Virtual Languages in Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature

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Virtual Languages in Science fiction andfantasy literatureLawrie Barnes a amp Chantelle van Heerden ba Department of Linguistics University of South Africa E-mailb Department of Linguistics University of South Africa E-mailPublished online 02 Jun 2008

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102

virtual Languages in Science fiction and fantasy literature

Lawrie Barnes Department of Linguistics University of South Africa barnelaunisaacza

Chantelle van Heerden Department of Linguistics University of South Africa vheereunisaacza

Abstract

The languages created for use in science fiction and fantasy literature constitute an interesting subcategory of artificial language This article explores the nature of these languages by examining three fictional languages The Old Tongue Quenya a dialect of Elvish and Klingon Crystal (1997a 29) identifies four categories of artificial languages in terms of the purposes they serve international languages programming languages artificial intelligence (Al) languages and simplified languages This article proposes a fifth category for fictional languages on the grounds of their pluridimen-sional function Their primary function is to help to create a fictional world On the one hand they function as devices which aid the creation of a fictional world of which they form an integral part On the other hand they function within that imaginary world forming a sociolinguistic context within which group and individual identities can be created

Keywords artificial languages Esperanto fictional languages international lanshyguages pidgin languages programming languages simplified languages virtual languages

Introduction Fictional languages Several authors of fantasy literature and science fiction have created fictional languages which form an integral part of their work Probably the best known of these languages is Elvish found in the works of J R R Tolkien whose The Lord of the Rings has recently been popularised as a blockbuster Another well-known variety is Klingon an extra-terrestrial language used by Aliens found in the popular science fiction television series Star Trek Other examples may be

copy Unisa Press Language Matters 37 (1) 2006 pp 102-117

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Virtual Languages in Science fiction and fantasy literature 103

found in the work of the famous science fiction writer Isaac Asimov the work of Terry Brooks and many more

Although these languages are akin to natural languages and often function in the same way as natural languages would they owe their very existence to the works of fiction in which they were created It therefore seems appropriate to label them artificial languages because they are the creations of specific authors rather than products of the evolutionary processes characteristic of natural languages

All languages can be classified as either natural or artificial languages Richards and Schmidt (2002 352) define a natural language as a language which has NATIVE SPEAKERS in contrast with an ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE

In terms of this definition fictional languages are not natural languages as they do not have native speakers It is interesting to note that this definition seems to exclude pidgins as natural languages because a pidgin according to the Longman dictionary (2002 401) is

a language which develops as a contact language when groups of people who speak different languages try to communicate with one another on a regular basis For example this has occurred many times in the past when foreign traders had to communicate with the local population or groups of workers from different language backgrounds on plantations or in factories A pidgin usually has a limited vocabulary and a reduced grammatical structure which may expand when a pidgin is used over a long period and for many purposes Usually pidgins have no native speakers but there are expanded pidgins eg Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea and Nigerian Pidgin English in West Africa which are spoken by some people in their community as first or PRIMARY LANGUAGE

In terms of Richard and Schmidts (2002) definition the classification of fictional and pidgin languages is problematic In the case of fictional languages authors actually create native speakers within the fictional world of the book or film which makes them virtual natural languages Pidgins on the other hand seem to have a stronger claim to being natural languages than fictional languages because they evolve naturally even though they have no mother-tongue speakers and in their expanded forms they can acquire native speakers

In the next section we will investigate the nature of artificial languages and thereafter in subsequent sections the nature of the languages created in science fiction and fantasy literature will be considered by examining their functions and comparing them with other artificial languages A proper consideration of pidgin languages vis-agrave-vis artificial languages lies beyond the scope of this article in which the focus is primarily on fictional languages

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104 Lawrie Barnes and Chantelle van Heerden

Defining artificial languages

Crystal (1997a 29) defines an artificial language as a

LANGUAGE which has been invented to serve some particular purpose Artificial languages include those which have been devised to facilitate international communication (where they are a type of AUXILIARY language such as Esperanto) programming languages (eg BASIC) languages which communicate with computers or robots in artificial intelligence (eg SHRDLU) and simplified languages which are used by people with learning difficulties (eg Bliss Symbols)

According to this definition artificial languages can be broadly divided into four categories based on their functions

1 2 3 4

international languages programming languages artificial intelligence (AI) languages simplified languages

