Vol. I. DECEMBER 1908 No. 8 - World Radio History

PRICE HI CENTS

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I Vol. I. DECEMBER 1908 No. 8ii

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KING MENELIK HELPS TO ELECTRIFYE UTOPIA.

King Menelik is the latest of the petty monarchsof Africa to hold out the hand of welcome to moderncivilization. He still dons Ethiopian dress andspeaks the Hamitic language, but he is no longerhostile to Europeans, and recently at Addis Abeba,the Abyssinian capital, he turned for an hour fromcares of state to open a postal telegraph and tele-phone service building.

The Abyssinian government seems to have heldout for some time against the proposition to "elec-trify" Ethiopia, but the French promoters of th,enterprise brought such weighty arguments to bearthat the authorities finally surrendered at discre-tion.The King not only agreed that there shouldhenceforth be a postoffice, with telegraph and tele-phone attachments in his capitol-he munificentlyprovided one of the finest buildings in Addis Abebafor its accommodations. And after gracefully in-augurating the service with his presence andwords, "quite in the European manner," as wasnoted by some of the guests, he actually insistedon having everything explained to him.

The natives were surprised and the foreignerspleased at the condescension shown by Menelik. Heclaims descent from King Solomon, and is knownin his own realms as the "Negus Negusti," or Kingof the Kings of Ethiopia, and conquering Lion of.Tudah.-Boston Herald.

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POPULAR ELECTRICITY

Space Now Sellingfor the Fourth Annual

ELECTRICAL SHOWCOLISEUM CHICAGO Jan. 16-30, 1909

The 1909 Show will be grander and better inevery way than its predecessors. All leadingmanufacturers of the country will be represented.For best space reservations apply AT O TIT t(

Electrical Trades Exposition CompanyHOMER E. NIESZ, Manager, 1006-1007 Monadnock Block, CHICAGO


I I1_I,:( I1:I( I"I'1"

has been equipped with electricmotors the average cost of manu-facture will be less. Power willnot be wasted as it is being wastedwith the old-fashioned engine.Greater output will result.

from central station is being usedtoday by thousands of shops in thecity, which prefer it not only forits great convenience and c;.eanli-ness, but for its economy as well.Why not have a free test made ofyour plant by our engineers now?

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CommonwealthEdison Company

139 Adams Street

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We ask credit when writing Advertisers,

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POPULAR ELECTRICITY

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70,000 copies already sold; new orders for this book will be filled in rotation at

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Mailed postpaid on receipt of 10 cents for paper bound copy or $1.00 for leatherbound copy, stamps or money.NOTE-If you prefer: the book will be sent on 3 days' approval. You can remit the 10 cents orreturn the book at your own discretion. The Publishers know the sterling value of the bookand have faith In the judgment and honesty of the average American, sufficiently ambitious andintelligent to be interested in a book of this character..l111.>eaals»:o.mm. mo.aa-now.«m:n m

JUST FILL OUT AND MAIL THIS COUPONTHE FIDUCIARY COMPANY, 565 Tacoma Bldg., Chicago, Ill.

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POPULAR ELECTRICITYIN PLAIN ENGLISH

H. W. YOUNG, Editor.

Vol., 1. DECEMBER 1908.

CONTENTS

PageThe Electric Automobile of To -day

(Front Cover)An Electric Christmas. By W Livingston

Lamed.Frontispiece:ELEMENTARY ELECTRICITY. Chapter

VIII.. By Prof. E. J. Houston 463Automatic Electric Time Table 469PROGRESS OF ELECTRICITY. By Frederic

Blount Warren 470Telephone Line Over the Alps 474Electric Automatic Lift 474Modern Photo -Telegraphy 475Poaching by Electricity 475GERMAN ELECTROTHERAPEUTIC AP-

PLIANCES 476Electrocution of Animals 476ELECTRICITY IN COAL MINING. PART

III 477Static Electricity from Belts 480An Up -to -Date "Trouble" Wagon 481PRESENT STATUS OF THE ELECTRIC

AUTOMOBILE 482Telephones and Electric Lights for the Turks 483THE ELECTRIC MOTOR IN BONE SUR-

GERY 484When Using a Neighbor's Telephone 485THE NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SHOW AT

MADISON SQUARE GARDEN 486Arguments for Electrocution 488Surgeon's Electric Knife 488MILKING COWS BY ELECTRICITY 488LATEST METHOD OF INDIRECT ILLUM-

INATION. By Augustus D. Curtis 490Cooling Furnace Men with Electric Fans 492Scheme for Show Window Lighting 492Electrification of Stearn Railroads 493Easy Lamp Changer 493Marconi's Predictions 494ELECTRIC "SPECIALS" 494Electricity Cures Lock Jaw 494Wireless Battery Holder 495Original Manuscripts of Joseph Henry 495A New Test Clamp 495Cerium Filament Lamp 495AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE AND ITS

OPERATION. By F. J. Truby 496

No. 8..

PageAdaptability of the Tungsten Lamp 500Telegram Went Too Fast 500The Quartz Lamp and Its Applications 501A Home Made Voltage Regulator 501Holy City of Medina and the Tomb of Mo-

homet Invaded by Electricity 502Over Coming Noise and Vibration in Motors 502Electric Organ 502ELECTRICAL 11!IEN OF THE TIMES

George Westinghouse 503The Aurophone 504Effects of a Bursting Flywheel 505Electric Heating Pad for Nursery and Sick

Room . 505ELECTRICITY IN THE HOUSEHOLD..506-509

Electric Lighted Birthday Cake 506With Our -Women Readers 506

Electric Way 507"Breaking the Ice" at a Party °07The "Numaticon" °08Women to Grow Flowers by Electricity 509Novel Electric Water Heater 509

JUNIOR SECTION 510-515Holiday Electrical Toys 510Homemade Telegraph Sounder r12Lightning Caught in the Act 512Electric Lights an Effective Burglar Alarm.i'13A Boy's Telegraph Line. By Jerome V.

Allen . 515QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 516-518

High Frequency Apparatus 516Power Factor Formula 516Changing Windings of Fan Motor 516Peculiar Condenser Phenomenon 516Automatic Telephone Light 517Rewinding an Induction Fan Motor 517Regulator for Static Electricity 517Quadruplex Telegraph; Static Machine 518Soark Coil for Gas Lighters 518

NEW ELECTRICAL INVENTIONS 519-521A New Electric Heater 519Telephone Lightning Arrester 519Electric Malting Process 520Miner's Lamp 520Recorder for Ice Plants 521Electric Piano Player 521

THEORIZER'S CORNER 522SHORT CIRCUITS 523ELECTRICAL DEFINITIONS 524

ISSUED MONTHLY BY POPULAR ELECTRICITY PUBLISHING COMPANYMONADNOCK BLOCK, CHICAGO, ILL.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 CANADIAN AND FOREIGN, $1.50 SINGLE COPY. 10 CENTSENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER APRIL 14, 1908, AT THE POST OFFICE AT CHICAGO, UNDE:2

THE ACT OF MARCH 3. 1879.

Copyright, It)08. By E. B. Owrrkin+r, Chicago, Ill.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

WING PIANOSAsk a Hearin

and - - - Nothing More !

YOURSELF AND YOUR FRIENDSTHE JUDGE AND JURY

EVEN IF YOU ARE NOT MUSICAL, the Wing Piano will be sentto you on trial without the payment of even one dollar. We deliber-ately claim that the 21 largest styles of Wing Pianos have the mostmajestic tone under heavy playing and the sweetest tone under light play-ing of any upright pianos whatever, irrespective of the price or maker.

We would not (and could not if we would) thus address millions of the most cultivated and intelligentreaders in the U. S., spend thousands in magazines publishing such a challenge, and more thousands in R. R.freights, if we were wrong in our statements or over -conceited about the tone quality of the Wing Piano.For we are neither young nor trifling. We have been nearly half a century in the piano business, andduring all of forty years have been scientifically studying tone and durability in preference to dollar making.This is the reason why the Wing Pianos ring with music.The forty years' business experience has also taught us to weigh our WORDS carefully whether printedor spoken. Our WORD, black on white and over our name (which will be found at the foot of this notice),is that the Wing Piano is the sweetest of all in tone.Our commercial standing and references will guarantee you that our WORD is good and contract gilt-edged.The publishers of any prominent magazine will also tell you this. Read this exadt copy of one of our trial blanks:

TRIAL BLANKWING & SON, New York.

Wood StyleGentlemen --You may ship me on trial one Wing Piano of the above style with stool and scarf,to this address: Town State with freight from New York preoaid in advance, andsend me an order to get it from the railroad depot, ON TRIAL ONLY. THERE IS NO AGREE-MENT BY ME TO PURCHASE THIS PIANO, but I will allow it to remain in my home on trial fortwenty days, and if it proves satisfactory and I conclude to purchase it, I will make an agree-ment with you to pay you S in the following way: The piano to becomemy property upon completion of full payment as above.If. however, the piano does not prove satisfactory, I will return it to the railroad depot.I am to be under no obligation to keep this piano. In all respects the conditions are to be thesame as if I were examining it in your wareroom. It is distinctly understood that I am to beAT NO EXPENSE WHATEVER FOR FREIGHTS COMING OR GOING.Yours respectfully

We Refuse to Sell Through DealersTheir profits would double the price of theWING PIANO. Buy without the dealers' profits!

You Save From $75 to 8200when you buy a WING PIANO: for you buy direct --absolutely. You pay the cost of building it withonly one moderate profit added.

With railroads everywhere, and business of allkinds done by mail, the piano dealer or agent isnow unnecessary. As the cheap kinds cost less thanhalf, the dealers 'talk up" and push the cheappianos --but often call them high grade.You Need these Books-They are FREEWe send two good books. "The Book of CompleteInformation About Pianos" is a Complete ReferenceBook on the Piano. Technical Descriptions --Illus-trates how all pianos are made --With large litho-graphed pictures of 1908 models of WING PIANOS --Difference between excellent materials and laborand cheap substitutes --Reveals agents' methods,etc. A handsomely illustrated book of 162 pages.THE WING PIANO is broadly guaranteed inwriting for 12 years.

361 - JÓS j vV- I3thStreet, New York

We ask credit

Write for the books and Wing Catalogue at /once, or fill in the coupon. Cut or /'tear it out and mail to us now whileyou think of it (and while you have /the coupon.) You will be under no zobligations whatever. $q, WING& SONThe Instrumental Attachment Ry 361-368is added to certain styles when /b W. 13th st.ordered. It produces almost to /.

New York/perfection the tones of theHarp, Zither, Banjo, Guitar ' Send to the

,and Mandolin. It saves wear '

name and addressand prolongs the life ofo written below, thethe Piano. The usual / c Book of Completeplaying of the keys ' O Information about Pi -operates the Instru-°' 'atoll],"'Story Book" andmental Attachment. / 0 catalogue. without any costEasy a or obligation on my part.

Payments .Accepted /4.$and old pianos /tand organstaken in /part ex- /change,

when WI sting ,,uvei tisers.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

To the Consumerof Electric CurrentDo you want more light with -:at increasing your bills? If so

Use Tungsten Lamps

The lamp now usedis 16 Candle PowerCarbon Filament, butit is NOT the lamp ofthe future.

41 The Tungsten is thecoming lamp for illum-ination, it solves theproblem of your light-ing by a better qualityof light.

( The volume of lightis increased 250% bythe same consumptionof current.

9j The use of a Tung-sten gives you theentire benefit from thecurrent consumed atthe same price perK. W.

Can be used in any position and in anyfixture or shadeIT WILL PAY EVERY

CONSUMERMER o f CURRENTTO INVESTIGATE


POPULAR ELECTRICITY

HOTEL TOURAINEBUFFALO, N. Y.

Delaware Avenue at Chippewa StreetABSOLUTELY FIREPROOF

250 Rooms with Bath and Long Distance Telephone.EUROPEAN PLAN-$ 1.50 Per Day Up

With Bath ConnectionExcellent Music and Grill Room

Send for Booklet. C. N. OWEN, Prop.

OAKS HOTEL CO.

THE KENMOREALBANY, N. Y.

ONE OP THE BEST HOTELS IN THE CITYEuropean Plan. $1.50 and Upwards.

Within five minutes walk of Capitol Building, andone block from Union Depot.

_Ó

w7

00 Rooms and Bath; 175 Rooms with Hotand Cold Running Water.

Busses meet ALL TRAINS and BOATSJ. A. OAKS. Proprietor

ALSO THE LAKESIDE HOTEL, newly built in 1907.,Thompson' Lake, N. Y., in the Heiderherg Mountains, 17miles from Albany. Altitude 1650 feet. Hot and cold running water, tub and shower baths. Service unexcelled.Rates moderate. Boating, fishing, hunting, golf, tennis. etc.Good livery. Send for booklet.

J. M. OAKS. ManageWe ask credit when

HOTEL RICHMOND17th and H Streets. WASHINGTON, D. C.

OPEN ALL THE YEAR100 Rooms, 50 Private Baths, American Plan. $3.00 Per DayUpwards; with Bath, $1.00 Additional. European Plan, $1.50Per Day, Upwards: with Bath, $1.00 Additional.

A High-class Hotel, conducted for your comfort. Direct-ly on car .ine. Union Station, 15 minutes. Capitol, 15minutes. Shops and Theatres, 5 minutes. Two blocks toWhite House and Executive Buildings. Opposite Metro-politan Club.

Summer Season, July to OctoberWayside Inn and Cottages. Lake Luzerne, N. Y. in the

Adirondacks. Switzerland of America, 45 minutes fromSaratoga Send for Booklet.

CLIFFORD M. LEWIS, Proprietor

Meet me at the College Inn, under the Albany, New York's Lead-ing Rathskeller, a place to eat, drink and be merry ... Music.

ROBERT P. MURPHY, Proprietor

HOTEL ALBANY41st Street and Broadway, NEW YORK

Remodeled, Handsomely Furnished New Throughout

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ABSOLUTELY FIREPROOFIn the heart of the City

500 Rooms 300 Bath RoomsEuropean Plan Cuisine Unexcelled

Gentlemen's Cafe. Lades' Restaurant. and Moorish Rooms.Popular Prices. Plenty of life-but Home -like.$1.00 par Day and lip.

BEND FOR BOOKLET.

writing Advertisers.

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,A MITAa.Y y Moos..

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MANN!.s urnasten

A Good Money MakerThis portable Vacuum House-cleaning machine will earn

from $25 to $50 per day-expenses about $6.00. Latest andbest method for cleaning carpets, rugs, upholstery, draperies, etc..without removal from the house. Sucks out the dust into tanks'n the wagon. In b.g demand the year 'round for homes, churches,theatres, halls, stores, etc. A clean, legitimate, independentbusiness, at good prices, netting from $3000 to $5000 per year to

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ELECTRICIAN

The Magazine You Need.Ten cents will bring you the currentnumber, our list of electrical andmechanical books, and anythingelse of interest which we may hap-pen to have on hand. Write now.

SAMPSON PUBLISHING CO.1140 Beacon Building BOSTON, MASS.

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will you read the book if we send it freet Send no money. Simplysign the coupon.

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Name

Address

Business

Position17&10


POPULAR ELECTRICITY

POWER TRANSMITTING APPLIANCESCATALOGUE A17

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FREE Order at once and we will Includean extra picture in colon, entitled

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POPULAR ELECTRICITY

The Vivax BatteriesAre Sold and Guaranteed bythe Leading Electrical con-cerns of the United States

VIVAXSPARKINGBATTERIES

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6 Volt 60 Ampere Hour CapacityPR ICE$22.50

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Catalogue of other capacitiesupon application.

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2224 Michigan Ave.CHICAGO

Face to FaceWith

Few of us have sufficient judgment at the outset c f ourcareers to select the trade or profession for which we arebest suited.

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To -day you are face to face with an opportunity tc ad-vance-a chance to become just what you have beenwaiting to be. Your help, guide and instructor will bethe New Six Volume Edition of

CYCLOPEDIA ofAPPLIED ELECTRICITY

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TECHNICAL WORLD MAGAZINEA popular magazine with a technical turn containing the ).nestdiscussion on timely topics in Science. Invention, Discoveryand Industry, also the best Fiction. Biography. Travel andHumor. in fact, the best of everything. Illustrated with &boresof Interesting photographs.

Some of the Subjects TreatedElectric Wiring-Electric Bell Wiring-Electric Telegraph-

Wireless Telegraphy-Telautograph - 1 heory, CalculationDesign and Construction of Generators and Motors - Types ofDynamo and Motors-Elevators-Direct Current Motors-Direct-Driven Machine Shop Tools-Electric Lighting ElectricRailways-Alternatin; Current Motors. etc.-Single Phase 'Elec-tric Railway - Electric Welding - Mercury Vapor Converter -Management of Dynamos and Motors-Power Sation-CentralStation Engineering-Central Station Design-Storage Batteries-Power Transmission - Alternating Current Machinery -Syn-chronous Motor, Induction Motor. Transformer, RotaryConverter, Frequency Changer, etc. -Telephony - Autornatic'telephone-Wireless Telephony-Telephone Line Protection -Telegra phone. etc.

AMERICAN SCHOOL of CORRESPONDENCECHICAGO, U. S. A.

FREE OFFER COUPONClip and Mail Today

American School of Correspondence:Please send Cyclopedia of Applied Electricity for FREE exam-

ination, also T. W. for I vear. I will send $2.00 within five daysand $2.00 a month until I have paid 018.60: otherwise I will notifyyou and hold the books subject to your order. Title not to passuntil fully paid.SameAddress.OccupationEmployer

Pop. Elect. :12-08.


POPULAR >iPcfikiciTV

1 12LEARNTo DRAW

You can become a news-paper magazine illustratorby learning at home-learnthe illustrating businessfrom the biggest and mostsubstantial school of itskind in the world - theinstitution that is the oneschool endorsed by all lead-ing artists of the country.If you are ambitious andenergetic we can teach youthoroughly by mail.

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LEARN CORRECT , ENGLISHOur course of "instruction deals with the vital ppoints of the English

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LEARN TO WRITEADVERTISEMENTS

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Send us a money order. P. 0. order, or check for Si.to, with yourname and address plainly written. We will send the five books immediately, prepaid. If you don't find them worth their weight in gold,send them hack.The Publicity Publishing Co., Office 278 90 Library Court, Chicago, ID,

IWenay/ I"THE ENGRAVING SCHOOL THAT GRADUATES EXPERTS '1A fascinating, high -salaried and easily learned trade. taught thor-oughly and practically by correspondence. We v ill teach the begin-ner betty engraving by correspondence than he can gain in years ofrigid apprenticeship. We will improve the skill of any engraver onehundred p.r cent and make him master of the trade 'I he demandfor competent engravers far exceeds the supply. Send for handsomeIllustrated prospectus.

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Address Dept. 158 National Balermanie Training AssociationChicago, Kansas vity, bow York, Minneapolis, San Francisco.

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DIFFICULTIES IN RUNNING THE CARS INCHINA.

The operation of tramways in Shanghai is besetwith rather unusual difficulties. The motormenand conductors of Chinese.

It is doubtful if any other city in the world pre-sents such a conglomerate street traffic on such alarge scale as does Shanghai. During the busyhours of any week day upon the main thorough-fares may be seen heavy handcarts loaded with aton or more of merchandise, each drawn by 10 or12 coolies; wheelbarrows heavily laden with freightor passengers (sometimes as many as 12 personsride on one wheelbarrow), dodging hither andthither in an effort to avoid collisions with fastervehicles; numberless rickshaws running pell-mell.bicycles and motor cycles with bells ringing, andmotor cars and public and private carriages en-deavoring to pass everything on the street.. Whento this surging mass of people, horses, and everykind of vehicle is added a double -track street rail-way, running down the middle of the streets thatin some places are less than 20 feet in width, oneis able to realize something of the difficulties en-countered in maintaining an efficient street -carservice. The difficulties of operation, however, aregradually growing less as the native employees be-come more experienced and as the public growsaccustomed to the o,-wv moans of transportation.

DO YOU LIKE TO DRAW?That's all we wantto know

Now we will ant give you any grand prise-ora lot of free slue it you answer this ad.Nor do we claim to make you deh In aweek. But If you are anxious to developyour talent with a successful cartoonist.

so you can make money. send a copy ofthis picture with 's in stamps for portfolioof earteeos and _.mpie lessen plate, and letus explain. THE W. L. EVANS SCHOOL OFCABTOOS i a0, $ lb Kingmeore Bldg.. Cleveland. O.

THEWhite Eagle Electric Motor

Postpaid, 75cWe make working models of in-ventions. Send for Illustrated cat-alogue of Model Supplies.

The Pierce Model WorksIndustry Bldg. 85 5th Ave. Chicago

LEARN A TRADEin w

Practical Trade SchoolWe Teach the

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Tools Take the Placeof Books

By our system of practical in-struction we can teach you one ofthese trades thoroughly in fromthree to five months at a verylow cost.

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Call and see our school or writefor our free illustrated catalogue.

COYNE NATIONALTRADE SCHOOLS

852 N. ASHLAND AVENUECHICAGO, ILL.


POPULAR ELECTRICITY

Draw $125 -- $150 Monthlywhen taking individ-m

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Chief Draftsman concernual Instructions from e

who will in few months' home study equip you fully withcomplete technical and practical knowledge enabling youto start at above salary. Furnish tools free of charge andsteady position when completed. Reasonable terms andsuccess guaranteed. Best trade with best future. AddressCHIEF DRAFTSMAN, Div. to Eng's Equip't Co. (Inc.) CHICAGO

TYPE C TYPE D$3.50 E, éáá $5.50

WIZARD-TOY-MOTORS

ForALTERNATING

andDIRECT CURRENT

110 VOLTS

Wizard Motors operate on Any Light Circuit; simply hook intothe light socket; plug and cord with every .order We make all kindsof Toy Motors. Write for Circular 27.

THE WIZARD COMPANYCor. Dearborn and Randolph Sts. CHICAGO, ILL.

$1.00 FOR THIS SET OF INSTRUMENTSSTRAHLSSTATICELECTRICAL

NSTRUMENTS

tal tC¡EI.i.i.Attract..r PITH BALL

: 131

EI. ór`i.,9i.,.TH 811=5-rt

20 EXPERIMENTSend how t0 operate them

For the boy and student of Wireless Telegraphy itis the most Interesting, Instructive and EducationalExperiment that can be secured.

Everyone' interested in Electricity should takeadvantage of this offer. Cannot be bought tisewhereunder $10.00.

Pith for Pith Balls 10 Cents a Box$1.00 Secures the Complete Outfit

WILLIAM STRAHL280 Broadway, NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.


I'( )I'l"I.:A CT I:1( I"I l'

PUBLISHER'S PAGE

TO MANUFACTURERS OF ELECTRICAL GOODSThere are a hundred reasons why Popular Electric-

ity is the most efficient medium in which to exploityour goods-why it can produce better results than anymedium you ever tried before. Principal among thesereasons is this:

It is a known fact that buyers patronize a mediumwhich gives them the particular information they wantconcerning subjects in which they are interested. Thispertains to the text as well as the advertising pages.

Real, live, up-to-date people who are interested inthe wonders of electricity read this magazine 60,000of them. Articles in its pages exploit every month theTeri/ goods which you manufacture. These arein no sense "trade" articles, but all the same they stim-ulate an interest in and awaken a desire for the pleas-ures and conveniences obtained through the use ofelectricity.

You will readily realize, therefore, that one of thechief functions of Popular Electricity is the carrying outof a unique and vastly efficient selling campaign for thewhole electrical industry.

In view of these facts, is there any logical reasonwhy you should not give a share of your business toPopular Electricity, which is not only giving impetus tothe whole electrical industry, but will also give yougreater direct results than any other form of advertis-ing you have ever employed.

A MAGAZINE OF THE ELECTRICAL AGEIn announcing the publication of Popular Electric-

ity some ten months ago, we stated that we were goingto give the people the first and only magazine exploitingelectricity in all its phases and in "Plain English." Werealized that the field was large, that there were thou-sands of people interested in electricity who had hith-erto had no medium free from technicality with whichto satisfy their craving for knowledge on this subject.But confident though we were of the demand for such apublication, the results obtained so far have fat morethan fulfilled our expectations.

The past half century will go down in history as theMechanical age. But the mechanical age must nowgive ground to a new and more wonderful era-the Ageof Electricity, which is upon us. It is not surprising,therefore, that hundreds of thousands of people in allwalks of life are awakening to the fact that if they areto keep abreast of the World's endeavors they must knowElectricity. To make this magazine a real aid to thosewho are seking such knowledge will be our constant aim.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY PUBLISHING CO.MONADNOCK BLOCK, CHICAGO, ILL.

W. A. WADSWORTH. Advertising Manager H. W. YOUNG. Editor J. A. HARNEY, Circulation Manager


POPULAR ELECTRICITY

EVERYTHING&rFurnace Work

The Hess Method of warming Houses, Churches, Schools and Stores isfar superior to steam, hot water or other systems and costs much less toinstall and maintain. We guarantee this in every' case. You take no risk.The responsibility for what we sell you and how it works is all on us. We haveto make good. You pay us nothing unless everything you buy of us is satisfac-tory and does exactly what we claim. We can satisfy any owner, builder or con-tractor that the Hess Furnaces and Furnace Supplies are what they want. Justgive us the opportunity to show what we can do and are doing.

Our Free Test OfferWe will ship you a Hess Heating Equipment, pay the freight to your station and wait sixty daysfor our pay, while you test the Outfit. If not satisfactory, you can return it at our expense.Our No. 45 "Leader" Steel Furnace.

Easy to InStaii We will send you a list of hundredsHeats 7 or 8 Rooms. of satisfied customers who savedfrom $26.00 to $75.00 by installing their own HessFurnace and Outfit, with our easy -to -follow plansand instructions. Any handy man can do thework. We will loan you the tools Free.

The Hess Steel Furnaceand all Furnace Fittings and Suppilts aremanufactured at our Factory. We k.iowthe quality and workmanship of everyInch of our prodn t. We salt direct toowners, builders or any onesmall profit.AFull line of Furnace Pipes.Stacks,Registers- in fact everythingfor furnace Jobs-are madeand carried In stock at ourFactory and are guaran-teed to give best results.Our 48 -PAGE cata-logue. Just out.illua-trating each ar-ticle and givingnet deliveredprices is sentfree on re.quest.

Price of this $4900Furnace .

Delivered to anyStation East ofOmaha andNorth ofthe OhioRiver

Moorish Design WaferSide Wall Register

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at your station, freight paid.

The sketch you send us need not be drawn to scale,location and size of rooms, measuring inside,from

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Write Now, To -Day. Our Catalogues are Froc

Hess Warming and Ventilating912 Tacoma Building, CHICACO

but should clearly indicate


j

AN ELECTRIC CHRISTMAS.

With a snap and a whir and a flurry of wing,Old Santa Claus comes to town:

His sleigh with electrical melody ringsAs it hovers, and settles down.

No longer the deer and the commonplace way,For Old Santa a -motor goes,

While a curent now sparks to the tune of his larks,As he bounces along the o'er the snows.

His gifts, we opine, are as equally quaint,For the children are wise of course.

An electrical gift from the merry old Saint,An electrical bear or a horse.

He rigs up the tree, with a grin on his face,In a garland of glittering globes.

Then with grin and with hitch, he turns on the switch,And he smiles in his "Chaufferish" robes.

When all of the wee ones come down at the dawnThey are charmed by the wisdom of "Nick,-

There's a little third rail that a train hums uponWhile electrical toys do the trick.

A spark, or a flash and a halo of lightAnd the Christmas is one to remember,

For the motor puts vim in the presents of himIn this up-to-date day of December.

R Livingstcn Larncd

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POPUL-ARELECTRICITY

IN PLAIN ENGLISH

VOL. I DECEMBER 1908 No.8

ELEMENTARY ELECTRICITY.BY EDWIN J. HOUSTON, PH. D. (PRINCETON.)

CHAPTER VIII. -MECHANICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC DISCHARGES.

The passage of electricity through anycircuit is capable of producing a varietyof what are known as mechanical effects.As the phrase is generally employed, bymechanical effects are meant any effectsthat change or influence the masses asdistinguished from the molecules or theatoms. When a board is ruptured by anexplosion, cut by a chisel, smoothed by aplane or a piece of sandpaper, bent or,flexed by force, or changed in volume by..compression, the effects so produced are'generally known as mechanical effects.Necessarily all the changes above re-ferred to influence the molecules andatoms as well as the masses. Neverthe-less, by mechanical effects are meantthose influencing the masses rather thanthe molecules or atoms. In other words,mechanial effects, as we shall use thephrase in this article, may briefly be de-fined as molar effects, or effects influ-encing the masses as distinguished frommolecular or atomic effects that espe-cially influence either the molecules oratoms.

Electricity produces mechanical ef-fects in a variety of ways. Since all me-chanical effects are produced by forceacting on the masses through distances,they require the expenditure of energy.In accordance with the doctrines of theconservation and the correlation of en-ergy referred to in a preceding article,the amount of mechanical effect-that is,the amount of work done by electricity-is necessarily fixed and definite. A giv-en quantity of electricity flowing

through a circuit is capable of producinga given amount of mechanical effec:s re-quiring the expenditure of a givenamount of energy, and therefore capableof being expressed in units of work asfoot-pounds, or in electrical units as volt -coulombs or joules. So, too, the amountof activity, power, or rate of doing workis capable of being expressed in foot-pounds per second or in units of electri-cal activity as volt-amperes or watts. Inevery case the amount of work done bya given amount of electricity is fixedand definite. One coulomb of electricitypassing through a difference of potentialof one volt-that is, one volt -coulomb orjoule-is capable of expending clergyand so producing a total amount of me-chanical effects equal to 0.738 foot-pounds, or of exerting an amount ofpower or activity equal to one watt or0.738 foot-pounds per second.

There are various ways in which elec-tricity is capable of producing mechani-cal effects or doing mechanical work.These effects may be produced either byelectricity at rest or by electricity in mo-tion, or, as it is generally called, by elec-tric charges or by electric discharges orcurrents.

