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INTISARI TATA BAHASA INGGRISDisusun oleh: Rishan Azhari, S.Pd, M.Pd
(untuk kalangan terbatas)
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1. Sebagian besar kalimat kompleks (kalimat yang memilki induk dan anak kalimat / lebih darisatu Subyek dan Predikat) memiliki pola keteraturan yang sama, yaitu PARALEL dalam
bentuk kata kerja.
Misalnya:A. Jika salah satu bagian kalimat memiliki kata kerja PAST ( Verb2), maka kata kerja
lainnya juga PAST (V2). Contoh:
I wassleeping when he calledme.
B. Jika salah satu bagian kalimat memiliki kata kerja PRESENT (V1), maka kata kerjalainnya juga PRESENT (V1). Contoh:
She will dance, sing, shout, and cryin her performance.
C. Jika salah satu kata kerja merupakan kata kerja continous (VERB ing), maka semuakata kerja juga VERB ing. Contoh:
They are reading, writing, and discussingin the library right now.
Contoh soal:
The students ... in the workshop when a group of students from another province came to docomparative study.
a. Practice c. Have practicedb. are practising d. Were practisingkarena cameadalah kata kerja PAST,maka jawaban : d (were practicing), karena were
juga berbentuk PAST, sedangkan a-b-c salah karena merupakan kata kerja PRESENT.
Pelajari TABEL berikut:
PRESENT PAST
Is
Am
Are
Was
Was
Were
Will
Can
Shall
May
Would
Could
Should
Might
Has / Has to
Have / Have to
Had / Had to
Had / Had to
Do
Does
Did
Did
Semua Verb 1, contoh:Listen
Study
Go
Semua Verb 2, contoh:Listened
Studied
Went
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2. Kata kerja yang didahului Preposition dan kata kerja tertentu HARUS dalam bentuk VERBing.
Preposition dan Kata Kerja Tertentu
At, With Help In, After About
On, Begin Deny Of, Finish Stand
Off, While Hate For, Like LoveBy, Before Go Do Mind Cancel V + ing
Contoh Soal:
The generous child loves ... food and money, but he canceled giving the things yesterday
because he forgot to bring them.
a. give b. Gave c. Giving d. given
Karena kata kerja pada soal tersebut didahului LOVED, maka jawaban : c (giving).
3. Sebagian besar kalimat tunggal dalam bahasa Inggris memiliki susunan :ADJECTIVE(kata sifat) NOUN (kata benda) VERB(kata kerja) ADVERB(Kata
Keterangan)
Perhatikan Tabel Berikut:Adjective Noun Verb Adverb
Happy
New
......ive:
Positive
....ful:
Beautiful
....ble / ..able:
Understandable
....less:
loudless
Students
Culture
.....se:
Response
....ion / tion:
Nation
....ity:
Reality
....ness:
loudness
Study
Comes
Went
Slept
Gone
Talking
Hard
Well
....ly:
Easily
Loudly
Beautifully
Contoh Soal:
The beauty girl studies hard every nights and days.
A B C D
Bagian kalimat yang salah pada kalimat tersebut adalah A (beauty), semestinya Beautiful
karena Beautiful adalah Kata Sifat (Adjective), sedangkan Beauty adalah Kata Benda
(Noun).
Susunan Kalimat tersebut adalah:
The beautiful girl studies hard every nights and days.
Adjective Noun Verb Adverb
4. Terdapat Tiga Tipe Utama COMPARISON (Kalimat Perbandingan), yaitu:A.
Perbandingan Sebanding / SamaRumus:
S + (is/am/are/was/were) + as + adjective (kata sifat) + as + SContoh:
My friend is as cleveras my girl friend (is.)
B. Perbandingan Lebih (comparative)1. Jika kata sifat yang dibandingkan terdiri atas satu suku kata (big, small, cheap,
clever, ...) maka rumusnya:
S + (is/am/are/was/were) + adjective + r/ er + than + S
Contoh:
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My father is 175 cm tall. My mother is 158 cm tall.
My father is tallerthan my mother.
2. Jika kata sifat yang dibandingkan terdiri lebih dari satu suku kata (beautiful,handsome, dilligent, intelligent, crowded) maka rumusnya:
S + (is/am/are/was/were) + more + adjective + than + S
Contoh:
My girlfriend is more beautifulthan your girlfriend.
