Intisari Tata Bahasa Inggris

8/14/2019 Intisari Tata Bahasa Inggris

1/13

1

INTISARI TATA BAHASA INGGRISDisusun oleh: Rishan Azhari, S.Pd, M.Pd

(untuk kalangan terbatas)

=====================================================================

1. Sebagian besar kalimat kompleks (kalimat yang memilki induk dan anak kalimat / lebih darisatu Subyek dan Predikat) memiliki pola keteraturan yang sama, yaitu PARALEL dalam

bentuk kata kerja.

Misalnya:A. Jika salah satu bagian kalimat memiliki kata kerja PAST ( Verb2), maka kata kerja

lainnya juga PAST (V2). Contoh:

I wassleeping when he calledme.

B. Jika salah satu bagian kalimat memiliki kata kerja PRESENT (V1), maka kata kerjalainnya juga PRESENT (V1). Contoh:

She will dance, sing, shout, and cryin her performance.

C. Jika salah satu kata kerja merupakan kata kerja continous (VERB ing), maka semuakata kerja juga VERB ing. Contoh:

They are reading, writing, and discussingin the library right now.

Contoh soal:

The students ... in the workshop when a group of students from another province came to docomparative study.

a. Practice c. Have practicedb. are practising d. Were practisingkarena cameadalah kata kerja PAST,maka jawaban : d (were practicing), karena were

juga berbentuk PAST, sedangkan a-b-c salah karena merupakan kata kerja PRESENT.

Pelajari TABEL berikut:

PRESENT PAST

Is

Am

Are

Was

Was

Were

Will

Can

Shall

May

Would

Could

Should

Might

Has / Has to

Have / Have to

Had / Had to

Had / Had to

Do

Does

Did

Did

Semua Verb 1, contoh:Listen

Study

Go

Semua Verb 2, contoh:Listened

Studied

Went


2/13

2

2. Kata kerja yang didahului Preposition dan kata kerja tertentu HARUS dalam bentuk VERBing.

Preposition dan Kata Kerja Tertentu

At, With Help In, After About

On, Begin Deny Of, Finish Stand

Off, While Hate For, Like LoveBy, Before Go Do Mind Cancel V + ing

Contoh Soal:

The generous child loves ... food and money, but he canceled giving the things yesterday

because he forgot to bring them.

a. give b. Gave c. Giving d. given

Karena kata kerja pada soal tersebut didahului LOVED, maka jawaban : c (giving).

3. Sebagian besar kalimat tunggal dalam bahasa Inggris memiliki susunan :ADJECTIVE(kata sifat) NOUN (kata benda) VERB(kata kerja) ADVERB(Kata

Keterangan)

Perhatikan Tabel Berikut:Adjective Noun Verb Adverb

Happy

New

......ive:

Positive

....ful:

Beautiful

....ble / ..able:

Understandable

....less:

loudless

Students

Culture

.....se:

Response

....ion / tion:

Nation

....ity:

Reality

....ness:

loudness

Study

Comes

Went

Slept

Gone

Talking

Hard

Well

....ly:

Easily

Loudly

Beautifully

Contoh Soal:

The beauty girl studies hard every nights and days.

A B C D

Bagian kalimat yang salah pada kalimat tersebut adalah A (beauty), semestinya Beautiful

karena Beautiful adalah Kata Sifat (Adjective), sedangkan Beauty adalah Kata Benda

(Noun).

Susunan Kalimat tersebut adalah:

The beautiful girl studies hard every nights and days.

Adjective Noun Verb Adverb

4. Terdapat Tiga Tipe Utama COMPARISON (Kalimat Perbandingan), yaitu:A.

Perbandingan Sebanding / SamaRumus:

S + (is/am/are/was/were) + as + adjective (kata sifat) + as + SContoh:

My friend is as cleveras my girl friend (is.)

B. Perbandingan Lebih (comparative)1. Jika kata sifat yang dibandingkan terdiri atas satu suku kata (big, small, cheap,

clever, ...) maka rumusnya:

S + (is/am/are/was/were) + adjective + r/ er + than + S

Contoh:


3/13

3

My father is 175 cm tall. My mother is 158 cm tall.

My father is tallerthan my mother.

