Uttar Pradesh Tubewells Project (02) - India - Credit 1332

INDIA - CREDIT 1332-IN

VOL.I

- -Arn isr576R1992-262 Other#: 39 8632B

Jttar Prac esh Tubewells Project (02) - India - Credit 1332 - P009799 - Correspondence -S .m /olume 1

RETURN TOARCHIVES/RECORDS CENTER

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LOCATION

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DECLASSIFIEDWBG Archives

FORM NO. 635(6-77) CLOSE- OUT SHEET

This file is closed as of May 31, 1982

For further correspondence, please see VOL. II

RECORDS MANAGEMENT SECTION

DISTRIBUTION: D.S.

MR TIBOR

NEW DELHI, MAY 17, 1982 M A UAMILTON

WORLD BANK u- U (?)

WASHINGTON D.C.

FOR RODGER ASPAC. RE UP H. APPRAISAL MISSION WITH IFAD

PARTICIPATION SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED. PROJECT CONDITIONALITIES

ACCEPTED. ONLY ISSUE WHICH MAY REQUIRE FURTHER DISCUSSIOS AT

NEGOTIATIONS I-S OUR INSISTENCE ON DIFFERENTIAL WATER CHARGES

FOR NEW TUBE WELLS WHERE WATER IS DELIVERED AT 5 HA OUTLET WITH

NO CONVEYANCE LOSS FROM WELL HEAD. GOVERNMENT MAY ACCEPT

DIFFERENTIAL CHARGE ONCE THESE WELLS ARE SEEN BY FARMERS AS

PROVIDING MUCH BETTER QUALITY SERVICE. CUNNINGHAM RETURNS WASHINGTON

ABOUT MAY 28. PLEASE INFORM FAMILY.

REGARDS

CUNNINGHAM/TIBOR

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OFFICE MEMORANDUM

To' Mr. M. Fenn DATE: May 14, 1982Chief, Service II, DDC

FROM: D.E. Campbell

SUBJECT: INDIA. Appraisal Subernarekha and UP Tubewells II Projects andTechnical Assistance Karnataka Tank IrrigationBack-to-Office Report

Date of Tezms of Reference March 30, 1982Arrival in India April 4Departure from India April 29(for Egypt, see separate BTO report)

Subernarekha Irrigation Project

The purpose of this mission was firstly to accompany a consultingteam - the Snow Mountains Engineering Corporation, Australia-- in theirtechnical appraisal of the Chandil and Ichha dams, and secondly toparticipate in the Bank's final full appraisal mission later in the month.The project, with which the CP has been closely associated throughout,is now expected to go to loan negotiation within the next two months.

In the lengthy "cycle" of preparation/appraisal of the majormulti-purpose project it is of interest to note the nature of the issueswhich have latterly assumed particular importance. They include:

- Conceptual layout and possible alternatives in diversion andcanal systems (which have continued to be debated throughout).

- Level of technology to be introduced (extent of canal lining,operational controls etc).

- Priority and phasing of construction of the various projectcomponents (completion of the whole complex will take someten years).

- Availability of funds (from participating States and from IDA).

DEC/bfBK 103/2.9 IND (CAD)

cc: All team membersWorld Bank, Washington (8)World Bank, NDOFAO Representative, New DelhiDocuments UnitDDC Reg.

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Due largely to the shortage .of IDA funds, the first stage oflending will be limited to financing a four-year "time-slice" ofsome $200 million (project cost). By the end of this period constructionof reservoirs and canals will not have reached the stage of bringing anyland under irrigation. This situation represents something of a departurefrom earlier Bank policies, in that it accepts the assumption that theStates will complete and bring to fruition the works initiated throughthe Bank credit (probably with the assistance of a subsequent credit orcredits, but without any Bank assurances that such will be forthcoming).Further, this short initial time-slice does not give the Bank any"leverage" in ensuring that effective water distribution systems areconstructed from minor canal to the fanm, as these works, which are ofcentral importance as far as the Bank is concerned, will not be scheduledfor construction during the first four years. In recognition of thissituation, the first stage project will lay considerable emphasis on pilotwater distribution and land development systems (using temporary pump-lift supply) and training of staff in their desi , construction, andmanagement. These activities will be initiated (probably with CP involvement)early in the project period.

UP Tubewells Stage II

This project has been the subject of much recent debate in the Bank,with particular reference to the perennial question of public versusprivate tubewells. Further, a number of "conditionalities" have beenunderlined in Bank review discussions, relating to the power supply toproject wells, State intentions regarding adoption of the proposed technologyin wells outside the Bank project as well as those within the project, costrecovery (water charges) etc.

Processing of the Stage II project at this time is at some disadvantagein that most of the Stage I wells as yet in service have been operating forless than twelve months. While their technical performance is not questioned,cultivator response to the availability of water has been slow in some areas:in part, this is due to the complete absence of supporting agricultural extension.While Stage I has served its primary purpose as a technical proving groundfor Stage II, the period of maturation between Stages I and II (now to bevirtually concurrent)has proved insufficient to generate a level of actualcrop response data which is reasonably representative of prospective "with-project" conditions. Project analysis is therefore being based uponanticipated production value (and cost) of water delivered to the field, usingwell-established production figures for irrigated crops in the State.The Stage I experience has, -however, strongly emphasized the need for moreintensive extension activities on Stage II. These will involve a "withinproject" extension effort, with demonstration plots in each cluster of tento twenty wells.

With regard to private versus public wells, in the UP situation thetwo.are not mutually exclusive. However, the smaller cultivator (commonlyless than one-half hectare, divided among a number of plots) is not usuallyin a position to own a private tubewell however simple it may be. He mustbuy water from his wealthier neighbour (or hire his portable pump) in theabsence of a public well. He much prefers the public well alternative, whichis also more economical in operation than the private well. This stillleaves open the question of cooperative rather than public ownership .of thelarger type of well. However, the history of such ownership of wells (and

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river-lift systems) has not generally been a happy one in India, althoughvariations on the theme including ownership by a broader based cultivatorgroup (possibly a private corporation) may be worth pursuing.

The mission was asked to explore the reactions of Government ofU.P. to the "conditionalities" under consideration by the Bank, andto report back prior to mounting the final appraisal mission. A lengthytelex to the Bank discussing the situation is attached to the file andIC Management copies of this report. Final appraisal is in progress atthe time of writing (with participation of K.K. Aw Yong, CP). The projectwill probably cover 4,500 wells, or a "time-slice" of half that amount(project cost of the order of $200 million in the former case). Averageunit cost from Stage I (500 wells), including tubewell, transmission linkfrom 33 KV substation, and complete pipe distribution system and outlets,is approximately $500 per hectare.

Karnataka Tank Irrigation

The mission was in continuation of technical support being providedby CP to this on-going Bank credit. The purpose of the visit was to pursuein further detail the development of standard designs for hydraulicstructures for Tank canal systems, the canals in question being in therange of 5 to 20 ofs capacity (0.15 - 0.6 m3 /sec) I/

Prior to the visit a number of existing irrigation design manualswere reviewed. These included those produced from time to time by severalStates and by GOI, also the USBR manual "Design of Small Canal Structures",also the FAO reference "Small Hydraulic Structures". While there is veryuseful material in all of these references none fully meets the need for-a field design reference for canals in the size range under discussion, andcovering the variety of construction materials encountered. It was agreedwith the State that the USBR manual referred to above was the most usefulreference for hydraulic design of project irrigation control works, but wasnot entirely appropriate for their structural design. Portions of thismanual will be reproduced by CP (with due acknowledgement to USBR) fordistribution to project staff. As the USBR standard designs cover canalcapacities extending from 10 to 100 cfs (0.28 - 2.8 m3/sec), structuraldesigns for the lower end of the range (which is the capacity of interestfor the Tank project) are necessarily scaled-down versions of designswhich are more suitable for considerably larger capacities. As an example,all the structural designs are for formed-in-place reinforced concrete.

It remains to develop structural designs more appropriate to thelower end of the canal capacity range (most frequently less than 10 cfsfor "main" canals in Tank projects). It is also necessary to develop designsfor the smaller watercourse structures (around 1 cfs capacity) suited toproject conditions.

During the visit a substantial start was made on these tasks andoutline project designs were worked out with State officers. This action will

1/ A "Tank" in Indian usage is a small reservoir commonly supplying anirrigated area of 50 to 1,000 ha. The project includes constructionof more than 100 such schemes throughout the State.

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be pursued by both State and CP in anticipation of the next visit.

Design of the Minnattuhalla Tank scheme, one of the firstto be prepared for clearance for construction under the project, willalso be reviewed by CP prior to the next mission, with particularregard to the impact on the project of the change in method ofassessment of monthly runoff cleared with Bank at the time of theprevious (February) mission.

Follow-up (Karnataka)

As the project is already much behind schedule completionof standard designs is urgently required. The next mission is plannedfor 14-23 June. It will include field review of canal system layouts,and design and installation of hydraulic structures, in typical projectareas. Completion of a draft manual by end July is aimed at.

TELEX

INTBAFRADWASHINGTON DC April 7, 1982USA

FOR TIBOR/CUNNINGHAM ASPAC/

RE UP TUBEWEILS II

MET SECRETARY IRRIGATION POWER NARAIN AND MEMBER STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD

AND ENGINEER IN CHIEF ALSO SEPARATELY FINANCE SECRETARY BAJAJ ON APRIL 5.

ON APRIL 7 MET S.C. JAIN IN DELHI AND AT HIS REQUEST G.K. ARORA DEA, AND ALSO

DISCUSSED SITUATION WITH ROULET NDO. THERE ARE SUBSTANTIALLY DIFFERENT

ATTITUDES ON SOME ISSUES WITHIN COUP REFERRED TO HEREAFTER AS FIRSTLY IRRIGATION

VIEW INCLUDING SECRETARY AND MINISTER ALSO SEB AND SECONDLY FINANCE VIEW

WHICH DEA ADVISES COULD INCLUDE CERTAIN OTHER ELEMENTS OF. SECRETARIAT. LATTER

VIEW IS COUNTER TO BANK THINKING IN SOME RESPECTS

ALTHOUGH ARORA BELIEVES HE COULD EFFECT RECONCILIATION. FROM

OUR EXPERIENCE WITH UP I EYE BELIEVE DESIRABLE TO ACHIEVE BANK OBJECTIVES

WITHOUT DIRECT CONFRONTATION WITH FINANCE IF POSSIBLE AS LATTER COULD CAUSE

MAJOR DELAY. SECRETARY NARAIN PREPARED PROVIDE A LETTER GOUP TO DEA SETTING

OUT GOVERNMENT POSITION ON ISSUES IF REQUIRED BY BANK AT THIS TIME BUT WOULD

APPRECIATE ASSISTANCE IN DRAFTING A DOCUMENT WHICH WOULD LARGELY MEET BANK

DESIRES WHILE AVOIDING SERIOUS OPPOSITION FROM FINANCE. SUGGESTED PARAGRAPHS *

HEREUNDER WERE DRAFTED BY MYSELF FOR YOUR COMMENT BEFORE PROCEEDING FURTHER.

HOWEVER ARORA WOULD PREFER TO AVOID REQUESTING SPECIFIC ASSURANCES PRIOR TO

APPRAISAL. THE SUGGESTED PARAGRAPHS ARE NEVERTHELESS FORWARDED FOR YOUR

INFORMATION AS INDICATING POSSIBLE BANK POSITION. NO FURTHER ACTION IN THIS

REGARD WILL BE TAKEN WITHOUT YOUR DIRECTION. FOLLOWING ARE COMMENTS ON SPECIFIC

ISSUES.

AAA CHANGE TO NEW TYPE WELLS FOR BOTH BANK FINANCED AND NON BANK CONSTRUCTICI;

IRRIGATION VIEW A TRANSITIONAL CHANGE FORSEEN BUT NOT IMMEDIATE TOTAL CHANGE DUE

* 2

TO MAGNITUDE TRAINING PROBLEM INVOLVED IN CONJUNCTION WITH BANK PROGRAM

ALONE. OF REMAINING SANCTIONED 2000 NON BANK WELLS ABOUT HALF PROBABLY

NEW TYPE PARTLY BECAUSE OF CURRENT DIFFICULTY CONTROLLING CEMENT PILFERAGE

IN BRICK-LINED OPEN CHANNELS. HOWEVER CONSTRUCTION OF A PROPORTION OF OLD

TYPE WELLS WILL NECESSARILY CONTINUE DUE TO PRESSURE FOR SINGLE WELLS IN

HARDSHIP AREAS. FINANCE VIEW TOO SOON TO EVALUATE NEW WELLS SUFFICIENTLY TO

JUSTIFY CHANGING TOTALLY TO NEW TYPE AT GREATER COST PER WELL AND SMALLER

NUMBER OF VILLAGES SERVED. WOULD DEFINITELY NOT AGREE TO ANY SUCH COVENANT

AT THIS TIME. SUGGESTED PARAGRAPH QUOTE SUBJECT TO EXPANSION OF STAFF

TRAINED IN CONSTRUCTION OF NEW TYPE OF WELLS AND FURTHER CONFIRMATION OF

THEIR SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE THE STATE PROPOSES TO CONVERT THE IRRIGATION

DEPARTMENT PROGRAM WHOLLY TO THE NEW TYPE OF WELL UNQUOTE.

BBB DEDICATED FEEDERS IRRIGATION AND SEB VIEW IS THAT ASSURANCE CAN

BE GIVEN THAT ALL BANK FINANCED WELLS WILL BE IN CLUSTERS WITH DEDICATED

FEEDER ALSO SERVING EXISTING PUBLIC WELLS IN IMMEDIATE AREA. FINANCE

QUESTIONS JUSTIFICATION FOR COST OF DEDICATED FEEDERS AND ASKS WHETHER

REMAINING CONSTRUCTION OLD TYPE WELLS WILL BE ON DEDICATED FEEDERS.IS

ACTUAL SITUATION/THAT A NEW FEEDER WILL BE REQUIRED FOR

ALMOST ALL CLUSTERS NEW TYPE WELLS WHETHER DEDICATED OR NOT AS INSUFFICIENT

LIN CAPACITY IN- AREA. LITTLE ADDITIONAL COST IS INVOLVED. SUGGESTED PARAGRAPH

QUOTE THE PROJECT WELLS WILL BE LOCATED.IN CLUSTERS WHICH CAN ECONOMICALLY I

SERVED BY 11 KV FEEDER LINES CONSTRUCTED FOR THE PURPOSE. THE LINES MAY ALSO

SERVE EXISTING PUBLIC WELLS IN THEIR IMMEDIATE VICINITY. TO ENSURE TECHNICAL

RELIABILITY OF SERVICE TO THE WELLS THE USE OF SUCH LINES WILL GENERALLY BE

RESTRICTED TO PUBLIC WELLS.

CCC POWER SUPPLY TO DEDICATED FEEDERS. IRRIGATION AND SEB VIEW ALSO

CABINET IS THAT SPECIAL DISPENSATION FOR PUBLIC WELLS IS ACCEPTABLE POSSIBLY

16 TO 18 HOURS DAILY IN PEAK SEASON ONLY ALTHOUGH THIS DEMAND UNLIKELY TO

ARISE EVERYWHEREFOR SEVERAL YEARS. * FINANCE QUESTIONS POLITICAL

ACCEPTABILITY ANYTHING MORE THAN 12 HOURS: SITUATION IS THAT SERVICE UP TO 18

HOURS IS ALREADY BEING PROVIDED FROM SOME FEEDERS ALSO FULL DEMAND FROM

PROJECT WELLS UNLIKELY TO DEVELOP BEFORE 1990 BY WHICH TIME UP POWER

SITUATION SHOULD IMPROVE. SUGGESTED PARAGRAPH QUOTE GOUP GIVES ASSURANCE

THAT POWER SUPPLY TO BANK FINANCED WELLS WILL BE PROVIDED SUFFICIENT FOR

SEASONAL IRRIGATION DEMANDS OF THEIR COMMANDS BUT SUBJECT TO AVOIDANCE OF

POWER USE IN HOURS OF PEAK POWER DEMAND ON STATE SYSTEM. SUBJECT TO THIS

ASSURANCE IT IS ANTICIPATED THAT POWER DEMAND WILL AVERAGE 16 HOURS DAILY IN

RABI SEASON WITHIN THREE YEARS OF COMMISSIONING OF A WELL. ADEQUACY OF

ACTUAL POWER BEING SUPPLIED IN TERMS OF THIS ASSURANCE WILL BE REVIEWED

ANNUALLY BY BANK AND GOUP DURING EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT UNQUOTE.

DDD COST RECOVERY. IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT ADVISES THAT PROPOSAL FOR

INCREASE RATES ALL PUBLIC WELLS BY FURTHER 20 TO 25 PERCENT WHICH WILL

BE SECOND INCREASE IN TWO YEARS WILL BE SUBMITTED TO GOUP THIS MONTH. TIMING

OF IMPLEMENTATION WOULD DEPEND UPON POLITICAL CALENDAR. FINANCE

CONSIDERS DIFFERENTIAL RATE FOR WELLS ON DEDICATED FEEDERS MIGHT BE APPROPRIATE

AND THAT AN INCREASE FOR EXISTING PUBLIC WELLS NOW RECEIVING POOR SUPPLY

MIGHT NOT BUT DOES NOT PRESS POINT. THERE IS IN FACT A GOOD CASE FOR AN

INCREASE IN RATES FOR ALL PUBLIC WELLS AND IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT HAS RESERVATIONS

REGARDING SELECTIVE INCREASE BANK WELLS ONLY. SUGGESTED PARAGRAPH QUOTE GOUP

HAS UNDER CONSIDERATION A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN RATES FOR PUBLIC TUBEWELL

SUPPLY AND UNDERTAKES TO IMPLEMENT SUCH INCREASE WITHIN ONE YEAR OF EFFECTIVENESS

OF CREDIT. A STUDY OF LONGER RANGE REVISIONS TO RATE STRUCTURE WILL ALSO BE

COMPLETED WITHIN TWO YEARS OF EFFECTIVENESS UNQUOTE.

EEE ORGANIZATION. SANCTIONING OF REMAINING OM DIVISIONS STAGE ONE NOW

COMPLETE AND SEPARATION OF FUNCTIONS OF CONSTRUCTION AND OM INSTITUTED.

IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT HAS INITIATED COMPLETE CHECK ON ALL FEATURES OF WELL

INCLUDING TECHNICAL AND CULTIVATOR ORGANIZATION PRIOR TO ACCEPTANCE BY OM.

Continued.. - .4

ARRANGEMENTS CONCLUDED WITH BUREAU OF EXTENSION EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF

DEPARTMENT AGRICULTURE FOR SERVICING EXTENSION ACTIVITIES OF AGRICULTURE

SUPERVISORS WHO WILL BE ATTACHED TO IRRIGATION. NO ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEM

ISSUES FORSEEN.

IN VIEW DIFFICULTY IN ADEQUATELY COVERING SITUATION BY TELEX AND

DEA REQUEST THAT APPRAISAL PROCEED WITHOUT DELAY MAY BE DESIRABLE EYE COME

TO WASHINGTON ELEVENTH THROUGH THIRTEENTH APRIL AND RETURN DIRECTLY TO

DELHI FOR SUBERNAREKHA AND KARNATAXA. IF YOU WISH THIS PLEASE ADVISE BY

TELEX EIGHTH OR PHONE ME ASHOKA HOTEL 370101 ROOM 436 SEVENTH.

REGARDS

CAMPBELL

Signature:_

DC:jn

Chargeable to ASPAC, IBRD, Washington DC, USA (186/14)

FORM NO. 27 -OCR WORLD BANK OUTGOING MESSAGE FORM (Telegram, Cable, Telex)IMPORTANT (PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS BELOW BEFORE TYPING FORM)

Sof TELEX APRIL 28, L982cls erie:9331315IJ724

1 elex No.: 953313T5 Originators Ext 7224112 10

0

START1 HERE TO INTBAFRAD

CITY/COUNTRY NEW DELHI, INDIA

MESSAGE NO 13

4 FOR COREY. RE BAYRAPPA CONSULTANCY. TODAY HAVE TRINSFERRED DOLLARS

5 TWO THOUSAND ONE HUNDRED TO COVER BAYRAPPA'S FEES A D TRAVEL EXPEN-

6 SES. COPY OF TRANSFER FORM WILL BE MAILED. REGARD!, RODGER

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NOT TO BE TRANSMITTEDSUBJECT: DRAFTED BYIndia - General MGutie ez

CLEARANCES AND COPY DISTRIBUTION: AUTHORIZED a(N a Signature):W. G. ge , Acting Chief, ASPAC

cc: Mrs. HamiltonDEPARTMESouth Asia Projectscc: Mr. Tibor o/r

EQ FREOF CABLE SECTIONCHECKED F DISPA H -

A-ISTRIBUTION: WHITE - Fioe Copy WfUTFE-- Transmittal Copy CANARY _nCopy BLUE - Orfginator to Keep

s

s -

DISTRIBUTIONC

RCW3 Y,'1W5626 NDN863 NS770/27 0 TONUR1,N Co INND 053NE'DELHI LODI ROAD 58/56 27 1340

G J TIBOR INTBAFRAD

WASHI1NGON D C

RE BAYRAPPA CONSULTANICY UP OBEWELLS AAA FOR TH, TIME BEING PLEESE

TRANSFER RS14000/- TO NDO BUDGET TO COVER COST OF

BAYRAPPA CONSULTANCY AND ASSOCIATED TRAVEL COSTS OF THIS RS 4200FEES BALANCE TO TRAVEL AND RELATED EXPENSES CC PATEL MEETING SCHEDULE

-D MAY NINETEEN ELEVEN THIRTY AI REGARDS

COREY

COL RS14000/- 4200

NNNN

243423 WORLDT;ANK

WORLD BANK / INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION

OFFICE MEMORANDUMTO: V. Bayra a (Consultant) DATE: April 26, 1982

FROM: G.J. T or, Chief, ASPC

SUBJECT: INDIA - Uttar Pradesh Tubewells II Irrigation Project

- Power Systems Engineer- Terms of Reference

1. On May 6, 1982 you will join Messrs. Cunningham and Barber to

travel to Lucknow to review the power sector in Uttar Pradesh (UP) with

special reference to its relationship to the operation of the public

tubewells irrigation systems. Your mission is expected to take about 10

days within the State followed by about 5 days in the Bank's New Delhi

Office for preparation of the report.

2. You will specifically review and report on the following aspects

of the power situation:

(a) the present generation capacity and its limitations and

constraints, plans for provision of additional generating

capacity, and the likely effect of these plans on the

overall power situation;

(b) the transmission and transformation network in the various

parts of the State, its limitations, and plans for improve-

ment of the network;

(c) the performance of the 11 KV system, the advisability of11 KV lines dedicated to public tubewells to ensure ade-

quate power, reliability and availability, and the impact

of private tubewells on the rural power network, particularly

during periods of peak demand and heavy rostering;

(d) economic justification of dedicated power lines if they appear

advisable, and development of the most cost effective alter-

native for providing such service considering operational

objectives of the project;

(e) development of a reasonably optimal layout and design for

such dedicated lines which could allow for their integration

into the basic power system at some future date (when and if

present power supply problems are alleviated) so as to allow

more general service in the area of the dedicated lines;

(f) preparation of full cost estimates (based on (d) and (e) above)

for provision of dedicated power lines to the public tubewells,using either "as built" costs or SEB estimates for a sample of

the networks to support the tubewell systems constructed under

the UP Tubewells I Project.

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3. Mr. Cunningham will be responsible for coordinating youractivities and input with those of the other mission members.

Cleared with and cc: Ms. M. Choksi

cc: Messrs. Rajagopalan (3) (CPSVP), Yudelman (2) (AGR), Robless (PAB),Helling (LEG), Hotes (AGR), Veraart (2) (AGR), Abbot (ASNVP), Wiehen(ASADR), Jansen (ASADR), Saeed (ASPDR), Mrs. Hamilton (2) (ASADB),Mrs. Robbin (CTR), Rodger (ASPAC), Reidinger (ASPAC), Lamson-Scribner(ASPEW), Barber (Consultant), Nekby (NDO), New Delhi Office (3),South Asia Information Center, Division Black Book

FORM NO, 27 OCR WORLD BANK OUTGOING MESSAGE FORM (Telegram, Cable, Telex)(1178) IMPORTANT (PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS BELOW BEFORE TYPING FORM.)

ciass of servne TELEX oate, APRIL 27, 1982I elex No. 9533131 50 Originators Ext; 72241

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MESSAGE NO 13334 PERRY FOR CUNNINGHAM. UP TUBEWELLS II. PRIMO MR. IONGUL AGRICUL-

5 TURAL ECONOMIST FROM IFAD WILL JOIN YOUR MISSION ON AY FIVE IN

6 DELHI. HE HAS A TICKET AND RESERVATION FOR MORNING FLIGHT ON SIX

- TO LUCKNOW. SECUNDO IFAD WANTS A GEOGRAPHICALLY DISlINCT SUBPROJECT

8 (SAME AS BHIMA IN MAHARASHTRA) PREFERABLY IN EASTERN UP. PLEASE

9 EXPLAIN TO TONGUL THAT HE IS ONLY AN OBSERVER ON YOUF MISSION AND

10 THAT A DECISION ON SIZE AND LOCATION OF IFAD PROJECT WILL BE MADE

11 ON YOUR RETURN AND TERTIO THAT ANY IFAD INVOLVEMENT 3N CREDIT

12 PROSESSING CAN ONLY START AFTER OUR GREEN COVER HAS EEEN READIED

13 AND MADE AVAILABLE TO THEM. REGARDS, TIBOR

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NOT TO BE TRANSMITTEDSUBJE.CT: DRAFED BYInda: UP Tubewells II G r

CLEARANCES AND COPY DISTRIBUTION AUTHORI Nan, and S gnaure

cc; Mrs. Hamilton G. f, ASPACCettAMENT:

cleared and cc: Mrs. Choksi So h Asia Projectscc: Mr. Rodger _ _T N IQC SE OF ABLE SECTION

Mr. Barber CHCKED FOR DISPAT

DISTRIBUTION: WHITE - Fe Copy WHITE Transrnttat Copy CANARY , opy 5 ' ,1F t, Ken

e-- -- n -- .- 4.. . , =,.

FORM NO 27 - OCR WORLD BANK OUTGOING MESSAGE FORM (Telegram, Cable, Telex)IMPORTANT (PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS BELOW BEFORE TYPING FORMJ

Class of fve. TELEX Date: APRIL 23, 1982N 953313150 Otors Ft 72241

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MESSAGE NO

4 FOR COREY/PERRY. BARBER ARRIVES DELHI NIGHT OF WEDNESDAY 5 MAY AND

5 WILL TRAVEL TO LUCKNOW MORNING OF MAY 6. GRATEFUL YOU MAKE HOTEL

S RESERVATIONS AT OBEROI DELHI NIGHT OF 5/6 MAY AND AT CLARKS LUCKNOW

FOR 6 TO 13 MAY. PLEASE REMIND CUNNINGHAM TO PURCHA E SINGLE TICKET

8 DELHI-LUCKNOW FOR BARBER ON ARRIVAL DELHI HOTEL. RE BAYRAPPA CONSUL-

9 TANCY. YOU HIRE AND WE WILL TRANSFER FUNDS WHEN YOU INFORM THE

10 AMOUNT. INSTRUCT HIM TO TRAVEL TO LUCKNOW ON MAY 6. REGARDS, TIBOR

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NOT TO BE TRANSMITTEDSUBJECT: DRAFTED BY:India - General WBarber:R inger:m

CLEARANCES AND COPY DISTRIBUTION: AUTHORIZED BY ( and Si' re):

cc: Ms. Hai~tonWiLLiam Rxq ;Deputy Chiefcc: Mrs. Hamilton _______

DEPARTMENT:

South As a ProjectsEClTIONQL [OR USE OF CABLE SECTION

CHECKED FO - CISPA TCH

1)1ST CIROT I(UF WFJITE- F iC Copy WH IT E -I ransmittal Copy CANARY - I-. C py BLU 0,F el or to Keep,

j):Lsatributton fca

14r. Tibor

Tire. Hamilton

L .

W U ALL Y .

* AT l ALI L Y.

FORM NO. 27 OCR WORLD BANK OUTGOING MESSAGE FORM (Telegram, Cable, Telex)(11-78) IMPORTANT (PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS BELOW BEFORE TYPING FORM.)

TELEX APRIL 21, 1982Cas of Service: _____________ ______ Date: _____________

Telex No.: 953313150 Originators Ext: 7224112 10

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START1 HERE TO INTBAFRAD


MESSAGE NO

4 FOR CUNNINGHAM 0/A - PERRY. IFAD WILL LIKE TO COFIN\NCE UP TO THE

5 TUNE OF US DOLLAR THIRTY MILLION CREDIT. THEY WANT rDENTIFIABLE

6 GEOGRAPHICAL PART OF THE PROJECT SAME AS BHIMA IN MAIARASHTRA II.

7 THIS SHOULD NOT BE TOO DIFFICULT TO PROVIDE IN THE F)RM OF SEPARATE

a IFAD DISTRICTS. APPRAISAL MISSION PARTICIPANT WILL JOIN YOU AT THE

9 BEGINNING OF MAY. PLEASE LEAVE YOUR DETAILED MISSIO4 MOVEMENTS WITH

10 NDO SO THAT HE CAN CATCH UP WITH YOU. REGARDS, TIB)R

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NOT TO BE TRANSMITTEDSUBJECT: DRAFTED BY:

India: U.P. II G lbo r

CLEARANCES AND COPY DISTRIBUTIONA HORIZED me ad S gare

cc and cLeared: Ms. Choksi G ASPACcc: Mrs. Hamilton DEf_1TMEAT

SoUdth Asia Projects

DIST RIBU IC ile Copy WHI-I E -TranSrnlittal Copy C iAA RS - I opy E'LU E Oiiao oK

- w a -

FORM NO 27 OCR WORLD BANK OUTGOING MESSAGE FORM (Telegram, Cable, Telex)(11 78) IMPORTANT (PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS BELOW BEFORE TYPING FORM.)

assof sevice Telex ____e Apriil 2Q4 1982Telex No, 953313150 Originators Ext: 73445

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MESSAGE NO 12-3 4k

4 COREY/PERRY. UP TUBEWELLS II. GRATEFUL YOU TRY TO EN AGE MR. V.

5 BAYRAPPA AS POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEER TO JOIN MIKE BARB R ON MAY 5

6 FOR TWO WEEK CONSULTANCY. UNDERSTAND BAYRAPPA CAN BE CONTACTED

THRU REC DA BUILDING, NEHRU PLACE, NEW DELHI 110019. HE IS RETIRED

8 CHIEF ENGINEER/REC RECOMMENDED BY OUR POWER DIVISION, SUGGEST DAILY

9 CONSULTANCY RATE SIMILAR SALDHANA. TOR BEING HANDCAR IED BY

10 REIDINGER. REGARDS, TIBOR.

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NOT TO BE TRANSMITTEDSUBJECT: DRAFTED BY:

India: UP Tubewells II WGRodg r:LgrCLEARANCES AND COPY DISTRIBUTION AUTHORIZED B Nam Signature):

G. J. Ti Chief. ASPACCLeared with and cc: M. Choksi DEPARTMENT

South Asia Pro ectsC C*: C un n n glam, Ba rb er ECT IV.N ELOW FO U E OF CABLE SECTIONCHECKED FOR DISPATCH

DISTRIBUTION: WHITE - ie COpy WHITE - Transmittal Copy CANARY Bl Copy 1LUNE - 0iginator to Keep


OFFICE MEMORANDUMMessrs. J.F. Cunningham, M. Herman and D.D. Taneja (IDA);

TO: K.K. Aw Yong (FAO/CP); and M. Barber (Consultant) DATE: April 19, 1982

FROM: G.J. T r, Chief, ASPAC

SUBJECT: INDIA - UP Tubewells II Irrigation Project, AppraisalTerms of Reference

1. Messrs. Cunningham, Herman and Aw Yong will arrive in New Delhion or about April 25, 1982 and proceed to Lucknow on April 26 to appraisethe UP Tubewells II project. On or about May 6, 1982, they will be joinedby Mr. Barber (Consultant) and Mr. Taneja (NDO). On or about May 12,the mission will return to New Delhi and discuss the findings of theUP Tubewells II appraisal mission with officials of the Government ofIndia (GOI). On completion of the mission Mr. Cunningham will dealwith the MP Major Irrigation project under separate terms of reference.

UP Tubewells II Project

2. Mr. Cunningham (Irrigation Engineer) will lead the mission andbe responsible for preparing the appraisal report and for coordinating andmanaging activities and input of other mission members. The mission willpay particular attention to progress under UP I, project scale and scopeof UP II, management and organization aspects, project costs and economics(particularly the economics of dedicated power lines), and special issuessuch as water charges, cost recovery, well siting criteria, procurement,and arrangements for smooth transition from UP Tubewells I to II. Themission will discuss with GOUP:

(i) a project period of two or three years and the resultingmodifications to the project scope and scale from that proposed by GOUPwhen the project was to be a five year 'time slice' of their publictubewell program;

(ii) the concept of 'dedicated power lines' for project-financedwells, which would enable the provision of a secure and predictable powersupply to them;

(iii) the reorganization of the Tubewell Wing of the IrrigationDepartment to ensure that the requirements of the project can be met; and

(iv) charges for water, which it appears should be a minimum,to cover full O&M costs with power charged at the so called 'accounting'cost (Rs 0.24/kWh).Mr. Cunningham will also be responsible for the irrigation aspects ofthe project; and will decide what monitoring and evaluation activitiesshould be recommended under the project.

continued/........

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3. Mr. Barber (groundwater hydrologist) will review the ground-water resources data as necessary for project appraisal, together withthe designs and costs of the well points. He will also be responsiblefor the planning and design criteria, and cost estimates of the powersupply network to clusters of tubewells. Mr. Herman (economist) willcollect data for the financial and economic analysis of the project.Mr. Aw Yong (agriculturalist) will continue his review of theagricultural aspects of the project and in particular evaluate theagricultural impact of the UP Tubewell I project during the 81/82rabi season. Mr. Taneja (irrigation engineer) will deal withorganizational and management aspects of the project and assistMr. Cunningham with respect to the irrigation and civil works components.

4. The mission will maintain liaison with the Bank'q,;New DelhiOffice and if necessary with Washington for guidance on policy issues.

Cleared with and cc: Ms. M. Choksi, ASA

Distribution

Messrs: Rajagopalan (3) CPSVP, Yudelman (2) AGR, Robless PAB,Helling LEG, Hotes AGR, Wiehen ASADR, Abbott ASNVP,Jansen ASADR, Haynes ASPDR, Saeed ASPDR, Mrs. Hamilton(2) ASADB, Mrs. Robbin CTR, Nekby/Perry (NDO), NewDelhi Office, South Asia Files

JFCunningham:pah

FORM NO. 27 OCR WORLD BANK OUTGOING MESSAGE FORM (Telegram, Cable, Telex)11- 7 IMPORTANT (PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS BELOW BEFORE TYPING FORM)

Telex DateApril 15, 1982'5- " -61U181 74619

Tle I .If - Originators Ext:-12 1C

START1 HERE TO FOODAGRI,

CITY/COUNTRY ROME, ITALY

MESSAGE NO A

4 FOR FENN. RE YRTEL 4950 AND UP TUBEWELLS II. ACKNO LEDGE RECEIPT

5 OF USEFUL WORKING PAPERS. APPRAISAL MISSION WILL ARRIVE LUCKNOW

6 APRIL 26 UNTIL ABOUT MAY 12. GRATEFUL IF AW YONG CO LD ACCOMPANY

7 MISSION AND CONTACT CUNNINGHAM IN OBEROI ON APRIL 25. REGARDS,

8 TIBOR.

9

10

11

12

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15

17

18

19

20 END

OF

21 TEXT _

NOT TO BE TRANSMITTSUBJECT: DRAFTED B -

India-UP TubewelLs II JFCunn g a .pahCLEARANCES AND COPY DISTRIBUTION: AUT IZ B e n ature):

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OFFICE MEMORANDUMTO: Dist ibution DATE April 6, 1982

FROM: Mr/ .J.-Tibor, Chief, ASPAC

SUBJECT: INDIA - Uttar Pradesh Tubewells IIPre-Appraisal Meeting

1. It is proposed that the Program Division call a meeting todiscuss the questions which need to be resolved before processingthe above project any further. The present status of the project issummarized in the draft project brief of UP Tubewells II, which hasbeen circulated under separate cover to those on the distributionlist of this memorandum. As discussed in the draft brief, theproposed UP Tubewells II project would construct about 4,300 new publictubewells, modernize about 200 existing wells and connect an additional2,000 existing (traditional design) wells onto 'dedicated' power lineswhich will run separately from the existing rural grid. The projectwould also support a re-organization in the Tubewell Wing of theIrrigation Department. The cost is estimated at about $330 millionover a five-year 'time-slice?.

2. The following issues require attention and guidance frommanagement:

(i) Project Scope. The project scope as summarizedabove and detailed in the draft project brief is within the financialcapacity of GOLT (with IDA assistance). However, the current lendingprogram allocates only a credit of about US$ 90 million for thisproject. The mission needs guidance on what credit/loan amount willbe available for UP Tubewells II; should it be less than that requiredfor the scope proposed by COUP, do we reduce the scale of the project,the time period of the project, or reduce our financial contributionbelow the standard 50% in the irrigation sector?

(ii) Tiiing. The project is a follow-up of UP Tubewells Iwhich was launched as a pilot demonstration of iw tochnologies over atwo-year period .7nt is du.e to be completed about August 1982. UP Tubew>llsII is ready fc)r technical appraisal now. There is evidence that the tech-nology introduced in UP I can achieve its objectives, and can provide atimely, relible and equitable irrigation service which is cost effectiveand efficient. However, due to delays on imiplementating UP I, we and COUPhave less experience in the operation and management of the new technologythan we thought we would have by this point, and it will take at leastuntil the end of the next rabi season (April 1983) before any definiteconclusions on agricultural benefits due to the UP Tubewells I Projectcan be made. However, trends on performance to date, indicate that ifagricultural benefits fail to materialize as planned, it will be due toother factors than the tubewell technology. The issue is to decide the

continued/.....

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appropriate timing of the appraisal of the project. In making thedecision the meeting will have to keep in mind, that GOUP will continue,with or without IDA's help with their public tubewell program at a rate ofat least 1,000 wells per year (not necessary to the UP Tubewells I design).Therefore, if we decide to delay appraisal, what would be the criteriafor deciding when we should appraise?

(iii) Conditionalities. There are certain conditions that areeither technically essential or important in terms of Bank policies thataffect the processing of UP Tubewells II. ASPAC proposes the followingconditions be discussed and a Bank position established prior to the

departure of an appraisal mission:

(a) 'Dedicated Power Lines'. Public tubewells requireadequate periods of reliable power to achieve basic project objectives;such a power demand is quite different from other rural uses. It has

therefore been proposed to GOUP that power lines to new and also toexisting public wells be entirely separate from the existing ruralnetwork.

(b) Exclusivity. It is proposed that (i) all public

tubewells partly financed by the Bank should be to the improved designas per UP Tubewell I Project; and (ii) GOLT be asked to agree thatother new public wells in the State (outside supported Bank projects)should be planned and built to the new designs.

(c) Organization. It is proposed that GOUP be askedto expend and reorganize the Tubewell Department of the ID to facilitatethe operation and maintenance of the project wells.

(d) Cost Recovery. As a minimum, charges for water shouldcover full O&M costs and full "accounting costs" for power 1/.

3. We would appreciate any co-,ments or notice of any other issuesrelevznt to UP Tubeuells II which could be dealt with prior to appraisal.(Please contact John F. Cunningham, Room F410, extension 74619).

Attachments

Distribution

Messrs: Thalwitz, Wiehen, Harrison, Parsons, Lamson-Scribner,Abbie, Upadhyay, Ducksoo Lee, South Asia Files, Black Book.