By an electric charge is mear.t thecondition in which electricity existswhen it has been permitted to collect onthe surface of an insulated conductor;that is, on a body which, being supportedon and surrounded by an insulating me-dium, is unable to leave the conductor.It can be shown that under such circum-

464 POPULAR ELECTRICITY

stances the electricity immediately passesto the outer surfaces of the conductorwhere it collects in the condition knownas an electric charge. If the chargedbody be touched by a conductor connect-ed with the earth, the electricity is dis-charged to the earth in what is knownas an electric discharge or current.

Without entering now into further de-tails it suffices to say there are two kindsof electricity, positive and negative, sothat a body is capable of receiving eithera positive or a negative charge. It isalso true that these different charges arecapable of mutually attracting or repell-

FIG. 59. ATTRACTION OF THEPENDULUM.

ELECTRIC

ing each other. Like charges repel andunlike charges attract each other, twopositive charges or two negative chargesrepel each other and a positive and anegative charge attract each other.

The mutual attractions and repulsionsof electric charges may either produceactual motion and thus do work or ex-pand kinetic energy, or they may simplyexert a pull or stress on the mediumseparating the two bodies, thus exertingpotential energy. For example, in Fig.59 (Ganot) is represented a piece of ap-paratus known as the electric pendulum.It consists of a pith ball suspended by asilk thread. When an electrified bodysuch as a rubbed piece of sealing wax orhard rubber is brought near the pithball, an attraction is exerted and the ballis drawn towards the electrified body.Here work is done, work that is capableof being expressed in fractions of a foot-

pound, by the weight of the pith ball infractions of a pound multiplied by thedistance in fractions of a foot throughwhich the attraction has raised the ball.

If an electrified body is brought suffi-ciently near the pith ball the latter is

FIG. 60. REPULSION OF THE ELECTRICPENDULUM.

drawn towards it until they touch. Re-pulsion then occurs and work is done bythe repulsion of the ball as representedin Fig. 6o (Ganot). This work can bemeasured by the weight of the ball mul-tiplied by the vertical distance throughwhich it is moved.

The successive attractions and repul-sions due to electric charges. can be madecontinuous. In the apparatus known asthe electric chime, represented in Fig. 61(Ganot), three bells are suspended from

FIG. 61. ELECTRIC CHIME.

a horizontal metallic rod hung as shownon the terminal of a frictional electricmachine. Two of the bells (A) and (B)are suspended by conductors to the hori-zontal bar, while the third (C) is insu-lated from the bar by a silk thread but

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

connected to the earth by a metallic con-ductor. Between the bells two smallcopper balls are suspended, as shown, bysilk thread.

When the machine is worked, the bells(A) and (B), receiving positive electriccharges, at .once attract the copper ballsby reason of an opposite charge, re-ceived in a manner that need not now beexplained. The clappers strike the bells(A) and (C), when they are at once dis-charged to the earth, and are again at-tracted by the charges (A) and (B) andare again repelled. These to and fromovements, together with the conse-quent ringing of the bells, will be main-tained as long as the machine is operat-ed. They are, therefore, examples ofmechanical effects produced by electricdischarges.

A simple mechanical effect is shown inFig. 62 (Ganot). Here a glass bell jar

FIG. 62. PITH BALL EXPERIMENT SHOW-ING MECHANICAL EFFECT OF

ELECTRICITY.

is placed on a metallic support connect-ed with the earth and connected withone of the conductors of a frictionalelectric machine. The bell jar is pro-vided inside with a metallic ballplaced as shown. When an electric dis-charge is passed between the ball andthe metallic case of the vessel, a numberof pith balls that have been placed in thevessel are set into violent mechanicalmotions, being first attracted to the me-tallic ball, afterwards repelled from it,and as soon as they have lost theircharge by contact with the earth areagain attracted. Here again we have anexample of mechanical effects as pro -

465

duced by the action of electric dis-charges.

It sometimes happens that the chargeswhich collect on the opposite sides of aglass plate, or on the coatings of a Ley-den jar exert sufficient attraction on each

FIG. 63. PIERCING GLASS AND PAPER BYELECTRIC DISCHARGES.

other to pierce or break the plate. Forexample, as shown at the left in Fig. 63(Silliman), a plate of glass (v) is placedbetween two pointed conductors (a) and(b). On the discharge of a Leyden jaror battery between these conductors themechanical stress produced by the oppo-site charges that collect under their ex-tremities becomes sufficiently strong topierce a small hole through the glass,just as if it had been made with a drill.In order to ensure this result, the c'largemust be concentrated on the glass imme-diately opposite the points, by placing asmall drop of oil at the point to bepierced. An examination of the hole soformed will show that it is circular inshape and frequently remains filled withfine powdered glass dust, that can, how-ever, be readily removed. With suffi-ciently powerful discharges, plates ofglass several inches in thickness can bepierced.

It frequently happens during the useof a Leyden jar battery that one of thejars is broken by the discharge thoughthe glass. A jar so affected is uselesssince it cannot be satisfactorily 'mended.

If instead of the plate of glass a pieceof cardboard is placed between the point-ed conductors (a) and (c), as shown atthe right in Fig. 63, on the passage of asufficiently powerful discharge a holewill be pierced at (o) through the paper.This hole is situated nearer the negativeor - conductor than the positive or +conductor. A peculiarity about thz per-foration is that its edges are raised orburred on both faces of the card. This


fact, which has long been known, was atfirst hard to explain. It is now generallyrecognized, however, that its cause isvery simple. The high temperature pro-dued by the discharge results in the ex-plosive liberation of moisture or othervapors that rapidly escaping raise theburr on both faces. With sufficientlypowerful discharges, a hole may bepierced through a book of several hun-dred pages.

Similar effects are seen on a muchlarger scale in the rending of trees andthe tearing of stone or brick walls bylightning discharges. The passage ofthe discharge produces considerable heatand is attended by the explosive escapeof gases or vapors liberated in the massof the material, thus producing some of

chine thus provided with a pointed con-ductor is examined in a dark room dur-ing action, a luminous brush dischargewill appear to pass off from the pointinto the air. A discharge of this charac-ter is called a convective discharge, andis accompanied by a stream of air parti-cles that continue to be thrown off fromthe point as long as the machine is in op-eration. The origin of the air stream issimple. It can he shown that the densityof the electric charge on any body rapid-ly increases at those parts of its surfacethat are pointed. The body will there-fore possess a very high charge, near theends of the pointed conductor. Conse-quently, when the air particles come incontact with this high charge they willbe rapidly charged and violently re -

FIG. 64. STREAM OF ELECTRIFIED AIR PARTICLES BLOWS THE FLAME.

the destructive effects of lightningflashes.

Reference has already been made tothe fact that when the distance betweena charged conductor and an approachedearth -connected body exceeds that atwhich a disruptive discharge is capableof passing, the discharge becomesbranched, and that if the distance is suf-ficiently increased, the discharge entirelyloses its disruptive character. More-over, instead of being accompanied by aloud, noisy report or snap, 'it becomes aquiet discharge. Such a discharge is es-pecially apt to occur when a pointed con-ductor is placed in connection with thecharged body. Under such conditions itis impossible for the conductor to re-ceive a very high charge, since it tendsto discharge itself. It is for this reasonthat the conductors of an electric ma-chine are always made blunt or rounded.

Let us now inquire why a chargedconductor thus provided with a point iscapable of discharging itself. If a ma-

pelled. A constant stream of air parti-cles is therefore shot off from the endsof the points, and since each of theseparticles carries off a small electriccharge, the conductor is soon discharged.

That a stream of electrified air parti-cles actually exists in convective dis-charges can be shown by the arrange-ment represented in Fig. 64 (Ganot),where a candle flame is brought into theneighborhood of a metallic point bentinto the horizontal position as shown.Here the stream of particles thrown offfrom the points in a horizontal directionblows the flame of the candle in the posi-tion shown. When the amount of thedischarge is sufficiently great, the con-vective discharge may be strong enoughto extinguish the candle flame. Indeed,the air current is sufficiently strong to befelt by the hand if held near the point.

A similar piece of apparatus is repre-sented in Fig. 65 (Ganot), where anelectrical vane or whirl, consisting of thesix horizontal wires bent as shown, is

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

fixed to a central cup and so supportedon a vertical point as to be capable of ro-tating. When the electric machine is putin operation the escape of the airstreams from the points by their reactioncauses the vane to revolve in a directionopposite to that of their escape. Thisrotation is similar to that observed inthe well known device called the rotarylawn sprinkler.

As already seen, the passage of anelectric discharge between metals re-sults in the mechanical tearing off offragments of the metal that are after-wards volatilized and impart a charac-teristic color to the spark. This maytherefore be cited as additional mechani-cal effect produced by a discharge. Thiseffect, however, is by no means limitedto solids. The passage of an electricdischarge through liquids produces me-chanical movements of the liquid in thedirection of the discharge; that is, fromthe positive arid negative electrodes.Curious results are sometimes producedby these movements. One of these isseen in a phenomenon known as theelectric osmose.

By osmose is meant the unequal mix-ing of liquids of different densitiesthrough the pores of a diaphragm orwall separating them. If a solution ofsugar and water is placed in a moist pig'sbladder, and a glass tube, open at bothends, is tightly secured to the mouth ofthe bladder and then placed as shown inFig. 66 (Silliman), in a vessel filled with

FIG. 65. AN ELECTRICAL VANE OR WHIRL.

pure water, a gradual mixture occursbetween the two liquids through the cap-illary or hair -like openings in the wallof the bladder. The sugar solution flowsout of the bladder into the water in theoutside vessel, and the water from theoutside vessel flows into the sugar andwater in the bladder. These two streams,

467

however, are of unequal strength. Morewater passes into the sugar solution. If,therefore, the bladder is immersed inthe water, so that the level of the wateris the same as that of the sugar solu-tion, after the mixing has gone on forseveral hours, the level of the sugar so-lution will be much higher than that ofthe water.

The two currents thus set up areknown as the endosmotic current, or

FIG. 66. OSMOSE OR THE MIXING OFLIQUIDS.

that which is directed towards the dens-er liquid, and the exosmotic current orthat directed towards the less denseliquid. The endosmotic current is thestronger, thus causing a higher level ofthe sugar solution.

Now it has been observed that if mat-ters can be arranged so as to permit anelectric current to vass through the poresof the bladder, or of the medium sep-arating the two liquids, that the passageof the discharge is accompanied by amovement of the liquid. Osmose causedin this way is known as electric osmose.

If, for example, a vessel provided witha vertical wall or diaphragm of pig'sbladder, is filled on one side with purewater and on the other with a solutionof sugar and water, the passage o= thecurrent through the walls of the bladderwill carry with it a water current in thesame direction as that in which the elec-

46É 1'OÚULAR ELECTÍ2ÍCÍTV

tricity moves; i, e., from the positive tothe negative electrode.

It is curious to note in this connectionthat if by mechanical pressure the liquidis forced to move through the pores ofthe diaphragm, that electric currentsknown as diaphragm currents are pro-duced. Such currents have been actu-

FIG. 67. CAPILLARY ELECTROMETER.

ally employed in the operation of a tele-phone that will be subsequently describ-ed under electro -receptive devices.

Another instance of the motion ofliquids produced by an electric dischargeis seen in a device known as the capil-lary electrometer. Here, as shown inFig. 67 (Houston's Dictionary of Elec-trical Words, Terms, and Phrases), adrop of sulphuric acid and water isplaced in the horizontal branch of aglass tube provided with two verticalarms that are dipped into vessels filledwith mercury. The passage of an elec-tric current through the tube results in

ference of potential can be measured bythe amount of the movement.

By far the most powerful mechanicaleffects are produced by electric currents.As Oersted has shown, the passage of anelectric discharge through any conduc-tor results in the setting up of circularlines of force around the conductor. Forthis reason electric circuits are capableof attracting or repelling one anotheraccording to the direction in which theelectric discharges are passing throughthem.

By arranging the conductor in theshape of the hollow solenoid or coilshown in Fig. 68 (Ganot), and support-ing it as shown, the solenoid acts as amagnet, and will come to rest whenpointing approximately north and south.If another solenoid be brought into itsneighborhood as shown in the figure, at-traction or repulsion will result accord-ing to whether dissimilar or similar polesare thus brought near one another. Theamount of tnese effects is greatly in-creased by placing cores of soft iron in-side the solenoid. It is in this, as wellas in other similar mo-tors are produced. These constitute byfar the most striking examples of themechanical effects of the electric cur-

FIG. 68. ILLUSTRATING MECHANICAL EFFECT PRODUCED BY ELECTRIC CURRENT.

the movement of the liquid drop fromthe positive to the negative electrode orin the direction in which the current ismoving. A change of direction of thecurrent therefore is accompanied by achange in the direction of the movement.The name capillary electrometer is givento this device because, when the differ-ences of potential are less than one volt.the amount of the movement is propor-tional to the difference of potential caus-ing it, so that the electric pressure or dif-

rent. They will be described in anotherplace.

A curious class of phenomena produc-ed by the passage of an electric dis-charge is seen in the motion causedeither by electric currents or by magnetson the streams of luminous matter pro-duced by the discharge of electricitythrough vacuous spaces. An electriccharge differs from an electric currentsolely in that in the charge the electricityis at rest on the surface of the conduc-

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tor; while in the current it is in rapidmotion through the conductor. Now, aswe have already seen, the luminous dis-charges that pass through vacuousspaces consist of streams of moleculeseach of which carry with them minuteelectric charges that are moving withtremendous velocities through the emptyspaces. Very curious effects are there-fore produced by the action of other cur-rents or magnets on these discharges.Some of these effects will be referred toin a subsequent chapter.

(TO BE CONTINUED.)

AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC TIME TABLE.

Any one along the line of a particu-.lar trolley route naturally knows therunning time on that line or the timeof the day when an electric car is ex-pected to pass a certain spot, but that,generally, ism the extent of his knowl-edge of the running time of the road.When these same people arrive at thetransfer station and wish to know whenthe next car leaves for some other sec-tion, the starter is invariably looked upfor the desired information.

In one look at the automatic time ta-ble you can tell almost at a glance therunning time of any of the lines for 15minutes in advance. The time clock runscontinually, similar to any other clock,this portion of the machine being themake of the Standard Electric TimeCompany, which is used in all large sta-tions and waiting rooms throughout theUnited States. The sheet upon whichthe time table is written operates from6 a. m. until 12 o'clock midnight, 18hours in all, or during the time that thecars are in operation. By the use of abattery system the clock winds itselfevery minute.

Each individual minute of the 18 hoursis represented on the endless chain ofcards which revolve about through theuse of an electric contrivance. Thereare 15 cards showing at one time, thetop card agreeing with the clock and theother 14 showing the schedule for thea corresponding number of minutes tocome.

During the 18 hours of service thereare 1,o8o sheets or cards displayed onthe face of the time table. As the card

CARS -'P'LEAVE FOR.Y........ 11 1IIr,

1f-1(,ISIL'PY.BaSRe+.BBligiitimAM.BIBC BUCN'S 815

..TrrnIr ( ely o..,.

MaeonSupplies ALUM rANitun&taN.N

- _al e1:2'e1.16nrtkT,el.WeeF

Chelmsford Ginger AleGAP a

A B.XU4eI1BEY Wlal.

Beaton Market nexriss."'

f111"NoI1 to 11 Nlb 01a

A.GPOLIARUCR.40111. 41,41...11115 1414

&A.unaeBYR1CB.",ee ,LL

RICR.1RD90N HO[£L

PETRA CASRAP ra'"`ó:^:': I5c

CONWAY TRANSFER COMPANY~".`tYea.Re., an. Whet ,...:o?';as

_--

469

passes from view at the top the sheetmoves up one, a new card appears atthe bottom, and the one which disap-pears gradually works its way down inthe rear of the machine, is folded andput in readiness to appear in its proper

a

41

AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC TIME TABLE.

turn during the next 18 hours ofservice.

A portion of the space on the cardsis used for advertising purposes. Thespace where no cars are scheduledis used by the railroad during thesummer months to advertise the variousattractions and places of interest alongthe line, as shown by the cut.

PROGRESS OF ELECTRICITY.SHOWN BY THE FOUNDERS' DAY PARADE IN PHILADELPHIA.

BY FREDERIC BLOUNT WARREN.

Early in October, Philadelphia devotedGn entire week to a celebration of thetwo hundred and twenty-fifth anniver-sary of the arrival in the DelawareRiver of William Penn, the city's found-er. After a day of introductory religiousceremonies, there followed six days ofpageantry, on which were told the storiesc f the city and the state's military, mu-nicipal, industrial, maratime and his-torical greatness.

On the historical parade it is naturalthat the greatest thought, the greatestcare in conception and fidelity to detail

trial line of march before at least three-quarters of a million spectators. In thepageant was the work of thousands ofmen. There were floats representing in-dustries which employ a quarter of amillion skilled workers. Thousands ofdollars had been spent to make the floatsdistinctive and attractive. For weeksbefore, designers had labored with theirexhibits, and the result was one of themost versatile and original pictures everpresented on wheels.

There were i6o floats in the pageantrepresenting Too separate business con -

ALLEGORICAL FLOAT REPRESENTING AN ELECTRICAL HALL OF FAME.

should have been lavished-and it was.But from a practical viewpoint the in-dustrial parade of Founders' Week was,by all odds, the most interesting andsignificant.

The commercial supremacy of Phila-delphia, as one of the most extensivemanufacturing centers in the NewWorld, was exemplified in this indus-

cerns and 5o distinct classifications ofindustries. Under one of these classifica-tions was grouped the electrical industry,and so rigid were the rules pertaining toadvertising on the part of the partici-pants, and the difficulty encountered inmaking floats explanatory without ad-vertising, that the number of concernsrepresented in the electrical division was

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

Polo102193

»anwws rr.ar«sr 31,..111

` -4 [][t_).f-00 TELLTrnYI(),4F:ST7L"i UNITED 5TA : I' ..

FLOATS SHOWING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TELEPHONE.

finally restricted to three. They were:The Philadelphia Electric Company,with six large floats; the Bell TelephoneCompany, with three floats; the Key-stone Telephone Company, with onefloat. Thus, this important industry re-ceived a total numerical representation

471

afforded by ten floats, on which, how-ever, great care had been lavished andlarge sums of money spent, ,that weak-ness in numbers should not be empha-sized by weakness in individual ex-hibits. That the money was well spent isshown by the illustrations.


After considering ways and meansand going into construction details ofevery sort, the Philadelphia ElectricCompany decided to enter a series of sixfloats-the first float to be semi -alle-gorical and the next four floats tó dem-onstrate, as attractively as possible, whatelectricity has done for the city of Phila-delphia-or any other city, for that mat-ter-in the way of modern methods ofworking and living; the last float beingmerely a lamp exhibit.

The chief problem was that of how tooht:in advertising of a value commen-

wagons of the company were dismantled,trailers were built for each and solidplatforms constructed covering the twobeds.

Float No. i was of allegorical nature.The greater part of the float was cov-ered by a booth representing a kind ofhall of fame, divided into three sections.In these sections, seated at desks or intheir workshops, were figures represent-ing Edison, Morse and Bell. At the rearend of the float, on a raised section, stoodan individual made up to representFranklin. A kite and string, to which

A COMPLETE TELEPHONE EXCHANGE ON WHEELS.

,,urate with the expense of the floats. Itwas finally decided that the very bestadvertising result could be obtained bydrawing a contrast on each float be-tween methods of working and livingbefore electricity was available-whichwas termed "The Old Way"-and thepresent method-which was termed "TheElectrical Way."

Designs of the floats called for a uni-form size of 3o feet by to feet; theheight being regulated by the distancefrom the ground to the lowest overheadtrolley wire on the line of the parade.Six of the electric trucks and service

was attached a key, flew over the entirefloat and by means of a static machineFranklin would, from time to time, causelong sparks to be emitted, with thecrackling noise common to machines ofthis character. This float was merelyentitled "E'ectricity."

Floats Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 5, shown inthe frontispiece of this issue, representedminiature dwellings and workshops, allof them roofed over and painted so as torepresent true sections of the structures.

Float No. 2 illustrated the develop-ment of the lighting of dwellings. Thefirst half of the float showed the interior

POPULAR

of an old colonial room, completely fur-itished, with old colonial candlesticks andlamps as the principal features, with agirl in colonial dress seated at a tablereading. The second half showed theinterior of a modern living room, alsocompletely furnished, with electric wallbrackets, electric dome light, luminousradiator and electric fans, the lamps be-ing lighted from the batteries of thetruck, and the fans also in operation.

Float No. 3 represented the develop-ment in cooking methods. The first halfof the float showed the interior of an oldlog cabin with a trapper, in costume,cooking his meal over a log fire. Thedetails of this were completely workedout and the effect of the logs burningwas obtained. The second half of thefloat showed the interior of a modernelectric kitchen with girls, smartlydressed, operating the "kitchenette," andthe various electrical dough -mixing andegg -beating appliances. All the smallmotors and the kitchenette on this floatwere operated from the batteries on thetruck, as were also the lamps.

Float No. 4 represented the develop-ment of laundry methods. The first halfof the float showed an old negress at thewash tub in a cabin, with children play-ing around the floor, old stove in thecorner and a chimney actually throwingout smoke. The second half showed theinterior of a modern electric home laun-dry, with electric irons, electric wash-ing machine, electric clothes dryer-allthis apparatus being demonstrated byneatly dressed maids and operated bycurrent furnished from the batteries onthe truck.

Float No. 5 demonstrated the develop-ment in factory methods. The first halfof the float showed the interior of an oldstyle wood working 'establishment oper-ated by a stationary engine in one cor-ker of the float. This float was com-pletely equipped with shafting, beltingand machinery, all being operated by thesteam engine which was burning softcoal and throwing out clouds of blacksmoke. Men were at work at the vari-ous machines. The second half of theBoat showed the interior of a modernmachine shop, all of the machines beingdirect connected to electric motors andin operation. The contrast of cleanli-

ELECTRICITY .4 3

is ess and convenience was sharply drawnand every detail on the float was minute-ly worked out.

Float No. 6, not illustrated, was merelya large service auto, completely coveredby a frame, over which was stretchedblue and yellow cloth, the colors of thecity. Over the entire frame were stud-ded, in neatly worked out designs, vari-ous types of electric lamps. In the cen-ter on both sides the words "Founders'Week" were spelled out in miniatureelectric lamps and on the back of theauto was the Philadelphia 'Electric Com-pany's monogram in miniature lamps.The wording, "Founders' Week," andthe monogram were illuminated fromtime to time by means of a flasher, theresult being effective.

A large banner carried by eight menled the electric company's section. Itbore the wording, "The PhiladelphiaElectric Company's Exhibit," in goldletters. At the side of each float smallerbanners, similarly made up, were carried,bearing various inscriptions, such as :

"In Philadelphia in 1889-135 Horse-power in Motors Were in Use. In 1908-41,000 Horsepower."

The various banners were adjacentto the floats to which they applied.

Not the least of the difficulties in pre-paring such an exhibit as this-from anelectrical standpoint-was the fact thatthe parade was a daylight one, thus mak-ing the illuminating feature difficult toillustrate. Nevertheless all of the floatsand the standards which carried the ban -hers were completely wired and fittedwith both standard and miniature lamps.so that in the event of the parade beingpostponed until darkness had set in, theappearance of the floats at night wouldhave been even more effective than wasthe case during the day. The floats weredesigned and constructed by the com-pany in conjunction with decorators.

The Bell Telephone Company's im-pressive exhibit was as follows :

Float No. 1. A map showing thescope of the Bell Telephone Company'ssystem in the United States, and Phila-delphia's connections with other cities.This map was wired from city to city,and at the larger cities the centraliza-tion of wires from- widely separated r.ndremote territory was well illustrated. The


map was one of the largest ever built,being 30 x 11 % feet.

Float No. 2. A series of seven tele-phones from one to nine feet in height,illustrating the telephone development inPhiladelphia from 1883 to 1908-from2,000 telephones in 1883 to 103,000 inuse now.

Float No. 3. This float showed Wil-liam Penn on the Philadelphia City Hallholding two pictures : One showingMarket street, the principal thorough-fare, as Penn would have seen it in 1890,filled with telephone and telegraph wires,and one showing it in 1908 virtually freefrom wires. On this float there was alsoshown a cross section of the company'sunderground plant. At the head of thisfloat there appeared . an enlarged old-style "Blake" transmitter and two polesloaded with wires, illustrating the old-style construction, and in the rear of thefloat was the modern underground sec-tion showing the present type.

The Keystone Telephone Company'sfloat was drawn by 20 horses, mannedby 24 men and contained seven youngwomen operators. It represented a com-plete telephone exchange.

TELEPHONE LINE OVER THE ALPS.Across the Alps, at a height of 11,962

feet above the sea level, there is beingconstructed a telephone line which is at agreater altitude than any other in theworld. The first section of the line is2/ miles long and its construction pre-sented exceptional difficulties. Owing tothe strong winds and to the snow andstorms prevailing in these high regions,an overhead line supported on poles wasquite out of the question.' On the otherhand, an insulated cable laid on theground would have sunk gradually inthe snow and ice, and have made repairsimpossible.

Acting upon the suggestion of Dr.Alessandri, chief of the Physical Observ-atories of Mount Rosa, who had beencarrying out experiments on the high in-sulating qualities of dry snow in thoseelevated regions, it was decided to lay anaked wire the whole length on theground and across the snowfields andglaciers. It was also pointed out that,owing to the slow movements of the gla-ciers-even at the time of the year

when the ice and snow are melting-andto the high plastic qualities of the ice,the wire would cut its way graduallythrough and suffer no breakage or in-jury. So far the wire has been laid formore than six weeks, and no damage isreported.

ELECTRIC AUTOMATIC LIFT.Users of hand power dumb -waiters

and small lifts realize the inconvenienceof operation. To eliminate the troublesencountered in the past the Kenny auto-matic electric lift was designed.

The accompanying diagram explainsat a glance the operation of the system.

R455LN4E R

FREIGHTCAR

PRESSING THIS BUTTONBRINGS CAR TO YOU

AND LOCKS THI5AND ALL OTHER BUTTONSWHILE CAR 15 TRAVELING

AT THE. SAME TIMELIGHTNG THIS JEWELED

LAMP LOCATED ON ALLBUT TONS INDICATING THATLIFT IS IN USE.

fJPEN I NG THIS OR ANY DOOROF HATCHWAY STOPS THE

CAR ANDPREVENTS ACCIDENTS.

A button switch, mounted on every floor,operates a small lamp and a special lock.Pressing any button brings a car to thatparticular floor, locking all other but-tons and at the same time indicating bythe lamps ill the other floors that thecar is in use.

If a door is left open, the car will notstart until it is closed. It is made invarious sizes to lift from 5o to 5,000pounds, and can be installed very reason-ably, whether as a dumb -waiter or forsmall passenger and freight purposes.

PUPULAR

MODERN PHOTO -TELEGRAPHY.

The portrait of the King of Englandreproduced in the accompanying halftoneillustration was taken by the latest meth-od of photo -telegraphy. This picture wastransmitted by cable from The Illustra-tion, a magazine in Paris, to The Lon-don Daily Mirror.

The photograph, or rather the orig-inal negative, must be in the formof a celluloid film. It is placed arounda glass cylinder in the sending ap-paratus. The apparatus is so arrangedthat the glass cylinder has a rotary screwmotion similar to the record on an ordi-nary phonograph cylinder. All light isshut off from the cylinder by means ofan external box, except for a very smallhole in the front, on which the light of aNernst lamp is concentrated by a lens.Instead of a traveling needle, as in thephonograph, the pencil of light passesover the film. It will be seen that thelight will thus meet the consecutive tinyportions of the film, one after the other,and which are of different intensities.

A prism is placed inside the glasscylinder which reflects all the light whichpenetrates the film on to a selenium cellarranged at the other end of the box. Asthe film rotates, and the portions of itwhich intercept the light vary in intens-ity, so the amount of light which is re-flected to the cell varies correspondingly.

By a peculiar physical phenomenon,the electrical resistance of selenium var-ies in proportion to the amount of lightfalling upon it. The selenium cell abovereferred to is therefore connected in thetelegraph circuit, and as the light pass-ing through the film is reflected upon itthe resistance of the circuit varies in ac-cordance with the density of the lightcoming through the film, and strikingthe cell, and the current traveling overthe line fluctuates accordingly. At thereceiving station, miles away, the instru-ment receives this fluctuating current.

The receiving apparatus is somewhatsimilar. There is a revolving drum in-side a dark box which rotates at thesame speed as the sending cylinder. Overthis drum is wound an unexposed pho-tographic film. One tiny opening lets apencil of light enter the box and fall onthe film. A little aluminum screen cov-ers the light opening, and this screen is

ELECTRICITY 475

operated by electromagnets in circuitwith the telegraph line. The magnetsvary in strength in proportion to the fluc-tuations of the current coming from thesending station, and they move thescreen ever so little, back and forth, so

as to let more or less light enter the boxand fall on the revolving film. Thesevariations of light are in consequence indirect proportion to the variations oflight falling on the selenium cell at thesending end, therefore the film is ex-posed to exactly the same degree, at thedifferent points on its surface, as wasthe sending film. When developed, thefilm at the receiving station is an exactreproduction of the one at the sendingstation.

POACHING BY ELECTRICITY.On the Teltow Canal, in Germany,

where the boats are propelled by elec-tricity, an ingenious rogue conceived theidea of making use of the electric cur-rent for obtaining a supply of fish. Allthat was necessary was to attach one endof a piece of wire to the boat trolley wireand dip the other end in the water. Allthe fish within a radius of 3o feet wereinstantly paralyzed.


GERMAN ELECTROTHERAPUETIC APPLI-ANCES.

The Multostat is the firm name of acontrivance of German manufacturewhich enables the practicing physician tomake every possible use of electric cur-rents, including motor operation. Mount-ed on a small plate, the Multostat con-tains all regulating, switching and con-tact apparatuses necessary for galvaniza-tion, faradization, for caustic and endo-scopic current, and for the motor-trans-former. The latter generates the caustic,the faradic and the endoscopic current,and simultaneously drives a flexible shafttransmitting rotary movement to thehand pieces for vibratory massage.