2. Jika kata sifat yang dibandingkan terdiri lebih dari satu suku kata (beautiful,handsome, dilligent, intelligent, crowded) maka rumusnya:

S + (is/am/are/was/were) + more + adjective + than + S

Contoh:

My girlfriend is more beautifulthan your girlfriend.

C. Perbandingan Paling (superlative)1. Jika kata sifat yang dibandingkan terdiri atas satu suku kata (young, small, short)

maka rumusnya:

S + (is/am/are/was/were) + the + adjective + st/ est

Contoh:

My father is 175 cm tall. My mother is 158 cm tall. My brother is 180 cm tall.

My brother is the tallest.

2. Jika kata sifat yang dibandingkan terdiri lebih dari satu suku kata (careful,handsome, ..) maka rumusnya:

S + (is/am/are/was/were) + the + most + adjectiveContoh:

Sierra Leone is the most dangerous country in the world.

Terdapat beberapa pengecualian dalam tata kalimat perbandingan ini:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Good

Bad

Little

Far

Better

Worse

Less

Further

Best

Worst

Least

Farthest

Contoh:

Ronaldo is good. Pele is betterthan Ronaldo. Diego is the best.

Yusuf Kalla who comes from South Sulawesi is one of the ... people in Eastern

Indonesia.

a. more richer b. Richer c. Richest d. Most rich

jawaban: c (richest) karena dalam soal terdapat artikel the, maka perbandingan yang

digunakan adalah perbandingan Paling. Rich terdiri atas satu suku kata sehingga

Rich + est.

The flash camera is not quite as ... as the Horizon snap camera.

a. expensive b. More expensive c. Expensively d. Most expensive

Jawaban : a (expensive). Perbandingan di atas merupakan Perbandingan Sama

(Sebanding). B (more expensive) jelas salahkarena di dalam kalimat soal tidak

terdapat kata Than. C (Expensively) adalah kata Keterangan(diakhiri ly),

sedangkan D (most expensive) juga salah(tidak terdapat kata The sebelum KataSifat yang dibandingkan).


4/13

4

5. Berikut adalah KATA - KATA yang selalu diikuti Kata Kerja (VERB) 1, yaitu kata kerjayang MURNI, tanpa tambahan apapun (misalnya mendapat tambahan akhiran: s, es, ed, d,

ing):

Do / Does Did

Will Would

Can Could

Shall Should

May MightMust Have to

Has to Had to

...to (semua kata kerja yang didahului to):

Like to / want to / wanted to / need to / needed to

VERB 1

Contoh Soal:

She might sleeping when she thought she was very tired.

A B C D

Bagian kalimat yang harus diperbaiki adalah B (sleeping), semestinya sleepkarena setelah

kata Might harus Kata Kerja 1 (Verb 1).

6. Elliptical: kalimat yang terdiri atas dua atau lebih Subject yang mempunyai Kata Kerjayang sama.

Contoh:

1. I can swim- Irwan can swim

Dua kalimat tersebut dapat digabung menjadi: I can swim and Irwan can too, atau:

I can swim and so can Irwan.

2. - I can not fly- Irwan can not fly

Dua kalimat tersebut dapat digabung menjadi: I can not fly and neither can Irwan,

atau: I can not fly and Irwan can not either.

Positive Negative

So + Auxilary (Kt.Bantu) + Subject

Subject + Auxilary + Too

Neither + Auxilary + Subject

Subject + Auxilary + NOT + either

Contoh soal:

Tya likes singing English songs and Aris ... too.

a. does b. Did c. Is d. WasJawaban : a (does), karena kata Bantu (auxilary) pada kalimat: Tya likes singing English

song adalah Does(Like + Does = Likes).

7. A. Conjunction (kata sambung) dalam bahasa inggris dapat berupa kata tanya Who, Whom,Whose, Which yang berarti Yang (Adjective Clause).

Conjunction

(Adj. Clause)

Indonesian

Meaning

Fungsi dalam

kalimat

Contoh

Who Yang Subject (orang) The man wears a hat. The man is Mr. Jones.

The man who wears a hat is Mr. Jones.


5/13

5

Whom Yang Object (orang) I like the girl. She is wearing t-shirt.

The girl whom I like is wearing t-shirt.

Whose Yang ...

nya

Whose+Noun

(kt.benda)

(milik...nya)

The girl is my sister. I borrowed her book.