Ms. Hamilton, Ms. Choksi.

JFCunningham:pah

1/ See project brief and cost calculations for O&M and power.

OFFICE MEMORANDUM

Tol )r. Marius Veraart DATE: April 1, 1982FAO and IFAD CoordinatorAgriculture and Rural Development

Department, CPSWorld Bank, Washington, D.C.

FROM: Maurice FennChief, Service II, FAO/P

SUBJECTs INDIk and NEPAL. Appraisal of Subernarekha and UP Tabewlls II Projects*Pro-Appraisal Bhairawa,-Lumbini Project.Report Writing, Washington.

Please find enolA herewith 8 copies of the Back-to 'ffficeReport on the above mission.

C ! ssr$ \AA\~ C~?ai 1 5 I6-J*Cjj

BK 103/9.9 ITEPBK 103/2. 9 IND (CAD) -_

cc: DDC Registry (2) C C- C Q$3r>Fenn (2)Campbell (chrono)

OFFICE MEMORANDUM .

To, D.E. Campbell DATE Xarch 30, 1982

FROMS Xaarice Fenn - bChief, Service II, DDC

SuBmECT INDIA. Appraisal follow-up and Staff Training.EGMP'. Technical Reconnaissance

April-May MissionTerms of Reference

Period of Mission April 4 - Jkay 7Itinerary Attached

As discussed with Bank you will undertake the following:

UP Tubewells II

Discuss at Secretariat level the GOUP position on nominatedkey issues and report back to Bank so that appraisal mission may beconfirmed.

Subernarekha

Accompany technical consultants in review of design proposalsfor Chandil and Ichha dams, and report to Bank. Join Bank appraisalmission April 27-28 (subject to satisfactory report by dam consultants).

KarnatakaTanks Project

In conformity with TOR suggested by Bank continue assistanceto State with objective of finalizing design manual and establishingstandard designs for structures by mid-July.

Kallada Project (Kerala)

Assistance to State in setting up full scale staff trainingfor project execution.

Maharashtra. I/II

Subject to confirmation by State1 assist in specification of

DEG/bfBK 103/2.9 IND (CAD)BK 103/2.9 Mrcc: Fernando Vereart, WB, Washington

de BrichambautGranieri 0

rFenn/Mitra (2) AeCscC.,hJO 4 1 d/C7Sylvia CelibertiCampbell (chrono) (oDD 0 egf 4 ) -

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mould designs for charmel sections to be produced on extnwsion machinesnow being procured by State with CP technical assistance.

Agricultural Developnent Project (Cr 830 Er) Egpt

In accordance with telex of 17/3 Veraart to Penn and Delon,participate in technical review of pilot low-pressure pipe irrigationinstallation in Menufia area.

On return to Rcme you will prepare BTO reports on the Indiaand Fypt assignments, and notes to file on individual projects.

INDIA IRRIGATION

APRIL '82 MISSION - D.E.C CAMPBELL

ITINERAUI

April 3 Sat. depart Rome

4 Sun. arrive Delhi

5 Mon. Delhi/Lucknow IC 409 07007 Wed. Lucknow/Delhi IC 490 18208 Thu. Delhi/Bangalore IC 403 1550

10 Sat. Bangalore/Bombay IC 108 2020

11 Sun. Bombay/Trivandrum IC 167 1150IC 168 144014 Wed. Trivandrum/Bombay IC 18 20IC 183 2020

17 Sat. Delhi/Ranchi/Jamshedpur IC 409 070020 Tue. Jamshedput/Ranchi Car

21 Wed. Ranchi/Delhi IC 410 072022 Fri. Delhi/Aurangabad IC 491 060525 Sun. Aurangaba/Delhi IC 492 073027 Tue. Delhi/Patna IC 409 070028 Wed. Patna/Delhi IC 490 1645

Delhi/Bombay IC 184 203029 Tbu. Bombay/Cairo GP 1073 BOM/DXB

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OFFICE MEMORANDUM i

TO: Mr. M. Penn DATE: March 30, 1982Chief, Service II, DDC

FROM: D.E. Campbell

SUBJECT: IMDIA and NE2AL. Appraisal of Subernarekha and UP Tubewells IIProjects. Pre--Appraisal Bhairawa-Lumbini Project.Report Writing, Washington.

As directed in TOR of March 15, 1982 I visited Washington fromMarch 16 to 23 for report writing and review of report drafts forthe above. The status of the projects is as follows:

Subernarekha

A recent change in Bank procedures now requires formal technicalappraisal of Chandil and Ichha dams by a consultant panel before Boardpresentation of the project. This is additional to examination ofdesigns by a Dam Safety Review Panel prior to construction.

Arrangements were made for engagement of a three-man consultantteam who will be accompanied in the field by CP in mid-April. Subjectto satisfactory report by the technical consultants final appraisal willbe mounted in the last week of April, with CP participation.

UP Tubewells II

The project, now in mid-appraisal, is the subject of much discussionin Bank with particular regard to the perennial topics of public versusprivate tubewells, and cost recovery. Four issues have been defined onwhich Bank seeks GOUP assurances before mounting of appraisal (in line withthe new Bank emphasis on "conditionality" in lending). CP has been askedto confirm the GOUP position on these issues in the first week of Apriland report back to Bank, following which the appraisal mission will belaunched in mid-April.

CP has prepared an analysis of performance of UP I tubewellsK.K. Aw Yong), and detailed economic and financial analyses of UP II

(T. Lohavisavapanich), which will be primary inputs to the UP II appraisalreport. K.K. Aw Yong will accompany the appraisal mission.

Bhairawa-Lumbini Groundwat er, NIepal

Appraisal report drafting is proceeding, the project now

DEC/bfBK 103/2.9 I1D (CAD)BK 103/2.9 NEPcc: All team members

World Bank, Washington (8)Documents UnitDDC Reg.

-2-

incorporating buried-pipe distribution systems of the UP I type.

Other Items

CP has been asked to take up immediately staff training forKallada project (Kerala), negotiation of which has recently beencompleted, and to continue assistance to Karnataka in formulationof type layouts and designs of standard hydraulic structures.Completion of a project manual by July 15 is aimed at. CP assistancein preparation/appraisal of Rengali project (Orissa) is likely to beinitiated in the near future.

Mr. M. ehe-, Director, ASAVMah 26, 1982

G.J. or, Chief, ASPAC

Summary of Your Discussion with Mr. Arora, DRA onI-arch 12, 1982 (J.D. Roulet's Memo March 16, 1982)

1. Re UP Tubewells II Project and the IDA's objective to seek acommitment from UP, that all future public tubewells in the State beconstructed to the improved standards of the UP I Project (or substan-tially all as a possible compromise). In this context, Mr. Arora cau-tioned that such a commitment might not be acceptable to UP sinceBank-assisted tubewells were about twice as expensive as conventionaltubewells.

2. I am surprised that this statement was not challenged by you orRoulet. For the last three years (starting from Credit 954-IN MaharashtraII) we have been "merrily" lending over $1,000 million for irrigationprojects in India which were all much more expensive than the traditionalIndian designs. We successfully argued in our Region, in the Board and inIndia that the measuring stick to be used for deciding on an investmentshould be its potential performance (properly assessed and measured) andnot only its cost.

3. This is the basis for recommending new and more sophisticatedcanal designs, a more intensive network of minor canals, more sophisti-cated communication equipment in the projects, our insistence on bettertrained and more staff for operation, etc., all more costly than thetraditional way, but hopefully much more effective. Our entire betterwater use program is predicated on the assumption that better performanceat higher cost is a better development option, if it is shown to be moreeconomic, more equitable and easier to operate than the lower cost tradi-tional way.

4. For our more "expensive" public tubewell design, I am enclosingour estimates of costs and performance comparisons.

Attachment

eci Mrs. A. Hamilton

:dsv

OFFICIAL FILE COPY

INDIA

Comparators - Private and Public Tubewells

Public Tubewells Private Tubewells

Item Unit Traditional _I!proved Standard Improved

Design Design 1/ Design Design 2/

A. General Data

Discharge cfi 1.5 1.5 0.34 0.34

.wire to water' efficiency 60% 60% 30% 50%

Irrigation efficiency 40% 72% 60% 60%

Net CCA ha (250) 3/ 100 2.5 2.5

Irrigated Area: 4/Rabi season ha 49 81 2.0 2.0

Kharif season ha 16 36 (1.0) (1.0)

Average annual running hrs. hrs. 1,500 3,500 660 660

Power required KW 14 14 6 4

Average annual water supply i3 230,000 530,000 20,000 20,000

B. ..sts

Well point rps 110,000 110,000 6,500 7,500

Distribution system rps 80,000 5/ 240,000 6/ inc.

Miscellaneous rps 26,000 34,000 inc.

Additions (Eng. & Admin) rps 30,000 30,00 .2,000 .2,000

Electrical connection rps (30,000) (70,000) (6,500) (6,500)

Total cost per well system .276,000 484,000 15,000 16,000

C. Performance Comparators

Capital Costper irrigated ha rps/ha 4,246 4,130 5,000 5,330

per unit volume of waterat well point rps/m3 1.20 0.91 0.75 0.8

Energy requirement perunit volume of water

It well head Kwh/M3 0.09 0.09 0.20 0.13

at field Kwh/m3 0.23 0.13 0.25 0.21

Irrigation Serviceaverage water supply atfield per irrigated ha m3/ha 1,420 3,260 2,500 7/ 2,700 7/

1/ Improved public tubewell design as per UP Tubewell I Project.2/ Proposed improvement to private tubewell design as per ARDC IV project report.3/ A realistic CCA for existing public tubewells would be about 100 ha.4/ Average performance data (UP).5/ Lined surface channels for about 1,500 m; unlined distribution at about 400 rps/ha for 100 ha command area.6/ Buried PVC pipe system.7/ Assuming that 100 hrs. of tubewell operation is 'rented' to other farmers.

WOCRLD (RANK IN Tf HN T I0NAI FINAN(. (UNI~k 4- tp

OFFICE MEMORANDUMTO: Files DATE: March 16, 1982

FROM: J.-D. R et- A e

S U BJ ECT: Mr Wie en's Meeting with Mr Arora, DEA or"-

1. On March 12, 1982, Mr Wiehen met in Delhi with Mr G.K. Arora,Joint Secretary, DEA. Also present were Mr S.C. Jain, Mr S.P. Bajpai Yand I. j.r c (-

2. The discussion focussed essentially on the current status of theBank/IDA operations program. Following is a summary of the main itemsdiscussed:

\.-. Rural Electrification III. This project had been discussed atlength during Mr Arora's recent visit to Washington. In Mr Arora'sview, the main point at issue was the Bank's request thatelectricity subsidies, which in some States had reached a veryhigh level, be gradually eliminated. While Mr Arora was not in aposition to commit his Government and would review the matterwith the Power Ministry the following week, he personally feltthat the principle of reducing and ultimately eliminating subsidieswould be acceptable but hoped that the Bank would be prepared tobe flexible in respect of actual implementation. The situationvaried considerably from State to State. Some like Bihar, MP orTN currently had substantial subsidies which could only be eliminated.gradually. In addition, the central authorities could notunilaterally enforce decisions in matters of this kind and wouldhave to enter into negotiations with each State and individualelectricity board. This was bound to take some time. Mr Arorahad therefore suggested to the Bank to consider a covenant dealingwith the principle but providing for further discussion of animplementation timetable. While agreeing with Mr Wiehen that itwould be preferable if all issues could be solved before Boardpresentation, he hoped that the Bank could proceed on this basissince, given the importance and long history of the project, furtherdelays would have undesirable effects. He hoped the project couldbe negotiated soon, so as to make it possible to schedule Boardpresentation before the end of FY82 should additional funds becomeavailable. Mr Wiehen said that having not been present during thediscussions in Washington, he did not wish to comment at this stagebut would follow up on his return to Headquarters.

- Kallada Irrigation. Negotiations completed. Project now scheduledfor Board presentation in the last quarter of FY82.

, Gujarat Water Supply. Mr Arora anticipated no difficulty since inhis view, the State Government had replied to the Bank by submittinga proposal amounting to a doubling of the current tariffs. The StateGovernment had also agreed to the principle of recovering not only

Files 2. March 16, 1982

O&M but also some depreciation. Mr Arora hoped that thisproject could also be processed in such a way as to have Boardpresentation before the end of FY82.

Krishna-Godavari Exploration. Mr Arora said that he did notanticipate any major issue and urged Mr Wiehen to see if processingcould also be advanced so as to make Board presentation possiblebefore the end of the fiscal year should additional funds and aBoard slot become available. In reply to a question by Mr Wiehen,he said that India was determined to initiate a second round ofbidding for exploration as soon as the contract with Chevron wasfinalized, hopefully in a couple of weeks. He was hoping thatthe Bank would be willing to negotiate the project and submit itto the Board before the second round of bidding was actuallylaunched.

- Railways. The report of the Government mission that had visitedcomputer installations abroad was expected to be submitted by mid-April whereupon a program of action would be firmed up followinginterministerial discussions. This should make it possible for theBank to send its updating mission to India towards the end ofApril.

- South Bassein Gas Development. A Bank mission was currently inIndia to seek additional information on gas utilization. While heanticipated no major issue, Mr Arora commented on the time thefinalization of the'report was taking. Mr Wiehen replied that thegreater part of the delays had been due to the time it had takenfor Government to reach a final decision on the landfall. In replyto a further comment by Mr Wiehen, Mr Arora said that timing wasnow becoming a critical issue to ensure that gas would be availablewhen the Hazira Fertilizer plant was ready to come on stream.According to the current construction schedules for both projects,it looked as if there might be a time lag of about 3months.

- Haryana and J&K Social Forestry. Appraisal reporticurrently beingprepared. No major issue currently anticipated.

- Power Transmission V. Preappraisal scheduled for April.

- Nhava Sheva Port. Bank preappraisal mission currently in India.

- Calcutta Urban. Project currently being preappraised.

- Upper Indravati Power. Progress of preparation extremely slow.Mr Arora said he was extremely concerned about this and would doall he could to speed up the process.

- Subernarekha Irrigation. Appraisal report being prepared. Nomajor issue currently expected.

Files 3. March 16, 1982

- Chambal MP. Project deferred by at least a year for lackof local funds. Mr Arora used this opportunity to say thatto avoid delays due to lack of funds GOI had decided that inthe future, projects would only be submitted to the Bank whenavailability of local resources was fully assured.

Chambal Rajasthan. Appraisal report under preparation. UnlikeChambal MP, Mr Arora did not expect major problems.

- Haryana Irrigation. Project preparation seemed to be proceedingwell.but Mr Arora said he was concerned by what he understood tobe the Bank's intention not to include water supply and rural roadscomponents in the next operation. In GOI's view, the ongoingproject was an excellent example of a successful integrated ruraldevelopment approach. While the scope and relative size ofthe individual components could be discussed during appraisal andnegotiations, he felt the Bank should not a priori decide toexclude what had turned out to be viable components and wonderedif this reflected the Bank's internal administrative organization.Mr Wiehen undertook to look into it on his return to Washington.

- U.P. Tubewells II. The project would be reviewed in Delhi thiscoming week. Mr Arora drew Mr Wiehen's attention to what mightpossibly become a major issue insofar as he had been told during hisvisit to Washington that the Bank was considering seeking acommitment from U.P. that all future public tubewells in the Statewould be constructed according to the standards agreed for theongoing project. This, in Mr Arora's view might not be acceptablesince Bank-assisted tubewells were about twice as expensive asconventional tubewells. Such a commitment would presumably compelthe state to cut its tubewell construction program by as muchas half which, given the pressing demand for irrigation water, wouldnot be acceptable. Mr Arora also noted that IFAD had expressed thewish to participate in the financing of the project.

- A few additional projects e.g. Bihar Water Supply, Coal, andpossibly Cement, were at various stages of consideration/preparationand would possibly be submitted to the Bank in due course.

Commenting on the program in general., Mr Wiehen welcomed the stepstaken by GOI to speed up project preparation but expressed concern thatquite a few operations did not appear very firm at this stage. Mr Arorathought that apart from the Upper Indravati Power Project which was indeeda cause of serious concern, the problem seemed to affect essentially theirrigation sector. Mr Arora commented that future developments in agriculturewere bound to focus on the Gangetic plain and felt that the Bank's reluctanceto assist projects in that area would necessarily affect its overall lendingfor irrigation. Mr Wiehen replied that as GOI well knew, the issue was notproject related but mflected the international aspects of the Ganga basindevelopment which, as an international institution, the Bank could not ignore.

cc: Messrs Wiehen, Thalwitz, Geli, Rowe, Tibor, Shields, Lamson-Scribner,Sandstrom, McCarthy, Nekby, de Silva

Mrs Hamilton

WORLD DANK / INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION /00 V

OFFICE MEMORANDUM T' 7

TO: Mr. Gabriel J. Tibor, Chief, SPAC DATE: March 15, 1982through F.I. Lason-Scribncr Chief, ASPEW

FROM: Karl G$ echoutek, Economist.' ASPEW

SUBJECT: INDIA - UP Tubewells Projects (I and II)Water Charges and Electricity Tariffs

1. In response to a memorandum to files from Mr. R.B. Reidinger,summarizing a discussion on the above issues on January 21, 1982, wewould like to communicate to you our concerns about some of the conclusionsand recommendations voiced in the memo. These concerns are mainly relatedto the cost of providing electricity to public tubewells and the structureand level of the tariff, including, in particular, the proposed applicationof a flat-rate tariff.

2. The operation characteristics of public tubewells are stated tobe based on standards (para. 9 of the memo) that would presumably allowaccurate estimation of the correct level of a flat-rate tariff. It is notclear how consistent the actual operation pattern 1(ignoring exogenousinfluences such as erratic power supply) would be over time to make a flat-ratetariff and a unit tariff equally desirable. Metering should be done in anycase, to gauge levels of consumption for purposes of setting the flat ratetariff level.

3. The marginal cost of electricity supply of Rs. 0.75/kWh (para. 10)refers to average marginal cost to a typical rural area as a whole at the33/11 kV substation. It excludes the cost of 11 kV lines to 11 kV consumers,and the technical losses incurred in this transmission. If public tubewellsare supplied at 11 kV, these costs should be added. In addition, if thereare public tubewells supplied at low voltage, the marginal cost increasesagain (to about-Rs 1.0/kWh and above in 1982 prices). Similarly, the shareof public tubewell power consumption during and off the system peak is relevant.Predominant off-peak use of public tubewells would reduce marginal cost belowthe average,significant peak-time use would increase it.

4. Present tariff levels at Rs. 450/HP/year are equivalent to aboutRs. 0.15 - 0.30/kWh (para. 12), well below acceptable levels that would be

.required to recover the cost of power system expansion. It also has to beborne in mind that the "accounting cost" (Rs. 0.24/kwh) as calculated by theSEB is based on historically-anlued assets and does not provide a usefulindication of necessary cost recovery during expansion. Both the presenttariff and the SEB financial cost, therefore, do not present desirablealternatives for pricing.

5. The incentive to operate tubewells at high rates of capacityutilization (paras. 18 and 20a) is assumed to be provided by a flat-ratetariff. This appears to conflict with the findings of the technical note(para. 6 of Appendix 1) that there is no motivation on the part of ID tooperate efficiently. If it is doubtful that the maintenance of the flat-ratetariff will provide a significant incentive, other considerations would indicatethat this tariff type should be opposed. In general, a flat-rate tariff ismuch inferior to a metered unit tariff, unless a very strong case can bemade t6 demonstrate the opposite. As not most (para. 21) but only a minorityof SEBs have moved over to a flat rate tariff for irrigation pumping, every

Mr. Gabriel J. Tibor, Chief, ASPAC - 2 - March 15, 1982

through F.H. Lamson-Scribner, Chief, ASPEW

effort should be made to nip the trend in the bud (para. 6.10 of proposed

Third RE Project appraisal report).

6. In Uttar Pradesh, it will be necessary to reconcile the requirement

for high rates of pump capacity utilization with the need to ensure that

public tubewell use during system peak hours is discouraged as strongly as

possible. Appropriate regulations or cutting of feeders at peak times should be

considered.

7. It is not clear why the level of the public tubewell tariff

should be equal to that charged an industrial user (para. 20b). The pattern of

electricity consumption may be quite different. Seasonality and peak/off-peak

consumption should be considered.

8. We suggest that undertakings be sought from the Government of

Uttar Pradesh in the course of project processing, that public tubewells

be charged at a metered tariff per unit of consumption (at a unit rate

significantly above present unit rate equivalents), and that appropriate

measures be taken to prevent use of the pumps at system peak times by shifting

their operation off the peak. Successful limitation to off-peak periods would

enable the SEB to keep the tariff increase within reasonable limits.

cc: Messrs. Hopper, Thalwitz, Geli, Rowe, Reidinger, Stichenwirth, Antonescu,

Ryan, Davis,Mrs. Hamilton

KJechoutek/ms


OFFICE MEMORANDUMTO: Mrs. Ann 0. Hamilt , Chief, ASADB DATE: March 10, 1982

FROM: Mr. Leslie Abb B

SUBJECT: INDIA - U.P. Public Tubewells II Project

1. As you know, one of the subjects discussed at last Friday'smeeting (3/5/82) on the above project was the relative profitabilityof public and private tubewell irrigation in India. Apart from itsrelevance to the project, there is particular interest in this issueat present since the imminent 1982 Economic Report deals with it, alongwith many other topics, in a chapter on investment efficiency inirrigation. While not yet final, it is apparent that there is considerabledisagreement within South Asia region about the content and, moreimportant, the tone and possible operational implications of the 'public/private' analysis in the Report. The purpose of this memo is to restatethe main elements of the analysis in the Economic Report and hopefully toresolve any misunderstandings about its conclusions.

2. Study of the economics of private groundwater irrigation leadsto one inescapable conclusion -- that it is highly profitable by anystandards. Rapid development in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly in thenorth-west, is evidence in itself that it is financially attractive tofarmers. It is possible that this growth has been achieved at a highcost to the economy, through expensive subsidies. The existence ofsubsidies on power tariffs and connection costs cannot be denied. Yetthe evidence does not support the case that private gain has been achievedat unjustifiable public expense. Documentation from a long series ofARDC/World Bank Credit Project Completion Reports, as well as variousprivate studies, demonstrates that returns to the economy are comparablewith returns to the farmer.

3. Of course, the fact that private tubewell irrigation is highlyprofitable does not mean that there are no inefficiencies in its operation.Flat rate power tariffs, now introduced in some states including UttarPradesh, and the tendency to "overpower" engines (often for good reason)are disincentives to the efficient use of water and equipment. On the oftherhand many farmers are still either paying for electricity by the meter orusing diesel for which there is no subsidy. In either of these cases,and particularly the latter, there are strong incentives for efficientwater use.

4. Since their inception in the 1930s public tubewells have oftenbeen seen as the solution to problems for which private wells could provideno answer. In particular, the high capital cost of private wells inrelation to the size distribution of land holdings in the north-east hasbeen cited as a disadvantage which could be overcome by the cost advantagesand scale economies of deep tubewells. Also in many areas shallowacquifers for private development are either lacking or unsuitable. Inthese circumstances, the potential advantages of the public tubewell areindeed formidable. This is shown by the fact that existing "old style"public tubewells, despite their very low capacity utilization (often lessthan 50%), poor maintenance, and frequent power shortages, can still extract

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water at a cost (Rs 0.3/m3 ) roughly comparable with that of the averageprivate shallow tubewell. If private wells are as inefficient as someclaim, then this is indeed an indictment of public well performance giventheir built-in advantages.

5. On the basis of past performance, it thus appears that theinefficiencies of public tubewells have cancelled out their potentialcost advantages. Turning to water use efficiency, comparison of thetwo systems presents an uncertain picture. For public tubewells, wherewater is charged on a volumetric basis (and where indeed the veryshortages caused by poor performance may induce more careful use ofwater) it is arguable, though certainly not conclusive, that the resultantincentives for efficient water use more than outweigh the known heavylosses of water in the old distribution systems. Comparing this possibleoutcome in States, such as UP, where private well owners pay forelectricity on a flat rate basis, it is clear that the balance may befavorably tipped towards public tubewells on efficiency grounds. Howeverthis is not inevitable. Moreover such a conclusion is almost certainlyreversed in other states where electricity is metered (and/or diesel ismore widely used), water is charged on an area basis, and distributionlosses are significant. In the absence of adequate data the best thatcan be said is that there is no clear answer.

6. Comparison of the effective cost of water under the public andprivate systems is inconclusive. However, if one compares the benefitsobtained from the use of water and complementary inputs under the twosystems, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the advantage lieswith private tubewells. There are many estimated ex post rates of returnto private irrigation. Unfortunately those for public tubewells are extremelyscarce. Nevertheless a combination of field data (albeit limited) andcommon observation supports the view that the benefits of private tubewellsexceed those of traditional public tubewells. One of the few comparativestudies of well irrigation in U.P. in the late 1960s 1/ indicates thatcropping intensities and yield levels are higher, and shifts to higher-yielding/higher-value crops stronger under private than public irrigation.The public irrigation system inHaryana, widely agreed to be one of India'smost efficient and surely more efficient than public tubewells in thatstate, compares most unfavorably with private tubewells -- in terms ofshifts to high value crops, use of modern inputs, and yield levels. 2/Moreover, both water use efficiency and net returns per unit of water applied

were higher for private than public irrigation. Further support for theseconclusions is offered by the commonly observed phenomenon of private wellsin the command areas of public irrigation systems -- both surface andgroundwater. As has been pointed out, the evidence does not support the ideathat this is due to heavy subsidization.

1. "A Comparative Study of Well Irrigation in Aligarh District, India",T.V. Moorti, Cornell University, 1971.

2. "INDIA - Better Water Use Program - Economic Value of Canal SystemFlexibility"; R.B. Reidinger, World Bank, 1981.

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7. The evidence above, in conjunction with the widespreadagreement about the problems of managing public tubewells, suggestsa single, dominant reason for the observed preference for privateirrigation among farmers. This is the independence, control, andflexibility which private ownership allows, and which, for a varietyof reasons, public tubewells have manifestly failed to provide. Theadvantages of these features for profitable cultivation of high-yieldingcrops are well-known and need not be discussed here. Suffice it tosay that for farmers the advantages of controlled and flexible watersupplies clearly outweigh the potentially higher costs of privateextraction; in practice, due to poor public tubewell performance,not even this cost disadvantage appears to have played a role.

8. What are the operational implications of all this, and, inparticular, what bearing does it have for phase II of the project?My feeling is that a comparative analysis such as this has someusefulness, the limits of which ought to be clearly recognized. Itsuggests, for instance, that over 30 years of accumulated experiencein public and private irrigation are to be ignored only at considerablerisk. This in turn indicates that if we are to err from a balancedassessment of the newly designed public tubewells, it ought to be onthe side of caution. There seems to be no doubt that the technologyintroduced under phase I is workable. What is not yet clear is thatthese technical improvements will feed through into a real economicgain for the farmers. A related, and important, question, is how farthe undisputed operational problems of the old tubewells are amenableto technological change alone. Although there may be good reason tobelieve that the corner has been turned, there is simply no hard evidenceavailable as yet to confirm this view. When considered in conjunctionwith the long record of past failure in public tubewells, there seem tobe compelling reasons for a more cautious approach than is currentlybeing proposed.

9. In my opinion, the above argument is about as much as one canusefully squeeze out of the analysis of comparative profitability.It is as misleading to use past performance as a tool for promotingprivate at the expense of public irrigation, as it is to use theunexploited potential of public tubewells to achieve the opposite resultObviously, it is incumbent on the Indians, with the assistance of theBank if possible, to exploit the potential cost advantages of publictubewells. At the same time nobody is going to stop farmers investing intheir own irrigation facilities if it is profitable. Since it is alsoprofitable for the country, there is no reason why it should not beencouraged. In truth, the notion that public and private irrigation arecompetitive has extremely limited validity at present. For technicalreasons, private irrigation is not possible in many areas. Moreimportant, unexploited groundwater potential in the north and north-eastis so vast, that there is a role for both methods, provided they arereasonably efficient. The relatively short economic life of privateirrigation equipment ensures adequate scope for the future substitutionof public tubewells should efficient solutions to their problemseventually be found.

cc: Messrs. Thalwitz, Tibor, Cunningham, Reidinger (ASP), Harrisonand Mrs. Choksi (ASADB)

LAbbie:br

'0

C D'-4 (D

fo OFFICE MEMORANDUM

To' Mr. Marius Veraart ATIE, March 15, 1982-PAO and IFAD CoordinatorAgriculture and Rural Development L


FR MS aurice FennChief, Service II, FAO/WB CP

SUBJECTs INDIA and NEPAL. Project Preparation and AppraisalFebruary '82 MissionBack-to-Office Report t -

8Please find enclosed herewith copies of the Back-to-Office

Report on the above mission.

BK 103/2. 9 IND (CAD)BK 103/2.9 NEFssIPo%'-5cc: DD Registry (2) (c0 CO- 'sr 5 d f

Fenn (2)Campbell (chrono)

R E CE V r D

OFFICE MEMORANDUM

Mr. I. Penn DAls .arch 10, 1982Chief, Service II, DDC

FRO* D.E. Campbell, T. Lohavisavapanich

SUJE.CT INDIA and NEPAL. Project Preparation and AppraisalFebruary '82 MissionBack-to-Office Report

Period of mission: Campbell January 30 - March 1Lohavisarapanich February 1 - February 13

Date of TOR: January 13, 1982

The mission included the following items:

- UP Tubewells II:

Participation in pre-appraisal.Continuation of preparation. (Lohavisavapanich)

- Ehairawa, Iumbini (NeDal):

Pre-appraisal of second stage of tubewells project.

- Kallada Project (Kerala): )z

Appraisal follow-up and technical assistance.

- Subernarekha Project (Bihar):

Appraisal follow-up.

- Karnataka Tanks Project: 7

Technical assistance (staff training) to on-going Bankproject.

- Discussion of India irrigation "pipeline" with Bank staff NDO.

DEC/bfE 103/2.9 IND (CAD)-K 103/2.9 NEP

cc: All team membersWorld Bank, Washington (8)World Bank, New Delhi/KathmanduPAO Reps. "Documents UnitDDC Reg.

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The following notes summarize mission action with regard to theabove projects, and discuss certain project features which may beof general interest.

UP Tubewells II, and Bhairawa Lumbini Tubewells II

The two are discussed jointly, as the UP II technology is likelyto be adopted in Bhairawa Lumbini II. The system may also be relevantto tubewell projects in other areas, under consideration by InvestmentCentre staff.

UP Tubewells II, currently in an advanced stage of preparation,will employ the same buried pipe loop system (PVC) as was introducedin UP I project. It is particularly appropriate to situations in whichnon-paddy field crops are to be grown for part of the year. Thedesirable rate of delivery to the farm for irrigation of such crops isusually in the range 0.5 to 1.0 cfs (taken as 0.75 cfs for the purposeof this discussion). In the UP I system the discharge of the tubewellis divided into two to four equal streams each of 0.75 ofs (correspondingto well capacities of 1.5 to 3 cfs). Each stream supplies an individualpipe loop, with valved outlets at intervals along its length. In normaloperation one valve is opened at a time in each loop, delivering the whole0.75 ofs to its service area. The latter is usually of 3 to 5 ha, dependingupon the number of valved outlets provided and other factors. Conveyancefrom a valved outlet to the individual farm or field is by small unlinedfield channel, a distance generally less than 100 m. Moveable "lay-flat"roll-up plastic pipe, or hose, may also be used for conveyance over thislast 100 m. The valved outlets in each loop operate in turn, rotationally.

The advantage of the loop system is that flow to the valved outletin operation at any particular time is around both sides of the loop,effectively about one-half of the 0.75 cfs flowing in either direction.Required pipe size is thus reduced, compared with other types of layout.Further, the loop usually gives convenient coverage of its service area,from the viewpoint of location of valved outlets. The pipe in use for theloop systems in UP is generally 160 mm dia (6" I.D) PVC. The price ofPVC resin has remained nearly level during the last three years, duringwhich time the cost of other pipe materials, also channel linin materials,has increased by more than 30%. Price of 160 mm 2.5 kg PVC pipe,delivered, is approximately $3.85 per metre, and installed (in India)approximately $4.8 per metre.

The hydraulic control system at the tubewell (a reinforced brickworkdistribution chamber some 3 m in height, with float-actuated valve on thewell delivery line and level-sensing probes) provides the followingfunctions entirely automatically:

- Equal division of flow to all loops regardless of relativelocation and elevation of valved outlets in use.

- Throttling of well-delivery if irrigation from one of theloops ceases, but continues from the other (or others, ifmore than two loops).

- Shut-down of well if irrigation ceases from all loops.

- Start-up of well if irrigation resumes from any of thelOps.

The cost of the complete installation (in India) including tubewell,11 KV power connection, and pipe distribution system, at current pricelevels (based on actual UP I costs) is equivalent to approximatelyUS$550/ha. The cost of the pipe distribution system and controls only(i.e. excluding the tubewell and power connection) is approximately$360/ha.

The advantages of the buried-pipe system, compared with open channeldistribution from the tubewell, include the following:

(a) Higher delivery efficiency.

(b) Higher confidence level in delivery, on the partof the cultivator.

(0) Delivery much closer to the individual farm or fieldthan is practical with an open-channel distributionsystem.

(d) Elimination of problems of right-of-way and interferencewith farm access, inherent with open channels.

(e) Instant response to changes in demand, and to resumptionof power supply after an interruption.

(f) Much reduced maintenance.

(g) Less skill required in layout and construction of installationthan with open channel systems, and greater speed.

-h) Less cost per unit of water delivered.

While emphasising the technical advantages of the buried pipedistribution system it is nevertheless noted that a reliable supply ofwater is not alone sufficient to ensure that irrigation is taken uprapidly in a service area. Eperience with the UP I project has under-lined the need for project extension, in this case a demonstration plotpreferably in each tubewell command.

An essential feature of an electrically operated public tubewellsystem is a reasonably assured power supply. This is to be ensured inUP II (and retroactively to UP I) by the use of special 11 KV feeder linesexclusively serving groups of the project wells from 33 KV sub-stationsnominally not subject to power rationing. It is accepted, however, thateven where uninterrupted power is available tubewell operation shouldavoid hours of peak demand on the public power system, and should bedesigned around some 16 to 18 hours per day of power supply. Further,regardless of Government assurances that a line will not be subject tounscheduled outages these will almost certainly occur in Asian conditions

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of chronic power deficiency, and the tubewell system should be designedto accommodate random interruptions without serious disruption ofwater distribution. As noted earlier, the buried pipe system hasconsiderable advantage in instantaneous resumption of delivery of waterat outlets on resumption of power supply.

The Bhairawa Lumbini II project is of interest in that a changeto a buried pipe distribution system is under consideration followingevaluation of an open, largely unlined, channel system employed in thecurrent Bhairawa Lumbini I. Reasons for the change are likelyto include the right-of-way and access problems encountered in Stage I(including the expense of road crossings over open channels), thedifficulty anticipated in water distribution within the nominally 8 haareas served by turnouts from the main channel (particularly in thecircumstances of a paddy-non paddy rotation), and finally the liklihoodof deterioration of open channels through anticipated inadequatemaintenance. Initial estimates indicate lower costs for the pipe systemthan for the o en channel, at present unit rates for materials (PVC,cement, bricks and labour.

Adequacy of power supply will be a consideration in the decisionwhether to proceed with the second-stage project at this time.


This project, now in course of loan negotiation, will be the firstin India to employ a buried pipe field distribution system supplied froman open minor canal. The system has been developed with CP technicalassistance over the last year. It is described in the CP letter ofFebruary 18 '82 to GOK attached to memo of March 3 to X. Fenn (appendedto Bank and Management copies of this report ).

The factors which distinguish the Kallada system from UP II andthe proposed Bhairawa Lumbini II systems, which also employ buried pipe,are the following:

- The much smaller desirable delivery rate to the individual plotin the case of Kallada. The plot frequently is the basin arounda single coconut palm.

- The need to bring pipe delivery right to the plot at Kallada,as the area is under mature orchard crops planted for rainfedculture, rendering land shaping for irrigation distributionimpractical.

These two circumstances have led to adoption of a moveable hose(50 mm dia) delivering some 2.5 litres/sec or 0.10 cfs as the lastelement in the distribution system. The hoses are approximately 50 min length, and are supplied from valved outlets from a buried 90 mmor 110 mm pipe (or pipes). The outlet command served by each pipesystem is up to 10 ha, generally with slopes of 2% or more although 1% slopemay also be accommodated. During periods of peak demand four hoses are

in operation simultaneously. The maximum rate of flow to thecommand is controlled by a regulating valve at the intake (a one-time adjustment). The discharge at the various outlets on the buriedpipe system is not automatically uniform as in the case of the UP IItype of system, but an adequate degree of equality in delivery isobtainable by calibration of outlets and adjustment of delivery timesaccordingly. Flow regulating valves may be added at outlets as a laterrefinement.

It is noted that buried pipe systems for irrigation of conventionalfield crops (and paddy) in slopes of 1% or more are under considerationby CP for Subernarekha and Damanganga projects. The current veryfavourable price of PVC is likely to render pipe tertiary or quaternarysystems much more attractive than in the past.

Subernarekha Pro ject

The project is in course of appraisal. Issues considered duringthe mission are discussed in an attachment to the memo of March 3referred to above.

Karnataka Minor Tanks

At Bank request the mission initiated a training programme forstaff engaged on design of minor tank projects, particularly layout ofdistribution systems. The lecture notes compiled during the courseof this four-day "workshop" will shortly be distributed to Investment Centreengineers. Further action will include a ten-day visit to specific minorschemes in April and assistance to the State in preparation of additionaltraining material and setting in motion an in-service training programme.

Pro ject Pipeline

The India irrigation project pipeline was reviewed in Bank (GOIdiscussions in January). It is understood that Minor Tank projects willbe taken up for appraisal in Maharashtra and Gujarat in fiscal '83 - '84,and probably Rengali (Orissa). Activity on Upper Ganga Modernization(UP) is also likely to resume this year. The IFAD programme is understood(informal advice) to include co-financing of UP Tubewells II, followedby Minor Tanks Orissa, the latter for calendar '83.

- Shut-down of well if irrigation ceases from all loops.

- Start--up of well if irrigation resumes from any of theloops*

The cost of the complete installation (in India) including tubewell,11 KV power connection, and pipe distribution system, at current pricelevels (based on actual UP I costs) is equivalent to approximatelyUS$550/4a. The cost of the pipe distribution system and controls only(i.e. excluding the tubewell and power connection) is approximately$36OAa.

The advantages of the buried-pipe system, compared with open channeldistribution from the tubewell, include the following:

(a) Higher delivery efficiency.

(b) Higher confidence level in delivery, on the partof the cultivator.

(c) Delivery much closer to the individual farm or fieldthan is practical with an open-channel distributionsystem.

(d) Elimination of problems of right-of-way and interferencewith farm access, inherent with open channels.

(e) Instant response to changes in demand, and to resumptionof power supply after an interruption.

(f) Much reduced maintenance.

(g) Less skill required in layout and construction of installationthan with open channel systems, and greater speed.

1h) Less cost per unit of water delivered.

While emphasising the technical advantages of the buried pipedistribution system it is nevertheless noted that a reliable supply ofwater is not alone sufficient to ensure that irrigation is taken uprapidly in a service area. Eperience with the UP I project has under-lined the need for project extension, in this case a demonstration plotpreferably in each tubewell command.

