Year 7 Chemistry Knowledge Organiser Topic 1: Particles

Key Terms Definitions

State of matter

Matter is divided into three states: solid, liquid, and gas

Melting Change of state from solid to liquid

Freezing Change of state from liquid to solid

Evaporation Change of state from liquid to gas

Condensation Change of state from gas to liquid

Changes of State Changes of state take place when the particles gain or lose energy. - When energy is applied, particles gain energy, move faster and move

further apart. - When energy is lost, particles become closer to each other, move

slower and arrange themselves more regularly.

Particle Theory All matter is made up of particles. Particles are found in all three states of matter. Particles in the three states have different movement and arrangement. - In solids, particles are arranged in a regular pattern and they can only

vibrate in a fixed position. Particles are held together by strong bonds. - In liquids, particles are arranged randomly but are still touching each

other. Particles can slide past each other and move around. - In gases, particles are far apart and are arranged randomly. Particles

carry a lot of energy and they move in all directions in a high speed.

Gaining energy

Losing energy

KPI 1.1: Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid, liquid and gas, and link this to their properties.

Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases Due to their arrangement and movement, the three states each have different properties. Solids are rigid, have a fixed shape and fixed volume because particles are held together by strong bonds and arranged regularly. Liquids are not rigid and have no fixed shape, meaning they can flow to fill their container. This is because the bonds are weaker, so the particles can move. However, there is a fixed volume because the particles are still close together. Gases are not rigid, have no fixed shape or fixed volume because there is so much space between particles and the bonds holding them together are broken.

Conservation of Mass The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass cannot be created or destroyed. Therefore, mass stays the same before and after a change of state. For example, 10g of ice melts into 10g of water and 10g of water evaporates into 10g of water vapour. The same applies to other substances.

10g

10g

10g

Diffusion and Factors Affecting Diffusion Diffusion is the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. Diffusion will stop when particles spread themselves evenly. Diffusion occurs in liquids and gases but not in solids, because particles in a solid are not free to move. Examples of diffusion include: 1. Oxygen diffusing into cells. 2. Carbon dioxide diffusing out of cells. There are 2 factors affecting the rate of diffusion: 1. Temperature: When temperature increases, particles gain

more energy. They can then move and spread out at a higher rate.

2. Concentration: When concentration increases, the rate of diffusion increases because there are more particles.

KPI 1.2: Explain changes of state in terms of the particle model. Year 7 Chemistry Knowledge Organiser Topic 1: Particles

Key Terms Definitions

Diffusion Movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

Rate How fast an event e.g. diffusion, is happening

Concentration The number of particles in a known volume

Particles All matter is made up of tiny particles

Interpreting the Energy-Temperature Graph The E-T graph shows how the temperature of a substance changes as heat is applied. - When the line is sloped, the temperature of the substance is

increasing. - When the line is flat, the temperature stays the same even though

heat is being applied. This is because the heat is going into making the particles change state.

During the change of state, the temperature will stay the same until the change of state is complete e.g. all liquid has turned into gas.

Year 7 Physics Knowledge Organiser Topic 2: Forces

A force can be a push or a pull, for example when you open a door you can either push it or pull it. You can not see forces, you can only see what they do. When a force is applied to an object it can lead to a change in the objects • Speed • Direction of movement • Shape (think about a rubber band)

Forces can also be divided into 2 types, contact forces and non contact forces. 1. Contact forces for example friction, are caused when two objects are in

contact. 2. Other forces for example gravity, are non contact forces. The two objects

do not need to be in contact for the force to occur. The unit of force is the Newton (N), this is named after Sir Isaac Newton, who came up with many theories including those to do with gravity and the three laws of motion. We measure force using a piece of equipment called a Newton metre. See the picture below.

Force Diagrams To show the forces acting on a body we use a free body force diagram. A free body force diagram shows all of the forces that are acting on the body. It has arrows that show the direction the force acts, the larger the arrow, the larger the force. A free body fore diagram should always have labelled arrows.

Key Terms Definitions

Newton The unit of force

Newton meter A piece of equipment that can be used to measure the size of the force

Contact Force A force caused by the contact between two objects

Non Contact Force A force between two bodies that are not in contact for example gravity

Free body force diagram

A diagram which shows all the forces acting on an object

KPI 2.1: Use diagrams with correctly labelled force arrows to display a range of forces in different situations.