All the regulating contrivances per-mit of finest gradation. A feature of

THE SCHNEE FOUR -CELL BATH TREAT-MENT.

the Multostat offering special advan-tages is that cauterization and endoscopymay be executed simultaneously. Theentire apparatus takes up but little spaceand, being provided with handles, can betransported with ease. Placed on a smalltable with rubber castors it can be rolledabout. This mobility makes it possibleto shift the apparatus from room to room,and it is therefore not necessary forsanatariums, hospitals, etc., to keep onhand a number of fixed equipments. Oneuse of the Multostat is in connectionwith the four cell bath treatment shown

in one of the pictures, devised by LiSchnee, by which hydro -electric bathsmay be given.

The easy operation of an electric mas-sage machine is also illustrated. Ex -

ELECTRIC MASSAGE MACHINE.

changeable working parts of the instru-ment permit of its use for massage of theface as well as of the body. The strengthof the vibratory movement can be regu-lated.

ELECTROCUTION OF ANIMALS,\ cry satisfactory experiments in elec-

trocution of animals for food consump-tion have been made within the pastyear by Dr. Stephane Leduc, of the Med-ical School of Nantes, France, and theyundoubtedly demonstrate that animalscan be electrocuted very easily and with-out causing pain. During the course ofresearches made by Doctor Leduc witha view of causing electric sleep, he dis-covered this new and rapid method of in-flicting painless death, a method which isvery simple and inexpensive. The ap-paratus necessary is simple and not verycostly, and the direct current used doesnot require to be stronger than such as isused for lighting purposes of low volt-age.

The current is interrupted at frequentintervals per second, and these frequent

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

interruptions are produced by a specialapparatus designed by Doctor Leduc. Ifan animal is submitted to this current,and if functions of life, circulation, res-piration, etc., are stopped, a perfect andgeneral insensibility is produced, whilenone of the essential organs is injured.If the current is stopped before two min-utes have elapsed, life is restored again,and the animal does not appear to havesuffered from the experiment. An ani-mal subjected to this current for morethan two minutes dies without pain fromasphyxia.

The animal to be electrocuted is placedupon a platform insulated from the

477

ground by glass or porcelain stands. Oneelectrode is placed upon the foreheadbetween the eyes, and the other is placedat the extremity of the spinal columnso as to concentrate the current throughthe brain and spinal marrow, the twoplaces where the electrodes are appliedhaving previously been shaved in orderto secure a perfect contact. As soon asthe current is established the animal fallssenseless, and it is then bled. Owing tothe great contraction of the muscles thebleeding is very profuse, and consequent-ly the meat is supposed to be of betterquality. It is doubtful if this slow methodwould find favor in this country.

ELECTRICITY IN COAL MINING.PART III. -COAL CUTTING MACHINES.

Although there is no likelihood thatthe services of the hand miner will bedispensed with entirely in production ofbituminous coal, still his work is nowprincipally odd job work-for productionon a high tonnage basis his place hasbeen taken by the electric chain cuttingmachine. The electric chain machine isessential nowadays for rapid develop-ment, maximum continuous productionand greatest effectiveness per man em-ployed, which means least cost per tonof output.

Experiments with various types of cut-ter bars led to the development of thechain machine, which is now within thereach of every producer of bituminouscoal and is adaptable to almost everycondition of coal mining. The machineis simple in principle and operation. Itconsists essentially of two parts : First,a rigid base frame, held firmly in place onthe floor of the room by jacks, front andrear, to the face and roof respectively. Apan foot under the front jack and thetwo rollers resting on a skid at the reargive all the firmness of three-point sup-port, regardless of floor irregularities.

Second, fitted to guides on the rigidbase is a traveling frame of long triangu-lar form, with an endless cutter chainembracing its three sides, passing aroundtwo idle sprockets at the forward endand a driving sprocket at the rear. Anelectric motor attached to the rear end

of the traveling frame performs thedouble duty of driving the cutter chainaround the frame and of forcing theframe itself, with the chain, continuouslyforward along the rigid guides. The linksof the chain carry inserted cutter bits;some horizontal, others inclined upwardand downward. As the traveling frameadvances into the coal these bits make akerf or channel four inches high.

In clean coal with smooth bottom thechain may run close to the floor andleave practically no bottom coal to betaken up. Where rolls are common thechain may be set to enter at any desiredheight and pitch. The depth and breadthof cut, as also the rate of feed, are vari-able to suit the hardness and character ofthe coal.

Fig. I is a view of an electric chaincutter making an undercut. It is firmlybraced, front and rear, and the motorwhich operates the endless chain with itscutting tools is shown mounted on thetraveling frame. Fig. 2 is a view ofthe same machine as the cutter is beingwithdrawn from the face. Current isbrought to the motor through a cableattached to the conductor wires in themain entry, the cable being paid outfrom a reel as the machine is advanced tothe face.

The machine runner, stationing him-self at the controller of the motor, at-tends to the operation of the machine as

FIG

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.

POPULAR - ELECTRICITY 479


the cutter chain advances under the coal.His helper, shovel in hand, clears awaythe cuttings as brought out by the chain.The depth of the cut is determined bythe length of the machine used, and this,

for general utility purposes. In this typethe motor which operates the cutting ma-chine is also connected by means ofsprocket and chain drive to the wheelsof the truck. There are two types of

FIG. 3. SELF-PROPELLED TRUCK WITH TROLLEY POLE.

like the breadth of the cutter head andthe rate of forward feed, must be gov-erned by the height and character of thecoal, the nature of the roof and floor, etc.Reaching the full depth of the cut, thefeed stops automatically, and the move-ment of a reverse lever throws in the

FIG. 4. SELF-PROPELLED TRUCK WITHHAND TROLLEY POLE.

quick return device, which backs the ma-chine rapidly out from the coal. Whilethe machine thus withdraws, the men re-lease the jacks and prepare to move themachine to the right a distance equal toits own width, there to reset the jacksand make a second run.

Self-propelled trucks for moving thecutting machines are the most convenient

these self-propelled trucks, one in whichthe current is collected by a regulationtrolley pole similar to that on a streetcar, Fig. 3, and the other in which asmall hand -operated trolley pole is usedas shown in Fig. 4. In the latter typethe operator sits on the rear of the ma-chine and holds the trolley wheel againstthe wire by means of a handle shapedlike a policeman's club. This handle is,of course, insulated from the wheelwhich collects the current.

STATIC ELECTRICITY FROM BELTS.

To show how great may be the gen-eration of static electricity experimentswere performed in some German fac-tories. The experimenter succeeded indrawing sparks an inch to an inch and ahalf long from a five -inch belt on a wheelmaking I,000 revolutions a minute. Therisk of explosion in dust or gases wasalso subject to investigation with a viewto elimination of the danger. Coatingsof bronze or aluminum powder prevent-ed static charges, while a weekly applica-tion of acid -free glycerin was a remedy.and added durability to the belt.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

AN UP-TO-DATE "TROUBLE" WAGON.

When a trolley wire or hanger breaksor some other accident happens to theoverhead construction of a city railway,there is reason for quick action on thepart of the railway company to makerepairs. Damage suits may result frompeople coming in contact with the brokenwire. Delay of traffic is also bound tooccur, and this is another thing that isa bugbear to the management. Conse-quently most of the larger companieskeep a number of emergency or troublewagons ready to rush to the scene ofthe accident at a moment's notice, andthey go clattering through the streetsat a rate which sometimes makes thefire engine companies jealous.

An indication of the up-to-date meth-ods of the United Railways Company ofSt. Louis is shown by their "frouble"wagon which they built in their ownshops and which is giving efficient serv-

481

"TROUBLE" WAGON WITH PLATFORMRAISED READY FOR WORK.

AN UP-TO-DATE "TROUBLE" WAGON.

ice. The car is driven by a 3o horse-power, four cylinder, water cooled gaso-line engine and is geared to zo miles anhour. The gear is of the sliding trans-mission type and has four speeds for-ward and one reverse.

The car weighs 6,000 pounds withouttools, and the tires are solid rubber with

a four -inch face. It is provided withplatform which is raised by a telescopeframe and which is insulated from theground. The linemen who stand on thisplatform and make the repairs are. allpast masters in the use of the pliers andthe "come along," and can make a splicein record time.

distinct and separate. The electric isnot capable of high speed, exceptat great expense. Neither can itmake great mileage except at greatexpense. It is therefore unfitted forlong distance tours. But within itsfield, charged for a distance of say5o miles per day, for city and su-burban use, it is not only the most eco-

482 POPULAR

PRESENT STATUS OF THE ELECTRICAUTOMOBILE.

Rapid as have been the improvementsin gasolene automobiles during the lastfew years, the electric automobile hasbeen improved just as much, although itdoes not perhaps have the center of thestage as does its rival. The electric mo-tor used today is 5o per cent better than

,, Irºmn:;1 '

_

cI n r <<l (tii1I'' 1J1-_ ` la'..v

ELECTRICITY

GRACE AND SIMPLICITY CHARACTERIZE THE MODERN ELECTRIC VEHICLE.

it was when all automobiles were in theexperimental stage. The storage batteryhas improved in many ways. The classof materials and construction methodshave improved in the electric class justas much as in the gasolene class. Fiveyears ago the average ability of an elec-tric was 25 miles on a battery charge.Today the average electric does 5o to 8omiles per charge, at less expense.

Many people have the idea that elec-tric automobiles are expensive to main-tain. This is probably because five yearsago all automobiles were of comparative-ly small ability. The fact is that theelectric car is now a very inexpensiveone from every point of view.

Gasolene and electric cars are not com-petitors-the two fields are entirely

nomical automobile to maintain, but inmost cases it costs about the same as ahorse, and often less. In addition to itsinexpensive maintenance, the electric hasmany attractive features. It is simple,and easily kept in perfect condition. Ithas no complications-anyone can under-stand it easily. No other vehicle is soeasily controlled and guided. No othervehicle is so safe. And what is moreimportant, no other vehicle, whetherhorse-drawn or motor -driven, is so thor-oughly dependable. You can rely onthe fact that an electric is going to startwhen you want it to, and run as long asyou want it to, as long as there is cur-rent in the battery.

Another popular delusion about theelectric is that "When an electric can

POPULAR ELECTRICITY 483

make loo miles, it will be a practicalcar." So general is this talk that thefact is lost sight of that any of the bet-ter types of electrics can now make morethan ioo miles on a single batterycharge. But it isn't worth while to doso, for several reasons.

In the first place great mileage is ex-pensive. There are two principal waysof attaining great mileage. One is byusing a large battery. The other is byusing more plates in a small battery. Alarge battery adds expense for size andadds weight. A driver who maintains a6o cell battery where a 3o cell batterywould give him all the mileage he actu-ally needs is throwing his money away.

The use of a large number of platesin a small battery produces greater mile-age, but shortens the life of the batteryitself. For instance, the Pope-WaverleyCompany made some interesting experi-ments along this line at Indianapolis re-cently. They took a car with the stand-ard 3o cell battery, and by using 15plates instead of II in each cell, theymade 142 miles at 14 miles per hour,without recharging the battery. Usingthe standard 11 plates, this same carwould make about 8o miles per batterycharge-one at Denver made 87 miles

with heavy tires. These figures, ofcourse, are based on brand new bat-teries. After the newness of the batterywears off, the car that actually ran 8omiles will do from 4o to 6o miles, andit is easily maintained at about this effi-ciency.

Big mileage in an electric car is spec-tacular, but not necessarily important.The thing to be considered is the way inwhich mileage is attained and the ex-pense per mile. For instance, the 11

plate battery, in the average electric carwill need. renewing. The 15 plate bat-tery is much shorter lived, so that thesensational mileage it might give wouldbe rather costly.

The kind of tires used makes a won-derful difference in electric mileage.Experiments show that light "fast" tiresalone will increase the mileage from 47to 87 per cent, depending on the rateof speed. Light tires are all right if youare willing to pay for more tires andrun more risk of blow -outs and punc-tures.

The speed at which a car is drivenmakes a big difference, because wind re-sistance is proportionally a larger prob-lem at high speed than at moderatespeed. The spectacular records are al-ways made at low speed.

The much talked of "hundred miles inan electric" has already arrived, but forthe reasons above given, the expense permile for such travel is too high to bepractical. The only thing that Edisoncan probably accomplish with his nowfamous battery -to -be, would be to reducethe cost per mile in electric vehicles. Itis believed any of the standard makes ofelectric automobiles can be equippedwith the Edison battery if it ever reachesthe practical stage.

As a matter of fact, the present mile-age of electric vehicles is more than suf-ficient for the purpose. Probably notmore than one electric driver in a hun-dred travels more than 35 miles a day.The busiest physicians rarely have to gomore than 25 miles a day.

The electric of today with standardequipment and heavy tires, insuring longlife to the battery and low cost per mileto travel, making 5o to 6o miles on asingle battery charge, is more than ableto meet every reasonable demand Uponit. Anyone who wants a mileage ofover ioo miles can get it by paying theprice per mile. But with standard dur-able equipment, the electric of today is athoroughly practical, simple and inex-pensive vehicle ; clean, quiet, stylish andfast enough for city and suburban use.

TELEPHONES AND ELECTRIC LIGHTSFOR THE TURKS.

One quick sign of the times in Turkeyis the absolute removal of all restrictionsupon the importation of telephones andelectrical apparatus. This has followedfast 'upon the granting of a constitution.The 400,000 inhabitants of the historiccity of Smyrna expect soon to indulge inan occasional Turkish "Hello," and it ispredicted that every Turkish city of anysize will install a system just as soon ascontracts can be made.

Telephones and electric light are thefirst, and most natural demand of a peo-ple whose wives have whispered in cur-tained zenanas, while their husbandsgathered in secret midnight conclavesthrough so many years.


THE ELECTRIC MOTOR IN BONE SURGERY.Before the electric motor was added

to the surgeon's equipment, most of theoperations were performed by the oldchisel and mallet plan, and by hand op-erated instruments. The advantages to

be derived from power driven cuttingtools are apparent even to the layman,especially in such operations as trephin-ing the skull. The two illustrations showa complete motor operated outfit forbone surgery and one of the applicationswhich may be made of it.

The engine as a whole is well adaptedto almost all operations upon the bonystructures. It is at all times under per-fect control, and, in the hands of an ex-perienced surgeon, greatly shortens thetime of and simplifies such operations asresection, or the removal of necrotic por-tions of bones, etc. It is also of particu-lar advantage in cases where it is neces-sary to open the brain. case and makefenestrae of any shape or size as in oper-

ations on the mastoid, on the temporalbone, making new sutures on the brain -case, and for removing necrosis of themaxillary bones, etc.

The motor is capable of developingone -fifth horse power and is specially

wound for the purpose. As ac-curate speed control is essential,a suitable regulator is providedwhich is mounted in the baseand operated by the handleshown in the illustrations. Thevarious cutting tools are oper-ated by a flexible shaft con-nected directly to the motorshaft. A special hand piece isprovided for holding them, and

this hand piece maybe easily sterilized,which is an importantfeature.,,,45o=liih~rii~jc

l

ELECTRIC MOTOR AND __-PTACHMENTSFOR BONE SURGERY.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

There are all kinds of cuffing instru-ments, as shown in the large cut; littledrills for drilling holes in bones in orderto wire them together, trephines foropening the skull, burs which will pene -

05

5. If this phone is not .in a suitable positionwe will have it altered.

6. Please scribble on the walls, as they needdecorating anyway.

7. Callers will kindly stand in line, and notwipe their feet, as it might spoil the door mat.

SKULL TREPHINING WITH ELECTRIC DRIVEN 'TOOL.

trate bone very readily, spherical bursfor trimming, beveling and cleaning cav-ities, etc.

WHEN USING A NEIGHBOR'S TELEPHONE.

There are a great many pretty nicepeople who would not think of borrow-ing their neighbors' money or goodclothes but who think nothing of "run-ning in" to use the telephone. The ideaof intruding upon a man's castle andtracking up the wife's hall carpet withmuddy feet never occurs to them as be-ing inconsiderate, says the MichiganState Gazette, yet it is just as much animposition as anything can be.

One man who felt that he was beingimposed upon drafted the following setof rules and had them neatly printed ona card which he posted conspicuously bythe telephone. The rules were as fol-lows:

1. Neighbors will kindly note the number ofthis telephone, and tell all their friends whereit may be found.

2. This telephone is yours ; we only pay therent for it. "It is more blessed to give than toreceive."

3. Please ring the door bell loudly uponcalling and retiring, as our maid needs exer-cise.

4. Our meal hours are 7 a. m., noon and 6p. m. Kindly arrange to disturb us at mealtimes.

8. Long distance calls are our specialty.Kindly do not offer to settle.

9. Loud and long conversations desired atall times, especially at midnight.

10. Make all the noise you can, in order tokeep the baby awake. He has no right to sleepanyway.

11. Please do not destroy the telephone di-rectory, as it and the Bible are the only bookswe own.

12. Do not hesitate to ring us up at -nid-night about anything. We stay awake for thatpurpose.

13. Do not consider us for a monent if youwish to use the phone. We will wait indefi-nitely.

14. The public telephone close by is only abluff. Use this one always.

15. Our family is prohibited from using thephone except between 6 and 7 a. m. Sundays.

16. These rules apply to everyone exceptyou.

ELECTRIC SCRUBBING BRUSH.

One of the latest electric house toldutensils is a machine which scrubs, sand-papers, waxes or polishes any kind offloor. It is claimed that the electricscrubbing brush does the work cleanlyand rapidly, and that it is as effectile inthe corners as in the middle of the Poor.The adjustable parts include in additionto the palmetto scrubbing brush, a steelwire brush, carborundum stones andholder, a sheep's fleece polishing pad,and carborundum paper cut ready to use.

THE NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SHOW

Of all the various exhibitions or"shows," as they are generally called,which are held to familiarize people withthe advances made in any particular in-dustry, the electrical show is withoutdoubt the most interesting to the generalpublic. Electricity is a marvelous forcewhich interests everybody ; it offers ad-mirable opportunities for spectaculardemonstrations, and the advances whichare being made in its application andutilization in almost every walk of lifeare so rapid that it is no wonder that peo-ple will flock to an exhibition of this na-ture to see something new and startling.

The Chicago and New York electricalshows have for several years been an an-nual feature, with increasing attendanceeach year, but the smaller cities have alsotaken up the idea, and shows of this na-

ture, on a smaller scale, have been heldwith success in many other places.

The New York Electrical Show washeld this year on October 3d to 14th inthe Madison Square Garden, and it pre-sented a brilliant and animated scene.The great interior of the building waslighted up with every form of illuminantknown to modern electrical science, for inthe general illumination and in the ex-hibitors' quarters were to be found flam-ing arc lamps, ordinary arcs, mercuryvapor lamps, Nernst lamps and all of thenumerous family of incandescent fila-ment lamps which have sprung up in thelast few years. Prominent among thelatter was the new tungsten lamp, whichwas noticeable for its remarkable bril-liancy and white light.

As emphasized by Thomas A. Edison,

AT MADISON SQUARE GARDEN.

the show this year had a double signifi-cance, as it was not only indicative ofthe degree to which electrical science hasbeen developed but it was also com-memorative of the beginnings of thescience which were centered upon theproject of laying the first Atlantic cablejust half a century before.

The illustration herewith gives a fairidea of the scene presented by the in-terior of Madison Square Garden duringthe two weeks that electricity held sway.As in the past the electric light com-panies were the largest exhibitors and inthe case of the New York show there arealways two-the New York Edison Com-pany and the Edison Electric Illuminat-ing Company of Brooklyn. Clusteredabout these two big exhibits were exhib-its of electrical manufacturing concerns,

each with something new and interestingto show the visitor. If he were an elec-trical engineer, interested perhaps in thenewest type of alternating current motor,it was there for him to inspect ; i E hewere a butcher, a baker, or a candlestickmaker there was sure to be found someelectrical device that would fit into hisbusiness; for the housewife there werethe most modern electrical kitchen andhousehold appliances ; for the boy, fas-cinating electrical toys and experimentalelectrical equipments.

Exhibitions are great teachers of thehuman race. They reach all classes andimpress, with object lessons, with a forcethat mere reading cannot accomplish. Sosays Thomas Carlyle, and truly thesewords are particularly applicable to anelectrical show.

4S8 POPULAR ELECTRICITY

ARGUMENTS FCR ELECTROCUTION.There has been considerable discus-

sion of late concerning electrocution ofcriminals, some contending that electro-cution does not actually bring death, butsimply a form of suspended animation.However this may be, electrocution hasmany supporters, and there are manyarguments to support its adoption.

This method of execution has just beenadopted by the state of Virginia. Inthat state the authorities believe that "thechair" has great advantage over the sher-iff's noose, in that it is swift, quiet andmysterious. With the negro, who con-stitutes so large a proportion of the crim-inal population of all southern states, thisargument is undeniably important. Theexcitement and the general hurrah -and -holiday air attending the old-time hang-ing were a positive allurement to thenegro. His strong theatrical sense rev-eled in a final melodrama in which hewas the conspicuous central figure. Theelectric execution wholly does away withthat. The time set for turning on thedeath current is unannounced, the publicis rigorously excluded, and the wholeaffair is conducted with secrecy and mys-tery, well calculated to inspire terror inthe heart of the superstitious African.

SURGEONS ELECTRIC KNIFE.Surgery by electricity is what is al-

leged to be possible with a remarkableelectric knife just devised by a Berlinfirm of medical instrument manufactur-ers. The knife is now undergoing ex-haustive trials at the hands of ProfessorBier, the head of the University Sur-gical Clinic, with the view of demon-strating its efficacy.

To one end of a six or eight -inch glassrod, through the center of which passesa conducting wire, is fastened the bladewithout a cutting edge, of a form simi-lar to that of the commonly used surgicalknives, or like the simple probe. A highfrequency current is employed and whenthis is turned on a noiseless spark halfan inch long appears from the point of,the knife or probe. The spark incisesthe soft tissues with the same ease as ahot knife goes through butter, withoutany apparent cauterization, but ProfessorBier's experiments have so far shownthat a more profuse hemorrhage ensues

than by the use of the common knife.It is further claimed for the instru-

ment that it sterilizes as it cuts, requiresno sharpening and can be easily cleaned.

MILKING COWS BY ELECTRICITY.The process of milking cows by any

other method than that hitherto em-ployed has been considered as an im-possible, or if possible, an impracticableor unprofitable method. The fact, how-ever, that a German inventor, M. Wm.Ohlhaver, of Chicago, has constructed apractical cow milker which he, later on,adapted for use with an electric mo-tor, more than convinces the most skep-tical dairy man and farmer that themachine is not only a practical possibilitybut also is profitable and economical.

Fig. I shows one of the new electricalcow milkers. It is not a complicatedand delicate machine, and it is manipu-lated with little cost and trouble. Onehorsepower of electric current is suffi-cient to operate eight such milkers. The

ELECTRIC COW MILKING MACHINE.

whole machine can easily be lifted withone hand and be removed from the pail.Each machine is provided with an elec-tric motor which may be removed bysimply lifting it up from the frame.There is no danger of being shocked.The machines are almost noiseless. InDrder to milk, it is necessary to plug inthe contact device, whereupon the motorsets to work the four alternately suckingpumps.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

One of the greatest advantages of theelectric milker lies in the fact that thereis absolutely no possibility of dirt gettinginto the milk. The pail is closed duringthe operation, the only entrance beingthrough the sucking nipples.

The motor in each outfit drives fourlittle vacuum pumps, one for each nipple,and the pistons of these pumps are oper-ated by a crank shaft with four armsset at the proper angle to operate the

489

Most farmers will say that they haveno electric current at hand in order tomake use of such electric milker;. Thosewho are uncertain as to the cost woulddo well to inquire what an investmentwould be necessary to install an electricplant if they are now in possession of atwo horse power gasoline engine. Aone kilowatt dynamo would cost themabout $50 and the wiring from $25 to$30. Thus the complete electric plant

ELECTRIC COW MILKERS IN OPERATION.

pumps successively, instead of all at thesame time. Fig. I shows this very plain-ly-.

In Fig. 2 is illustrated the. fact thatone man with five electric milkers is ableto perform the work of five men. Bythe time the nipples are set on the fifthcow, the first cow is almost milked outand the machine may be removed to thesixth cow. As will be seen in the pic-ture the two wires from the dynamo fol-low the top of the stanchion. Above eachcow there is a receptacle into which theconducting wires from the milker maybe plugged. The installation was madeby Mr. Arthur E. Joerin, who has al-ready successfully installed a number ofelectrical farm equipments.

would cost them about $75 to $85. Thecost of running five electric milkers and,half a dozen electric lights per hourwould be about two cents or less, accord-ing to the make of the gasoline engine.With such an electric plant the farriercan also light his barn, house and therest of the premises.

The time is now approaching whenthere will be a complete change in farmand dairy work, all of which will all bedone by electricity sooner or later. Itis beyond doubt that the farmer who nowis troubled in securing farm help will, inthe future, milk his own cows, separatehis milk, churn his butter, make hischeese, grind his grain, cut his feed, etc..all by electricity.

LATEST METHOD OF INDIRECT ILLUMINATION.BY AUGUSTUS

Indirect illumination is acknowledgedby all who make a study of artificial in-terior illumination as the most aesthetic.This form of illumination having thelight source concealed and usually de-pending upon reflection from ceiling,walls or other reflecting sources for aneven illumination of the room has hither-to been limited in its application, owing

FIG. 1. INVERTED REFLECTOR.

to the great loss or absorption of lightafter leaving its original source before itreaches the working plane.

Various attempts have been made to

FIG. 2. SUSPENDED TYPE OF REFLECTOR.

solve the problem and there are a con-siderable number of installations inwhich indirect illumination is applied indifferent ways, the most successful here-tofore being that in which the light ishidden behind brackets or cornices

D. CURTIS.

around the edge of, and the light reflect-ed towards the ceiling of the room.

Recent developments have been madealong this line which have resulted in theperfection of a new system of indirectillumination which is brought within thereach of the person of ordinary means.

The successful solving of this problemand its practical working depended upontwo things:

First, a light of high candle powerat low cost.

Second, a reflecting surface that wouldgive the first reflection of light upwardwithout material loss.

Where electricity is used, the high ef-ficiency of the tungsten lamp proves an

FIG. 3. REFLECTOR USING VERTICALLAMPS.

ideal source of light for this indirectlighting system. The intrinsic brilliancyof this lamp makes inadvisable its use insmall rooms on ordinary chandeliers be-cause of the blinding effect.

The reflecting surface of the reflectorsurrounding the lamp offered no difficul-ties, that problem having been solved al-ready by what is known as the "X-ray"reflector, a somewhat misleading name.Reflectors of this type consist of a single


piece of blown glass coated on the out-side with pure silver, giving a reflectionof remarkably high efficiency. The sil-vering is protected on the outside bycoats of elastic enamel. The process of

stalled on gas or electric chandeliers al-ready in use. Unless the chandelierarms are very heavy, it can be appliedon any electric chandelier where thesockets are pendent, as the arms do not

cast annoying shadows

FIG. 4. BEDROOM 15 FEET SQUARE ILLUMINATED BYINDIRECT SYSTEM.

manufacture differs from ordinary mir-ror coatings, but is not made public. Oneof these reflectors, as adapted to the newsystem of lighting is shown in Fig. I.

The correct shape of this inverted re-flector for throwing the rays of light tothe ceiling without shadows, as adopted,has been the result of considerable cal-culation and experiment. The perfecteddesign is of a bell shape and contains pe-culiar circular and vertical corrugations.Being fire glazed the exposed glass sur-face is easily cleaned with a soft cloth.

The indirect lighting units worked outconsist of this scientifically correct bell -shaped reflector, fitting in a spun brasscasing. On electric fixtures this spunbrass casing can either be suspended bychains as shown in Fig. 2 or supportedfrom below, as is the case of gas fix-tures. The designs also permit of theuse of a vertical instead of a suspendedlamp as seen in Fig. 3. This latter formis now practicable since the latest tung-sten lamps may be used in that position.

These lighting units can easily be in -

on the ceiling becausethe light comes fromso many directions whenpassing the arms, due tothe corrugations.

The lighting unitsshould be at or near thecenter of the room,though side lights canand have been used withsatisfactory result s.Light colored walls arenot essential, as most ofthe light is directed tothe ceiling..

Indirect illuminationis not only moreaesthetic, but even en-ables one to see better.While it is true thatthere is a loss of light,another factor enters tooverbalance this. Themore easily details canbe seen, the more efect-ive is the illumination.

When there is a bright naked lamp infront of the eye, the pupils contractand therefore the eye takes in less ofthe light and the things that are il-luminated are not seen as clearly aswith less light and a wide-open pupil.Hence, the fact that there may be lesslight with indirect illumination does notmean that we see less clearly, but on thecontrary, we really see better. Manyare of the opinion that we are sufferingnot from under illumination, but fromover illumination.

These units can of course be arrangedin a variety of ways, Fig. 4 being an ex-ample of the lighting of a bedroom.

The fixtures can be installed in singleunits or multiples thereof, either electric,gas or combinations of both, and it ispractical to illuminate in this way, notonly residences, but halls and audito-riums.

A unit of one reflector and one Loo -watt tungsten lamp gives a beautiful il-lumination in a room up to 15 feetsquare. This consumption makes the


cost very reasonable, being, at the usualcost of electric current, about one-halfto one cent per hour.

COOLING FURNACE MEN WITH ELEC-TRIC FANS.

Did you ever see a man at work infront of a blast furnace or over thefiery pits where crucible steel is made ?He is a grotesque figure, swaddled in agreat bulky suit of asbestos, and otherheat resisting materials over which wa-ter is doused at frequent intervals. In

ELECTRIC FAN FOR FURNACE MEN.

spite of all precautions, and regardlessof the fact that men who perform thiswork become inured by long practice toheat that would shrivel up an ordinaryman in a few minutes, the work is ex-tremely trying and can only be per-formed on short shifts with long inter-vals for rest and for cooling off.