An essential feature of an electrically operated public tubewellsystem is a reasonably assured power supply. This is to be ensured inUP II (and retroactively to UP I) by the use of special 11 KV feeder linesexclusively serving groups of the project wells from 33 KV sub-stationsnominally not subject to power rationing. It is accepted, however, thateven where uninterrupted power is available tubewell operation shouldavoid hours of peak demand on the public power system, and should bedesigned around some 16 to 18 hours per day of power supply. Further,regardless of Government assurances that a line will not be subject tounscheduled outages these will almost certainly occur in Asian conditions

WORLD BANK / IN ERNATIONAL FINANCE C)BPORAT ION

OFFICE MEMORANDUMTO: Distribution DAT1r March 8, 1982

FROM: John F. Cun ngham, ASPAC

SUBJECT: INDIA - Briefing Note for UP Tubewells II Project

Performance of Existing Public Tubewells

1. Existing public tubewell (PTW) programs have generally beendisappointing because, almost without exception, benefits fall far shortof those estimated at appraisals. The basic defect is that they fail toprovide the irrigation service on which the estimates were based. Usersreact to unreliable irrigation service by not taking the financial risksnecessary to achieve agricultural production which is possible as a resultof good irrigation service. The three main reasons for the shortfall inbenefits are:

(i) unreliable power supply - most PTWs assume a regular powersupply of 16 hrs/day at peak demand. As power distributionlines are overloaded, power outages are not only the resultof rostering at the substations, but also as a result offluctuating voltage. (Our solution - dedicated powerlines);

(ii) inefficient distribution systems - present systems displayall the inefficiencies associated with the minor channels ina surface irrigation system except that in tubewells watersupply is severely limited and excessive conveyance lossescannot be tolerated (our solution - buried pipelinesdesigned in loops from the well points which enables thesystem to be operated automatically from the well pointand eliminates (hopefully) all conveyance losses); and

(iii) ineffective operation and naintenance - traditional PTWsdepend on the operator making management decisions; withlow pay scales, and with pressures from influential users,(large landholders near the well points) the operator hasa strong incentive tc manipulate the system, contributingcgreatly to the unreliability of service to nost of thecommand area.

2. Accountability for poor service with traditional PTWs becomesdifficult because 'down time' can be a combination of many of the abovedefects and compounded by the fact that project authorities generallyhave no incentive to provide the service promised to users. Whoever isaccountable can cloud the issue by laying the blame somewhere else!"No power", mechanical difficulties, misuse of water in conveyance bythe large upstream consumers, etc.

-2-

New Technology

3. UP Tubewells I has provided a technology that eliminates orminimizes the defects in existing PTWs. The new designs can provide(and be seen by the users to provide) a reliable irrigation service.There is little likelihood that these new designs will be much improvedin the foreseeable future. Because of the modularity of tubewelldevelopment (each well can be built separately and operated separately),a public tubewell project lends itself to staged construction, withbenefits dispersed over large areas and continuous improvement, (ifnecessary), in technology and operational procedures. There are nolumpy investments before benefits are generated. The basic issue is,

having demonstrated on a large enough scale that the new technology canresolve most of the problems of the traditional PTW design, what isthen the reason for a follow-up project?

4. A large scale follow-up project in our opinion is only

justified if important sectoral objectives can be achieved as a result

of the project. These sectoral objectives are mostly non-technical.

The arguments in favor of a large follow-up project l/ can be summarizedas follows:

(i) Because the new technology is considerably cheaper perunit of water delivered at the outlets than the traditionaldesigns and this fact is acknowledged by GOUP, any futuredevelopment in the public tubewell sector in UP must

logically follow the new designs. The financing ofadditional "new design" tubewells in UP if they are onlya fraction of the overall tubewell program of the Statedoes not make sense. One of the basic conditions of furtherIDA involvement must therefore be a commitment by GOUTP thatonly the new type of wells will be constructed in thefuture.

(ii) The size of the proposed project makes it essential forGOUP to reorganize its tubewell wing. We should thereforenegotiate a time-bound covenant (not more than one yearafter project effectiveness) for such a reorganizationto take place. Faiilg this, further disbursements shouldbe suspended.

1/ UP Government requested that the project construct about 4,300 new

public tubewells, modernize about 200 existing wells and connect an

additional 2,000 existing wells onto 'dedicated' power lines separate

from the existing rural grid, at an estimated cost of about $330 millionover a five year 'time-slice'.

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(iii) A large scale, successful, public sector tubewell program

would provide a viable alternative to the rather inefficient

private tubewell program, with important social benefits

to the small farmers.

(iv) With a successful PTW technology, any shortfall in

agricultural benefits will be due to factors other than

the technical design of the PTI systems. This means that

we can address the issue of how to generate project benefits

separately from the shortfalls in the technical performance

of the water supply. _/

(v) The project scale will allow the concept of 'project

accountability' to be built into the project. Special

attention will be given at appraisal to monitoring,

evaluation and reporting activities to quantify 'accountability'of those involved in the project namely (a) the beneficiaries

and (b) the project authorities, each of whom has a role to

play in the achievement of the project objectives. We should

be able to build into UP II elements that provide the incentives

and minimize the risks which motivate users' response to the

project.

1/ The Bank involvement in irrigation projects is primarily in buildinginfrastructure to provide timely, reliable and equitable service;

using the service effectively and efficiently for agricultural

production is treated usually as a separate issue (T&V projects,

agricultural research etc).

Distributi on

Messrs: Rajagopalan (c) CPSVP, Yudelman (3) ACR, Robless PAB, Helling LEG (2),

Hotes ACR, Willoughby (2) TWT, Singh EPDCE, Hopper ASNVP, Holsen ASNVP,AbbottASNVP, van der Mel ASNVP, Thalwitz ASP, Rowe, ASP, Saeed ASP,

Wiehen ASA, Jansen ASA, Yoon ASPAA, Parsons ASPAB, Tibor ASPAC,

Lee ASPAD, Nottidge ASPAE, Mrs. Hamilton (3) ASADB, Mrs. Robbin CTR,

Ms. Choksi ASADB, Nekby/Perry NDO, New Delhi Office (3), South

Asia Files, Black Books.

WORLD RANK / INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION

OFFICE MEMORANDUMTO: Files DATE: ach

FROM: Richard B. Reidinger, Senior Agricultural Economist, ASPAC

SUBJECT: INDIA - UP Tubewells Projects (I and II)Water Charges and Electricity Tariffs

1. On January 21, 1982, Messrs. Rodger and Reidinger (ASPAC),Mr. Campbell (FAO/CP), and Messrs. Lamson-Scribner, Stichenwirth, andAntonescu (ASPEW) met to discuss electricity charges under the ongoingUP Tubewells Project and the proposed UP Tubewells II Project. FAO/CPthrough Mr. Campbell prepared the first project and is assisting prepara-tion of the second.

2. The specific question discussed at the meeting concerns whetherwater charges actually paid to farmers cover the real or economic costof electric power for pumping public tubewell water. A draft technicalnote prepared by Mr. Campbell, is attached (see Appendix 1) and comparespower and water charges for public tubewells. 1/. The following considetsthe question on the basis of Mr. Campbell's note and the results othe January 21 discussions.

Background

3. The first UP Tubewells Project financed about 500 public tubewellslocated throughout the State of UP. It introduced several key technicalinnovations dnsigned to raise the level of performance for publIctubewells, which is generally very low in UP. The proposed UP TubewellsII Project would follow-up on the first project, introducing these techni-cal improvements in some 4,300 new tubewells under the Project and upgrad-ing about 200 additional existing tubewells throughout the State.

Pricing for Efficiency and Cost Recovery

4. Two key issues relate to the question of power and water chargesunder the UP Tubewells Projects:

(a) Efficiency, which relates to the type or structure of chargesor tariffs and whether the charges prfomote or discourageefficient use of water and power resources; and

(b) Cost recovery, which refers to the actual level or totalreceipts of water charges and whether they pay the full orreal costs involved.

5. In general, pricing for efficiency of water or power use needs tobe based on per unit or volumetric prices (e.g., in Rs /m3 or Rs/1,000gal. of water, or Rs/kWh of power). In this way, the total cost paid bythe user reflects the actual amount of water or power used and per unit orvolumetric pricing generally encourages efficient and economical use ofwater or power. In contrast, flat rate charges (a Rs/acre irrigated watercharge, or a Rs/horsepower power charge) are not directly related to the

1/ The draft note was edited by John F. Cunningham, ASPAC.

-2-

actual amount of water and power and tend to promote their waste and

inefficient use. The use or "efficiency pricing" as a tool to promoteeconomic efficiency depends on the degree to which decision-making by

users is market (profit/loss) oriented, and of course, the actual level of

the per unit charges involved. Per unit and volumetric pricing impacts

directly on the costs and net returns of water and power users (e.g.

farmers) in determining the mix of resources they use.

6. Pricing for cost recovery is a different issue and may or may not

impact on economic efficiency, depending on the type of pricing system

employed. "Cost recovery" pricing has primarily a budgetary impact on

suppliers of water and power and by itself, may not necessarily affect

directly the day-to-day decisions by water and power users. Tariffs which

do not cover costs will be reflected in budget deficits (losses) by the

supplier. A private supplier would soon be forced out of business by such

losses, while in the public sector, government would have to make a

political decision on whether and how to make up the deficits and thus

subsidize the users. Cost recovery in the public sector is therefore a

highly political issue which by itself need not be related to efficient

water and power use by users, except when combined with per unit or

vlumetric ("efficiency") pricing.

Volumetric Water Charges Under UP Tubewells

7. Volumetric pricing is used for irrigation water from public

tubewells in UP. Farmers pay the UP Irrigation (ID) for their tubewell

water on a volumetric basis, according to the amount of water actually

used. This promotes efficiency in water use, and is unlike our otherirrigation projects in India where water charges are levied crop-wise onthe basis of irrigated area. Water charges based on irrigated area tend

to encourage waste of water, in contrast to volumetric charges.

Volumetric water charges have been considered important for efficiency

reasons (but generally ignored) at least since the first Indian Irrigation

Commission in 1901-03.

8. In addition, GOUP raised the charges paid by-farmers for public

tubewell water in July 1981 by 20 percent in the rabi season and 60

percent in kharif. UP farmers now pay for their tubewell water at the

rate of one Rupee for 5,000 gallons (Imperial) in the dry (rabi) season

and 10,000 gallons in the wet (kharif) season. GOUP raised tubewell water

charges largely on its own initiative. The State has thus been relativelyprogressive as concerns public tubewell charges, both in establishing

- volumetric (efficiency) pricing and in raising water charge rates.

Electric Power Charges for Tubewells

9. Electric power charges paid by ID to the State Electricity Board

(SEB), however, are not based on volumetric or "efficiency" pricing. The

-3-

power charge is based on a flat rate per horsepower (Rs 450/HP) annually,

not related to actual power used. SEB charges private tubewell farmers on

a similar basis. Under a market oriented situation (e.g., private

tubewells), such flat rate charges encourage inefficiency and waste of

power which is a serious problem in power-short UP. However, public

tubewells under the project are installed and operated by the government

on the basis of specified technical standards. Unit pricing for elec-

tricity would therefore probably have little impact on the efficiency of

tubewell operation in terms of electricity use for technical reasons. In

addition, evidence indicates government departments tend to be generally

unresponsive to direct cost and price market incentives in their day to

day operations,' as compared to the private sector.

Electricity Costs and Tariff Levels

10. Based on ASPEW data (see Annex 29 of the proposed third Rural

Electrification Project; pages 1 and.2 of Annex 29 are attached as Appen-

dix 2), the real "marginal" cost of electricity is about Rs 0.75/kWh. The

"accounting" (financial) cost based on GOUP data is Rs 0.24/kWh. Actual

"market" tariffs levied are at present Rs 0.50/kWh for domestic consumers

and Rs 0.41/kWh for industrial consumers.

11. Four different cases are relevant to the question of water charges

paid relative to power costs for public tubewells: the financial impact of

the present water and power tariff structure and rates based on the per

horsepower elctricity charge, and three alternative cases based on the

amount of power actually used with the levels of price for power based on

the accounting cost, market cost, and marginal cost of electricity sup-

plies. In addition, public tubewells can normally be expected to run

about 4,000 hours per year. New tubewells under the Bank project will

have "dedicated" power feeder line service and should be able to achieve

that level of operation. Under present power short conditions, most

public tubewells average about 2,000 hours of operation per year, and many

run significantly less than that. Two levels of running hours (4,000 and

2,000 hours) are therefore considered for each of the above four cases.

12. Present Financial Returns. ID charges farmers according to the

volume of water they use (see para 7). At the same time, ID pays SEB for

electric.power on a flat rate basis (see par 9). Financial results for a

typical tubewell assuming approximately average operating conditions (see

Appendix 1) are as follows:

4,000 hours 2,000 hours(Rs) (Rs)

Water charges to farmers a/ 24,000 12,000

Power costs to ID b/ 9,000 9,000

Net gain (loss) to ID 13,000 3,000

a/ Water charges are based on water use of 106 million

(imperial) gallons costing Rs 21,200 in the dry season,

plus 78 million gallons costing 2,800 in the wet season.

b/ Power costs based on 20 horsepower ar a rate of Rs 450/

horsepower annually.

-4-

13. With either 4,000 or 2,000 hours of operation annually, the water

charge actually paid by farmers to ID more than covers the cost of power

paid by ID to SEB. With 4,000 hours of operation, farmer payments to ID

for water fully cover financial operating costs (power costs, and also O&M

costs estimated at Rs 7,500 annually) plus a small additional contribution

to capital costs (actually an addition to ID budgetary resources). With

the lower 2,000 hour operating rate, farmer payments cover the electricity

costs and only part of O&M costs.

14. Under the present system of electricity and water tariffs, farmers

more than pay for the financial cost of power used. In addition, public

tubewells can be a budgetary asset to ID provided high operating rates

can be maintained (achieving high operating rates is a major purpose of

the improved tubewells under the IDA project). Financial incentives in

terms of ID budget resources encourage efficient operation of public

tubewells under the present tariff systems.

15. Accounting Cost Tariffs. Pricing electricity on a per kWh basis

at the "accounting cost" for power actually used would also yield for ID a

significant surplus of water charge payments over power costs, as shown

below. The surplus would be sufficient to cover 0&M at the 4,000 hour

operating rate, but not at the 2,000 hour operating rate.

4,000 hours 2,000 hours

(Rs) (Rs)

Water charges to farmers 24,000 2,000

Power costs to ID a/ 13,400 6,700


a/ Assuming annual power use of 56,000 kWh for 4,000 hours

of operation (28,000 kWh for 2,000 hours) valued at an

accounting cost of Rs 0.24/kWh.

16. Market Tariffs Cost. Pricing electricity at present "market

cost" tariff rates for industrial users would result in a small surplus

for ID, as shown below. The surplus would not be sufficient to cover O&M

costs for either high or low tubewell operating rates.

-5-


Water charges 24,000 12,000Power costs to ID a/ 22,960 11,480

Net gain (loss) to ID 1,040 520

a/ Assuming annual power use of 56,000 kWh for 4,000 operatinghours valued at Rs 0.41/kwh.

However, a 30 percent increase in water charges at the high operating ratewould be more than sufficient to cover power costs valued at market tariff

rates plus O&M (full operating costs).

17. Marginal Cost Tariffs. With electricity priced at the "marginal"

cost for power, water charges paid by farmers would not cover electricity

costs, as shown below. Water charges would have to be raised by 75 per-

cent to cover electricity costs valued at the marginal cost of power, and

more than doubled to cover electricity valued at the marginal costs plus

O&M.


Water charges to farmers 24,000 12,000Power costs to ID a/ 42.,000 21,000

Net gain (loss) to ID (18,000) (9,000)

Summary and Conclusions

18. Under the present system of water charges and electricity tariffs,farmer more than pay the financial costs of electricity for tubewell

operation. In addition, the present system and structure of tariffs

provides ID with a substantial budgetary incentive to operate itstubewells efficiently with high rates of capacity utilization. Indeed,water charges current levels would be more than sufficient to cover power

costs based on a per kWh charge equivalent to the present market rates of

electricity tariffs for industrial users, which is nearly double the

"accounting" cost tariff for the power. But they would not cover O&Mcosts in addition.

19. Requiring farmer water charges to cover electricity costs valued

at the "marginal" cost of power tariff rate would require an increase of

about 75 percent in water charges, or an increase of over 100 percent to

cover tuil operating costs including O&M. Under the present system ot tiatrate electricity charges paid by ID to SEB, a higher water charge paid toID would simply increase ID budgetary resources while reducing net farmerincome. In addition, estimated marginal cost electricity tariffs areconsiderably higher than present market rate electricity tariffs chargedto industrial (and domestic) consumers. Charging small farmers for waterat a much higher rate (in equivalent electricity costs) than paid by largeindustrial users would be difficult to justify in terms of equity.However, a special service surcharge for water from project tubewells maybe justified, based on the improved irrigation service provided.

Recommendations

20. Based on the above discussions, the following approach to powertariffs and water charges for the UP Tubewells II Project appearsfeasible.

(a) SEB would continue to charge ID for electricity on thebasis of a flat rate tariff. Combined with the volumetricwater charge system now in operation, this will provideID with a budgetary incentive to maintain high operatingrates on project tubewells.

(b) The annual amount of the flat rate power tariff paid byID to SEB would be raised to insure that power chargespaid are equal to the charge which would be paid atmarket rates by an industrial user for the same amount ofpower as used by the "average"-tubewell.

(c) Volumetric water charges paid by farmers should be raisedsufficiently to cover the power charge in (b) above, plusO&M costs. This can be justified on the basis of theimproved service provided under project tubewells.

21. If justified on general policy and economic grounds, SEB couldgradually raise power tariffs for all users to reflect the "marginalcosts" of power, with corresponding adjustments in water charges. Forfarmers served by project tubewells, however, this may raise financialviability questions, since the price received for his produce isadministratively rather than market determined. In addition, most Statesin India have been moving toward flat rate (rather than per unit) pricingof electricity use in agriculture The level power tariffs and type of

pricing for electricity are serious issues which may be more effectivelydealt with in large IDA power projects, rather than a public tubewellproject where our leverage in the power sector is small.

Distribution

Messrs: Hopper, Thalwitz, Rowe, Ms. A. Hamilton, Ms. M. Choksi (ASA),Tibor, Rodger, Bridge, van Tuijl, Kramer, Helman, Choi, Herman,Cunningham, Ljung, Diewald, Lamson-Scribner, Stickenwirth, Antonescu,Black Books (UP I&II) .

JFCunningham: pah

Ajendix 1

INDIA

UP TUBEWELLS II PROJECT

Cost Recovery

1. In UP Tubewell I project, and currently proposed for UP TubewellII, charges are as follows:

(a) The Irrigation Department pays the State Electricity Boarda flat rate of Rs 450 per installed horsepower per annum(the same rate as for private well owners). It also paysthe capital cost of transformer and connection from the11 kv line (in UP II it will pay the additional cost ofthe "dedicated " 11 KV feeder from the 33 KV substationand where appropriate a portion of the cost of the sub-station if it has to be enlarged).

(b) The cultivator pays the Irrigation Department for water.The water charge in the wet season is lower than in theremainder of the year to encourage use of irrigation inthat season. The rates are as follows:

Current Rates Previous Rates(Since July 1, 1981)

Wet Season(16 April - 15 Oct) 10,000 Gals (Imp) 16,000 Gals

per Rupee per Rupee

Dry Season(16 Oct - 15 Apr) 5,000 Gals 6,000 Gals

per Rupee per Rupee

2. Comparison of water charges and actual costs of power to the S.E.B.and providing the irrigation service by Irrigation Department depends verymuch upon the hours pumped per year. Two cases are considered hereunder.The first case assumes a "dedicated power line" will insulate the publictubewells (PTWs) against rostering (load-shedding) *and thus the annualhours of pumping can be expected to reach about 4,000 hours. The secondcase assumes operation of PTWs of 2,000 hours per annum, which approximatesto the average of the last three or four years when power rationing hasbeen severe (in 1981/82 power availability has dropped in some parts of UPto 1,000 hours).

3. In the first case, the assumed hours of operation are describedas follows:

Dry Season 16 hrs/day for 197 days 3,152 hours

Wet Season 5 hrs/day for 168 days 840 hours

Total 3,992 hours

say rounded to 4,000 hours

In the second case the seasonal hours of operation were taken as one-halfof the above.

-2-

4. For estimation of power required, a typical PTW is assumed to

have the following characteristics:

Discharge 1.5 cfs (560 g.p.m. Imp)

Dynamic Head 20 m (66 ft)

Overall Efficiency (wire o 60%water)o

Power Required 14 kW

Installed Horsepower 20 HP

Energy consumed annually 56,000 kWh

(4,000 hrs pumping) -

Irrigation Supply: Dry Season 3,152 X 560 X 60 106 Million Gals

Wet Season 840 X 560 X 60 28 Million Gals

5. Costs of irrigation service and water charges paid by cultivator

are compared as follows:

A. With 4,000 hrs of pumping annually

Charge paid by.Irrigation Department to S.E.B. annually would be:

20 HP X 450 rps Rs 9,000

Irrigation Dept. O&M costs other than power (Est) Rs 7,500

Rs 16,500

- S.E.B. costs -

(a) At "accounting cost" of power: 56,000 X 0.24 Rs 13,400

(b) At "marginal cost" of power: 56,000 X 0.75 Rs 42,000

- Present water charges paid by cultivators served by PTWs would

be:

Dry Season 106 Mill Gals at 5,000 Gals/Rupee Rs 21,200

Wet Season 78 Mill Gals at 10,000 Gals/Rupee Rs 2,800

Total Annual Cost- Recovery Rs 24,000

B. With 2,000 hours of pumping annually

-.Charge paid by Irrigation Dept. to S.E.B. annually Rs 9,000

O&M Costs Rs 7,500

Total Operating Cost Rs 16,500

- S.E.B. costs:

(a) At "accounting cost"

Rs 0.24 X 28,000 kWh. Rs 6,700

(b) At "marginal cost"

Rs 0.75 X 28,000 kWh Rs 21,000

Present water charges paid by cultivators serviced by PTWs would be:

TOTAL Rs 12,000

Conclusions

6. The above analysis indicates:

(i) With 4,000 hrs of pumping annually, the water charges paid

by cultivators more than cover the operating costs of the

Irrigation Department, but make little contribution to

capital cost recovery (the cost of a typical PTW installation

to the UP Tubewell II design is approximately Rs 480,000).

(ii) With 2,000 hrs of pumping,the water charges paid by cultivators

do not cover Departmental operating costs but does cover the

ID cost of power at present rates set by SEB.

(iii) Under the present flat tariff rate for power, the Depart-

mental payment to the SEB barely covers the SEB costs at

"accounting" rates for power with 2,000 hrs of pumping.

If PTWs achieve the planned 4,000 hours of pumping per annum,

the Departmental payment to the SEB does not cover SEB costs

at "accounting" rates for power, and is less than 25% of SEB

costs at "marginal" rates.

It would seem that a flat rate charge for power to the Irrigation Department

should in theory, encourage them to maximize the operating hours of PTWs and

thus the returns to the PTW investment (a fundamental objective of the UP

Tubewell Projects). Alas, there is little evidence to show that IDs or a

government agency anywhere thinks and acts this way; they do not have the

incentives that motivate the private sector, namely the chance of going

bankrupt! The ID does not directly collect water charges to pay for O&M

costs; collection is through the Revenue Department. The O&M funds are

allocated to the ID through the general budget and are not conditional on

the performance of the ID. There is therefore no need or incentive within

the ID to relate O&M costs and recovery particularly as there is no real

'accountability' for quality of irrigation service. It is therefore concluded

that to link cost recovery from farmers to costs (direct and indirect) of

providing the irrigation service has no real impact on project performance.

Project benefits depend on the users of gr.oundwater believing that

the irrigation service is reliable and cheap enough for irrigated agriculture

to be financially viable with acceptable risks 1/. Power costs are a

small portion of the input costs necessary to achieve predicted agricultural

benefits to groundwater development. Furthermore, GOUP is commited to main-

taining a substantial use of power in the agricultural sector (about 34% of

power use). It is inconveivable politically to consider withdrawing this

service for cost recovery reasons. Therefore the issues with respect to

power tariffs become:

1/ At present in UP, the main risk perceived by users is the unreliable

Gervica provided by public tubewells.

-4-

(i) to decide whether it is politically expedient to

recover the power cost directly through water chargesor indirectly through general agricultural taxation;

(ii) what can be done to encourage the best economic returnper unit of power used in the agricultural sector (bothprivate and public sectors); and

(iii) how power use can be manipulated in the agriculturalsector to provide the best load characteristics forthe SEB.

Thus, in terms of project performance, the water charge appears to besimilar to any other tax on irrigated agriculture and Government hasto judge what level of this type of taxation is politically acceptableto farmers. What is needed is motivation to make the ID and Governmentprovide the promised service from a 'monopolistic' utility. Onepossibility is that 'accountability' could be achieved by compensatingusers for less than promised service on which the users have plannedand thus evaluated their financial risks.

17 Jy

(F0 OFFICE MEMORANDUM

Toe Mr. Marius Veraart DAYa 3 March, 1982.FAO and IFAD CoordinatorAgrioulture and Rural Development


O Maurice 7annChief, Servioe II, ?AO/WB ~

SUBJECTs INDIA: Uttar Pradesh Tubewells II Preparation. Back-to-Office Report

Please find enolosed herewith oopie of the 3aok-to-OffioeReport on the above mission.

BD 103/2.9 IND (Tutbewells)

oc: DDC Registry (2) ,Cenn (2) tt

~ 3/12-

K2-.

CD0

C-

FORM NO. 10 :8 (PAGE 1) WORLD BANK GROUP(5-75)

PROJECT BRIEFFOR AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

(For explanation of items, see reverse side.)

SECTION A

COUNTRY: PROJECT NO.: DATE OF PROJECT BRIEF:

INDIA March 1982

PROJECT NAME: TOTAL PROJECT COST: BANK/IDA PARTICIPATION:

(U. S. $ Mil.) (U. S. $ Mil.)UP Tubewells II Project 329 165

PLANNED FOR BOARD PRESENTATION: PROJECT DEPT./DIV.:

FY: 83 Month: September S. Asia Projects/ Agriculture C1. PROJECT PREPARED BY:

Government of Uttar Pradesh

2. STAGE OF PREPARATION:

A summary preparation report was prepared in September 1981 and cleared by GOI. A preparation-ission visited UP in January 1982 and updated the project preparation on the basis of.ndings from UP Tubewells I Project which constitutes a pilot demonstration of the project

3. PROJECT ORIGIN: technology.The proposed project is a follow-up of UP Tubewell I project (Credit 1004-IN)

due to be completed in August 1982.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR OBJECTIVES AND KEY COMPONENTS:

The primary objectives of the proposed project are to continue and expand the public tubewelldevelopment under UP Tubewell I. The first phase project was a statewide program of about500 public tubewells (PTWs) designed to eliminate the major problems affecting PTWs in UP.The improved design provides for (i) automatic operation of the well; (ii) a buried distributisystem which enables irrigation service to be 'on-demand', and (iii) separate power lines toclusters of PTWs. UP Tubewell II would include 4,300 new PTW systems; improvements to 200(out of 18,000) existing PTWs; provision of connections from the separate power lines toabout 2,000 existing PTWs.

2Y PRORLEMS IN PROJECT DESIGN:There are no basic desien Problems but three issiieq uill 'np

attention at appraisal; (i) reorganization of the Tubewell Wing now that most PTWs to be con-structed in UP will be of the improved design and thus have different O&M requirements from tnlexistin- 18,000 PTWs; (ii) cost recovery and (iii) what incentives should be oroviderl under UPTubewelis Ii to encourage farmers to fully utilize the irrigation service and make thie otheraericulture investments necessary to achieve full proiect 1nPefits as ouickly as ossi1 le,

6. PROJECT BENEf-ICVATESiDesiriptidrof social and economic structure of population which would benefit from project.

Cultivators within the command area of the proposed PTWs most of which is presently unirrigatc.and cannot be developed by private TWs; the project is statewide and the average landholdingis above 1.2 ha.

7. COUNTRY POVERTY LEVELS: (Data to be provided with assistance of country '-8. IS THE INTENTION THAT THE

economist - see notes of explanation.) BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT WILL

A. Total population of country (Mil.): 680 DIRECTLY AND PREDOMINANTLYB. Proportion living in rural areas: n.a. ACCRUE TO THE RURAL TARGET

C. Average family size in rural areas: . 140 POPULATION?D. Poverty income level ($): n.a.E. Proportion of rural population in Poverty Target Group: Yes EA No

FOAM NO. 1028 (PAGE 2)(5-75) SECTION B

9. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ORGANIZATION:

The Tubewell Wing of the Irrigation Department.

10. PROJECT COMPONENTS AND COST ESTIMATES: $ Million

A. Administrative and Institutional Support

B. Agricultural and Other Direct Production1. Extension Services and Training2. Credit3. Physical Inputs (fertilizer, seeds, etc.)4. Irrigation5. Land Development 2576. Processing/Storage/Markets7. Other

C. Other Components1. Roads

2. Water Supply3. Electrification4. Housing (including Community Centers)5. Education6. Health7. Other__

D. Contingencies (price) 72TOTAL 329

11. INCREMENTAL ANNUAL PRODUCTION ESTIMATES (AT FULL DEVELOPMENT) AFTER YEARS:

Item Volume (specify units) Value $ Million

1. Food Crops 570,000 tons 1302. Non-food Crops3. Livestock4. Fisheries5. Forestry6. Other TOTAL

TOTAL_______

12. ESTIMATED NUMBER OF BENEFICIARIES IN PROJECT:Total In Target Group

A. Number of farm families directly benefiting from project 400,000 n.a.

B. Number of families indirectly benefiting from project(excluding families already counted under A) n.a.

FORM NO. 1028 (PAGE 3) SECTION B (CONTINUED)-(5-75)

13. ECONOMIC BENEFITS TO FARM FAMILIES:

A. Estimated average annual per capita net income (from all sources) to farm families

Total In Target Group

Without Project $ $At Full Development of Project $ $ n.a.

B. Indicate (or specify) nearest proportion of incremental income accruing to beneficiaries in the target group:

Below 25% 25- 50% 51 - 75% over 75% E

14. INCREMENTAL EMPLOYMENT IMPACT: (excluding farm family beneficiaries counted under 13)

A. Number of persons employed full-time (200 days per year or more)

B. Part-time employment (man-days per year) n.a.

C. Proportion of Incremental income from employment accruing to target population:

Less than 25%lJ 25 - 50% 51 - 75% l over 75%E

15. SOCIAL BENEFITS:Estimated number of farm and non-farm families which will benefit substantially from improved:

Estimated Beneficiaries % in Target Capital Cost

(Number of Families) Group Per Family

1, Water Supply

2. Health Care

3. Education (individuals) $

4. Nutrition (individuals) $

5. Family Planning $

6. Housing $

7. Other ~

16. uSTIMATED ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN OF PROJECT:- 9a.-%

If no estimate can be made, indicate if the economic rate of return likely will be:

Less than 10% 0 10 - 20% [1 or over 20%

17.CMEN :

DRAFT

INDIA


Project Brief

Sector : Agriculture/Rural Development

Project Code: 8INDA152

Appraisal Date: Approx. April 1982

Date of Last Brief:

Date of This Brief: February, 1981

Project Officer: John F. Cunningham

A. Sectoral Context

1. India has a population of about 680 M which is growing at an

annual rate of about 1.9%. Since 1960, per capita income grew at an

annual rate of 1.4% and reached US$ in 1979/80. Although the average per

capita income has increased and access to public services has improved, in

general, there has been little change in the incomes of the. vast masses of

urban and rural poor, who comprise about 50% of the total population.

Accordingly, GOI's development plans give priority to alleviating poverty

and creating employment, especially in rural areas.

2. Agriculture is the dominant sector of the Indian economy and

contributes about 40% of GNP. It engages about 70% of the labor force and

provides the base for about 55% of India's exports. During the last

decade, GOI has devoted considerable attention to agriculture in its

development plans. To support agricultural growth, GOI has: (i)

accelerated irrigation development through modernization of existing

schemes and constructions of new schemes; and (ii) improved agricultural

supporting services to optimize the use of land and water resources.

3. Irrigation was given the highest priority from the beginning of

the planning era in 1950. Some 52.6 M ha were developed by 1979/80, about

58% of which is from surface sources and 42% from groundwater. Irrigated

areas are almost four times as productive as rainfed areas and they

account for about 60% of all agricultural output in India. Moro sig-

nificantly the expansion of irrigation facilities and the productivity

growth on irrigated lands have together accounted for at least

three-quarters of agricultural growth since 1960. The area developed for

irrigation is expected to grow to 66.2 M ha by the end of 1985/86, of

which 56% will be from surface sources and 44% from groundwater sources.

With little idle land left for cultivation, limited increase is expected

in the net sown area in the future and the main increase in agricultural

production will need to come from double cropping and from improvements

in

water management and in the use of agricultural inputs. In most completed

projects, the actual irrigated areas are less than planned and yields have

been much lower than the original forecast. GOI and the State Governments

are aware of the challenge and are seeking solutions to -the dual problem

of low irrigation intensities and poor yields. Solutions involve improved

-2-

efficiency of the physical system, more flexible and imaginative water

management practices and improvements in the supply of agricultural inputs.

(credit, extension, etc.).

IDA's Role in the Sector

4. A major constraint to a further increase in agricultural produc-

tion in the Northwestern States of India is the limited quantity of water

available for irrigation. Surface water resources are either fully

developed or committed and any further expansion of irrigated agriculture

can be achieved only by improving efficiencies and further development of

groundwater. An important element of GOI and the Bank's strategy has been

to promote increases in water conveyance efficiencies and the full

utilization of groundwater investment in the public sector.

Public Tubewells in UP

5. A detailed description of the State related to groundwater

development is given in the SAR of UP Tubewell I Project (Report No.

2758-IN, dated March 20, 1978). Construction of public tubewells (PTWs)

was initiated in 1931/32; by 1950, some 2,200 were in service, increasing

to 10,000 by 1970 and 18,000 by the end of 1981 with present rate of

construction reaching about 1,100 wells annuallyl/. In general, PTWs are

installed in areas not commanded by canals and where conditions are not

conducive to private tubewell development, i.e., where water table is too

deep for centrifugal pumps commonly used for private wells or in backward

areas where private development is unlikely to take place within a

reasonable time.

6. Annual operating hours serve as a useful performance indicator of

PTWs and during the last few years, operating hours averaged only about

1600 hours per well per year. To achieve design objectives and benefits

assumed in the project analysis, PTWs are expected to run annually about

4,000 hours. The poor performance of PTWs in UP is due to (a) power

shortages (availability during the peak season can be as low as 8 hotirs

per day compared to 16 hours per day assumed in design) and frequent

unpredictable power outages; (b) mechanical and electrical breakdowns and

delay in repairs; and (c) frequent absence of tubewell operators.

7. While annual operating hours are a useful indicator of tubewell

utilization, they are not the only factor. Other factors such as exces-

sive losses in the water distribution system, overly large command area

1/ About 250 tubewells to the improved designs under UP Tubewells I and

some 850 to the traditional design used before the Bank assisted

Project.

-3-

(600 acres) related to well capacity (1 to 5 cusecs), and unreliabledelivery particularly to cultivators distant from well points, contributeto lack of confidence in water supply from PTWs. The result has been thatcultivators are unwilling to risk the level of inputs necessary for satis-factory crop yields.

8. However, since groundwater is the easiest and most assured source

of irrigation that can be provided in the public sector and presentstatewide extraction is slightly less than 50% of total groundwaterresources, GOUP has attached a high priority to-development of both public

and private tubewells. IDA has participated in financing privatetubewells through ARDC credits. IDA also financed construction of 800

PTWs in UP from 1961 to 1964 (Cr. 8-IN, US$6 M). This first projectfailed to achieve its agricultural potential due to the reasons described

para 6 above.

UP Tubewells I Project

9. To assist UP to overcome the basic shortcomings in their PTWprogram, IDA supported a UP Tubewells I Project (Credit 1004-IN), which

was formulated as a two year program to test and demonstrate improvedtubewell technology. UP Tubewells I is due to be completed in August1982. The main technical improvements under UP Tubewell I Project were:-

(i) An elevated storage tank with hydraulic controls to

regulate discharge and enable the well point to operateautomatically and thus minimize operator interference;

(ii) A buried pipe distribution system with outlets commandingabout 3-4 ha to ensure timely, reliable and equitabledistribution;

(iii) Additional electrical equipments to protect the motorsagainst irregular voltage;

(iv) Tubewells clustered in groups on "dedicated" power linesl/ to

enable reliable power to be supplied to selected users;and

(v) Improvements in the organization of the Tubewell Wing of theIrrigation Department to manage and also to monitor and

evaluate the new design concept.

1/ This was rejected by UPSEB at appraisal but later agreed during the

project period once it was realized that without reliable power supply

UP Tubewell I could not achieve the assumed project. benefits.

-4-

The primary objective of UP Tubewells I Project was to test and evaluate

technical and organizational improvements over the traditional PTW design

on a pilot basis before COUP undertook a major investment in the new PTW

concept.

10. UP Tubewells I Project has substantially fulfilled this objective

and sufficient data has been collected and evaluated to enable a full

scale program to be supported with acceptable risk. In general, UP

Tubewells I has been implemented successfully and performance data from

completed works indicate that the improved PTW concept is a major improve-

ment over traditional UP designs.

11. The lessons learned from (and the consequences of) UP Tubewells I

which will be used in the follow-up project have been:-

(i) The full project benefits can only be realized if tubewells

are energized from "dedicated" power lines; this will enable

power supplies to be taken separately from the rural grid

thus enable design objectives of up to 16 hr/day operation

to be achieved;

(ii) The management performance of the Tubewell Wing with respect

to operation and maintenance provisions and monitoring and

evaluation activities has been poor. This is partly because

the IDA supported program was small compared to the other

State TW programs; the scale of UP Tubewells II is such that

leverage can be used to make GOUP undertake necessary

management changes in the ID (see para 14);

(iii) COUP should endorse the improved tubewell technology for

all new PTWs throughout the State and make the necessary

organizational provisions for this to be possible 1/; and

(iv) COUP needs to give more attention to cost recovery in

the public tubewell sector (see para 19).

1/ At present, under the ARDC general line of credit, the Bank is

indirectly supporting a program of 750 new PTWs through UP Tubewells

Corporation formulated to the traditional PTW design standards which

are now obsolute.

-5-

Project Formulation & Preparatio"

12. The preparation of UP Tubewell II project has been carried out by

the technical departments of GOUP with the support of IDA consultants. A

draft preparation report and various technical notes have been prepared

through 1981. This work has been updated as performance data from UP

Tubewells I project has become available and after discussions with GOUP

during a preparation mission which visited UP in January 1982. The scope

of the proposed UP Tubewells II has been cleared by GOI and consideration

has been given to transition requirements from UP Tubewells I so that the

existing implementation momentum is not lost. The preparation reports and

supporting data being made available to IDA will provide an adequate basis

for appraisal.

C. The Project

Project Description

13. The Project is intended to cover a five years' time slice

(1983-88) of the GOUP development in the PTW sector. It would include

about 4300 PTWs based on the improved design with buried pipe distribution

systems. The project also provides for modernization of about 200 exist-

ing PTWs with the objective of (i) increasing annual operating hours of

these wells and (ii) improvements to the timelines, reliability and equi-

tability of the irrigation service. The new PTWs will be grouped in

clusters of 10 to 15 supplied by a power line which will be separate from

the existing rural grid. Each "dedicated" power line will also provide

connections to existing PTWs within reasonable distance of the connector

(say up to 2 km). In this way, it is estimated that about 2000 existing

PTWs will be provided with reliable power supply under the project.

14. In addition to works to be constructed, the project would enable

basic organizational charges to take place within the Irrigation Depart-

ment. At present, the Tubewell Wing (TW) is organized such that construc-

tion, and operation and maintenance are administered by the same units

with most resources devoted to construction. The TW is also divided s3

that one part constructs and operates PTWs of the traditional design while

separate circles deal with those PTWs constructed under UP Tubewells I

Project. It is proposed that a complete reorganization of the TW takes

place to form separate units dealing with old and new technology. More

important is that proposed GOUP constructs only PTWs to the improved

design. Details of these organizational changes will be decided at

appraisal and an organizational schedule will be prepared and agreed with

GOUP as part of the project agreement.