FIGURE 1 Types of artificial languages

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The first category could be called the prototypical artificial languages specially invented to facilitate international communication They were created with the intention that they would function in the same way as many well-known lingua francas such as Greek Latin French Spanish Arabic and English have functioned as vehicles of international communication but with one significant difference they would be neutral languages not affiliated to any ethnic group or culture Proponents of a universal artificial language tend to envision such a language as a means of creating a world of unity and peace with all misunderstanding washed away (Crystal 2003 15) These languages are prototypical in the sense that they were the first generation of fully-fledged artificial languages (sometimes referred to as a posteriori languages as opposed to their forerunners the seventeenth century a priori languages which were sets of symbols representing concepts (cf Crystal 1997b 354)) appearing from 1880 onwards This type of artificial language is based on elements drawn from natural languages usually one or more of the languages of Western Europe It is intended to look and function like a natural language Usually it has a simplified phonological and morphological structure and regular grammatical rules

Esperanto (invented by Zamenhof a Polish oculist in 1887) is the best-known artificial language and though it has not as yet received official status as an international language it is often used at international conferences Major publications such as the Bible and the Qūran have been translated into Esperanto and some countries even transmit radio broadcasts in this language It is interesting to note however that the other big contender and in fact Esperantos greatest threat for official international language status is not another artificial language but English a natural language (Crystal 1997b 356)

Other well-known examples of artificial languages include Volapuumlk (invented in 1880 by Scheiler and based mainly on English and German) Idiom Neutral Latino Sine Flexione which is basically Latin without any inflections Ido (a modified form of Esperanto) Occidental Novial Interglossa Interlingua and Glosa

The second category which could be regarded as the new generation of artificial languages are comprised of those languages that are used in computer programming Such a language is described by Richards and Schmidt (2002 34) as a code system made up of symbols numbers or signs such as the programming language COBOL These languages are vastly different from the first category which are intended to be used in the same way as natural languages MacLennan (1999 1) defines programming languages as follows

A programming language is a language intended for the description of programs Often a program is expressed in a programming language so that it can be executed on a computer This is not the only use of programming languages

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however They may also be used by people to describe programs to other people There are many languages that people use to control and interact with computers These can all be referred to as computer languages Many of these languages are used for special purposes for example for editing text conducting transactions with a bank or generating reports These special-purpose languages are not programming languages because they cannot be used for general programming We reserve the term programming language for a computer language that can be used at least in principle to express any computer program

This means that computer languages are a sub-category of programming languages and that not all computer languages can be used to express computer programs but all programming languages can A few examples of programming languages are BASIC the commercial programming language COBOL the scientific programming language FORTRAN the functional programming language LISP and the object-orienated programming language Smalltalk

The third category is that of AI languages These languages are used specifically to communicate with robots They differ from computer languages in that they are not programming languages but constructed languages akin to the first category of artificial languages such as Esperanto and Novial A good example of this type of language is SHRDLU which was written by Terry Winograd in 1972 According to Crystal (1997b 416) it shows some of the features of conversation which can be simulated on a computer An interesting example of the communication between robots as well as between robots and humans can be found in the movie AI

The final category is simplified languages such as Bliss Symbols which are used by people with learning difficulties Crystal (1997b 282) describes Bliss Symbols as

a visual supplement to speech developed in the 1970s by Charles Bliss (1897mdash 1985) Bliss a chemical engineer aimed to devise a set of symbols that could be translated into any language (as could the symbols of chemistry) The approach has been used with a variety of clinical populations including the cerebral palsied mentally handicapped and autistic

Considerable research has been devoted to investigating the strengths and weaknesses of the various systems of simplified languages in relation to the needs of individual children

The question arises do the languages of science fiction and fantasy literature fall into any one of these categories in terms of the purposes for which they were created The next section attempts to answer this by examining the way in which some of these languages are used in works of fiction