C. Perbandingan Paling (superlative)1. Jika kata sifat yang dibandingkan terdiri atas satu suku kata (young, small, short)
maka rumusnya:
S + (is/am/are/was/were) + the + adjective + st/ est
Contoh:
My father is 175 cm tall. My mother is 158 cm tall. My brother is 180 cm tall.
My brother is the tallest.
2. Jika kata sifat yang dibandingkan terdiri lebih dari satu suku kata (careful,handsome, ..) maka rumusnya:
S + (is/am/are/was/were) + the + most + adjectiveContoh:
Sierra Leone is the most dangerous country in the world.
Terdapat beberapa pengecualian dalam tata kalimat perbandingan ini:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Good
Bad
Little
Far
Better
Worse
Less
Further
Best
Worst
Least
Farthest
Contoh:
Ronaldo is good. Pele is betterthan Ronaldo. Diego is the best.
Yusuf Kalla who comes from South Sulawesi is one of the ... people in Eastern
Indonesia.
a. more richer b. Richer c. Richest d. Most rich
jawaban: c (richest) karena dalam soal terdapat artikel the, maka perbandingan yang
digunakan adalah perbandingan Paling. Rich terdiri atas satu suku kata sehingga
Rich + est.
The flash camera is not quite as ... as the Horizon snap camera.
a. expensive b. More expensive c. Expensively d. Most expensive
Jawaban : a (expensive). Perbandingan di atas merupakan Perbandingan Sama
(Sebanding). B (more expensive) jelas salahkarena di dalam kalimat soal tidak
terdapat kata Than. C (Expensively) adalah kata Keterangan(diakhiri ly),
sedangkan D (most expensive) juga salah(tidak terdapat kata The sebelum KataSifat yang dibandingkan).
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5. Berikut adalah KATA - KATA yang selalu diikuti Kata Kerja (VERB) 1, yaitu kata kerjayang MURNI, tanpa tambahan apapun (misalnya mendapat tambahan akhiran: s, es, ed, d,
ing):
Do / Does Did
Will Would
Can Could
Shall Should
May MightMust Have to
Has to Had to
...to (semua kata kerja yang didahului to):
Like to / want to / wanted to / need to / needed to
VERB 1
Contoh Soal:
She might sleeping when she thought she was very tired.
A B C D
Bagian kalimat yang harus diperbaiki adalah B (sleeping), semestinya sleepkarena setelah
kata Might harus Kata Kerja 1 (Verb 1).
6. Elliptical: kalimat yang terdiri atas dua atau lebih Subject yang mempunyai Kata Kerjayang sama.
Contoh:
1. I can swim- Irwan can swim
Dua kalimat tersebut dapat digabung menjadi: I can swim and Irwan can too, atau:
I can swim and so can Irwan.
2. - I can not fly- Irwan can not fly
Dua kalimat tersebut dapat digabung menjadi: I can not fly and neither can Irwan,
atau: I can not fly and Irwan can not either.
Positive Negative
So + Auxilary (Kt.Bantu) + Subject
Subject + Auxilary + Too
Neither + Auxilary + Subject
Subject + Auxilary + NOT + either
Contoh soal:
Tya likes singing English songs and Aris ... too.
a. does b. Did c. Is d. WasJawaban : a (does), karena kata Bantu (auxilary) pada kalimat: Tya likes singing English
song adalah Does(Like + Does = Likes).
7. A. Conjunction (kata sambung) dalam bahasa inggris dapat berupa kata tanya Who, Whom,Whose, Which yang berarti Yang (Adjective Clause).
Conjunction
(Adj. Clause)
Indonesian
Meaning
Fungsi dalam
kalimat
Contoh
Who Yang Subject (orang) The man wears a hat. The man is Mr. Jones.
The man who wears a hat is Mr. Jones.
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Whom Yang Object (orang) I like the girl. She is wearing t-shirt.
The girl whom I like is wearing t-shirt.
Whose Yang ...
nya
Whose+Noun
(kt.benda)
(milik...nya)
The girl is my sister. I borrowed her book.
The girl whose book I borrowed is my sister.