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Project Impact

15. The 4500 new and improved PTWs under the project will bring about

0.5 million ha under irrigation; use of the "dedicated" power lines should

enable a further 0.2 million ha presently irrigated by existing PTWs to

have an improved service based on a reliable power supply.

Conclusions and Recommendations

16. Impact of UP Tubewells I Project. The first phase project was

formulated as a pilot demonstration to test the improved PTW technology

on a large enough scale to identify possible implementation and organiza-

tional constraints. The two year program under UP Tubewells I has

provided sufficient evidence that a major investment by GOUP in the new

technology is justified. The project is likely to overcome most of

shortcomings which restrict traditional PTWs achieving (i) predicted

agricultural benefits and (ii) providing a timely, reliable and equitable

irrigation service. It is concluded from data made available by GOUP that

it is unlikely that the design concept of the new PTW technology can be

basically improved within forseeable planning horizons. It is also con-

cluded that the risks of not achieving agricultural benefits because of

technical shortcomings in well design are small. Furthermore, the nature

of a PTW project is such that if changes in design are considered

expedient, they can be introduced at any state of the implementation

program. UP Tubewells I project has confirmed that the traditional PTW

design used by GOUP outside the IDA supported project is obsolete. As

GOUP plans to construct at least 1000 new PTWs annually, there seems to be

little merit in delaying UP Tubewells II project until PTWs completed

under UP Tubewell- I achieve full predicted benefits.

Leverage of UP Tubewell TI Project

17. If IDA supports UP Tubewell II Project as formulated, the "time

slice" will include most of the PTWs to be constructed under the state

planned budget over the next five years. GOUP should endorse the new

design for all future PTvs to be installed in the State and make the

necessary organizational changes to implement such a decision.

18. Extension. Preliminary data on performance of UP Tubewell I

project indicate that farmers are not taking up irrigation as quickly as

would be expected given that most impact areas are presently rainfed

agriculture. In theory, the command area of PTW can be provided with a

reliable irrigation service immediately a well is commissioned. The

appraisal will evaluate what can be done to reduce the time taken to build

up to full benefits and efficient utilization of the new PTWs.

19. Cost Recovery. Insufficient attention has been given to cost

recovery from PTWs during UP Tubewell I primarily because the project was

a pilot and the new PTWs formed a small proportion of total number of PTWs

in the State. However, through UP Tubewell II, GOUP will commit itself to

eventually changing all PTWs in the State to a design where water can be

charged on a volumetric basis. Clearly farmers will want to pay as little

as they can and pressure Government accordingly in the knowledge that

water charges are a sensitive, political issue. Evidence to date indi-

cates improved PTWs under the first phase project do encourage (and

enable) efficient use of water because the design makes it only possible

to operate the systems efficiently. It seems that when water is scarce

but the irrigation service is reliable, farmers are more concerned with

water availability rather than cost. It also seems that once a reliable

service is provided, with a system that distributes supplies equitably,

the effect of volumetric water charges on efficient water use is likely to

be neutral. What farmers can be made to pay then, depends on how they

value the water and above all, they judge the ability of Government to

enforce a higher water charge. It is also clear that once a reliable

irrigation service is provided, unless maintenance is extremely poor, the

service cannot be withdrawn. O&M funds for PTWs are not directly depend-

ent on cost recovery and the State's has accepted the principle of subsidy

for minor irrigation. It is therefore concluded that although water

charges are low compared to incremental benefits to reliable irrigation,

farmers response to any increase in water charges is not going to be

predictable or logical but political. Government has to decide water

charges on what it considers to be appropriate and fair and more impor-

tant, is willing to enforce. Issues which may be considered in setting a

"bottom line" on cost recovery are (i) whether water charges actually paid

by the farmers should cover the real or economic cost of electrical power

for pumping; (ii) the basis for calculating'the water charges; and (iii)

whether water charges for the new and old PTWs should reflect the quality

of irrigation service.

20. The responsibility of project authorities (and the Bank) is to

inform Government of the actual cost of effective operation and preventa-

tive maintenance so that PTWs can achieve predicted banefits. This May

mean that the accounting and audit procedures of the ID should be such

that the actual (and economic) costs of O&M can be separated from con-

struction costs. The Government responsibility is to decide what cost

recovery level. can be achieved without having a detrimental affect on

farmer attitude and thus project benefits.

Project Costs and Financing.

21. Total project costs (excluding taxes and duties) estimated by GOUP

are summarized below:-

-8-

Item Rs M

Civil Works

(1) Construction of 4000 improved 1710

PTWs (1.5 cusec)

(ii) Construction of 300 improved

PTWs (3.0 cusecs) 230

(iii) Modernization of 200 existing

. PTWs 60

( iv) Connecting 2000 existing PTWs to"dedicated" power lines 50 (provisional)

( v) Eng

Other Items

Buildings 30

Evaluation/Training 10

Extension 5

Engineering or Admin 145

Subtotal 2240

Physical Contingencies (say 3%) 70

Subtotal 2310

Price Contingencies (say 28%) 650

Total Project Cost 2960

or $ 328M

We recommend a five year "time slice" and with IDA assistance at 50% of

project cost, the credit would be about US$ 165 million.

E. Bank Processing of Project

22. Appraisal. Appraisal would be scheduled for April 1982 with Board

presentation in the second quarter of FY83.



FROM: Richard B. Reidinger, Senior Agricultural Economist, ASPAC

SUBJECT: INDIA - UP Tubewells Projects (I and II)

Water Charges and Electricity Tar-iffs

i. On January 21, 1982, Messrs. Rodger and Reidinger (ASPAC),

Mr. Campbell (FAO/CP), and Messrs. Lamson-Scribner, Stichenwirth, and

Antonescu (ASPEW) met to discuss electricity charges under the ongoing

UP Tubewells Project and the proposed UP Tubewells II Project. FAO/CP

through Mr. Campbell prepared the first project and is assisting prepara-

tion of the second.

2. The specific question discussed at the meeting concerns whether

water charges actually paid to farmers cover the real or economic cost

of electric power for pumping public tubewell water. A draft technical

note prepared by Mr. Campbell is attached (see Appendix 1) and compares

power and water charges for public tubewells. l/. The following considers

the question on the basis of Mr. Campbell's note and the results of

the January 21 discussions.

Background

3. The first UP Tubewells Project financed about 500 public tubewells

located throughout the State of UP. It introduced several key technical

innovations designed to raise the level of performance for public

tubewells, which is generally very low in UP. The proposed UP Tubewells

II Project would follow-up on the first project, introducing these techni-

cal improvements in some 4,300 new tubewells under the Project and upgrad

ing about 200 additional existing tubewells throughout the State.

Pricing for Efficiency and Cost Recovery

4. Two key issues relate to the question of power and water charges

under the UP Tubewells Projects:

(a) Efficiency. which relates to the type or structure of charges

or tariffs and whether the charges promote or discourage

efficient use of water and power resources; and

(b) Cost recovery, which refers to the actual level or total

receipts of water charges and whether they pay the full or

real costs involved.

5. In general, pricing for efficiency of water or power use needs to

be based on per unit or volumetric prices (e.g., in Rs /m3 or Rs/lOdb

gal. of water, or Rs/kWh of power). In this way, the total cost paid by

the user reflects the actual amount of water or power used and per unit

or

volumetric pricing generally encourages efficient and economical use of

water or power. In contrast, flat rate charges (a Rs/acre irrigated water

charge, or a Rs/horsepower power charge) are not directly related to the

l/ The draft note was edited by John F. Cunningham, ASPAC.

-2-

actual amount of water and power and tend to promote their waste andinefficient use. The use or "efficiency pricing" as a tool to promoteeconomic efficiency depends on the degree to which decision-making byusers is market (profit/loss) oriented, and of course, the actual level ofthe per unit charges involved. Per unit and volumetric pricing impactsdirectly on the costs and net returns of water and power users (e.g.farmers) in determining the mix of resources they use.

6. Pricing for cost recovery is a different issue and may or may notimpact on economic efficiency, depending on the type of pricing systememployed. "Cost recovery" pricing has primarily a budgetary impact onsuppliers of water and power and by itself, may not necessarily affectdirectly the day-to-day decisions by water and power users. Tariffs whichdo not cover costs will be reflected in budget deficits (losses) by thesupplier. A private supplier would soon be forced out of business by suchlosses, while in the public sector, government would have to make apolitical decision on whether and how to make up the deficits and thussubsidize the users. Cost recovery in the public sector is therefore ahighly political issue which by itself need not be related 'to efficientwater and power use by users, except when combined with per unit orvlumetric ("efficiency") pricing.

Volumetric Water Charges Under UP Tubewells

7. Volumetric pricing is used for irrigation water from publictubewells in UP. Farmers pay the UP Irrigation (ID) for their tubewellwater on a volumetric basis, according to the amount of water actuallyused. This promotes efficiency in water use, and is unlike our otherirrigation projects in India where water charges are levied crop-wise onthe basis of irrigated area. Water charge's based on irrigated area tendto encourage waste of water, in contrast to volumetric charges.Volumetric water charges have been considered important for efficiencyreasons (but generally ignored) at least since the first Indian IrrigationCommission in 1901-03.

8. In addition, GOUP raised the charges paid by farmers for publictubewell water in July 1981 by 20 percent in the rabi season and 60percent in kharif. UP farmers now pay for their tubewell water at therate of one Rupee for 5,000 gallons (Imperial) in the dry (rabi) seasonand 10,000 gallons in the wet (kharif) season. GOUP raised tubewell watercharges largely on its own initiative. The State has thus been relativelyprogressive as concerns public tubewell charges, both in establishingvolumetric (efficiency) pricing and in raising water charge rates.

Electric Power Charges for Tubewells

9. Electric power charges paid by ID to the State Electricity Board(SEB), however, are not based on volumetric or "efficiency" pricing. The

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power charge is based on a flat rate per horsepower (Rs 450/HP) annually,

not related to actual power used. SEB charges private tubewell farmers on

a similar basis. Under a market oriented situation (e.g., private

tubewells), such flat rate charges encourage inefficiency and waste of

power which is a serious problem in power-short UP. However, public

tubewells under the project are installed and operated by the government

on the basis of specified technical standards. Unit.pricing for elec-

tricity would therefore probably have little impact on the efficiency of

tubewell operation in terms of electricity use for technical reasons. In

addition, evidence indicates government departments tend to be generally

unresponsive to direct cost and price market incentives in their day to

day operations, as compared to the private sector.

Electricity Costs and Tariff Levels

10. Based on ASPEW data (see Annex 29 of the proposed third Rural

Electrification Project; pages 1 and 2 of Annex 29 are attached as Appen-

dix 2), the real "marginal" cost of-electricity is about Rs 0.75/kWh. The

"accounting" (financial) cost based on GOUP data is Rs 0.24/kWh. Actual

"market" tariffs levied are at present Rs 0.50/kWh for domestic consumers

and Rs 0.41/kWh for industrial consumers.

11. Four different cases are relevant to the question of water charges

paid relative to power costs for public tubewells: the financial impact of

the present water and power tariff structure and rates based on the per

horsepower elctricity charge, and three alternative cases based on the

amount of power actually used with the levels of price for power based on

the accounting cost, market cost, and marginal cost of electricity sup-

plies. In addition, public tubewells can normally be expected to run

about 4,000 hours per year. New tubewells under the Bank project will

have "dedicated" power feeder line service and should be able to achieve

that level of operation. Under present power short conditions, most

public tubewells average about 2,000 hours of operation per year, and many

run significantly less than that. Two levels of running hours (4,000 and

2,000 hours) are therefore considered for each of the above four cases.

12. Present Financial Returns. ID charges farmers according to the

volume of watri pa 7). At the same time, ID pays SEB for

electric power on a flat rate basis (see par 9). Financial results for a

typical tubeoell assuming approximately average operating conditions (see

Appendix 1) are as follows:


(Rs) (Rs)

Water charges to farmers a/ 24,000 12,000

Power costs to ID b/ 9,000 9,000


a/ Water charges are based on water use of 106 million

(imperial) gallons costing Rs 21,200 in the dry season,

plus 78 million gallons costing 2,800 in the wet season.

b/ Power costs based on 20 horsepower at a rate of Rs 450/

horsePower annually.

-4-

13. With either 4,000 or 2,000 hours of operation annually, the water

charge actually paid by farmers to ID more than covers the cost of power

paid by ID to SEB. With 4,000 hours of operation, farmer payments to ID

for water fully cover financial operating costs (power costs, and also O&M

costs estimated at Rs 7,500 annually) plus a small additional contribution

to capital costs (actually an addition to ID budgetary resources). With

the lower 2,000 hour operating rate, farmer payments cover the electricity

costs and only part of O&M costs.

14. Under the present system of electricity and water tariffs, farmers

more than pay for the financial cost of power used. In addition, public

tubewells can be a budgetary asset to ID provided high operating rates

can be maintained (achieving high operating rates is a major purpose of

the improved tubewells under the IDA project). Financial incentives in

terms of ID budget resources encourage efficient operation of public

tubewells under the present tariff systems.

15. Accounting Cost Tariffs. Pricing electricity on a per kWh basis

at the "accounting cost" for power actually used would also yield for ID a

significant surplus of water charge payments over power costs, as shown

below. The surplus would be sufficient to cover O&M at the 4,000 hour

operating rate, but not at the 2,000 hour operating rate.


(Rs) (Rs)

Water charges to farmers 24,000 2,000

Power costs to ID a/ 13,400 6,700


a/ Assuming annual power use of 56,000 klh for 4,000 hours

of operation (28,000 kWh for 2,000 hours) valued at an

accounting cost of Rs 0.24/kh.

16. TMarket Tariffs Cost. Pricing electricity at prescnt "market

cost" tariff rates for industrial users would result in a small surplus

for ID, as shown below. The surplus would not be sufficient to cover O&M

costs for either high or low tubewell operating rates.

-5-


Water charges 24,000 12,000Power costs to ID a/ 22,960 11,480

Net gain (loss) to ID 1,040 520

a/ Assuming annual power use of 56,000 kWh for 4,000 operatinghours valued at Rs 0.41/kWh.

However, a 30 percent increase in water charges at the high operating ratewould be more than sufficient to cover power costs valued at market tariffrates plus O&M (full operating costs).

17. Marginal Cost Tariffs. With electricity priced at the "marginal"cost for power, water charges paid by farmers would not cover electricitycosts, as shown below. Water charges would have to be raised by 75 per-cent to cover electricity costs valued at the marginal cost of power, andmore than doubled to cover electricity valued at the marginal costs plusO&M.


Water charges to farmers 24,000 12,000Power costs to ID a/ 42,000 21,000

Net gain (loss) to ID (18,000) (9,000)

Summary and Conclusions

18. Under the present system of water charges and electricity tariffs,farmer more than pay the financial costs of electricity for tubewelloperation. In addition, the present system and structure of tariffsprovides ID with a subsLantial budgetary incentive to operate itstubewells efficiently with high rates of capacity utilization. Indeed,water charges current levels would be more than sufficient to cover powercosts based on a per kWh charge equivalent to the present market rates ofelectricity tariffs for industrial users, which is nearly double the"accounting" cost tariff for the power. But they would not cover O&Mcosts in addition.

19. Requiring farmer water charges to cover electricity costs valuedat the "marginal" cost of power tariff rate would require an increase ofabout 75 percent in water charges, or an increase of over 100 percent to

-6-

cover tull operating costs including O&M. Under the present system ot tiat

rate electricity charges paid by iD to SEB, a higher water charge paid toID would simply increase ID budgetary resources while reducing net farmer

income. In addition, estimated marginal cost electricity tariffs are

considerably higher than present market rate electricity tariffs charged

to industrial (and domestic) consumers. Charging small farmers for water

at a much higher rate (in equivalent electricity costs) than paid by largeindustrial users would be difficult to justify in terms of equity.However, a special service surcharge for water from. project tubewells may

be justified, based on the improved irrigation service provided.

Recommendations

20. Based on the above discussions, the following approach to power

tariffs and water charges for the UP Tubewells II Project appearsfeasible.

(a) SEB would continue to charge ID for electricity on thebasis of a flat rate tariff. Combined with the volumetric

water charge system now in operation, this will provideID with a budgetary incentive to maintain high operating

rates on project tubewells.

(b) The annual amount of the flat rate power tariff paid byID to SEB would be raised to insure that power chargespaid are equal to the charge which would be paid at

market rates by an industrial user for the same amount of

power as used by the "average" tubewell.

(c) Volumetric water charges paid by farmers should be raised

sufficiently to cover the power charge in (b) above, plusO&M costs. This can be justified on the basis of theimproved service provided under project tubewells.

21. If justified on general policy and economic grounds, SEB could

gradually raise power tariffs for all users to reflect the "marginalcosts" of power, with corresponding adjustments in water charges. Forfarmers served by project tubewells, however, this may raise financialviability questions, since the price received for his produce is

administratively rather than market determined. In addition, most States

in India have been moving toward flat rate (rather than per unit) pricing

of electricity use in agriculture The level power tariffs and type of

pricing for electricity are serious issues which may be more effectively

dealt with in large IDA power projects, rather than a public tubewell

project where our leverage in the power sector is small.

Distribution

Messrs: Hopper, Thalwitz, Rowe, Ms. A. Hamilton, Ms. M. Choksi (ASA),Tibor, Rodger, Bridge, van Tuijl, Kramer, Helman, Choi, Herman,Cunningham, Ljung, Diewald, Lamson-Scribner, Stickenwirth, Antonescu,Black Books (UP I&II).

JFCunningham: pah

Appendix 1

INDIA


Cost Recovery

1. In UP Tubewell I project, and currently proposed for UP Tubewell

II, charges are as follows:

(a) The Irrigation Department pays the State Electricity Board

a flat rate of Rs. 450 per installed horsepower per annum

(the same rate as for private well owners). It also pays

the capital cost of transformer and connection from the

11 kv line (in UP II it will pay the additional cost of

the "dedicated " 11 KV feeder from the 33 KV substation

and where appropriate a portion of the cost of the sub-

station if it has to be enlarged).

(b) The cultivator pays the Irrigation Department for water.

The water charge in the wet season is lower than in the

remainder of the year to encourage use of irrigation in

that season. The rates are as follows:

Current Rates Previous Rates(Since July 1, 1981)

Wet Season(16 April - 15 Oct) 10,000 Gals (Imp) 16,000 Gals

per Rupee per Rupee

Dry Season(16 Oct - 15 Apr) 5,000 Gals 6,000 Gals

per Rupee per Rupee

2. Comparison of water charges and actual costs of power to the S.E.B.

and providing the irrigation service by Irrigation Department depends very

much upon the hours pumped per year. Two cases are considered hereunder.

The first case assumes a "dedicated power line" will insulate the public

tubewells (PT~s) against rostering (load-shedding) and thus the arnual

hours of pumping can be expected to reach about 4,000 hours. The second

case assumes operation of PTWs of 2,000 hours per annum, which approximates

to the average of the last three or four years when power rationing hasbeen severe (in 1981/82 power availability has dropped in some parts of UP

to 1,000 hours).

3. In the first case, the assumed hours of operation are described

as follows:

Dry Season 16 hrs/day for 197 days = 3,152 hours

Wet Season 5 hrs/day for 168 days = 840 hours

Total 3,992 hours

say rounded to 4,000 hours

In the second case the seasonal hours of operation were taken as one-halfof the above.

- 2

4. For estimation of power required, a typical PTW is assumed to

have the following characteristics:

Discharge 1.5 cfs (560 g.p.m. Imp)

Dynamic Head 20 m (66 ft)

Overall Efficiency (wire to 60%water)

Power Required 14 kW

Installed Horsepower 20 HP

Energy consumed annually 56,000 kWh(4,000 hrs pumping)

Irrigation Supply: Dry Season 3,152 X 560 X 60 106 Million Gals

Wet Season 840 X 560 X 60 28 Million Gals

5. Costs of irrigation service and water charges paid by cultivator

are compared as follows:

A. With 4,000 hrs of pumping annually

- Charge paid by Irrigation Department to S.E.B. annually would be:

20 HP X 450 rps Rs 9,000

Irrigation Dept. O&M costs other than power (Est) Rs 7,500

Rs 16,500

- S.E.B. costs -

(a) At "accounting cost" of power: 56,000 X 0.24 Rs 13,400

(b) At "marginal cost" of power: 56,000 X 0.75 Rs 42,000

- Present water charges paid by cultivators served by PTWs would

be:

Dry Season 106 Mill Gals at 5,000 Gals/Rupee Rs 21,200

Wet Season 78 Mill Gals at 10,000 Gals/Rupee Rs 2,800

Total Annual Cost Recovery Rs 24,000

B. With 2,000 hours of pumpin! armiual-ly

- Charge paid by Irrigation Dept. to S.E.B. annually Rs 9,000

0&M Costs Rs 7,500

Total Operating Cost Rs 16,500

- S.E.B. costs:

(a) At "accounting cost"

Rs 0.24 X 28,000 kWh Rs 6,700

(b) At "marginal cost"

Rs 0.75 X 28,000 kWh Rs 21,000

Present water charges paid by cultivators serviced by PTWs would be:

TOTAL Rs 12,000

-3-

Conclusions

6. The above analysis indicates:

(i) With 4,000 hrs of pumping annually, the water charges paid

by cultivators more than cover the operating costs of the

Irrigation Department, but make little contribution to

capital cost recovery (the cost of a typical PTW installation

to the UP Tubewell II design is approximately Rs 480,000).

(ii) With 2,000 hrs of pumping,the water charges paid by cultivators

do not cover Departmental operating costs but does cover the

ID cost of power at present rates set by SEB.

(iii) Under the present flat tariff rate for power, the Depart-

mtental payment to the SEB barely covers the SEB costs at

"accounting" rates for power with 2,000 hrs of pumping.

If PTWs achieve the planned 4,000 hours of pumping per annum,

the Departmental payment to the SEB does not cover SEB costs

at "accounting" rates for power, and is less than 25% of SEB

costs at "marginal" rates.

It would seem that a flat rate charge for power to the Irrigation Department

should in theory, encourage them to maximize the operating hous of PTWs and

thus the returns to the PTW investment (a fundamental objective of the UP

Tubewell Projects). Alas, there is little evidence to show that IDs or a

government agency anywhere thinks and acts this way; they do not have the

incentives that motivate the private sector, namely the chance of going

bankrupt! The ID does not directly collect water charges to pay for 0&M

costs; collection is through the Revenue Department. The 0&M funds are

allocated to the ID through the general budget and are not conditional on

the performance of the ID. There is therefore no need or incentive within

the ID to relate O&M costs and recovery particularly as there is no real

'accountability' for quality of irrigation service. It is therefore concluded

that to link cost recovery from farmers to costs (direct and indirect)

of

providing the irigation service has no real impact on project performance.

Project benefits depend on the users of groundwater beievi-,Q th t

the irrigation service is reliable and cheap enough for irrsgated ar _

to be financially viable with acceptable risks 1 Power costs are a

small portion of the input costs necessary to achieve predicted agricultural

benefits to groundwater development. Furthermore,GCOUP is comited to main-

taining a substantial use of power in the agricultural sector (about 34% of

power use). It is inconveivable politically to consider withdrawing this

service for cost recovery reasons. Therefore the issues with respect to

power tariffs become:

l/ At present in UP, the main risk perceived by users is the unreliable

servica provided by public tubewells.

-4-

(i) to decide whether it is politically expedient to

recover the power cost direc-tly through water chargesor indirectly through general agricenltural taxation;

Cii) what can be done to encourage the best economic return

per unit of power used in the agricultural sector (both

private and public sectors); and

(iii) how power use can be manipulated in the agriculturalsector to provide the best load characteristics for

the SEB.

Thus, in terms of project performance, the water charge appears to be

similar to any other tax on irrigated agriculture and Government has

to judge what level of this type of taxation is politically acceptable

to farmers. What is needed is motivation to make the ID and Government

provide the promised service from a 'monopolistic' utility. One

possibility is that 'accountability' could be achieved by compensating

users for less than promised service on which the users have planned

and thus evaluated their financial risks.

INDIA

Comparators - Private and Public Tubewells

Public Tubewells Private Tubewells

Item Unit Traditional Improved Standard ImprovedDesign Design 1/ Design Design 2/

A. General Data

Discharge -cfs 1.5 1.5 0.34 0.34.'wire to water' efficiency 60% 60% 30% 50%

Irrigation efficiency 40% 72% 60% 60%Net CCA ha (250) 3/ 100 2.5 2.5Irrigated Area: 4/

Rabi season ha 49 81 2.0 2.0Kharif season ha 16 36 (1.0) (1.0)

Average annual running hrs. brs. 1,500 3,500 660 660

ver required Kw 14 14 6 4erage annual water supply m3 230,000 530,000 20,000 20,000

B. Costs

Well point rps 110,000 110,000 6,500 7,500Distribution system rps 80,000 5/ 240,000 6/ inc.Miscellaneous rps 26,000 34,000 inc.

Additions (Eng. & Admin) rps 30,000 30,00 2,000 2,000Electrical connection rps (30,000) (70,000) (6,500) (6,500)

Total cost per well system 276,000 484,000 15,000 16,000

C. Performance Comparators

CApital Costper irrigated ha rps/ha 4,246 4,130 5,000 5,330per unit volume of waterat well point rps/m3 1.20 0.91 0.75 0.8

ney Irequirement ner-t volume of water

at vell head Yh/m 3 0.09 0.09 0.20 0.13at field Kn/m3 0.23 0.13 0.25 0.21

field per irrigatcd ha &-/ha 1,420 3,260 2,500 7/ 2,700 7/

1/ Improved public tubewell design as per UP Tubewell I Project.2/ Proposed improvement to private tubewell design as per ARDC IV project report.3/ A realistic CCA for existing public tubewells would be about 100 ha.41 Average performance data (UP).51 Lined surface channels for about 1,500 m; unlined distribution at about 400 rps/ha for 100 ha command area.61 Buried PVC pipe system.7/ Assuming that 100 hrs. of tubewell operation is 'rented' to other farmers.

OFFICE MEMORANDUM

TO; Mr. M. Farm OATF,4 26 February 1982Chief, Service IIDDC

FROM: Aw Yong Kong Keong

SUBJECT: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh Tabewells II Preparation. Back-to-Office Report

1. In accordance with Terms of Reference dated 15 December, I visited

India from 21 January to 12 February 1982 to collect further evidence on

conditions in the areas of the U.P. Tmbewells I- project. The purposeof the mission was to assess the performance of the standing rabi crop5

cultivator interest in irrigation, amount of water used (pumping hours5,

operation of warabundi, level of agricultural extension made available

prior to and during the rabi season, and collect additional agriculturaldata concerning the three model wells in Lucknow, Lakhimpur and Saharanpurand a few other tubewells in other districts# in preparation for appraisal

of U.P. Tubewells II Project.

2. The rate of implementation of U.P. Tabeells I Project has improved

appreciably. The number of tubewells in operation has increased from 56in May 1981 to 190- in January 1982. An additional 110 tubewells have

been completed and are expected to be energised within 2-3 months. The

completion of the projectwhich was dvhu in May 1982, will be about six

months behind schedule.

3. Power supply is available to most of the completed tubewells on an

average of about six hours a day due to rostering on rural power lines.

Tabewells on unrestricted power receive an average of 10 hours of power

supply per day. Effective utilization of power and irrigation water is

approximately 50% in most tubewells. All the farmers interviewed are

enthusiastic about the Project Tubewells, although findings indicate that

approximately 20% of the areas irrigated are attributed to private sourcesof irrigation. Approximately 80% of power available is supplied in the

night. A study of nighbirri tion in five tubewell areas indicated that

utilization varies from 25-504. Extension services on water management

are non-existent since farmers allotted irrigation supply at night are

left entirely on their own to open the outlet to irrigate their fields.

4. Farming practices have not changed significantly since the imple-

mentation of the project. The type and amount of fertilizers and pesticides

applied generally remain unchanged, and crop yields have not increased

appreciably. However, the area under rabi cropping has increased.

../

BEK 103/2.9 IND (Tabewells)

cc: All Team MembersWorld Bank (8)World Bank, New DelhiFAD Rep., New DelhiDDC Reg.Docs. Unit

2.

5. The extension service is ineffective. Two agricultural

supervisors recruited within the last three months were posted to two

model tubewells, one in Govindpur and the other in Lakhimpur, specifi-

cally to collect agricultural data andin addition, to establish and

supervise the demonstration plot in the model tubewell in Govindpur.The only other existing staff is the Agricultural Officer whose fieldvisits are mainly confined to these two model tubewells, and whosemobility is constrained due to lack of transport and inadequatetravelling and other allowances.

6. Agricultural data to be collected from the three model tubewellswould be inadequate for preparation of U.P. Tbewells II. In Lakhimpurand Saharanpur the data would represent only the present rabi crop.Yield data of the previous rabi crop, collected by the Statistics Division

of the Department of Agriculture, could not be reviewed as crop plans fromwhich random samples were taken were not available. The Project Director,U.P. Tubewell I is aware of the need to collect and compile agriculturaldata (crop yields in particular) of at least one tubewell from each of the

12 districts.

7. I am now preparing a full report on nmr findings. As you are aware,it is proposed that I return to collect further information in April, ahead

of the appraisal mission.

OFFICE MEMORANDUM

TO: Mr. T. iohavisavapanich DATE: 21 January 1982Economist1 DDCB

rok Maurice Fenn -----Chief, ServiediI, DDCB

SUBET: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh Tubewells II Projeot Preparation Assistance Visit -Terms of Reference

On or about 31 January, you will proceed to India for the collectionand discussion of economic and financial data required to complete pre-paration of the above project for appraisal. On I February, you willjoin Messrs. Campbell, Cunningham (11B) and Aw Yong in Lucknow for a dis-cussion on the project preparation and on your contribution. Mr. Campbell,who is responsible for the preparation of the project for appraisal, willgive you final directions and advice for the field work which you willthen carry out over a period of approximately two weeks before returningto Rome. You will collaborate with Mr. Aw Yong (who is responsible forpreparing the agronomic parts of the project report) on the preparationof farm budgets as required and the collection and presentation of otherrelevant data.

On return to Rome, you will complete the preparation of your contrib-ution to the project report as agreed with Mr. Campbell.

MF:acc

BE 103/2.9 IND (U.P. TW II)PE 13/1 Lohavisavapanich, T.

cc: Veraart, WB, WashingtonFernando oicde BrichambautGranieriCampbellAw YongFenn (2)DDC Registry (4)

OFFICE MEMORANDUM

Tol e D.. Capbel D~in 13 January 1982TO, Mr. D.E. CampbellService II, DDCB

\O

-O~t Maurice FennChief, SerVice II, DDCB

SUBJECTS INDIA and NEPAL: February 1982 Project Appraisal and Technical Support MissionTerms of Reference

As requested by Bank you will proceed to India on January 30 inaccordance with the attached itinerary, continuing to Nepal on February 21,and returning to Rome on February 28.

The mission agenda is as follows: -

Feb. 1-5 U.P. Tubewells II (Preparation)

With J. Cunningham (Bank) continuation of preparation of U.P. II.Loretta Sonn will accompany you, and continue in U.P. for a secondweek if necessary to complete collection of economic data.K.K. Aw Yong who will be in U.P. from 22 January will join youin Lucknow on February 1.

Feb. 6-9 Subernarekha Project (Appraisal)

You will meet Kalbermatten (Bank Consultant, Environment) inRanchi on February 7 and accompany him on initial inspection ofthe project area, with regard to river pollution by heavy indu-stry. You will also carry out a reconnaissance of a possiblerevised route for the Kharkai Right Bank Canal, and review withState supplementary data.requested on other items during Decemberappraisal mission.

Feb. 9-13 Karnataka Tanks (Technical Support)

You will join Bank staff in Bangalore for a four-day workshopwith State officers on detailed layout of distribution systemsfor the on-going Tanks project* Arrangements for-follow-uptraining will be worked out, if indicatede-

DEC:aDPE 13/1 - Campbell, D.E.PE 13/1 - Aw Yong, K.K.PE 13/1 - Sonn, L.BK 103/2.9 - INDBK 103/2.9 - NEP

cc: Fernando - Veraart (WB>,-de BrichainbautGranieri/SerraoFenn. (3) \- y A )Aw YongSonn r)DDC Reg. (6)

i- cL e dl- o

-2-

Feb. 14-17 Kallada Project, Kerala (Technical Supoort)

You will review pilot pipe-distribution systems constructedon lines agreed to in the previous C.P. mission, and now inoperation. Specifications for installations to be carried outunder the project (appraisal now being finalised) will be workedup in further detail. (This visit deferred from December mission).

Feb. 18 - Delhi

(Visit FAO Rep. and review status of processing FAO/TNDP projectsinitiated by C.P.)

Feb. 19-27 Nepal Bairana-Lmtimbini II (Appraisal)

You will join R. Kramer (Bank) on appraisal of tias tubewell-project, with a view to possible introduction of-pipe-distri-bution as a component. Subject to Bank arrangements with Nepa-lese Government a prior visit by Director General Irrigationto Lucknow for inspection of U.P. I tubewells may take place onFeb. 19/20.

On return to Rome you will prepare a Back-to-Office Report, alsoworking papers on the project activities included in the missions

J

DRAFT ITINERARY

D.E. Campbell

February '82 Mission

Arrive Depart Flight Time

Roma Sat Jan 30 JAL 466 13:45/06:00

aelhi Sun Jan 31 Mon Feb 1 IC 409 07:00/07:55

Luoknow Mon Feb 1 With Cunningham, join- -Aw Yong and Sonn, UP II

Lucknow, Sat Feb 6 IC 409 08:25/10:25

Ranchi Sat Feb 6 Sun Feb 7 (Car)

Jamshedpur Sun Feb 7 Mon Feb 8 (Car) 19:00/22:00 Subernarekha AppraisalFollow-up

.chi Mon Feb 8 Tuea Feb 9 IC 410 07:20/10-50

Delhi Tue Feb 9 Tue Feb 9 IC 403 15:50/18:20

Bangalore Tue Feb 9 Sat Feb 13 IC 108 20:20/21:45 Karnataka Tanks Workshop

Bombay Sat Feb 13 Sun Feb 14 IC 167 11:50/13:50

Trivandrum Sun Feb 14 Wed Feb 17 IC 168 14:00/16:35 Kallada Technical Assistance

Bombay Wed Feb 17 Wed Feb 17 IC 183 20:20/22:05

Delhi Wed Feb 17 Fri Feb 19 IC 409 07:00/07:55

Lucknow Fri Feb 19 Sat Feb 20 IC 490 18:20/19:15 With Bhatt and Kramer

Delhi Sat Feb 20 Sun Feb 21 RA 206 08:15/09:40

Kathmandu Sun Feb 21 'Sat Feb 27 (Provisional) Nepal - Tubewells II

Appraisal

hi Sat Feb 27 Sun Feb 28 AI 135 08:55/13:20

Rpme Sun Feb 28

Additional 10 kg. baggage allowance requested, also US$500 advance for probable additional

internal travel.


OFFICE M ORTO:R. Ro e, Director, ASP DATE: January 4, 1982

FROM: G. . Tibor, Chief, ASPAC

SUBJECT:Private vs. Public Tubewells in the Gangetic Plains

Further to your recent verbal request this memo explains our views

on development options in UP. To a very large measure the views are also

applicable to the remaining areas of the central and western Gangetic

Plain.

1. Before considering an expansion of Public Tubewell capacity in UP

it is appropriate to review alternative types of groundwater development

in the State and their respective roles.

Private wells

.These include dug wells and shallow tubewells. There are several

hundred thousand in UP, collectively contributing the major part of the

existing groundwater development in the State. Installation is continu-

ing. The shallow tubewells are of a very simple type, usually referred to

as "cavity wells". They consist of an iron pipe, driven through the

overlying silty strata into a sandy layer at shallow depth, where a cavity

is formed by pumping and extracting of sand in the immediate vicinity of

the pipe end. The roof of the cavity is provided by the overlying

silty-clay layers. A centrifugal pump is mounted at ground-level, or in a

pit sunk below ground-level. The pump is driven by a diesel engine or an

electric motor. These wells are either financed by the farmers out of

their own funds or through institutional credit (ARDC refinanced). There

are several disadvantages to the use of these rather simple wells.

2. Firstly, because the pump is usually located at the surface and

lifts by suction the system can only operate if the dynamic water table

is located within some 6 to 8 m of the ground surface. In contrast tur-

bine pumps, used in public tubewells, are located below the groundwater

surface within the well casing and operate by lift rather than by suction.

Subsurface conditions permiting development of a simple "cavity" well are

not found everywhere. Also the necessary high water tables can only be

maintained for the foreseable future where natural recharge is in excess

of potential extraction, such as in the eastern, high rainfall areas, of

the Gangetic Plain. However, for the central and western parts of the

basin the situation is quite different. Theoretical studies and mathe-

matical modelling have indicated, that optimal use of the aquifer (in the

future) is possible only through a lowering of the water tables in the dry

and hot seasons, to create necessary storage volumes to accomodate the

available natural recharge. At present the limited storage volumes in

the aquifers (because of the high water table at the end of the dry

season) result in a "rejection" of natural discharge, quite early in the

rainy season, with large amounts of potential recharge flowing as "sheet

flow" over the ground surface towards the rivers where they increase the

flood discharge of the system.

-2-

3. Secondly the discharge of the shallow cavity well is usually

limited to some 0.5 cfs, versus a discharge 3-6 times larger from a typi-

cal deep tubewell. For a certain quantity of water to be extracted from

the aquifer through shallow wells, 3-6 times more pumps and motors are

required. The quality of the small pumping equipment is also much worse

than the more sophisticated pump and motors used in the public tubewells.

Their is considerable difference in pumping efficiency between the two

types of equipment and thus the overall cost of lifting water from several

small shallow wells versus one deep well, is much higher.

4. The advantage of the private well over the present type of public

tubewell lies mainly in its flexibility to provide water to the farmer

when he needs it. However, with the newly redesigned public 'well, the

reliability of service from these wells is greatly improved. The public

well has also distinct advantages for the small cultivator who cannot

afford his own well and must depend on the good graces of his larger

neighbor, if public supply is availble.

5. The discharge of a public tubewell is frequently 1.5 cfs, and may

be up to 3 cfs. The desirable rate of delivery to a small cultivator

supplied by a tubewell is of the order of 0.5 to 0.75 cfs, in seasons when

crops other than paddy are being grown. This rate of flow is determined

by considerations of efficiency of water distribution within the farm or

on the field. Within limits, the desirable stream size is independent of

the size of farm, although size determines the period of time (hours per

week) during which this flow is received by a particular farm, i.e., its

share of the weekly pumping hours. The delivery system is designed for

rotational supply, 0.75 cfs in fact being the nominal rate of flow to the

farm adopted for the UP wells. With a 1.5 cfs tubewell it is thus neces-

sary to divide the well-discharge between two farm outlets at any par-

ticular time; with a 3 cfs tubewell between four outlets, etc. To achieve

such equitable division between outlets which may be at substaltially

different distances from the tubewell and at different ground elvations

(i.e., under different hydraulic head in the case of pipe systems) is the

principal technical problem in tubewell water distribution.

6. The traditional method of distribution for Public Tubewells in the

Gangetic Plain has been either by open channel, or by up to 1 km of buried

pipe followed by open channel. Total length of lined channel, or of pipe

plus lined channel, has been about 1.5 km, followed by 1 to 2 km of

unlined main channel and thereafter unlined field channels.

In the development of the UP Tubewells I project considerable

attention was given, initially, to improved lined open-channel systems.

However, a number of problems associated with open channels could not be

avoided. These included:-

- Right-of-way

In the highly sub-divided small-holdings of UP

(particularly central and eastern areas) resistance toloss of land for open channel construction by cultivators

was a major problem. Right-of-way was also a substantialitem of cost.