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The languages of science fiction and fantasy literature The first example of a fictional language in fantasy literature that we will investigate is the language known as the Old Tongue created by Robert Jordan for his The wheel of time series In some ways the Old Tongue has characteristics of the prototypical artificial languages as it has a limited vocabulary and very simplified grammatical structures Moreover the vocabulary appears to be derived from natural languages ranging from the Italic and Germanic to Arabic Japanese and Mandarin (httpwwwJcecavernnet~qirienfantasyotonguehtm) Consider the following examples

bull Aes Sedai meaning servants of all or wielders of the One Power (Jordan 1990 783-784) is closely related to the Gaelic phrases Aes Dana and Aes Sidhe meaning prophet story teller or fairy folk

bull Kobal meaning Trolloc tribe (Jordan 1990 793) is closely related to the German word kobold small goblin

bull Saangreal meaning a rare object which allows an individual to channel much more of the One Power than would otherwise be possible or safe (Jordan 1990 795) is closely related to the French phrase San Grail the Holy Grail

bull Shaitan meaning the dark one (Jordan 1990 796) is closely related to the Arabic words satan and shaitan meaning deceiver evil or devil

bull Tuatha an meaning a wondering folk also known as the Tinkers and the Travelling People (Jordan 1990 798) is closely related to the Celtic word tuatha meaning people

From a sociolinguistic perspective the Old Tongue could be compared to an ancient natural language such as Latin In medieval Europe Latin was linked to the educated the priesthood and the ruling class Over time it became an esoteric language without native speakers a link with the classical age associated with ancient wisdom church liturgy and heraldic mottoes In the context of the fictional world of The wheel of time series the Old Tongue is not in use as a mother tongue anymore and belongs to a previous age known as the Age of Legends It is spoken mainly by the nobles and other educated people such as the Aes Sedai who study this language from a young age Commoners may know one or two words or phrases but can rarely speak it The Old Tongue is also spoken by the Ogiers a non-human race whose lifespan is at least three to four times that of a human (Jordan 1994 1027) so that they remember the previous age and as a result are still able to understand and speak the Old Tongue

Although artificially created the Old Tongue is unlike the prototypical artificial

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languages in that its main function is not communication On the rare occasions that it is used for communication it is usually used for a special purpose such as secrecy (ie so that someone else will not understand what is being said) or to deliver a prophecy Because it is purported to be so old and not in common use any more it is often difficult to translate precisely as the character Moiraine (an Aes Sedai) explains (Jordan 1992 385)

The Old Tongue is often difficult to translate Tel aran rhiod means the World of Dreams or perhaps the Unseen World Neither is really exact it is more complex than that Aan allein means One Man but also The Man Who Is an Entire People and there are two or three other ways to translate it as well And the words we have taken for common use and never think of their meanings in the Old Tongue Warders are called Gaidin which was brothers to battle Aes Sedai meant servant of all And Aiel Dedicated in the Old Tongue Stronger than that it implies an oath written into your bones I have often wondered what the Aiel are dedicated to

The fact that it is so difficult to translate suggests that the symbolic value of this language is far more important than its communicative value A primary function of the Old Tongue is the construction of identity As it is spoken mainly by nobles and other educated people such as the Aes Sedai it becomes a language of distinction In other words if you are able to speak the Old Tongue you are usually not a commoner and you represent a very distinct and important group such as the nobles who are the ruling class and the Aes Sedai who wield the One Power The Old Tongue is thus a language of status Essentially its function is to create the sociolinguistic milieu which underscores the status of the characters

The second fictional language under investigation is Elvish created by J R R Tolkien I will look specifically at the Elvish dialect known as Quenya or the ancient tongue This in itself is an interesting phenomenon as dialects are characteristic of natural languages rather than artificial ones Other dialects of Elvish are Telerin (the language of the Sea-Elves) Nandorin (the Green-Elvin tongue) and Westron (common Elvish) to name a few All references to Quenya are from Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings Tolkien describes the evolution of Quenya in his book Silmarillion but in The Lord of the Rings it is used in a wider context

In contrast to the Old Tongue Quenya is probably one of the most complex artificial languages found in science fiction and fantasy literature and has a lexicon of more or less a thousand words Of all the Elvish dialects Quenya is the closest to the original primitive tongue regarding its structure as formulised by Tolkien This structure is derived from Finnish with cleverly constructed phonetic shifts though it is not a garbled version of Finnish but a new creation in its own right according to the Website (httpwwwuibnoPeoplehnohf

