What the translation of tenses tells about the Septuagint translators
10
Ediiors: Knud Jeppesen (Aarhus. Denrnark). Niels Peter Lernche (Copenhagen. Denniark) Assistant editor: Frederick 1-1. Cryer (Copenhagen. Denniark) Ediiorial Board: John Sirange (Copenhagen. Denniark). Hans M. Barstad (Oslo. Norway). Inger Ljung (Uppsala. Sweden). Tryggve N.D. Mettinger (Lund. Sweden). Timo Veijola (Helsinki. Finland). Karl-Johan Iliman (Abo. Finland Edilorial Address: Department of Biblical Studies. University of Aarhus. DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denniark Publication InJi,rmation: Scandinavian Joumal of the Old Testarnent is published biannually by Scandinavian University Press. ISSN 0901 8328. Published with the support from the Nordic Publications Committee for Humanist Periodicals and the University of Aarhus Research Foundation. Subscriplion Rates: Volume 10, 1996 for institutions US$ 75.00, NOK 380.- in the Nordic countries. For individuals US$ 57.00, NOK 260,- in the Nordic countries. Air speed delivery included. Subscription Orders: Scandinavian University Press. P.O. Box 2959 Tøyen, N-0608 Oslo, Norway. Tel: ÷ 47 22 57 5400. Fax: + 47 2257 53 53. E-mail: [email protected]. U.S. office: Scandinavian University Press North America, 875 Massachusetts Ave. Ste. 84, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Tel 617 497 6515 Fax 617 3546875 Toll-free tel 800 498 2877. E-mail 75201 [email protected] Information about joumais and books from Scandinavian University Press is available on our honiepage on the world wide web. URL-address http:/Iwww.scup.no. AlI subscriptions in Japan should be ordered through Maruzen Co. Ltd.. 3-10 Nihonbashi 2-chonie. Chuo-ku. Tokyo 103. Japan. Back issues: Orders and inquiries ahout prices and availability should be sent to Scandinavian University Press. Norway. Articles in Scandinavian Joumal of the Old Testameni are covered by the following indexing and abstracting services: Old Testament Abstracts. Relig. Theol. Abstracts. Zeitschrift flr alttestamentliche Wissenschaft and Intertiationale Zeitschriftenschau flr Bibelwissenschaft und Grenzgebiete. © 1996 Scandinavian University Press. AlI articles published in Scandinavian Joumal of the Old Testament are protected by copyright. which covers the exclusive rights 10 reproduce and distribute the article. No material in this journal may be reproduced photographically or stored on microfilm. in electronic data bases, vi4eo or compact disks etc. without prior written permission from Scandinavian University Press. Special regulation for photocopies in the USA: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use. or the internal and personal use of specific clients. is granted by Scandinavian University Press for libraries and other users registered with the copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the fee of US$ 9.00 per article is paid 10 CCC, 27 Congress Street. Salem. MA 01970. USA. 0901 8328/96/US$ 9.00. This authorization does not include copying for general distribution. promotion, new works. or resale. In these cases specific written permission must he obtained from Scandinavian University Press. Typesetter: Lemche Texts. Gurre. DK Printers: Galliard (Printers) Ltd.. Great Yarmouth. U.K. Raija Sollamo, The Origins of LXX Studies in Finland Seppo Sipilä, The Tetrapia — Is It Ali Greek to Us? Anssi Voitila, Whar the Translation of Tenses Telis About the Sepruagint Translators Staffan Olofsson, The Septuagint and Earlier Jewish Interpretative Tradition — Especially as Retlecred in the Targums Staffan Olofsson, Studying the Word Order of the Septuagint. Questions and Possibilities Mogens Muller, Die Abraham-Gestalt im Jubiläenbuch. Versuch einer Interpretation Benedikt Otzen, Das Probiem der Apokryphen Knud Jeppesen, Biblia Hebraica — et Septuaginta. A Response to Mogens Muller Klaas A.D. Smelik, Letters to the Exiles. Jeremiah 29 in Context Stereotypes SJOT Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament Volume 10 — 1996 — Number 2 159-168 169-182 183-196 197-216 217-237 238-257 258-270 27 1-28 1 282-295 296-308 309-312 Mark Sneed, The Class Culture 0/ Proverbs: Eliminating Book Reviews: T. Muraoka (ed), Studies in Ancient Hebrew Semantics (Abr-Hahrain Supplement 4) Loren D. Crow, The Songs 0/ Ascents (Psalms 120-134). Their Place in Israelite History and Religion (SBLDS 148)
Transcript of What the translation of tenses tells about the Septuagint translators
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ator
.T
hepr
esen
tan
dth
efu
ture
are
sore
late
din
both
lang
uage
sth
atth
ere
isal
way
sth
epo
ssib
ilit
yth
atth
etr
ansl
ator
has
inte
rpre
ted
the
cont
ext
diff
eren
tly
from
us.
Act
uall
y,th
eH
ebre
wdi
d
not
have
afu
ture
inth
ew
ayG
reek
does
.4
The
mat
eria
lre
sear
ched
incl
udes
only
nar
rati
ve
sect
ions
inth
e
Pen
tate
uch
—of
cour
sein
ciud
ing
dire
ctdi
scou
rse.
Due
toth
ela
rge
amou
ntof
mat
eria
lin
Gen
,E
xan
dN
uon
lyce
rtai
nse
ctio
nsar
ein
clud
ed,
nam
ely
Gen
2,1-
8,21
;12
,1-2
0,18
;37
;39
-50;
Ex
1,1-
11,2
0;
13,1
7-19
,25;
24;
32,1
-34,
9.28
-35;
Lv
7,37
-10,
20;
24,1
0-14
.23;
Nu
1;
9,15
-23;
10,1
1-14
,45;
16,1
-17,
28;
20,1
-25,
19;
Dtn
1-3,
29;
9-10
,11;
31,1
-
8;34
,1-1
2.
QA
TA
L
Fir
stof
ali
1w
iIl
disc
uss
som
eca
ses
ofth
eqa
tai
inw
hich
the
cont
ext
wou
idha
vere
quir
eda
tran
slat
ion
othe
rth
anth
epa
stte
nse.
Gen
44,2
0:K
PK
x’
V’?
KI
inm
na
flR
—K
ajs3
tcL
.Lv
...
Kaj
3tc
LL
60V
io
vrJn
r.Qov
ai
6å8
q,
6ato
i3åit
9av
sv,ctt
66
i6vo
ssp
Or
tijn
tgj
a9oi
5,6
öa3ta
tfQa6t6v
&Jt
wje
V.
Inth
ispa
rtic
ular
case
the
qata
i,be
ing
ast
ativ
e,do
esno
tde
note
anai
read
yco
mpl
eted
acti
onbu
ta
cont
inou
sst
ate.
Thi
sco
uld
aiso
hecon
clud
edfr
omth
eia
rger
cont
ext.
Bot
hpe
rson
sun
der
disc
ussi
on,
the
youn
ger
bro
ther
who
isio
ved
and
the
fath
erw
holo
ves,
are
stii
lve
ry
muc
hal
ive.
Nev
erth
eles
sth
eao
rist
indi
cati
vein
stea
dof
the
pres
ent
is
4T
heG
reek
futu
reex
pres
ses
time
and
pres
ents
the
actio
nas
afa
ct.,
see
Rap
hael
Kuh
ner
-B
ernh
ard
Ger
th,
Aus
fuhr
iche
Gra
mm
atik
der
Gri
echi
sche
nS
prac
he.
11:1
-2S
atzl
ehre
(Dri
tteA
ufla
ge:
Han
nove
r-L
eipz
ig18
98-
1904
).T
heH
ebre
wyi
qtol
,on
the
oth
erha
nd,
may
beus
edal
soas
apr
esen
tor
past
tens
e.Y
iqto
lha
sal
sova
riou
sm
odal
uses
,se
ePa
ulJo
uon,
Gra
mm
aire
de1’
hbre
ubi
bliq
ue(E
ditio
nph
olom
echa
niqu
eco
rrig
e[R
ome
1923
],G
raz
1965
).
used
.O
ther
corr
espo
ndin
goc
curr
ence
sap
pear
inG
en1,
21an
d2
2,2
.