- Water losses in transit

Losses through frequent damage to lined channels,through seepage from unlined channels, and from illegalbreaching of unlined channels were a major consideration,and also resulted in a low-level of confidence in supplyon the part of cultivators on the outer perimeter of a wellservice area.

- Maintenance

This was a perpetual problem with open channels, withcultivators unwilling, and the Irrigation Department unableto cope with the situation.

- Poor response to interrupted power supply

Time lost in re-filling open channels on resumption ofpumping after frequent power stoppages disrupted rotationaldelivery schedule and led to a further loss of confidence inthe system.

It was concluded that in the circumstances of UP only a buriedpipe system could provide the security necessary for realization of thefull agricultural potential of the tubewells.

7. As noted earlier, the distribution system has to divide and equi-tably distribute the 1.5 cfs tubewell discharge between a number of out-lets, each delivering in turn 0.75 cfs, and located at varying distancesfrom the well and at varying ground elvatons. This can be done in twoways:

(i) By installing a flow-regulating valve at each outlet, of atype which controls the discharge at a predetermind rateregardless of hydraulic head at that point. It is alsonecessary to ensure that not more than two such valves areopen at any one time (for a 1.5 cfs well).

-4-

(ii) By dividing the flow into equal 0.75 cfs streams at thetubewell, each serving a separate pipe sub-system on each ofwhich one outlet only is in operation at a time.

Both of the above alternatives have their field of application.In the case of the UP projects the area supplied by a tubewell is rela-tively large (80 to 100 ha), more than twice as large as would be the casewith a well designed to irrigate paddy at 100% irrigation intensity. Thisis for two reasons. Firstly equity of groundwater use--there is insuffi-cient groundwater to supply all potential users at such high intensity.Secondly, the most important irrigated crops in UP are in the dry season(rabi and hot weather) and are other than paddy, generally with con-siderably less water use. However, even with such crops the rabi irriga-tion intensity under the wells is less than 100% for reasons of socialequity.

In these circumstances the length of distribution system for a1.5 cfs well is usually large. Further, because of the small size ofholdings the desireable service area of each individual outlet from thedistribution system is relatively small (4 or 5 ha), implying a relativelylarge number of outlet valves (typically around 20) per tubewell.

Both of these circumstances weigh in favour of the second of thetwo alternatives discussed above, which is the system in fact adopted forthe UP I project. The division of the flow at the tubewell into separate0.75 cfs sub-systems each serving one outlet at a time has also madepossible the adoption of the closed loop layout for each sub-system, withconsequent substantial reduction in pipe sizes and cost.

8. Power supply is a critical item for any tubewell development, andpower is in short supply in UP. Major new additions to generatingcapacity are in prospect, but it is anticipated that the very great poten-tial demand in the State will always out-pace generating capacity, andsome degree of rationing will continue indefinitely.

In the circumstances great importance is attached to the Govern-ment of UP's assurance that regulated power supply will be given toproject tubewells, via "dedicated" feeder lines serving clusters of wells.It is proposed to avoid operation of project wells in the three or fourhours of daily power system peak, in the interests of minimizing theeffect of the tubewell installton on required power system capacity.

9. In the past the IDA has strongly supported development of privatewells in all parts of the Gangetic Plain. A number of large credit opera-tions assisted farmers who could afford this investment. For farmerswhose landholdings did not justify a well of their own, or in areas wheregroundwater was too deep for the typical shallow well, public tubewelldevelopment was promoted. Because of deficiencies in the technologies

-5-

used and the resulting difficulties in managing the public wells, the

service from them was unreliable and expensive and in most cases the

farmers even refused to pay watercharges to cover operating costs. Thus,

because of a lack of suitable technology (used in the public sector), the

private sector took over (wherever this was possible) even though the cost

of water produced from the private wells in most of the cases was con-

siderably higher than from a properly constructed and operated public

well. The second important drawback of uncontrolled private well develop-

ment is that it will constrain in the future optimal groundwater exploita-

tion in large parts of the Gangetic Plain (see para 2).

10. Private wells usually have a life expectancy of about 10 years.

Therefore, a gradual changeover to public wells may not be too difficult,

if the necssary preparatory work is started in time. Our experience with

the "irrigation sector" in India has indicated, that even though, the

professionals working on such problems are aware of the need for change

(such as a move to more optimal use of the resource), without outside help

they will not be able to deviate from their traditional approach to

development. Thus it would be of great importance, if we could promote

with the state groundwater boards the necessary theoretical research and

modeling work in the affected areas.l/

cc: W. ThalwitzD. LeeW. RodgerM. Barber (C)

1/ For example, a condition of IDA's US$350 million contribution to the

recently negotiated ARDC operation could have been the requirement to

do "modeling" work (by the Groundwater Boards) in the critical areas

of UP and Haryana. The technology for doing these models has already

been introduced in the National Institute of Hydrology in Roorkee,

under the UP modernization, project preparation work.


OFFICE MEMORANDUMTO: Mr. B.A. Nek j DATE: December 17, 1981

FROM: G.L. Corey -

SUBJECT: Private vs. Public Tubewells - Uttar Pradesh

ASPAC's & GOI's views with regard to long range groundwater

development in the Gangetic Plain by using deeper tubewells are not

questioned. No one can argue that rational development of the aquifer

will not require deeper tubewells. This is the only way to increase

the use of the groundwater resource.

However, when we equate deep wells with public and shallow

wells with private and when we indicate that public deep wells are

more economic we make assumptions. These are:

(1) Deep tubewells can best be constructed and operated

in the public sector.

(2) Water from deep tubewells (public) will be used as

efficiently and effectively as water from shallow(private) wells

We now have introduced areas where differences of opinion

might arise.

It is my view that it will be some time before public tubewells

will be managed as well as private tubewells where agricultural production

per unit of water is equivalent. This is the reason, I believe, that

agricultural extension and research should be closely correlated with

expansion of deep public tubewells.

On the other hand, it will also be sometime before deep public

tubewells will lower the water table sufficiently to replace private

tubewells. So perhaps the transition from shallow, private tubewells

to deep, public tubewells will be smooth.

Another development approach could have been to assist farmers

with development of private tubewells. These gradually would have

needed to be deeper and deeper. It would have also meant switching

from dug wells to tube wells along the way. This approach would have

taken longer but would, in my opinion, have produced better results if

it could be achieved. However, with all the social, organizational and

associated management problems it would have been extremely risky.

Evidently project planners, and perhaps wisely so, opted for the public

approach to development of the groundwater in this area.

GC:jn

S 5

FORM NO 27 -OCR WORLD BANK OUTGOING MESSAGE FORM Telegram, Cable, Telex(2-8 1)

IMPORTANT-PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS BELOW BEFORE TYPING FORM

TypewrittenCharacterMust FillCompletely In TEST NUBERDoxf PAGE EXTENSION MESSAGE NUMBER (FOR CA SP!ZR'S U SE ONLY)

START 12 102 HERE TO: INTBAFRAD,

CITY/COUNTRY NEW DELHI, INDIA I-

FOR COREY/TANEJA. AAA RE UP TUBEWELLS. GRATEFUL F1R YOUR

5 SUPERVISION REPORT WHICH IS BEING DISTRIBUTED. WE ARE DISAPPOINTED

6 WITH GOUP'S LIMITED ACTION WITH RESPECT TO ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS.

WE ARE SENDING A LETTER TO YOU FOR TRANSMITTAL TO GOUP WHICH STATES

S THAT WE WOULD LIKE TO REVIEW THE ENGINEERING CONTENT OF UP II

-9 STARTING ABOUT JAN. 25, 1982. FIRM DATE WILL BE SENT ASAP. WE

THEN WILL DELAY THE FULL APPRAISAL UNTIL COUP CONFIRNS THAT THEY

HAVE COLLECTED SUFFICIENT DATA TO ENABLE US TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF

12 UP TUBEWELLS I.

13BEB RE HARYANA. ALPHA RE YRTEL DE", 3. PrZIOJECT BRIF ON HARYANA

1411 HAS BEEN FORUARDED TO 1DO. YOU !ILL SEE 12AT WE f:V; A V2UCH

15SMALLER PROJECT THAN GON HAS PROPOSL. OUR PRELI1NhARY VIEW

INDICATES THAT THE FLObD CONTROL COfrPoNJENT WOULD BEC A NON-STARTER17

AND WE CONSIDER THAT THE COPONENTS 70R VILLAGE ROADS, VILLAGE

UATER SUPPLIES AND PURLIC SECTOR SPRINKLERS SHOULD YE SCALED N

CONSIDERABLY. WE ALSO PROPOSE A THREE YEAR PROJECI TO LIMIT IDA20

COMMITMENT YET MAINTAIN THE SAME IMPLEMENTATION RA1E AS HARYANA I.21 ENDI

OF WE SUGGEST SPLITTING THE MODERNIZATION OF CANALS INTO TWO PARTS,22 TEXT

C

NOT TO BE TRANSMiTTED

CLASS OF SERVICE: TELEX NO-: DATE:

SUBJECT: DRAF-l ED BY:

CLEARANCES AND COPY DISTF,;UTON ATr-;ORIZED BY r97 a sgna Si ture):

DEPARTMENT:

SECTION BELOW FOR USE OF CABLE SECTION-jCHECKED FOR DISPATCH

DISTRIBUTION: WHITE-File Coov WHITE- Transrnmttal Co-y CANARV- V r-,UE -,K

WORLD BANK OUTGOING MESSAGE FORM Telegram, Cable, TelexIMPORTANT-PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS BELOW BEFORE TYPING FORM

.-en..aracter

Must FallCompletely In TEST NU r3RBox! PAGE MESSAGE NUMBER (FOR CASHIERS USE ONLY)

~_E TESON ]I~ LZSTART 12 10

2 HERE NA*ELY-4-A)-IN6 OO: CANALS AND (B) WORKS OR FACIL TIES TO IMPROVE

CITYCOUNTRY OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY. WE WILL ALSO NEED A DETAILED ASSESSMENT

OF COST RECOVERY OF VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY IF THE PROPOSED CiMPONENT

S IS TO BE RETAINED. AFTER YOU HAVE REVIEWED THE PROJECT BRIEF,

GRATEFUL IF YOU COULD INFORM GOH OF OUR PRELIMINAR REACTIONS SO

THAT THEY DO NOT UNDERTAKE UNNECESSARY PREPARATION WORK. BETA.

CEMENT AND COAL SHORTAGES ARE LIKELY TO CONTINUE A D WE SUGGEST

THAT GOH CRITICALLY REVIEW DESIGN OF CANAL AND WATt;RCOURSE LINING

TO SAVE CEMENT AND COAL. PUNJAB IS INVESTIGATING PVC

IMPERMEABLE LAYER WITH BRICK LIINING AND ENERGY EFF CIENT AUTOATIC

BRICK KILNS (SEE JUNE 1981 PUNJAB SUPERVIIOu RPOPT). GRATUL LF13

G11 BE ASKED TO F 0LL0:2 UP THESE IMPROVE' 'CKOLOG ES.

CCC VE HAVE DISCUSSEj THE HAYANA II PROJ'f DrIEF AND TRAKSJTION

FROM HARYANA I TO HARYANA II AT A NEETING WJITH PROCRANS ON DEC. 7.

TIIE CONCENSUS IS TO CONTINUE HAEYANA I PARALLEL TO THE F LLOU-UP

PROJECT. IF THIS PROOSAL IS FOLLOWED, THERE MAY BE- NO NEED TO

REALLOCATE CREDIT BECAUSE HARYAi'A I COULD -'E CONTI(UED UN-IL EACH19

DISBURSEMENT CATEGORY IS EXPENDED. THE GOH/GOI PR(POSAL TO20

REALLOCATE AND DISBURSE THE CREDIT BY CLOSING DATE COULD PRESENT21 EN4D

OF DIFFICULTIES. ONE PROBLEM WOULD BE THAT THE TRANS ER OF FUNIDS FROMTEXT

/C

NOT TO BE TRANSMITTED

CIASSOF SERVICE: TELEX NO.: DATE:

SULJECT: DRAFTED BY:

CLEARANCES AND COPY DISTRIBUTION: AUTHORIZED BY (Name and Signature):

DEPARTMENT:

SECTION BELOW FOR USE OF CABLE SECTIONCHECKED FOR DiSPATCH

WORLD BANK OUTGOING MESSAGE FORM Telegram, Cable, TelexIMPORTANT-PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS BELOW BEFORE TYPING FORM

.men.aracter

Must FallCompletely in TEST NUMBERBOXI PAGE EXTENSION MESSAGE NUMBER (FOR CASHIER'S USE ONLY)

O[ 74619 LIIZLLLIIIISTART 12

2 HERE i-N5 T-ITT-I3NAL -A- C dMPONENTS TO THOSE FUNDED FROM GOH PLANNED

CITYCOUNTRY BUDGET. ARDC WOULD THUS HAVE TO BE AGREEABLE TO THE PROPOSAL. THE

SECOND PROBLEM IS THAT HARYANA I IS PRIMARILY AN IRRIGATION PROJECT

AND IF THERE IS TO BE A REALLOCATION PERHAPS FUNDS SHOULD GO TO

6 MODERNIZATION OF CANALS RATHER THAN VILLAGE ROADS AND WATER SUPPLY

COMPONENTS. WE WILL KEEP YOU INFORMED OF IDA'S POSITION AND WOULD

a BE GRATEFUL IF YOU COULD SOUND OUT INFORMALLY GOH'S REACTION TO THE9 MAIN ALTERNATIVES AND GIVE US ANY IDEAS THAT YOU MIGHT HAVE. ALSO

GRATEFUL IF YOU COULD INFORM GOH THAT WE INTEND TO VISIT HARYANA11

ABOUT FEB. 1, 1982 TO DISCUSS PREPARATION PROGRESS OF HARYANA II

13 AND TRANSITION FROM HARYANA I. FIRM DATES WILL BE ENT TO NiDO ASAP.

DUD. FINALLY, FOR YOUR INFORMATION O!LY. 1 Tf1E LENDING PRI' OGRA1 YN14

5 TE IRRIGATION SECTOR I5 STILL UNDLCiDED. ARE THEREFORE NO

'5SURE IF AND WHEN UP TUBEWELLS II OR HARYANA II WILL BE APPRATSED

16

AND ARE THUS DESIGNATING OUR MISSIONS AS REVJE"W OF PROJECT17

PREPARATION. THIS WILL ENABLE US TO MOVE FOWARD WITHOUT LOSING

MOhENTUi. GRATEFUL IF YOU COULD ASK THOSE INVOLVED IN PROPO2ED19

PROJECTS TO AVOID MAKING ANY PROMISES ON LIKELY APPRAISAL DATES.20

REGARDS, RODGER, ACTING CHIEF.21 END

OFTEXT

NOT TO BE TRANSMITTED

CLASS OF SERVICE: Te Le TELEX NO.: 9R 313150 DAT E 1

SUBJECT: DAFTED E7s

CLEARA" '.S AND COPY D;ST iCUTION: AUTH F ' a g Sn, reicleared with and cc: M. Seutgen W.G. Rd ger, ing Chief, ASPAC

DEPARTMENT

cc. Ms. A. Hamilton SouthAsi ProjectsSECTiONE4OW FOR USE OF CA !E SECTION

CHECKED FOR DISPATCH

DISTRIBUTION: WHITE-File Coov WHITE-Transmittal Copy CAARY- l CA -

(I UP TL' -Q.// &)... ..;. . .7

1. I 6 At

The World Bank /RESIDENT MISSION IN INDIA: 55 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110003, India/ Telephone-617241 - Cable Address-INTBAFRAD NEW DELHI - Postal Address-P.O.

November 9, 1981

Mr. G.J. Tibor 1T,Chief, ASPAC -International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development1818 H Street, N.W. a)Washington DC 20433USA

Dear Gaby,

UP Tubewells IIPreparation for Appraisal

I visited Lucknow on November 4th and 5th for further dis-

cussion of State proposals for UP II. The visit coincided with the

UP I supervision mission of Messrs D.D. Taneja and G.L. Corey, and

meetings with government were held jointly. Progress on construction

of UP I will be covered by the supervision mission report and is

not referred to herein.

Preparation for UP II remains on schedule target date for

final appraisal early March, subject only to the fact that Rabi 1981/82

yields will have to be estimated from standing crops. Harvesting will

be in Mareh/April.

Items covered during the visit included the following:

- Cost estimates:

The State will complete a detailed revised estimate based

on current experienced costs within the next few days.

The total cost per 100 ha (1.5 efs) well is likely to be

close to Rs. 473,000 at November 1981 price levels(without physical or price contingencies). This may be

compared with the following:

Appraisal report estimate (withoutphysical or price contingencies)end '79 levels Rs. 400,000

Physical contingencies provided in

appraisal (7%) Rs. 28,000

Price contingencies provided in

appraisal (25%) Rs. 107,000Gross 535,000

The reason for the appraisal "saving", compared with

the appraisal figures including contingency allowance,

. . 2Headquarters: Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

NOV IS 9 U3G MAL UIT,.

2

is largely the flat level of PVC costs over the lasttwo years.

- Dedicated power feeders:

Confirmed with Minister of Irrigation and Power, alsonew Secretary, Irrigation and Power, that dedicatedfeeders will be provided virtually throughout. (Alsoin remainder of UP I). The concept of a "cluster" ofwells, from the power supply and operation and manage-ment viewpoints, was also clarified with the ElectricityBoard and Irrigation Department.

- Hydraulic control system:

The modified system introduced in August, preservingthe fully automatic feature with flood control butusing an entirely brick-work structure to facilitateconstruction, is now in satisfactory operation andwill be used throughout UP II and the remainder ofUP I. This removes the troublesome issue of elevatedtank vs non-automatic distribution chamber.

- Number of outlet valves:

Confirmed that this will not be less than 20, per 100ha in UP II (and remainder of UP I). Early in UP IItrials will be made with a greater number of outlets,

particularly in the eastern zone.

- Rehabilitation of old wells in UP II:

This will be done on a pilot basis only, to determinecosts and benefits with regard to a possible futureUP III.

- Data collection for appraisal:

As flagged earlier, and to be discussed in the currentsupervision report, the planned Monitoring and Evaluationgroup has not been effectively established and datacollection has been poor. The State was asked during thelast CP mission to select three representative wells onfeeders largely free of rostering (to simulate UP IIconditions) and to examine their operation and productioncritically in Rabi 81/82. This request was reiterated,and will now be monitored by NDO, with a view to a fullreport for appraisal.

- PVC supply situation (resin and pipe) for UP II:

This is unlikely to be a problem. Substantial additionalpipe extrusion capacity has recently been installed.Irrigation Department has agreed to contact appropriate

3

Government departments (Licencing, Petroleum Products)and to prepare a note on both resin and pipe supplyfor appraisal.

- Agricultural supporting services; also Monitoring andEvaluation. Proposed change in organization for UP II.

The lack of support by Department of Agriculture has been

referred to in previous notes, also the real difficultyin keeping effective staff posted to M and E in Lucknow.

The Groundwater Wing of the Irrigation Department has

shown itself willing to fill the gap left by the Depart-

ment of Agriculture, but has had limited technical

resources. A possible radical change in organization for

agricultural support was explored with Irrigation Depart-ment, Secretary, and Minister, and will be discussed with

the Bank in December. This would give to the Groundwater

Wing, or an agency of it, possibly the 0& M group, virtually

the role of CAD. Agricultural staff would be seconded to

it, (an extension officer possibly per 40 wells), butwould be effectively under the direction of the Chief

Engineer, Groundwater Wing. The Monitoring andEvaluation function would also be transferred from Lucknow

to the 0 and M divisions, as far as data collection is

concerned, and data analysis only (by computer, which

the Department has) would be done in the Chief Engineer's

office in Lucknow. A detailed proposal will be reviewed

with Bank and discussed with the UP government in January.

- Relative roles of D.I.T. Wells, Augmentation Wells, and

Canals in irrigation in UP.

An analysis is being prepared by C.P. incorporating

discussions with the government.

- Next action:

Draft statements on principal topics in appraisal will be

reviewed with the Bank in December/January, and discussed

with the government at secretariat level in the second half

of January.

Yours sincerely,

D.E. Campbell

DC:jn FAO/World Bank CP

cc: Messrs Corey, Taneja, NDO

U;

F OFFICE MEMORANDUM j (

Mr. Marius Veraart ATE:October 23, 1981

FAO and IFAD Coordinator

Agriculture and Rural Development (" 1 iDepartment, CPS 11 A,

World , Washington, D.C. \

o Maurl4 nnChief, Service II, FAO/WB CP

Ti I1EDIA. September 131 Irri.-ation iiission

... Please find enolosed herewith copies of the Back-to-OfficeReport on the above mission.

BK 103/2.9 Im (CAD)

Oc: DDC Registry (2)fenn (2)Cnampbell (chrono) cc,

2 ~%A ~/~C(-)1'A

w1 0

~ It-u -'CD

/AJ~1 VL uL~ 0~'0

U j~'

f/V

OFFICE MEMORANDUM /

2 October, 1981Tol Kr. Eearice Fenn

Chief, Service II, DDC

ROW D.E. Campbell, A.F.E. ZaZni

SUBJECT? INDIA. September '81 Irrisation MissionBack-tc>-O1fice lieport

In conforinity with TOR Campbell arrived in India on 13th

September and was joined by Zagni on 28th, returning to Rome

on 5th October.

Mission activities included the following:

- Participation in the seconO IFAD general identificationmission (Campbell)

- Participation with Bank in review of the irrijation projectpipeline, also disnussions with GOI regarding setting upof a Technical Advisor Com!ittee to administer a programme of

applied xesearch in irrigation to be carried out through existingIndian agencies.

- Review of concultant' s report (WALOOS) on Subernarekha nroject.

- Review of State report on UP Tubewells Stage II, withGovernment of UP.

- Technical assistance to Central Water Commission and Governmentof Gujarat with regard to revised specifications for liningof small channels.

Discussion of development programme, and CP/Bank involvementith Dr. MI.S. Swaninathan (Member, Planning Commission).

- Review of draft sections of the Irrigation Manual (to be re-titled the Irrigation Technical Series) with Bank staff andconsultants, also discussion of the Series with the GOI Project

Preparation and Monitoring Cell.

DM/bf13 103/2.9 LZ (CAD)U-T 45/1 2DBK 103/2.9 EM

cc: All team membersWorld Bank, Washington (8)World Bank, 1MDFAO Representative, 1New DelhiDocuments UnitDDC Reg.

lEA) identificatienj

This is the -Abject of a separate mission BTO submitted toIAD. Proporalv I~ Govem ent of India included possible projectsin livestock (heer and poultry), horticulture, godown construction,and minor irriatlon. The latter include minor irrigation developmentin 0risssa (which mcg, be the first item to be taken up), minor andmedium irri4tion in Andhra Pradesh, and possibly IFAD participationin UP Tubewmllo !I if a co-financed project is required. Orissaminor irric-ation would be prepared by the State, with the assistanceof 001 Project Preparation and Monitoring Cell, possibly with CPcoordination on behalf of World Bank which services IFAD projects inIndia. Appraisal in June/July '82 would be aimed at if thisproject were selected for Board presentation nert year. Project costwould be of the order of SUS 40 million.

World Banik ProTramme

The following projects are in the Bank irrigation pipeline:

Current, under action

Subernarekha Appraisal scheduled for second halfNovember '81, with CP participation.

UP Tubewells II Appraisal scheduled for Februar '82,with CP participation.

Kallada (Kerala) Still under consideration (appraisal)by Bank. Technical support by CPto oontinme in interim.

Upper Ganga Modernization In course of preparation by State andWAPCOS. Lank (and CP) involvementlikely to resume early '82.

Narmada Under study (State, GOI, and Bankconsultant ).

Chambal (Rajasthan) II In course of preparation (State andBank staff).

Rotational Water Supply See separate BTO (V. Branscheid),(Andhra Pradesh)

2/ Period de-oted to IFAD mission in India by Campbell was approximatelyas follows: Sept. 15, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, Oct. 1, 2, 3.

-3-

~"c (prepaation/a.0'0isal not ye scheduled)

Haryfaa II

Iaharashtra Minor

Gujarat rIinor

Orissa Mediui II

Jayakwadi II

Rengali (Orissa) Possibly

West Bengal Subernarekha

West Bengal Composite

UP Tubewells I and II

A report on the visit, dated October 1e'1 is tt hed toIC

14aag~flntend Br copies of this reort. The "almost total lc fJanagement ea BaXnk coiso h e for up I after repeated

support by the Agricultural Departmeft onUI after reat n

interventions by 3Bnk and Government of' india is noted. rrigation

Department has been obliged to fill the gap, to the limited extent

possible, with seconded adricultural officers. This illustrates that the

most carefully *lanned actions and ndserti go n i( ents can e

voided by subsequent lack of support at seniort 6overie s ( a iat

level. The conclusion in regard to such supporting services may be

to ask for a reasonable minimUM but to insis on performance by mapo i ng

disbursement against construction items contingent on due provision of

the agreed-upon supportinl services. This cource is being Proposed to Baa

for consideration in appraisal of UP II.

The State has completed a proposal for UP aI, and C? will draft

technical and. economic sections of the apprvzsal report for a final

Ban/CP appraisal mission in February 82.

Technical Suport. Chanel Lining. Gujaat

Problems encountered with quality of watercorse and-canal linings

in Bank financed projects in Gujarat led to a review of lininZ -picificaions

by State and. GO! (Central Water Commission). n-he mission part icipat ed

and prepared for the purpose the draft paper of October 9th:

Lining for Small Canals

(Field Channels, Watercourses, Minors)

This paper covers present practices and also the new developments being

intreduced into India with CP assistance. Copies are attached to- IC

Ranagement and Bank copies of this BTO report, and are available to IC-staff

on request.

World Bank and IFAD Programme in Agriculture in India, :also -Prospects

for their Involvement iDeyelo ent

At the request of Dr. .S. Swaminathan, lembp', -.

'a riou DDo ) the mission reviewed the above topics, and subse,a note on the subject (memo to M.L. Dewan of October 14th) for'n1 durin, the November FAO Conference, Cbrue-E*rUi'.,nent and are on file. . opies have been distributed

~ion Laznual

As discussed in a previous BTO report, this is being Preparedoint1y by Bank consultants operating in India, and CI bith C in the role.f &itor. A draft of the " T ssues" section Prepared bY whas reviewed with.cnk during the mission, and a draft of the Cept sct repaed by

oon:.ultant L. Shanan was received for review. Oncep31 section prepared by

In view of the existence of an earlier official "Maznual" in India,the 1ank-sposoed pu~blication i-ill be referred to hereafter as the"Irrijation Technical Series" and will in fact be issued as a series ofconfo-ning technical papers (of which the Pa e i on Lining ofreferred to above, amplified, ill be a ni n of Small Canals

Other Activities

The mission contacted the Chief &'gneer, Minor Irrigation, aratakaregarding proposed CP technical assistance and training. De to coincidenceof meetings of State and GCI irrigation officers in Delhi the proposed visitto Karnataka was re-scheduled until next mission (early bdovembdr).

JN

October 1, 1981

Mr. G.J. TiborChief, ASPACWorld Bank1818 H Street, N.W.Washington DC 20433USA

Dear Gaby,

UP Tubewells I & II

I visited Lucknow in connection with preparation of UP II

on 28th and 29th September 1981.

A summary of progress on UP I up to end August is attached.

The number of wells in operation was 57, and number of wells

drilled and developed was 314.

Progress at the moment is slowed by monsoon weather and some

delay in supply of PVC pipe. However the latter problem will be

remedied by delivery of an additional ex:trusion machine to WAVIN

next month. Some teething problems with hours-run meter and control

black box are being overcome. Completion of UP I is now projected

for September 82 but completion of drilling 500 wells is likely by

end November 81. COUP is now formally requesting extension of the

project to 640 wells through "savings" largely due to the original

provision for contingencies and price escalation not being invoked.

Although one of the O&M Divisions which should provide supportto cultivators and monitoring has belatedly been sanctioned, only afew officers have been posted and these without associated staff

and vehicles. Agriculture Department support consists of second-

- ent of three officers only, to Irrigation Department. These are

preparing leaflets on crops and practices for the coming rabi season,

for distribution to cultivators in lieu of agricultural extension.

Irrigation Department also proposes to establish one demonstration

plot (on a selected cultivators farm) n'tar each tubewell and to

provide inputs at no cost, particularly for UP II. This will require

participation of at least 50 agricultural officers, presumably on

deputation from Agricultural Department.

In discussion with the State Minister for Irrigation (the full

Minister was in Delhi) it was put to him frankly that the system

proposed in the U.P.I. project document for extension and monitoring

2

had failed1 due to almost total lack of support by the Agricuit,,

Department and the Secretariat and that the mission would recoimr..

to Bank that for Ur siemetle assurances should no longer be sought

but that disbursement should be made conditional on satisfactory

supporting services for each well.

It was agreed with the C.E. Tubewells that his three agricultural

Officers should give pre-season extension advice and follow very

closely the rabi season performance of three wells on "dedicated"

pouer lines (unrati oned), representing anticipated UP II "with

project" conditions. Functioning of the rotational system and

operation at the cultivator level will be monitored, and pultivators

on each outlet valve will be interviewed. This is much reduced

in scope from the action envisaged in the UP I project document,

but is as much as can be achieved without the sinews suggested for

the UP II document.

The UP II project report of April 81 prepared by theState is

being cleared by G.O.I. for formal transmittal to the Bank.. Thea*

principal components will be:

New Tubewells 4,200

Modernization of old wells 180

?ilot developments, including

aprinkler installations 100(or equivalent of 4 crores)

Total cost, 1981 price levels Rs. 185 crores($ US 200 Million)

Tours sincerely,

D.E. Campbell

DC' Ja .nAO/CP

w Mr. b~. Tanaja,

x activity Achievement

sites surveyed. 639

.,& sites selected. 500

. of finalization of distribution systemsand approval of L.Sections bythe Superintending 333gngineer.

4. No.of tubewells of which land cases havebeen submitted. '345

5. No. of tubewells of which estimates aresanctioned. 108.

6. No. of tubewells on which service roads 413have been constructed.

* 7. No. of sites handed over to Rig Divisions. 499

8. No. of tubewells drilled. - 452

9. No. of tubewells developed. 314

10. No. of tubewells handed over to Construction 265Divisions after pump test.

11. No. pf pump houses constructed. 209

12. No. of elegated tanks or distribution 167chambers constructed.

13. No. of tubewells in which wiring insidethe pump houses completed. 156

14. No. of pump sets installed. 152

15. No. of B.L.forms submitted to State Electricity 184Board,"

16. No. of tubewells energised. 79

17. Digging ot trenches in k.ms. 898

18. No. of tubewells on which PVC pipes have been 161laid.

19. No. of tubewells on which field channels have , 152been:constructed. :

No. of tubewells onwhich osrabandis have been 99Completed. ae a n e:

N6. of tubewells in operation -* - z.-

October 9, 1981

DRATi

LINING FOR SMALL CANALS


PaZe No.

Introduction 1

Scope 1

The Situation 1

Problems 1

Possible Types of Lining and their Performance 4

- Brick channel with vertical sides 4

- Precast, or extruded, full-section concrete channel 5lining units.

- Brick tile lining of trapezoidal canal section 7

- Lining of trapezoidal canal sections with 8mortar tiles or plain jointed concrzte slabs

- Cast-in-place concrete lining 9

- Use of plastic sheet in conjunction with other lining 9materials

- Precast concrete slabs with special joints 10

Plate I

- Pa.-e I

LIVINGS FOR SEMLL CANALS


;trC'dUCtiof

1. This note is a draft of one of a compendium of technical papers

on various features of water distribution systems in India which is

being prepared under World Bank sponsorship by a number of contributors.

The note is primarily a discussion of alternative technologies, limitations,

and areas of application. This first draft is brief and is written in

response to an immediate need for an interim evaluation. A more detailed

paper will be prepared within the next months. Comments and contributions

of experience by those engaged in this area would be much appreciated and

will receive full consideration in the later issue.

Scote

2. The canals discussed are broadly in the range of capacity up to

25 ofs, although some of the matters discussed relate also to larger

channels. Linings in loamy or granular soils, and also in expansive clays,

are considered.

The Situation

Lining cf small canals is technically very simple, in the abstract,

but in practice a number of problems stem from the large quantity of such

lining required, running to thousands of kilometers in a typical project.

Problems of rate of installation, supply of materials, quality control

in remote areas, and particularly cost, are aggravated by the very size

of most lining programs. Simplicity of installation, durability and low

seepage loss are the principal objectives, but always within tolerable cost

limits. While much excellent work has been done on linings, and extensive

experience has been gained in scme areas and soil situations, very pressing

problems remain to be resolved under other conditions. Further, the recent

escalation of fuel costs with its repercussions on price of cement and

bricks has heavily underlined the question of cost, even with traditional

lining techniques.

Problems

4. Some problems in channel lining are common to all types of soil,

./ Please address to D.E. Campbell, c/o World Bank Resident Mission, 55 Lodi

Estate, New Delhi 110003

and others are particular to certain types (e.g. expansive clayson the one hand, and wind-erodible desert sands on the other).As the most difficult soil from the lining viewpoint is certainlythe expansive clay, that situation is discussed first, and subsequentlynon-cracking silty soils.

5, Channels of the size in question are excavated to a relativelyshallow depth, commonly less than two feet. Soil moisture contentvaries considerably, seasonally, dovn to that depth, which meansthat dimensional chan,es occur in the soil unless constrained by forceswhich far exceed the reaction which could be offered by any smallcanal lining. -Thus, movements occur even in the undisturbed soilin which the canal section is cut. In the upper portion of the lining,usually placed against fill, the problem is aggravated. Firstlythe range in moisture content is greater in the fill section (beingnearer to the surface), which would lead to considerable movement evenif the fill were ideally compacted. Secondly the fill is not usuallywell compacted, and regular settlement may add to expansion/contractionproblems. The reasons for poor compaction include the blocky natureof such soils when worked dry, the narrow range of moisture in which theycan be effectively compacted when wet, the small size of embankment beingconsidered (below the range of most mechanical compaction equipment)and simply the cost of providing water for compaction. Construction ofa broader "pad", wide enough for compaction by heavy equipment, in whichthe canal section is subsequently excavated, removes the problem ofsmall size. However it is debatable whether moisture-induced expansion/contraction is any lesser or greater in well compacted soil of this typethan in poorly compacted soils.

6. For higher embankments than under discussion (distributaries,etc.) the height of fill is likely to be sufficient to make settlementa primary factor (although not to the exclusion of moisture movement),requiring proper compaction. However, for an embankment of one to twofeet in height only, expansion/contraction is likely to be the primaryfactor, even to the extent of cracking and crumbling an already well-compacted fill. The merits of compaction in such circumstances must bejudged on the basis of the character of the particular soil in question.

Pan'e 3

her or not ccinpaction is carried out, there will be subsequent

vcment of both the cut and the fill portions of the channel.

To further aggravate the problem, this movement is not uniform, even

in a cut of considerable depth in such soils.

One solution is to remove the offending soil, by ovex-

excavation, and to replace it by granular or other non-expansive

material (e.g. murrum). Where such material is available at acceptable

cost this is a very satisfactory solution to the exrpansion problem,

although it poses the question of what thickness of granular material

is required to insulate a lining against lateral pressure from adjacent

expansive clay soil. It is more than a nominal amount, and varies

with depth of fill. Where such non-expansive material is not available

the lining must be designed to accommodate soil movement, or alternatively

for smaller channels the "lining" may be free-standing and not in

lateral contact with the soil.

8. The above discussion is with regard to movement and pressure on

linings from expansive clay soils. Turning to soils in general,

including the commonly occurring non-expansiva silty loams, there is

a further source of pressure on linings which is frequen-tly destructive.

This is pressure exerted by plant roots, ei.ther by plants growing behind

the lining cr in joints or cracks on the watei-side of the lining.

The former msy commonly be observed on linings after two or three years

of service. Vegetation growing on the inside edge of the canal banks,

attracted by the small amount of moisture seeping through -or condensing

behind aany -type of lining, will send roots down behind and in direct

contact with the lining. The roots expand as the plant grows, exerting

a considerable pressure on the lining. Where even a minor crack develops,

particularly at a joint, the roots will follow the crack and may expand

rapidly causing dis.)Iacement of the lining, enlargement of the crack,

and progressive failure. Roots penetrating from the water-side of the

lining, from plants lodging in faulty joints and extending their root

systems behind the lining, are also a common cause of displacement of

linings, particularly tile or block linings. Such deterioration is

hastened in the case of certain "black-cotton" soils by erosion of soil

from immediately behind the- lining vinerever a defect develops (.e.g block

displacement, or deterioration of joint-filler in slab linings) which

perits water to move back and forth through the lining at that

point. Progressive washing--out of soil occurs, and eventual local

collapse of the lining. This has occurred on a spectacular scale

in some main canal linings in India, where a lining was placed directly

on such soils without sufficient attention to a filter layer of

granular material between soil and lining.

-Possible TIrpes of Linin. and their Performances

9, To summarize the above discussion, in expansive clay soil

-ovement behind the lining cannot be avoided unless by over-excavation

and backfill with granular material. In Ey type of soil a small canal

lining is likely to be subject to local pressure from developing plant

roots behind and in contact with it, which may lead to opening up of

cracks and progressive deterioration.

0. The expansive clay situation, where granular fill is not available

or is costly, requires a lining which can accommodate soil movement

Nithout cracking. Both a degree of flexibility and also stractural

continuity are required, to avoid displacement (kicking out) of one lining

Velment relative to its neighbour under the influence of local soil

pressure.

-S1. The non-expansive silty soil does not require flexibility of lining,

but the lining must be robust enough not to be readily displaced by plant

,OOt s nd it must not aggravate the latter problem by seepage at joints.

The various types of lining available are discussed in relation

to these requirements.

(M) Brick channel with vertical sides

13. This is not strictly a, "lining", as the channel can stand

independently of support from adjacent soil. However, usual practice is

t o backfill against the brickwork to form a foot-way on either side at

channel-top level.

-14. This form of channel, with depth up to about fifteen inches and.

idth 'of water-wmj up to two or three feet is an excellent solution where

ed Equ~aty brick -is available. It has had wide application in Punjab,

e r

,p. and elsewhere. The technology, including merits of internal

ea mortar plastering, has been well investigated and documented.

, it is noted that:

. Such construction is no longer low-cost, and is not necessarily

the most cost-effective form of lining even in areas where it

has traditionally been used.

- Satisfactory clay soils for brick manufacture are not available

over very large areas of central India.

- The lining is very rigid and should not be used where it

will be exposed to lateral pressure from expansive clay soils.

INeither should it be used on a significant depth of fill (above

2 to 3 feet) unless the fill is fully compacted and non-expansive,

as a very slight amount of settlement of the fill will cause

cracking and leakage.

- The limit of capacity of such linings is dictated by the

structural stability of the verticle walls of single.-brick

thickness.

15. Acnowledging the above limitations, the brick channel is

nevertheless a robust and practical form of construction in appropriate

circumstances.

(b) Precast, or estruded, full--section concretechannel lining units

16. Structurally these represent the corcrete equivalent of the vertical-

sided brick channel discussed above. They will stand without support from

adjacent soil, although common practice is to back-fill against them.

Sectional shape is. not limited to rectangular but may also be trapezoidal,

half-round (generally formed by spun pipe process),or half-round up to the

diameter and vertical above that level (formed by "extrusion" process).

17. The upper limit of area of water-way for integral units produced on

the extrusion machine is about 1.25 sq.ft, but the possibility of production

of units of greater size is being explored. The extruded units are 25 cm in

length (limited by the nature of the production process) and have shaped

joints to permit positive mortar jointing. Extrusion machines (these are

similar in principle to those used in hollow-block manufacture) are now

produced in India. I/ Such lining units. can be very effective. The

following points am noted:

- Production requires good aggregate and close quality control.

Where poorly shaped flaky basalt aggregate is used a supplemental

mortar slurry wash may be desirable, but not othersise.

- Installation is simple but requires care in jointing. The shaped

joint permits various joint sealing techniques including bitumen

retained behind mortar pointing.