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qcoursehtm) Tolkien himself mentions that Latin and Greek also influenced him and indeed Quenya like Latin is a highly inflected language The differing forms are for the most part constructed by employing a variety of endings with meanings that in English would often be expressed as separate words Quenya has rather complex linguistic conventions as seen in the following examples

bull C is often used where in English K would be used and is pronounced as K for example koarya (instead of coumlarya) meaning his house and ruskuite (instead of ruscuite) meaning foxy

bull X is often used where in English KS or CS would be used for example the name of the arctic area known as Helkarakse is spelt Helcaraxeuml

bull A diaeresis is often used to indicate pronunciation for example in the names Eaumlrendil and Eoumlnweuml

bull Quenya shares the basic vowels of English namely a e i o u It has six diphthongs namely ai oi ui au eu and iu and the consonants are c (for both c and k as mentioned above) d f g gw h hw hy l ly m n nw ny p qu r ry s t ty v y and w The consonants gw hw hy ly nw ny ry ty and qu are pronounced as single sounds although they are written as two letters

Quenya is the mother tongue of the Elves from Valinor a city in the Uttermost West When one of the Elve clans went into exile it spread to Middle-earth Here it lost its use as a first language and was used strictly as a ceremonial language It was also here that the mortals (Elves being immortal beings) learned some Quenya words and phrases Examples of these Elvish words are

bull ohtar warrior bull hraacuteveuml flesh bull nahta a bite bull heru lord bull nehteuml spearhead bull mahalma throne bull helleuml sky bull tihtala blinking bull hloacuteceuml snake or serpent bull hiacutesieuml mist bull neldeuml three bull carneuml red bull ninqueuml white bull firin dead

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bull vanya beautiful or fair bull taura mighty bull saila wise

Apart from being a ceremonial language Quenya is used in The Lord of the Rings as a type of fictional lingua franca between the Hobbits the Elves and other characters such as the wizard Gandalf It is the only language used as communication between more than two groups In this sense it is similar to the prototypical artificial language Esperanto which functions as an international language An example of the use of Quenya as a lingua franca is when Frodo greets some Elves who respond in Elvish saying elen siacutela luacutemenn omentielvo a star shines on the hour of our meeting (Tolkien 1995 291)

As in the case of Jordans Old Tongue an important function of Elvish is the construction of meaning and identity The Elves are immortal beings and by implication their language is thus also immortal As a result it becomes the most important language as it carries the knowledge of the ages It is closely linked with the culture and tradition of the Elves who as a people often sing A good example of this is when Lady Galadriel sings an Elven-song in the ancient tongue of the Elves beyond the sea (Tolkien 1995 368)

Ai laurieuml lantar lassi suacuterinen yeacuteni uacutenoacutetimeuml ve raacutemar aldarin Yeacuteni ve linteuml yuldar avaacutenier mi oromardi lisse-miruvoacutereva Anduacuteneuml pella Vardo tellumar nu luini yassen tintilar i eleni oacutemaryo airetaacuteri-liacuterinen

Siacute man i yulma nin enquantuva

An siacute Tintalleuml Vardo Oiolosseumlo ve fanyar maacuteryat Elentaacuteri ortaneuml ar ilyeuml tier undulaacuteveuml lumbuleuml ar sindanoacuteriello imbeuml met ar hiacutesieuml untuacutepa Calaciryo miacuteri oialeuml Siacute vanwa naacute Roacutemello vanwa Valimar

Namaacuterieuml Nai hiruvalyeuml Valimar Nai elyeuml hiruva Namaacuterieuml

Ah like gold fall the leaves in the wind long numberless years as the wings of trees The years have passed like swift draughts of the sweet mead in lofty halls

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beyond the West beneath the blue vaults of Varda wherein the stars tremble in the song of her voice holy and queenly Who now shall refill the cup for me For now the Kindler Varda the Queen of the stars from Mount Everwhite has uplifted her hands like clouds and all paths are drowned deep in shadow and out of a grey country darkness lies on the foaming waves between us and mist covers the jewels of Calacirya for ever Now lost lost to those from the East is Valimar Farewell Maybe thou shalt find Valimar Maybe even thou shalt find it Farewell (Translated by Tolkien)

Another example is when an Elven choir sings (Tolkien 1995 1005)

A Elbereth Gilthoniel silivren penna miacuteriel o menel aglar elenath Gilthoniel A Elbereth

We still remember we who dwell In this far land between the trees The starlight on the Western Seas (Translated by Tolkien)

Elvish forms an integral part of the daily lives of Elves it is not only a means of communication but is also deeply interwoven with their culture It reflects their nature cultural beliefs religion and social status