Which Yang Subject, Object He likes the animal. The animal is spider.
The animal which he likes is spider.
Contoh soal:
The doctor carefully examined patients ... heads had been injured in an accident.
a. that b. Whom c. Who d. Whose
Jawaban: d (whose), karena dalam soal ... diikuti kata benda (heads), maka arti kalimat
menjadi ....yang kepala nya...
I can say, that the person ... I like best is Ms. Tia
a. who b. Whose c. Whom d. Whoever
Jawaban : c (whom).
Kalimat tersebut terdiri atas:I like the person. She is Ms. Tia.
S P O S P O
Dari kalimat tersebut terlihat bahwa the person / Ms. Tia adalah Objek Kalimat.
B. Conjunction (connector) juga dapat berupa kata sambung penjelas:
Conjunction Indonesian Meaning Conjunction Indonesian Meaning
Although
While
Though
Although
Eventhough
Whereas
If
Even if
Unless
Only if
Once
In case
Whether or not
Meskipun
Meskipun
Meskipun
Meskipun
Meskipun
Meskipun
Jika
Jika
Jika
Jika
Jika
Jika
Jika
Provided that
Because
Since
So that
Whereas
In order that
But
However
Besides
Also
Therefore
Moreover
So that
Jika
Karena
Karena
Karena
Karena
Karena
Tapi
Tapi
Disamping itu / juga
Juga
Oleh karena itu /
sehingga
Lagi pula
Sehingga
Contoh soal:
Amelia is smart and dilligent and ... she nice to all her classmates.a. however b. Besides c. Nevertheless d. Therefore
Jawaban: b (besides)
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8. Delapan Tenses Utama yang sering digunakan:Nama Tenses Formula/
Rumus
Kata Kunci Fungsi Contoh
1. Present
Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Present
Continous
4. Past
Continous
5. Present
Perfect
6. Past
Perfect
S + Verb 1
(untuk She,
He, It, Verb
1+s/es
S + Verb 2
S +
(is,am,are) +
V ing
S +
(was,were) +
V ing
S + have/ has
+ Verb 3
S + had +
Verb 3
Every....
Everyday, every
week, every month,
every year, everySundays,..
.....s
Mondays, Tuesdays, ..
Always, frequently,
occasionally, hardly
ever, seldom, never
Last...
Last week, last month,
last year, last night,...
....Ago
Two days ago, sevenweeks ago, ten years
ago, ..
Yesterday
Right now, now,
nowdays, these days,
at this moment, right
away.
Then, at that time,
yesterday, Last....
.....Ago (seperti pada
Past Tense)
since...
since last year, since
two months ago.
For ...For 2 weeks, For 3
years
since...
since last year, since
two months ago.
For ...
For 2 weeks, For 3
years
Menyatakan
Kebiasaan
(sesuatu/kegiatan
yang selaludilakukan)
Menyatakan
Kegiatan yang
telah dilakukan.
Menyatakan
kegiatan yang
sedang
berlangsung saat
pembicara sedang
mengucapkan
kalimat tersebut.
Menyatakan satu
kegiatan yang
sedang
berlangsung pada
saat kegiatan lain
telah terjadi.
Kegiatan yang
telah terjadi sejak
dulu dan sampai
saat ini masihterjadi
Kegiatan yang
telah terjadi sejak
dulu dan masih
terjadi pada saat
kegiatan lain
berlangsung.
We always go to
school every
morning.
He never watchesTV at nights.
I went to Loksado
last month.
We camped in Riam
Langga waterfall
two years ago.
My lecturer is
writing a
composition now.
My family and I are
having lunch right
now.
She was reading a
book when you
came last night.
Diego was dribbling
the ball when Peter
blocked him.
He has taught
English at this
university since
1999.I have studied here
for 3 years.
He had lived in
Banjarbaru for 2
years when his son
was born.
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7. Present
Future
8. Past Future
S + will +
Verb 1
S + would +
Verb 1
Next ...
Next year, next
month, next week,
Tomorrow
Pelajari: Conditional !
Kegiatan yang
akan terjadi.
Pelajari:
Conditional !
We will study at a
university next year.
She will get married
next month.
Pelajari:
Conditional !