To relieve the men some one suggest-ed an electric fan which would blow astrong current of air over them while at

work or at rest. The suggestion result-ed in the design of a special pedestal fanshown in the accompanying picture. Inone large steel mill there are about 3oof these fan equipments in use. Themotors are connected direct to 36 and48 -inch, six -blade fans, placed on col-umns four to io feet high.

SCHEME FOR SHOW WINDOW LIGHTING.The object of illuminating shop win-

dows is to attract the attention of pass-ersby and cause them to look at thegoods displayed. This object is accom-plished most effectively when the sourceof light is entirely concealed, becausethen the whole attention can be concen-trated on the contents of the window

SCHEME FOR SHOW WINDOW LIGHTING.

and the eye left entirely free from glare.One method of effective lighting is

shown in the diagram. The lamps arearranged high up in the windows andentirely cut off from the vision by heavyfluted glass, which also diffuses the lightperfectly. The scheme is used effective-ly with Carbone and Radiante Economyarc lamps. two new types of lamps whichare said to give light which very nearlyapproximates daylight in color values.


ELECTRIFICATION OF STEAM RAIL-ROADS.

The prediction that the railroads willultimately come to the electric methodof propulsion as a matter of economy,safety, convenience and necessity is nolonger regarded with the skepticism onceprevalent.

At a recent meeting of the WesternSociety of Engineers in Chicago F. A.Sager, a prominent member and agentfor an important company, stated thatthe railroads will have to spend approxi-mately $5,000,000,000 within a few yearsto keep up with the increase of traffic.By electrification at a cost of $4,000,000they would increase their capacity tosuch an extent that no new trackagewould be needed. This conclusion wasreached after a careful review by Mr.

APPLICATION OF THE EAS1 LAMPCHANGER.

Sager of what has been done or is inthe way of accomplishment by the NewYork Central, the Baltimore & Ohio, theErie and other railroad companies Eastand West.

EASY LAMP CHANGER.

Incandescent lamps are often locatedin almost inaccessible places, as in highceilings, domes, etc. When the lampsare to be taken out and changed orcleaned it is necessary to employ somedevice by which they may be removedfrom the sockets. The Easy LampChanger fills the requirements. It con -

THE EASY LAMP CHANGER.

sists of wire jaws, protected by rubber orlike substance, which fit over the bulb.The jaws are attached to a long pole,so that the operator may reach the lampsfrom a considerable distance. A flexiblemember holds the jaws to the pole,which may be pulled over by a cord, asshown in one of the illustrations. Thispermits lamps to be unscrewed which areat right angles to the pole,


INTERIOR OF AN ELECTRIC "SPECIAL."

ELECTRIC "SPECIALS."One of the recent develop-

ments in modern electric streetcar service, which is becomingvery popular where introduced,is the special electric trolley carused by some street car compa-nies for special service. Thesecars are luxuriously furnishedand rival the modern Pullmanin appointment. The accom-panying illustration of one ofthese cars, in the service of TheCincinnati Traction Co., showsthe comfortable willow chairswith their soft upholstered cush-ions, conveying an idea of thecomfort one may secure whileriding through the streets of hisown city in one of these specialcars. The popularity of thesemodern electric cars is increas-ing rapidly, and the half dozenspecials of the Cincinnati com-pany are constantly busy.

MARCONI'S PGuglielmo Marconi, inventor of the

wireless telegraph, is said to have utteredthe following prophecy :

"There will not always be steamships.They will pass the way of their prede-cessors, and before long we shall crossthe ocean in ships run by electric power.

"There will be no coal smoke, no sick-ish odor of stale steam, no blazing cav-erns in the hold, where human beingswith staring eyes and blackened facessweat their lives away that the pulse ofthe engines may not stop.

"The storage battery will take theplace of coal and fire and water.

"Instead of coaling, the great ship willquietly and cleanly renew its batteries atits journey's end, and if coal is used itwill be far from the linen and the nosesof men.

"In time coal will cease to be our onlysource of energy. In every land menof science are patiently studying theproblem of utilizing the energy of thesun-storing it, in fact, so that the gen-eration of electric force may be cheap-ened by its use to a point where the stor-age battery on a large scale will be aneconomic as well as an academic pos-sibility.

REDICTIONS."The wasted energy in coal as now

used may in the interval be brought todo its work and so bring about the mon-ster storage battery sooner than we nowexpect.

"But sooner or later we shall enslavethe sun's rays to our uses as we have theother products of his being."

ELECTRICITY CURES LOCKJAW

That most famous product of the stateof Missouri-the mule-not satisfiedwith past achievements, has broken intoscience, and there is a possibility that notonly quadrupeds at large, but mankindas well and stockmen in particular, willagain have cause to bless his creation.It came about this way :

There had been many deaths fromlockjaw in a certain brewing company'sstables. One day a valuable mule be-came afflicted and it was about decidedto kill the animal, when the engineersuggested an electric treatment. Con-tact plates were attached to the mule'sjaws and tail and a Iao-volt direct cur-rent was turned on. After several treat-ments reports have it that the mule wastaking his regular feed of oats and hay.

POPULAR. EiECTRICtTY

WIRELESS BATTERY HOLDER.Renewing a set of batteries in the

Patterson wireless battery holder is anoperation that can be performed as eas-ily as placing so many incandescentlamps in sockets. An automatic bridge

WIRELESS BATTERY HOLDER.

in each cell receptacle permits the re-moval of one or more cells, without in-terrupting the circuit.

These holders are adapted to automo-biles, boat and building use.

ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPTS OF JOSEPHHENRY.

In one of the locked alcoves of thelibrary of Princeton University is amanuscript volume of some 76 pageswritten by Prof. Joseph Henry, the fa-mous electrical scientist, giving an ac-count of his researches while a professorat Princeton. He was called from Al-bany to the chair of natural philosophy,or physics as it is now called, at Pri&e-ton in 1832 and tenaained there üfitil1848, during which period he made someof his most remarkable anticipations ofmodern electrical science such as for ex-ample wireless telegraphy.

In 1848 he went to Washington to or-ganize the Smithsonian Institution ofwhich he had been appointed the firstsecretary. In 1876, two years before hisdeath, he was asked to write an account

495

of his work at Princeton. This is thedocument now in the university library.

A NEW TEST CLAMP.A new device for telephone testing is

shown in the accompanying cut and isknown as the Williams test clamp. Thejaws of the clamp are provided withknurled faces for fastening to bare con-ductors. When the clamp is used withinsulated wire the little needles on thethumb screw penetrate the insulationand make perfect contact with the wire.The pores of the insulation close up whenthe clamp is removed, and no taping isnecessary. The rear end of the clampis provided with jaws for grasping oneof the terminals of the voltmeter or am-meter that is being used to test out thecircuit.

Another use for the device is for con-necting an emergency lamp. Workmenin dark places such as attics and base-ments often find insulated lighting wires

A NEW TEST CLAMP.

but no lamp sockets. By using two ofthese clamps, one connected to each wireof a lamp cord, an incandescent light canbe connected to the house wires in a min-ute's time.

CERIUM FILAMENT LAMP.A patent was recently issued, cover-

ing an incandescent lamp filament form-ed of nitride of cerium. It is claimedthat the metal ceriurñ'when at a red heathas the remarkable property of react-ing with pure nitrogen and thereby form-ing a nitride which has a metallic lus-tre, and is a good electrical conductor.In this reaction, the compound, be-ing exothermic, enormous heat is gen-erated, which makes the mass under-going reaction glow with a brilliancyequal to the arc light.

AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE AND ITS OPERATION.BY F. J. TRUBY.

The average person who has ever used an automatic telephone knows that a few mysteriouspasses connects him with the desired party. Beyond this his knowledge does not extend. Theobject of this article is to explain in as simple and non -technical a manner as possible how theseeming miracle is accomplished.

Comparitivcly few know that the prob-lem of connecting one telephone sub-scriber automatically with another wasdeveloped to a limited extent shortlyafter the invention of the telephone. Tothe average person, whether he under-stands it or not, it seems a very simplematter to signal an operator and request

A-73

principle involved in what are known asthe Strowger patents. The push buttons(A) and (B) represent the telephonesof two subscribers. The two pairs of me-tallic lines from (A) and (B) are car-ried to the exchange where they termin-ate in individual switches. These switchesby means of electromagnets enable the

B-38

p

d

R

73

!6

FIG. 1. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PRINCIPLE OF THE AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE.

her to connect him with another line. Ifhe does not understand the method hefeels that he can understand should theinclination to do so ever strike him. Butthat a few mysterious passes, as it were,at a telephone should quietly accomplishthat which he formerly obtained onlythrough the medium of a central opera-tor does not inspire him with the sameconfidence in himself. Of the simplicitywith which this is done, however, therecan be no question, as may be seen fromthe study of the schematic drawingsFigs. I and 2.

Fig. I shows in a simple manner the

subscriber to impart a vertical and ro-tary motion to a shaft (C).

Each subscriber's line has three ter-minations. The line (a), for instance, isconnected to a small knife switch (b), toa "wiper" or contact maker (c) on theshaft, and to a contact (d) of the bankgroup (D) . The other side of the line(e) is connected to a magnet (P), andlikewise to a wiper and a bank contact.

As shown here the line (a) passesthrough the side switch (b) in one po-sition to the magnets (V) , in another po-sition to the magnets (R). This sideswitch is shifted from one position to the

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

other by the magnet (P) . All the mag-nets, it will be seen, are connected to oneside of battery the other side of whichis grounded. The wipers upon the shaft(C) are .adapted to make sliding con-nection with any of the contacts of thebank.

At the telephone a lead from groundis carried to a contact which permits eith-er side of the line (a) or (e) to begrounded by the subscriber by means ofthe two push buttons. The lines from

A

100

494..6_,66666.666<56

e

e10 OUTGOINGTRUNKS

100

i0 INCOMINGTRUNKS

497

upon the 6th position of the third bankrow. The lines of the two subscribersare now connected.

Should (B) desire to call (A) he willselect in a similar manner the third con-tact of the seventh row in his bank toa multiple of which the lines from tele-phone (A) are connected.

By this arrangement alone the numberof subscribers is necessarily limited tothe number of contacts that it is mechan-ically possible to bring within range of

200

444óóóóóóóóób

200

300

óóóóóóóóób

300

YYYFIG. 2. DIAGRAM SHOWING CONNECTION OF SWITCH GROUPS.

(B) end in the 36th pair of contactsof the bank (D), counting in horizontalrows. That is, the line ends in a pair ofcontacts which is number (6) in thethird row from the bottom.

A subscriber at (A) who wants totalk with one at (B) will first ground theline (a) three times by pressing the pushbutton connected with that line. Eachtime that he grounds the line the verticalmagnet (V) is energized and by attract-ing its armature raises the shaft one step.In this way the line wipers are broughtopposite the third row of bank contacts.The other side (e) of the line is thengrounded once which results in magnet(P) pulling the side switch (b) into itssecond position. This connects the firstside (a) with the rotary magnets (R).Again grounding the line (a) the requi-site number of times, in this instance 6,the rotary magnet (R) turns the shaft(C) around until the line wiper rests

the line wipers. There are as manyswitches and sets of banks as there aresubscribers. The contacts of the banksin each set are connected to the corres-sponding contacts of every other set.The multiples are brought out to a ter-minal strip where connection with thevarious lines are made. By the additionof a few simple relays a ringing circuitis provided, a release for restoring theswitch after the conversation is complet-ed, a release from a busy contact and asignal to the calling subscriber that theline is already engaged, and a "centralenergy" current for energizing the tall-ing line.

So far the number of subscribers ableto communicate with one another is verylimited. Of course there may be manygroups of this kind, but each group mustnecessarily be isolated from the othersunless some means of connection can bedevised. This problem is very easily


FIG. 3. FRONT OF SWITCH BANK.

solved. By treating each group as a sub-scriber, groups may be selected just asindividual subscribers were selected. Forinstance, 36 now instead of leading to asubscriber's station may only connect thecalling subscriber with a connector in the36th group of subscribers to which theperson wanted belongs. From this con-nector the subscriber then makeshis call in the usual manner. Tocarry out his method throughout,however, without modification wouldnot only be too expensive to be practi-cable but would also require an impos-sible amount of space in a large ex-change, since each subscriber in addi-tion to the individual switch to which hisline is first attached would require a sim-ilar switch in each group. The difficultyis easily overcome by employing theprinciple of the automatic selection oftrunks. Only a certain percentage of shb-scribers are conversing at one time. Ifjudicious distribution of subscribers intogroups is employed this percentage forany group rarely exceeds 20. The onlyautomatic system used extensively at the

present time employs a unit of Too, thatis, the bank of contacts allotted to a con-nector switch contains Too pairs of linecontacts, as illustrated in Fig. I, takingcare of ioo subscribers. An exchange ofI,000 is thus made to consist of Togroups of ioo each, an exchange of 1o,-000 of io groups of i,000, etc. Theseunits of ioo instead of consisting of iooconnectors are equipped with ioo indi-vidual line switches. These switches areof very simple construction and give asubscriber automatically one of ten con-nectors as soon as he removes his re-ceiver. Connection between the subscrib-er's line and the trunk is accomplishedby means of a plunger on the line switch,which, when not in use, is always keptdirected to a vacant trunk by a masterswitch. The same number of subscrib-ers are now reached over these tentrunks which lead to ten connectors aswere reached when each subscriber wasprovided with an individual connector.

In order now to pick out hundredgroups the ten trunks from a group of

FIG. 4. BACK OF SWITCH BANK.

POPULAR

ioo line switches are carried to ten select-ors. These selectors are provided withthe same kind of banks as the connectors,namely loo pairs of contacts arranged inten vertical rows so as to be engaged byline wipers attached to the ten trunksfrom the individual line switches. Eachlevel in a first selector bank represents a

FIG. 5. SUBSCRIBER'S AUTOMATICTELEPHONE SET.

one hundred group and the ten pairs ofcontacts in the row are the terminals ofthe ten trunks assigned to that group.This scheme it will be seen, enablesthe subscriber to reach any one of athousand. In an exchange of I,000,then, there will be ten groups of IOo

subscribers, each ioo group being equip-ped with Io connectors, io selectors andloo line switches.

After the subscriber is placed in con-nection with his selector, just as he waspreviously attached to his connector, hepicks out the group wanted by raising hisline wipers to the required level. Hedoes this in the regular manner bygrounding one side of his line a certainnumber of times. On then imparting tothe other side one ground impulse the

ELECTRICITY 499

rotary magnets of his selector carries hiswipers to the first pair of contacts. Itmay be that several other subscribersfrom his own group are using trunks onthis level. In this case the first trunkswill be busy and the wipers will rotateautomatically without the knowledge ofthe subscriber until they reach a vacanttrunk where they will stop.. If subscrib-er No. 36 of Fig. I now belongs to theeighth hundred group his calling numberwill be 836.

If the e*hange is designed to accom-modate Io,000, a first selector will beused to pick a thousand group, a secondselector to pick a hundred group in thatparticular thousand, and a connector topick out the particular subscriber of thathundred. The calling number will thusconsist of four figures. Every time anexchange is multiplied by to in this man-ner an additional selector will be re-quired and the calling number will be in-creased by one digit.

Fig. 2 represents in a diagramatc man-ner three one -hundred groups in an ex-change of I,000.

At (A) the subscribers' lines areshown entering the cable (a) at the ex-change. This cable leads to the loo in-dividual line switches (b) of which ioare here shown. The line switch plungesin on one of the ten trunk lines (c) lead-ing to the selectors (d) . If a subscriberin the first hundred group (A) desiresto call a subscriber in the third hund-ed(C), after raising the wipers of his se-lector (d) to the third bank level, theselector automatically chooses one of theIo trunks (e) leading to (C). Operatinghis connector he then picks out on theconnector banks the particular line I; f

which belongs to the called subscriber.Instead of a push button for giving

the impulses a dial is used as in the cutof the wall telephone, Fig. 5. The dialis operated by putting the fipger in :hehole opposite some particular digit, pull-ing it around to a stop, and releasing.The dial on returning to its original po-sition imparts to the line at regular in-tervals ground impulses corresponding tothe number pulled. To call a numbersuch as 365, the finger is placed suc-cessively opposite these numbers eachtime pulling the dial to the stop and re-leasing. After grounding the line, by

500 POPULAR ELELTRICITY

FIG. 6. INTERIOR OF AN AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE EXCHANGE.

pressing a button the bell of the calledsubscriber is operated.

Fig. 6 is a view in the exchange of theIndependent Telephone Company ofOmaha, Neb., showing the switch banks.

The system is beautifully simple.

Seemingly complex at first sight becausethe mind is not able to grasp at oncethe uniformity existing throughout, it isnot long until wonder at its complexityis changed to amazement at its sim-plicity.

ADAPTABILITY OF THE TUNGSTENLAMP.

The new tungsten lamp is one of themost economical electric incandescentlamps so far devised. It should be bornein mind, however, that for purposes ofillumination where it is to be moved orjarred in any way the tungsten lamp isimpracticable, owing to the fragility ofthe filament. For instance, at a recentstreet fair in a western state an attemptwas made to light a small Ferris wheelwith these lamps, and 250 of them wereused for this purpose. They were of 32 -candle power each and represented anexpenditure of several hundred dollars.The first night that they were put in op-eration the filaments were all broken af-ter a few revolutions of the wheel.

A little more knowledge of the charac-teristics of the tungsten lamp and therange of its adaptability would havesaved the consumer a considerable sumof money.

The tungsten lamp is looked upon bymany as the coming incandescent lamp,but there are still limits to its adaptability.

TELEGRAM WENT TOO FAST.People often complain of delayed tel-

egrams, but when delivery is made inrecord time it is accepted as a matterof course. A gentleman in Richmond,Va., recently sent a telegram of 35 wordsto Washington, and 15 minutes laterhad urgent reason for desiring its non-delivery. The manager of the Rich-mond office did all in his power to recallthe message immediately, but withoutavail. The record of the Washingtonoffice shows that the message was deliv-ered to the addressee in Washington 16minutes after it was filed by the sender.

RAISING TOMATOES BY ELECTRICITY.James Heston, a gardner in Kings

Wells, Ontario, is said to have obtainedexcellent results in raising tomatoes un-der the influence of electricity. Whilethe plants were still young they weredaily submitted to charges of electricityfrom an induction coil. The fruit plantsthrived under this treatment, and thefruit was superior to that grown underordinary conditions.


THE QUARTZ LAMP AND ITS APPLICA-TIONS.

The quartz lamp, invented by Dr.Küch of Hanau, Germany, was originallydesigned for medical work. In principleit consists of the concentration of an arcformed between mercury electrodes with-in a short illuminating tube of so-calledquartz glass (mountain crystal), a ma-terial not easily brought to the meltingpoint. This is somewhat on the principle

THE QUARTZ LAMP.

of the Cooper -Hewitt or mercury vaporlamp. In one of the illustrations are seenthe chief parts of the quartz lamp.

The illuminating tube of quartz glasscarries on each end a pole vessel of thesame material and containing the mer-cury electrodes. The fan -shaped bodies

THE QUARTZ LAMP ILLUMINATING ASTORAGE YARD.

are for radiating the intense heat gener-ated at the poles. Current enters one end,passes through the vapor of mercury,which collects in the body of the vacuumtube, and passes out at the other end.The mercury vapor is heated to incan-descence by the passage of the current.

On account of its special qualities the

quartz lamp is adapted to lighting ex-tensive spaces, of large shops, for in-stance, where fine work must be done.Large halls, switching yards of railroads,.also manufacturing plants of a certainkind and for advertising, furnish a fieldfor the new lamp. One of the illustra-tions shows three of the lamps in usein a storage yard and gives a good ideaof the brilliancy of the lights.

A HOME MADE VOLTAGE REGULATOR.To the Editor Popular Electricity:

I am sending you a description of alittle device which helped me out of abad fix and perhaps it will benefit someof your many readers. We have a 20kilowatt generator coupled to a 25horsepower gas engine and the gover-nors on the gas engine are not very sen-

CONNECTIONS FOR HOME MADE VOLTAGEREGULATOR.

sitive. I had a lot of trouble with thevoltage varying- under different loads,the loads fluctuating rapidly anywherefrom one to 20 horsepower ; so I finallybuilt the regulator described below.

In the diagram, (A) is a solenoidwhose terminals (F) and (G) are con-nected to the mains from the generator,having a 32 candle power light in series.(B) is the core, fastened to a rockerarm, pivoted at (C) and carrying on theother end a platinum point (D) , whichunder normal conditions rests in cup(E) filled with mercury.

The height of the arm is regulatedby the spring (L) and screw (M). Thecoils (t), (2), (3), (4) and (5) are re-sistance coils, made of German silverwire.

The wires (H) and (I) lead from thefields of the generator and are ordinarilyattached to the field rheostat, which same


may be left in series with the regula-tor.

When the generator is first started upthe point (D) rests in the mercury cupand the current from the fields takesthe path (I), (E), (D), (N), (H). Thevoltage can be regulated by the fieldrheostat, and the spring (L) must be

HOME MADE VOLTAGE REGULATOR.

adjusted so that the point (D) will justtouch (E). Now it will be readily seenthat any rise in the voltage caused by asudden removal of the load or a changeof speed in the generator, will cause aharder pull on the core (B) , therebyraising the point (D) from its connec-tion with (E). As soon as this hap-pens the current from the fields takesthe path (I), (0), (5), (4), (P), (H),thereby placing resistance, in the fieldcircuit, which of course causes the volt-age to drop back to its proper value.Any number of coils can be cut in bychanging the connections of (H) and(N) farther to the left. In the diagramonly two coils (4) and (5) are in use. Ihave had this little device in use forabout three months and it has givenperfect satisfaction so far.

Carey Smith.Kansas City, Mo.

HOLY CITY OF MEDINA AND THE TOMBOF MAHOMET INVADED BY

ELECTRICITY.

Of all the surprises which the East hassprung upon the West of late, noneseems more incredible than that theHoly City of Medina has been invaded

by the railroad, and that the Tomb ofMahomet is now illuminated by electric-ity. Such, however, is the case. TheMedina section of the Hedjaz railwaywas opened recently and on the same oc-casion the lighting of the sanctuary byelectricity was inaugurated.

OVERCOMING NOISE AND VIBRATIONIN MOTORS.

In many cases it is necessary in op-erating dynamos, motors and motor -gen-erators to do away as far as possiblewith all noise and vibration. The ac-companying illustration shows a methodof motor support of an English de-signer for accomplishing this resultwhich is said to have worked success -

MOTOR MOUNTING.

fully. It consists of steel springsmounted on a table or bench for sup-porting the common base of the motorand generator.

ELECTRIC ORGAN.

Electricity has entered a new field andnow threatens to supplant one more ofthe old "standbys." Through the geniusof a Pennsylvania man we now have theelectric organ, in which a series of vi-brators take the place of the reeds thathave been used for so many years. Thesevibrators are tuned in perfect harmonyand so far as sound goes cannot be toldfrom the reeds. Series of switches andmagnets, which may be worked sepa-rately or in concert, operate the whole.The organ is played, as is any of the old-style instruments, from a keyboard.

ELECTRICAL MEN OF THE TIMES.GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE.

One of the most interesting charactersin the industrial world today is Mr.George Westinghouse. In this age ofwonderful achievement his name standsin the first rank as an inventor, an or-ganizer, a financier and an active man-ager of great enterprises. Mr. Westing-house possesses in an eminent degreethose qualities that have characterizedthe great military commanders of his-tory, and he has car-ried into the realms ofinvention and manu-facture the same mas-terful spirit that haswon the great battlesof the world.

The air -brake, fromits wide applicationand revolutionary ef-fect upon transporta-tion methods, has per-haps directed the at-tention of the generalpublic to Mr. West-inghouse, its inventor,more than any onething. But in thegreat field of electric-ity he is none the lessone of the most im-posing figures.

He early recognizedthe wonderful possi-bilities of electricityand began making ex-periments. Then he formed a com-pany for the manufacture of electricalapparatus. The direct current system ofgenerating electricity had too many lim-itations and his keen foresight saw thepossibilities for a much broader fieldwith the alternating current system, soin the face of many adverse conditionsand despite the protests of his warmestfriends he undertook its development.The wide application of the alternatingcurrent system today and the manyachievements that it has made possibleattest the soundness of his judgment.Though but 22 years old, the Westing-house Electric & Manufacturing Com-pany is today one of the largest manu-facturing institutions in the world.

In all there are 23 different companiesscattered throughout the world in whichMr. Westinghouse is the dominant spirit.To direct their affairs requires a man ofgreat force and activity and such is Mr.Westinghouse. He is all activity and hemakes his activity count. He is not onlyactive as the head of these differentcompanies, but he is active in mechanicalresearch as well, and the working out of

the ideas that findtheir inception in hisbrain keeps no smallforce of engineersbusy.

George Westing-house was born inCentral Bridge, Scho-barie County, N. Y.,October 6, 1846. Hewas educated in thepublic and HighSchool and UnionCollege. He served inthe U. S. Volunteers(12th N. Y. NationalGuard and i6th N. Y.Cavalry), and as as-sistant engineer in. theUnited States Navy.His great work as anengineer and orga.niz-has won him the rec-ognition, among thehonors that havebeen bestowed upon

him being the decorations by the Legionof Honor, Royal Crown of Italy andLeopold of Belgium. He was second re-cipient of the John Fritz medal, is honor-ary member of the American Society ofMechanical Engineers, honorary memberof the American Association for Ad-vancement of Science and of the Na-tional Electric Light Association.

It goes without saying that Mr. West-inghouse's great genius, foresight, activ-ity and ability to overcome obstacleshave been the means of producing forhim wealth, but there are few to whomwealth in the abstract means less than itdoes to him. To him it is but the me-dium that permits the unbounded exer-cise of his talents.


THE AUROPHONE.The Aurophone is a scientifically con-

structed instrument designed to assistpartially deaf persons to hear. It workson the principle of the telephone, andconsists of a sound transmitter, or arti-ficial ear, a receiver, or ear -piece, and a

THE AUROPHONE.

battery, the threetrically so that thethe transmitter arefled form to the ea

The transmitter

being connected elec-sound waves strikingconducted in a magni-r-piece.and battery may be

AUROPHONE WITH TELESCOPE HANDLE.

directly connected to one another, or thebattery may be detached from the trans-mitter, so that the transmitter can beworn pinned to the front of the coat ordress and the battery placed in the hippocket or waist, or in a bag carried at

THE AUROPHONE IN THE HOME.

the belt; the transmitter and battery arethen connected by a special, easily ad-justed cord.

When in use, the instrument is nomore conspicuous than an eye -glass.

The ear -piece can be held firmly to theear by means of a light headband, thusgiving the wearer the free use of bothhands, to work, eat or play. A telescopichandle can also be used for holding theear -piece.

A special adaptation of the Aurophonc

OPERA AND DESK SET.

POPULAR

is the opera and desk set, which is espe-cially adapted for office work, church,theater and lectures. It is made in vari-ous strengths, the same as the othertypes. It is small in size, measuring fiveinches high, three and one-fourth incheswide and four and one-half inches deep.Being about the size of a small camera,it is portable and weighs one and three-quarters pounds.

EFFECTS OF A BURSTING FLY WHEEL.The "explosion" of the great flywheel

in the plant of the Keokuk ( Iowa) Elec-tric Railway and Power Company recent-ly was a remarkable illustration of dy-namic force. The accident, in which the

engineer of the plant lost his life, oc-curred at night, and the :oar like theexplosion of a steam boiler was heardthroughout the city. Iimnense masses ofiron, some of them weighing 1,200pounds, were carried a distance of over40o feet. One of these fragments strucka frame house near by, partially wreck-ing the structure. The accompanying

ELECTRICITY 505

pictures show the havoc that waswrought by the accident.

ELECTRIC HEATING PAD FOR NURSERYAND SICK ROOM.

Think of the comfort to be derivedfrom the electric heating pad, woven offinest camel's hair and to be handled likean ordinary cushion. Compare it withthe old-fashioned hot water bottle fornursery use and for the sick room.

The current consumption of the heat-ing pad is about the same as that of asixteen candlepower incandescent lamp.It is provided with a flexible cord andplug like a portable lamp, and a regulat-

ELECTRIC HEATING PAD IN THENURSERY.

ing switch makes it possible to increasethe uniform generation of heat withinthe bed at three stages, up to the maxi-mum of 8o degrees.

Just consider what it means to the pa-tient, that this cushion, having no weightto speak of, and at the same time beinghighly flexible, can be adjusted to anypart of the body that may, be in especialneed of warmth.

The electric current flows uninterrupt-edly through the heating coils from themoment it is turned on, and the cushionneed not be re -heated.

LEc

HOUSEHOLDTELECTRIC LIGHTED BIRTHDAY CAKE.What can I do that will be a little

different? This question comes up ev-ery time a home entertainment of anykind is being planned. The next timeyou have a birthday party why not havean electric lighted birthday cake as thepiece de resistance at the celebration.

ELECTRIC LIGHTED BIRTHDAY CAKE.

The cake shown herewith, and de-scribed in the "Electric City," gives anidea of the unique and artistic effectthat may be produced. It was nearly20 inches high and the number of lightsindicated the age of the young womanin whose honor the party was given.

This masterpiece of modern art in

'TV

pastry had concealed in its center awooden core through which the electricwires were run, the current regulator be-ing fastened to the base plate of thecake. The light streamed out throughmulti -colored miniature lamps, such asare now used to so great an extent inChristmas tree lighting. The frostingwas white, and the ornamentation inglistening colors.

WITH OUR WOMEN READERS.that electric current is available

in such a large proportion of city homesand even in many country places, wom-en are becoming more and more enthu-siastic over the possibilities which itsuse presents in lightening their house-hold duties. The use of electricity is,however, a comparatively new phase ofdomestic science, and there are manythings regarding it which are not perfect-ly clear to the uninitiated, although inreality electricity is just as easy to han-dle and control as gas or any other formof fuel.

We want all readers of this depart-ment to feel free to ask questions atany time, concerning the use of elec-tric appliances in the home. These ques-tions will be answered in simple lan-guage, and the queries and answers willbe printed for the benefit of others. Forinstance, you may desire to know if youshould put your electric flatiron in wa-ter to cool it off ; how you can read yourown electric meter ; how you can operateyour door -bell by electric light currentinstead of batteries ; what it will cost tooperate certain devices by electric cur-rent, etc. There are hundreds of ques-tions of this nature that arise ; don't hesi-tate to ask them. Simply address your


question to the Household Department,Popular Electricity Publishing Co., Chi-cago, Ill., and it will be answered in themagazine. No questions will be answer-ed direct unless accompanied by astamped and self-addressed envelope.

SEWING IS EASY THE ELECTRIC WAY.Did you ever feel tired and nervous

after a day's work at the sewing ma-chine? Of course you have, and at thesame time you have no doubt wonderedwhy it would not be possible to havesome other power besides foot power tooperate the machine. The men have mo-tors nowadays to operate almost every -

ELECTRIC SEWING MACHINE.

thing. Why can't a motor be applied tothe sewing machine? Well, it can, andyou will no doubt be pleased to knowthat just such machines are on the mar-ket today. One of them is shown in theillustration.

With the electric motor equipment theoperator has perfect control of the speedof the machine and can obtain an instantstart, a quick, positive stop or any de-sired speed by a slight movement of thetreadle. There are suitable guards pro-vided, as shown, to protect the dressfrom contact with the working parts,which cannot therefore soil the clothes

or work. The motors used on familysewing machines are of one -eighth orone -sixth horsepower.

Operation is simple, the motor beingallowed to run continuously while themachine is in use and the belt is left suf-ficiently loose to slip on the motor pul-ley. The machine is started by depress-ing the treadle, the lever changing theposition of the idler pulley, which tight-ens the belt over the motor pulley. Thespeed of the motor is increased as thebelt is drawn still tighter, when greaterpressure is placed on the treadle.

Showing the perfect speed regulation,it is stated that the machine may bestarted and only a single stitch takep ifdesired. With the double action of theidler pulley, much finer gradations ofspeed can be obtained than otherwise,while with electric power maximumspeeds approximating I,000 stitches perminute are obtained if desired.

"BREAKING THE ICE" AT A PARTY.

In "ye olden tyme," when it was rightand proper at the party to get out thebook of College Songs or the GospelHymn Book and all join in and sing to-gether, there was not much opportunityfor an awkward or chilly period to oc-cur. But in these days of more or lessformality we gladly welcome some inno-vation which may be introduced at: theproper moment to give zest to the even-ing's enjoyment.

It may seem rather daring for thehostess to say suddenly, "My, how I usedto like popcorn ; didn't you ? Let's havesome. We will make it ourselves, righthere in the drawing room. Mary, theelectric corn -popper."

Fun? It certainly is. Get an elec-tric corn -popper at once in time for thegood times coming in the holidays. Ithas a cord and plug which fastens inplace of an electric lamp anywhere anda little cage over it to keep the cornfrom popping out on the floor. Do notallow any butter or salt to be used withit ; just let your guests pop the corn andeat it while it is beautiful, fluffy whiteand piping hot. One thing more. Se-cure the best popcorn and test some ofit beforehand to make sure that it willpop satisfactorily.

508POPULAR ELECTRICITY

THE NUMATICON.The Numaticon is a portable vacuum

machine operated by electricity takenfrom the electric lamp socket by meansof a flexible cord. It removes dust andgerms from carpets, rugs, bedding,clothes, walls, draperies, etc.

In a neat appearing little cabinet thereis an electric motor which drives a seriesof turbine air pumps which suck the dustthrough the long hose-like tube and de-posit it in a receptacle in the cabinetwhere it is passed through water. Thereceptacle can then be discharged in aminute and made ready for operationagain.

Ten feet of steel bound, corrugatedhose go with the Numaticon. There areseveral kinds of nozzles or "tools" thatgo with the outfit. They are easilyslipped on the ends of the hose and arefor various purposes. One is for clean-ing furniture and walls, another is forceilings, carpet, rugs and other heavywork. Still another, shaped like a brush, CLEANING WALLS WITH THE "NUNIATI-

CON."

CLEANING UPHOLSTERY WITH THE "NUMATICON."

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

cleans clothing, billiard tables, etc. Theseparts are constructed entirely of alumin-um and nickel and are easily adjusted.

The cabinet is mounted on ball bear-ing casters and is easily moved about.As it weighs only 38 pounds it is alsoeasily carried from floor to floor.

"NUMATICON" AS A CARPET CLEANER.

The pictures herewith were obtainedthrough the courtesy of the New YorkEdison Company, and show some of theapplications of the Numaticon.

WOME N TO GROW FLOWERS BY ELEC-TRICITY.

Madam Davidoff, a Russian Americanof New York city, is planning to found acolony on Long Island which bids fair torival the famous Brook Farm colony inMassachusetts or Upton Sinclair's Heli-con Hall. The location will be at Belle-crest, near Northport, and the businessof the colony, which is to consist entirelyof women, will be to raise fruits andflowers under glass and under the influ-ence of electricity.

Madam Davidoff has experimentedalong these lines with success, her ex-periments being similar to those recentlycarried on by Sir Oliver Lodge, the

509

noted English scientist. The 'results ofher investigation have satisfied her thatthe flowers raised are larger, more fra-grant, and of a prettier color than thosegrown unaided by the electricity and theglass. The same is true of the fruits.

Convinced that the plan is practical,she has taken up the matter from a semi -philanthropic standpoint and acquiredfor present use one and one-half acres ofland and will have the work clone entire-ly by women.

NOVEL ELECTRIC WATER HEATER.Turn the switch and in 15 seconds you

will have warm water-in 45 seconds thewater will boil. These are the resultsthat can be obtained with the Marve ouselectric water heater.

The device is simple in construction,

NOVEL ELECTRIC WATER HEATER.

although involving some of the latestscientific principles in electricity. Thepilot light in the glass bowl indicateswhether electric current is on or off.

a y owimuwu11111,

HOLIDAY ELECTRICAL TOYS.For the boy who wants to do things-

and what boy who is worth his salt doesnot?-the electrical toys of to -day pre-sent a veritable scientific fairyland, afairyland of which the boundaries areonly fixed by the limits of his desiresand capacity. It is now possible to ob-tain the parts of a dynamo of the en-closed type, drum armature, six -partcommutator, rocker -arm adjustable, sothat the machine may be run at the pointof highest efficiency, with all of thenecessary machining done. The machinecan be put together without a hitch, all

A MODERN TOY DYNAMO.

parts, wire, bolts, and screws, being fur-nished complete. The boy who comesinto possession of this, and following thedirections furnished with each set, finally,

through the fruits of his own labors, isin control of a complete 24 -watt ma-chine, and knows more about dynamosthan a month of schooling in the ordi-

COMPLETE MINIATURE POWER PLANT.

nary way could have taught him. Andthis is but the key to a whole field ofendeavor, since being now in the pos-session of a source of current, lie is en-abled to try the numberless experimentswhich immediately suggest themselves tohis whetted appetite.

For those who prefer it, the dynamosare supplied all ready finished, everydetail, even to the enamel, being care-fully looked after. If desired, a hand -power drive may be obtained, splendidin its working, tastefully enameled, beltdriven, with arrangements for takingup the slack as the belts stretch.

The dynamo and hand drive completeform a complete power plant, as care-fully designed and finished as the biggerplants which they miniature. And this

POPULAR

whole plant may be had for about $io.With this as a nucleus, the boy ven-

tures further afield; bells may be rung,storage batteries charged, supplying cur-rent for a telegraph instrument withwhich he can set up a small line to com-municate with his chum across the street.

ELECTRICITY 511

may be run cheaply by storage, dry orthe ordinary salammoniac batteries --orby his dynamo.

Then the electric railways-there's afield. If the boy prefers the steam typelocomotive, he can have a duplicate ofthe Atlantic type high-speed passenger

ATLANTIC TYPE TOY ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE.

Electroplating may be done, as for a fewcents enough of the salts for either cop-per or nickel plating may be obtained.With a borrowed fruit jar he is readyfor business, and soon we hear our youngfriend talking "cathode," and "anode,"and "electrolysis," and doing things thatbut a few years ago were yet to be dis-covered. Yes, this is a scientific age.

A complete electric lighting outfit isalso within the boy's grasp. Small in-candescent lamps may be obtained. TheChristmas tree may be lighted withoutthe old-time danger of fire, by small elec-tric lamps, strung by almost invisiblewires, lighted by current obtained first-hand from the dynamo or from currentstored in a storage cell by turning thedynamo at odd moments.

And then there is the motor, obtainablein many sizes, from the $r.00 or less, upto the twin brother of the dynamo de-scribed above. Those of the enclosed typeare furnished with a reduction gear, sothat speed may be obtained at the ex-pense of power, or power at the expenseof speed, at will.

The boy learns the limitatons of ma-chines ; learns, learns, all the time, andthe learning is a pleasure.

Only a boy can suggest the numberlessways in which a motor may .be used. Heruns fans, or a miniature machine shop,or a windmill, or attaches it to a derrick.The uses are endless, and the motors

locomotive, perfect in every detail, run-ning as smoothly as a watch over animproved track that does not warp orpull apart, and capable of pulling tentrail cars. If he is fortunate enough tohave lighting current at his disposal,either direct or alternating, the appliancewhich will convert this current to a ten-sion suitable to use is to be had. I= hewants to use straight track, a speciallydesigned trip is obtainable, which can beattached to any part of the track in-

T ....imaim ---..i-:(..T.. _`.TTIC 1 1 l

I

l'4111 `1 -or

I rirt ='kit

a/asiTOY ELL:CTRIC CAR.

stantly without tools, and will stop theonward flight of the engine and start itrunning the other way. The motor ofthis high-speed locomotive is of the con-sequent pole type and concealed withinthe boiler of the engine.

The trolley car, another form of thetraction engine, is also obtainable. Thismay be run upon the same tracks as the

512 POPULAR

locomotive. As it is not intended to pullas many trail cars, it is geared to runat higher speed. Here, too, the currentreaches the car through the rails, thetrolley pole method having long beenabandoned as unfeasible.

The smaller boy has by no means beenneglected. He can buy a magneto for

TOY INDUCTION COIL.

$1.00 with "shocking" qualities sufficientto keep both him and his friends amusedfor a long time, and if he dislikes toturn the handle he can secure the sameeffects with a miniature induction coil,which will cause his friends to tremblewith delight, if he can get them to holdboth handles. This, of course, runs froma single dry cell and has a current regu-lator which enables him to win the confi-dence of his friends before giving themthe full effects.

HOME MADE TELEGRAPH SOUNDER.The accompanying picture is from a

photograph of a telegraph sounder, madeby a Chicago boy. The parts are all

HOME MADE TELEGRAPH SOUNDER.

ELECTRICITY

made of strap iron and no castings wereemployed, but it works as well as anysounder made up with brass or iron cast-ings. It is a simple affair. The magnetcoils were procured from an old electricbell and wired in series with the line.The yoke for the magnets was madefrom a piece of iron / inch wide by .

inch thick. And the U and S shapedpieces were also bent out of strap iron,five cents worth, procured at a black-smith's shop, being sufficient. In. all re-spects the sounder is similar to the ordi-nary sounder except that it is made ofmaterials within the reach of every boy.

LIGHTNING CAUGHT IN THE ACT.Many photographs of lightning dis-

charges have been taken, but it is sel-dom that one is obtained showing thebolt actually striking a building as inthe case shown in the picture herewith.This photograph was taken from a hilloverlooking Wilkinsburg, Pa., at about9 p. m. A thunder storm was brewingin the west and the camera was set up

LIGHTNING CAUGHT IN THE ACT.

facing it in hopes of getting a flash. Alightning bolt struck the house as shown,which was about 300 yards from thecamera and directly in front of it. An arclamp located behind the tree throws thehouse into prominence and spoils the ef-fect of the flash somewhat.

ELECTRIC LIGHTS AN EFFECTIVE BURGLARALARM.

BY GEORGE RICE.

In years gone by, many houses andshops were freely ornamented at all en-trances with patented forms of burglaralarms. There were spring devices forannouncing the opening of a door or awindow. There were ingeniously con-trived window catches for holding bur-glars in check. There were traps andlocks of all descriptions. But the detec-tives have long since demonstrated thatwhen a burglar desires to enter a build-ing, he is not going to be checked by anynew-fangled mechanical contrivance. Hecarries the necessary devices to combatwith improved traps and alarms. Hecan turn the key of a room with thin -jawed steel nippers while he is on the

A PUMPKIN FACE SHOWED.

outside. He has a method of breakingthe window pane by pasting cloth overthe glass and forcing a hole by presureand without making any noise. Then hesimply reaches through the opening inthe broken pane and loosens the lock.

After years of experimenting withthese supposed window protective de-vices, door mechanisms, traps, alarms,etc., the police tell us that the burning ofa light outdoes the whole collection.There is a great deal of common sensein this assertion. It has been found thata lighted apartment is seldom entered.There may be no person in the apart -

merit, but the burglar cannot be sure.Rather than take chances with the lightburning, the would-be robber passes on.

Ingenious people have not been slowin discovering the advantage of letting alight burn in some part of the house allnight. If a light is burning in a cham-ber the burglar may think that some oneis sick. He will imagine that there is

4,1 .1

IT LOOKED LIKE A BOMB.

some one stirring and he postpones hisraid. Of course there is always dangerwhen a light is left burning in a carelessway. For illustration, if you use a can-dle, and fall asleep with it burning, itmay burn down to a point where it mightignite something. Frequently candles arefixed to wood and these will burn thewood when down to the last part. Thenif the oil light is left burning low, it maygive forth an odor. Lanterns are toler-ably safe and gas jets can be burned sat-isfactorily. The electric light is, Pow -ever, recommended as least dangerousand most effective.


There are persons who have fooled theintruders of houses by using odd devicesof a home-made nature. One of the il-lustration shows a pumpkin headwhich was fixed up and placed in awindow in a locality where the night

THE FIERY DRAGON.

raiders had been looting the suburbanresidences. Now burglars are often su-perstitious. They do not like to breakinto a house where there are any signsof forthcoming trouble, particularly

¡, Ilil'IIIIIINIi,

r_ - : - - 1-1,

il

SKELETON IN A CASKET.

when there are plenty of other houseswhere the people have not taken thetrouble to discourage night visits of rob-bers. Hence I am told that the pumpkinfigure head shown in the cut kept a cer-tain house safe from burglars and

tramps all one season while the inmateswere away.

An attendant turned on and off thelight each time. An electric light wasplaced inside the pumkin and any onehanging about the house after darkwould be confronted in this window withthe eyes, nose andmouth gleaming withlight.

In another case the host rigged up awooden ball which he painted black andadjusted to the top of a stand. Then hefixed some white cotton to the top. Thenan incandescent light was hung near by.

THE FIGURE FRIGHTENED.

This light made the thing resemble abomb. Of course, any burglar lookinginto the hall through the front plateglass would understand that it was all anillusion. But somehow the picture of theplay bomb would jar his nerves. Hewould argue that the man of the houseexpected a visit from thieves and thatthe man might be ready . with a loadedgun. Therefore he would pass on.

Still another effect was produced withthe electric light and a serpentine figure.This thing was purchased from a dealerin antiques by a man who liked hall or-

POPULAR ELECTRICITY 5;15

naments of a strange character. Thisfigure was painted white and was fur-nished with a light in its jaws. Aglimpse of tnis figure through the win-dow glass at night would startle any one.It does not take much to make a gang oflooters change their minds about robbinga certain house. They do not like totake chances. They want the chance ofpicking up valuable loot without detec-tion. When they find lights burning inany form, the plans are all upset.

Another scheme was adopted by a cer-tain party who utilized electric light tofrighten off burglars. This man had

- been robbed a number of times. Hishouse was on the outskirts of a largetown. Burglar alarms failed to workand patented devices were not effective

in checking the looters. Valuable arti-cles were missed and the robbers werenot caught. Even the watch dog hadbeen poisoned. So the man bought anold style hall clock and placed it in thehall. Then he bought the framework ofa skeleton of a human being. This skele-ton was made of a white composition andit glistened in the dark. An electric lightshaded with green paper was placedwhere the briliancy was reflected directto the bony form in the supposed casket.This combination was kept set up allnight. At daybreak the circular dcor,where the face of the clock used to be,was closed. There were no moreburglaries at this house. A glance at thesupposed genuine skeleton in the casketwas all that was needed to keep the nightraiders away.

A BOYS' TELEGRAPH LINE.BY JEROME L. ALLEN.

Sometime ago two boys came to me toget my opinion on a telegraph line theyintended building between their homes,and as they did rot want to go to toomuch expense they wanted to get it donewith as much economy as possible. I sug-gested a means of connecting their in -

SOUNDER

The batteries were so connected thatthe electromotive force of one opposedthat of the other, that is, the carbonplate of one was connected through thetwo relays and the line to the carbonplate of the other, as shown in the dia-gram.

When both keys are open, no currentwill flow as the two cells are, to use a

SOUNDER

L/NECARBONPLATE\

Il

CZIN=PLATEKEY

--BATTERY

GROUND

ZINC PLATE

KEY -

BATTERY

GROUND

A BOY'S TELEGRAPH LINE.

struments and batteries as shown in thediagram. It proved very valuable to them,as it did not necessitate the purchase ofgravity batteries and at the same timegave them an efficient open circuit systemthat allowed signalling from either endwithout the key at the other end beingclosed. Only one wire was used betweenthe houses and 'he connections were asshown.

CARBONPLATE

common electrical expression, "bucking"each other.

When one of the keys is pressed dcwn,however, current flows from the corre-sponding sounder to ground. Currentfrom the other battery also flows throughthe other sounder over the line and toground through the same key. Pressingthe key at either station will in this way_operate both sounders.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.Readers of Popular Electricity are invited to make free use of this department.Knowledge on any subject is gained by asking questions, and nearly every one has somequestion he would like to ask concerning electricity. These questions and answers will beof interest and benefit to many besides the one directly concerned. No considerationwill be given to communications that do not contain the full name and address of thewriter.

HIGH FREQUENCY APPARATUS.Questions.-(A) If 10 amperes flow through

a circuit which has .0005 microfarad capacity,over and above that necessary to balance theinductance, what will be the frequency of thecurrent flowing through an arc in the circuit,the voltage being 5,000 direct current?

(B) If a high frequency transformer having10 turns in its primary and one million turnsin its secondary be connected in series withthe arc, what will be the voltage in the sec-ondary, the radius of the primary being teninches, and with an air instead of an ironcore?

(C) What would the inductance of the pri-mary be?-E. K., Wabash, Ind.Answer.-(A) Your question is not

clear. Do you refer to the arc methodof producing high frequency currents?

(B) The leakage loss in such a coilwould be so enormous that a predeter-mined ratio figure would be very difficultto give, and probably unreliable.

(C) Very low; probably not over.001 milli -henry.

POWER FACTOR FORMULA.Question. - Kindly publish some formulae

for working out the power factor meters ofthe following loads: 6,600 volts, single phase,180 amperes on the two ammeters, 90 powerfactor lag. The above single phase is takenfrom a three phase Westinghouse turbo-gen-erator. Four hundred volts, three phase, 500amperes, or 166 2-3 amperes per phase. 90power factor lead.-X Y. Z., Michigan City,Ind.

Answer.-The power formula for asingle phase alternating current circuit is

W = V. A. P.For a three phase circuit

W = 1.732 V. A. P.between mains, where W signifies watts,V volts, A amperes in any main and Ppower factor.

From these formula we find the powerof your single phase circuit is

W = 6600 X 18o X 0.90 =1,069,200 watts.

The power of your three phase cir-cuit is

W = 1.732X400X166/X0.90 = 103,860 watts.

CHANGING WINDINGS OF FAN MOTOR.Question.-I have an induction fan motor

wound for 108 to 115 volts and 133 to 140cycles which has 10 poles wound with .020wire. The power plant has changed to 60cycles, 110 volts. Is there any way I canchange the field connections or the motor for60 cycles ?-J. E. D., Maywood, Ill.

Answer.-Since the voltage of yoursupply remains the same, no change isr!ecessary in the winding or connectionsof your field. However, the iron crosssection of the field for 6o cycles shouldbe about twice as great as for 133 cycles-a rather difficult requirement to meet.Moreover, the motor will attain onlyone-half its former speed on the lowerfrequency. To bring the speed back toits rating would necessitate reducing thepresent number of poles in the field tofive ; and that is impracticable becausefive is not an even number. This is allthe help we can offer without more in-formation on the construction of themotor.

PECULIAR CONDENSER PHENOMENON.Question.-I have noticed that by connect-

ing a receiver with a telephone condenser Iam able to detect a discharge in the condenser,and this at any time, although the condenserhas not been near an electric circuit. I do notunderstand how a condenser can becomecharged in this way. This discharge, althoughquite feeble, represents a certain amount ofenergy, and why could not a greater amountbe obtained in the same way, without any ex-pense whatever ?-F. W., Pekin, Ill.

Answer.-Your experiment is very in-teresting. We have been unable to se-cure the results you observe, and sug-gest that you write us more fully as tothe capacity of the condenser, whether ithas been tested recently for insulationresistance, and whether the experimentmay be repeated immediately. Likemany other similar phenomena, this ac-tion of your condenser admits of severaltheories. The ordinary static or influ-ence machine depends for its self-start-ing ability on the presence of infini-tesimal electric charges where theoretic-ally none need exist. A sensitive elec-

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

ti oscope reveals electrical ttnstability inthe least expected places.

On the other hand, we can imaginethat the least chemical difference in thetwo opposing metal surfaces of the con-denser would set up a difference of po-tential if the least suspicion of moistureexisted in the paper dielectric. This ac-tion would be similar to that of the old"dry pile" of Zamboni, one of which, itis said, has been oscillating a miniaturependulum continuously since 1823 in theUniversity of Innsbruck, the whole ar-tangement being sealed under a glasscover. The actual power delivered, ofcourse, amounts to nothing.

AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE LIGHT.Question.-Will you please inform me how

to connect an automatic drop (Bell circuit) toa telephone so that a call from the central ex-change will, light an eight candle power, 110 -volt, direct current lamp. I have the lampcircuit thoroughly insulated from the tele-phone.-M. E. I -I., W. Philadelphia, Pa.

Answer.-We suppose your idea is tohave the lamp remain lighted until thetelephone call is answered, or until it isturned off. The best method to employwill be to fasten a bar (R) (see dia-gram) to the lamp button, so that when

f,17

REWINDING AN INDUCTION FAN MOTOR.

Question.-The four fields of an alternatingcurrent induction fan motor, to run on 52volts, 60 cycles, were burned out by being runon a 110 volt circuit. They were each woundwith 75 feet No. 20 magnet wire. I wished torewind them, so I put on 150 feet of No. 27wire. But on trial the fields became hot. So Iadded 125 feet more to each one, but they :;tillbecame hot after two or three minutes of running. I do not like to add more wire, becausethe speed has been greatly reduced by theamount I have on now. Can you tell me w hatto do beside putting in some external resis-tance, such as a lamp or choke coil?-A. R. P.,Chicago, Ill.

Answer.-The correct winding forIIo volts would be Iso feet of No. 23wire on each of the four poles. All con-t:ections should be exactly as they werefor 52 volts. So wound, the motorshould operate as satisfactorily on novolts as it originally did on 52, providedthe frequency remains the same.

REGULATOR FOR STATIC ELECTRICITY.Question.-Has there ever been a device in-

vented for the purpose of regulating the lowof static electricity?-C. A. D., Granite City,Ill.

Answer.-Properly speaking, there isno such thing as a flow of static electric-ity, since the word static signifies "at

AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE LIGHT.

released it will be pulled over by thespring (S) and close the switch. If anordinary telephone switchboard drop isused and the lamp switch rod is engagedby the armature of the drop, we have apurely electrical arrangement, and thelamp may be placed where convenient,without regard to the location of thetelephone. A high resistance dropshould be bridged across the ringer ter-minals, as shown. If the drop be a lowresistance one it should be arranged inseries with the ringer.

rest." An influence machine such as theWimshurst or Toepler-Holtz, when notconnected to condensers or large con-ducting surfaces, affords a fairly con-tinuous discharge, or flow, of electricity.But any apparatus introduced into thecircuit destroys the regulation, becausethe very existence of static electricity de -rends on accumulation of charge. Ley-den jars or their equivalent serve to con-centrate and direct the discharge, bu- theactual flow of current lasts for only aninfinitesimal period of time.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

QUADRUPLEX TELEGRAPH; STATICMACHINE.

Questions.-I would like to know the princi-pal points of the quadruplex telegraph, also ofa static machine.-X. Y. Z., Chicago, Ill.

Answers.-The quadruplex telegraphpermits the transmission of four mes-sages, two in each direction, over asingle wire at the same time. Itis really a combination of two differ-ent types of duplex systems. In theillustration, (K) and (K') are transmit-ting keys and (R) and (R') are differ-entially wound polarized relays. Therelays are adjusted to respond to positivecurrents and to be held open by negativecurrents. There is constantly on the linea current sufficient to hold the relays in

accumulating charges of static electric-ity, usually by rotating plates of glass orother insulating material. Frictionalmachines simply excite an electricalcharge by the rubbing together of posi-tive and negatit dielectrics. Influencemachines multiply a ! existing minutecharge to any desired intensity. Theconstruction of these machines is de-scribed in all books on elementary elec-tricity.

SPARK COIL FOR GAS LIGHTERS.Question.-\\ -ill you kindly give me the

formula for making a spark coil for electricgas lighting? I would like to install three gaslighters.-F. A. S., Corona, N. Y.

Answer.-No exact formula exists for

LI NE

TK n

0

1 g

T KnIl p

LIAGRAM UF QUA UP.G1'Lb,'S TELliGRAl'll 5SSTEM.

the position shown. When (K) is de-pressed a current is sent out on the linewhich pulls relay (R) to contact, butis too weak to break the contact (T).This acts on the sounder (S). When(K') is depressed. A stronger currentcloses both relays and opens contact(T). This operates sounder (S') only.Thus two messages may be sent over theline simultaneously. The relays beingwound differentially, the instruments atthe sending station are left unaffected byoutgoing currents, but respond to incom-ing currents. This makes possible thereceiving of two messages while twoothers are being sent over the same wire.

A static machine is simply a device for

the design of simple spark coils. A coreconsisting of a bundle of iron wires i/inches in diameter and 8 inches long,wound with four or five layers of No. i6cotton covered magnet wire, forms aboutthe smallest coil practicable. Six largedry cells, or better, two such sets in mul-tiple, should be used.

In submitting questions to the Ques-tion and Answer Department, it shouldbe remembered that no attention will bepaid to communications that do not con-tain the full name and address of thewriter. It is necessary that we shouldhave this information even though onlythe initials are printed in the magazine.

i

NEW ELECTRICAL INVENTIONS

A NEW ELECTRIC HEATER.

A new type of electric heater, which isthe invention of A. I. D. Kyle of Aber-deen, S. D., is shown in the accompany-ing diagram. It consists of a sphericalcasing in which coils of resistance wire(R) are located. This casing has anopening (X) at the top and anotheropening (Y) at the bottom. A verticalshaft extends through the casing and isdriven by a motor (M) . To the shaftis fixed a fan (F), inside the casingand another fan (F') above the upper

NEW ELECTRIC HEATER.

opening. Current is passed through theresistance coils, heating them, and whenthe motor is in operation the fan (F)draws cold air from below and forces itover the heating coils, out through theupper opening, where it is distributedabout the room by fan (F') .

The device may easily be constructedin ornamental designs, suitable formounting on newel posts, etc. It mayalso be used effectively without the fanattachment.

TELEPHONE LIGHTNING ARRESTER.Most telephone lightning arresters of

the carbon type are so constructed thatslightly separated carbon bodies are in-serted in a connection leading from theline to ground. The high voltage light-ing discharge 'jumps across the littleair gap and passes to earth, but the lowvoltage telephone currents cannot crossthe gap, so that normally the arrester

TELEPHONE LIGHTNING ARRESTERCLOSED.

does not offer a ground to the telephonecurrent. It has been found, however,that these arresters, after a lightning dis-charge has passed through them, oftenbecome obstructed by particles of car-bon which become detached and bridgeacross the gap, giving a direct groundpath for the telephone current and put-ting the telephone out of service untilthe trouble has been cleared. Most tel-ephone users, not understanding the prin-ciple of the arrester, cannot clear thetrouble themselves and consequently aman must be sent out by the company toperform the comparatively simple oper-ation.

Mr. John H. Cook of Logansport,


Ind., has invented a very simple arresteras shown in the illustrations, in whichanyone can clear the trouble. The de-vice operates on the principle of an ordi-nary rubber dating stamp used in mostoffices. As shown in one of the cuts,the carbon blocks of the arrester are

TELEPHONE LIGHTNING ARRESTERCOVER OFF.

separated by a small fraction of an inch.By simply pushing down on the handle,two thin knives are thrust through theair gaps, dislodging any particles thatmay have collected there. The handlethen springs back to its original posi-tion and the trouble is cleared.

ELECTRIC MALTING PROCESS.

A German inventor, Alfred Oertel, hasdevised an electric malting process inwhich the grain is subjected to the ac-tion of dark electric rays produced byan alternating electric current having anelectromotive force above r,000 voltsand below that of the so-called Teslacurrents. It is said a more rapid andsatisfactory germination of the grain isproduced.

In the practice of the process the grainto be malted is moistened and spreadover a floor and high tension currents ofthe character above referred to are em-ployed to produce brushes of dark elec-tric rays which are passed from an elec-trode (f) extending over practically thewhole surface of the grain. The distance

ELECTRIC MALTING PROCESS.

between the electrode and the surfaceof the grain is such that no sparks orarcs can pass between them, only the"brush" discharge.

MINERS' LAMP.The electric miners' lamp shown here

is operated in conjunction with a special-ly designed cap, in which is placed anelectric storage battery. Light is fur -

\I I N IR'S LAMP.


nished by a small incandescent lamp sur-rounded by a reflector on the fore partof the cap. The light is operated by apush button secured to the under surfaceof the vizor, where it is constantly inconvenient reach of the wearer. The capand attached lamp are light in weightand in no way interfere with the move-ment of the arms. The battery is readilyrecharged at little expense.

The chief advantage of this lamp isthe elimination of danger from explo-sions which so often are caused by flamelamps.

RECORDER FOR ICE PLANTS.This device is designed automatically

to record the number of blocks of icedrawn up the chute into the ice house. Itconsists of a thin strip of metal (a) inthe bottom of the chute which is de-pressed when a cake of ice passes over itand closes an electric circuit to the elec-

r

RECORDER FOR ICE PLANTS.

tromagnet. As the resulting current flowsthrough the electromagnet its core at-tracts the lever (e), drawing the latterdown and working the dial counterWhen the cake has passed over (a) thelatter springs up and breaks the circuit,

and is thus in position for the next count.The device is the invention of W. D.Cain and W. H. Williams, of Durant.Okla.

ELECTRIC PIANO PLAYER.The usual form of automatic piano -

player operates by little jets of air blcwnthrough the perforated paper strip as itis slowly unwound from one roll andwound up on the other. The electricpiano player shown herewith, the inven-tion of Alvan L. Hart, of Burlington,Ia., also makes use of a perforated sheet,but in this case the perforations permit

ELECTRIC PIANO PLAYER.

electrical contact to be made, which foran instant closes the circuit to an elec-tromagnet which operates the strikinghammer corresponding to the particularnote represented by the perforation. Thediagram illustrates one hammer andstring with the electromagnets which op-erate the hammer.

Arnold Bartels of Los Angeles, Cal.,has invented a camera shutter which isopened and closed by an electromagnetinstead of the usual air bulb device. Theobject of the device is to enable the op-erator to stand away a considerable dis-tance from the camera when opera ingthe shutter.

THE THEORIZERS' CORNER.No one knows what electricity really is. Neither has its relation to visible forms

of matter, nor to other manifestations of energy, such as life, light, heat, etc., been fullyexplained. Nearly everyone, however, has a theory of his own on this subject, and thesetheories are interesting. Readers of Popular Electricity are invited to make free useof this department and give others the benefit of their views.

ANOTHER THUNDER AND LIGHTNINGTHEORY.

The thunder and lightning theory setforth in the July issue I think was tooradical a departure from all previoustheories, which have been advanced onthis subject, to be generally accepted, andbesides, there seems to be one flaw in notpaving any receptive agent on which tostore the electric charges during the proc-ess of generation, granting that thisgeneration be possible. The following isa theory which I believe will be moreeasy to accept.

When vapor rises we will grant thatThe invisible atoms are charged with aminute quantity of static electricity.These atoms may have received theirloads either through friction with oneanother or through the disintegration ofthe water which formed them.

It is a generally accepted theory thatan electric charge occupies the surfaceof the charged body. So, when this va-por begins to condense, the loads ofthousands of atoms are added together.But as the drop formed is spherical thevolume and also the charge has increas-ed rapidly, while the surface has not in-creased nearly so much, consequently thecharges of the individual drops growdenser and denser.

The raindrops forming in the cloudseventually become charged to their fullcapacity. By the combination of thesedrops some soon become overcharged.These overcharged drops may individu-ally discharge to drops of lower poten-tial, but in doing this the receptive dropis overcharged and the process is re-peated.

During this time the combinations ofdrops has continued until practically ev-ery drop in the cloud is overcharged anda strain in the ether is produced betweenthe cloud and some other body at a lowerpotential. This body may be the earthor another cloud. This strain becomes

so great that an arc is formed and thewhole cloud discharges to the lessercharged body. The arc thus formed iscalled lightning. Thunder is caused bythe sudden filling of the vacuum formedby this arc. L. A.

TRAVELING BY VORTICES."Traveling by vortices," the remarka-

ble theory set forth in the October issueby "Wheels," appears to have had itsorigin in a brain vortex or storm. I amnot disposed to question the vortex theoryof matter. It has been indorsed by somescientists and may or may not be true.But in any case, the vortex theory ap-plies only to sub -atomic volumes, and thevortices are supposed to compose theatoms, which themselves are smaller thanthe most powerful microscope can show.As the vortices are infinitely small, ac-cording to the theory, how does he pro-pose to use the vortices as means oftransportation by his "vortex car" orotherwise ? This would require a vortexseveral feet in diameter at least, and thevery theory which he seeks to apply pre-supposes that the vortices are infinitesi-mal.

As a matter of fact, the vortex theoryis held to be true only by a few, the elec-tron theory being acknowledged by mostauthorities. According to this theory theelectron is the ultimate unit of all matter.The atoms are made up of electrons ordisembodied electrical charges, in rapid.motion, the atom of one elementary sub-stance, such as hydrogen, differing fromthe atom of another elementary sub-stance, such as oxygen, only in the num-ber and arrangement of the electronscontained in it. Thus we have at last theultimate unit of matter, of which allforms of matter are composed ; and theremarkable feature is that this ultimateunit of which all matter is composed isnot matter at all, as we ordinarily under-stand the term, but electricity.

.

.

SllORT CIP,CUITS'MI

.

A negro on passing a country grave yard on vdark night saw what he took to be a ghost.He immediately departed from the scene on arun, while a few feet ahead of him a jack rabbitled the way down the path. When the negrosaw the rabbit he cried out: "Lawd, save me.If you'all can't run get out o' de way and letsomeone run what can."

*

Friend-"How'd you come to write that bestseller?"Modern Literary Gent-"First I was struck bya thought; I epigrammatized the thought: Isketchized the epigram; playised the sketch;novelized the play, and advertised the novel!"

"You must let the baby have one cow's milkto drink every day," said the doctor.

"Very well, if you say so, doctor," said theperplexed young mother; "but I really don't seehow he is going to hold it all.".

During the recent financial flurry a Germanfarmer went to the bank for some money. Hewas told that the bank was not paying outmoney, but was using cashier's checks. Hecould not understand this, and insisted onmoney. The officers took him in hand, one ata time, with little effect. Finally the presidenttried his hand, and after a long and minuteexplanation the situation seemed to be dawningon the farmer's mind. Finally the presidentsaid: "You understand now fully how it is.Hans, don't you?""Yes," said Hans, "I tink I do. It's like dis.aind't it? Ven my baby vakes up at night andwants milk I gif him a milk ticket."

"There's going to be a big demand for thosenew-fangled divorces," said Mr. Mumm theother evening.

"What new-fangled divorces?" asked Mrs.Mumm."Why, that new kind, where a man can keephis wife, but gets an absolute divorce from herrelations."

Traveling Man-"My good man, what timedoes this train leave Swamp Centre?"Agent-"My friend, I'm only the agent, I'mnot a fortune teller."

Conductor-"This here transfer expired anhour ago, lady."The Lady'(digging in her purse, snappishly-"No wonder!-with not a single ventilator openin the whole car!"

e *

Fake Oil Capitalist (smilingly)-"How's yourlatest gold mine panning out?"

Fake Mine Promoter-"Beyond expectations.Why, old man, It's assaying over a thousandsuckers to the ton of literature!"-Puck.

"Long introductions, when a man has aspeech to make, are a bore," says former Sena-tor John C. Spooner. "I have had all kinds, butthe most satisfactory one in my career was thatof a German Mayor of a small town in myState, Wisconsin."I was to make a political address, and theopera house was crowded. When it came timeto begin, the Mayor got up.

" 'Mine friends,' he said, 'I haf been asked tointroduce Senator Spooner, who is to make aspeech, yes. Vell, I haf dit so, and he vill nowdo so.' "

One morning a farmer found a score of raenputting up telephone poles through his field. Heordered the men out, but they wouldn't go.They showed him a paper which, they said.gave them authority to put up the poles. Theold man looked at the paper, saw it was lawfuland walked silently away. He went to the barnand turned a savage red bull into the field. Asthe bull made for the men, they fled at thetop of their speed, and the farmer shoutedafter them: "Show him your paper."

A judge in North Carolina was sentencing abig, loose-jointed negro who had been convictedof murdering another negro."George Earley," his honor said, "you havebeen found by a jury of twelve men tried andtrue to be guilty of murder in the first degree.for having killed, in cold blood, Moses Stack -house, and it is the sentence of this court thaton the 10th day of August the sheriff of PolkCounty take you to a place near the county jailand there hang you by the neck until you aredead, dead, dead! And may God have mercy onyour soul. Have you anything to say for your-self?"The negro shifted from one foot tb the otherand twisted and untwisted the old felt hat heheld in his hands. All eyes in the court roomwere upon him. Finally, rolling his eyes up atthe judge, he said:"Look y'here, jedge, you -all don't mean this~in' August, does you?"

Teacher-"What little boy can tell me the dif-ference between the quick and the dead?"

Willie's hand waved frantically."Well, Willie?""Please, ma'am, the quick are the ones that

get out of the way of automobiles; the onesthat don't are the dead."

Farmer-"See here, boy, what yer doin' utthat tree?"Boy-"One of your pears fell off the tree an'I'm trying to put it hack."

Conductor-"I had a narrow escape last night.I fell off the rear platform, -but luckily wasn'tinjured."Motorman-"Well, they say Providence takescare of intoxicated men and fools."Corductor-"But I never drink."

Motorman-"That's all right, old pal. I knowyou don't."


f ELECTRICAL DEFINITIONS.Accumulator.-Storage battery.Alternating Current.-That form of electriccurrent the direction of flow of which reversesa given number of times per second.Ammeter.-An instrument for measuring elec-tric current.Ampere.-Unit of current. It is the quantityof electricity which will how through a resist-ance of one ohm under a potential of one volt.Ampere Hour.-Quantity of electricity passedby a current of one ampere flowing for onehour.Anode.-The positive terminal in a brokenmetallic circuit; the terminal connected to thecarbon plate of a battery.Armature.-That part of a dynamo or motor

which carries the wires that are rotated in themagnetic field.

Branch Conductor.-A parallel or shunt con-ductor.Brush.-The collector on a dynamo or motorwhich slides over the commutator or collectorrings.Bus Bars.-The heavy copper bars to which

dynamo leads are connected and to which theout -going lines, measuring instruments, etc.,are connected.Buzzer.-An electric alarm similar to an elec-tric bell, except that the vibrating member

makes a buzzing sound instead of ringing a bell.Candle Power.-Amount of light given off bya standard candle. The legal English andstandard American candle is a sperm candleburning two grains a minute.

Capacity, Electric.-Relative ability of a con-ductor or system to retain an electric charge.Charge.-The quantity of electricity present

on the surface of a body or conductor.Choking Coll.-Coil of high self-inductance.Circuit.-Conducting path for electric current.Circuit-breaker.-Apparatus for automatical-ly opening a circuit.Collector Rings.-The copper rings on an al-ternating current dynamo or motor which areconnected to the armature wires and overwhich the brushes slide.Commutator.-A device for changing the di-rection of electric currents.Condenser.-Apparatus for storing up elec-trostatic charges.Cut-out.-Appliance for removing any appa-ratus from a circuit.Cycle.-Full period of alternation of an alter-nating current circuit.Diamagnetic.-Having a magnetic permeabil-ity inferior to that of air.Dielectric.-A non-conductor.Dimmer.-Resistance device for regulating the

intensity of illumination of electric incandescentlamps. Used largely in theaters.

Direct Current.-Current flowing continuouslyin one direction.Dry Battery.-A form of open circuit batteryin which the solutions are made practically

solid by addition of glue jelly, gelatinous silica,etc.

Electrode.-Terminal of an open electric cir-cuit.Electromotive Force.-Potential differencecausing current to flow.Electrolysis.-Separation of a chemical com-

pound into its elements by the action of theelectric current.

Electromagnet.-A mass of iron ' which ismagnetized by passage of current through acoil of wire wound around the mass but in-sulated therefrom.

Electroscope.-instrument for detecting thepresence of an electric charge.Farad.-Unit of electric capacity.Feeder.-A copper lead from a central station

to some center of distribution.Field of Force.-The space in the neighbor-

hood of an attracting or repelling mass orsystem.Fuse.-A short piece of conducting materialof low melting point which is inserted in acircuit and which will melt and open the cir-

cuit whon the current reaches a certain value.

Galvanometer.-Instrument for measuringcurrent strength.Generator.-A dynamo.Inductance.-The property of an electric cir-cuit by virtue of whicn lines of force are de-veloped around it.Insulator.-Any substance impervious to thepassage of electricity.Kilowatt. -1,000 watts. (See watt.)Kilowatt-hour.-One thousand watt hours.Leyden Jar.-Form of static condenser which

will store up static electricity.Lightning Arrester.-llevice which will per-mit the high -voltage lightning current to passto earth, but will not allow the low voltage cur-rent of the line to escape.Motor-dynamo.-Motor and dynamo on thesame shaft, for changing alternating current todirect and vice versa or changing current ofhigh voltage and low current strength to cur-rent of low voltage and high current strengthand vice versa.Multiple.-Term expressing the connection ofseveral pieces of electric apparatus in parallelwith each other.Multiple Circuits.-See parallel circuits.Neutral Wire.-Central wire in a three -wiredistribution system.Ohm.-The unit of resistance. It is arbi-trarily taken as the resistance of a column ofmercury one square millimeter in cross section-

al area and 106 centimeters in height.Parallel Circuits.-Two or more conductorsstarting at a common point and ending at an-other common point.Polarization.-The depriving of a voltaic cellof its proper electromotive force.Potential.-Voltage.Resistance.-The quality of an electrical con-ductor by virtue of which It opposes the pas-sage of an electric current. Tha unit of re-sistance is the ohm.Rheostat.-Resistance device for regulatingthe strength of current.Rotary Converter. - Machine for changing

high -potential current to low potential or viceversa.Secondary Battery.-A ba.ttery whose positiveand negative electrodes ate deposited by cur-rent from a separate source of electricity.Self-inductance.-Tendency of current flowingin a single wire wound in the form of a spiralto react upon itself and produce a retardingeffect similar to inertia in matter.Serles.-Arranged in succession, as opposed toparallel or multiple arrangement.Series Motor.-Motor whose field windings arein series with the armature.Shunt.-A by-path in a circuit which is inparallel with the main circuit.Shunt Motor.-Motor whose field windingsare in parallel or shunt with the armature.Solenold.-An electrical conductor wound ina spiral and forming a tube.Spark-gap.-Space between the two electrodesof an electric resonator.Storage Battery.-See secondary battery.Thermostat.-Instrument which, when heated.closes an electric circuit.Transformer.-A device for stepping -up orstepping -down alternating current from low tohigh or high to low voltage, respectively.Volt.-Unit of electromotive force or potential.It is the electromotive force which, if steadilyapplied to a conductor whose resistance is oneohm, will produce a current of one ampere.Voltage.-Potential difference or electromotiveforce.Volt Meter.-Instrument for measuring volt-age.Watt.-Unit representing the rate of work ofelectrical energy. It is the rate of work of one

ampere flowing under a potential of one volt.Seven hundred and forty-six watts representone electrical horse power.

Watt-hour.-Electrical unit of work. Repre-sents work done by one watt expended for onehour.

POPULAR ELECTRICITYCLASSIFIED

ADVERTISING

Rates, 40 cents per agate line, cash with order, nothing less than 2 lines.

Advertisements should be in our office on or before the 3d preceding date of issue.

We will accept no objectionable advertising of any description.

HELP WANTED.

$6.00 PER 100 PAID FOR MAILING or dis-tributing circulars. Steady work. Particulars,4 cents. R. F. Kinyon Co., Newton, Iowa.

SCHOOLS.

SILVERWARE FREE. SIX TEASPOONS,"Rogers Brand," worth $2.50, free to persons in-terested in purchasing high grade silverware.Our silverware is the beat and our prices arethe lowest. Alhambra pattern, Fine FrenchGray Finish, Etched Effect, heavy weight, 12oz. or triple plate dinner set, only $12.98. Setconsists of six hollow handle medium knives,six medium forks, six teas, six tablespoons,butter knife and sugar shell, put up in beautifulgreen moreen case. They must please or yourmoney refunded. Write to-day-get the spoonsfree. Indiana Silver Company, Marion, Indiana.

WANTED -10,000 RAILWAY MAIL CLERKS-City Carriers; Postoffice Clerks appointedyearly. Salary $600.00 to $1,600.00. Many ex-aminations coming. Common education suffi-cient. 25 FREE SCHOLARSHIPS. FranklinInstitute Dept. W. T., Rochester, N. Y.

$200 TO $600 MONTHLY EASILY MAL7E fit-ting eye glasses. Short, easy mall course. Re-duced tuition. Big demand for opticians. Writeto -day for free "Booklet O." National OpticalCollette. St. Louis.

FOR SALE.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTERS can easilymake a transformer to reduce 110 volts A. C.to 10, 20, 30 or 40 volts -1-5 K. W. Full detaildrawings, price 50c. W. C. Getz, 645 N. Ful-ton Ave., Baltimore, Md.

BLACKSMITHS, you are interested. A badweld makes an expensive break. With mymethods and welding compounds every heatwill be a solid weld. Also seventy-five moderneasy ways to do hard jobs. Also two coloredtool -tempering charts. Chart A explains an-nealing and hardening; Chart B explains tem-pering all tools to a standard. All for one dol-lar. Valuable samples free. Send to -day. W.M. Toy, Sidney, Ohio.

FOR SALE-Pressed steel frames, $15. Whit-lock radiators, $35. Air-cooled motors, $75. Getour second-hand sheet. Auto Parts Co., 54 W.Jackson Blvd., Chicago.

FOR SALE: Set International Correspond-ence School's books in Civil Engineering. C. S.Bryan, Conyers, Georgia.

SONGS, Newly Copyrighted: "A Riding in aMotor Car" and "Down Mid the Isles of CascoBay." By mail, 25 cents each, both songs 40cents. Higginbotham & Ryder, 42 India St..Portland, Maine.

FOR 25C WE WILL MAIL YOU DESCRIP-TION of 700 farms for sale or exchange witnowner's address. Want farms. Farm Buyers'Guide, 507 Ridge Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.

HAND POWER bending tools, labor-saving,money -making. Estep & Dolan, Sandwich, Ill.

THE PERFECTION WRENCH. The newestand best wrench made. All steel, great strength.Instantly adjusted. Easily and quickly operated.Positive grip. Immense time, trouble and tem-per saver. Indispensable to automobilists. Best"all around" tool ever offered for sale. Must beseen to be appreciated. You'll want one whenyou see it. For circular address The PerfectionWrench Co., Box 426 I, Port Chester, N. Y.

ACETYLENE LIGHTED HOMES: One fif-ty -cent high efficiency Aleo burner free for eachname and address of a dealer selling or install-ing acetylene house -lighting generators. ALCOGAS BURNER CO., Chattanooga, Tenn.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES.

THE SUN TYPEWRITER marks an epoch inthe writing machine business; high value, lowprice. If you do not know about It, write forInformation and trial offer. Sun Typewriter Co.,317 Broadway, New York City.

AUTOMOBILES.

FOR SALE -1 touring car, 1 auto deliverywagon, new double opposed auto engine 15 h.p.; 1 Lambert stationary motor, 12 h. p. Every-thing cheap and in good condition. Roth, 783Burling St., Chicago, Ill.

THE BELL ODOMETER counts revolutionsand rings a bell each 100 revolutions, and at-tached to your vehicle, tells how far you drive.Bell Odometer Works, Oakmont, Pa.

INVENTIONS.

EXPERT AND SUCCESSFUL inventor willdevelop ideas and inventions, build models,make drawings and give general advice in per-fecting and marketing inventions. Long ex-perience. Circular free. L. Casper, 633 No.Park Ave., Chicago.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING.(CONTINUED.)

PATENTS.

MASON, FENWICK & LAWRENCE, PatentLawyers, Washington, D. C., Box B. Est'd 47years. Booklet free. Highest references. Bestservice. Terms moderate. Be careful in se-lecting an attorney. Write us.

FOR SALE-Outright-Ventilator Patent. U.S., No. 861,872; Canada No. 109,184. For par-ticulars address Roderick Macdonald, Glace Bay,Nova Scotia.

PROMPT ATTENTION-Popular ElectricityPatent Bureau is reliable and we guarantee allpatents granted through our Patent Bureau.Competent attorney in patent causes in chargeto give you prompt and efficient service. Writefor particulars. Popular Electricity PatentBureau, 1252 Monadnock Block, Chicago. Ill.

SEND FOR FREE BOOK ON PATENTS.Information free. Branch offices 246 Canal St.,N. Y., Kimball Building, Boston, 36 Pearl St.,Hartford.-SHEPHERD & CAMPBELL, PatentAttorneys, 214B McGill Building, Wash., D. C.

LUBRICANTS.

LUBRICANTS, asbestos, graphite and micacandles for loose pulleys and shaftings; no drip;no dirt; economical. Swain Lubricator Co., 250E Lake St., Chicago.

AGENTS WANTED.

AGENTS, LOOK! Women and men. Wehave just added 4 new big sellers. Rockford,Ill., agent worked 3 days, then ordered 100 doz.Write for particulars and. $2.00 FREE offer.Fair Mfg. Co., Box 75, Racine, Wis.

WANTED-One hustler in every concern em-ploying any number of men to represent Popu-lar Electricity. Here is your chance to doubleyour income without interfering with your regu-lar work. Others are making $2.00 to $5.00 aday and there is no reason you cannot do whatothers are doing. Give name of your companyand number of employes, name of your superin-tendent or foreman and we will send free, sam-ples and outfit. Address Circulation Mgr. Popu-lar Electricity, 1252 Monadnock Block, Chicago,Ill.

MISCELLANEOUS.

WIRELESS - Complete list of stations andships of the United States, and their call let-ters. Price 25c. W. E. Beakes, Newburgh, N.Y.

30 Cants for 100 Visiting Cards.Agents wanted-immediately-can make big moneytaking Christmas Orders. B. B. ELY, 3702 Ellis Ave. Chi-cago, Ill.

WIRELESS-Construct your own wireless ap-paratus. Complete drawings as follows: Com-plete one -mile wireless set showing sending andreceiving ends, all connections, aerial wires, etc.,per sheet, 25 eta.; carborundum and silicon detector showing all constructional details, each25 cts.; wireless telephone set showing all partsused, each 60 cts. List of high grade instru-ments and outer drawings for stamp. Victor H.Laughter, Byhalia, Miss.

WITH $5 started a mail order business bring-ing in over $60 a month; it's simple, easy anda sure winner; particulars free. G. E. Cousins,25 Virginia Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

ALL SAFETY RAZOR BLADES resharpened,sterilized, better than new. 2c each and returnpostage. bend your address for our convenientmailing wrapper. Keenedge Co., 87 KeenedgeBldg., Chicago.

TETTER CURE - Newly discovered liquid,made from roots and plants grown in Texas.Price $1, express prepaid. Imperial MedicineCo., Houston, Texas.

KEYLESS DOOR LOCKS can be placed onany door without tools; biggest seller out.Agents' nickel -plated sample by mail, 25 cents.Hoosier Novelty Co., Indianapolis, Ind.

EXPERIMENTERS can have receivers andsmall coils rewound. Write for information.E. C. Larson, 170 Larrabee street, Chicago, Ill.

ECZEMA LOTION - Pure white vegetableliquid; cures permanently. Sample free. ParkChemical Company, Houston, Texas.

"OUR LITTLE BOOK FOR WOMEN" inplain cover, 10c. (Something different.) O. K.Pub. Co., Clerk 193, Decatur, Ill.METAL SPINNING. JohnN. Y. J. Pole, Geneva,

THIS BEATS NEW JERSEY. Charters forstock companies lower than other states. In-formation free. Philip Lawrence, Former As-sistant Secretary of State, Huron, South Da-kota, Suite 72.

BROTHER-Accidentally have discovered rootthat will cure both tobacco habit and indigestion.Gladly send particulars. F. F. STOKES, Mo-hawk, Fla.

THOUSANDS OF PRACTICAL FORMULAS.16c each. We can tell you how to make ormend anything. Consulting Chemists, Box 217,Redlands, Cal.

WANTED-All your machine shop work for30c per hour. Piece work and contract jobstaken. Economy Machine Works, 107 Zimmer-man St., N. Tonawanda, N. Y.

SAVE MAGAZINE MONEY. Large catalogfree. Send list of your wants. B. R. Hopkins,Box L, Rockland, Rhode Island.

FREEThis $13.85

DRAWINGOUTFIT

See offer of

Successful Draftsmen

On Page 16.

USE OLD DRY BATTERIESTo make strong battery to run small motors. lights and bells,

Little or no cost.Make Cereal Mixture, looks and tastes like coffee.

Make Self -Shining Shoe Polish and Graham Flour at home.Satisfaction or money back. Full directions. 2 dimes. Nostamps.ROBT. M. FEELEY, Box 236, Weston. W. Ve.

"Wireless Telegraph Experimenters-Send for my special Holi-day prices, on reliable wireless telegraph apparatus. This willgive every experimenter the opportunity to get High GradeInstruments at Low Cost. W. C. BETZ, 645 N. Fulton Ave.,Baltimore, Md."

POPULAR

THE RESULT

SHOWNto our advertiserswho are patron-izing our Classi-fied columns arewonderful.

People whopatronize Classi-fied columnsshould not fail touse Popular Elec-tricity's columnsif they desire toreceive the great-est amount ofreturns.

Popular Electricity

Publishing Co.CHICAGO - ILLINOIS

Now do not miss thisopportunity. At least wewant you to know aboutWATCHES and WATCHPRICES. Write Today.Be posted

Send a postal or letteror simply mall couponwithout sending a letterand get the free book.

ELECTRICITY

Fightingthe Trust!!

urlinpton+(,pecial

The Smashing Anti -Trust Fight Now On!

TrustPrices

Eclipsed at Last!An absolutely first-class high-grade watch at a price within

the reacn of the people-The Burlington SpecialNo -Trust Watch.

The World's Masterpiece of watch manufacture-theBurlington Special-now sold direct to the public at Itsrock -bottom, no -trust price (and besides without middle-men's profits).

We do not care what it costs-""n up-hold our In-

dependent line and so we are making the most sweeping,baffling offer ever made on watches.

"Cheap" watches with famous names on the dials are indeedsold "cheap:' hut on really good watches manufacturers andjewelers have "systems" and "contract" agreements to keepup prices and push only "big profits" lines. So we are nowforced to market our high grade watches direct at the verysame price the WHOLESALE jeweler must pay.

This is your opportunity-NOW-while this great no -trust offer lasts-get the best watch made anywhere atone-third the price of other high-grade watches. Fur-thermore, in order to fight the Trust most effectually,we even allow terms of $2.50 a month on our,finest watch-easiest possible payments at therock -bottom price, the identical price theWholesale jeweler must pay.

41e

Watch Book on request«o.t9@1,°oLc

Q1)41°fQ 0

1) 1°fBURLINGTON o"°oWATCH CO.Dept. 1399

,,11,40:.,,,o,'Millard Sta.

Chicago or9°11100 <I> (9'4.

O,Qá`1,° .,$5

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

WHEN IN DETROIT-STOP ATMOTEL TVLLERNew & Absolutely Fireproof Cor. Adams Are. & Park St.

In the Center of the Theatre. Shopping. andBusiness District.

A la Carte CafeNewest and Finest Grill Room in the CityClub Breakfast 40c upLuncheon NoeTable de Rote Dinners 75c

Music from 6 P. M. to 12 P. N.EVERY ROOM HAS PRIVATE BATH

EUROPEAN PLANRATES: 51.50 per Day and up

L. W. TULLER, Prop. M. A. SHAW, Mgr.

HOTELB AYA RD

142-144-146 West 49th St.,New York

Transient and Family Hotel, Fireproof, 200Rooms; 100 Baths; a wellekept Hotel; quiet:yet close to Broadway.

Six surface car lines within two minutes' walk.Subway and Elevated Railway Stations one blockaway.

CONVENIENT TO EVERYTHING

Best Room Values inNew York

Single rooms, free baths, $1_00 and $1.50.Single rooms. free baths, $2,00 and upwardParlor, bedroom and bath, $3.50 and upward

M. F. MEEHAN, Proprietor

"NOTHING FINER THE WORLD OVER"

Hote1 PontchartrainCadillac Sq., Cor. Woodward Ave.

DETROIT, MICHABSOLUTELY FIREPROOF

Combines more up-to-date features than any other hotel Inthe country. Appeals particularly to tourists and travelers.

UnsurpaRATES: $2.00 Per Day and Upwards.

PONTCHARTRAIN HOTEL CO.. Props.GEORGE H. WOOLLEY. 1 Manager9W. J. CHITTENDEN. JR..

ted on European Plan.Cuisine-Excellent Service.

HOTEL WILLARDCor.10th O. St. Peter St.St. Paul, Minnesota.

200 Rooms, Single and En SuiteRATES American Plan, $2.50 and upEuropean $1.00 "

The exclusive family and tourist hotel. Visitors fromall states are attracted by beautiful St. Paul and itsIsurroundings; ,

Take Union Depot Car, Alight at 10th Street, walk one-half block wattSAMPSON 6. TREMAIN, Proprietors

POPULAR

ElectricTop andHigh Speed

Motor

Price Postpaid

$1.00This top will spin for hours at a high speed.

By changing the color disks beautiful illus-ions may be produced.It is also a perfect running electric motor

and can be used as such to operate smallmechanical toys and machinery. It is oper-ated by one cell of dry battery; finished inred enamel with polished nickel trimmings.

Every boy interested in electricity shouldhave one of these machines as they are agreat educator.

Makes an excellent Christmas present forany boy or girl.

Send for our large catalog.

HUDSON ELECTRICAL SUPPLY CO.54 WARREN ST. NEW YORK, N. Y.

SellingElectricity

is just a question of reachingthe right people with the rightargument. Newspaper adver-tising will pay any CentralStation. Ask us what we aredoing for the CommonwealthEdison Company of Chicago;the Búffalo General ElectricCompany; the IlluminatingCompany of Cleveland.

VVrn. D. McJunkinAdvertising Agency

Business Builders167 Dearborn St., Chicago

ELECTRICITY

THE KIMBLE VARIABLE SPEEDSINGLE PHASE A. C. MOTORS

Send for Catalogue R

H.P., 110 Vts., 60 Cycle $27.00H.P., 110 Vts., 60 Cycle 50.00

5 H.P., 110 Vts., 60 Cycle 60.00

All Motors Guaranteed 2 Years.

KIMBLE ELECTRIC CO.617 West Adams Street

CHICAGO

The Williams Test ClampNew device for testing telephone wires.The group of needles insures perfect contact with

the wire, and the pores of the insulation close up of terthe clamp is removed. No stripping of insulation 'andrewinding with tape required. The long nose on theclamp is for attachment to bare terminals.

Can be used to Connect an Emergency Light asshown above. Workmen in dark places where there arelighting wires but no sockets appreciate this feature.

SEND FOR CIRCULARW1L.LIAMS TEST CLAMP COMPANY

Electric Building, Cleveland, Ohio

PRICE, 75 CENTS

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

Join Our LibraryWe are showing here a portion of our Electrical Library for our Subscribers'

use. Almost any book you want on any Electrical subject we have. New booksbeing constantly.

There is no reason why you should not enlighten your knowledge of every-thing Electrical.

How to Become EligibleIf you are a subscriber to Popular Electricity, send us three paid subscrip-

tions at $1.00 each, send to us with the coupon. We will issue you a LibraryTicket, entitling you to draw from the library any book you name to keep for aperiod of two weeks.

We cannot tell you all about it here, but it is a grand opportunity for youand you ought not to miss it.

Write for further particulars.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY PUB. CO., Chicago.I enclose herewith $3.00 for three (3) paid subscriptions to Popular Electricity. Pleas,

enroll my name as a library member.

NAME

ADDRESS

Cur 1- ' STATE

BUSINESS ADDRESSP. E. Libs. Dec. 'OS

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICAL TOYS Fº" BOYSSOME CHRISTMAS 1 Scientific ELECTRICAL Novelties

SUGGESTIONS ( Practical, Complete, Durable, HarmlessEVERY boy in the country can easily own a railroad,

Costs little and pays big dividends in fun. OurModels of Locomotives, Trains, Trolley Can, Dynamos,Lamps, etc., are practical and durable inventions.Equipped with dry batteries, no acids or liquids used,perfectly safe and harmless. Electrical toys instructas well as amuse.

Catalog. B, fully Illustrated. quoting low prices-,4ST FREE.

THE CARLISLE & FINCH "«264 E. Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio

Largest Manufacturers Electrical Novelties in Me World.

No use trying toget your muscles up to this pitch with dumb -bells, chestweights, etc. Muscle alone won't do it. LET ME TELLYOU of an easy way to enlarge your arms ONE INCH ormore, breathe naturally and increase your strength 50 PERCENT in ONE MONTH. Develop your chest, shoulders andlegs to a wonderful extent, strengthen your HEART, LUNGS,NERVES and all of the INTERNAL muscles. Rid yoursel ofcatarrh, rheumatism, writer's cramp, dyspepsia and consti)a-tion, and attain robust health, great strength, youthful vigor anda clear complexion.

Dr. R. L. Smith. of the Equitable Life Assurance Society, of Brooklyn. N. Y., writes: "Your System and the HerculesClub Increased the size of my arms an Inch, and my strength fully 60 per cent in thirty days.

Write Now! Address PROF. GIBSON, Boston, Mass., Box 3559

THREE -IN -ONEVOLT -AMMETERS

Measure Low and

High Voltages,

Ampers and

Resistances

Send for Free Catalog No. 14telling how to test batteries, locatetrouble in dynamos and motors, tele-phone and telegraph lines, etc.

L. M. PIGNOLET, 78 Cortlandt treet,NEW YORK, N. Y.

Manufacturer of Portable and SwitchboardVoltmeters, Ammeters and Volt -Ammeters

They Are Accurate, Compact, Inexpensive

TaxidermyBookFREE

o.Mount

Birds and AnimalsSportsmanI Fishermen? Hunters)

Naturalists and others seeking tobetter themselves by learning a great

profession. The wonderful art ofTax-idermy, so long kept secret, can now

easily be learned right in your awn homeduring your spare hours. No need to give

up your business.We Teach By Mail how to mount

birds, animals, game heads, tan skins. makerugs and mount all trophies. A delightful en -

t.. t'' trancing and money -making profession for menASiY

'fr%w,.,i ,,',a and women. Easily and quickly learned.f ' , : 3ueeesa guaranteed or no tuition. En-i.. cloned by thousands of delighted grad-ej^`. cares allable to secure big In romee-

rf - Gat Book RREE! Our besuti:'ul, il-Write lustrated book, How to Learn to Mount Birds andtoday Animals," and our handsome Taxidermy Saga -

sine sent absolutely free to all who write. Stopdepending on a j. di Bea professional man or woman. Write today.N. W. School of Taxidermy, Box 131 M Omaha, Nab

ELDREDGE ELECTRIC MFG. CO.--.

MANUFACTURERS OF

ELECTRúCAL

MEASURING

INSTRUMENTS& SPECIALTIES

26 P. O. Square,SPRINGFIELD, MASS., U. S. A.

POPULIR T?I,ECTRICT"I'1'

POPU Y

I.LC;'TRI.CI INPLAIN ENGLIS}i' y

KNOWELECTRICITY

You are interested in electricity-everyone is.

You are familiar with hundredsof its applications but there arethousands that you have neverdreamed of, and new ones arecoming up every day.

Electricity is fast becoming the ruling power inindustrial and home life, and you owe it to yourself tobecome familiar with its principles and its possibilities.The best way to do this 's to read

POPULAR ELECTRICITYthe new magazine that tells you all about this marvelousforce in language you can understand.

There are no technical discussions, everything ispresented in a simple, entertaining style.

Only $1 a year ($1.50 Canadian and foreign). Simplyfill in the coupon and send to us with a dollar bill, Alsoenquire into our subscription proposition. You canmake easy money and a lot of it.

Enclosed find $1.00 ($1.50 if Canadian or foreign) for which sendPOPULAR ELECTRICITY for ene year to

Name

City

Street No: 'tate

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

For Christmas PresentstheLoftla9yetemlaagreatandtimelyconvenience. tenableryoutomakesbeautifulandvaluableglftwithoutthe outlay of much ready money. A email each payment andyou can give "loved one" sour choice of Lhe finest

OFTIS Old Reliable. Original Diamond ell" 7151watches and other articles of high grade jewelry. 545E Ye1:R86i.6CTIONe

aRe Watch Credit House. NOW from our handsome Christmas catalog and let ue send them with all expressehartres paid, for your inspection. If you like them, par nne.nfth on dellvery: the

BROS.& CO. Dept P685. 92 State St.. Chicago. Ill. balance ins equal monthly payments. Doc'tdelay. »rite for tarteimu Catalog Today.

Price $1.75.

AMATEURSLet us send you a set of our No. IPARTS and build a motor havinga laminated drum armature, self-adjusting brushes, and whose ro-tation on 3 cells can hardly bestopped.

H. W. PETERS MINIATUREMOTOR WORKS,

61 Terrace, BUFFALO, N. Y.

The Murray TransmissionsARE RIGHT

Both in Quality and PriceEFFICIENTDURABLE

Write for QuotationsMURRAY

MACHINE WORKS820 N Winchester Ave., Chicago

WIRELESS TELEGRAPH-Supplies and Instruments. Coherers, Silicon andCarborundum Detectors. High Wound Receivers,Condensors, etc. Special price 250 watt 10,000 volttransformer, delivered to any part U. S., $30.00. Draw-ings and plans furnished. Descriptive matter free.

VICTOR H. LAUGHTER, Byhalia, Miss.

15c"4",

`-51°E-CMg11sv7.A.Tou o 15cWII'?EL EIS S NSULATOR

Increase sending -receiving distance by usingSTRAHL SPECIAL INSULATOR

WM. STRAHL 280 Broadway NEW YORK

6% $I00 First Mortgage Pacific Coast Coal GoldBonds; $90 per and cash or monthly payy-

ments. LEWIS N. ROSENBAUM CO., Investment Bonds.Capital

á á6á `plus Suite M, Washington Block, Seattle, Wash.

VENTRILOQUISMLearned by any Man or Boy at Home. Small coat. Sendtoday &cent stamp for particulars and proof.O. A.SEITH.ROOII 051 -2040 KNOXVILLE AV.,PEORIA.ILL.

,..1

-.I

A Fascinating Window Display

A Magic Electric Opt calIllusion Box for Parlor.

BUFFALO MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL

LABORATORY

Eue Ca. Bank Bldg., leNa'o, N. Y.

° > ilkil:[i:1 TT1:iíg T?Our graduates are filling High Sabi rind

Positions. Good artists1 . EARN $25 TO $100 PER WEEK

and upwards. in easy fascinating work. Our courses ofPersonal Home Instrartionby correspondence. are eom-

pirte, practical. Eleven years' successful teaching. Expert in-Auvctors. Pnsillons guaranteed competent workers. Write forHandsome Art Book, Free.

F"'OOL OF APPLIED ART (Founded 1898.)(:ull,y Nine art, Battle Creek, Alich. -.N70 .

THE INVENTOR'S UNIVERSAL EDUCATORTELLS ALI. AIIOLUT PATENTS,HOW TO SECURE THEM. HAS

600 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTSalso 50 PERPETUAL MOTIONS

Every inventor should have a copy. Price $1.00 by mail.-AddressF. G. DIETERICH, Uray Bldg., Washington, D. C.

Complete Wireless Receiving outfit,$3.25. Double receivers, high resist-ance. Write for particulars.

A. B. C. WIRELESS SPECIALTY CO..No. 333 East 133d St. NEW YORK CITY

S MC I ILJ IVI O le IL I_ SHave always been expensive on account of difficultmethods of manufacture. The construction of the "O Ito"Selenium Cell is such that it becomes possible to placethis article on the market at a reasonable price.

A Cell mounted In attractive air -tight case,price 83.60, postpaid.

Special Cells made to order.H. A. OTTO, 34 Roberts Street, Pittsburg, Pa.

Palmer Electrical Instrument CompanyPHILADELPHIA, PA.

Manufacturers of Students Experimental ApparatusEnclose Stamp for Catalog.

Around theworld but

never out ofink

YOU FEEL SAFE WHEN WRITING A CHEQUE WITH

'BLAIR'S RED ROBIÑ AND BLACK BIRDINK PENCILS,TME PATENT DROP NEEDLE

KEEPS THE POINT CLEAR

-THE SMOO.REST

WRITING INSTRUMENTSIN THE WORLD

Having es airtube, will not leak

into the ,locket

Note-Blair's are the only Ink Pencils recognized by the United States and British Governmentsas "An Improvement on Stylographic Pens," and owing to their patents cannot be Imitated. For Correspondence, Manitolding,Ruling, and Stenography. Having no leaky air -tube, It fills easier, holds 50% more ink, and permits the use or Blair's Safely Ink -making Cartridges. Price, 10c extra. Saving cost of cheque punch, $5.00. Point will last for years. Soon eaves cost. PRICES: Plain.$1.00; Chased, $1.25: Chased and Gold -mounted. $1.50; Red Cases. 31 tn., $1.25; 4 in., large or 5 In.. 51.50; by insured mall, Sc more.Ordinary Ink can be used. Blair's Fountain Pen Co., 6 John St., Suite 279, New York. 15 Bishopsgate St., Without London. E.G. Get Agency.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

WHEN IN

BALTIMORESTOP AT THE

f 'HOTELJOYCEEURqOPpEAN

130 RoomsElegantly

Furnished

UnexcelledCuisine

Roomswith Bath

and en Suite

Centrally LocatedOpposite Camden Station

Main Depot B. & O. R. R.Rates $1.00 per Day and Upwards

SEND FOR BOOKLET

HOTEL JOYCEBaltimore, Md.

Arc You Going to St. Louis ?THE

Windermere HotelIs a delightful place in

BEST RESIDENT SECTION

and away from the noise and smoke, yetwithin easy access.

Transient Rates, $1.00 to $3.00 per DaySpecial Rates by the Week

WRITE FOR BOOKLET

Address:W. F. WILLIAMSON, Mgr.

LEARN SIGN PAINTINGMake $5.00 to $10.00 Per Day

There is a big demand for both Advertising and Commer-cial Signs. Our system with designs will teach you how toPaint Signs of all kinds. No long period of complicated in-struction. Time is money. But one sold in each commu-nity. Write today. Price One Dollar, complete. Moneyback 1[ not pleased. Address.WILLIAMSON SIGN SYSTEM, St.Louis.Mo.,U.S.A.

Dorean Hotel(Brick Fireproof)

Ocean Front at Vermont Ave.

Atlantic City, N. J.OPEN ALL YEAR

-..._. > . . Ni

Gambol Room. Muslo, Ocean FrontRefined Sorroundinas

Accomodations for 350 guests, elegantly furnished,rooms and bath single or en suite.

Dining rooms and sun parlors overlooking ocean.EXCELLENT CUISINE.

NEW GRILLE A LA AMERICA.Billiards, Shuffle Board, Etc., Music.

Write for literature.E. E. MORALL, Prop.

THE

DENSMOREKansas City, Mo.

The newest hotel in the city. 200 Rooms, 150 withPrivate Bath. Convenient to all centers. Reachedby all car lines. The coolest and cleanest location.Special rates by the month or week.

TRANSIENT RATES:

$1.00 to $2.50 Per Day, European$2.50 to $4.00 Per Day, AmericanDENSMORE HOTEL CO., Props.

1:41 ' WOW `ÍObecome

: AMEDIANO.

THERAPIST

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

Be a Doctor of Mechano-TherapyMake $3,000 to $5,000 a Year

THIS BOOK IS FREEHave you ambition?Do you seek a life position-one in which you can earn both a name and a fortune?Would you like to be forevermore independent of position -hunting and employers?Do you wish to advance yourself both financially and socially to an equality with the best

professional class of people within the next six months?Then write at once for the book I hold in my hand, which proves by documentary evidence

that the American College of Mechano-Therapy, the largest and best equipped institution ofits kind In the world, is turning out daily highly successful graduates-Doctors of Mechano-Therapy (M. T. D.)-men and women who have advanced themselves socially in a few months

in a truly marvelous way and who are now able to, and actually are making incomes offrom $3,000 to $5,000 a year.

Write at once for this book, which proves, beyond possibility of contradiction,that any man or woman of ordinary common -school education may come to thiscollege in person and learn in class-or be taught with the greatest success at his orher cofivenience at home by mail - the principles and practice of Mechano-Therapy-an elevating, absorbing and fascinating profession that has the unquali-fied indorsement and the active support of the medical profession.

WRITE AT ONCE FOR THIS BOOKWhich shows how we guarantee our students success in the study of this absorbing callingmake them the possessors of unusual and exclusive ability, advance them socially andfinancially, and give them a highly -paid, short -poured and interesting calling, which anyoneof average attainments caza master in his own home in afew months' spare -time study. 'Flitsbook, which describes the authorized diplomas granted our graduates the reasonable costof tuition, the convenient terms ofpayment, and the actual bona fide realness of the new andunusual opportunity this college course opens up to all enterprising men and women, is free,and, if you are ambitious If you are looking for a life position in which you can make a nameand fortune, if you would like forevermore to be independent of position hunting and em-ployers and wish to advance yourself financially and socially within a few months' time byhome study-at small cost and on convenient terms-then write for it at once - write nowwhile the special terms of tuition are in force.

Address

THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF MECHANO-THERA:PYDept. 630 120-122 Randolph Street, - Chicago. Ill.

Silver SolderFor Brazing

COPPER, BRASS,IRON or STEEL.

Many of the largest manufacturers useit for brazing new parts and repairingbróken parts.

If you have never used Silver Solder 'in-vestigate the merits.' It may help you.Easy Flowing and Very Strong

Made in three qualities. Sheet any widthfrom I inch to three inches, and thick-ness .003 to .057. Wire solder from No.14 to 22.

Write for information.

F. H. NOBLE 0. CO.647-653 W. 59th Street

CHICAGO

THORDARS O N'STRANSFORMERS

Toy Transformer a practical substitutefor all batteries. Applicable only to

alternating current circuits.Designed to operate any class of electrical toys,

such as small fans, motors, electric railway trains,ring bells, buzzers, light small lamps, etc., etc. Willlast a life time. A most suitable Christmas presentfor any boy.Send for circulars and prites on our Bell Ringing and

Christmas Tree Lighting Transformers.

Thordarson Electric Mtg. Co.151-157 S. Jefferson Street,

CHICAGO, ILL.

(")Ro,,,:dCu.I,

.:á::'`:uy ,,:a^",..'

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

"A woman's hair is her crowning glory"

Dressing the Hairis a new art with the DEL Electric Curling Iron in your hands. Affordsnew conveniences, results and styles in curling, marcel waving andpompadouring.

Heated for a minute or two in your electric lightsocket, it is detacaed and holds even, ample tem-perature long enough to dress a head carefully withoutreheating.

The life and luster, the cleanliness thabgo with elec-trictity! Even heat makes even curls-fluffy, natural curls that last fromtwo to seven days. NO BURNT ENDS!

Hairdressing is DEL-lightful with the DEL. Irons finely made, strong,guaranteed. Put up in gift boxes at $3.75 each.

DEL SALES COMPANY,98 Jackson BoulevardCHICAGO

Can be purchased at department stores, drug stores, electric lightcompanies, electrical supply houses, hair dressers, sporting goodsawl hardware stores; or send us your dealer's name and you canorder direct from us at $3.75, express prepaid.

WOODPECKERS DESTROY TELEPHONE ANDTELEGRAPH POLES.

Birds are destroying the telephone and telegraphpoles in the South and Southwest, particularly inTexas, Arizona and California. In sdme places50 per cent of all the poles along the right-of-wayhave been riddled by these innocent offenders,which belong to the woodpecker family. One ofthe Western Union officials, who has recently re-turned from an inspection through the West, re-ported having seen twenty-five telephone poles withtwo or three hundred holes drilled clear throughthem. Some of the holes were three or four inchesin diameter.

An officer of the Illinois Central Railroad countedthe white cedar telephone poles along the right-of-way near Covington, Tenn., which had been affectedby woodpeckers, and found that out of 268 poles,110, or 41 per cent, had been bored. In some casesdestruction of the pole takes only a few monthsand the weakened condition makes it dangerous fora lineman to climb the stick.

The real object to the birds in drilling the holesis uncertain. One telephone man said that thehumming of the wires was mistaken by the birdsfor insects excavating beneath the surface of thewood, and that they drilled the poles in quest ofthese imaginary insects. It is very probable, how-ever, that the holes are excavated for an entirelydifferent purpose. The woodpecker is a providentbird. At the proper season it stores up a supply ofacorns and other foods for future consumption. Inthe summer these holes are often found stored withacorns.-Journal of Electricity, Power and Gas.

The Forest Bureau of the United States has re-cently been investigating the preservation of crossarms for telegraph and telephone wires. The trou-ble heretofore has been that the wood subjected tothe creosote process has not been of uniformporosity, some of the arms absorbing more of thepreservative than was necessary, while others didnot receive sufficient treatment. The Forestry Bu-reau divides the wood into three grades accordingto grain and air -dries them thoroughly in piles pro-tected from rain and snow. The different gradesare separately treated, receiving from six poundsto ten pounds per cubic foot.

Send for Our Map of Boston,Showing Exact Location of

EXFORD.

75Ce"tS

á pe"t =

(pi.' WO _.:--' ` FCEATORRG OMS )J.pr. OAY.3 -- WEEK a,e URWAROS

MODERN HOTEL. HOT ., fla COLO WATER IN EACH ROOMNLGR[Y RECOMMENDED . CLEANLINESS .,.n COMFORT

BULFI NCH PLACE. BOWDOIN ST. a BULFINCH ST..

BOSTON. MASS.

25 Suites with bath250 Rooms newly furnished with

brass bedsWhen you visit Boston, if you desire the greatestcomfort with the least expense, you will find HotelRexford all right. You will notice the central loca-tion of the hotel, its nearness to the Union Station,State House, Court House, theatres and businesshouses. In other words, it is a part of Beacon Hill.Of course what you want when you visit Boston iscomfort and safety, and, if economy goes with it,that makes a combination that will undoubtedlyprove satisfactory. Therefore, when in town, "TRYTHE REXFORD" and we will make special effortsto please you.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

ffjqvSavig Catalog freePLUMBING AND HEATING MATERIAL

Direct 'ho Consumer at Factory PricesOur Perfect ALL IRON PIPE system of plumbing III enable any handy mechanic to Install the material on lam or In ;:y.Send us a Ilatof your weeds. A !Iwo ,kír an !rare on your raau(r. We curry. Prythingneceeaury:.rIneaell-

log this diligent work. Soil pipe. lead and water pipe sod Stooge of all kind.. etc. All goods are brand new and blab anode.

GALVANIZED RANGEBOILERS

All tented to SO) pounds'; >f pressure; 30 gallons,Only $4.90.

Complete with Stand.Tube and Coupling.

$6.28.CEMENT STONEWARE

LAUNDRY TUBSCent womlaen In hyd rani lomould. with zinc met:dllc rim-

furnished with cast Iron leg.-

$3,95 AND UP.

WHITE ENAMEL ROLL RIMSINK BACKS for $2.25.

READYROOFING

Mill Ende of Si and$8 grades of Vulcanltoo0 nº,general piecesto ouch roll of 103square feet at

95c Per NollOrder quick while It lasts.

Write today for new enlarged Catalog No. $23 coveringHome Builders eupplie.. All price. revised to "Hard Ti....' boats.

HANDSOMEROLL RIM

KITCHEN SINKS Eh s Comore eAll

Enameled d Kitchen Si Closetall 60. 4

wah backs. drain boards, Low Tanetc. Our stock le complete Clant

likewith oink. of every deneripbath-bon, both for corner or room it forstraight wall $11.25.

IMPROVED ROTARY WASHING MA.II, CHINES. Slade to sell at sent.) each.

We bought them from the Under-writer.. They are a We`' Maewiseecdad but not other---G scorched

damaged. A snapat t1.86 each while theylastHOME WATER WORKS

Air Pressure WaterSupply Systems

For the country or su-burban borne. Sun-prmf. fried -proof, a. 610and up.

547.59 So. State St.

en trrrJ%arrrery 4. -Supply & "é:AGO

ELECTRICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE WESTThe 1908 edition of the WESTERN ELECTRICAL and

OAS DIRECTORY lists a total of 1021 electrical, gas, railwayand kindred companies, including a comprehensive record ofcompanies controlled by and absorbed, operating in thestates of Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon and Washing-ton, together with complete information concernin't theorganization and c-ngineerina details of all companies con-stituting the industry. Of this total, 886 companies are de-voted to the generation, transmission, distribution or utiliza-tion of electric light and power; 145 are gas companies, and 190electric railway companies. In all, nearly three-quarters ofa million kilowatts of electrical energy is being actually gen-erated or is in process of installation for the operation of theelectrical industries of the five states named,-that is, ap-proximately one -million horse power. In addition, the gascompanies of these states annually produce close to fourteenbillion cubic feet of artificial gas.

The Directory, which has just been issued, is so arrangedthat the names of companies, firms and individuals engagedin the electrical and gas industries located within the statesof Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon and Washington aregiven alphabetically, not only by cities and towns undertheir respective states but also under the industry or indus-tries which they represent, i. e., the "Gas," "Electric Lightanti Power," and "Electric Railway Industries." This listinggives the capitalization of the companies, names of officials,plant equipment, etc.

The price of the Directory is $10 and copies may beobcained from Popular Electricity Publishing Co.

COMPLETE BATHROOM OUTFITS.Irons $24.50 to $125.00.

HEATING PLAN'SDon't think you ran- mlt afford a modern

Hot Water or SteamHeating Plant till youget Spec-ial price for fret plantIn each locality. Planafee.. Toe/aloud.

we send FM E:113damtled estimate onreceipt of roughSketch or plan of thebuilding to bebeal.

ulctten-shipshipment Intime for thiswinter.

ELECTRICITYPRACTICALLY TAUGHT

by trained instructors in aschool long established andengaged in teaching.

ELECTRICITY ONLYDay and evening sessions.Individual instruction.School and equipment openfor inspection. Write orcall for prospectus.

New York ElectricalTrade School

36 West Seventeenth Street, NEW YORK

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earn by your efforts our entire Electrical OutitSend for our Premium Catalogue at once.

Popular Electricity Publishing Co.1252 Monadnock Blk. CHICAGO, ILL.

POPULAR ELECTR TCITY

It heats the largest quan-tity of hot water in theleast possible time at theleast cost (maintains atemperature of 185° at acost of I cent per hour)using

GAS OR GASOLINE

FOR FUEL

as well as stove connec-tions when desired. Sizesare 18 gallons up to 300 gal-lons, each tested and fullyguaranteed.

Thousands in UseGiving Perfect

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Is Economical, Simple,Safe, Clean and Efficient.No Soot, Dirt. Odor. Noiseor Waste.

We are "headquarters forand sole distributors of thePeerless Kitchen Boiler."If your plumber can't sup-ply you, address

The PeerlessKitchen Boiler

1mnel G. MeMeen Wempster It. MillerMcMeen & MillerPatent Solicitors and Patent Experts

In connection with our telephone engineering practice wemake a specialty of securing electrical patents for Inventors.and of giving expert advice in patent matters. We also havefacilities for marketing meritorious electrical Inventions.

1154-1458 Monadnock Block, 787 Market Street,CHILA00 SAN FRANCISCO

BUY PLUMBING SUPPLIES

K,eáT pay retail prices. Full sto el.in hand for prompt shipment. Send fortree catalog. B. M. KAROL235 W. Harrison Street, CHICAGO

AT WHOLESALEWill save you 301. Don't

After fifteen years of constant study,and after making many simplifyingchanges, is now

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HOT BATH COSTS 2 CENTS

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CORTINAPHONE Luu7,7

The Original PhonographicSystem for the study of

FRENCH, GERMANSPANISH, ITALIAN

or other languages

Free Trial, really free,the complete, outfit placed In your hostsExprees Prep'd. Bead for particulars. Write today.

Special Records made to orderin anti language. We also give in-struction privately or in class at our New York schools.

CORTINA ACADEMY OF LANGUAGES44 W. 34th Street, Dept., E L, New York

39 State St., Chicago, Iii.

Are Your SoxInsured?

We insure"Holeproof" Sox for Six Mon' hs.Our Guarantee is- ''If Holeproof' Soxcome to holes or darns in six months, wewill replace them with new socksFREE."

We were the very first concern toknit "guaranteed socks"-and our"Holeproof" Sox are the only socks

that outlast the guarantee."Holeproof" Sox are sold only In boxes containing

six pairs of a size-all one color or assorted colors. Sizesare 934 to 12-colors are black, light and dark tan, pearlgray and navy blue-medium and light weights.

Buy from your dealer or direct from us.Ask for genuine-

Holeproof Soxand, if your dealer does not have them, cut out this ad,pin to It a 52.00 bill (or remit in any convenient way: foreach six pairs of socks you desire ; specify size, weightand colors, and we will fill your order promptly.

We pay the transportation charges, so that 'Hole -proof' Sox cost you only 52.00 for six pairs.And the guarantee is always the same.

Holeproof" Sox outwear the six months' -guarantee and, being whole at the end of sixmonths, they are then as good, or better, thancheap socks which wear out in a few weeks.

Order today or write for our little book."How to Make Your Feet Happy." Send nostamps. Just ask for the book. Registered

Holeproof Hosiery Co., 112 Fourth Street, Milwaukee, iVis.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

This Offer Expires with This Issueof Popular Electricity

EXTENDED 30 DAYS ON ACCOUNTOF ITS TREMENDOUS POPULARITY

50 cents a month for six months, or six paid subscriptionsto Popular Electricity

Will secure for you "Popular Electricity's Groupe No. 1" set of Electrical Books.Each and every one of which is complete in itself. The text is written so thatanyone not away up in the electrical industry can understand it. Just the set forthe young man about to take up the study of electricity.

The EIectricalHandy Directory

This little Direc-tory gives you thedefinition of allelectrical wordsand terms.

Easy Experimentsin Electricity and

How to MakeThem

The very latestand most valuablework on Electricityfor the amateur orPractical Electric-ian published

The Set of BooksOffered Here

First Stepsin Electricity orElectricity for

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ElectricityMade SimpleJust the book for

beginners and elec-trical workerswhose opportuni-ties for gaining in-formation on t h ebranches ofelectricityhave beenlimited.

would cost you if not purchased under this Group Offer, over $4.00-10 minutes' work in securing 6 subscribers (paid) for us, we sendthem to you free of charge, or send us the coupon with 50 centsand we will sell them to you for $3.00 on installment of 50cents a month for 6 months-$3.00 in all. Everybodystarting out in the electrical field cannot afford to bewithout these books - especially a t the price n o woffered. You have got to buy them some time -why not now on this Special Group Offer.POPULAR ELECTRICITY PUBLISHING COMPANY

1252 Monadnock Block, CHICAGO, ILLS.

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Don't Miss ThisOffer

50 centsand One Year's

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December 15th '08

The Best Wireless TelegraphBook Published

Students and those

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THE STORY OFTHE WIRELESSTELEGRAPH

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most completeon the subjectwritten. Non

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This Offer OpenUntil Dec. 15th Only

I enclose herewith $1.50 for which enter me forone years subscription to Popular Electricity andsend me The Story of Wi.eless Telegraphy.

Name

Address

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There's no reason why you should remain inthe untrained class when )ou can so easilyqualify for a bigger salary through the help ofthe International Correspondence Schools. Tolearn about it without charge, simply mark andmail the attached coupon.

There's no experiment or uncertainty aboutthis. The 1. C. S. has raised the salaries ofthousands of poorly paid men-and at the workthey like best. Every month the I. C. S. receiveshundreds of voluntary letters telling of promotionand increase in salary received wholly throughI. C. S. training. During July the numberwas 310. To learn how you, too, can ad-vance, mark the coupon.

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Please explain, without farther obligation on my part,how I can qualify for employment or advancement

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POPULAR ELECTRICITY

A Christmas SuggestionThis lamp is.a very handsome gift, something useful and necessary in

every home, can be had in three ways-Gaa Electric Oil

In Construction It overcomesall the defects now existing'inold style lamps that there isabsolutely no comparison.

We guarantee every lamp,and will refund money if :notsatisfactory.

Order To -dayfor prompt shipment.

PriceFrom our factory to you

$4.75Prepaidrto any part of the

United States.

The shade is of metal con-struction and the glass is of arich, green opalescent effectsupported by a substantialwooden base.

M. SUESS ORNAMENTAL GLASS CO.192 Washington Boulevard, Chicago, U. S. A.

cs

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

Electricity Now Does All theWashing and Wrinúin4

We now attach an electric motor to the famous1900 Washer. It operates the wringer, too.

Connect it with a light fixture, as you connecta table lamp. Turn on the current as you turnon the light.

The Washer then operates just like our handwasher, only you don't need to touch .it.

When the washing is done, move a small lever,and the motor connects with the wringer. The

Send No MoneyThis outfit does just as we claim. Does

all of the washing, all of the wringing. Doesthe work better than you can do it by hand.Does it with less wear on clothes.

The facts, we know, seem too good to betrue. So we propose this:

If you are responsible, we will send youthe Washer, Wringer and Motor, all on 30days' trial. We will prepay the freight.

You don't invest a penny-don't commityourself at all. Do four washings with it.Try it on dainty things, heavy things,every-thing. Then, if you think that you can getalong without it, we will take it back.

Your 30 days' use will be free.You have no obligation whatever. Treat

us just like a dealer who shows you awasher. If you don't want it when themonth is up, simply say so.

30 DaysFreeTrial

ELECTRICAL SUPPLIESRUNSTOYS

FUNFORBOYS

ELECTRIC fNGINE

Three SizesPrice75c$1.00$1.25

Amusing andInstructive

ANY GOOD DRY BATTERY WILL RUN THEM FOR DAYS

Free catalogue, 24 P. E., 168 pages, "Something Electricalfor Everybody," contains 1,000 specialties with net prices.

The following are a few of them :Eureka Telegraph Instrument ................. .......á i. t 5High Grade Giant Telegraph Set 2.35Pony Relays 1.50Standard Relays 3.15Snapper Sounders .08Magneto Testing Bell 3.25One Man (Foot Tread Magneto Testing Bell 6.50Pony Telephone Receiver .38Magneto Call Telephone each 5.50Battery Call Telephone, each 2.50Floor Tread for Servants Call .75Burglar Alarm Trap .13Adjustable Thermostat .65Early Riser Alarm Clock 2.00Electric Bella.2i inElectric Call Bell Outfit ...... ............... ... ....

.13........ .60Electric Window Tapper Outfit 1.00Anti -Doe Medical Apparatus ..... 2.00Electric Hair Brush .50Red Seal Dry BatteryHI -Up Dry Battery ..

.20.25

Elite Pocket Battery Ammeter 2.00Marine Primary Spark Cnll 1.25Mesco Jump Spark Coil.... 4.00Ignition Switch Removable Lever .50Vest Pocket Flash Light... .60Tubular Flash Light .75

MANHATTAN ELECTRICAL SUPPLY CO.New York, 17 Park Place Chicago 188 Fifth Ave.

one motor, operating both the washer andwringer, does every whit of the work.

Please think what that means. The hardestdrudgery there is about housework done bytwo cents' worth of electricity.

Servants happy; laundry bills saved; clotheslasting twice as long. For the '-1900" does wash-ing better than any other method known.

Now electricity makes the washer go. Doesn'tthat sound like a new era for women?

We Pay FreightBut don't go on washing in the olc way

without knowing what this method means toyou. Women have no ri, ht to do such hardwork when electricity can do it for them.

Send first for our Washer Book, to 'snowall about it. Then, if you'll try it, just tellus to send it on.

Please send for this free Washer Book-now-before you forget it.

A post -card with your name and adlresssent to us today brings you the bock byreturn mail, postpaid.

Address-The 1900 Washer Co.. "14/1 HenrySt., Binghamton, N. Y.

Or-if you live in Canada. write to theCanadian 1900 Washer Co., 35.5 Yonge Street,Toronto, Canada.

NEW BOOK FOR BOYSJUST OUT

Ask us how you can secure it Free of Charge.

POPULAR ELECTRI1TY PUB. CO. BOOK DEPARTMENT

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

Excelsior Auto -CycleThe machine that makes good EVERY TIME.

Read the record of every big test that tries the quality of stock motorcyclesand you will find the EXCELSIOR at the head of the list.

Not a new and untr;edexperiment, but a machinethat has been rigidly testedand found good.

It has more features ofreal practical merit thanany other on the market.

Our catalog M.C. 12 is thefinest motorcycle book everissued. Let us send it toyou. A postal with youraddress is all that is re-quired.

We will do the rest.

Excelsior Supply CompanyEstablished 1876 233=237 Randolph Street, CHICAGO, ILL.

AUSTRALIAN MUTTON -BIRD INDUSTRY.Consul Iienry D. Baker, of Hobart, presents cer-

tain facts regarding the mutton -bird industry ofthe Furneaux group of islands, situated to thenortheast of Tasmania and under the governmentof that Australian State. The consul visited theseIslands during the month of May in order to makesome study of the birds and their curious habits,and now writes from a commercial standpoint:

The interesting study of "mutton birding" is pe-culiar to many of the small islands about the Tas-manian coast, particularly on the Furneaux groupin Bass Straits, where it constitutes the principalmeans of support of the inhabitants. The muttonbird, or sooty petrel (Nectris brevicaudus), is.when full grown, about the size of the well-knownsilver gull of North America, and its color, at firsta grayish -black, with age becomes a Jet black.Their most important breeding places are in thevicinity of Tasmania and New Zealand, in the lat-ter Island being of somewhat different variety andwhite instead of black.

Every year, about September 20, almost to a day,these birds arrive in enormous numbers at theirrookeries, and for about one month the male andfemale are busy In restoring their old nest or inbuilding a new one. Where the soil is light andloose the nests are burrowed into the ground closetogether, but when there is sufficient shrubbery toafford shelter the birds simply deposit their eggson the bare ground. Frequently large snakes oc-cupy these nests in common with the muttonbirds.

As the birds are away at sea in quest of food inthe daytime the nest making is carried on at night,the birds making a great noise while thus occupied.After the nests are prepared each female lays oneegg, which closely resembles a duck egg, and themale and female then take turns at hatching,usually the male taking the first turn, while thefemale goes in search of food, chiefly shrimp andkelp berries, with which she returns each evening.After the lapse of a fortnight, by which time thefirst sitter has wasted considerably, the partner re -lleves him, and the male bird will then take uponhimself the responsibility of bringing in food.

By the end of six weeks incubation is complete,and the attention of each parent is bestowed uponthe protection and rearing of the young bird, each

now taking a daily instead of fortnightly turn-onebird always remaining with the young one whilethe other goes away for food. When old enough totake care of itself the young bird is entirely for-saken. By this time it has become inconvenientlyfat, so great has been the attention bestowed uponit, but it does not attempt to stir from the nestuntil compelled by hunger to do so. The effect,however, of a few days' starvation tells upon thebird, so that it makes a great effort and removesitself from its nest and finds its way toward thesea, and from some rocky eminence makes itsflight.

It is not known where the birds go when theyleave the islands, about the middle of May. Theirflight is extremely swift and irregular, and if thebirds strike any obstruction, like a rock or themast of a ship, the collision is usually fatal tothem. The lighthouse at Goose Island, one of theFurneaux group, has to be protected with ironscreen work and frequently hundreds of dead birdsare found at the base of it. Captain Flinders, ofthe British royal navy, once computed that a flockof birds which he saw was 40 miles in length.

It is only the newly hatched mutton birds whichhave a commercial value, the purposes for whichthey are taken being for salted human food, for oil(used in tanning leather and for the lubrication ofmachinery), for the fat used chiefly for greasingtimber skids, and for feathers. The season's workat mutton birding covers about six weeks, fromabout April 1 until about the middle of May, whenthe rookeries are completely deserted. During thissix weeks' period the inhabitants of the islands(about 400 altogether) earn sufficient money to sup-port themselves in practical idleness for the restof the year.

The first stage in mutton birding is known asoiling. A stick pointed at one end and stuck inthe ground at the other serves as a kind of spit orskewer on which to fix the birds as they are gath-ered. Search is then made for the young birds,and as they are caught their necks are broken bya skillful jerk of the hand and they are then fixedby their beaks to the sticks.

It Is rather dangerous capturing the birds, as therookeries are infested with poisonous snakes andfrequently the mutton Virden when he puts hishand and arm into the hole, lays hold of a snake

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

1900 Dry BatteriesAre What You Should Use

THEY HAVE STOODTHE TEST OF TIME

1900 Dry Batteries

are becoming more pop-ular every year. Thereis a reason Why.

They make satisfiedcustomers.

We want your Bat-tery business.

The Nungesser Electric Battery Co.CLEVELAND, OHIO

General Sales Office:128 West Jackson Boulevard CHICAGO, ILL.

Are You Deaf?If your hearing is affected in any wºy

or to any degree you are sure to find greatrelief with the aid of the lately perfectedscientific hearing device

THE AUROPHONEYou cannot judge the value of the

Aurophone by what you have seen of a iyother hearing device and many of thepresent owners of these instrumet ishave found absolute relief after a 11others bad failed.

The Aurophone Is practically invis-ible. It Is extremely Simple, being' apowerful miniature telephone whichmagnifies sound waves distinctly and tosuch an extent

i t will restore hearing in many instancesRead what these prominent business men say

Years Ear Phone Co., N. Y.Gentlemen: Knowing how many fake devices have been offered

deaf people. I am moved to offer you this testimonial, unsolicit-ed. hoping it may convince some other deaf person that there issomething real in the Aurophone. If at any time anyone in this,cetion would like to hear from me personally regarding ycurinstrument I would he pleased to tell what It is to me.

Respectfully. F I. HUBBARD, Alameda, Cal..ifcars Ear Phone Co., N. Y.

Gentlemen: If I could not get anot her Aurophone I would rotpart with mine for any amount of money. Yours truly,

JOHN D. BELL, 150 Nassau St., N. Y..Years Ear Phone Co., N. Y.

Gentlemen: I have been deaf for many years and have triedevery kind of hearing device. T find the Aurophone the onlyeffective aid to the deaf. Wishing you success. I am, very truly> ours, J. B. GOSHORN. 169 Plymouth Place. Chicago.

A SPECIAL REQUEST TO YOUWhether you are interested In the Aurophone or not, and

whether you answer this advertisement or not, we beg of younot to confound this instrument with the much advertisedworthless variety. We want you at any rate to believe us andour claims for the Aurophone. We wish to restore hearing toevery deaf person that will give us the chance. If we cannotenable you to hear we do not want your money.

We would like t r tell you more about it.Write to -day for booklet and terms of trial.

NEARS EAR PHONE CO., Ins..11nin Office, Suite 890. 45 West 34th St., New York City

Branches in Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Minneapolis, etc.

I HAVE IT PATENTEDTHROUGH

Popular Electricity Patent DepartmentWe have an able patent bureau which is conducted bywell known experts in patent cases, and are in a position tohandle your invention in a thoroughly satisfactory manner.

If you have any device or idea you wishprotected, our department is at your service.

WRITE US FOR INFORMATION

All communications are held strictly confidential.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY PATENT BUREAUMonadnock Block :: :: :: CHICAGO, ILL.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

Be a Watchmaker!Let us furnish you absolutelyin this business. Read letters

We will teach you by mail free, andeventually establish you in the Jewelrybusiness.

Many of our students are earning $25to $75 a week. You can do the sameafter our three months' course.

We furnish you, without one penny ofcost, all the text -books, necessary les-sons, large illustrated chart, photo printsshowing how to repair each job as youget it. This chart explains in detail whattool to use and how to use it. Remem-ber, this whole outfit costs you nothing.

You don't have to buy any stocks, payrent, or have one bit of expense exceptto purchase a few tools you may needwhen you open up.

This announcementis your opportunity.It should kindle the spark of ambi-

tion in every enterprising young manwlo reads it.

MINNEAPOLIS,KAN, J an. 13.1907

ROGER . RMAN &CO., Chicago,

Ill.ivednay

o{outfit

Dear 5rsv I have you filed the to get a

der so

tools y, becausearranged

or the lastpromptly,m 1l space

In a storeen wfollow th

notmooing the watch repair

m am d learn

5.

s advice an forg¡more d ftrade. about all I. had to sons are so easy

It took abi instructionsthis outfit, but the very soon. in this new

that Iexpect romised to help work his ne sYou have

Themgoing owns tas first e is

goingbusine

andIatgel B to paanme s going 0 let me

mynew businesswhen

n I have time.whenle oThe, to store

come In be myws,l soon and hecsstomewill

shelp hTmyñe

h; rit moretrade.

yourstruly.

W T Virattaart.

free a scholarship and start youbelow how our students succeed.

This is an offer to put you in businessfor yourself where you are independent-you can be your own boss.

You can do as you want-come and goas you please.

Here is a chance for you to breakaway from drudgery and climb the lad-der of success.

Our method of teaching is so simplethat any young man with a fair amountof intelligence can master this money-making trade and dignified profession inthree months and sometimes less.

Read these letters. Just an examplehow our students succeed. We will helpyou do the same.

Write us today-now-before you layaside this magazine.

CHAS. F. ELMORE, Principal of Watchmaking College.Rogers, Thurman & Co 57 Michigan Ave., Chicago.

RoogasTNvaMAN & Co

MiNNBKAx.'M5

24,Imo.`.

abegrSx'rs: Chicago. Ill.1 hae nt Si businohought I uld write

Paris t

workedbig

ttrade. 1 wawhes along fnéu

goods this store that .1 ain 1ing

moneyhad

not heard ofwhat 1

will going

a tsockac;teaY when doom you w gild hav

1. fnre 'Í making menced d not *er, if

t Ilist of watchesam tip busymore thanlast Winer, a any

Frid

will

for my stand t today to shover madeat

y

but 1 goods th a ther kb goo diurdaY.

1 have mail a ttoe mo youwatchand clocklock repairr,bs

1 have can handlese.seven ¡ohs. hat You

numberedThe

torticketstó y whatroneto se v'e12. om

WillInt7 6rsandthe wortherest ofthem

I'quencick back ascars. as youYours truiW. T. yw

Aaa EN.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

What's The Useof puttering with inferiorHack Saws when the expenseof the very best made isinsignificant in compari-son with value?

Use Star Hack Saw Bladesand get the most for yourmoney. They are much thecheapest in the end. Makea mental note of this factand ask for catalog illustra-ting all tools that we manu-facture.

Millers Falls Company29 Warren Street, New York

25c BOOKS)Our Lineo( 25c Books is immensely

popularOur of 25c immensely

popularHere are some of the Titles

How to make and UseWireless TelegraphyModel Steam EnginesModel RailwaysDry BatteriesSmall Electric MotorsThe Magneto TelephoneThe Slide ValveBeginners Guide to the LatheBeginners Guide to Fret WorkInventions: How to Protect, Buy

and Sell ThemMetal Working ToolsAnd Many Other Electrical Titles

All Fully IllustratedMailed postpaid upon receipt of price

Send for full List of over 60 Titles FREE

SPON 0. CHAMBERLAINl23 E. Liberty St NEW YORK

DO YOU NEAR WELL?The Stolz Electrophone-A New, Electrical. Scientific land Prac-

tical Invention for those who are Deaf or Partially )eaf-MAY NOW BE TESTED IN YOUR OWN HOME.

Deaf or partially deaf people may now make a month's trial ofthe Stolz Electrophone at home. This personal practical testserves to prove that the device satisfies, with ease, every require-ment of a perfect hearing device. Write for particulars at once,before the offer is withdrawn. for by this personal test plan thefinal selection of the one completely satisfactory hearing aid ismade easy and inexpensive for every one.

This new invention, the Stole Elec-trophone (II S. Pat. No.7e5 575) rend-ers unnecessary such clumsy, un-sightly and frequently harmful de-vieeeastrumpets horns, tubes, eardrums, fans. etc It is a tiny electrictelephone that fits on the ear andwhich, the instant It Is appl led, mag-

nifies the sound wave+ in such manner asto cause an astonishing increase In theclearness of all sounds, It overcomes the

buzzing and roaring ear noises and, also. soconstantly and electrically exercises thevital parte of the ear than. usually, the nat.

ural unaided hearing itself is gradu-ally restored.

What Three Business Men Say.The Electrophone Is very satisfac-

tory. Being small In size and greatin hearing qualities makes it preter-

ites. C. 1Jdeeke, 298 18th Ace., able to any I have tried and I believeMay woe d, III wears an I have tried all of them. M.W. HOYT

Elect rophone. Wb,lesale Grocer,Mlchlgtm Av. andLes, cesepleeoe,then eyeglasses River St., Chicago.

I got so deaf I could not hear withmy speaking tube and was advised to

try the Electrophone. After 16 years of deafness, discomfort andworry, I now hear perfectly at church and at concerts. W. R.UTLDY. Sales Mgr., S. A. Maxwell & Co., Chicago.

I have now used your Electrophone over a year and know thatIt lea flretelaes, scientific hearing device. Without It peoplehave to shout directly in my ear to make me hear. With It, 1can hear distinctly when spoken to in an ordinary tone. Bestof all, it has stopped my head noises, which was a terrible aggra-vation LEWIS W. MAY. Cashier. 100 Washington St., Chicago

Write to, or call (call If you can) at our Chicagoofllcee for par-ticulars of our personal test offer and list of other prominent en-dorsers who will answer inquiries. Physicians cordially invitedto Investigate aurlets' opinions. Q

STOLZ ELECTROPHONE CO., 1292 Stewart Bldo., CHICAGOBranch OMces Philadelphia, Cincinnati. Seattle, Indianapolis,Dee Moines. Toronto. Foreign 011100,82-88 Fleet St.. London, Eng.

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The presentation of sub-jects has been determined byconsideration of the needs ofthe man behind the wl el.It is clear and concise in itstreatment, and comprehen-sible to the most inexpe-rienced automoblliet. at theSame time It is so thoroughthat the expert will learnmuch from its pages.

This good book will besent to any address Inthe world, postpaid, off;:upon receipt of two ..dollara or if de- s ,4d do

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IT HELPS BUSINESS to have your office furnished withAndrews' high-grade office fittings, Andrews' Typewriter Desks,Andrews' Typewriter Metal Chairs, Andrews' Office Desk,medium to best, Andrews' Bookkeepers' Desks and Chairs.

Send for Catalog.

Andrews' Steel Rod Furniture(Chairs, Tables and Stools) warranted for 10 years. Always

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The A. H. Andrews Co.,174 Wabash Ave., Chicago

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

Edison ElectricDecorative LightingWith small miniature lamps arranged inclusters-for Christmas Trees, Dinner Tables, etc.

AttractivenessNothing adds greater charm to the dec-orations of a room than the gem -likegleams of tiny electric lights from theflowers on the dinner table or from thewalls, columns, balustrades and chan-deliers. The beauty of natural foliageis enhanced and most dainty and beau-tiful effects are produced by the many -colored miniature lamps. Each lambgives twice the light of the ordinaryChristmas candle, and the Christmastree decorated -by an Edison outfitshines in a blaze of glory_

ConvenienceSimply twine the festoons among thevines and flowers or drop them overthe trees and other objects to be deco-rated, screw the little lamps in placeand put the attaching plug in thenearest regular lamp socket. A turnof the key and the artistic effect iscomplete.

Wonderful as Aladdin's Lamp

ReliabilityThe outfit is flexible, constructed in athoroughly practical manner, and is aserviceable and valuable householdpossession, far superior to anythingthat can ordinarily be made from wi--ing up loose sockets. An outfit willlast for years and can be used re-peatedly without additional expense.

The Complete Outfitis packed in a neat ornamental woodenbox. The twenty-four light outfit isthe standard size.

OutfitNo. 1No. 2No. 3No. 4

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Extra festoons (light)The extra Festoons (ready for connec-

tion) consist, of eight sockets, with extralamps, for increasing the size of the outfits.The junction plug is constructed so thatthe extra Festoons can be connected.

Most electrical supply houses carrythese in stock and can supply you withan outfit - if not, write us and we willbe glad to send any information desired.

General Electric Cemiany

Main Lamp Sales Office:

400 Bergen St. Harrison, N. J.1938

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

by Wm. L. Weber, M. E.Cloth, red edges, indexed, 25cFull leather, gold edges, indexed, 50c

Contains upward of 4,800 words, termsand phrases employed in the electricalprofession, with their definitions given inthe most concise, lucid and comprehen-sive manner.

12mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.00

A Complete Manual of Instruction byTheodore A. Edison, M. A., Instructorat American School of Telegraphy.

by Henry C. Horstman and Victor H. TousleyPrice Net $1.50

Tables for direct and alternating cur-rent calculation, voltage, efficiency orpower factor, etc., etc.

by Horstman & Tousley16mo, 250 pages, 100 diagrams,

full leather limp, $1.50This book treats almost entirely on

practical electrical work. It uses the"Rules and Requirements of the NationalBoard of Fire Underwriters" as a text,and explains by numerous cuts and de-tailed explanations just how the bestclass of electrical work is installed.

by Horstman & Tousley16mo, 250 pages, 200 illustrations, fullleather binding, round corners, i el edges;size, 4x6; pocket edition; new 1907 revisedenlarged edition.

Price $1.50

It contains no elementary considera-tions; you are supposed to know what anampere, volt or a "short circuit" is. Andit contains no historical matter.

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by Henry C. Horstman and Victor H. TonsleySize, 51 x 71; 12 mo, cloth;

$1.50 Net

An excellent treatise on the Principlesand Construction of Dynamos, Motors,Lamps, Storage Catteries, etc., etc.

by Joseph G. Branch, B. S., M. E.282 Pages; Illustrated; Cloth;

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Written in Dialogue form making abetter impression and a more vivid ideathan ordinary descriptive matter.

by S. Aylmer -Small300 Pages; 12 mo; full leather limp;

Price, $2.50

A complete treatise on the operationof Railway by Electricity.

by L. P. Dickinson12 mo, cloth; 220 pages; Illustrated

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The very latest and most valuablework on Electricity for the Amateur orPractical Electrician published.

by W. Jerome HarrisonThree vol. in one, fully illustrated; hand-

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Electricity, Voltaic Electricity andMagnetism, especially adapted to therequirements of the new code. .

by Clark Caryl Haskins12 mo; 233 pages; 108 illustrations;

Price, $1.00 NetJust the book for beginners and elez-

trical workers whose opportunities forgaining information on the branches ofelectricity have been limited.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY PUBLISHING CO., CHICAGO, ILL.BOOK DEPARTMENT

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

the EDISON PHONOGRAPHMakes home the most entertaining spot on earth. You can give adance with an Edison Phonograph, supply music at a reception, ac-company a singer, entertain the children, break the ice at a party,while away pleasantly a few hours when you are alone.

Put it to the test.. Go to the nearest Edison store and hear thenew model with the big horn. Let the dealer play for you some ofthe NEW JULY RECORDS. (Out June 25th.)

If you already own an Edison remember that to get the fullestenjoyment out of it you must keep up with the new records.

Ask your dealer of write to us for the new catalogue of Edison Phonographs, THEPHONOGRAM, describing each Record in detail; the. SUPPLEMENTAL CATALOGUE,listing the new February Records, and the COMPLETE CATALOGUE, listing allEdison Records now in existence. .. .. :: Records in all foreign languages.

NATIONAL PHONOGRAPH COMPANY, 421 Lakeside Avenue, Orange, N. J.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

TELEPHONE JOURNAL -

Reaches, Weekly,Every Telephone Buyer COMPRISING TELEPHONY, THE AMERICAN

In the World. TELEPHONE JOURNAL, SOUND WAVESAND THE TELEPHONE MAGAZINE.

Provides ItsAdvertisers With The

Finest Auxiliaries

I An InducementTto subscribe Now

We hope that every telephone man, not already a subscriber,has been planning to order Telephony about the first of theyear, if not sooner. We ordinarily, however, have more ordersat that time than can be handled promptly, and it would be aconvenience to us to receive your subscription NOW.

For this reason we will send Telephony from date orderis received until January 1st, 1910, to those new subscriberswho remit $2.00 NOW.

OW You need Telephony sent to yourself, personally, so thatyou can read it carefully at your own convenience, and keepa file of its copies for reference and for binding.

LJ PLEASE FILL IN ATTACHEDCOUPON AND MAIL IT AT ONCE. i

THE SOONER YOU SUBSCRIBETHE MORE FREE COPIESYOU WILL RECEIVE.

Telephony Publishing Company343-347 Monadnock Block

CHICAGO. ILI,.

TheTelephony

PublishingCompany

343-347 Monadnock BlockCHICAGO, V. S. A.

g Enclosed find $2.00 for mysubscription up to Jan. 1st, 1910.

Please send me all copies from receiptof this order until December 31, 1908,

free of charge.

NameCompany

Address

POPULAR ELECTRICITY

WHY OUR READERSARE

YOUR BUYERSAS an advertiser you know all about the. "psychological moment" when an

advertisement will appeal to a reader-when he is in the proper frameof mind to receive that little idea germ which later propagates and resultsin an order.

You know that it is the one who reads a magazine with a serious intentwho is most open to suggestions, not the one who is interested in tales ofthrilling adventure, the doings of the muck -raker, the latest political scandal,etc., for the mind is not then in a normal state and ready for practical things.A salesman does not prepare his customer for buying by first tickling himwith hysterics or shocking him with electricity till his hair stands on end.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY is a magazine for serious people. Its read-

ers are progressive,'every one, for they are endeavoring to familiarize them-selves with the greatest force the world has ever known. Being progressive

and normal minded they are quick to grasp the significance of your advertise-

ment. They don't lay Popular Electricity down with a sigh and wonder howthat continued story is going to end.

Moreover we wish to call your attention to the fact that there are 60,000of these readers every month. Our circulation department is open to your

inspection. Our rates per thousand circulation are cheaper than those of anyother magazine that tells the truth about its circulation.

We respectfully solicit a trial order for space and are perfectly willing tolet results obtained be our argument for a permanent share of your business.

Popular Electricity Publishing Co.CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

Save Time, Steps and MoneyIntercommunicating Telephones

for the home, stable, garage, store,factory, offices, hotels, mines, etc.,etc., saves time, steps, worry, fatigueand running up and down stairs. IN=STANT communication with EVERYpart of your home, stable, garage, boathouse, etc., etc., without leaving yourbed or chair. Simply PRESS A BUT=TON and get anyone you want, or pushthe EMERGENCY button and ringEVERY TELEPHONE, ALL AT THESAME TIME; invaluable in case ofFIRE, BURGLARS or to call a DOC-TOR.

Just tell us how many telephones youwant and we will TELL YOU just whatthe ENTIRE SYSTEM WILL COSTYOU TO THE CENT. Telephones in-stalled, all wiring done (concealed) andready for service, no matter where youlive or whether you want two or a hund-red telephones. We SELL you the com-plete outfit outright, installed, or willfurnish drawings and instructions sothat anyone can install it. Our systemis extremely simple to operate or4nstall.THE LOW COST WILL SURPRISEYOU. No rentals to pay; nothing towear or get out of order.IJ Quality of apparatus recognized asthe world's best. Write us for indorse-ments of people who use hundreds ofour instruments. Simple and perfect,workmanship and material the veryhighest class.

Wall or Desk telephone furnished.ANY style of finish to match yourwood work and furnishings. SENDFOR OUR BULLETINS ON INTER=COMMUNICATING = TE L E P HO N E

SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS OR RESI-DENCE USE. Complete Hotel or Fac-tory systems (any size) installed; Townor City (any size) equipped with com-plete telephone exchanges. If there isno telephone exchange in your town, vil-lage or rural community, or you are notenjoying the benefit of an Independentdent Company and low rates write us,we have the REMEDY. Long distancelines constructed, Rural lines built andequipped, low cost. Ninety=page book,the "RURAL TELEPHONE," mailedfor ten cents in stamps; tells how to or-ganize community lines and exchanges;full instructions how to build and equiplines; tells how twenty telephoneswill operate on one wire-a good edu-cation in telephony; best book on thetelephone for the layman ever written.We furnish telephones and systems forany and all requirements. Our appa-ratus used extensively by U. S. and For=eign Governments; largest railwayand industrial corporations; exchangesin hundreds of towns and cities andLong Distance lines.

( BEAUTIFUL MINIATURE DESKTELEPHONE (watch charm or stickpin) mailed to any address for twenty-five cents, stamps, to show the skill ofour workmen and high class of ourproduct-(take it to any jeweler and ifhe will make one like it for less than$2.00, your money back.)

tiREMEMBER, EVERYTHINGSOLD OUTRIGHT-NO RENTALSTO PAY.

( Take no substitute.

Swedish - American Telephone Co.CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

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FREE INFORMATION COUPONAmerican School of Correspondence:

Please send me free 200 -page bulletin. I tu, tn-terested in the course marked "X."

..Electrical Engineering

..Mechanical Drawing

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Occupation.Popular Elec. 12-08.

Your dreams

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Dreams are but slumbering ambition wait-ing for opportunity. Opportunity is a force,

visible only to those who are ready to grasp it.Your opportunity is right in front of you-the firm is

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A better position is waiting for you - more pay - shorter'hours - cleaner and easier work- authority-just what you

have been looking forward to and dreaming about.ARE YOU PREPARING YOURSELF FOR THIS ADVANCE? Training will count

then. Your hours of "lamp study" will be rewarded.If you are built of the right timber, if you

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Our "Home Study" course is just what youneed to occupy your time during the long winterevenings. Bright, pleasant, interesting studies,that will rest you after a hard day's woik.The lessons are never long enough to tire. Theyare written by practical, technical men.

Pick out the course that suits your taste andpresent employment. Make every spare momentcount until your DREAMS ARE REALIZED.

We Help Men Help Themselves.

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCEChicago, U. S. A.

Vol. I. DECEMBER 1908 No. 8 - World Radio History

Documents

Transcript of Vol. I. DECEMBER 1908 No. 8 - World Radio History