"ph, costs over #$!!,!!!.
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Related %8 Adver%
• 7utri Nur Fadhilah$ who ( admire so
mu!h$ has ingnored sim)l8&• 2e literall8 wre!ked his mothers !ar
• +he8re going to %e late$ sure
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Reu%en .ingh$ who is worth a%out G @H milion$ hands the )honeto his a!!ountant& IMost news)a)er sa8s the a!!ountant$ Istate thatReu%en is worth @ milion& 1e are a %it !onservative and sa8 @Hmilion& (t is still rather a lot&&& es)e!iall8 or a @K8earold$ he adds%eore )assing the )hone %a!k to the teenage %usinessman$ who!oughs quietl8&
.ingh is the owner o the Miss Attitude Retail /rou)$ whi!hsu))lies ashion 5eweller8 and a!essoris& 2e is also a student$ atMan!hester Metro)litan *niversit8$ stud8ing or a degree in
fnan!ial servi!e& 'ast 8ear$ when he was still onl8 worth ten milion$he was running his own %usiness while stud8ing or e,ams at1illiam 2ulme /rammar .!hool in Man!hester&
2e o)ened the frst Miss Attitude sho) in Man!hester less thatna 8ear ago now he has @H sho)s with another @L )lanned or ne,t
8ear& 2e )oints out that he is the onl8 teenager who has set u) a!om)an8 or his own age grou)&