Contoh Soal:
Look, people ... on the queue to get an admission letter to do the test for the job.
a. stand b. Are standing c. Stood d. Will stand
Jawaban : b (are standing) / Present Continous Tense. Meskipun tidak terdapat kata Keterangan
Waktu pada kalimat tersebut, namun terdapat kata Look(lihat) maka jelas bahwa Tenses yang
digunakan adalah yang berkaitan dengan waktu saat pembicaraan berlangsung (Present
Continous Tense)
My brother always smile cheerfully to people who cuddle him.
A B C D
Bagian kalimat yang salah adalah A (smile), semestinya Smiles(Verb 1 +s/es) karena kalimattersebut merupakan suatu kebiasaan (kata kunci: always) sehingga berpola Present Tense.
9. Terdapat Tiga Tipe Utama CONDITIONAL Sentence (Kalimat Pengandaian), yaitu:Type Form (Rumus) Fungsi CONTOH
1 S + WILL + VERB 1 , IF + S +
VERB 1
Kemungkinan yang bisa
terjadi pada waktu akan
datang
I will study in a university if
I graduate from this school.
2 S + WOULD + VERB 1 , IF +
S + VERB 2
Khayalan (Imaginasi) I would travel around the
world if I were a millioner.
3 S + WOULD+ HAVE + VERB
3 , IF + S + HAD + VERB 3
Penyesalan atas sesuatu
yang telah terjadi
I would have passed the test
if I had studied hard
Keterangan:
- Pada TYPE 1, saya akan melanjutkan ke perguruan tinggi jika saya nanti lulus darisekolah ini.
- Pada TYPE 2, seandainya saya seorang jutawan maka saya akan keliling dunia. Kalimatini merupakan khayalan saya saat ini. Semua TOBE yang digunakan pada Type 2 adalah
WERE.
- Pada TYPE 3, seandainya saya belajar keras maka saya pasti lulus ujian. Kalimat inimerupakan penyesalan karena faktanya saya tidak lulus akibat tidak belajar keras.
Contoh Soal:
Agustin ... you if she had your phone number.
a. will call b. Would call c. Called d. Would have called
Pada kalimat di atas, setelah kata if terdapat Subject + Verb 2 had, sehingga pola
kalimat pengandaian yang dipakai adalah Type 2. Jawaban: b (would call)
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10.Terdapat beberapa kata yang SELALU dalam bentuk singular (tunggal):Every ....(everybody, everyone, everything) ; Some...(somebody, someone, something) ;
Any ... (anybody, anyone, anything) ; No... (noone, nobody, nothing).
Each ; Either ; Neither.
Contoh soal: Neither of these books are very new.
A B C D
Dalam kalimat tersebut, bagian yang salah adalah D (are). Meskipun terdapat these books
(bukunya lebih dari satu), namun terdapat kata Neither, maka predikat / kata kerja / tobepada kalimat tersebut adalah IS.
11.Ekspresi yang berkaitan denganjumlah waktu, uang, berat, volume, HARUS dalambentuk tunggal (Singular).
Contoh :
Four days is enough time for a nice hike.
Meskipun four daysdalam bentukjamak, namun merupakan satu kesatuan, maka kata
kerja yang digunakan dalam bentuk tunggal, IS.
SINGULAR PLURAL
IsAm
was
Has, had
Does
Are,-
Were
Have
Do
Contoh soal:
100 kilometers are very hard and long way to walk.
A B C D
Bagian kalimat yang salah adalah b (are), semestinya is.
12.Perhatikan Tabel Perubahan Bagian Kata di bawah ini:Subject Object Possessive
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
Me
You
Us
Them
Him
Her
It
My ....(Noun/kt.Benda)
Your ..(Noun/kt.Benda)
Our ....(Noun/kt.Benda)
Their....(Noun/kt.Benda)
His ....(Noun/kt.Benda)
Her ....(Noun/kt.Benda)
Its ....(Noun/kt.Benda)
Mine
Yours
Ours
Theirs
His
Hers
Its
Myself
Yourself
Ourself
Themselves
Himself
Herself
Itself
Contoh soal:
They asked me to copy the report, but I told them to do theirselves.A B C D
Bagian kalimat yang salah adalah D (theirselves). Semestinya: Themselves.