- In expansive clays granular backfill may be used, or alternatively

the units may be left free-standing without backfill, or with

random backfill to half-height only. 2/ In severe soil situations

the nominally unreinforced units may be tied together in lengths

of some 5 or 6 metres with a single light rod in the formed

longitudinal reinforcement groove provided at the top of the unit

on either side (the rods are applied after installation of the

units, and mortared In place). This adds structural continuity

and distributes cantilever loads on the walls of the units. In

normal circumstances this ex-pedient is not required.

- This type of lining unit may be used in all soil situations.

- Where half-round spun pipe, usually lightly reinforced, can be

provided of similar net area of water-way (allowing for free-board)

and similar cost, it is equally as effective as extruded sectione.

However, the provision of freeboard within the half-round section

reduces gross area considerably, and the pipe is usually too thir

for freeboad to be provided by adding supplementary height to the

half-round by building up with dry-pack mortar or mortared brickwork.

Half round erternal collars must be used at all joints.

Further data and. experience may be obtained fro CADA Commissioner,.

Jayakwadi project, Aurangabad or D.D. Taneja or D.E. Campbellc/o World

Bank Resic.ent Rission, Nlew Delhi.

Backfill behind such rigid linings to provide a narrow walk-way

at canal-top level may be practical even in expansive soils provided

that it is narrow enough (e.g. 8") not to cause lateral expansive

pressure on the lining.

- The "linings" discussed in (a) and (b) above are capable

of standing without support from the adjacent soil, and

indeed should be so placed when the soil is expansive, as

they are structurally rigid in the transverse direction.

(Longitudinal flexibility may be provided at joints).,

The remaining linings described are not designed to stand

freely; they rest upon and are supported by the adjacent

soil. All linings for channels larger than the size

limits referred to above are necessarily of the non-self-

supporting type (excepting reirforced concrete flumes).

Smaller channels may be optionally self-supporting or not.

(c) Brick tile linin of traoezoidal canal section.

18. This is the traditional method of lining canals of all sizes in

-some areas of the north-west, e.g. the Rajasthan Canal command. For larger

canals a double layer of tiles is used, and for smaller channels a single

layer. Various procedures of mortar application on the soil (sand in the

RCP case) prior to placement of the tiles are used. For the double-tile

lining the mortar layer between the two tiles is the primar water barrier,

the outer tile protecting it and the inner tile providing a base for its

application, also weight and structural stren,'th of the composite sandwich.

The single-tile lining, which is more relevan- to the small channels

discussed herein relies primarily on a rich mortar layer applied over

jgreliminary priming of the soil surface by leaner mortar and cured before

' application of the tiles. The tiles protect t;he mortar layer, but also

provide a secondary barrier. The joints between tiles are filled by

surplus mortar squeezing out between successive tiles as they are bedded

into -n underlying mortar plaster.

19. The single-tile lining is very successful in Rajasthan (except

where left unsupported by wind erosion of adjacent sand fill). However it is

also sufficiently costly at present materials prices to cause some concern over

the watercourse lining program. Reasons for its success in Rajasthan, and

that of the larger double-tile lining include:

- High quality of the coal-fired baked-clay tiles

- Careful supervision, and meticulous attention to the

onstruction of the mortar barrier

- The canals are in non-expansive material, for the most

part dune sand. There is no soil movement or

pressure.

Particular attention to compaction of fill (sand)

in embankments prior to lining.

20. The lining would be less uuccessful for small channels in

expansive clays, due to the certainty of sufficient movement to cause

cracking, at least along the bottom coniers. A flexible water-tight

joint between sides and bottom could be devised to reduce this problem,

but would not insure against transverse cracks, due to differential soil

movments along the length of the canal.

(d) Linin-.of trae-zoida! cana! sections wthmortar tiles or lair ,ointed concre-eee si-aDs.

21. In principle this system is similar to the brick tile lining

discussed above, but cement-mortar tiles or pre-cast concrete slabs

are used instead of brick tiles. The cement-mortar tiles necessarily have

plain square edges, because of their method of manufacture (by press)

and their thin section. Precast concrete slabs may have either plain

square edges, or configured edges. The latter are discussed later; for

the rcaent square-edged slabs are referred to.

22. The square-edged mortar tile is bonded to an underlying water-

retaining mortar layer as discussed in (c) above. While the tile itself

may be of high quality and density it is of relatively light weight.

Bren if well bonded to an underlying mortar membrane, it nevertheless

provides a relatively thin composite lining which can be readily displaced

and cracked by minor soil movement or plant root growth. It is emphasized

that a lining cannot be bonded on to a body of soil - the mortar bonds to

a surficial layer of soil only, which contributes nothing to structural

5t2Dility. A thin tile bonded to a thin layer of mortar is a fragile

lining if exposed to any external pressures. If not well bonded, or if the

bond deteriorates through repeated wetting and drying or poor quality of

mortar, it- is even more fragile, and lacks even the stabilizing dead-weight of

the heavier concrete slab. Deterioration is likely to develop rapid.ly after

a year or two of service.

23. The concrete slab with plain joints on a water-retaining mortar

layer has the advantage of weight, which gives some structural stability.

In non-expansive soils with little possibility of significant soil movement

such a lining may last well if the quality of construction is good, includrmg

compaction of fills. However, it is a rigid lining and slight movement or

settlement of soil is likely to initiate cracking, which may be followed

root expansion and further deterioration. It should be used

muitable soil situations.

(e) Cast-in-Place Concrete Lining

The cast-in place process produces a rigid lining applicable

the same circumstances as the concrete slab lining discussed above,

i.e. to non-expansive soils. With close supervision, including compaction

of embankments, concrete quality control, and proper curing, a ve2r

satisfactory lining is produced. Without such adequate control the end

product can be very inferior. A substantial proportion of cement destined

for the work can be misappropriated, and the resulting deficiencies

in quality cannot be fully remedied by plastering.

25. Choice between cast-in place lining or pre-cast elements largely

centers on the level of supervision available, in- the field vs at the

pre-casting plant.

(f) Use of plastic sheet in conjiunction with otherjning materials.

26. Use of plastic sheet only, covered with a protective layer of-

earth, is cxcluded from present discussion du.e to its vulnerability to

damage in small canals accessible to livestock. The fill in the fully

saturated submerged condition cannot- resist penetration by hooves. Further,

the, shallow depth of such canals permits growth of vegetation throughout

the perimeter of water-way, with likelihoo& of roots penetrating the

underlying sheet. The use of buried plastic sheet in larger canals

or-reservoirs is outside the scope of. these notes.

27, In.-small canals plastic sheet may be used behind concrete

(or brick) linings for either, or both, of' two -reasons:

-- To -temporarily-seal wet-concrete or-mortar from the

a jacent soil, thereby preventing excessive migration of -

water from the mix into the soil.

-. As the primary permanent water-barrier, the concrete -or:

brick lining placed upon it -being for :protection of- the

sheet, and possibly providing a -secundary barrier.-

28.- The first app)cation ia auseful constrxction ezpdIent '

sc" soil :situations. The sheet may be verrathin(0.l1 mm arid -is likely

to zgst Ra. 2.50 to ,.Rs3.50 per :squ-e meter.:.

29. The second application is intended to be permanentiy exieQi a.

and raises several questions. Given sufficient thickness it can certainly

perform satisfactorily. The issue is what thickness is required.

30. Current practice is to place a mortar layer on the plastic

sheet and to bed the concrete tile on to it, in effect forming a rigid

lining bonded on to a flexible membrane. Placement of the concrete

tiles loosely on the membrane is not effective as they are easily displaced,

and weed rooting and penetration in silt-filled interstices between tiles

would occur. In non7-expansive soils the plastic sheet technique can be

very effective provided that the sheet is thick enough to resist penetration

by plant roots and termites. A thickness of the order of 0.5 mm is probably

desirable for permanence, with cost some Rs. 10/- per square meter

(polyethylene).

31. In an area of expcansive soils the applicability of plastic sheet

as a permanent primary watei-retaLining memberance, in conjunction with

a rigid protective inner lini-g, is much more questionable. Movement is

certain to occur in such soils, probably irregular movement, displacing one

tile with respect to its neighbor. hile the plastic sheet of itself is very

fleDible, the mortar bonds it to the tile to some degree, and unless the

sheet is of considerable thickness deformation of the sheet is concentrated

entirely at the point of displacement of one tile with respect to its

neighbor. ?apture or teari.; of the sheet is likely to result 1/.

The bonding of a light-weig4t flexible sheet to a rigid lining is successful

only as long as the latter does not crack, or become displaced.

(g) Precast concrete slabs -ith secial oints

32. The ideal system in an expansivs soil would be the use of precast

slabs jointed in a manner ihich provided a degree of flexibility but also

restraint aga.inst displacement, and at the same time water-tightness. This

apparently incompatible combination can be provided t-o a considerable degree,

but only with much more attention in manufacture than is customary in

production of precast slabs.

33, Types of joint in common use, and developments from them are shown

on Plate 1.

Unless the sheet is etremely elastic, as with butyl rubber, which

unfortunately is too costly for this application.

Fig 1A. This is the plain square-edged slab. It provides

control on the distance between adjacent slabs when placed, and

c 0 sequently on the thickn ess of pointing. A common defect is placing

of slabs too close to each other leing insufficient space for

penetration of mortar. Pointing then becomes a surface treatment only.

F=rthermore once the most minute shrinkage crack develops in the mortar

pointing the joint provides no resistance to shear displacement.

The only merit of the joint (except in the application discussed under (d),

for non-expansive soils) is simplicity of manufacture.

35. Fi.g, 13. This ensures a definite minimum thickness of mortar

jointing, but offers no resistance to shear displacement other than the

bond of the mortar, and none at all if a hair-line shrinkage crack

develops.

36. Fig. 1C. This joint, in common use, can provide positive

thickness of mortar jointing, but little resistance to transverse s.ear

(the mortar, if any, in the horizonTal jointing surface is in tension).

Farther it is a sthctually fragile edge detail, readily damaged in transit.

37. ,E This joint provides positive shear resistance

to offsetting of adjacent slabs, even after shrinkage cracking of mortar.

It requires use of side-retracting edge-forms in production. It is a rigid

joint, in common with all those discussed above. However, by painting

the joint suriaces with bitumen (about one millimeter in thickness) before

mortar pointing, a small degree of rotational flexibility can also be

provided, while retaining resistance to shear. More sophisticated join+s

of this type can be used, providing greater rotational flexibility and

more positive bituminous seal.

38. i E. The most critical joint in expansive soils is the

botto longitudinal joint. A joint providing rotational flexibility,

resistance to displacement of either bottom or side tile with respect to

the other (kicking out or up) and positive flexible seal is shown in 1E.

39. It is emphasized that such joints require care in slab manufacture.

D- -packing of a finer-aggregate richer mix around the edges of the mould

before regular placement of the remainder of the mix is desirable. The joints

need to be simple, not readily damaged, but functional in the respects

discussed. The simple square joint is not adequate for a quality lining in

expansive soils.

erc;n

115

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October 1, 1981

Mr. G.J. TiborChief, ASPACWorld Bank1818 H Street, N.W.Washington DC 20433USA

Dear Gaby,

UP Tubewells I & II

I visited Lucknow in connection with preparation of UP IIon 28th and 29th September 1981.

A summary of pr eso on UP I up to and August is attached.The number of wells in operation was 57, and number of wellsdrilled and developed was 314.

Progress at the moment is slowed by monsoon weather and somedelay in supply of PVC pipe. However the latter problem will beremedied by delivery of an additional extrusion machine to WAVINnext month. Some teething problems with hours-run moter and controlblack box are being overcome. Completion of UP I is now projectedfor September 82 but completion of drilling 500 wells is likely byend November 81. COUP is now formally requesting extension of theproject to 640 wells through "savings" largely due to the originalprovision for contingencies and price escalation not being invoked.

Although one of the O&M Divisions which should provide supportto cultivators and monitoring has belatedly been sanctioned, only afew officers have been posted and these without associated staffand vehicles. Agriculture Department support consists of second-ment of three officers only, to Irrigation Department. These arepreparing leaflets on crops and practices for the coming rabi season,for distribution to cultivators in lieu of agricultural extension.Irrigation Department also proposes to establish one demonstrationplot (on a selected cultivators farm) near eacb tubewell and toprovide inputs at no cost, particularly for UP II. This will requireparticipation of at least 50 agricultural officers, presumably ondeputation from Agricultural Department.

In discussion with the State Minister for Irrigation (the fullMinister was in Delhi) it was put to him frankly that the systemproposed in the U.P.I. project document for extension and monitoring

2

2

had failed, due to almost total lack of support by the AgricultureDepartment and the Secretariat and that the mission would recommendto Bank that for UP II simple assurances should no longer be sought,but that disbursement should be made conditional on satisfactorysupporting services for each well.

It was agreed with the C.E. Tubewells that his three agriculturalofficers should give pre-season extension advice and follow veryclosely the rabi season performance of three wells on "dedicated"power lines (un-rationed), representing anticipated UP II "withproject" conditions. Functioning of the rotational system andoperation at the cultivator level will'be monitored, and cultivatorson each outlet valve will be interviewed. This is much reducedin scope from the action envisaged in the UP I project document,but is as much as can be achieved without the sinews suggested forthe UP II document.

The UP II project report of April 81 prepared by the State isbeing cleared by G.0.I. for formal transmittal to the Bank. Theprincipal components will be:

New Tubewells 4,200Modernization of old wells 180Pilot developments, including

sprinkler installations 100(or equivalent of 4 erores)

Total cost, 1981 price levels Rs. 185 erores($ US 200 Million)

Yours sincerely,

D.E. CampbellDC:jn FAO/CP

cc: Mr. D.D. Taneja, NDO

PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 31,8.1981

alr Name of xx activity AchievementNo.

1. No. of sites surveyed. 639

2. No.of sites selected. 500

3. No. of finalization of distribution systemsand approval of L.Sections bythe Superintending 333Engineer.

4. No.of tubewells of which land cases havebeen submitted.

3455. No. of tubewells of which estimates are

sanctioned. 108

6. No. of tubewells on which service roads 413have been constructed.

7. No. of sites handed over to Rig Divisions. 4998. No. of tubewells drilled.

4529. No. of tubewells developed. 31410. No. of tubewells handed over to Construction 265Divisions after pump test.

11. No. pf pump houses constructed. 209

12. No. of elsegAted tanks or distribution 167chambers constructed.

13. No. of tubewells in which wiring insidethe pump houses completed. 156

14. No. of pump sets installed. 15215. No. of B.L.forms submitted to State Electricity 184Board.

16. No. of tubewells energised. 79

17. Digging o trenches in k.ms. 89818. No. of tubewells on which PVC pipes have been 164laid.

19. No. of tubewells on which field channels have 152been constructed.

20. No. of tubewells onwhich osrabandis have been 99completed.

21. No. of tubewells. in operation"

WORLD BANK / INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATIOP

OFFICE MEMORANDUMTO: Mr.

DATE: June 25, 1981

FROM: J. C. 'Ryan and K. echoutek, ASPjW

(through Lamson- cribner, Chief 2

UBJECT: INDIA - Upper Ganga Canal Moder isation ProjectjPiJA

SUBECUttar Pradesh Tubewells Il Project

Messrs K.G. Jechoutek and J.C. Ryan of ASPEW (under terms of

reference dated 4/28/81), together with Mr. Don Campbell of FAO-CP, travelled

to Lucknow to discuss the power supply issues of these projects with

representatives of Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board (UPSEB) in a meeting

held on May 13, 1981. The meeting was chaired by Mr. A.K. Gupta, Member

(Technical) of UPSEB. Also present were Mr. S.K. Mathur, Chief Engineer

(Hydro), Mr. S.P. Mathur, Chief Engineer (RE), Mr. J.C. Gupta, Additional

Chief Engineer (Planning), and representatives of the UP Department of

Irrigation.

This discussion was prompted by the need to ascertain the ability of

UPSEB to provide reliable supply to pumps under the above projects, including

an examination of the option that the tubewells should have independent,

dedicated power lines separate from UPSEB's existing rural system.

Construction of what might become a duplicate system could be a non-optimal

solution. On the other hand, a case might be made for separate feeders since

such a system could be given priority in times of power rationing and load

shedding, the priority being justified by the need for continuous reliable

power for large State tubewell punps which are required to be operated for

more hours per day than smaller private irrigation pumps. (Without power,

the investment in pumps would be wasted).

Power supplies in Uttar Pradesh have been inadequate in recent years,

and in the year ending March 1981, which saw an unprecedented drought,

rural

feeders were never energized more than 9 hours per day on average,

and in the

worst months were down as low as 3 1/2 hours per day. The State Electricity

Board's forecasts indicate that they expect deficits to continue indefinitely

(Annex 1). It must therefore be assumed that ordinary rural feeders will be

subject to load shedding for many years to come.

At the meeting UPSEB confirmed their statement, previously made to

the World Bank Composite Irrigation Project Mission on May 1-2, that they

would be willing to build feeders dedicated solely to the purpose of these

two projects. The feeders would come direct from 132 kV substations, which

are not rostered and hence are energized at almost all times. Supply would

normally be available on these feeders for 24 hours per day. Augmentation

wells could therefore pump continuously when necessary.

In the case of the direct irrigation tubewells (DITs) in UP TI,

supply could also be provided 24 hours per day but the CEB would prefer to be

able to shed them over the peaks for say 4 hours per day. UPSEB foresaw no

political or other difficulty in giving such preference to power supplies for

public irrigation facilities.

-2-

The full capital cost of special works such as these feeders wouldhave to be met by someone other than UPSEB; the SEB would own, maintain andoperate them. (Estimating prices suggested by UPSEB were Rs 20,000 per km for11 kV and Rs 55,000 per km for 33 kV line). Assuming that the loads arereasonably close to the transformer, an 11 kV feeder will usually supplyabout 1,000 kW of load, and the average load of a DIT would be about 12 kW.It should be noted UPSEB's position may not consider overall systemeconomics; it requires that the projects pay for the needed facilities andthat UPSEB is "kept whole" financially.

The DITs to be installed under UP II number 5,000. They willprobably be in clusters of 10-20, but the clusters will be widelydistributed. It will thus be necessary to examine on its own merits thequestion of feeding each cluster, when its location is known. Where acluster would be close to an existing feeder, the option of using thatfeeder, perhaps with appropriate improvements, would be examined. UPSEBthought that in most instances this would not be a satisfactory solution, asexisting feeders are usually leavily loadod, and owing to frequent faults andslow restoration they often suffer considerably more outage time than eventhe rostering scheduling would suggest.

On the other hand, UPSEB might in some cases wish or be virtuallycompelled to connect certain other consumers to nominally dedicated feeders,where there was no other reasonable means of supply. Although eachadditional connection will increase the probability of outage on a feeder,some examples of this would no doubt have to be tolerated.

It should be noted that the case for separated dedicated powerdistribution rests on the desire for a reasonably reliable supply to servethese specific consumers and assumes that these consumers will have priorityover most other consumers. The benefits of such a dedicated system will bediluted or lost if the project's government-owned tubewells are not grantedthis priority over other consumers, including private agricultural consumers.

For the operation of essential canal water control structures on theUGC, dedicated feeders could similarly be provided, but these could still notguarantee an infallible supply. For absolute reliability, standby energy insome form will have to be provided. It might take one of a number of forms,such as direct drive engines, engine driven generating sets, compressed airvessels, elevated water storage tanks, or human energy.

It would appear that the suggestion of returning the hydro stationsthat are disposed along the canal to the control of the Irrigation Departmentwill make little headway. There are eight of these stations, ranging in sizefrom 500 kW to 20.4 MW, and they are spread over a distance of 150 miles.They form a small but not insignificant part of UPSEB's reliable generatingand transmission, and men would have to be seconded from UPSEB to do it.

-3-

Since UPSEB are unlikely to be sympathetic to the scheme, its chances ofsuccess appear slim. UPSEB was however receptive to the suggestion that 11kV feeders, dedicated to supplying power either to augmentation wells and/orto canal water control structures, might in some instances be providedconveniently and economically by taking them right off the 11 kV busbars atthese hydro stations.

We would recommend:

(a) As soon as points at which supply will be needed are known,UPSEB should be approached and asked to investigate each oneof them to determine the best way of feedingit, taking due cognizance of the possibilityof using existing feeders, with improvements if necessary.Consideration to feeding a limited number of other potentialconsumers from the new feeders may also be given.

(b) Where UPSEB's study indicates that a dedicated feeder would benecessary to provide an acceptable level of reliability, theIrrigation Department should evaluate this in comparison withany alternative available such as the provision of a larger pumpwith storage.

(c) At canal water control structures where power for operation isessential at all times, standby energy sources must be provided.

cc: Messrs. Rei ger, Campbell, Rodger

JCRyan:an

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OFF!CE MEMORANDUM i

TO: Mr. 11. Fenn, DATE 9 June, 198 .Chief, Service II, DDC. '7

FROM: D. E. Campbell and K. K. Aw Yong,DDC.

SUBJECT: INDIA: Project Preparation and Technical Supervision,May 1981 Iission.Back-tc-ffice Report.

1. In accordance with Terms of Reference of 16 April, the Kissiondeparted from Rome on 30 April, arriving in India on 1 Iay. Er. Aw Yongleft for return to Rome on 15 May, and Kr. Campbell departed from Indiafor Burma on 31 May. The Kission included the following activities:-

Uttar Pradesh Tubewells I and II

Supervision of I (in association with Bank staff) and assistancein preparation of II.

UDoer Ganra Modernization

Assistance in preparation, in association with Bank staff, with Lparticular reference to conjunctive use of groundwater and canals.

Kaharashtra I

Technical assistance in canal lining programme.

Gujarat II

Technical assistance in execution of Damanganga project, alsoassistance to Bank technical supervision mission Karjan and Panam projects.

Bihar/Orissa Subernarekha Project

Assistance, in association with consultants WAPCOS, in projectpreparation.

General

Participation in Bank/GOI review of status of preparation ofprojects in the "pipeline" also review of status of UNDP/FAO projectscurrently under negotiation, with FAO Representatives.

. ../...

BK103/2.9 INDDC/hl

FAOR, New Delhi, Indiacc: All Team Members

World Bank (8)DDC Reg.Docs. Unit

- 2-

Uttar Pradesh Tubewells I and II, also Upoer Ganma Vodernization

2. Construction of UP Tubewells I is progressing satisfactorily, after alate start due to procurement problems. Operation and Kaintenance Divisionshave not yet been fielded, but are expected to be in position by end June.Mr. Aw Yong inspected eighteen of the twenty-one wells in service at thetime of the Yission, and reviewed agricultural performance. 1Agricultural support remains conspicuously lacking, also monitoring ar!review functions. These subjects were taken up with the Secretary ofIrrigation and Director of Agriculture, also with the Iinistry of Irrigationand the Department of Economic Affairs in New Delhi. They will also beunderlined in the report of the formal supervision mission (J. Cunninham,D. D. Taneja (Bank), D. E. Campbell (CP) ). Copies of the CP TechnicalSupervision Report of 23 Vlay are attached.

3. A critical factor in the performance of UP I and prospective UP IIwells is the supply of electric power, at present available for less thanseven hours per day. In an unexpected change of position, the StateElectricity Board has now offered to provide an unrationed supply toproject wells via restricted access ("dedicated") feeders. This willconsiderably enhance agricultural development in the tubewell areas.A copy of aCP letter to Reidinger/Tibor on the subject, in relation to

... both UP Tubewells and Upper Ganga 11odernization projects is attached

4. With regard to UP II, preparation is proceeding satisfactorily,in expectation of pre-appraisal in November 1981 and final appraisal inFebruary/iarch 1982. An issue of interest is the relative role of"direct irrigation" and augmentation wells (discharging into canals)in UP. This question, and the status of preparation of UP II generally,are discussed in the memo of 23 May to G. Tibor, copy attached,] 2/

5. A possible modification to the hydraulic control system for theUP I and II wells, retaining the automatic feature but facilitating morerapid construction, was developed by the Mission and proposed to theState for early installation on a trial basis. The subject is discussedin the letter of 30 Yay, CP to B. P. Goyal, Additional Chief Engineer.A copy is attached.

See separate BTO report, K. K. Aw Yong, 22 May, 1981.

2 To Bank and Investment Centre Management copies of the BTO report.

Maharashtra I

6. The Indian manufactured version of the Italian machine forproduction of channel lining components is now working very satisfactorily.

The order for twelve additional Italian machines is still being processedby central Government.

7. At a meeting with the CAD Comissioner in Bombay the Yission.proposed that GOI now take up production of slabs for lining of largerchannels, the slabs having edge configurations which provide both flexibilityand sheer restraint in the lining. A drawing of equipment for productionof such slabs was later forwarded to the Commissioner, with the suggestionthat it be fabricated locally (see letter of 30 May to P. R. Ghandi, copyenclosed j).

Gujarat II

8. At the request of the Bank, the !iission combined discussion of theDamanganga project pipe distribution system with participation in a Banksupervision of channel lining in the Panam and Marjan projects of Gujarat II.The latter subject is discussed in a separate Bank mission report, butwarrants comment here. In the Panam project very poor quality constructionand early deterioration is being encountered both in cast-in-situ maincanal linings, and in cement-mortar tile linings of watercourses. Theproblem in both cases is due, in part, to use of inadequate quantities ofcement, largely through lack of supervision of the work of contractors inremote construction areas. In the case of watercourses a lightweightpressed cement-mortar tile is being used, placed upon in situ trowelledmortar. With inadequate quality of the latter the tiles become readilydislodged and widespread failure of the lining results. A more satisfactorylining would be achieved in the circumstances by use of machine-producedintegral lining components, or in larger channels use of slabs withconfigured edges of the type discussed above (aharashtra). The letterof 30 May, 1981, to Shankar Iyer, Irrigation Department, Ghandinagar,discusses the latter technique; copy attached j.

Subernarakha Project (Bihar and Orissa)

9. This project, in which the CP was earlier involved, has been underpreparation for the last year by consultants WAPCOS and the two States.The position was reviewed at the meeting of Bank and GOI referred to above,with particular regard to construction programme and budget. CP is nowrequested to proceed to appraisal (jointly with Bank) by year end. Ajoint preappraisal mission is scheduled for mid-July. 2/-

fTo Bank and Investment Centre Management copies of the BTO report.

Copy of memo "Status of Preparation" attached to Bank and CP copies ofthe BTO report.

-4-

General

10. Continuation of technical assistance to Kerala (Kallada project)

which was included in the Mission's TOR was deferred, pending further

Bank review of the project, but is likely to be taken up again shortly.

11. The two UI1P projects (channel lining and drainage of "black-cotton"

soils) in which CP has taken initiative in preparation are now unlikely

to be operative before year end. The FAO Representative was asked to

assist the Departments concerned in finalizing processing. Meantime

work on channel lining development will be pursued through other channels

(on-going Bank projects)

mry 3o, 1931Mr. B.F. GoyalAdditional Chief En!ineer (Tiwbau)llc)Irri- tion Dcpatmen

(Lucknow, ,p

Dear Mr. Coyal,U1 . Tref~ 7 )1 Ts

On 25th Mgy we di cussed poociblo Va ittionq on the !ydraut -system for the UP I/It t-crml. The ai= i to rp-vio Fully tetiecaeration, not requiring rttendance of t a f--y,. zit?. orChizt-down, but wfth more convcnjeCe of eortr j 17 U30,4elevated tr'k. Tho tank 1=3 a reinforced c t b. m areifoce cecr -cr th tz botmanj alco Cteel cutlet rige pipes. I!tn of thez - % ea r C1x iconstruction than traditizal reinforcad bri- .

In 04- dictuction wo orrivcd et a go,1tc - cGirlicity of tho Cll-1rick dictribution C"-, tA Ceictictcontrol fCaturyC, of th* clevatod tank, tho oa teo !-r, . . . rt3:-h-LPJ beina constructed nr-l cvaluated. In c rc -s t c =, 1s Alhat enlrcd dietributtic h (~ ,-mrbj-M , UL3 dition rfa operated t:r=ttlin alv e (tE.t cazy ' tcI- eliVeiy line

pL-. upper czid lo%.e=-level flczt c-itch-sy

Enclosed are two drawings Cnd a 6c1--hclwt':e ta cz-ta end -- ooperation. You m" Vich to devele-e d ny d"convenience in dizcusion. r-ra for

Referring to retcet 3, -homaties 1Vv of i1Vri7from both Icops, thi 7ro11 r 1z idiatribution ch bher rie2 to th i r : Th1then drops at a ratti dc-teri-c by 1L.cW2l1 dcliveay lina. cnd at tha cllzi, :v 14- i, (i ry 1loft part." c' . L nn tho leel c b.-::

-r fa.1 at Ltffc-_-ct rctes in1 4o w'01 rt~erta cf the cheSmr. Gin t C1 L

wits rhe to t! of rhy - I

bec4 rci-J ur zd n eitl - ! r ich 1--- -n 3cz: iciI er indi ca cd -vz2 1~ rc' L' to etI zs di:nciona the rta o ?

1 -- 5 ., (-/

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conserently be crut 35 cart- f dz:dIn trc ' e :.. le'val at whichthe lo.er-levcl probe is set), =id h eie cyclo r-:1 v~:chly be inC=Ccc: of t= ttc.. U e tivzttra cn either 1r L.i to rc~.r ir1it: aat any time curin- the cy:1 - c;y L3 i ne. 1-tCr w.11 , rIed alyevailzl~o, cltheth at c f -. the 2 :Tz czS the Laeto-level probe in ac4 bclo the uter-licl r cea:ry tl 7.v th full 3/4 e.i.-.into a lo". Vaia m te:r, dit enlaz !d ea c- c4;::: chl::2e, ha3 svar. oovcr a delivery cGb 1 z a of tz21eX diwernions incL-;4:t a th&rAl tiua < Jy.As you pointed cut, in the latter cace a cultivatoz : 4 have to Vait for fto ten rintcs bafore water bece available cn resn . of irrigation aft :shut-dctsn.

The situatioa rhn mne 1e* only shuts dotm is il1tratcd on Sh.eft 3schcratic II. Tho Prvel in the distributizn ch.nrer riez trtil t.0 t-An floatsbeGin to throttle the radial vziiva on tLe p=P dclivery li.a. Tho level villstabilize at approximately clevation -SZ e t -> the betc-i of tho weir, andrczain steady. Delivery to te operzitna loop will bz :: ict greater than thedectgn 0.75 ef, but probably not in czesa of O.c5 cia, 7-a to thb lcvel in theche.:Scr being hl7her than in noral opnratiou witih ttuoa-1 S. Throttling thepuz-? delivery lin3 will raise the her4 on the , L. tho load on the moter villredLce (by about 1CZ). Efficiency will alto re. 1-u'ever, the latter is nota jorlo's item for the follouing rczsoms:

- It deas not affoct cost of vnter to the caltiviator,nor power charges to the D1eprtment (thich r Lasedoi connected .P).

- It is not czpocted that operation on one locp onlywill paraict for a signific =t proorticn o.running hsura.

As a matter ck interest, the present eleva-ed tan t yztrl EccIModatesopera.ca on c-. lc- only by cyclinr ,he pa on and e :f, uing storatz inthe tr2k, rathc-r than by throttIns-. 1- vt, -:C, c 'y ui1mt, ofthe t-o systems veuld be aloirt Id nticaL Li t t cts itionA hend(aiwut 0.5 m) in its control rysten in r gita oerct'-a.

The butterfly valve is cho:: e l insi'-14 tL.l isiution ch-= -rto avoid tampcrin, rathar then eizez.

As diecuzsed, 1:=aaro SEreseuI a etya of valve for=enicipal use, td could dairma rad m-, a L; :f ' to d*ire. tievalve is not ir::d for frall c c:a3 th : to rovs 4A%of norral diachzrge ia the "closd iZion ecJ~d a .. f'eci:

Vay th"nks for ccurtesies ede2 to t C::tvm, Tae ja, cad:yaelf a&rirn c-r vitit "-rlier t~a4 w:::. :: T cd I lsk onerd tI

eeairn you a3ain in early July.

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R.Reidinger, 0. Tibor 3, 198

D. E. Campbell (C.P.) cc: B.A. Nekby, K. Jechoutek/J. Ryan

PoRr umly for Upre angq Canal ModernizationProiert, vnd UO Tub.ells XI

The above subjects were diecussed in Lucknow with State Electrict.tyBoard on Iay and 12 Kay. Messrs. Rodger and Reidir-er participated inthe first meeting, and 1essrs. Jachoutek and Ryan (AM:.I) in the second.Messrs. Vijendra Siugah (UGC) and B.P. Goyal (UP I and II) participated inthe meetings, also WAPCOS and C.P.

The issues discussed were the following:

(a) Reliability of power supply for operation of hydrauliccoatrol structures on the U.G.C. principal canals

(b) Power supply for U.G.C. tubewells

(c) Power supply for UP 11 tubewells

With regard to the first item, central questioas were

- Whether virtually 100% reliable supply of the relativelysmall quantity of power required for U.G.4. gate operationcould be assured, either by providing a secia. feeder linealong the length of the canals or otharwi e

- Whether reliability of supply froi such a 1 :e would bereduced by also employing it for prower su l:, to U.G.C. wells

The consensus ruong the electrical .-,ineIrs pr sent (particularlyin the second meetin-) was thit abcolute ; ance o r- cr tza ltot attair-Thleby any means. External hazards such as : or rtc3 dame could Vwt beinsured against. This being the cas, ; of .2ulUary p&wcr, cyi.hcrdiesel sat or energy storage (hydr.alIc, zic o: 1ttery) or C:rgncymanual operadon would be nec s-y, suAyL :in a T >Z :ssured" splyfrom. the State netWork. It :as cctci: . vt the Thtr could best beprovided by restricted acces (fdcltected ) :K4rs fra existi 132 KVaubstatiens within the UGU conzand. t 32 , bus .s Eat rxbjc!t to power"rostering". It s noted that the ei t 3 U V Ii' vlch ruas for aportion of tu' length of the 1min canal, cr n::-i11 Lydel stationsat drops on t he canal, is being reti:ed icr tcnicai rcasons (66 KV isnot now a itan'dard volt-ae in the U . It iL nt aJaptable to 33 Vsnpply and is not regardod by the 3.. 7 . : r i.c OAT'Y line for theU.C.C. systc:. The hydel units will re2 in opr v:, supplying intithe UP network.

Tha ctuestion of ihether the reliability of &di: Ad feeder lines

serving gates would be aversely affected 1yy thc'ir joiax use for U.G.C.

tubcwells .as not diccussed to finality, N v oj, aectio~ i to a line erposes that

liae to outcf.es arisin from ftulta vit'n toi. ei er connected to it,

althouh in the case <' project wells u;ch Lautt should not be of frequentoccurrence.

Supply to UCC t'ells will, ih geeral, 1ie prcvinil from 132 KV sub-

stations by dedicated 33 IT or 11 :: fo'aders. te suply ill not be subjectto rosterin-, as inter t tion in p ;e- to wal lc pl . u, to one-half of

the dry-season flow in a canal would ipose a difficult hydraulic control

situation.

With regard to U.P. II (Diroct Irr iti:-n) tuberalls, or DIT wells within

the U.G.C. cc mnd if ay, the S.E. expr sed its williintwss to provide

dedicated feeders wher: practical. Te latter praviso inlies that the wells

would be in clusters, z:ad that limitcd correction of othcr users to amaiuallydedicated feeders would be permitted where no practical alternative supply tosuch users could be provided.

Power supply to such feeders could be uni-estricted (not subject torostering) if desired. 1owever, the Irrigation Dcpartrent would be contentwith asurance of 16 hrs of service per d ;:y, pemittire c)i--peak supply to

the proj ct 'e1s. :icbouring privnte wcall cn ar ccArict:ed feeders wutd

be subject to rosterin: wJith &ely frir ai little es h:xra p day under presentcircuatances. 1Hoever, the tatter ezount in :tgue for rat privateoocrators, who irrigate a relatively cdl area coy, ad political pro(iAex;

arising from preferential supply to pu-lic wells arc act now anticipated.

The Irrigation Dhpartmcrt is proceedic with in-it plans fordedicated feeders and preferential supply also to UP I tu"::0lis.

In all cases the S..B. would require the UC cr L? i/f1 to ucet thecost of construction of the dedicated f'iers.

The overall suppy/demand proietincs r the 11-1 cystem will be

covered by A$:, .

WORLD BANK / INTEfRNATICNAL FINANCE CORPORATION

OFFICE MEMORANDUM :rh -TO: Messrs. K.G. Jechout k, J.C. Ryan, B.C. Davis, ASPEW DiE. April

FROM: F.H. Lamson-Scribner; Chief, ASPEW

SUBJECT: INDIA - Third Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) Project:Appraisal MissionSecond REC Project: Supervision MissionUttar Pradesh Tubewell II and Upper Ganga Canal ModernizationProjects: Support for ASPAC Preparation MissionTerms of Reference

1. Mr. Ryan should arrive in Delhi on or about May 5, 1981, Mr. Jechoutek

about May 6, 1981, and Mr. Davis about May 14, 1981, to appraise and supervise

the REC projects, and to provide support for the ASPAC mission headed byMr. Reidinger which will be preparing the two Uttar Pradesh irrigation pumpin'g

projects. Based on the completeness of available data, and the status of

necessary decisions by GOI and the competent authorities (particularly withrespect to the measurement of financial performance of SEBs), the missionshould decide whether the available information is sufficient to completethe appraisal or whether a further mission at a later date will be necessary.

Responsibilities

2. Mr. Jechoutek will be responsible for the overall coordination

of the mission, for economic analysis (supported by Mr. Mkbi under separateterms of reference), and, jointly with Mr. Ryan, for general sectoralmatters. Mr. Ryan will also beresponsible for technical and system designand operation analysis, while Mr. Davis' responsibility will be financialanalysis of REC and SEBs.

Appraisal of Third REC Project

3. Apart from the usual sectoral, institutional, financial, economic,and technical aspects of the REC program and the project, the missionshould devote particular attention to the following matters:

(i) The present status of eligibility of SEBs for IDA fund onlendingaccording to existing criteria, and the implications for eligibilityunder the proposed project. Discussions should focus on theadequacy of existing criteria with respect to financial performance,

the ongoing negotiations between GOI and States to reform

performance measurement, and the possibility to accommodate

revisions of eligibility criteria in agreements under theproject.

(ii) Achievement of construction and consumer connection targets

in States with weak implementation records, and measurestaken to improve their performance.

Messrs. K.G. Jechoutek, J.C. Ryan, - 2 - April 28, 1981

B.C. Davis

(iii) Trends in levels and structure of tariffs for electric

irrigation pumps. The advantages and disadvantages of

flat rate tariffs, as well as the arguments for subsidi-

zation of agricultural electricity use should be examined.

(iv) Load management with respect to pumping demand, and the

improvement of pump and motor efficiency to reduce losses

and ease the burden on the supplying system.

(v) Status of replacement of old REC scheme viability criteria

by new economic criteria based on cost/benefit analysis;

(vi) Measures to improve and expand REC involvement in scheme

monitoring, management of IDA-financed materials, and ex-post

evaluation of completed schemes.

(vii) Financing plan for the REC lending program, including

financing of parallel projects by CIDA or. other donors.

CIDA representatives will participate in some mission

discussions.

(viii) Status of present and future involvement of REC in the

financing of rural distribution network system improvements.

Supervision of Credit 911-IN

4. The mission should conduct a brief supervision of the status of

the ongoing Second REC Project, concentrating on procurement matters,

major c-venants, and progress in the processing of system improvement

schemes by REC under the Credit. Any significant developments under the

Credit should be taken into account in the appraisal of the proposed

Third REC Project.