Gen
46,3
2:bi
,uji
r’,y
ij
T‘W
KZ
ir
b—
oiö
&V
6Q
Sstr
nv
itotisv.
av6Q
Bya
Kt1
V0tQ
O(0
tfl
QY
Kai
taK
tflV
flK
ai
tOU
c6a
aj
st&
vta
t&ati
Sv&
yE
t6X
aaiv
.
The
nom
inal
and
the
foll
owin
gve
rbal
clau
sear
ebo
thtr
ansl
ated
into
Gre
ekby
the
verb
e.t
t.E
ven
thou
ghbo
thex
pres
sion
spi
ctur
eth
esa
me
stat
eof
affa
irs
inth
epr
esen
tof
dire
ctdi
scou
rse
—M
yso
ns,
the
bro
ther
sof
Jose
phar
esh
ephe
rds
and
catt
lebr
eede
rs—
,th
epr
esen
tin
dica
tive
appe
ars
asan
equi
vale
ntin
the
nom
inal
clau
sebu
tin
the
verb
aicl
ause
the
qata
lof
the
verb
alro
ot‘i
isre
nder
edby
the
impe
rfec
tin
dica
tive
ofth
esa
me
verb
.P
rovi
ded
that
the
nom
inal
clau
seis
tran
slat
edby
ave
rb,
the
equi
vale
ntus
edis
usua
llyth
epr
esen
tm
di
cati
ve.
Ren
deri
ngs
ofth
iski
ndin
dica
teth
atth
etr
ansl
ator
does
not
alw
ays
pay
atte
ntio
nev
ento
the
mos
tim
med
iate
cont
ext
heha
sju
sttr
ansl
ated
but
tran
slat
eson
lylim
ited
segm
ents
ata
tim
ean
don
lyac
cord
ing
toth
ein
dica
tors
ofth
atpa
rtic
ular
segm
ent.
Inth
isve
rbal
ciau
seth
ein
dica
tor
isth
eqa
tal
whi
chac
cord
ing
toth
eno
rmal
man
ner
oftr
ansl
atin
gis
the
past
tens
e.P
rof.
Ilm
ari
Sois
alon
-Soi
nine
nha
sde
velo
ped
the
idea
oftr
ansl
ator
sw
orki
ngon
lyon
shor
tse
gmen
tsat
ati
me.
6A
sa
proo
fhe
has
pre
sent
edva
rlou
ssy
ntac
tica
lph
enom
ena
that
beco
me
unde
rsta
ndab
ieon
lyif
the
segm
enti
zing
man
ner
oftr
ansl
atin
gis
pres
umed
.T
hese
type
sof
phen
omen
aar
eap
odot
icK
Ui,
repe
titi
onof
the
corr
elat
ein
the
rela
tive
clau
se,
cond
itio
nal
clau
ses
wit
hout
am
ain
clau
se,
ap
arti
cipi
umco
niun
ctum
-str
uctu
rei.e
.a
conn
ecte
dpa
rtic
iple
the
subj
ect
ofw
hich
does
not
agre
ew
ith
lism
ain
verb
and
oth
eran
acol
utha
econ
5F
ried
rjch
Bla
ss-
Alb
ert
Dcb
runn
er,
Gra
mm
atik
des
Neu
tesi
amen
tlic
hen
Grie
chis
ch(B
earb
eite
tvo
nF
ried
rich
Reh
kopf
;16
.durc
hges
ehen
eA
ufla
ge;
Göt
tinge
n19
84),
(33
3.2.
Anm
.5)
cons
ider
sth
ese
case
sas
the
per
fect
ive
aori
st. T
hegr
amm
arm
entio
nsas
anex
ampl
eG
en22
,2:
A&
Ilst6v
ui
6vno
ot6v
åyas
nyr6
v,6v
&it
r)0w
.T
hew
ayof
com
prch
endi
ngis
natu
rally
due
toth
ela
ckof
the
gene
ral
pict
ure
ofth
ere
nder
ings
ofve
rbfo
rms
inth
eSe
ptua
gmnt
.6
Ilm
ari
Sois
alon
-Soi
njne
n,“B
eoba
chtu
ngen
zur
Arb
eits
wei
sede
rS
eptu
agin
ta-U
bers
etze
r”,
Isac
Leo
See
ligm
ann
Vol
.II
I(J
erus
alem
1983
),31
9-32
9,al
sopu
blis
hed
inS
tudi
enzu
rS
eptu
agin
taS
ynta
x(H
erau
sgeg
eben
von
Ann
eli
Aej
mel
aeus
und
Rai
jaSo
llam
o;H
elsi
nki
1987
),28
-39.
Fur
thcr
stud
ies
onse
gmen
tati
onas
acri
teri
on
oftr
ansl
atio
iite
chni
que,
see
Rai
jaS
olla
mo,
Ren
deri
ngs
of
Heb
rew
Sem
ipre
posi
tion
sin
the
Sep
suag
ini
(AA
SF
BD
iss
19;
Hel
sink
i19
79),
136
n1;
Jam
esB
arr,
“The
Typ
olog
yof
Lite
ralis
min
Anc
ient
Bib
lical
Tra
nsla
tion”
,M
SUX
V(1
979)
,29
4-30
3;A
nnel
iA
ejm
ela
eus,
Par
atax
isin
the
Sep
tuag
int
(AA
SF
BD
iss
31;
Hel
sink
i19
82),
30.
186
Ans
siV
oiti
la
stru
ctio
nsan
dso
on.
The
seph
enom
ena
show
that
the
tran
slat
ors
wer
e
seid
omco
nsci
ous
ofth
efo
llow
ing
cont
ext,
whi
chha
dno
tye
tbe
en
tran
slat
ed,
and
wer
ebe
tter
info
rmed
onth
epa
rtof
the
text
they
had
just
tran
slat
ed.
Itm
ay,
how
ever
,be
conc
lude
dfr
omm
yex
ampl
esth
at
they
wer
eno
tal
way
saw
are
ofth
epr
evio
usco
ntex
tei
ther
.
Ex
1,18
:b
’T
1,’fl
flK
“fl
fl1
imiflfl2
ri
V1L)
I1ZK
1h*1)
D’1
D—
aK
&O
EV
6aats
Ay6
3nou
t&ic
’tcu
ccii
stsv
ata
tT
ibt
titotat
t62t
Q&
Wa
t&3t
oic
a*xry
ovT
tct&
&av
a.
The
acti
vity
ofth
em
idw
ives
had
sure
lyco
ntin
ued
unti
lP
hara
oh’s
prev
enti
veac
tion
and
wou
ldst
iliha
vebe
engo
ing
onw
itho
utit,
but
the
tran
slat
orus
eshi
sus
ual
equi
vale
ntfo
rqa
tal.
(Con
trar
yto
the
pre
viou
sex
ampl
esin
Gen
,th
etr
ansi
atio
nis
suit
able
for
the
pres
ent
con
text
.)
Nu
9,23
:
i1’
mr’
‘D1
riew
IirI
’h’
)ZZ5
1zfl
KW
Dfl
lVD
‘nii
IVfl
51
D7
—it
töt
&
tOaty
).L
atO
c)c
uQ
OU
&3
tap
o3
atv
,tT
VpucL
KT
V)C
UQ
LO
U.w
v)&
.avt
o&
&3tQ
OG
t&W
cLtO
cK
IJQ
1OU
VX&
tQiM
uaij
.
Thi
sex
ampl
eis
part
ofla
rger
sect
ion
begi
nnin
gw
ith
vers
e16
,th
at
cont
ains
seri
esof
iter
ativ
e-ha
bitu
alyi
qtol
and
weq
atal
form
sin
nar
rati
ve.
Thi
sse
ctio
nde
scri
bes
how
the
Isra
elit
esw
ere
led
onth
eir
jour
ney
from
Sina
ito
Can
aan.
Des
pite
the
iter
ativ
ean
dab
ove
ali
nar
rati
veco
ntex
tth
eau
thor
ofL
XX
-Num
bers
has
mai
nly
used
the
fu
ture
indi
cati
veas
aneq
uiva
lent
inth
ese
chap
ters
,bu
tin
this
part
icul
ar
case
qata
i,w
hich
atth
een
dof
this
sect
ion
seem
sm
erel
yto
stat
eth
e
prec
edin
gac
tion
sas
orde
red
byG
od,
istr
ansl
ated
wit
hth
eno
rmal
equi
vale
nt,
the
aori
stin
dica
tive
.T
his
rend
erin
gde
mon
stra
tes
that
the
tran
slat
orw
orke
don
ash
ort
unit
ata
tim
ean
dth
athe
noti
ced
the
chan
geof
verb
form
:th
ere
was
qata
l,qa
tal
ispa
stte
nse,
and
henc
ehe
rend
ered
itw
ith
the
aori
stin
dica
tive
wit
hout
cons
ider
ing
itssu
itab
ilit
y
toth
eco
ntex
t.