Please introduce ... to all the people inside the room.
a. mine b. Yours c. Themselves d. Yourself
Jawaban: d (yourself)
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13.Articles (Artikel) BIASANYA selalu ada di depan kata benda (NOUN).Artikel (kata depan) dalam bahasa Inggris misalnya:
A untuk BUNYI konsonan, BUKAN HURUF Konsonan.
An untuk BUNYI vokal (a, e, o, u, i), BUKAN HURUF vokal.
The untuk benda yang sudah disebutkan sebelumnya atau benda yang sudah diketahui.
Contoh:
An houris not enough time to answer all the questions.An digunakan karena Hour dibaca AWER (didahului BUNYI vokal A)
Contoh soal: The ... has been made that we wont go further to the west bank of the river.
a. Determined c. determinationb. Determinant d. DeterminateKarena bagian kalimat yang kosong didahului artikel The, maka jawaban yang diinginkan
adalah Kata Benda (Noun). Jawaban : c (determination). Determined adalah Kata Kerja 3,
Determinant adalah Kata Sifat, sedangkan Determinate adalah kata Kerja.
14.PrepositionPreposition Fungsi Contoh
At
On
In
Untuk segala yangberhubungan dengan
nomor / angka, misalnya
jam, tanggal, nomor
rumah
Nama Jalan,
Bulan dan Tanggal
Nama Kota
Tahun
Bulan saja
I live at 75 Nusantara Street.He will wait me at 7 am tomorrow morning.
Lambung Mangkurat University is on Jalan
Akhmad Yani.
Wanadri was born on July, 24th 2001
We study in Banjarbaru
Heavy Metal was very popular in 1980s
My lecturer was born in July
Contoh soal:
He has lived on New Jersey for many years.
A B C D
Bagian kalimat yang salah adalah : B (on), semestinya in(New Jersey adalah nama kota)
The graduation day will be held ... June 10, 2004.
a. on b. In c. At d. Since
Jawaban : a. (on)
15.Pola UMUM Kalimat Passive (Passive Voice):S + TOBE + VERB 3
Contoh:
A. Kalimat Aktif Present Tense : I meet my students every day.
Kalimat Pasif : My students are met by me every day.
S BE V3
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B. Kalimat Aktif Past Tense : I met my students last week
Kalimat Pasif : My students were met by me last week.
S BE V3
C. Kalimat Aktif Present Continous : I am meeting my students now.
Kalimat Pasif : My students are being met by me now.
S BE V3D. Kalimat Aktif Past Continous : I was meeting my students when the bel rang.
Kalimat Pasif : My students were being met by me when the bel rang.
S BE V3
E. Kalimat Aktif Present Perfect : I have met my students since 7 a.m.
Kalimat Pasif : My students have been met by me since 7 a.m.
S BE V3
F. Kalimat Aktif Past Perfect : I had met my students for 2 hours when the bel rang.
Kalimat Pasif : My students had been met by me for 2 hours when the bell rang.
S BE V3
G. Kalimat Aktif Present Future : I will meet my students tomorrow.Kalimat Pasif : My students will be met by me tomorrow.
S BE V3
H. Kalimat Aktif Past Future : I would meet my students if they came next year.
Kalimat Pasif : My students would be met by me if they came next year.
S BE V3
Contoh Soal:
New products ... in the electronic exibition in Jakarta Expo Centre a week ago.
a. display b. Displaying c. Were displayed d. Is played
Jawaban: c (were displayed).
Kalimat di atas berbentuk Past Tensekalimat Pasif.Kata kunci pada kalimat pasif di atasadalah: products (jumlahnya lebih dari satu) dan kata ago yang berarti lampau (PAST),
maka jawaban yang dicari adalah TOBE jamak untuk kalimat PAST yaitu: were + kata kerja
3.
Your future will be ... on what kind of activities you always do in your everyday life.
a. basic b. Based c. Basing d. base
Jawaban: b. Based (Basedadalah Kata Kerja 3). Kalimat ini adalah Kalimat Pasif.
16.Kata kata berikut SELALU berpasangan:Both .... and ..... ; Between ...... and ............. ; Not only .........but also ........
Neither............nor..................; Either.................or.................
Contoh soal:
Both you with me are the students of SMK N 2 Banjarbaru.
A B C D
Bagian yang salah adalah B (with) mestinya And, karena pasangan Both selalu And.
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17.Perubahan dari Kalimat Langsung (Direct Speech) menjadi Kalimat Tidak Langsung(Indirect Speech) secara umum adalah:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Pertanyaan (Introgative)
Present ....
Past Tense
Pernyataan (Affirmative)
Past ...
Past Perfect
Contoh:
Arie : When do you study English?Iwang : Everyday.
What did Arie ask Iwang?
a. He asked Iwang when do you study English.b. He asked Iwang when Iwang studies English.c. He asked Iwang when Iwang studied English.d. He asked Iwang when did you study English.
Jawaban: c (He asked Iwang when Iwang studied English).
Kalimat langsung pada soal berupa kalimat pertanyaan dengan pola Present Tense, sehingga
kalimat Tidak langsungnya menjadi Kalimat Pernyataan dengan pola Past tense.
Apabila kalimat langsung berupa pertanyaan yang jawabannya Yes / No, makaKalimat Tidak Langsung memerlukan kata Sambung If / Whether yang berarti
Apakah.
Contoh Soal:
Anita : Can you draw perfectly?
Irwan : Sure.
What did Anita ask Irwan? She asked ...
a. Can you draw perpectlyb. Can he draw perfectlyc. If he can draw perfectlyd. If he could draw perfectly.Jawaban : d (If he could draw perfectly).
Pertanyaan pada kalimat Langsung pada soal berbentuk Yes / No question, sehingga
memerlukan kata sambung If / whether. Sedangkan bentuk Past dari modal Can adalah
Could.
18.Penggunaan TOBETOBE:
Is, am, are
Was, were,Be
Being
Been
VERB + ING He conducts a research
VERB 3 A researcher is conducted (by him).
Adjective
She is wonderful
Adverb
We are here
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Contoh soal:
After having a long and tiring discussion, a better solution is finally chose.
a b c d
pada soal tersebut, d. Chose salah, karena chose adalah Verb2, sedangkan pada kalimat
tersebut terdapat tobe IS, sehingga Verb yang benar adalah Verb+ing atau Verb 3. Kalimat
tersebut bermakna Pasif sehingga yang benar adalah Verb3 (CHOSEN).
19. Penggunaan VERB 3:
HAVE / HAS
HADVERB 3
Present/ Past Perfect:
Neither you nor I have visited Mount
Everest.
She had gone home already.
TOBE
Passive Voice:
The letter was sent yesterday
Contoh soal:
For the rest of his life, he has never ........his youth.
a. Forget c. forgotb. Forgets d. ForgottenJawaban yang tepat adalah d. Forgotten (Verb 3) karena pada kalimat tersebut terdapat
auxilary (kt. Bantu) has.
20. Penggunaan Auxilary (kata bantu):
Positive / Affirmative Negative Introgative / Question
1. I go2. I went home3. Im going home4. I will go5. I have gone6. I should go
1. I dont go2. I didnt go3. Im not going home4. I wont go5. I havent gone6. I shouldnt go
1. Do I go?2. Did I go?3. Am I going home?4. Will I go?5. Have I gone?6. Should I go?
Untuk membuat Informative (WH) question:
WH + Aux. + S + Verb ?
Contoh:
When will I go home?
How do I go home?
Kecuali pertanyaan menggunakan WHO yang menanyakan informasi Subject:
Contoh:
Who is going home?
Who comes to school everyday?
8/14/2019 Intisari Tata Bahasa Inggris
13/13
13
21.
LET
MAKE
OBJECT VERB 1 ex:
Lets Go!
They made her cry
22. Penggunaan artikel THE :
A. Sesuatu yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya.
Contoh: I have a very interesting book. The book is new.
B. Benda Satu Satunya (the one and the only).Contoh: I see the sun on the blue sky.
23. Jika dalam kalimat tidak terdapat auxilary (kata bantu),maka auxilary-nya adalah:
PRESENT : DO / DOES
I GO
I DONT GO
HE GOES
HE DOESNT GO
PAST : DID
I STUDIED
I DIDN,T STUDYHE WENT
HE DIDNT GO
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