Support in preparation of UP irrigation rojects

5. The mission should, in coordination with an ASPAC preparation

mission headed by Mr. Reidinger, examine key power-related aspects of

the Upper Ganga Canal (UGC) Modernization and the Uttar Pradesh Tubewell

II Projects. These should include:

(i) off-peak power availability in Uttar Pradesh;

(ii) distribution system reliability, in particular for uninterrupted

canal operation; and

(iii) the desirability and feasibility of captive power generation

and/or distribution for the UGC project. In this context,you should ascertain whether the coOrdination between irrigation

and power planning in Uttar Pradesh is satisfactory, and

investigate the degree of utilizaticn of irrigation facilities

for power generation.

aessrs. K.G. Jechoutek, J.C. Ryan, - 3 - April 28, 1981B.C. Davis

6. You should discuss these matters in the field with the ASPACmission and competent government representatives (including UPSEB andREC), and communicate your findings to ASPAC on return to Washington,together with recommendations on how to proceed on the two projects withrespect to power supplies.

Reporting

7., On completion of your mission on or about May 22, 1981, Mr. Jechoutekshould proceed to Bangladesh to participate in the appraisal of the AshuganjThermal Power Project and a Rural Electrification Project, Messrs. Davisand Ryan should proceed to Sri Lanka to appraise the Seventh Power Project,all under separate terms of reference. After return to Washington, inabout mid-June, 1981, you should prepare the relevant reports in due time.The Resident Mission in Delhi, and the Department of Economic Affairs shouldbe kept informed about the progress and findings of the mission.

Cleared with and cc: Messrs. Stichenwirth, Rix

cc: Messrs. Holsen, Slade, Wiehen, Jansen, Geli, Saeed, Slade,Rajagopalan (3), Barker, Rovani, Drake, Singh, Munasinghe,Mbi, Tibor, Lynch

Mesdames Robbin, Hamilton

South Asia Files and Division Files

KJechout Vms


OFFICE MEMORANDUMTO: Mr. G. J. Tibor, Chief, ASA DATE: April 1, 1981

FROM: Richard B. Reiding ASPAC

SUBJECT: INDIA - Upper Ganga Irrigation Modernization Project- Uttar Pradesh Tubewells II Project- Coordination with ASPEW

1. Messrs. K. Jechoutek, J. Ryan (ASPEW), W. Rodger and R. Reidinger(ASPAC) met on March 26, 1981. The purpose of the meeting was to discussbriefly the electric power problems related to the Upper Ganga IrrigationModernization Project and the UP Tubewells Project.

2. Availability of secure electric power is of major importance toboth projects, which are both scheduled for appraisal in mid-FY82. Powersupply issues differ somewhat for the two projects.

Power Situation in Uttar Pradesh

3. Despite its enormous hydropower resources and some 3,500 MW ofgenerating capacity, the State of Uttar Pradesh (UP) at present facessevere power shortages which will likely continue or worsen in the foresee-able future. Peak shortages at present are estimated at about 25% ofpotential demand (unrestricted by power cuts). On an annual basis, theshortage amounts to some 10% of demand. As a result, power cuts androstering are frequent, and even supplies based on scheduled rosteringsare often interrupted. Public tubewells in UP can only operate about8 or 10 hours a day due to both scheduled and unscheduled power outages,and that amount of time is often unreliable and at odd hours. By 1985/86,the peak capacity shortfall is expected to worsen, reaching about 30% ofpotential demand.

Upper Ganga Irrigation Modernization Project

4. As presently conceived, the Upper Ganga project would include atotal of about 2,000 cfs in augmentation tubewell capacity, or anywherefrom approximately 400 to 1,200 tubewells depending on size. In generalgroundwater resources throughout the Upper Ganga command, particularlyto the north, are excellent. The augmentation tubewells will requiresubstantial amounts of power, and whether power is available 8, 12 or24 hours a day, or only at night, will affect canal design. Location ofaugmentation wells would be determined by several considerations, includingavailability of groundwater, aquifer characteristics, canal locations, andcanal system management requirements. The total amount of augmentationcapacity to be included at this stage is quite flexible, and could bereduced substantially if the requisite amount of dependable power is notavailable.

Mr. G.J. Tibor - 2 - April 1, 1981

5. Perhaps more important than power for augmentation wells is powerfor system regulation. Although quite small, power needed for canal

operations should be essentially 100% reliable if the system is to dependon electric power to mechanize water regulation. The system has some

40 MW (20 MW firm) of generating capacity on the main canal, which

reportedly (but not assuredly) could be diverted from the grid (ascaptive power) to provide secure power for canal regulation, and tosome extent for augmentation well'.

UP Tubewells (II) Project

6. The UP Tubewells (II) Project would finance construction of some5,000 new State tubewells throughout the State. UP has about 16,000 large,State-operated tubewells already in operation. Generally, project tubewellswould be in blocks dispersed throughout the State, located in areas presentlyout of canal command.

7. The proposed project is patterned after the ongoing UP TubewellsProject which is financing some 500 new tubewells over a two-year period.That project is progressing satisfactorily. However, a major problem forproject tubewells is lack and unreliability of electric power. Power cutsand unscheduled outages severely curtail operating hours and reduce operationalefficiency in terms of tubewell management, irrigation and agricultural pro-duction.

8. Power problems affect essentially all public tubewells in the State.The increase in power demand from the 5,000 new tubewells would amount toperhaps 4% of total peak (restricted) demand. However, because they arewidely dispersed (unlike the Upper Ganga case), public tubewells present anadditional problem in power service and distribution, in addition to theavailability of power itself.

Arrangements for Reconnaissance of UP Power Situation

9. ASPEW plans to have a power mission for another project in the fieldin India by approximately May 10. 1/ Mr. Don Campbell (FAO-CP) who is workingon the UP Tubewells II preparation and is also familiar with Upper Ganga, willbe in India from about May 1-20. Arrangements for the ASPEW mission andMr. Campbell to overlap for discussions on the power problem have been made.In addition, if the ASPEW mission as finally planned shifts forward by a fewdays, I could perhaps overlap with them also. (My present plan is to be inIndia until May 5).

1/ Latest plans are for Mr. Jechoutek (Economist) to arrive on May 8 andMr. Ryan (Engineer) on May 12.

Mr. G.J. Tibor - 3 - April 1, 1981

10. Several key topics should be examined by Mr. Campbell and the ASPEWmission, and discussed as necessary with GOUP, SEB, the Irrigation Departmentand WAPCOS (Upper Ganga preparation consultant).

(a) Off-peak power availability-the amount of off-peak poweractually available, and its reliability (e.g., poweravailable on an uninterrupted basis every night).

(b) Distribution system problems-the capability of thedistribution system (perhaps by region) to deliverpower to tubewells without unscheduled outages and atdesign voltages, assuming off-peak power is available.

(c) Dedicated power line and service for Upper Ganga--securepower is essential, at the very least for canal operationsand telemetry.

(d) Role of Upper Ganga captive power--whether the IrrigationDepartment should take back from the grid captive powerand its distribution for canal operations and augmentationwells, or whether an arrangement for secure power in likeamount from the grid can be provided to the Upper Gangacommand.

11. The first point--the amount of off-peak power actually available--isof primary importance at this stage. It would likely affect the design sizeof both augmentation and direct service tubewells. It may also affect theneed to provide for more night storage, either from larger canal capacitiesin the Upper Ganga Project or from day-night tanks in UP Tubewells Project.

12, Mr, Reidinger will introduce these matters briefly in discussionswith relevant government officials during his visit prior to the ASPEWmission's arrival. The ASPEW mission (with Mr, Campbell's assistance) willbriefly examine the UP power situation as related to the Upper Ganga andTubewells Projects, giving particular attention to the key topics above.Depending on the amount of data available, the mission will also examine inmore detail how GOUP/SEB plan to cope with power supply constraints in termsof these two projects. Following the mission, they will communicate theirfindings to ASPAC on the present and future power situation in UP, GOUP plansto deal with it, and a set of recommendations on how best to proceed on the twoprojects with respect to power supplies.

cc: Messrs. Rowe, Geli, Rodger, Jechoutek, Ryan, Beutgen, Lamson-Scribner,Barber

RReidinger:smd:lgr

6CD0

0CD

/--A

OFFICE MEMORANDUM

TO: 1r. . Fenn DAT F 27th Razchy

Chief, sez-vice 11, DC2h r

RO.; 2.ECape

SUE.JEC D.A and BA. ?rojec-t Review, Wasirj-on3ack-to-...0ice Renorz.

in accoranoe with m0? of 26th -ezrza-- I vi-te aFrom 11th thr - h March for review of irr:.ga-ion projecs in.ndia and 3ma. The positio2 is as follows:

Uttar Pradesh ':nbewells II

Pinal apraisal is now scheduled for Febnaa - 182, to pe tassessment of 31/82 rabi season crop results from Up T. C.? isresponsible for supervision of data collection from Z- throuhou-the '81and -/$2 period, and for preparation of I? -7 cenerallv.

in view of the size of the project (coveri.n some 500,G00 ha),and the msg-nieude of the eleztricaj. load involved (about 100Yoo kpower supp]y and distributior will be a major iSse in ap-saBank has ar=rr.e that the Scuth Asia EnerZ ai. hater *Supoy Division( ) ill stuad t:is feature of the prject, in association withC.P. A Joint mission is planned for mid llaky.

A note PreTared for Bank files, summarizing discussions, isattached to Bank and C.? Manaenment copies of this report.UP 1Mdenization/U,-,)er Ganza Irriati on

This project, involving a first phase of reconstouotion andprovennt of the major Upper Ganga canal system, has been unmder studyby the State and consultants WAPOOS, with limited Bank assistance,for abomt one year. An "idetification" report was completed by WAPCOS

BK 103/2,9 IND ( CID)BZ 203/2.9 BUR (Tanks)

cc: All team membersWorld Bank, Washington (8)World Banh, 3 (2)Alwan, New DelhiDocum ents UnitID3 Reg.

in NovemDer. TLe project Js now schecha-ea for acoraisal by eo- 'E1.

S: er Of pi issues remair. to be resolved, inuingof of g-roundwa-er iiation wth t e oana. suumly.

C.P has been asked to undertake a suudy of this Tueston, forcopletion by end. June. A memo prepare6 for Bank files end osin'TCR for toe stuoy is attached to Bank and C? Manzement conies of thisrepor-.

Subernarekho. Prhject

This pro-jeo with which C.? has been earl.i.er associated, hasalso been te suject of State/WACCS "iientificon" studies coveredin a report of iovember 'SC. Many of the issues d-efined earlier stillremain, iclud~irn those of rate of develonent of t multiplecomponent Przect, the avail abilin of funod.s p rticularly from Oxissa,and priorities wiath respect to ate rative pro jects.

C.? has now been asked tc renew its association with theproject, with a view to appraisal late this year. As a move towardsresolving the issue of rate of development C.? and Bank will prepare,with WLPCCS assistance, an economic analysis of the total project withalternative development schedules. This will be placed beforeGovernment of India in June or July. Fuzrther preparation of a firstphase project will be conditional on CI/State con.fivmation of aspecific schedule and assur-nce of availability of funds.

A note on the Washin ton iiscussions accompanied by a listof data required from WJJCCS for the above evaluati on is attached. toBank and C.? Manaaement copies of this report. Next C.? action wilu beto review progress with WLPCCS in conjunction with the April/Keg Indianmission.

KalladaProject (Ierala)

The portion of the appraisal reDort relating to water n istributionto garden lands (drafted earlier by C.P) was reviewed. C.P will continueto provide technical support and suoervision durinr project execution.

Damancanza ?ro ject (Cujarat)

The application of buried nine water distribution to thisproject in various tocogranhic situations was reviewed. C.? will continueto work with the State on refinement of criteria and designs.Installation -f a pilot area of piPe system in the lower Ukai-Kakraparacommand (near Valsad) was agreed upon.

C.? ansistance in execution of other Bank projects in Gujaratinvolving either pipe or lined onen watercourse systems was agreed to,and will be initiated during the April/!ay mission.

ama 1ed1ium Tanks, and Irriaticn ?roject Pineline

Prior to the last C.F Mejiun Tanks mission Government of Buzma

had re-directe- p-ority to the Tenasseria coastal area, leaving inmanaunpgsub-proect as the only unit of the dry-zone (Mag-we) dev'elopnent to beincluded in the first sta-e projec:, the ct" componen-s being Lzin andin pzon sul-Projects in Tenasserim.

Discussion centred larely on ano the.7 n views uarerdote

Tenasserin aea. While Azin, with a pro'pc-tio:n of its outvut ofre.ulated water going to urban supply, could probdly be viable withconventional field crops, WinIanon and other projects of the Tenasserimsernes would obablv rec-ire inclusion of a Procortion of orchard anngarden crops. The latter are likely to De a significant feature o theTenasserin developnent, but pose agro-economic ruestions wnic cannot vetbe fully answered. Bank does not wish to become involved in such issuesin rma at this time, nor in a "ti..slice" approash .i.h would peroitdetailed analysis of Winpanon during the currency of the project as this wouldinvolve a virtual comitment to the latter. A "time-slice" approash to theiagwe area was also discussed, wich would pe-nit inclusion of the Sadonsb-project along with inzmunditng, but again discarded by 3ank for the timebeing.

The fi -ly com itted components for a fist stage project re-ainnundaunz and Azin, totalling $12 million with equip. ient, together

with feasibility studies of Sadon and possibly Winpcanon. komeik projectin the Io-'t*rr- Shan State, wich was also a possibility for the first stageproject, was -2opped from consideration by 3az' on grounds of securityproblems in that area.

The problems of lift irrigation from the lrawaddy at Hienzada (seeB.T.0, Wyatt mission) were also discussed. Bank is ta~ing a cautious approachto the altezative of g-roundwater development, pending ezploration, partlydue to unfavourable results so far obtained from driliin; elsewhere.Purther aotion under consideration includes en.plcratc-y drilling at Eenzadaand also investigation of alternative systems of pmnped diversion from theIrawaddy, including much smaller and more portable systems than proposed bythe Henzada consultants.

Bank proposes a joint Bank/C.? mission in late Aril to review theimmediate project pipeline. In this connection C.P has been asked toreview the position regarding Paddylands 11, with a view to its inclusionin the '83 lending programme.



FROM: D.E. Campbell (C.P.)

SUBJECT: INDIA - Uttar Pradesh Tubewells II Project- Preparation and Appraisal

1. The project was briefly discussed in Washington on March 13,1981 1/. The final appraisal is now scheduled for February 1982, bywhich time assessment of rabi season production from UP I will be pos-sible.

2. C.P. will continue to give support in monitoring and evaluationof 1981/82 performance, and assistance to Irrigation Department in settingup interim extension for the 1981/82 season.

3. Emphasis will be given to detailed recording of power availa-bility and regularity of supply experienced at all UP I wells throughout1981. Monitoring of this data will be checked by C.P. during each fieldvisit.

4. The matter of reliable power supply will be a principal issuein appraisal of UP II. ASPEW will participate in project preparation andadvise on means of ensuring satisfactory service for project wells. Themagnitude of UP II should provide substantial leverage in negotiating withGOUP in this connection.

5. With a view to ultimately freeing irrigators from the inconven-ience of interruptions imposed by power rostering, and avoiding the needfor night irrigation, pilot installations incorporating ground-level 24-hourly pondage will be included in the project. The tubewell will operatedischarging into the pondage, in off-peak hours including nighttime. Asecond smaller pump, electrical with 5 HP diesel standby, will lift waterfrom the pondage into the elevated control tank serving the pipe distri-bution system, in daylight hours only.

cc: Messrs. Tibor, Rodger, Helman (ASPAC)

1/ Participating: Messrs. Tibor, Rodger, Helman and Campbell (C.P.)

WORLD BANK / INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION -



SUBJECT: INDIA - UP Modernization/Upper Canga Irrigation- Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and Surface Water- Study of Distribution System

1. In discussions in Washington on March 13, 1981 (Messrs. Tibor,Rodger, Reidinger, Campbell) C.P. was asked to carry out a study of theintegrated distribution of irrigation water from tubewells and from theGanga canal system. It should be completed by the end of June.

2. Attached are draft TOR for the study and preliminary notes oncertain issues.

Attachments

cc: Messrs. Tibor, Rodger, Reidinger (ASPAC)

CONJUNCTIVE USE OF GROUNDWATER AND

SURFACE WATER IN THE -GANGETIC BASIN

Study of Water Distribution Systems

Terms of Reference

The macro-relationships between surface water, groundwater, and

recharge in the Gangetic Basin are currently being explored through mathe-

matical modelling. The study discussed herein will be directed at the

related question of distribution and utilization of groundwater in associa-

tion with canal supply. It will cover "conjunctive use" in the broad sense,

ranging from systems of mixed supply to systems of separate surface and

groundwater supply in adjacent areas.

The study is intended as background to two major irrigation devel-

opments now in course of preparation in the Gangetic area, the Upper Ganga

and the Uttar Pradesh Tubewells (Stage II) projects.

The approach should be at the conceptual level initially, covering

both present and future levels of development. Alternatives for immediate

development should subsequently be evaluated in more detail. The study should

be completed by the end of June 1981.

The attached random notes on the subject in question may be useful

background to the study.

THE GANGETIC BASIN

Study of Water Distribution for Conjunctive Useof Surface and Groundwater

Preliminary Observations

1. The systems which will be in operation in the basin in the immedi-

ate future are the following:

- The existing surface water distribution system,

with such extensions and modifications as may be

introduced through the Upper Ganga project;

- The large number of private tubewells and open

wells currently operating in the area;

- The existing 15,000 "Direct Irrigation" public

tubewells in the basin, and the 5,000 new DIT wells

to be constructed under the UP II project, which

will serve a further 400,000 to 500,000 ha by 1988;

- New Public tubewells to be constructed under the

Upper Ganga project. The manner of their associa-

tion with the surface water system is to be determined.

To what extent private wells will continue in operation as the public well

program expands is an issue in itself and is discussed further below.

2. The alternatives available for operatio% of the proposed Upper Ganga

tubewells include the following:

- Delivery into primary or secondary surf'ce canals;

- Delivery into tertiary or quaternary surface canals

(minors or watercourses);

- Operation independently of surface systems, but serving

areas adjacent to those supplied by surface canals.

3. The Upper Ganga canal system was designed to supply water at a

very low intensity of irrigation in the dry season. Although distributaries

normally serve the whole command, the area between adjacent distributaries is

not entirely served by minors.

This situation raises a number of questions:

- Should the Upper Ganga project tubewells supplement

supply to those areas already served (although in-

adequately) by surface canal supply, or should they

be located in areas commanded by distributaries but

not served by a minor distribution system? In the

latter case would the minor system be extended into

those areas or would the tubewells operate indepen-

dently of canal supply?

- To what extent will the areas referred to be served

in any case by planned UP II tubewells, which will

be distributed across all Districts of the State?

What would be the distinction technically and admini-

stratively between UP II tubewells and Upper Ganga

wells in suzh areas?

- In view of the low canal irrigation in.ensity in the

dry season, it is necessary to rotate operation of

minors and distributaries in that season unless they

are fully lined. Delivery from a tubewell into a

channel which is operating rotationally has the

disadvantage that the tubewell could not be operated

continuously. An exception is a tubewell or a group

of wells of sufficient capacity to supply at a rate

approaching the capacity of the minor, in which case

the minor operates continously in the dry season but

primarily on groundwater 1/.

- Power rostering will presumably continue into the

foreseeable future. If Upper Ganga wells are to

discharge into and contribute a substantial propor-

tion of the flow in minors or distributaries in the

dry season (e.g. one-half) power rostering would

cause a major, and not entirely predictable, variation

in rate of supply to the minor. Pondage might need to

be considered. If the wells discharge into main or

branch canals, power rostering is likely to be less

of-a problem as the proportion of tubewell supply to

canal supply is less, canal storage is greater, and

the main and branch canals are in any case equipped to

operate at a considerable range of discharge.

- To avoid simply re-circulating groundwater, Upper-Ganga

wells should not be located near to unlined canals.

The current extent of lining of main, branch, distri-

butary and minor canals, and future plans for lining,

consequently has a bearing on location of wells and the

order of canal into which they will discharge.

- The introduction of tubewells into the Upper Ganga

system on a considerable scale will represent a

major up-grading of service. Introduction of more

efficient distribution to the farm is likely to be

warranted. Use of buried pipe systems, chak pondage,

etc., should be considered in the context of joint

use of canal and tubewell supply.




SUBJECT: INDIA - Uttar Pradesh Tubewells II Project- Preparation and Appraisal

1. The project was briefly discussed in Washington on March 13,1981 1/. The final appraisal is now scheduled for February 1982, bywhich time assessment of rabi season production from UP I will be pos-sible.

2. C.P. will continue to give support in monitoring and evaluationof 1981/82 performance, and assistance to Irrigation Department in settingup interim extension for the 1981/82 season.

3. Emphasis will be given to detailed recording of power availa-bility and regularity of supply experienced at all UP I wells throughout1981. Monitoring of this data will be checked by C.P. during each fieldvisit.

4. The matter of reliable power supply will be a principal issuein appraisal of UP II. ASPEW will participate in project preparation andadvise on means of ensuring satisfactory service for project wells. Themagnitude of UP II should provide substantial leverage in negotiating withGOUP in this connection.

5. With a view to ultimately freeing irrigators from the inconven-ience of interruptions imposed by power rostering, and avoiding the needfor night irrigation, pilot installations incorporating ground-level 24-hourly pondage will be included in the project. The tubewell will operatedischarging into the pondage, in off-peak hours including nighttime. Asecond smaller pump, electrical with 5 HP diesel standby, will lift waterfrom the pondage into the elevated control tank serving the pipe distri-bution system, in daylight hours only.

cc: Messrs. Tibor, Rodger, Helman (ASPAC)

1/ Participating: Messrs. Tibor, Rodger, Helman and Campbell (C.P.)

WORLD BANK / iNTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATI )N

OFFICE MEMORANDUMTO: Mr. Wilfried P. Thalwitz, PIrcctcr, ASPr DATE: March 16 1"

FROM: F.H. Lamson-Scribner {Chief, ASP:U

SUBJECT: INDIA - Upper Ganga Canal (CCC) Irrigation ModernizationUttar Pradesh (UP) Prciect Preparation

This is an answer to your question on the desirability ofplanning for an exclusive power transmission grid for equipment which mightbe included in the UGC irrigation modernization program. As we discussedon the telephone, I've discussed the proposed project with W.G. Rodger andoffer the following comments.

As I understand, a part of the project is-to provide largedeep wells with electric pumps which would pump from deep aquifers andsupplement the water available from the Ganga by providing more water into

the canal system. Basically the big pumps would pump into the overall

irrigation canal system. Although final plans must await further study,Rodger indicated that there might be as many as a thousand pumps spreadover a large area and that such pumps might have'general capacities in the400 cubic meter per hour range (total electrical load might be of the orderof 50 megawatts). Rodger also indicated that for the supplementationscheme to work, the pumps would have to be provided with as reliable asource of power as possible and he would expect that the pumps would haveto be operated in the order of 8-10 hours per day. He also consideredthat the present electricity distribution system did not have adequatereliability and that it would not be worthwhile to put a large investmentof electricity consuming equipment in an area where power supply was notreliable enough to guarantee the efficient use of such equipment. Theseare valid observations and conclusions.

The objective of the augmentation program is to provide watcrto the canal system. We are then concerned with the total system to providethat water which if done with electrical pumps includes the power generatingfacilities, high tension transmission lines and substations to provide pover

C over the large area involved, low tension 33 and 11 kv distribution linesfor smaller geographic areas, and finally the electrical facilities andmotors at the pumps. Since the area involved where the new pumps would belocated also corresponds to areas where there are existing or planned ruralelectrification systems for other pumps, small industry, and villages, it isalso desirable to consider the total electrical system. It would probablybe anti-economic to have two wires down the road, one for the existing orplanned normal rural electrification system and another for the UGC augmen-tation pumps.

Overall reliability is the key concern of the electricalsystem if the new pumps are :: :e justified, although It should be recog-nized that there are tradec.::s between reliability, system costs, and consumerlosses due to Tower interr-=:icns. In general, the overall reliabilityof a system basically starts with the generators and goes through the high-

Mr. Wilfried P. Thalwitz - 2 - March 16, 1981

tension transmission to the lower tension distribution. If, as is proposethe electrical demand for the augmentation wells is to be satisfied by thegenerating stations and high tension grid of the UP State Electricity Boaru(UPSEB), then the reliability of the UPSEB generators and grid is relevant,regardless of whether there is a separate distribution grid for the augmer-tation well motors or not. (An alternative might also be conceived thatthe augmentation well electrical demafids would be provided'for by a separaegenerating system but this would indeed be anti-economic since it would putthe electrical system for the pumps in total in parallel with the UPSEB;one would have to have generating stations, transmission lines, and distri-bution lines as a parallel system in order to be isolated completely.) Itmay therefore be necessary to improve the reliability of the UPSEB's genera-ting/transmission system or to consider that reliability when consideringoperation of pumps.

As regards the final distribution system at the 33 and 11 kvlevel, the reliability of this portion of the system is dependent on itsdesign and operation, on acts of God (lightning and lorries striking poles)and on general overall maintenance. A separate system for the augmentationwells would have the same risk factors to consider reliability-wise as thepresent system.

We might also wish to consider whether or not it would beeasier or more efficient operations-wise if the electrical system werebuilt or operated by the UPSEB or perhaps by another authority. Ingeneral, the same problems must be faced regardless of who builds oroperates the system. Further, although certainly the UPSEB might not bea model of efficiency, it is highly questionable whether a new authorityor one without experience in construction and operation of power distribu-tion facilities would be more efficient and in fact it might also be prognosedthat there would be a learning curve for such new authority (or new respon-sibility for an existing authority) and more difficulties might be encounteredthan at present. Further, since a fair amount of the operation depends onmaintenance, it would be anti-economic to have two sets of operators andmaintenance crews spread around the state, the one to maintain the UGCaugmentation system and the other to maintain the UPSEB system.

Perhaps we should consider the alternative of working withand improving the present power system in the UP in the augmentation wellarea, to provide not only economically reliable power for the UGC augmen-tation pumps but also to provide adequate power for all the other consumersin the areas affected. To this end it would be desirable to review thepresent and planned RE system in the general UGC augmentation area, tointegrate this with the expected demand for UGC augmentation, and to developan overall system which would provide for all consumers in an integratedway. Basically, the UPSEB should be informed on the potential power demandfor augmentation (50 Mw is a good sized lump), and the UGC authority and theUPSEB should work together in overall system design. Based on this, aproject or subproject for electrification would be developed. To construct

Hr. Wilfried P. Thalwitz - 3 - March 16, 1981

an overall satisfactory system would probably be no more difficult and

might be less difficult than to construct a separate parallel system, and

overall it would be more cost effective.

Harking back to my memorandum of March 11 to Roger Rowe, this

project provides an ideal opportunity to integrate the interests of an

agricultural power consumer and the power supplier. First, the overall

distribution system should be developed reasonably optimally. Further,

in developing the distribution system and its voltage levels, a balance

will need to be struck between line lengths, voltage reductions in trans-

formers and sub-voltage levels if any, and motor characteristics. Next,

certainly the motors should have power factor correction. Lastly, this

project would offer an ideal opportunity to introduce time of day use and

arrangements should be made for the agricultural pumping to be done during

those periods of the day when power demand on the total UPSEB system is at

its lowest, say from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. This is especially important in

India's Northern Region where there is a projected 10-15% shortfall in

generating capacity (during peak periods) as compared with presently

envisaged demand (probably excluding this project) throughout the 1980's.

ASPEW will be happy to work with ASPAC in this whole regard.

Other institutional matters may arise such as how funds should be channeled

to UPSEB for the power component of the project, but I am sure this will notrepresent a stumbling block.

cc: Messrs. P. Geli, R. Rowe, W.G. Rodger (ASPAC), G. Tibor

FHLamson-Scribner:yj

OFFICE MEMORANDUM

TO Mr. Marius Veraart DATE: March 5, 19LFAO and IFAD CoordinatorAgriculture and Rural Development


FROM: gaurice pennChief, Service II, FAO/WB CP

SUBJECT: INDIA: Project Preparation and Appraisal. Febmuary '81 I'issionBack-to-Office Report

V 8... Please find enclosed herewith 8 copies of the Back-to-Office

Report on the above mission.

BK 103/2.9 Er D (cAD)

cc: DDC Registry (2) -Fenn (2)Campbell (chrono) (0

OFFICE MEMORANDUM

TO' Mr. M. Fenn DATE: March 4, 19Chief, Service II, DDC

rRom: D.E. Campbell

SUBJECT: INDIA. Project Preparation and Appraisal. February '81 MissionBack-to-Office ReDort

Terms of Reference: November 10, 1980

- Period in India: Arrived 31 Januaxy (Calcutta)Departed 17 Februaxy (Bombay)

The mission included the following items:

UP Tubewells I Technical supervision

UP Tubewells II Preparation

Ylaharashtra I Technical assistance

Lallada (Kerala) Appraisal

Damanganga (Gujarat) Technical assistance andstaff training

Subernarekha (Bihar/ Preparation (coordinationOrissa) with consultants, New Delhi)

New Delhi Reriew of preparation pipelinewith Bank staff

UP Tubewells

With procurement problems now overome the project is makingexcellent progress. Wine tubewell systems were in operation at thetime of the visit. In the one installation which had been in operationthroughout the rabi season 136 acres were under irrigation out of a netcommand of 284 acres. About one third of the irrigated crop was potatoes,reflecting the cultivators' confidence in the system. Of particularinterest is the intention of the Irrigation Department to issue pictorial

M 103/2.9 I7D (CAD)DEC/bf

cc: All team membersWorld Banl;, Wash~inton (3)World 3NDk, ODA.S. Alwar., FAQ RepresenTative, New DelhiDocuments UnitDDC Reg.

-2-

leaflets on cultivation and irri ation practices to each fa erreceiving water from the project, in e aosence of active fieldextension by the Agriculture De rt:ment in tae project area.

A detailed progress summary is attached to "P 'anagementand Bank copies of this report.

A second stage project, UP Tubewells II, has now been formallyincluded in the 1981782 Bank lending prormme. Governent of UP hasprepared a project proposal which includes 5,000 new tubewells,reconstruction of 5,000 existing wells and addition of buried pipedelivery systems, and a small number of sprinkler systems. The numberof wells to be reconstructed will probably be reduced for budgetaryreasons to a much smaller number. However, total cost of the projectis likely to be of the order of Re 240 Crores ($300 million).

Bank has asked CP to coordinate preparation of UP II and toparticipate in appraisal, which is tentatively scheduled for end-'81.The approach to be used in economic analysis of UP II and the extentof supporting data which will be available frorf UP I will be digcussedwith Bank in early Iarch. A further visit to the project area isplanned for late April.

Maharashtra I

CP designs for hydraulic control structures fabricated fromcomponents produced on the two Italian machines in operation in theproject area were discussed, and arrangements made for pilot fieldinstallation.

A locally manufactured extrusion machine, based on the Italianoriginal, was on trial in the project area. It is expected that certaindesign deficiencies encountered in initial operation will be overcome.In the meantime the State is procuring twelve further Italian machines.A locally manufactured "egg-laying" type of extrusion machine is alsoin operation in the project area.

Due to the very unfavourable shape of the local crushed basaltaggregate, and consequent permeability of mix, a supplemental mortarwash is being applied to linings produced in the Aurazgabad area.Further work on mix design and mortar treatment is in progress.


A notable feature of the proposed Kallada project is theapplication of buried pipe systems for water distribution to gardenlands on valley slopes. The pipe systems are supplied from open minorcanals, and each typically serves some 5 ha to 10 ha. CP is providingtechnical assistance and staff training, and on this occasionparticipated in a Bank post-apprFisal mission.

One ins,,allaticn, constructed in acc-rdance i CP suestions

-3-

made during the previous (November '80) visit, was operating satie-

factorily with temporary water supply during the mission. Comparativeestimates of cost of buried pipe and open channel systems indicatethat in the circumstances of Kallada project buri-ed pipe may be used

for valley slopes down to l4o.

A working paper on "Water Distribution below the Canal Outlet,Kallada Project", dated February 13, '81 was prepared for the appraise.1

mission. The paper presents design details and cost estimates.Copies are on Bank and CP files.

Damanganga Project (Gujarat)

In anticipation of future conversion to irrigated gardenlands it is proposed to install buried pipe distribution systems in

a proportion of the project area currently under rainfed fodder production.CP is providing technical support in system design and staff trainingfor this on-going project.

The project had prepared topographic surveys as a basis fordiscussion of typical designs and cost estimates; and development of

criteria for application of pipe system vs open channel. The topographyis distinctly different from that in Kallada project, combining gentle

macro-relief with steeply-sloping micro erosion pattern. Designs of

pipe systems for a number of typical topographic situations were worked

out and will be discussed with Bank in early March, following which

specifications for application of pipe systems, vs open channel, anddesign details will be pursued further with the State.

Subernarekha Project (Bihar/Orissa)

CP and Bank activity in this project has been in abeyance since

early 1980 when Government of India directed that identification and

preparation of irrigation projects should be carried out by States with

assistance of local consultants, and that Bank (and CP) involvement shouldbe restricted to appraisal. In GOI/Bank discussion of the projectpipeline in February '81 this restriction was, in effect, lifted.One immediate result was re-involvement of CP in Subernarekha project.The project is now tentatively scheduled for appraisal end '81.

The mission reviewed the state of preparation with consultantsWAPCOS. An issue which still remains undecided is the budgetaryallocation to the project by each State. As this question appearsunlikely to be resolved until the stage of final appraisal, it may be

desirable to present the project in such a manner that the scheduling ofconstruction of the various separable components (five reservoirs and

a number of canal systems) may be varied during appraisal negotiations,and financial and economic implications imediately determined. Strateayin project presentation will be discussed with 3ank during the second

week of !arch, and with WAPCOS sh'orCtl th reafter.

February 4, 1981

Mr. Y. Pret, 3DO

D.E. Campbell, FAO/World Bank CP

U.P. Tuewells - Technical Supervision, February 1981

I visited Lucknow on 1st and 2nd February for field inspectic'

and discussion of UPI and preparation of a second stage project. Asummary of progress on UPI up to end-Jamary 1981 is attached. Well.drilling (204 completed) is now approaching schedule (244 planned for

end Jamary). Installation of PVC pipe is well behind schedule due to

delay in awazd of contract but the latter was finalized on 14th Januaryand deliveries have already oommenced.

Procurement delays still affecting progress are compressors sAi

rigs (one only yet delivered), pumps and electronic control units. Thetwo 0 and M Divisions have not yet been sanctioned in spite of pressurefrom DE; in the meantime operation is being carried on by ConstructionDivisions. Only one agricultural supervisor has been attached to the

Irrigation Department.

Nine wells are now in service. The first of these to go into

operation (29 November), and the only one which has been in service throughmost of the 1981/82 rabi season, has given a very creditable performa-ice,136 acres of crop being irrigated out of a total net command area of

284 acres. The considerable proportion of potatoes in the cropping pattern

is noted, the remainder being principally wheat and mustard. Rate of

delivery to the field with the new delivery system is judged by theIrrigation Department (based on time taken to irrigate an acre) to beabout twice that achieved with the previous system.

In view of the delay in sanctioning and fielding of Agricultural

Supervisors the Irrigation Department, with the assistance of Agriculture,

proposes to issue pamphlets to all cultivators being served by the project,showing in simple pictorial form cultivation and water management practices.The Department was advised to obtain from Andhra Pradesh copies of theexcellent leaflets on agriculture and water management issued by thatState, as a guide to preparation of similar notes.

As field staff training takes up a considerable amount ofstaff time, the Irrigation Department has asked for sanctioning of

a separate Investigation and Planning Division to take over training, andalso monitoring which is not yet fully cperational due to lack of staff.

The Department has now produced a "Project Summary for World Bank"for a second stage project covering 5000 new tubawells, modernization

of 5000 old tubewells (including construction of buried pipe deliverysystems), and. 100 new u ocwlls with sprirklor systems (in the Chambal

ravine area). Estimated cost at present price levels is stated to be

Rs. 345 crores (U0445 million). U.P. Secretariat has already advisei the

Department that this exceeds Sixth Plaz buiet for public tubewells

-2-

(believed to be some Rs. 230 crores including wori on the first stageproject). The ammber of old wells to be modenized is consequentlylikely to be scale down.

The project will be discussed with 0.0.I. .on 6th Februazy.

Two central issues in appraisal will be the effectivenessof treatment of wells with reduced discharge (a proportion of the wellsto be modernized will be chemically treated, and cthers will bere-drilled), end assessment of the increment in production to beexpected from modezization. The latter question was discussed withthe Department and U.eD*E*S.Ce0., contractors for the Stage I benchworksuvey.

uprther C.P. action on the second stage project will iependupon the outcome of GOI/GOUP discussions on 6th February, and reviewi:th Bank.

cc:, I/s. G. Tibor and B.A. Nfekby

00

~ ~14).O

4cQ~

U.P. TUBEWELLS

Summary of Pro-ress on Canstrction (Cumuiative)

Ed Aug. Fhd Sept. ad Oct. 7,IrA Jan.1980 1980 1980 .81

Sites Surveyed 374 420 436 592Sites Selected and Contoured 254 283 374 482Design of Distribution System Line

and Grade Complete 12 14 - 120Approach Road Constructed 24 35 99 268Sites Released to Rig Division for

Well Construction 222 223 286 438Wells Drilled - ' 53 81 204Wells Constructed and Developed 19 24 35 75Wells Released to Construction Division 19 24 29 60Pump-houses Constructed - 5 19 21 34Elev. Tank or Distrib. Chamber

Constructed 2 2 3 20Pumpsets Installed 2 .'13 13 19PVC Distrib. Systems Ccn-structed 1 1 10 23Field Channel Systems

(from alfalfa valve to field) 1 4 11 23Osrabundi Organized - - 1 6Sites Submitted for Final Assessment

of Compensation for R.O.W. - - 38 134Wiring Completed Within Pumphouse - - 8 25Tubewells Energized - - - 9

KALLADA PRJECT - KFALU

WATER DISTRIBUTION BELOW THE CANAL OUTI I

Supplemental Paper Prepared During Febzuary 1981

Post Appraisal Mission

D.E. CampbellFAO/World Bank Cooperative Program

February 13, 1981

Background

Design

Materials for Construction

Cost Estimates

(A) 10 ha. outlet comman d 3% slope

(B) 5 ha outlet commanid 3% slope

(C) Slope lisr

Buried pipe system

Lined open channel system. Copaison.

KAT.LAD PRTECT - KERALA

11 February 1981

WATER DISTRIBU)TION BE0W THE CANAL OUTL'

Desig Basis and Cost Estimates

Background

Following on the visit of the appraisal mission the design ofthe distribution system below the outlet was discussed in further detailith Irrigation Department staff in December. Two installations have beenconstructed in accordance wit6h layouts agreed .upon at that time., Oneof these was in operation during the February visit, with temporary watersupply, as the main canal was not yet in operation.-

The following notes on design basis represent minor modificationand further development of the designs developed in the December visit.The cost estimates are based upon unit rates for construction and procurementas at January '81.

Design

The principal factors determining the form of the distributionsystem are the very irregular micro-topography, the high degree ofexisting development of the area, and the very high value of land. The areais densely planted with coconuts and other perennials, generally in smallbunded plots laid out in a most irregular fashion. Conveyance of waterfrom a supply point to a bunded plot by open channel would vary frompossible to virtually impractical, depending upon circumstances local tothe particular site. The difficulty is compounded by resistance of landowners to right-of-way for open channels in this densely built-uparea. From the technical view-point delivery to the plot (frequentlyan individual palm) by some form of flexible conduit is desirable inmuch of the area.

From the design viewpoint it is convenient to consider thedistribution sy:utem from the canal outlet in two portions:

a) A main stem, extending from the canal outlet down throughthe centre of the 10 ha (or other) outlet command.T'his has supply points at intervals down its length; and

b) Conveyance from the supply poi .t to the individinl fa-mand plot0 o

Where the main ztcn is a buried pipeline with valve-controlledoutlet hydrants a number of options are open for item (b), including:

1/ This is the eneral case. There are ezceptions, pa"ticularly where

- Open channel from hydrant to plot

- Flerible hose from hyr-t to plot

- Buried lateral zuplyin- flexible hose oropen channel

- Portable lateral supplying flexible hose oropen channel

Where the main stem is a lined open channel the only optiongenerally available for conveyance frcm supply point to farm or plot is aaopen channel.