Nu
25,1
8:T
I10
51
,1IL
YXD
flD
’—
iht
axeQ
cLiv
ouc,
tvcL
otO
LL
!V
vot6
utt
,6oa
öo.to
i5c,
tvi[
L&
6L&cIo
7()Q
.
Thi
sis
also
ast
rang
eca
se.
As
isin
dica
ted
byth
eco
njun
ctio
n,
this
is
anex
pian
ator
ycl
ause
,th
eex
plan
atio
nco
nsis
ting
ofa
past
acti
on.
Wha
tpr
eced
es,
isac
tual
lya
narr
ativ
eof
how
the
oppr
essi
onw
aspu
t
toan
end.
Wha
tha
sIe
dth
etr
ansl
ator
toth
ink
ofa
pres
ent
verb
form
isth
eH
ebre
wpa
rtic
iple
,th
em
ost
usua
leq
uiva
lent
ofw
hich
isth
e
Wha
tth
eT
rans
latj
onot
Ten
ses
teli
s18
7
presen
tin
dica
tive
.T
here
nder
ing
ofqa
tai
byth
esa
me
equi
vale
ntdc
mon
stra
tes
that
the
auth
orof
the
LX
X-N
umbe
rsw
as
stil
iaw
are
ofhi
spr
evio
uscl
ause
,bu
tth
ese
two
Gre
ekve
rbfo
rms
toge
rher
show
the
tran
slat
or’s
inab
ilit
yto
keep
inm
md
iarg
erun
itsof
the
text
.W
em
ayco
nclu
defr
omth
epr
eced
ing
case
sth
atat
leas
tin
thes
eve
rses
“the
cont
ext
has
not
sele
cted
the
Gre
ekte
nse
for
itse
lf”,
7bu
tth
atth
etr
ansl
atio
nsar
eba
sed
onth
eH
ebre
wte
nses
ofth
eV
orla
ge.
The
foil
owin
gex
ampl
esal
iof
them
from
Num
bers
wiii
stre
ngth
enth
isob
serv
atjo
nev
enm
ore.
Inal
ith
ese
exam
ples
the
qata
iap
pear
sin
the
hist
oric
aina
rrat
ive
and
ispr
eced
edby
the
conj
unct
ion
we.
Acc
ordi
ngto
trad
itio
nal
Heb
rew
gram
mar
sw
e+
qata
iw
hich
foll
ows
apa
stte
nse
verb
form
and
whi
chdo
esno
tin
dica
teit
erat
jve
orha
bitu
alac
tion
inth
epa
stsh
ould
beta
ken
asqa
tal
wit
hth
eco
pula
tive
we,
and
not
asco
nsec
utiv
ete
nse
.8
Nu
14,1
3:x
i-ii
(14)
,-m,
hK‘h
••
ILh
‘1?X
1ui
eui
nm
flK
n—
lcai
B!t
sv
Mw
uai
3tQ6
K6flov
KcLj
&K
o6cJB
tat
Ar’
ytji
ttoit
&vct.
va6t
aouu6v
cåv
to3t
ovcutv,
14&
J&ic
aj3
t&V
tSO
iI(U
TotIc
o3vT
Et3Iitj7ij
icz6tr
cL
KT
pC
6cW
LV
0tt
.
The
larg
erco
ntex
tis
evid
ent:
the
Egy
ptia
nsm
ust
aire
ady
have
hear
dw
hat
God
had
done
for
the
Isra
elit
es,
but
the
tran
slat
ordo
esno
tcon
cern
him
self
wit
hth
eco
ntex
tbu
tre
nder
sac
cord
ing
toth
eH
ebre
wve
rbfo
rmw
hich
heha
sun
ders
tood
asw
eqat
ai.
Nee
dles
sto
say,
for
the
tran
slat
orw
eqat
alis
used
for
the
futu
re.
He
rend
ers
itw
ith
the
futu
rein
dica
tive
.T
hefo
ilow
ing
qata
iw
ith
copu
iati
vew
eha
sno
tre
ceiv
edan
equi
vale
ntin
Gre
ek,
but
aire
ady
the
thir
dqa
tal
now
wit
hou
tth
eco
njun
ctio
nha
sbe
enre
nder
edby
the
perf
ect
indi
cati
ve.
Thi
ssh
ows
agai
nho
wm
uch
the
tran
slat
oris
boun
dby
the
form
and
the
deta
iis
ofhi
sso
urue
text
.
Nu
14,2
4:n1
L’r
’uri
niz
K2
WK
1R
fl‘K
Y’h
X’m
‘iri
cV
iIv
,roc
im77P
I‘7
—
6ö
tcti
IIou
Xa,6tt
yEvi
lOfl
itvs
5iato
vv
atS
ai
ico
.o6
-O
ricjv
iot,
cti
cti
h6
vtf1v
‘yij
v,E
flvaO
sv
ais,ai
i:6rn
tQJI
cIa6to
i3)C
.T)Q
OV
OU
icJtct
6tiv
.
inth
isse
nten
ceth
efi
rst
qata
lan
dth
efo
ilow
ing
way
yiqt
oiar
eas
usua
lly
tran
siat
edby
the
aori
stin
dica
tive
,ai
thou
ghth
eid
eaof
the
Heb
rew
text
issu
reiy
tode
scri
beth
epr
esen
tst
ate
ofC
aleb
.T
heth
ird
7Se
eB
arr
1987
,38
5.8
See
for
exam
pie
S.R
.D
rive
r,A
Tre
atis
eon
the
Use
ofth
eT
ense
sin
Heb
rew
(Oxf
ord
1892
),§
133.
r
188
Ans
siV
oiti
laW
hat
the
Tra
nsla
rjon
ofT
ense
ste
lis
189
qata
iho
wev
er,
wit
hco
puia
tive
we,
isgi
ven
itsus
ual
equi
vale
nt,
not
beca
use
itno
wsu
itsth
ela
rger
cont
ext
but
rath
erbe
caus
eth
etr
ansi
a
tor
inte
rpre
ted
itas
weq
atal
and
tran
slat
edac
cord
ingl
y.
InN
u10
,11-
25w
ear
eto
ldho
wth
eIs
raei
ites
for
the
firs
tti
me
left
thei
rca
mp-
site
inth
ew
iider
ness
.T
heex
pres
sion
“for
the
firs
tti
me”
is
expl
icit
lyst
ated
inve
rse
13.
Inve
rses
11to
16th
eqa
tai
and
way
yiq
toi
form
sar
eus
edan
dth
eyar
etr
ansi
ated
byth
eao
rist
indi
cati
ves
into
the
Gre
ek.
Aft
erth
atse
quen
cefr
omve
rse
17on
war
dsth
ere
are
six
case
sof
w+
qata
i.In
ali
thes
ew
+qa
tai
case
sth
efu
ture
indi
cati
ve
isus
edas
aneq
uiva
lent
desp
ite
the
past
tim
ena
rrat
ive
cont
ext
that
is
tell
ing
ali
alon
gab
out
the
sam
eev
ent.
Thi
ski
ndof
chan
gein
tens
esis
unco
mm
onin
the
Heb
rew
.T
hegr
amm
aria
nsha
vetr
ied
toex
piai
nit
inva
riou
sw
ays.
9It
isve
rydi
ffic
uit
tobe
liev
eth
atit
sim
ply
indi
cate
s
ash
ift
from
the
sim
pie
narr
ativ
eto
the
desc
ript
ion
ofw
hat
usua
liy
happ
ened
.F
orth
epu
rpos
esof
our
pres
ent
disc
ussi
onit
does
not
mat
ter
wha
tth
eri
ght
answ
eris,
but
we
may
bece
rtai
nth
atth
etr
ansi
ator
noti
ced
the
chan
geof
verb
aifo
rms
and
proc
eede
din
his
wor
kac
cord
ingl
y.F
orth
etr
ansl
ator
the
verb
form
sw
ere
tobe
take
nas
weq
atal
s
and
the
equi
vale
ntw
asna
tura
lly
the
futu
rein
dica
tive
.