From the investigation of the two fictional languages (the Old Tongue and the Elvish dialect Quenya) above it is clear that although they show some similarities to artificial languages they function differently

Comparison of the Grammatical Rules of Quenya Klingon and Esperanto

In the previous section we examined the role of fictional languages in the texts for which they were created In this section we compare some of the grammatical features of two fictional languages Quenya (used in fantasy literature) and Klingon (used in science fiction) with those of Esperanto a prototypical artificial language

Quenya

Quenya is the most complicated of all the international type artificial languages and as such has many more conventions than either Klingon or Esperanto

Quenya has a specific writing system or script that is known as Tengwar It is an agglutinating language which means that affixes are often attached to stems to

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express grammatical functions (httpenwikipediaorgwikiQuenya) As menshytioned earlier it is derived from Finnish (an agglutinating language) Greek and Latin

Quenya nouns have ten cases namely the nominative accusative genitive dative instrumental possessive locative allative ablative and the mystery case also referred to as the respective or dedative case Quenya nouns as English nouns are associated with number Whereas English nouns have only two forms namely the singular and plural forms (Rose and Purkis 1997 3) Quenya has four forms namely singular dual plural and partitive plural

There are two main types of Quenya verbs namely (1) verbs that are formed from the verbal base and (2) derivative verbs which are formed by either adding suffixes or by derivation from non-verbal bases English has three main kinds of verbs namely (1) transitive (2) intransitive and (3) linking verbs There are also auxiliary verbs and finite and non-finite forms of verbs (Rose and Purkis 1997 7-9) The past tense of Quenya verbs is obtained by adding the suffix ye -ie or ne of which ie is most commonly used Stem strengthening is often added by a-infixion n-infixion or vowel lengthening (httpwwwphydukeedu~trenk elvisheqghtml)

There are of course many other aspects of grammar to study such as Quenya pronouns which are viewed as independent words and as enclitics (http enwikipediaorgwikiQuenya) but as the rules concerning these conventions are not clear they will not be discussed in this article

Klingon Klingon like Quenya is an agglutinating language It was created by Marc Okrand for the Star Trek novels and later expanded for the movies It was deliberately designed to be alien and it contains many peculiarities such as object verb subject (OVS) word order (httpenwikipediaorgwikiKlingon_ language) English in turn follows the subject verb object (SVO) principle of word order The writing system for Klingon is the Latin alphabet though upper and lower case cannot be used interchangeably as in English

The phonology of Klingon is based on natural languages though it is intended to sound alien The creators achieve this by using a number of uvular and retroflex consonants Their alphabet like English contains 26 letters but it differs in that the Klingon alphabet has a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correspondence

Klingon syllable structure is much simpler than that of English which has many

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variations In Klingon a syllable must follow a consonanting vowel (CV) structure that is start with a consonant followed by one vowel

Klingon nouns take suffixes to indicate grammatical number gender two levels of deixis possession and syntactic function There are twenty-nine noun suffixes from five classes (httpenwikipediaorgwikiKlingon_language) This is much simpler than English and Quenya

Klingon verbs are a little more complex They take a prefix to indicate both the number and person of the subject and object suffixes from nine classes and a special suffix known as rovers

Klingon has some rules concerning vowel stress but that will not be discussed in detail here It is variable but this does not seem to be a serious concern as most Klingon words are only one syllable in length

Esperanto

The rules of Esperanto have been reduced to a mere 16 The language is a model of simplicity and regularity (httpsteve-and-pattiecomesperantujogram-16html) According to this Website the rules are as follows

1

2

3

4

5

6

There is only one definite article la English distinguishes between the definite article the and the indefinite article a or an Nouns are associated with two cases namely nominative and accusative Nominative nouns are formed by adding -o to the root whereas accusative nouns are formed by adding -n The equivalents of all other cases are formed by using prepositions Plural nouns are formed by adding -j This is substantially less complex than English as can be seen from the ongoing discussion Adjectives are formed by adding -a to the root The comparative is formed by the word pli and the superlative is formed by the word plej The English word than used in these cases is translated as ol There are twelve basic cardinal numerals which do not vary for case Tens and hundreds are formed by the junction of these numerals and multiples fractions and collective numerals are formed by adding one of three suffixes There are nine personal pronouns Possessive pronouns are formed by adding a to them Esperanto like Quenya has declined nouns In English there are seven kinds of pronouns namely personal relative demonstrative interrogative possessive reflexive and indefinite (Rose and Purkis 19975) These cannot be formed simply by adding an affix Verbs are not associated with person or number but do take the following forms