The girl whose book I borrowed is my sister.

Which Yang Subject, Object He likes the animal. The animal is spider.

The animal which he likes is spider.

Contoh soal:

The doctor carefully examined patients ... heads had been injured in an accident.

a. that b. Whom c. Who d. Whose

Jawaban: d (whose), karena dalam soal ... diikuti kata benda (heads), maka arti kalimat

menjadi ....yang kepala nya...

I can say, that the person ... I like best is Ms. Tia

a. who b. Whose c. Whom d. Whoever

Jawaban : c (whom).

Kalimat tersebut terdiri atas:I like the person. She is Ms. Tia.

S P O S P O

Dari kalimat tersebut terlihat bahwa the person / Ms. Tia adalah Objek Kalimat.

B. Conjunction (connector) juga dapat berupa kata sambung penjelas:

Conjunction Indonesian Meaning Conjunction Indonesian Meaning

Although

While

Though

Although

Eventhough

Whereas

If

Even if

Unless

Only if

Once

In case

Whether or not

Meskipun

Meskipun

Meskipun

Meskipun

Meskipun

Meskipun

Jika

Jika

Jika

Jika

Jika

Jika

Jika

Provided that

Because

Since

So that

Whereas

In order that

But

However

Besides

Also

Therefore

Moreover

So that

Jika

Karena

Karena

Karena

Karena

Karena

Tapi

Tapi

Disamping itu / juga

Juga

Oleh karena itu /

sehingga

Lagi pula

Sehingga

Contoh soal:

Amelia is smart and dilligent and ... she nice to all her classmates.a. however b. Besides c. Nevertheless d. Therefore

Jawaban: b (besides)


6/13

6

8. Delapan Tenses Utama yang sering digunakan:Nama Tenses Formula/

Rumus

Kata Kunci Fungsi Contoh

1. Present

Tense

2. Past Tense

3. Present

Continous

4. Past

Continous

5. Present

Perfect

6. Past

Perfect

S + Verb 1

(untuk She,

He, It, Verb

1+s/es

S + Verb 2

S +

(is,am,are) +

V ing

S +

(was,were) +

V ing

S + have/ has

+ Verb 3

S + had +

Verb 3

Every....

Everyday, every

week, every month,

every year, everySundays,..

.....s

Mondays, Tuesdays, ..

Always, frequently,

occasionally, hardly

ever, seldom, never

Last...

Last week, last month,

last year, last night,...

....Ago

Two days ago, sevenweeks ago, ten years

ago, ..

Yesterday

Right now, now,

nowdays, these days,

at this moment, right

away.

Then, at that time,

yesterday, Last....

.....Ago (seperti pada

Past Tense)

since...

since last year, since

two months ago.

For ...For 2 weeks, For 3

years

since...

since last year, since

two months ago.

For ...

For 2 weeks, For 3

years

Menyatakan

Kebiasaan

(sesuatu/kegiatan

yang selaludilakukan)

Menyatakan

Kegiatan yang

telah dilakukan.

Menyatakan

kegiatan yang

sedang

berlangsung saat

pembicara sedang

mengucapkan

kalimat tersebut.

Menyatakan satu

kegiatan yang

sedang

berlangsung pada

saat kegiatan lain

telah terjadi.

Kegiatan yang

telah terjadi sejak

dulu dan sampai

saat ini masihterjadi

Kegiatan yang

telah terjadi sejak

dulu dan masih

terjadi pada saat

kegiatan lain

berlangsung.

We always go to

school every

morning.

He never watchesTV at nights.

I went to Loksado

last month.

We camped in Riam

Langga waterfall

two years ago.

My lecturer is

writing a

composition now.

My family and I are

having lunch right

now.

She was reading a

book when you

came last night.

Diego was dribbling

the ball when Peter

blocked him.

He has taught

English at this

university since

1999.I have studied here

for 3 years.

He had lived in

Banjarbaru for 2

years when his son

was born.


7/13

7

7. Present

Future

8. Past Future

S + will +

Verb 1

S + would +

Verb 1

Next ...

Next year, next

month, next week,

Tomorrow

Pelajari: Conditional !

Kegiatan yang

akan terjadi.

Pelajari:

Conditional !

We will study at a

university next year.

She will get married

next month.

Pelajari:

Conditional !

Contoh Soal:

Look, people ... on the queue to get an admission letter to do the test for the job.

a. stand b. Are standing c. Stood d. Will stand

Jawaban : b (are standing) / Present Continous Tense. Meskipun tidak terdapat kata Keterangan

Waktu pada kalimat tersebut, namun terdapat kata Look(lihat) maka jelas bahwa Tenses yang

digunakan adalah yang berkaitan dengan waktu saat pembicaraan berlangsung (Present

Continous Tense)

My brother always smile cheerfully to people who cuddle him.

A B C D

Bagian kalimat yang salah adalah A (smile), semestinya Smiles(Verb 1 +s/es) karena kalimattersebut merupakan suatu kebiasaan (kata kunci: always) sehingga berpola Present Tense.

9. Terdapat Tiga Tipe Utama CONDITIONAL Sentence (Kalimat Pengandaian), yaitu:Type Form (Rumus) Fungsi CONTOH

1 S + WILL + VERB 1 , IF + S +

VERB 1

Kemungkinan yang bisa

terjadi pada waktu akan

datang

I will study in a university if

I graduate from this school.

2 S + WOULD + VERB 1 , IF +

S + VERB 2

Khayalan (Imaginasi) I would travel around the

world if I were a millioner.

3 S + WOULD+ HAVE + VERB

3 , IF + S + HAD + VERB 3

Penyesalan atas sesuatu

yang telah terjadi

I would have passed the test

if I had studied hard

Keterangan:

- Pada TYPE 1, saya akan melanjutkan ke perguruan tinggi jika saya nanti lulus darisekolah ini.

- Pada TYPE 2, seandainya saya seorang jutawan maka saya akan keliling dunia. Kalimatini merupakan khayalan saya saat ini. Semua TOBE yang digunakan pada Type 2 adalah

WERE.

- Pada TYPE 3, seandainya saya belajar keras maka saya pasti lulus ujian. Kalimat inimerupakan penyesalan karena faktanya saya tidak lulus akibat tidak belajar keras.

Contoh Soal:

Agustin ... you if she had your phone number.

a. will call b. Would call c. Called d. Would have called

Pada kalimat di atas, setelah kata if terdapat Subject + Verb 2 had, sehingga pola

kalimat pengandaian yang dipakai adalah Type 2. Jawaban: b (would call)


8/13

8

10.Terdapat beberapa kata yang SELALU dalam bentuk singular (tunggal):Every ....(everybody, everyone, everything) ; Some...(somebody, someone, something) ;

Any ... (anybody, anyone, anything) ; No... (noone, nobody, nothing).

Each ; Either ; Neither.

Contoh soal: Neither of these books are very new.

A B C D

Dalam kalimat tersebut, bagian yang salah adalah D (are). Meskipun terdapat these books

(bukunya lebih dari satu), namun terdapat kata Neither, maka predikat / kata kerja / tobepada kalimat tersebut adalah IS.

11.Ekspresi yang berkaitan denganjumlah waktu, uang, berat, volume, HARUS dalambentuk tunggal (Singular).

Contoh :

Four days is enough time for a nice hike.

Meskipun four daysdalam bentukjamak, namun merupakan satu kesatuan, maka kata

kerja yang digunakan dalam bentuk tunggal, IS.

SINGULAR PLURAL

IsAm

was

Has, had

Does

Are,-

Were

Have

Do

Contoh soal:

100 kilometers are very hard and long way to walk.

A B C D

Bagian kalimat yang salah adalah b (are), semestinya is.

12.Perhatikan Tabel Perubahan Bagian Kata di bawah ini:Subject Object Possessive

I

You

We

They

He

She

It

Me

You

Us

Them

Him

Her

It

My ....(Noun/kt.Benda)

Your ..(Noun/kt.Benda)

Our ....(Noun/kt.Benda)

Their....(Noun/kt.Benda)

His ....(Noun/kt.Benda)

Her ....(Noun/kt.Benda)

Its ....(Noun/kt.Benda)

Mine

Yours

Ours

Theirs

His

Hers

Its

Myself

Yourself

Ourself

Themselves

Himself

Herself

Itself

Contoh soal:

They asked me to copy the report, but I told them to do theirselves.A B C D

Bagian kalimat yang salah adalah D (theirselves). Semestinya: Themselves.

Please introduce ... to all the people inside the room.

a. mine b. Yours c. Themselves d. Yourself

Jawaban: d (yourself)


9/13

9

13.Articles (Artikel) BIASANYA selalu ada di depan kata benda (NOUN).Artikel (kata depan) dalam bahasa Inggris misalnya:

A untuk BUNYI konsonan, BUKAN HURUF Konsonan.

An untuk BUNYI vokal (a, e, o, u, i), BUKAN HURUF vokal.

The untuk benda yang sudah disebutkan sebelumnya atau benda yang sudah diketahui.

Contoh:

An houris not enough time to answer all the questions.An digunakan karena Hour dibaca AWER (didahului BUNYI vokal A)

Contoh soal: The ... has been made that we wont go further to the west bank of the river.

a. Determined c. determinationb. Determinant d. DeterminateKarena bagian kalimat yang kosong didahului artikel The, maka jawaban yang diinginkan

adalah Kata Benda (Noun). Jawaban : c (determination). Determined adalah Kata Kerja 3,

Determinant adalah Kata Sifat, sedangkan Determinate adalah kata Kerja.

14.PrepositionPreposition Fungsi Contoh

At

On

In

Untuk segala yangberhubungan dengan

nomor / angka, misalnya

jam, tanggal, nomor

rumah

Nama Jalan,

Bulan dan Tanggal

Nama Kota

Tahun

Bulan saja

I live at 75 Nusantara Street.He will wait me at 7 am tomorrow morning.

Lambung Mangkurat University is on Jalan

Akhmad Yani.

Wanadri was born on July, 24th 2001

We study in Banjarbaru

Heavy Metal was very popular in 1980s

My lecturer was born in July

Contoh soal:

He has lived on New Jersey for many years.

A B C D

Bagian kalimat yang salah adalah : B (on), semestinya in(New Jersey adalah nama kota)

The graduation day will be held ... June 10, 2004.

a. on b. In c. At d. Since

Jawaban : a. (on)

15.Pola UMUM Kalimat Passive (Passive Voice):S + TOBE + VERB 3

Contoh:

A. Kalimat Aktif Present Tense : I meet my students every day.

Kalimat Pasif : My students are met by me every day.

S BE V3


10/13

10

B. Kalimat Aktif Past Tense : I met my students last week

Kalimat Pasif : My students were met by me last week.

S BE V3

C. Kalimat Aktif Present Continous : I am meeting my students now.

Kalimat Pasif : My students are being met by me now.

S BE V3D. Kalimat Aktif Past Continous : I was meeting my students when the bel rang.

Kalimat Pasif : My students were being met by me when the bel rang.

S BE V3

E. Kalimat Aktif Present Perfect : I have met my students since 7 a.m.

Kalimat Pasif : My students have been met by me since 7 a.m.

S BE V3

F. Kalimat Aktif Past Perfect : I had met my students for 2 hours when the bel rang.

Kalimat Pasif : My students had been met by me for 2 hours when the bell rang.

S BE V3

G. Kalimat Aktif Present Future : I will meet my students tomorrow.Kalimat Pasif : My students will be met by me tomorrow.

S BE V3

H. Kalimat Aktif Past Future : I would meet my students if they came next year.

Kalimat Pasif : My students would be met by me if they came next year.

S BE V3

Contoh Soal:

New products ... in the electronic exibition in Jakarta Expo Centre a week ago.

a. display b. Displaying c. Were displayed d. Is played

Jawaban: c (were displayed).

Kalimat di atas berbentuk Past Tensekalimat Pasif.Kata kunci pada kalimat pasif di atasadalah: products (jumlahnya lebih dari satu) dan kata ago yang berarti lampau (PAST),

maka jawaban yang dicari adalah TOBE jamak untuk kalimat PAST yaitu: were + kata kerja

3.

Your future will be ... on what kind of activities you always do in your everyday life.

a. basic b. Based c. Basing d. base

Jawaban: b. Based (Basedadalah Kata Kerja 3). Kalimat ini adalah Kalimat Pasif.

16.Kata kata berikut SELALU berpasangan:Both .... and ..... ; Between ...... and ............. ; Not only .........but also ........

Neither............nor..................; Either.................or.................

Contoh soal:

Both you with me are the students of SMK N 2 Banjarbaru.

A B C D

Bagian yang salah adalah B (with) mestinya And, karena pasangan Both selalu And.


11/13

11

17.Perubahan dari Kalimat Langsung (Direct Speech) menjadi Kalimat Tidak Langsung(Indirect Speech) secara umum adalah:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Pertanyaan (Introgative)

Present ....

Past Tense

Pernyataan (Affirmative)

Past ...

Past Perfect

Contoh:

Arie : When do you study English?Iwang : Everyday.

What did Arie ask Iwang?

a. He asked Iwang when do you study English.b. He asked Iwang when Iwang studies English.c. He asked Iwang when Iwang studied English.d. He asked Iwang when did you study English.

Jawaban: c (He asked Iwang when Iwang studied English).

Kalimat langsung pada soal berupa kalimat pertanyaan dengan pola Present Tense, sehingga

kalimat Tidak langsungnya menjadi Kalimat Pernyataan dengan pola Past tense.

Apabila kalimat langsung berupa pertanyaan yang jawabannya Yes / No, makaKalimat Tidak Langsung memerlukan kata Sambung If / Whether yang berarti

Apakah.

Contoh Soal:

Anita : Can you draw perfectly?

Irwan : Sure.

What did Anita ask Irwan? She asked ...

a. Can you draw perpectlyb. Can he draw perfectlyc. If he can draw perfectlyd. If he could draw perfectly.Jawaban : d (If he could draw perfectly).

Pertanyaan pada kalimat Langsung pada soal berbentuk Yes / No question, sehingga

memerlukan kata sambung If / whether. Sedangkan bentuk Past dari modal Can adalah

Could.

18.Penggunaan TOBETOBE:

Is, am, are

Was, were,Be

Being

Been

VERB + ING He conducts a research

VERB 3 A researcher is conducted (by him).

Adjective

She is wonderful

Adverb

We are here


12/13

12

Contoh soal:

After having a long and tiring discussion, a better solution is finally chose.

a b c d

pada soal tersebut, d. Chose salah, karena chose adalah Verb2, sedangkan pada kalimat

tersebut terdapat tobe IS, sehingga Verb yang benar adalah Verb+ing atau Verb 3. Kalimat

tersebut bermakna Pasif sehingga yang benar adalah Verb3 (CHOSEN).

19. Penggunaan VERB 3:

HAVE / HAS

HADVERB 3

Present/ Past Perfect:

Neither you nor I have visited Mount

Everest.

She had gone home already.

TOBE

Passive Voice:

The letter was sent yesterday

Contoh soal:

For the rest of his life, he has never ........his youth.

a. Forget c. forgotb. Forgets d. ForgottenJawaban yang tepat adalah d. Forgotten (Verb 3) karena pada kalimat tersebut terdapat

auxilary (kt. Bantu) has.

20. Penggunaan Auxilary (kata bantu):

Positive / Affirmative Negative Introgative / Question

1. I go2. I went home3. Im going home4. I will go5. I have gone6. I should go

1. I dont go2. I didnt go3. Im not going home4. I wont go5. I havent gone6. I shouldnt go

1. Do I go?2. Did I go?3. Am I going home?4. Will I go?5. Have I gone?6. Should I go?

Untuk membuat Informative (WH) question:

WH + Aux. + S + Verb ?

Contoh:

When will I go home?

How do I go home?

Kecuali pertanyaan menggunakan WHO yang menanyakan informasi Subject:

Contoh:

Who is going home?

Who comes to school everyday?


13/13

13

21.

LET

MAKE

OBJECT VERB 1 ex:

Lets Go!

They made her cry

22. Penggunaan artikel THE :

A. Sesuatu yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya.

Contoh: I have a very interesting book. The book is new.

B. Benda Satu Satunya (the one and the only).Contoh: I see the sun on the blue sky.

23. Jika dalam kalimat tidak terdapat auxilary (kata bantu),maka auxilary-nya adalah:

PRESENT : DO / DOES

I GO

I DONT GO

HE GOES

HE DOESNT GO

PAST : DID

I STUDIED

I DIDN,T STUDYHE WENT

HE DIDNT GO

===========================================arieenglish@yahoo.co.id=====

Intisari Tata Bahasa Inggris

Documents

Transcript of Intisari Tata Bahasa Inggris