Nu
10,1
7: UJ
‘T
’7D
Ipuie
fl]fl
—Kc
LK
a8E
)Oi5
UL
Vti
1vcviv
ai
,aøoik
jtv
oiuo
iF
s&
vic
aio
uioi
MSQ
LQ
icL
QovtB
tiv
cjK
TIv
jv.
Nu
10,2
1:On
?pu
hzi
flKY
2i!f
l)hpen
‘w‘nip
i—
caiaoatv
otooi
Ka&
9
aQ
ovtr
.t&
&yt
aK
ai
ar6cournv
rvaK
flv
v,iw
&v
itapa’y
Vow
tat.
Nu
10,2
5:bflK
’fl
11?z
fl‘‘
7‘D
Kr
p‘
mfl?
z7
7Dfl
—K
cLL
EE
.UD
OU
GtV
twy
LcL
3cL
QE
LJ3
0-
?i
u&iv
I&v
£aK
atot
itcw
&iv
t&iv
ita
tpoX
&v
ciiv
&)V
&L
EL
cL&
t(O
V.
Itse
ems
that
atie
ast
inth
eex
ampl
esab
ove
the
cont
ext
has
not
infi
uenc
edth
etr
ansl
ator
’sde
cisi
onbu
tbe
caus
ehe
wor
ked
only
on
shor
tun
its
ata
time,
hew
asbo
und
byth
eac
tual
wor
ding
ofhi
s
sour
ceto
such
anex
tent
that
the
resu
itw
asno
tai
way
ssu
cces
sfui
.
The
oppo
site
also
occu
rs.
The
futu
rein
dica
tive
isai
sous
edco
rrec
tly
asan
equi
vaie
ntof
qata
lin
conn
ecti
ons
whe
reqa
tai
indi
cate
sac
tion
,
the
com
piet
ion
ofw
hich
isth
ough
tto
happ
endu
ring
the
acti
onof
9Se
eD
river
1892
§14
8f;
W.
Ges
eniu
s-
E.K
au
tzsc
h,
Ges
eniu
sH
ebre
w
Gra
mm
aras
edit
edan
den
larg
edby
the
late
E.
Kau
tzsc
h(E
nglis
hed
ition
byA
.E.
Cow
ley;
Oxf
ord
1910
).§
112
e,kk
;B
oJo
hnso
n,H
ebrä
isch
es
Per
fek
tun
dIm
per
fekt
mi
vora
ngeh
ende
mw
e(C
BO
TS
13;
Lund
1979
),
42ff
.
spea
king
even
thou
ghit
isac
tual
lyre
aiis
edon
lyin
the
futu
re.
Ver
ses
Gen
14,2
2;15
,18
and
Le
9,4
cont
ain
the
qata
ifo
rms
ofth
isty
pe.
Thi
sty
peof
qata
lis
som
etim
estr
ansi
ated
byth
epe
rfec
tin
dica
tive
orev
enby
the
aori
stin
dica
tive
,th
eid
eabe
ing
tost
ress
the
com
plet
ion
duri
ngth
esp
eaki
ng.
Ren
deri
ngs
ofth
iski
ndar
eno
tto
beta
ken
asd
emo
nst
rati
ons
ofth
etr
ansl
ator
’sin
abii
ity
toun
ders
tand
the
use
and
mea
nin
gof
the
Heb
rew
tens
es,
but
rath
eras
evid
ence
ofhi
sca
refo
rth
ere
quir
emen
tsof
the
cont
ext.
On
the
basi
sof
the
foii
owin
gex
ampi
esit
mig
htal
sobe
clai
med
that
the
cont
ext
has
infi
uenc
edth
etr
ansl
atio
npr
oces
s,so
not
only
the
verb
form
sbu
tal
soth
eco
ntex
tm
ayha
vebr
ough
tth
eid
eaof
iter
ativ
ity
toth
etr
ansi
ator
sm
md.
Ex
16,2
1::D
?iue
u5n
nrn
‘½K‘
W’K
Ij
ip
inc
1ujL
Y—
Kai
GuvE
avat6
JtQ
0)t
itQw
i,K
czcrto
t6K
aGij
KoV
cL
t&.
ivic
cz6
&9p
Wxt
vBv
6j)
.to,
tiii
sto
.B
oth
ofth
ese
qata
ifo
rms
are
prec
eded
byth
eco
puia
tive
we
and
the
tran
slat
orof
Exo
dus
may
have
inte
rpre
ted
them
asw
eqat
alfo
rms,
thus
heha
sco
nsid
ered
them
asit
erat
ive-
habj
tual
inth
ena
rrat
ive
con
text
and
tran
siat
edth
emac
cord
ingi
yby
the
impe
rfec
tin
dica
tive
.T
hese
qata
lfo
rms
may
not
bein
terp
rete
das
cons
ecut
ive
beca
use
they
are
prec
eded
byw
ayyi
qtol
.F
urth
erm
ore
the
Ip
“eve
rym
orn
ing”
whi
chm
aype
rhap
sbe
caile
dan
iter
ativ
ein
dica
tor
appe
ars
inth
efi
rst
part
ofth
eve
rse.
Fur
ther
evid
ence
that
the
tran
siat
orha
ndie
sth
een
dof
the
vers
eas
aw
hoie
isth
ere
nder
ing
ofth
epa
rata
ctic
con
stru
ctio
nw
ith
the
conj
unct
ion
jvca
&.
Sim
ilar
sequ
ence
sof
qata
lfo
rms
conn
ecte
dw
ith
copu
lati
vew
ear
efo
und
inN
u11
,8.
The
ym
ayno
tbe
inte
rpre
ted
asw
eqat
alfo
rms
be
caus
eth
eyar
ein
turn
prec
eded
byth
esi
mpl
eqa
tai.
But
inth
isca
seth
efi
rst
qata
lw
itho
utth
eco
puia
tive
we
isai
read
yre
nder
edby
the
impe
rfec
tin
dica
tive
and
anot
her
prec
eded
byin
the
mid
dle.
Inth
etr
eati
ses
ofD
rive
r’°
and
Ges
eniu
s-K
autz
sch”
itis
stat
edth
atw
eqat
aim
aybe
foun
dal
soaf
ter
past
tens
esan
dth
atth
iski
ndof
sequ
ence
shou
ldhe
unde
rsto
odas
iter
ativ
e.It
coul
dal
sobe
mai
ntaj
ned
that
inth
isve
rse
weq
atai
isus
edin
the
iter
ativ
ese
nse
afte
rpa
stte
nse
verb
form
s.T
heco
ntex
tm
akes
itev
iden
tth
atth
ese
verb
sin
dica
tean
acti
onth
atis
repe
ated
ever
yda
y.H
owev
er,
inth
eH
ebre
wla
ngua
geqa
tal
isof
ten
used
whe
nac
cord
ing
toou
rIi
ngui
stic
inst
inct
the
acti
on
10D
rive
r18
92,
§11
4a.
11G
esen
ius-
Kau
tzsc
h19
10,
§11
2h.
190
Ans
siV
oiti
laW
hat
the
Tra
nsla
tion
otT
ense
ste
lis
191
shou
ldbe
unde
rsto
odas
repe
ated
.So
intu
itiv
ely,
bym
eans
ofth
eco
n
text
,th
etr
ansl
ator
coul
dha
vego
tth
eid
eath
atth
isve
rse
need
edan
iter
ativ
ere
nder
ing.
Nu
11,8
:t3
Dfl
mx
5Z“
1111
‘‘
222
1t91
112i
Z2
—w
ai
g9
EU
EtO
6)a6
Kai
Uuvt0
Y,
Kai
2fl0V
cn
’rt
6v
ti
1IQ
11I9
31L
Vtf
lO
osut
,K
aifl
PY
cwco
LV
tflX
QL
JtO
tOU
V
at
6y
KQ
Uq
Rw
,K
ai
TV
iio
vjct
6tO
ii
()G
Bi
yE
icL
&yK
QU,
cL
LO
U-.