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114 Lawrle Barnes and Chantelle van Heerden

bull Present takes as bull Past takes is bull Future takes os bull Conditional mood us bull Imperative mood u bull Infinitive i bull Participles ant- -int- -ont- for active present active past and active

future respectively and at- -it- -ot- for the passive present passive past and passive future respectively The preposition de is used with the passive form

7

8 9

10 11 12 13 14

15

16

Adverbs are formed by adding -e to the root which is similar to the way in which adjectives are formed Prepositions are used with nominative nouns Words are pronounced the same way they are spelt This differs dramatically from English which has many more phonetic sounds than alphabetical letters The accent is always placed on the next-to-last syllable of words Compound words are formed by the junction of root words In Esperanto there is no multiple negation Words take the accusative ending to indicate motion towards Prepositions have definite fixed meanings but if the context does not clarify which preposition to use je which has no meaning of its own may be used Foreign words undergo no change in the International Language beyond conforming to its orthography but derivatives are formed from one basic root following the rules of Esperanto grammar The -a of the definite article and the final -o of nouns may be replaced by an apostrophe

Comment

The grammar of artificial languages often reflects the intentions of the creators Esperanto for example has only 16 grammatical rules The purpose of creating such simple rules was not only to facilitate the learning of the language but also to make this language accessible to people from all walks of life Esperanto was specifically created to be used as an international language Quenya in contrast is quite a complicated language with all the case endings typical of the classical and archaic languages This helps to create the effect that Quenya is an ancient language Klingon although simpler than Quenya has some unusual grammatical features as it was not intended to function as an easily accessible international language such as Esperanto As mentioned above it was specifically intended to look like an alien language Consequently many abnormal or unusual features have been built into its grammar

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Functions of fictional languages

From the examination of the Old Tongue Quenya and Klingon above it appears that fictional languages function on at least two levels Their primary function is to help to create the fictional world of which they form an integral part Their secondary function is a type of virtual function within the literary work or film itself where they function in the same way as natural languages to construct meaning and identity Construction in this sense refers to the process of combining ideas into a congruous object of thought (httpwwwthefree dictionarycomconstruction) thus the mental synthesis of ideas concepts images world view genetic make-up religion cultural beliefs and social values which contribute to individual and social identities and meaning-making processes The role of language in the construction of meaning and identity takes place on two levels the naming level and the semantic level (Joseph 2004 4) The naming level gives identity to concrete things such as tables inanimate objects and abstractions such as love and hate and people and animals such as John and Garfield by actually naming them The semantic level is slightly more complex and involves the blueprint of each individuals life which consists of specific family social cultural and religious views as well as the individuals own world view which is constructed either from or in reaction to his or her blueprint so that language abstracts the world of experience into words (Joseph 2004 11)

Apart from personal identity group identities are constructed The biggest of these is probably national identities Signs are used to identify these national identities such as flags and language Other group identities are based on culture race religion gender and other sectarian views

The Old Tongue and Quenya are used to construct the fantasy worlds within which they create a sociolinguistic context which enhances the identity of the characters As Crystal (1997b 38) notes one of the chief forms of sociolinguistic identity derives from the way in which people are organized into hierarchically ordered social groups or classes This implies that the way people speak is an index of their social identity By creating languages such as the Old Tongue and Qenya the authors are able to reinforce the identity of the characters who speak these languages Similarly languages such as Klingon are devices which enable the science fiction writers to create alien identities for their characters

Conclusion Artificial languages form a vast field parts of which have been investigated fairly extensively especially in the computational and cognitive disciplines The artificial languages found in science fiction and fantasy literature have hardly

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been looked at systematically This investigation indicates that these languages are often very complex with extensive spelling grammatical phonetic and other conventions akin to that of any natural language The functions of these fictional languages are however often related to that of natural rather than artificial languages They function on different complex interrelated levels On the one hand they function as devices which help to create a fictional world On the other hand they from part of and function within that world where they create a sociolinguistic context within which group and individual identities can be created In this sense they could be regarded as virtual languages