Year 7 Physics Knowledge Organiser Topic 2: Forces

Types of force In the table below different forces are summarised:

Name of Force What causes it? Example

Friction When two objects rub together

Car tyres moving on a road.

Air resistance When an object rubs against air particles

A sky diver falling through the air

Reaction A force that acts in the opposite direction

A book on a desk, the force acting up is a reaction force

Weight The force an object exerts on the ground due to gravity

You will exert a force on the ground, that is your weight

Thrust The force that drives on objects with an engine

Thrust moves a plane forwards

Free Body Force Diagrams Here are some examples of free body force diagrams A boat floating A book on a desk A crate held up by a rope

Balanced Forces When we talk about the total force acting on object we call this the resultant force. When the forces acting in opposite directions are the same size we say the forces are balanced. This means one of two things: 1. The object is stationary (not moving) 2. The object is moving at a constant speed This is known as Newton’s first law.

For example, the resultant force acting on this object is 5N-5N=0N

5N 5N

KPI 2.2: Interpret force diagrams to determine the motion of an object.

Key Terms Definitions

Resultant force The total force acting on an object

Balanced force When the resultant force on an object is 0

Unbalanced forces When the resultant force on an object is more or less than 0

Year 7 Physics Knowledge Organiser Topic 2: Forces

Unbalanced Forces If the forces are unbalanced on an object there are two things that could happen: 1. If the object is stationary then it will move in the direction of the

resultant force 2. If the object is moving, then the object will speed up or slow down in the

direction of the resultant force. For example, what is the resultant force on the lorry below?

100N-60N= 40N (to the right)

Remember the resultant force does not tell you what direction the lorry is moving in. • If the resultant force is in the same direction as the movement of the

lorry then the lorry will speed up • If it is in the opposite direction the lorry will slow down The larger the resultant force the larger the change in movement.

Measuring the size of forces To measure the size of frictional forces on different surfaces you can drag some masses along the different surfaces and record how much force is required. For this experiment : Independent variable: Surface Dependent variable: Force Control variable: Mass

Weight on different Planets

As planets have different masses a person’s weight would be different depending which planet they were on. For example, a person’s weight on Earth is 1000N. If that same person was on Jupiter their weight would be 2500N.

Year 7 Biology Knowledge Organiser Topic 3: Cells

Key Terms Function

Stage Area where specimen is placed

Clamps Hold the specimen still whilst it is being viewed

Light source Illuminates the specimen

Objective lens Magnifies the image of the specimen

Eyepiece lens Magnifies the image of the specimen

Course/fine focus

Used to focus the specimen so it can be seen clearly

Revolving nosepiece

Holds 2 or more objective lenses

KPI 3.1: Use a microscope to produce an image of a cell in focus.

Parts of a microscope

Eyepiece lens

Body tube

Revolving nosepiece

Objective lens

Clamps

Stage

Coarse focus

Fine focus

Base

Light source

Diaphragm

Magnification We can use the following equation to calculate the magnification of an object viewed through a microscope:

Using a microscope To view an object down the microscope we can use the following steps:

1. Plug in the microscope and turn on the power 2. Rotate the objectives and select the lowest power (shortest) one 3. Place the specimen to be viewed on the stage and clamp in place 4. Adjust the course focus until the specimen comes into view 5. Adjust the fine focus until the specimen becomes clear 6. To view the specimen in more detail repeat the process using a higher power objective

Cells Cells are the building blocks of all living organisms

Year 7 Biology Knowledge Organiser Topic 3: Cells

Key Terms Definition

Cell wall Made of cellulose, which supports the cell

Cell membrane Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance, where chemical reactions happen

Nucleus Contains genetic information and controls what happens inside the cell

Vacuole Contains a liquid called cell sap, which keeps the cell firm

Mitochondria Where most respiration reactions happen

Chloroplast Where photosynthesis happens

KPI 3.2: Label plant and animal cells; state the function of the organelles and compare plant and animal cells .

Preparing a microscope slide

To prepare a slide to view onion cells we can use the following

steps:

1. cut open an onion

2. use forceps to peel a thin layer from the inside

3. spread out the layer on a microscope slide

4. add a drop of iodine solution to the layer

5. carefully place a cover slip over the layer

Specialised cells

Specialised cells are found in multicellular organisms. Each

specialised cell has a particular function within the organism.

Type of cell Function Special features

An

imal

cel

ls

Pla

nt

cells

Unicellular Organisms Unicellular organisms are made up of just one cell. There are no tissues, organs or organ systems. Unicellular organisms often have structural adaptations to help them survive. Euglena are a unicellular organism. They have a flagellum (tail) to help them move and chloroplasts so they can make their own food. Amoeba are also unicellular organisms. They form pseudopods (false feet) that let them move about and can surround food so that the cell can take it in.

Year 7 Biology Knowledge Organiser Topic 4: Structure and function

KPI 4.1: Describe the relationship between cells, tissues and organs; and describe the function of the main organ systems

Hierarchical Organisation Cells are the building blocks of life. In multicellular organisms, cells rarely work alone.

Key Terms Definitions

Cell The building block of life and the smallest structural unit of an organism

Tissue A group of cells working together to perform a particular function

Organ A group of tissues working together to perform a particular function

Organ system A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

Organism An individual life form, can be multicellular or unicellular

Multicellular Consisting of many cells

Unicellular Consisting of just one cell

Euglena Amoeba

Muscle cells Muscle tissue

Heart Circulatory system

Horse

Palisade cells

Mesophyll tissue

Leaf Shoot system

Rose

The Respiratory System The respiratory system is responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The lungs are the organ where this gas exchange occurs. They are made up of many fine air tubes called bronchioles, which terminate in alveoli. Here Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Lungs are designed for absorbing oxygen as they have a huge surface area (alveoli), a rich blood supply, are moist (gases move in solution), and alveoli walls are thin so the gases do not have far to diffuse.

Human Organ Systems

Year 7 Biology Knowledge Organiser Topic 4: Structure and function

The Digestive System Digestion is the breaking down of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones that can pass through the gut wall and into the blood. Breakdown starts in the mouth where the teeth chew the food and enzymes start to break it down. The stomach contains acid which kills microbes and provides the correct pH for proteins to be digested. More digestion takes place in the small intestine, enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine help break down the food further.

The products of digestion are absorbed in the small intestine. The small intestine is designed for absorbing food because It has a huge surface area (villi), a rich blood supply, is moist (so food can move in solution) and the walls are thin so the digested food does not have far to move. The large intestine absorbs water from what is now waste which is stored in the rectum ready to leave the body.

Atomic Number and Mass Number Therefore sodium has 11 protons, 11 electrons and12 (23-11) neutrons.

Year 7 Chemistry Knowledge Organiser Topic 5: Separation

Key Terms Definitions

Atom Contains protons neutrons and electrons, and makes up all elements

Proton A sub atomic particle with a positive charge

Electron A sub atomic particle with a negative charge

Neutron A sub atomic particle with a neutral charge

Atomic number The number of protons in an atom

Mass Number The total number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus

The Periodic Table All the different elements are arranged on the periodic table. The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. On the periodic table, we can see the metal elements on the left and non metal elements on the right.

Structure of the Atom • An atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons,

electrons and neutrons. • Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom (in

the centre). • Electrons are found orbiting the nucleus in shells. • Protons have a positive charge. • Electrons have a negative charge. • Neutrons have a no charge. • In an atom, there are equal numbers of protons and electrons because the positive and negative charges need to balance.

This is the total of protons + neutrons

This is the number of protons

Groups and Periods Elements are arranged on the periodic table in groups and periods. Horizontal rows are called periods and vertical columns are called groups. Groups are labelled 1-7 from left to right, with last group being called either group 8 or 0. Elements in the same group have similar properties; because of this we can make predictions about trends.

Elements • Elements are substances made up of one type of atom. • All the elements are found listed in the Periodic Table –

there are currently 118 of them. Compounds • Compounds contain two or more elements that are

chemically joined to each other. • Compounds are formed by chemical reactions. • In order to separate the elements in a compound you

would need to carry out another chemical reaction. • Examples of compounds are:

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Water (H20)

Key Terms Definitions

Pure A material that is composed of only one type of particle i.e. elements or compounds

Impure A material that is composed of more than one type of particle i.e. mixtures

Evaporation A change of state involving a liquid changing to a gas

Distillation A process for separating the parts of a liquid solution. The solvent is heated and the gas is collected and cooled.

Filtration The act of pouring a mixture through a mesh, in attempts to separate the components of the mixture.

Chromatography A technique used to separate mixtures of coloured compounds.

Pure Substances A substance is pure if it only has one type of particle in it e.g. just hydrogen atoms or just carbon dioxide molecules. Impure Substances Impure materials are mixtures of different types of particle. Pure Substances Impure Substances

Mixtures A mixture contains different substances that are not chemically joined to each other. These can be: 1. A mixture of elements

2. A mixture of compounds

3. A mixture of elements and compounds

Mixtures can be easily separated, where compounds cannot.

Year 7 Chemistry Knowledge Organiser Topic 5: Separation

KPI 5.1: classify substances as pure and impure, and describe techniques to separate mixtures

Year 7 Chemistry Knowledge Organiser Topic 5: Separation

KPI 5.1: classify substances as pure and impure, and describe techniques to separate mixtures

Solutions • Salt and sugar are soluble in water. This means they dissolve

in water. • Sand is insoluble in water. This means it does not dissolve in

water. • The solute is the substance that dissolves into the solvent e.g.

salt. • The solvent is the liquid the solute dissolves in e.g. water. • The resulting mixture of solute and solvent particles is called

the solution e.g. salt water.

Key Terms Definitions

Solute The substance that dissolves into the solvent

Solvent The liquid that the solute dissolves into

Solution The solute dissolved in the solvent

Solubility How easy it is for a given substance to dissolve

Saturated solution A solution in which no more solute can dissolve.

Dissolving • During dissolving, the solvent particles surround the solute

particles and move them away so they are spread out in the solvent.

Saturated solutions • When a solvent is heated it will dissolve more solute. • This is because the solvent particles are moving slightly faster,

making more space for solute particles to fit in. • When no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent the solution is

saturated. • Mass is always conserved so for example if 5 grams of solute are

dissolved in 100 grams of solvent, the mass of the solution will be 100 + 5= 105 grams.

Distillation • This is good for separating a liquid from a solution. For

example, water can be separated from salty water by simple distillation.

• This method works because the water evaporates from the solution, but is then cooled and condensed into a separate container. The salt does not evaporate and so it stays behind.

• Distillation can also be used to separate two liquids that have different boiling points because the one with the lower boiling point will evaporate and condense first.

Year 7 Chemistry Knowledge Organiser Topic 5: Separation

KPI 5.1: classify substances as pure and impure, and describe techniques to separate mixtures

Chromatography • Simple chromatography is carried out on paper. • A spot of the mixture is placed near the bottom of a piece of

chromatography paper and the paper is then placed upright in a suitable solvent, e.g. water. As the solvent soaks up the paper, it carries the mixtures with it.

• Different components of the mixture will move at different rates, which separates the mixture out.

Other techniques for separating mixtures • If you have a solution, for example salt water,

you can evaporate the water leaving pure salt. • If you have two substances where one is

magnetic and one is not, for example iron and sulphur, then a magnet can be used to separate the two substances.

• If you have a mixture of an insoluble solid and a liquid then the mixture can be filtered.

Evaporation Filtration

Year 7 Biology Knowledge Organiser Topic 6: Reproduction

KPI 6.1: label the parts of the structure of the male and female reproductive system, and describe their function

Female reproductive system

Male reproductive system

Parts of Female Reproductive System

Functions of the part

Ovary The organ where eggs (ova) are produced and where they mature ready for release each month

Oviduct The small tube leading from each ovary to the uterus – the egg travels along here and fertilisation happens here

Uterus The organ where an embryo grows into a foetus and eventually a baby

Uterus lining The wall of the uterus

Cervix A ring of tissue between the uterus and vagina; this helps keep a foetus in place in the uterus during pregnancy

Vagina The organ that is entered by the penis during sexual intercourse; this is also part of the birth canal

Parts of Male Reproductive System

Functions of the part

Testes The organ where sperm cells are made

Scrotum The skin that holds the testes

Sperm ducts The tubes that carry sperm from the testes to the urethra

Glands These add liquids, including nutrients for the sperm, to the sperm cells from the testes to make semen

Urethra The tube that carries either urine or semen out of the body through the penis

Penis The organ that enters the vagina during sexual intercourse

Foreskin The skin that protects the end of the penis

Year 7 Biology Knowledge Organiser Topic 6: Reproduction

Key Terms Definition

Fertilisation When the sperm and the egg fuse

Gestation The time it takes for the baby to develop in the womb. This is 40 weeks in humans.

Birth When the baby leaves the womb.

Menstrual cycle A series of events that prepares the female body for pregnancy.

Menstruation When the lining of the uterus is removed from the body. Also known as the period.

Foetus The name given to the baby developing in the womb.

KPI 6.2: describe the processes of menstruation and fertilisation, and identify the stages of gestation and birth

Gestation

After fertilisation of an ovum, a woman is pregnant. The embryo grows as cells divide and travels to the uterus. Ciliated cells in the oviduct help it to move to the uterus. The embryo implants into the uterus wall, where is gets oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood. As it grows bigger and cells become specialised, we call it a foetus. It grows a placenta and umbilical cord. At the placenta, the foetus gets oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood (but their blood does NOT mix). The foetus gets rid of waste like carbon dioxide into the mother’s blood too.

The menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle prepares the female body for pregnancy by causing eggs (ova) to mature and be released. It lasts for 28 days.

Days 1-5

• ‘period’ happens (menstruation), where uterus lining breaks down.

Days 6-13

• Uterus lining builds up (thickens) to prepare for pregnancy. The egg (ovum) matures in the ovary

Day 14

• Egg (ovum) released from the ovary and travels down the oviduct

Days 15-28

• Uterus lining stays thick, in case the egg is fertilised

Fertilisation Fertilisation is when a sperm cell and an ovum fuse. Sperm cells are released into the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse (ejaculation). Only one sperm cell breaks through the cell membrane and enters the ovum, and only the head enters. The nuclei fuse together, putting the mother and father’s genetic information together. The fertilised ovum is now an embryo.

Birth

After about 40 weeks of pregnancy (for humans), the foetus is ready to be born. • The muscles in the wall of the uterus contract (contractions) • These contractions get stronger and faster – this is ‘labour’ • After some time of labour, the amniotic sac breaks, which

releases the fluid (the ‘waters break’) • Contractions push the baby headfirst through the birth canal –

through the cervix and out through the vagina

Year 7 Biology Knowledge Organiser Topic 6: Reproduction

KPI 6.3: describe the function of each part of the flower, and explain how pollination occurs

Pollination

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another flower (of the same species). • In wind pollination, the wind carries the pollen from the anthers

of one flower to the stigma of another • In insect pollination, insects carry the pollen from anthers to

stigmas. They go to flowers to get nectar for food (e.g. bees), and the pollen sticks to them so they carry it onwards.

Plant reproductive system

Seed dispersal

The plant spreads the seeds out – this is called seed dispersal – so

their offspring don’t compete with them for light or soil nutrients.

Seeds can be dispersed in many ways:

• Animals – they eat the fruit and release the seeds in their waste

• Wind – for example sycamore seeds

• Water – for example coconuts

Parts of plant Reproductive System

Functions of the part

Pollen The male gamete (sex cell)

Stigma Structure that the pollen sticks to

Style Connects the stigma to the ovary

Ovary Produces and stores ovules

Ovule The female gamete (sex cell)

Anther Produces the pollen

Filament Holds the anther to the edge of the flower

KPI 6.4: evaluate different seed dispersal techniques in plants

Fertilisation

After pollination the pollen makes a pollen tube down the style to

the ovary. The nucleus of the pollen cell travels down the tube to

get to the ovum (egg cell) – when the cells join, this is fertilisation.

The cell made when the

pollen and ovum fuse will

become a seed, which can

become a new plant. Plants

then form fruits, often from

the ovary walls.