Tra
nsla
tion
tech
nica
lly,
the
initi
alse
ven
men
tion
edca
ses
ofqa
tal
dif
fer
from
the
rest
byap
pear
ing
alon
ein
thei
rco
ntex
ts,
mos
tof
them
wit
hout
the
addi
tion
alco
njun
ctio
nw
e,w
hile
the
rest
ofth
eex
ampl
es
are
foun
din
chai
nsof
mor
eth
anon
eqa
tal
form
conn
ecte
dby
con
junc
tion
s.If
we
cons
ider
the
tran
slat
ion
proc
ess,
the
diff
eren
cein
mea
ning
and
inti
me
ism
uch
easi
erto
perc
eive
whe
nth
eve
rbfo
rm
appe
ars
ina
seri
esm
arke
dby
the
addi
tion
alco
njun
ctio
n,w
hich
may
sign
ify
ach
ange
inm
eani
ng,
than
whe
nth
eqa
tal
appe
ars
alon
esu
r
roun
ded
byot
her
verb
form
sw
ith
diff
eren
tm
eani
ngS
and
times
.
WA
YY
IQT
OL
The
way
yiqt
olm
ayal
sobe
foun
din
aco
ntex
tw
here
the
norm
alpa
st
tens
eus
eof
way
yiqt
olan
dth
em
eani
ngof
the
cont
ext
are
inco
nfli
ct
wit
hea
chot
her.
But
asth
isph
enom
enof
lis
very
rare
,it
may
beco
n
clud
edth
atth
ew
ayyi
qtol
does
not
appe
aras
ofte
nin
diff
icul
tan
din
terp
reta
tive
conn
ectio
nSas
did
the
qata
l.W
ayyi
qtO
lis
alm
ost
excl
us
ivel
yth
eve
rbfo
rmof
nar
rati
on
.12
Intw
oof
thes
eca
ses,
whi
chap
pear
inE
xodu
s,th
ew
ayyi
qtol
is
form
edfr
omth
ero
ot
Ex
3,17
:‘1
yiK
?Kw
aD
flK
&33
,x,z
x,
17...n
x‘f
l1D
72
UK
7—
yw
v
‘Euo
KoJ
tjjtcJK
Liat
...
17K
ctt
‘Av
aj3
tf1&
LT
iEic
Ktia
K()
cLuM
t&iv
Ai’
yutT
i(i)
Vsi
ctf1v
‘y?j
vtv
Xav
avai
wV
.
Thi
sve
rse
isa
part
ofla
rger
spee
chin
whi
chG
odad
dres
ses
Mos
esin
orde
rto
libe
rate
Isra
elfr
omE
gypt
.In
vers
e17
God
telis
wha
the
has
just
deci
ded,
zvi
Thi
sw
ayyi
qtol
has
alm
ost
the
sam
em
eani
ngas
qata
l“t
oex
pres
sac
tions
whi
chal
thou
ghre
ally
only
inpr
oces
s
ofac
com
plis
hmen
t,ar
ene
vert
hele
ssm
eant
tobe
repr
esen
ted
asal
read
yac
com
plis
hed
inth
eco
ncep
tion
ofth
esp
eaker
”,’
3w
hich
no
r
mal
lyis
tran
slat
edby
the
pres
ent
indi
cati
ve.
Itw
ould
have
been
mor
e
12F
orth
eus
ean
dm
eani
ngof
way
yiqt
olse
eJo
uon
1923
,§
118.
13G
esen
ius-
Kau
tzS
Ch
§10
6i.
appr
opri
ate
here
asw
ell.
The
text
asII
now
stan
dsm
akes
the
read
erth
ink
ofso
met
hing
that
issa
idea
rlie
rin
the
text
.T
here
nder
ing
ofth
epr
evio
usqa
tal
byth
epe
rfec
tin
dica
tive
stre
ngth
ens
this
inte
rpre
tati
on.
Ex
4,23
: “3
nK&?
ILY
,?K
‘5D
K23
?K1W
”0
Kn
n1rl
Kfl
PK
—a
psu
tijS
Iapa
(x,
T&8eet
KU
QL
O(
Y6
3tQ
(O
t6t0
K6
L0
U‘l
aQcL
Tl)
..23
cmi
‘Ew
toar
et).
ovt6va6v
piou
,va
ioi).atps
6ali.
Thi
sw
ayyi
qtol
isus
edin
the
sam
em
anne
ras
the
prev
ious
one.
God
isag
ain
orde
ring
Mos
eson
how
hesh
ould
perf
orm
and
spea
kbe
fore
the
Pha
raoh
inth
eim
med
iate
futu
re.
Ver
se22
begi
nsw
ith
weq
atal
whi
chis
prec
eded
byth
eH
ebre
wim
pera
tive
and
weq
atal
form
sal
iha
ving
the
sam
eim
pera
tive
mea
ning
.T
hew
ayyi
qtol
seem
sun
usua
lin
this
cont
ext.
The
tran
slat
orfo
llow
sth
eH
ebre
wve
rbfo
rms
and
rend
ers
the
weq
atal
form
byth
efu
ture
indi
cati
ve—
whi
chha
san
impe
rati
vem
eani
ngin
Gre
ek—
afte
rth
atth
efo
llow
ing
qata
lis
give
nth
ep
rese
ntin
dica
tive
asan
equi
vale
nt.
Itis
all
the
mor
esu
rpri
sing
that
the
way
yiqt
olis
then
rend
ered
byth
epa
stte
nse,
the
aori
stin
dica
tive
.T
hetr
ansl
atio
nw
ould
have
been
corr
ect
ifM
oses
had
aire
ady
spok
ento
Pha
raoh
.In
tere
stin
gly
enou
gh,
the
vers
eis
cont
inue
dby
the
Heb
rew
imp
erat
ive
and
copu
lati
veyi
qtol
,w
hich
has
been
unde
rsto
odas
afi
nal
clau
seby
the
tran
slat
or.
Aft
erth
isse
quen
ceth
ere
appe
ars
inth
eM
Tan
othe
rw
ayyi
qtol
whi
chin
turn
has
rece
ived
the
pres
ent
indi
cati
veas
aneq
uiva
lent
,fu
rthe
rmor
eth
eH
ebre
wpa
rata
xis
has
been
rend
ered
wit
ha
cond
itio
nal
clau
se.
The
prob
lem
isw
hyw
eha
vehe
reth
epr
esen
tin
dica
tive
whe
nth
epr
evio
usw
ayyi
qtol
was
tran
slat
edas
past
tens
e?T
heus
eof
aco
ndit
iona
lcl
ause
and
pres
ent
indi
cati
vehe
rem
ayin
dic
ate
that
the
tran
slat
orre
ada
copu
lati
veyi
qtol
into
his
tex
t.14
Itm
ayho
wev
eral
sobe
unde
rsto
odas
ade
mon
stra
tion
ofth
etr
ansl
ator
’sab
ilit
yto
hand
leam
bigu
ous
cont
exts
like
this
one
whe
reth
ein
terp
reta
tion
ofm
eani
ngof
the
verb
whe
ther
past
orpr
esen
t,is
not
goin
gto
obsc
ure
the
inte
ntio
nof
the
sour
cete
xt.
The
tran
slat
orre
nder
edth
ese
clau
ses
asa
who
le,
hedi
dno
tsi
mpl
ytr
ansl
ate
indi
vidu
alw
ords
.T
hew
ayyi
qtol
case
inE
x9,
15co
ntai
nsan
exam
ple
ofth
etr
ansl
ato
r’s
free
inte
rpre
tati
onof
this
norm
ally
past
tens
eve
rbfo
rm.
The
seve
rbfo
rms
are
incl
uded
ina
long
dire
ctdi
scou
rse
whe
rein
vers
e14
God
isth
reat
enin
gP
hara
ohw
ith
futu
repu
nish
men
t,in
vers
e15
the
14“T
heSe
ptua
gint
tran
slat
ion
wit
ha
cond
ition
alse
ncen
ceis
inke
epin
gw
ithth
eco
ntex
t,th
epre
seni
tens
ebe
ing
base
don
the
unvo
caliz
edH
ebre
wte
xL”,
Ann
eli
Aej
mel
aeus
,P
araa
xis
inth
eS
eptu
agin
t,76
192
Ans
siV
oiti
laW
hat
the
Tra
nsl
atjo
not
Ten
ses
teli
s19
3
qata
lan
dw
ayyi
qtol
are
mea
ntto
beun
ders
tood
aspa
stte
nse
irre
al
form
s“1
wou
ldha
vedo
neth
isan
dth
atif
1w
ere
not
goin
gto
do
som
ethi
ngel
se”.
The
tran
slat
orha
sta
ken
thes
eve
rbfo
rms
tom
ean
the
futu
rebe
caus
eof
the
prec
edin
gco
ntex
t.H
eha
sno
tta
ken
into
acco
unt
the
foll
owin
gte
xtth
atm
akes
his
inte
rpre
tati
ons
aIi
ttle
bit
prob
lem
atic
alth
ough
not
impo
ssib
le.
The
qata
lat
the
begi
nnin
gof
the
vers
em
akes
itha
rdto
clai
mth
atth
etr
ansl
ator
read
copu
lati
veyi
qtol
form
sin
tohi
ste
xt.
Ex
9,15
:yK
np22
1flK
1]f
l1)
‘‘fl
Knnvi
nn
—v5v
y&
p&
toats
icu
tijv
Xr.i
QcL
1tc
Lt&
.(i)
GE
Kai
tOV
GO
)B
cLV
cLt(
,),
KcL
LK
tJt1
1G
flait
ot
yi.
YIQ
TO
L
Onl
yin
Nu
and
inD
tnth
eyi
qtol
ofna
rrat
ive
cont
exts
istr
ansl
ated
by
the
futu
rein
dica
tive
whi
chis
the
mos
tfr
eque
nteq
uiva
lent
ofyi
qtol
inth
eL
XX
.T
his
kind
ofyi
qtol
isco
mm
only
used
toin
dica
tere
peat
edi.e
.it
erat
ive
orge
nera
lisi
ngm
eanin
g.
15
The
foll
owin
gtw
oex
ampl
esar
eto
heun
ders
tood
asge
nera
lisi
ngin
ana
rrat
ion.
Nu
21,2
7:‘u
hzn
iz’
p—
6t&
To5t
oo5
nvo
aiv
tyL
att
ata
i“E
)Ott
t
icE
a&fk
v.
Wit
hth
iscl
ause
the
Heb
rew
narr
ator
wan
tsto
teli
his
read
ers
that
ther
est
iilex
ists
apo
emco
ncer
ning
thes
eev
ents
.T
heco
rrec
ttr
ansl
a
tion
wou
ldha
vebe
enth
epr
esen
tin
dica
tive
.A
nex
ampl
eof
aco
rrec
t
rend
erin
gof
the
yiqt
olco
uld
befo
und
inN
u21
,14
whi
chis
anin
tro
duct
ion
toth
equ
otat
ion
ofth
eB
ook
ofth
eW
ars
ofth
eL
ord.
The
yiqt
olin
trod
ucin
ga
paea
nof
triu
mph
that
ispr
esen
ted
once
duri
ng
the
narr
atio
nis
rend
ered
wit
hth
eao
rist
indi
cati
vein
Ex
15,1
and
Nu
21,1
7;in
thes
eca
ses
the
yiqt
olis
prec
eded
byco
njun
ctio
nfl
,m
arke
r
ofth
epr
eter
ite
form
.O
ther
weI
Ire
nder
edge
nera
lisi
ngyi
qtol
form
s
are
foun
d,fo
rex
ampl
e,in
vers
esG
en2,
10an
d50
,3w
here
the
pre
sent
indi
cati
veis
used
.T
hesa
me
sort
oftr
ansl
atio
nsar
eal
sofo
und
inD
tn.
Dtn
2,20
: xp’
b’R
DI
xi;
ipc
n•n
‘xei
y-i
—rii
Pw
pav
)oyl
cJ8a
ET
cuK
QÅ
‘y&
pit
’atj
icm
icouv
oiP
apct
tvtItQ6tE
QO
V,K
O
Aav
Ttc
LL
vO
L&
Courn
vato
Zoov.
Fro
mth
ese
cond
clau
seof
this
sent
ence
we
may
conc
lude
that
the
situ
atio
nna
rrat
edis
past
t?,
Jt96
teQ
ov),
the
yiqt
olof
the
seco
ndcl
ause
isre
nder
edw
ith
the
impe
rfec
t.T
heyi
qtol
ofth
eth
ird
clau
sem
aybe
also
unde
rsto
odas
itis
tran
slat
ed,
inth
epr
esen
tin
dica
tive
.T
his
man
ner
ofre
nder
ing
dem
onst
rate
sag
ain
that
the
tran
slat
oris
not
awar
eof
the
foll
owin
gco
ntex
t.T
hetr
ansl
atio
nm
ight
even
beunder
stan
dabl
e,if
itis
take
nas
apa
rtof
the
prec
edin
gdi
rect
disc
ours
e.T
his
way
vers
e20
coul
dbe
divi
ded
into
two,
may
beev
enth
ree
seg
men
ts,
the
bord
erlj
nebe
ing
betw
een
the
firs
tyi
qtol
and
the
conju
nc
tion
&T
hetr
ansl
ator
noti
ced
whe
nre
nder
ing
the
seco
ndcl
ause
that
the
who
lese
nten
cesh
ould
have
been
unde
rsto
odas
past
and
hetr
ans
Iate
dth
ese
cond
yiqt
olby
the
impe
rfec
tin
dica
tive
.A
very
sim
ilar
situ
atio
nis
met
with
inD
tn2,
11an
da
slig
htly
diff
eren
ton
ein
(the
xis
age
nera
lisi
ngyi
qtol
rend
ered
byth
efu
ture
indi
cati
ve)
3,13
.E
arli
erin
this
pape
rw
est
udie
dca
ses
inw
hich
the
qata
lat
tach
edto
the
copu
lati
vew
ew
astr
ansl
ated
byth
efu
ture
indi
cati
vein
narr
atio
n.A
gain
inN
u9,
16-2
3iri
narr
atio
nth
ere
appe
arit
erat
ive/
habj
tual
yiq
tol-
form
sth
atar
ere
nder
edw
ithth
efu
ture
indi
cati
ve.
The
sequ
ence
begi
nsw
ith
‘n
mv
‘tr
ansl
ated
byoto
c‘y
vto
&å
tavt6
mea
ning
“so
itw
asco
ntin
uall
y”.
Th
etr
ansl
ator
,ha
ving
noti
ced
this
,co
rrec
tly
uses
the
impe
rfec
t.In
the
next
vers
eth
eyi
qtol
form
sar
ere
nder
edw
ith
the
aori
stin
dica
tive
,w
hich
isus
eful
Gre
ekal
tern
ativ
efo
rth
etr
ansl
atio
nin
the
cont
exts
ofth
isty
pe.
Beg
inni
ngfr
omve
rse
18th
etr
ansl
ator
uses
asan
equi
vale
ntth
efu
ture
indi
cati
ve.
Evi
dent
lyhe
does
not
pay
any
noti
ceto
his
prec
edin
gtr
ansl
atio
n,he
has
com
piet
ely
forg
otte
nth
eco
ntex
tan
dtr
ansl
ates
acco
rdin
gto
the
Heb
rew
verb
s.A
ndas
we
have
aire
ady
noti
ced
inth
eIa
stve
rse
ofth
isse
quen
ce,
vers
e23
,th
etr
ansl
ator
retu
rns
toth
ena
rrat
ive,
tran
slat
ing
verb
form
sin
the
past
tens
e,no
tbe
caus
ehe
sudd
enly
rem
embe
rsth
eco
ntex
tbu
tbe
caus
eth
ere
isal
soa
chan
gein
the
verb
form
inth
eso
urce
text
.
Nu
9,16
-18:
1T
1’
1D
1n
?lf
lw’
W1’‘
18..
WX
a?fl
?Yl
IDY
’pvr
Pa1
1fl
’p
rP‘7
p3fl
pui’
flV?C
9’
—O
T(i
)iveto
öt&
itav
i6.
vtpi•-
atv
i’jp
aK
ai
EZ
öoJtU
Qti
jvv6ta
...
18&
<
Qoat&
’yato
OU
Oi
‘Iaai,
Kai
ÖI&
itQ
OG
t&7.L
aT
oK
UQ
100
wta
poj5
cjtv
.it
&aa
t&1’j
Qa,
Vat
cU
KL
&S
tV
EpaT
JEiT
GK
TIV
ii,
Ot
UO
i‘1
GQ
a1.