As fictional languages have no real mother tongue speakers and were created by individuals rather than developing through natural evolutionary processes they can be regarded as artificial languages In terms of their functions however they are different from other artificial languages There seems to be sufficient justification for them to be tentatively classified as a special category of artificial language that is a fifth group in terms of Crystals (1997b) definition More extensive research needs to be done on this topic This study covers only the tip of the iceberg and the field is open for exploration

References Artificial Languages httpwwwuibnopeoplehnohfartlanghtm (accessed 1 July 2004) Crystal D 1997a A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics Oxford Blackwell ___ 1997b The Cambridge encyclopedia of language Cambridge Cambridge

University Press Second edition ___ 2003 English as a global language 2nd ed Cambridge Cambridge University

Press The Free Dictionary httpwwwthefreedictionarycom (accessed 30 August 2004) The Klingon Language Institute httpwwwkliorg (05 July 2004) Joseph J E 2004 Language and identity London Palgrave Macmillan Ltd Jordan R 1990 The eye of the world Book one of the wheel of time London Orbit

Books ___ 1990 The great hunt Book two of the wheel of time London Orbit Books ___ Jordan R 1992 The dragon reborn Book three of the wheel of time London Orbit

Books ___ 1992 The shadow rising Book four of the wheel of time London Orbit Books ___ 1993 The fires of heaven Book five of the wheel of time London Orbit Books ___ 1994 Lord of chaos Book six of the wheel of time London Orbit Books ___ 1996 A crown of swords Book seven of the wheel of time London Orbit Books ___ 1998 The path of daggers Book eight of the wheel of time London Orbit Books MacLennan BJ 1999 Principles of programming languages Oxford Oxford University

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Rose A and Purkis R 1997 English grammar Pietermaritzburg Shuter amp Shooter The Sixteen Rules of Esperanto Grammar httpsteve-and-pattiecomesperantujo

gram-16html (5 May 2006) The Old Tongue glossary httpwwwgeocitescom (10 August 2004) Pereira F N C and B J Grosz 1994 Natural language processing Massachusetts MIT

Press A primer in xenolinguistics httpwwwxibalbademoncoukjbrlingohtml (26 May 2004) Quenya course httpwwwuibnoPeoplehnohfqcoursehtm (09 August 2004) Quenya httpenwikipediaorgwikiKlingon_language (5 May 2006) Early Quenya grammar What can we learn httpwwwphydukeedu~trenkelvish

eqghtml (accessed 5 May 2006) Richards J C and R Schmidt 2002 The Longman dictionary of language teaching and

applied linguistics London Pearson Education Limited Similarities of the Old Tongue to modern languages httpwwwicecavernnet~qirien

fantasyotonguehtm (20 September 2004) Stich S P and T A Warfield 1994 Mental representation A reader Oxford Basil

Blackwell Ltd Tolkien J R R 1995 777e Lord of the Rings Books 1-3 London HarperCollins

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102

virtual Languages in Science fiction and fantasy literature

Lawrie Barnes Department of Linguistics University of South Africa barnelaunisaacza

Chantelle van Heerden Department of Linguistics University of South Africa vheereunisaacza

Abstract

The languages created for use in science fiction and fantasy literature constitute an interesting subcategory of artificial language This article explores the nature of these languages by examining three fictional languages The Old Tongue Quenya a dialect of Elvish and Klingon Crystal (1997a 29) identifies four categories of artificial languages in terms of the purposes they serve international languages programming languages artificial intelligence (Al) languages and simplified languages This article proposes a fifth category for fictional languages on the grounds of their pluridimen-sional function Their primary function is to help to create a fictional world On the one hand they function as devices which aid the creation of a fictional world of which they form an integral part On the other hand they function within that imaginary world forming a sociolinguistic context within which group and individual identities can be created

Keywords artificial languages Esperanto fictional languages international lanshyguages pidgin languages programming languages simplified languages virtual languages

Introduction Fictional languages Several authors of fantasy literature and science fiction have created fictional languages which form an integral part of their work Probably the best known of these languages is Elvish found in the works of J R R Tolkien whose The Lord of the Rings has recently been popularised as a blockbuster Another well-known variety is Klingon an extra-terrestrial language used by Aliens found in the popular science fiction television series Star Trek Other examples may be

copy Unisa Press Language Matters 37 (1) 2006 pp 102-117

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Comment


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Virtual Languages in Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature

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Transcript of Virtual Languages in Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature