Water Treatment

Water

Distribution

Sewage

Collection

Primarysettling

Gritchamber

Biologicaltreatment

Pumpingstation

Finalsettling

Secondary Treatment Preliminary and PrimaryTreatment

Return activated sludge

or recycle flow

Wastewater Treatment

Advanced Wastewater Treatment

SludgeRecirculation of NO , Q = Q3 S

AnoxicZone

NO N3 2 Effluent

Mechanically mixed anoxic chambers

Air mixedaerobic chambers

Aerobic Zone

NH NO3 3

P Cell Mass

FinalSettling

NO N3 2

N03

PrimaryEffluent

SettlingtankFlocculation

Rapidmix

FilterSecondary

effluent

CoagulantAuxiliary chemicals

Chlorine Chlorine

Tertiaryeffluent

Rapidmix

Chlorinationbasin

Mechanically mixed anaerobic chambers

Return Activated Sludge, Q = 0.3QR

N2

gasN2

gasN2

gas

AnaerobicZone

Organic P P

Recycled Water

Water Reclamation

Chlorine

Secondaryeffluent

UltravioletDisinfection

Breaktank

Cartridgefilters

ReverseOsmosis

Units

Packed-towerdecarbonator

High-pressurepumps

Sulfuric acidThreshold inhibitor

Cartridgefilters

MicroFilters

Compressed air

Injectionwell

Irrigation

SettlingtankFlocculation

Rapidmix

FilterRaw water

supply

CoagulantAuxiliary chemicals

Chlorine

Potablewater

Rapidmix Chlorination

basin

Lake

River

SurfacewaterDischarge

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3-9. Although impounded waters are oxygenated by diffusion from the atmosphere

and algal photosynthesis, the major periods of oxygenation are during spring and autumn circulations (turn-over).

3-10. Oligotrophic lakes are nutrient poor and biologically unproductive. Mesotrophic

lakes have an increased nutrient level to support some aquatic plants, greenish water from algae in the summer, and moderate populations of sport fish. Eutrophic lakes are nutrient rich with heavy weed growth along shores, blooms of algae, and tolerant fish.

3-11. Thermal stratification of an eutrophic results in reduced quality of the impounded

water in the hypolimnion. Since the water below the themocline is not oxygenated, decomposition of organic matter can delete the dissolved oxygen concentration.

3-12. The best way to prevent or retard the rate of eutrophication of a lake is to reduce

the nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. For an oligotrophic lake, either nutrient can promote plant growth, whereas for an eutrophic lake, phosphorus is the primary nutrient to control.

3-13. Pathogens are disease-producing organisms including viruses, bacteria, protozoa,

and helminthes (parasitic worms). 3-14. The fecal-oral route is the transmission of pathogens in the feces of an infected

person into the mouth of another person by person-to-person contact with contaminated fingers or through water and food contaminated by feces.

3-15. Latency is the period of time between excretion of a pathogen in feces and its

becoming infective to a new host. Persistence is measured by the length of time that a pathogen remains viable in the environment outside a human host. Infective does is the number of organisms that must be ingested to result in disease. Ascaris (roundworm) is III: latent, persistent, one egg produces one intestinal worm. Salmonella (bacteria) are II: non-latent, moderately persistent, medium to high infective dose.

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