15Se
eJo
uon
1923
, §11
3e-h
(dan
sla
sphre
dupa
ssle
yiqt
olex
prim
eac
tion
rpt6
eou
dura
tive)
and
§11
9u-
v(a
ctio
nrp
&e
oudu
rativ
e).
194
Ans
siV
oiti
laW
hat
the
Tra
nsl
atio
not
Ten
ses
teli
s19
5
Nu
9,23
:nu
,‘
mv
VDW
OO
flO
OO
flC
UD
flKW
D’1V
‘D71
1)11’
flfl
’‘
—it
t6t
&
JtQ
oat&
’yII
ato
(K
opio
’)åY
tao
oiv
tv(p
u).
aiT
lvK
opio
’)vto
Öt&
tQO
GtU
7IL
Ctt
o(
I(U
QiO
UV
XEtQ
LM
ooai
tj.
Exa
mpl
esof
long
stri
ngs
ofit
erat
ive/
habi
tual
yiqt
olfo
rms
are
infr
eque
ntin
the
Pen
tate
uch
atle
ast
inth
em
ater
ial
stud
ied
inth
is
pape
r.T
heyi
qtol
used
toin
dica
teit
erat
ive/
habi
tual
mea
ning
istr
ans
late
dco
rrec
tly
byth
eim
perf
ect
indi
cati
vein
Ex
33,7
-11.
The
yiqt
olin
dire
ctdi
scou
rse
isin
som
era
reca
ses
tran
slat
edby
the
aori
stin
dica
tive
.E
xam
ples
ofth
isph
enom
enon
may
befo
und
inG
en
47,2
5an
dE
x4,
11.
Inbo
thco
nnec
tion
sth
eyi
qtol
conc
erne
dis
pre
cede
dby
the
qata
lth
atis
rend
ered
wit
hth
epa
stte
nse
verb
form
,in
the
form
erth
epe
rfec
tin
dica
tive
and
inth
ela
tter
the
aori
stin
dica
tive
.
Thu
sth
eco
ntex
tis
inte
rpre
ted
aspa
stby
the
tran
slat
or.
Gen
47,2
5::1
1rI
‘-oi,
u”m
‘ro
‘y7
‘)fl
’r,r
IY
ve’
—K
ai
Eii
tav
ZaK
w
EiSQO
tLSV
X&QI
VV
cLV
tiOV
to3
Kop
io’)
ii&
vK
cLLG6I.
LE
9cL
3tcL
t&;
t&ct
cIQ
cL()
Ex
4,11
:..
uh
nK
D1K
flDDi
v—
Ti
WK
BV
(JT
6IC
Lavepw
It()
,K
ai
ti(
tOiW
Y6
)oK
o)(
poV
)(cLL
K()
(po
v..
.;
Am
ore
prob
lem
atic
case
isfo
und
inN
u16
,5w
here
the
Heb
rew
text
begi
nsw
ith
ano
min
alte
mpo
ral
clau
se“t
hem
orni
ng[is
]”in
the
foll
owin
gcl
ause
the
copu
lati
veju
ssiv
eap
pear
s,th
entw
om
ore
yiqt
ol
form
sfo
llow
.T
hebe
ginn
ing
ofa
dire
ctdi
scou
rse
isre
nder
edso
that
the
nouni
isse
emin
gly
cons
ider
edas
aqa
tal
verb
(the
perf
ect
in
dica
tive
used
)an
dth
efo
llow
ing
juss
ive
wit
hth
eco
pula
tive
conj
unC
tion
we
asw
ayyi
qtol
(the
aori
stin
dica
tive)
.T
his
tran
slat
ion
proc
ess
dem
onst
rate
sth
atth
etr
ansl
ator
does
not
know
wha
tth
efo
llow
ing
cont
ext
isan
dth
athe
take
sth
ew
hole
sent
ence
asa
narr
ativ
e,he
nce
heis
able
tore
nder
the
foll
owin
gyi
qtol
form
sw
ith
the
sam
epa
st
tens
eve
rbfo
rms.
Thi
ski
ndof
sequ
ence
,ie
.th
eno
min
alte
mpo
ral
clau
se—
this
tim
e“e
veni
ng”
—pl
usw
e+
yiqt
olis
corr
ectl
ytr
ans
late
dag
ain
inE
x16
,6.
Nu
16,5
:“x
i,io
i”c
‘-ip
mU
frT
,h
Ki
1T,,w
nm
n’r’i
rnpc
-ovi
—
xai
&).W
JSv
itp
6K
6ps
...
‘E3tg
KE
1tt
ctL
KaiY
6O
EO
(to
6vtc
o
cL&
tou
Ka’
tt0
&)‘
iooc
,K
ai
JtQ
0cJ
Tiy
&yE
t0tp
ictut
6V,
Kaio3
Et.
atO
cL
ut)
Jtp
ocnry
ayE
tOJt
QO
ccn
it
6V.
The
rear
eca
ses
whe
rein
stea
dof
the
past
tens
eth
efu
ture
isus
edan
d
the
past
inst
ead
ofth
epr
esen
t.N
atur
ally
,in
the
Gre
ek,
the
pres
ent
may
beus
edin
stea
dot
the
past
,si
nce
wit
hth
eso
calle
dhi
stor
ic
pres
ent
ther
eis
noun
ambi
guou
sw
ayto
reco
gnis
eth
eco
nfus
ion
of
pres
ent
and
past
.C
onse
quen
tly
thes
eca
ses
are
not
deal
tw
ithhe
re.
**
*
The
case
sst
udie
dab
ove
dem
onst
rate
that
the
cont
ext
did
not
alw
ays
sele
ctth
esu
itab
leG
reek
tens
efo
rits
elf.
Itm
ayno
tbe
argu
edth
at
the
cont
ext
did
not
have
any
effe
cton
the
tran
slat
ion
proc
ess
ofth
e
tens
es,
but
itsin
flue
nce
was
limite
dbe
caus
eof
the
habi
tof
tran
slat
ing
only
shor
tse
gmen
tsat
ati
me
and
acco
rdin
gto
the
so-c
alle
d“e
asy
tech
niqu
e”—
the
conc
ept
intr
oduc
edby
Barr
t6
—w
hich
mea
ns
tran
slat
ing
byth
eus
ual
equi
vale
ntw
itho
utan
exha
usti
vest
udy
ofth
e
con
tex
t.O
fco
urs
e,th
ein
flue
nce
ofth
eco
ntex
ton
the
tran
slat
ion
vari
esw
ithth
edi
ffer
ent
tran
slat
ors.
The
tran
slat
orof
Nu
and
toso
me
exte
ntal
soth
atof
Dtn
foll
owed
mor
ecl
osel
yth
efo
rmof
thei
r
sour
cete
xtth
anth
etr
ansl
ator
sof
Gen
and
Ex,
the
latt
erbe
ing
the
mos
tfr
eeal
soin
this
resp
ect.
Nat
ural
ly,
the
mat
eria
lis
too
limite
dfo
r
deta
iled
desc
ript
ions
ofev
ery
tran
slat
or’s
abili
ties
orin
abil
itie
sin
this
mat
ter.
For
exam
ple,
inth
est
udie
dpa
rts
ofG
enth
ere
are
noIo
ng
stri
ng
sof
itera
tive/h
abit
ual
yiq
tol/
weq
atal
form
sin
the
hist
oric
al
narr
ativ
e.B
ut,
judgin
gfr
om
the
mat
eria
ldi
scus
sed,
itis
obvio
us
that
the
tran
slat
orof
Nu
had
diff
icul
ties
inhan
dli
ng
ver
bfo
rms
that
did
not
occ
ur
inth
eir
usu
alen
vir
onm
ent.
He
was
able
tore
nd
erth
em
co
rrectl
yw
hen
they
wer
em
ark
edw
ith
suff
icie
nt
indic
ators
of
the
itera
tiv
ity
but
ifth
est
ring
s,in
whic
hth
eyap
pea
red,
wer
eto
olo
ng,
he
lost
the
pre
cedin
gco
nte
xt
com
ple
tely
,an
dtr
ansl
ated
them
inco
rrec
tly
byth
efu
ture
indi
cati
ve.
The
fact
that
the
tran
slat
ion
was
usab
lede
pend
edto
ala
rge
exte
nt
onth
efa
ctth
atth
eH
ebre
wte
nses
wer
eus
edac
cord
ing
toth
eir
for
mal
usag
e;th
ere
are
long
stri
ngs
ofw
ayyi
qtol
and
qata
lfo
rms
inn
ar
rati
än,
and
indi
scou
rses
yiqt
olan
dw
eqat
alfo
rms
are
foun
d.W
hen
the
qata
lap
pear
edin
disc
ours
e,th
etr
ansl
ator
was
norm
ally
able
to
deal
wit
hit
corr
ectl
y,bu
tyi
qtol
and
weq
atal
caus
edoc
casi
onal
dif
fi
cult
ies.
Acc
ordi
ngto
Bar
r,th
eli
tera
lism
may
not
becl
aim
edto
conc
ern
the
tran
slat
ion
ofve
rbte
nse.
Nev
erth
eles
s,1
wou
ldus
eth
ete
rmst
ere
o
typi
ngte
nden
cyin
conn
ecti
onw
ith
the
man
ner
oftr
ansl
atin
gdis
cuss
edab
ove,
whe
nw
eqat
al,
yiqt
olor
w+
qata
lin
hist
oric
alna
rrat
ive
are
rend
ered
wit
hth
efu
ture
indi
cati
ve,
asw
eII
asw
hen
the
qata
lus
ed
16J.
Bar
r,“T
heT
ypol
ogy
ofL
iter
alis
min
Anc
ient
Bib
lica
lT
rans
lati
ons”
,26
.
196
Ans
siV
oiti
la
toin
dica
tepr
esen
tac
tion
,is
give
nth
eao
rist
indi
cati
veas
aneq
ui
vaje
nt.
Fur
ther
mor
ew
hen
inth
esa
me
imm
edia
teco
ntex
tth
eno
min
al
clau
seis
rend
ered
wit
hth
epr
esen
tin
dica
tive
ofth
eve
rbe?it
but
in
the
verb
alcl
ause
with
the
qata
lof
the
verb
r’r,
the
equi
vale
ntus
edis
the
impe
rfec
tin
dica
tive
ofth
esa
me
Gre
ekve
rb.
The
segm
enti
zing
man
ner
oftr
ansl
atin
gde
mon
stra
tes
also
that
the
tran
slat
ors
did
have
aba
sic
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
the
use
and
mea
ning
of
the
tens
es,
even
ifth
eydi
dno
tha
veth
ehe
lpof
our
gram
mat
ical
and
lingu
istic
hist
oric
alkn
owie
dge.
Whe
nth
eydi
dno
tor
coul
dno
tre
sort
toth
eco
ntex
t,th
eyre
nder
edac
cord
ing
toth
ete
nses
and
the
know
ledg
eth
eyha
dof
them
—in
this
resp
ect
the
poet
icpa
rts
are
anex
cept
ion
but
they
are
anex
cept
ion
aire
ady
atth
ele
vel
ofth
eso
urce
text
.
TH
ES
EP
TU
AG
INT
AN
DE
AR
LIE
RJE
WIS
HIN
TE
RP
RE
TA
TIV
ET
RA
DIT
ION
—E
SP
EC
IAL
LY
AS
RE
FL
EC
TE
DIN
TH
ET
AR
GU
MS
Sta
ffan
Olo
f sso
nT
eolo
gisk
a!n
stit
utio
nen,
Box
1604
,S-
751
46U
ppsa
la,
Sw
eden
1
The
term
Sep
tuag
int
isus
edno
wad
ays
for
aco
liec
tion
oftr
ansl
atio
nsan
dor
igin
alG
reek
wor
kspu
tto
geth
erov
era
peri
odof
seve
ral
hund
red
year
s.T
hus
itw
illno
tdo
tosp
eak
abou
tth
ere
lati
onbe
twee
nth
eS
eptu
agin
tan
dea
riie
rJe
wis
hin
terp
reta
tive
trad
itio
nin
asi
mpl
ew
ay.
Infa
ctth
etr
ansl
atio
nte
chni
que
isno
tat
ali
one
and
the
sam
efo
rth
een
tire
Sep
tuag
int;
the
met
hods
oftr
ansl
atio
ndi
ffer
radi
cail
yam
ong
the
vari
ous
book
s.C
erta
intr
ansl
atio
nsar
eex
trem
eiy
lite
ral,
asfo
rex
ampl
eL
amen
tati
ons,
Eze
kiel
,P
salm
san
dJe
rem
iah.
Oth
ers
such
asE
sthe
r,Jo
b,P
rove
rbs
and
Isai
ahar
eco
nsid
erab
lyfr
eer.
The
refo
reon
eca
nnot
refe
rto
the
Sep
tuag
int
inth
esa
me
way
asca
nbe
done
with
othe
rG
reek
tran
slat
ions
,as
Sym
rnac
hus,
The
odot
ion
and
Aqu
ila,
each
ofw
hich
disp
lays
itsow
npe
culi
arun
ity.
Afu
rthe
rco
mpl
icat
ion
whi
chsh
ouid
also
beta
ken
upin
this
connec
tion
isth
aton
em
ust
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
the
orig
inal
tran
slat
ion,
usua
llyde
sign
ated
aspr
oto-
Sep
tuag
int
orth
eol
dG
reek
text
,an
dth
eal
tera
tion
san
dre
visi
ons
whi
chth
eor
igin
alun
derw
ent
over
the
cour
seof
time,
evid
ent
inev
ery
sing
leS
eptu
agin
tm
anus
crip
t!U
sual
lyit
isth
eor
igin
alw
hich
one
wou
ldlik
eto
com
pare
wit
hth
eJe
wis
hin
terp
reta
tive
trad
itio
n,w
hich
init
self
isfa
rfr
omun
ifor
m,
e.g.
the
tar
gum
s,pe
rhap
sth
ebe
stre
pres
enta
tive
ofea
rlie
rJe
wis
hin
terp
reta
tive
trad
itio
n,ha
vese
vera
ldi
ffer
ent
anon
ymou
sau
thor
s.L
ast
but
not
leas
r,w
eca
non
lyde
term
ine
whi
chin
terp
reti
vem
odel
was
bein
gem
ploy
edby
com
pari
ngth
eS
eptu
agin
tw
itha
Heb
rew
Sca
ndin
avia
nJo
urna
lof
the
Old
Tes
tam
ent
vol.
10no
.2
(199
6)©
Sca
ndin
avia
nU
nive
rsit
yPr
ess
1
Abs
trac
t
Inhi
spa
per
read
atth
eIO
SCS
mee
ting
inJe
rusa
lem
1986
,Pr
of.
Jam
esB
arr
has
stat
edth
atth
etr
ansl
ator
sof
the
LX
Xha
ssu
ccee
ded
weI
lin
rend
erin
gth
eve
rbte
nse.
His
mai
nst
atem
ent
—th
etr
ansl
ato
rdi
dno
tha
vean
y“pre
cise
orco
mpr
ehen
sive
theo
ryof
how
the
Heb
rew
tens
esw
orke
d”an
dth
ushe
follo
wed
the
indi
catio
nsgi
ven
byth
eco
ntex
t—
requ
ire
that
ther
ear
eno
verb
form
sjn
the
tran
slat
ion
whi
chdo
not
fit
into
thei
rco
ntex
tbu
tar
e
neve
rthe
less
inac
cord
ance
wit
hth
eno
rmal
equi
vale
ntof
the
Heb
rew
verb
tran
slat
ed.
1in
tend
toqu
esti
onth
epo
siti
onof
Pro
f.B
arr
byp
rese
nti
ng
som
e
case
sof
wha
the
may
call
the
“mud
dlii
igof
the
verb
tens
es”
whi
chd
emo
n
stra
teth
atth
eco
ntex
tdi
dno
tal
way
sse
lect
the
suit
able
Gre
ekte
nse
for
itse
lf.
ILm
ayno
tbe
argu
edth
atth
eco
ntex
tdi
dno
tha
vean
yef
fect
onth
e
tran
slat
ion
proc
ess
ofth
ete
nses
,bu
tli
sin
flue
nce
was
lim
ited
beca
use
ofth
e
habi
tof
tran
slat
ing
only
shor
tse
gmen
tsat
ati
me
and
acco
rdin
gto
the
so
call
ed“e
asy
tech
niqu
e”w
hich
mea
nstr
ansl
atin
gby
the
usua
leq
uiv
alen
t
wit
hout
aoex
haus
tive
stud
yof
the
cont
ext.
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