In view of the =mber of options which it presents for conveyanceto the plot, either initially or in later improvement, a buried-pipemain stem is favored where valley-slopes are sufficient to make thiseconomically possible.

Of the alternatives available for conveyance from the outlet hydrantto the plot, buried laterals supplying short dowi-slope flexible hoses(or short open channels) is operationally the most ccnveient, but isthe most costly. As a buried lateral may be adadd at any time by -thecultivator or cultivators who desire it, it is not considered necessaryto make such provision in initial construction. The -alternative of flexiblehose from hydrant to plot is undesirable except for small narrow outletcommands, in view of the length required and size of hose needed for thatlength of cross-slope run (there being little natural gradient in thelateral direction).

The alternative recoomended for initial construction is the provisionof a single portable lateral extending either side of the main stem, withvalve-controlled spigots supplying flexible hose. Buried laterals may lalerbe substituted where required.

The lateral may be designed to deliver the full flow of the mainstem (successively to left and right side of the main stem), the spigotson the lateral being sized to deliver either the whole flow at one pointor half at each of two points. Alternatively the lateral may be designedto deliver half the flow of the main stem to the left and right sidessimultaneously, the spigot again being sized either to deliver the wholeflow in the lateral at one point or to deliver it at two points.

As the size of the lateral may be changed at any time (requiringonly a reducer at the hydrant), the option regarding lateral size andcapacity remains open.

The spigo-;s on the lateral are fonmed in short lengths of pipe whichare inserted at any joint between 6 m sections of the lateral, accordingto the location of the area being irrigated. Furthermore, spigot insertscan be provided of either full lateral flow or half lateral flow,interchangeably.

The portable lateral would generally be moved from one :yrart toanother once or zc.7 o t rai twice d&ily. The 6 ia sections are light

(about 8 kg each) End a lateral (one side of main stem) can be moved fromone hydrant to the next in about ten minutes.

Conveyance from the spout to the plot may be either by flexibleconduit or by unlined farm channel, according to circumstances.Flexible conduit (lay-flat pipe) is likely to be the most frequentusage. Where a holding is laid out so as to facilitate distributionwithin the holding by furrow irrigation a cultivator may prefer deliveryof the whole flow in the lateral at one point, by relatively large (90 mm)lay-flat pipe. The pipe would not require to be moved during irrigation,other than to shift from one spigot location to another, during whichprocess flow could be shut off. (Such large pipe would be positionedto run directly down-slope from a spigot to the point desired). Frequently,however, in the Kallada area, delivery by tube or hose to individual plotsor palms, will be required. This calls for a smaller hose which canbe freely moved while flowing. A cultiv'ator may prefer to. take delivery Vof his irrigation water in two such hoses which may be readily movedfrom plot to plot. As the time to irrigate one palm with a stream of 2 to3 litres/sec is about 15 minutes, the water being delivered into a smallbasin around the palm, an operator can handle more than one such hose.It ip not necessary. to hold the hoses continuously, merely to position themon the ground within the basins, .moving them-from basin to basin frome timeto time.

The capacity of lateral (full flow of main stem one side at a time,or half flow both sides simultaneously), and of spigots, to be providedinitially, should be discussed with cultivators in each outlet commandat the time of construction. As discussed above, however, the arrangementcan be changed at any time.

For consideration of distribution below the canal outlet the valleyslopes of the project have been divided into areas with side-slopes inexcess of 3% (some 20,000 ha), and a similar area with side-slopes lessthan 3%. The above discussion refers primarily to the area of steeperslopes. However, the comments on the difficulty of distribution to the plotby open channel apply also to a proportion of the area of flatter slopes.Just what proportion will be found only upon detailed investigation incourse of project execution. Although it has been assumed in initialpresentation of the project that the main stem in the areas of less than 3%slope will be in lined open channel throughout, it will probably be foundthat the desirability of piped or hose conveyance from the main stem tothe plot in part of that area will necessitate use of buried pipe for themain stem, where slopes permit. With regard to the latter criterion, a pipesize of 110 mm is probably the maximum which can be contemplated on economicgrounds. This could supply a 10 ha area with slope of 1.5% or above. %/As the cost of 110 in 2.5 kg/cm 2 PVC pipe is of the same order as the costof a lined open channel including value of right-of-way (the latter Rs. 10to 20 per metre) the use of pipe main stem with portable lateral may beassumed for half of the area with slopes less than 3% and for the remainderof the area an open channel main stem.

The provision of night storage and its location is an importantconsideration in the design of the distribution syrstem below the canaloutlet. A typical 10 ha outlet co:-and is likcly to have about 2 ha invalley-bottom lands. The bottom-lands may either be in irrigated paddyin the dry season, or in non-paddy crops. In the latter case supply ofirrigation will be via unlined channels. These will require a rate of flow

:17 At a rate of 9 litres/sec. Discussed subsequtently

-4-

probably in excess of that ich can be supplied by the main stem, butfor short periods, if channel seepage losses are to be minimiszed.A pondage at the foot of the valleY r nlop is therefora desirable.With 20C of the ccaan==d t in ' ottom ' anes in the case ta!. a,some 20/6 of the 24-hourly mply to h ;iutlet comand will be usedin that area. This can concrenicztly be filed at night. It is not,however, a complete answer to the question of night irrigation andnight storage.

Flow in the minors or distributaries in the Kallada system will oecontinuous (24 hourly) during those periods when the canals are inoperation. Flow must be diverted 24-hourly at the outlets to the comnands,or spilled from the canal terminal structure. If diverted it must eithur beused 24-hourly or stored for part of the 24 hours. The pondage at vall7-bottom level in the case taken, could usefully accommodate 20% of the24-hourly supply, or 5 hours. For the remaining 19 hours, includingsome six or seven hours of darlness, irrigation must continue, oradditional night-pondage be provided at some point on the valley slopes.

.The pondage would be of capacity to accommodate six or seven hours of flow,and would be located at a point commanding a sufficient proportion ofthe 8 ha of valley slope to usefully use the ponded water in daylighthours.-

To simplify the discussion, in the limiting case of no valley-bottom lands and 10 ha of valley slopes, irrigation would eithercontinue 24-hourly or a pondage of 12 hourly capacity would be providedat the mid-point of the main stem. The upper half of the command wouldthen be irigated during day-light hours from the main stem, the lowerhalf also being irrigated in daylight hours but provided via the pondagewhich was filled in the prior 12-hours of darkness.

The pondage would be connected by valved lateral into the mainstem, and is an addition which could be made to the system any time.

Whether or not such pondage is provided, the canal outlet and mainstem must operate 24-hourly if spill from minors is to be avoided. Thecapacity at the main stem should therefore be equivalent to the rate ofcontinuous supply at outlets provided in the main canal, i.e. 0.9 litres/sec/ha. Any lesser capacity could represent a constr'iction in the totalsystem. Any greater capacity could only be justified by a diversity factorbetween outlets. As it is desirable to keep capacity at an effectiveminimum wit, pipe systems (less so with open channel) the figure of0.9 litres/sec/ha has been aiopted. It is noted that for this capacityto be adequate the night pondage on the valley slope lnds must beappropriately located, e.g. half way up the main stem in the case quoted,not at the top of the main stem. In the latier location conveyancevia the main stem-a would occur in daylight hours only, and the capacity oPthe main stem would have to be tuice that otherwise required.

Pondages on the valley slopes are not proposed in initialconstruction except on a pilot scale, night irrigation being assumedon the valley lands until agricultural develt,=ent in the projeact Preareachcs a sufc.Jent level to warrant convcrsicn to irr-jio in dzyliguonly. cc ae 4hio; so0=ands where v-lley bct;. lan ara relatively la2ge proportion of the command (sufficient to accommodatethe diversion d:r-ing night hours).

-5-

Materials of Construction

The buried main stem will be of high density PVC, with workingpressure rating 2.5 kg/an 2 (equivalent to a head of 25 metres).Moveable laterals could be either PVC or aluminum. Both have been useain India for portable pipe systems. The latter is the most frequentlyused in sprinkler installations. However, for reasons of lower costand less likelihood of theft PVC will be used initially, and is providedfor in cost estimates.

The hose employed (some 65 mm or 4-l" dia) may be of rubber or avariety of plastic formulations. That proposed for initial use, andprovided for in cost estimates, is low-density pimennted polyethylene of 1wall thickness ('Krishi tube", or "lay-flat" pipe). Cost is approximatelyRs. 5 per meter for 65 m. It's life is expected to be at least 3 years.

Cost Estimates

A. 10 ha outlet command, 3% slope, 250 m wide x 400 m lon, withburied pipe main stem and portable PVC lateral (Design capacityof main stem 9 litres/sec).

Description

Main stem: '100 m of 110 mm 2.5 kg/cm 2 PVC (friction gradient0.0083), followed by 150 m of 90 mm 2.5 kg.The total length of hill slope is 320 m, followedby 80 m of valley-bottom land. The main stemterminates 70 m from the lower end of the valleyslope. Total length of main stem 250 m. There arefive outlet hydrants, at approximately 60 m intervals.The lower-nost hydrant is equipped to dischargeeither into laterals or into a mrall stilling basinfrom which flow can continue in unlined openchannel down to the valley-bottom pcndage. The canaloutlet has a trash screen with 110 mm pipe leadingto a valve chamber controlling flow to the mainstem. The pilot systems already constructed alsohave a cistern between intake and valve chamber,intended as a sand trap. As discussed later thismay be deleted in future installations. Forthe present, however, nominal provision has beenmade in estimates for such a structure.

Hydrants: Five, each of 90 mm diamie'er with 90 mm Tee, and90 by 75 mm reducers and valves serving the left andright branches of the portable lateral.

Laterals: The alternative assuned for estimating purposes dividsthe 9 litres/sec flc,: in the min. sten, between leftand right laterals, each ta ing 4.5 litres/sec. Thespigots are of 2.25 litrej/sec capacity, with twooperating at a time on eaech side. One set of left andright laterals is prvide.+ 75 m 0D 4 kg FVC pipelength each side approximately 64 m (14 lengths of6 m). -/

-6-

Connection of 6 m lengths by simple spigcot and socket,held by screw clamp if found necessary. Each sideprovided with two valved outlet pieces, comprisinga 75 mm Tee and 75 to 63 mm reducer, with 63 mm valveand short 63 mm spigot for connection of hose. The valvedoutlet pieces may be located wherever required in thelateral, by disconnecting neighboring lengths of thelateral and reconnecting with the outlet piece inserted.The end of the outer-most length of the lateral is closedith a threaded coupler and removable metal cap.

Hose: The 65 mm hose has a short length (20 cm) of 63 mm PVCpipe permanently attached at one end, by which the hosemay be coupled to a 63 mm valved outlet.by spigot andsocket joint, and screwed clamp if needed. The hoseshould be about 100 m in length, divided into sectionsof 25 F by three spigot and socket joints on shortsections of 63 mm PVC pipe pezmanently attached to thehose. Repairs to the hose may be effected by cuttingand inserting short sections of PVC pipe similarly,.A set of two hoses for each side of the lateral shouldbe provided initially, with cultivators purchasingreplacements or additional hoses.

Estimate sunmmary

Rs.

Trash screen, intake pipe, sand trap, and valve chamberProvisional total, see comments 3000

Hydrant chambers, 5 at 1000/- provisional estimate, see comments 5000110 mm 2.5 kg PVC pipe. 115 m including at intake

Supply 115 m at 28.4 3266Delivery and installation at 5/- 575Couplings 20 at 15/- 300

90 mm 2.5 kg PVC pipe 150 m plus 10 m for hydrant risersSupply 160 m at 19.25 3080Delivery and installation at 5/- 800Couplings 27 at 12/- 324.

90 mm Tees upper and lower end of hydrants 10 at 40/- 40090 x 75 reducers on hydrants 10 at 20/- 200Elbows 90 mm line 3 at 50/- 200110 mm GX' valve at intake valve chamber 70075 mm CI or PVC valves at outlets from hydrants 10 at 250 2500Supply of 75 mm 4 kg pipe for portable laterals 168 m at 20.55 3452Delivery at 2/- 336Couplings for laterals 28 at 10/- 280Screw clamps for couplings 28 at 15/- 420End caps for laterals 2 at 50/- 100Delivery hose, 65 mm polyethylene 1 mm wall, 400 za

Supply at 5/- 2000Transport and end it--ins 200

27133

-7-

Physical contingencies particularly due to les3favorable shape of outlet command. Allowance 3000

Total direct cost, rounded 30000

Comments on above estimate:

Not included is the cost of a pondage at valley-bottom level,where required (this item is covered elsewhere in project estimates),nor unlined open channels in the valley bottom lands. Also not include.is the provision for an open-channel lateral at the upper end of theoutlet command. This may be required in some circumstances whereinsufficient head is available at the upper end of the command fordelivery of full flow via pipe lateral. An alternative to an open channelin this circumstance is to supply by pipe lateral at -reduced flow forlonger period by an exchange arrangement with the next lower lateral.

Two items call for further design study. These are the sandtrap and the hydrant chambers. The sand trap could probably be eliminated,as sand deposition is not likely to be a problem with the velocitiesprevailing in the pipe system (up to 1 m/sec in the main stem)., Thehydrant chambers appear disproportionately costly (equivalent to 45%of main stem pipe cost). An alternative design of-hydrant using a 3,|-"galvanized iron riser pipe with flanged couplirg at the lower level,is likely to prove sufficiently robust without recourse to a surroundingchamber. .Present estimates, however, have included sand trap andhydrant chambers.

B. 5 Ha outlet comand, 35 slope, 200 m x 250 m long with buried pipemain stem and Dortable PVC lateral (Design capatcity of main stem4.5 litres/ec).

The area of an outlet command is partly determined by toDographicfactors and may be as low as 5 ha. As the cost of distribution systemper ha is likely to be higher with smaller outlet comiand, estimates arealso presented for a 5 ha area.

Desoription

Main stem:

150 m of 90 mm 2.5 kg PVC (friction gradient 0.0069). Thetotal length of valley slope is 200 m. The main stem terminates60 m from the bottom of the valley slope. Total length of mainstem is 140 m. There are three outlet hydrants at approximately70 m intervals (a hydrant at top, bottow, and middle of the mainstem). The canal outlet works are as described for the 10 hacommand.

Hydrants:

Three, each as described for 10 ha,

Lateral:

As for 10 ha, bt cme side only (used alternativelyfor left and right side of main stem)

Length 60 m

Hose:

As for 10 ha, but one set of two hoses only,is required.

Estimate suary

Rs.Trash screen, intake pipe, vent chamber cum

sand trap and valve chamber 3000Hydrant chambers 3 at 1000/- - 3000

90 mm 2.5 kg pipe 165 m including intake

Supply 165 m at 19.25 3176Delivery and installation at 4.50 743Couplings 28 at 12/- 336

90 mm tees upper and lower end of hydrants6 at 40/- 240

90 x 75 reducers on hydrants6 at 20/- 120

Elbows, 90 mm line 2 at 50/- 10090 mm GW valve at intake valve chamber 50075 mm CI or PVC valves at outlets from hydrants

6 at 250/. 1500Supply of 75 mm 4 kg pipe for portable laterals

60 m at 20.55 1500Delivery of 75 =m pipe at 2/- 120Couplings for laterals 10 at 10/- 100Screw-=.clamps for couplings 10 at 15/- 150Ed caps for laterals 1 at 50/- 50Delivery hose 65 mm Polyethylene

1 mm wall 200 m

Supply at 5/- 1000Transport and. fittings .100

Physical contingencies, pazticularly due toless favorz;'J shapoc c.tlet. command 1500

Tootal direct cost, rounded Rs. 17000

-9-

Comments on estimate

See convents on estimate for 10 ha comand.

C, Slope l$

The alternatives are buried PVC main stem, or lined open channel.

B=ried Pine Systems

A 10 ha area on lf% slope could be served by a 110 mm pipe (gradient

for 9 litres/sec 0.85%). The cost would be as for the 10 ha system estimatec.

for 3% slope, with the difference that 110 mm pipe would be used for the whole

length of the main stem, rather than 115 m of 110 mm follQwed by 160 m of90 um pipe. The difference in cost of the completed system would be approximately160 x 9.15, rounded to Rs. 1500, giving a total direct cost of Rs. 31,500compared with Rs. 30,000 for 3% slope. Both costs include portable lateral and

hose.

A 5 ha area on lif% slope. could be served by a 90 mm pipe (grpdientfor 4.5 litres/sec 0.7%). The installation and cost would be identical withthat for the 5 ha system on 3% slope i.e. Rs. 17000 direct cost includingportable lateral and hose.

The above two cases are equivalent to Rs. 3150 and Rs. 3400 per ha,

respectively, or an average of Rs. 3350 per ha for l-Z% slope.

Lined Open Channel Systems Csnarison

Intake works and control valve are virtually the same as for theunlined system. Comparison can be confined to relative cost of buried pipeand hydrants, versus open channel and turn-outs. The portable lateral andhose in the .case of buried pipe mWy be excluded from the comparison, beingregarded. as an optional addition to the pipe system in this case, the hydrantsotherwise delivering water into unlined field channels in the same manneras the turnouts from the lined open channel.

Cost of 110 mm pipe in place is approximately Rs. 36 per metre includingprocurement and transportation, excavation and fill, and couplings.No right-of-vay is involved. Cost of 90 mm pipe in place is correspondinglyRs. 27 per metre. For present purposes an average cost of Rs. 32 per metre isassumed.

The cost of the equivalent lined open chmmel per metre is estimatedapproximately as follows: Rs.

Ylanufact'ure and deliverery of channeLlining section 13

Excavation, placing, jointing and backfillwith granular material 7

Value of richt-of-wmr, 1.5 m wide ctripat Rs. 7 per square metre (market value isRs. 10). 10

Rs.30

The costs per metre of pipe and of lined channel are consoquently very siilcr.

-10-

With regard to zt:uctur:s, cost of >hydLat chambers

and hydrants for a 10 ha pipo inpa-lsticn, in accordance withinterim desigs, totals 2. J1C clUin outlt valves. As notedin discussion of the estimates, zmabztitution of a steel pipefor the hydrant riser and use of a concrete slab at ground level in

place of the hydrant chanber is likely to reduce this cost, probabl;-to the vicinity of Rs. 5000, or Rs. 500 per ha. The correspondin,structures for the lined open char7el system wovld include 5 gatedturnouts, probably 5 drop stractures (oivher than simple chutes fo=m(i

by the lined channel) and at least one siphon crossing for access.The total cost of these structures is likely to be of the order

of Rs. 3000 to Rs. 5000, depending upon the topography of theparticular site.

It is concluded that within the accuracy of present generalizedestimates the costs of pipe and of lined open channel systems for

slopes down to 111 are vezr similar. For appraisal purpoces cost

may be taken as for the lined system throughout. In actual projectimplementation choice between pipe and linied channel, for slopes less

than 3%, will be made on the basis of site conditions for eachindividual outlet command.

WORLD BANK / INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORAT ON

OFFICE MEMORANDUM.TO: Mr. Wilfried P. Thalwitz, Director, ASPDR DATE: March 16, Y-7.

FROM F.H. Lamson-Scribner' Chief, ASPEW

SUBJECT: INDIA - Upper Ganga Canal (UGC) Irrigation ModernizationUttar Pradesh (UP) Project Preparation

This is an answer to your question on the desirability ofplanning for an exclusive power transmission grid for equipment which mightbe included in the UGC irrigation modernization program. As we discussedon the telephone, I've discussed the proposed project with W.G. Rodger andoffer the following comments.

As I understand, a part of the project is-to provide largedeep wells with electric pumps which would pump from deep aquifers andsupplement the water available from the Ganga by providing more water intothe canal system. Basically the big pumps would pump into the overallirrigation canal system. Although final plans must await further study,Rodger indicated that there might be as many as a thousand pumps spreadover a large area and that such pumps might have general capacities in the400 cubic meter per hour range (total electrical load might be of the orderof 50 megawatts). Rodger also indicated that for the supplementationscheme to work, the pumps would have to be provided with as reliable asource of power as possible and he would expect that the pumps would haveto be operated in the order of 8-10 hours per day. He also consideredthat the present electricity distribution system did not have adequatereliability and that it would not be worthwhile to put a large investmentof electricity consuming equipment in an area where power supply was notreliable enough to guarantee the efficient use of such equipment. Theseare valid observations and conclusions.

The objective of the augmentation program is to provide waterto the canal system. We are then concerned with the total system to providethat water which if done with electrical pumps includes the power generatingfacilities, high tension transmission lines and substations to provide powerover the large area involved, low tension 33 and 11 kv distribution linesfor smaller geographic areas, and finally the electrical facilities andmotors at the pumps. Since the area involved where the new pumps would belocated also corresponds to areas where there are existing or planned ruralelectrification systems for other pumps, small industry, and villages, it isalso desirable to consider the total electrical system. It would probablybe anti-economic to have two wires down the road, one for the existing orplanned normal rural electrification system and another for the UGC augmen-tation pumps.

Overall reliability is the key concern of the electricalsystem if the new pumps are to be justified, although it should be recog-nized that there are tradeoffs between reliability, system costs, and consumerlosses due to power interruptions. In genErai, the overall reliabilityof a system basically starts with the generacors and goes through the high-

Mr. Wilfried P. Thalwitz - 2 - Wirch 16, 1981

tension transmission to the lower tension distributio. If, as is proposethe electrical demand for the augmentation wells is to be satisfied by thegenerating stations and high tension grid of the UP State Electricity Boatr.(UPSEB), then the reliability of the UPSEB generators and grid is rele ant,regardless of whether there is a separate distribution grid for the augmer-tation well motors or not. (An alternative might also be conceived thatthe augmentation well electrical demafids would be provided'for by a separa,:generating system but this would indeed be anti-economic since it would putthe electrical system for the pumps in total in parallel with the UPSEB;one would have to have generating stations, transmission lines, and distri-bution lines as a parallel system in order to be isolated completely.) Itmay therefore be necessary to improve the reliability of the UPSEB's genera-ting/transmission system or to consider that reliability when consideringoperation of pumps.

As regards the final distribution system at the 33 and 11 kvlevel, the reliability of this portion of the system is dependent on itsdesign and operation, on acts of God (lightning and lorries striking poles)and on general overall maintenance. A separate system for the augmentationwells would have the same risk factors to consider reliability-wise as thepresent system.

We might also wish to consider whether or not it would beeasier or more efficient operations-wise if the electrical system werebuilt or operated by the UPSEB or perhaps by another authority. Ingeneral, the same problems must be faced regardless of who builds oroperates the system. Further, although certainly the UPSEB might not bea model of efficiency, it is highly questionable whether a new authorityor one without experience in construction and operation of power distribu-tion facilities would be more effic*ent and in fact it might also be prognosedthat there would be a learning curve for such new authority (or new respon-sibility for an existing authority) and more difficulties might be encounteredthan at present. Further, since a fair amount of the operation depends onmaintenance, it would be anti-economic to have two sets of operators andmaintenance crews spread around the state, the one to maintain the UGCaugmentation system and the other to maintain the UPSEB system.

Perhaps we should consider the alternative of working withand improving the present power system in the UP in the augmentation wellarea, to provide not only economically relialle power for the UGC augmen-tation pumps but also to provide adequate power for all the other consumersin the areas affected. To this end it would be desirable to review thepresent and planned RE system in the general UGC augmentation area, tointegrate this with the expected demand for UGC augmentation, and to developan overall system which would provide for all consumers in an integratedway. Basically, che UPSEB should be informed on the potential power demandfor augmentation (50 Mw is a good sized lump), and the UGC authority and theUPSEB should work together in overall system design. Based on this, aproject or subproject for electrification would. be developed. To construct

Mr. Wilfried P. Thalwitz - 3 - March 16, 1981

an overall satisfactory systc= wculd probably be no more difficult and

might be less difficult than to construct a separate parallel system, and

overall it would be more cost effective.

Harking back to my memorandum of March 11 to Roger Rowe, this

project provides an ideal cpportunity to integrate the interests of an

agricultural power consumer and the power supplier. First, the overall

distribution system should be developed reasonably optimally. Further,

in developing the distribution system and its voltage levels, a balance

will need to be struck between line lengths, voltage reductions in trans-

formers and sub-voltage levels if any, and motor characteristics. Next,

certainly the motors should have power factor correction. Lastly, this

project would offer an ideal opportunity to introduce time of day use and

arrangements should be made for the agricultural pumping to be done during

those periods of the day when power demand on the total UPSEB system is at

its lowest, say from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. This is especially important in

India's Northern Region where there is a projected 10-15% shortfall in

generating capacity (during peak periods) as compared with presentlyenvisaged demand (probably excluding this project) throughout the 1980's.

ASPEW will be happy to work with ASPAC in this whole regard.

Other institutional matters may arise such as how funds should be channeled

to UPSEB for the power component of the project, but I am sure this will not

represent a stumbling block.

cc: Messrs. P. Geli, R. Rowe, W.G. Rodger (ASPAC), G. Tibor

FHLamson-Scribner:yj

ae

CC

cD0

CD

C -C

OFFICE MEMORANDUM"-'

TO: Mr. arius Versart DATE 23 December 1980FAO and IFAD CoordinatorAgriculture and Rural Development


FROM: Marice PennChief1 Service II, PAO/WBC

SUBJsECT' INDIA - Irrigation Projects - Supervision and Technical AssistanceNovember/December 1980

... Please find enclosed herewith 8 copies of the Back-to-OfficeReport on the above mission.

9

BK 103/2. 9 IND (CAD)

cc: DDC Registry (2)Fenn (2)

6Camp'ell (chrono)

(-acg

OFFiCE MEMORANDUM

TO: Mr. M. Fenn DATE- December 19, 1980Chief, Service II, DDC

FROM: D.E. CampbellK.K. Aw Yong

SUBJECT: INDIA Irrigation Projects. Supervision and Technical AssistanceNovember/December 80Back-to-Office Report

Terms of Reference November 10 80Departure Rome November 22Return Rome K.K. Aw Yong December 5

D.E. Campbell December 13

The mission included the following:

- Technical supervision of UP Tubewells I and initiation of preparation

(by State) of UP Tabewells II.

- Technical assistance Maharashtra I, with particular reference toprocurement of further equipment for watercourse lining.

- Technical assistance Kallada project Kerala (in course ofappraisal) with reference to pipe delivery systems for irrigationof garden lands.

- Technical supervision of Damanganga sub-project, Gjarat II, alsowith regard to pipe distribution systems.

- Assistance to Ministry of Irrigation in formulation of developmentprojects in canal lining and in drainage and water managementof vertical soils (in association with FAD Representative)

UP Tabewells

Copies of a technical supervision report of 28/11 addressed to

DEC/bfBK 103/2.9 nID (CAD)

co: All team membersWorld Bank, Washington (8)World Bank, New Delhi (2)Dr. Alwan, FAO Representative, New DelhiDocuments Unit, DDCDDC Registry

T. Pret (World Bank, New Delhi), and a draft letter Pret to T.N. Dhar(Secretary, Irrigation) are attached to CP Management and Bank copiesof this BTO. Construction is being actively pursued but award of thecontract for PVC pipe, a principal item, was still held up at StateSecretariat level at the time of mission departure (December 12),in spite of best efforts by Bank to secure its release. Sufficient pipefor only 20 tubewell distribution systems was available at 12/12, andmost of this had already been installed. Sanctioning of the two 0 and MDivisions provided for in the project, permitting posting of JuniorEngineers and Agricultural Supervisors to supervise and monitorperformance of wells, is also delayed, and there is believed to be someunwillingness at Finance level to implement the provisions of the loanagreement regarding numerical strength of Agricultural Supervisors.The problem may stem from the complete change of personnel atSecretariat and Ministerial level since project appraisal and loannegotiation. The project is strongly supported by GOUP, and both Stateand Central Governments are urging processing of the much larger secondstage project in time to pezmit orderly transition from first stage.However, GOUP Secretariat does not appear to appreciate that tardinessin implementing the provisions of the first stage project couldjeopardize timely appraisal of the second. Central Government (DEL)is exerting pressure on GOUP, but if delays continue a joint GOI, Bank,GOUP (Ministerial level) review of the progress on the first stageand prospects for the second stage may be desirable in early February.

With regard to data base for the second stage project, theprogramme for the baseline and post-project (1983) evaluation studiesof the first stage provided for in the appraisal report was reviewedwith the contractor, UP Development Systems Corporation; also theadditional short-tez evaluation studies necessary for early appraisalof the second stage project. The UPDESCO baseline studies focus onseven selected typical districts in each of which three -of the fortyproposed project well sites are randomly selected (one of each of thethree well capacities). In each of the three well sites 30 farmers areselected (covering a range of holding sizes)for detailed reporting.In each of the seven districts an existing well of the earlier type isalso selected for similar analysis. In the selected fazms demographicand production data are studied in detail.

In the present circumstances of the delayed start on the firststage project, and the earlier initiation of the second stage nowbeing urged by Central and State Governments, the benchline and post-project first stage evaluation studies will be of less relevance tosecond stage appraisal than originally intended.

Appraisal, if carried out in March '82 as is tentativelyproposed, will necessarily be based on limited data (six wells) fromthe 1980/81 rabi season and more substantial sampling from hot-weather(said) and kharif '81, also rabi 181/82. Apart from the initial six,the wells selected for 1981 season production and yield surveys willbe nine of the 21 (7 distriats x 3 wells) randomly selected base-linesurvey wells. Analysis of 1981 production data on these and the

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initial six wells will be carried out as a joint operation betweenDepartment of Agriculture (crop cutting) and UPDECO through anextension to their contract.

While the first stage project will provide ample data oncosts and technical performance of wells in time for appraisal of thesecond stage, production and yield data will generally be from thefirst irrigation season only. Comparison with areas under longestablished traditional wells, or with rainfed production, willtherefore be of limited value unless tempered by a good deal ofjudgement.

One purpose of the mission was an assessment of the extentto which cultivators taking up irrigation under six project wells forthe current '80/81 rabi season had been assisted or prepared for itby extension. In fact they had received virtually no assistance, theAgricultural Supervisors not having been posted, and they wereunderstandably following traditional practices in a wait-and-see frameof mind. I/ This underlines the urgent need for activatingextension prior to the '81 (said) season, as the proposed hot-weatherirrigated mung crop ill be quite unfamiliar to cultivators.

The subject was discussed with the Director of Agricultureand the (new) Agricultural Production Commissioner who volunteeredimmediate posting of five Agricultural Supervisors. However, continuedpressure and surveillanoe of the situation is necessary. A furtherfield visit by CP agronomist in March is proposed.

Naharashtra I Project, Aurangabad

The purpose of the visit (27/11 through 29/11) was to reviewthe proposal from Rosacometta (Milan) for supply to the State of twelvemachines for production of concrete water course lining components.Component design was also finalized (a drawing of the design adoptedwill be forwarded to Bank under separate cover). The priced proposalsand designs were also reviewed with Secretary Irrigation in Bombay.A visit was paid to a Bombay firm which is producing a replica of theItalian machine on a trial basis (the firm has contacted Rosaomettaregarding possible technical collaboration).

Copies of mission letters to Y. Pret, Bank 1DO, of December 8(including a suggested draft letter Bank to State confirming Bankconcurrence in direct procurement of the twelve machines) are attachedto Management and Bank copies of this BTO.

An issue stressed with the State is that production capacityof the lining components now far exceeds current rate of installation.Watercourse construction and lining need to be accelerated in theproject as a whole, as well as in the pilot area. It is suggested that

1/ See separate mission working paper by CP agronomist K.K. Aw Tang

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the programme be reviewed by the proposed Bank mission in late January.

Kallada Project, Kerala

Kallada project is now at the stage of report writing by a Bankappraisal mission. It was prepared jointly by the State and theCentral Goverment Project Prepararion and Monitoring Cell. Annualrainfall is 2,570 mm, virtually all occurring in the six-month monsoonseason mid-Jiay to mid-November. Soils are lateritic (ferrisols), butwith good management are reasonably fertile and free draining. Irrigatedupland crops will include coconut, plantain, rubber, cassava andvegetables. Lowland crops will be paddy in the monsoon season followedby vegetables and oil seeds in the dry season. Irrigation of rubber, anunusual feature of the project, is reputed to give high returns at presentprice levels.

Irrigation of the garden lands, generally on slopes of 2% to5% or more, is complicated by the fact that the area is already largelyunder mature coconuts, planted without regard to future application ofirrigation. There is very limited possibility for land shaping.The terrain is irregular, the area is highly developed, with dwellingsusually within each holding (av. 0.2 ha), and land values are vezyhigh ($13,000 per ha). Short of irrigation by sprinkler the onlypractical means of water delivery in the circumstances is by pipe, withfield application by hose or flexible tube, often to individual palms.

The mission was asked by Bank to assist the State in designand layout of suitable ystems, with costs within the levels assumedin appraisal (some $400/ha for works within the 10 ha outlet oommand).A combination of buried PVC pipe, moveable quick-coupling laterals, andhose or lay-flat tube was developed for the purpose. The system, andthe altenatives considered, are described in the mission memo ofDecember 6 to N.C. Vikraman Nair, Chief Engineer, copies attached toManagement and Bank copies of this report.

A remaining issue is the treatment of areas with slopes lessthan 3% (originally conceived as the lower limit for pipe systems).It is likely that pipe systems will be found desirable on slopes flatterthan 3%, particularly in view of land costs and right-of-wWy problems.The question will be further pursued in the next mission.

The Irrigation Department was asked to prepare contour surveysof typical areas (some 500 ha in total) on which typical systems willbe developed with Departmental engineers during a further visit inFebruary. The designs will be used in staff training, for which Bankhas also requested CP assistance.

Damanganga Project (Gujarat II)

Damemganga is the southern-most unit of the Oajarat II (composite)project, for which an IDA credit was negotiated in mid-80. Rainfall is1,800 mm. A feature of the project proposals is conversion of some40% of the area currently under rainfed grass (cut for hay and soldin Bombay for fodder) partly to irrigated orchard crops (20% of the

e-5-

project area). These are expected to include irrigated mango, chikoo,plaintain, sugar cane, vegetables, and coconuts. The appraisalreport envisages that 30 to 40% of the Damanganga command will be servedby pipe distribution system ( below the outlets from the minor canal),where slopes permit.

It is noted that the situation at famanganga differs fromthat at Kallada, in that the former command is largely undevelopedand land shaping for irrigation in advance of planting of orchards ispossible. In contrast mature orchards already exist at Kallada.Farther, as newly planted crops such as mangoes and coconuts requiremany years to reach maturity the returns per hectare in early years fromthe Damanganga area are likely to be much less than from Kallada, andwill justify less expenditure on the delivery system. The task isto design a system suited to the requirements of mature garden lands,but which can be constructed or extended progressively, with modestinitial outlay.

The mission found some reluctance on the part of the IrrigationDepartment 'to accept that Government should be involved in any waywith water distribution below the outlet from the minor. Designs whichhad been prepared on a pilot basis for pipe systems were in fact pipeminors. The same philosophy was reflected in the opinion that "nothingbeyond the one-metre interval stereo-photo contours was necessaryfor planning of land development". This misapprehension was largelycorrected during the course of the mission (probably reinforced bythe subsequent visit of G. Finlinson, Bank). The impression remains,however, that design proposals for the intra-ohak distribution systemfor will be scrutinized very critically at Secretariat level,and should be well substantiated. 1/

A mission memo of December 10 to Chief Engineer L.W. Vakharia(c.c. Bank NDO) discussing the application of pipe distribution systemsto Damangaga is attached to Management and Bank copies of this BTO.A survey of a minor command (scale 1:2,000, 20 cm contours) preparedfor determination of percentage of various slopes is available, and itwas agreed that the Department would proceed with designs for completefarm delivery systems , in this area, to be used during the nextCP visit (February) for analysis of watercourse systems (pipe and openchannel as appropriate). Conclusions from this study will be reviewedwith Bank prior to proceeding further).

J/ There is some ambiguity in the Appraisal Report which refers tolining "down to the 20 ha level" in D " on page 22 of Vol. I, and"lining would extend down to 8 ha blocks" with refereoce to onpage 5 (para 3.02 c) of Vol. III.

y pret, t Novrbar 28, 1980

D.F. Camrel1, FAO/brld Br C.P.

U.P. TiteellsTechmical Suerisirn *A-,sim, trnb,-er 1980

I visited the 9boe 7oject on lbvenber 24th and 25th, in ccapany

with Mr. K.K. AM Yorg, C.P. Agrorv;ist. Progress cn project frplenti

ons revizwed, and aug -st for dta collection ad prqmratirn of the

proposed second stage project were discussed in detail. Mr. Aw Yaig rma-rird

t ; tDcamer 4th for field visit to the six well ins alL3itLJ ubich

will be in operation during rabi 1980/81.

Physical progress as at end Octder is sbaoi on the acrpanyIng

table. Well drilling continmes at a satisfactory rate, with 28 ccrpleted

during Octcber. and prospect of reaching the scheduled 44 per mnth by end

JaiMzry. Other items are still lagging, largely dm to initial proc met

delays md ccnsequet need to ecfine censrtion activities to a pxrtion

only of t roject area.

The princIpa1 proc r it= req ring actim is PVC pipe. At

the tire of the visit, aerd of PVC pipe still had iot been zad&, the

czrrent prblem being the qu ticn of the Jial tender. A note cof:ing

y= verbal advice to Asst. Secretary Tyagi, and reiterating Bark pproval

of the original r of the Tender Review Cmmittee, should rarwe

the prblem.Mile caristrur-ion is being actively piurrued, Cowmect action in

irlementing other items in the loan agreem t is laggIng. in prticUlr,

the two nienance Divisions provided for in the kvgammt have rot been

swxerianed; crnsequmntly jxior angineers and agricultual sprir have

rot been posted to the six wells due to -c-n Into operation by mid- xber.

In respcnse to an appeal by the cissimn, the AgricultUral Prochxtion

Ccrrissioner undertock to nove t;o VLWs into those areas. Thmver, this

is an mergency ad-I= step. rmiw r, of the t w Io te Divisios isurgely reedd to perm orderly posting of engineers and supervisors ki

accodance with the project Ahedule. From discussim with the Director

of Arionltre, it is also apprt that the level of agricultural support

for the project now cenztplated by the Depart--n is already cnxwiderably

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d red fr= that eavisaged in the 1om agreamt.In vior of the p epectiu early appraisal of the Stage II project

it Ex dbly tzortant ttwt a pod shwing be me in 1990/81/early '82cropping fr= the newly establisamd wells, and this viir i wenretc

A raft letter to the Secrettry Irrigti m tie s.tbjt isataed It is nted that di has been a tajor duhne in perscwnel atthe Secretariat leml aince Io= negptiatkmn. Both the SwretayIrrigatIr Mr. T.N. Ibar and the AgricultzrR Pirocctim CaiszicIt- Mm-had Ahmed are new, and uaf3aliar with the project. A statme=t

am UP I and factors %hich will need to be revimmd u PreP=ratim ofIP 1- will be prepared for Secretariat Briefg by CP.

Actim by Irriatim Irten, C.P. and base-iir murvcyattractor t M In prepaticm -cr UP 1i was revis&ed. The State and

CI are umLous that ifpi1tatnrai of UP II shmuid overlep with copleticnof UP I, requirirg appraiuai In Ymarh/April 1982, and prcbably sam

mstae of retr active ftnrnrrg.

CC: Yessrs Tibor, 3Jky (with cicl mmes)C:Pg

U. P. 7 UVE M

Summar of Propres Cn Cgmstrctign

Dzd A. End Sent. End Oct.

Sites Srveyed 374 420 436Sites SeLeted and Ccrtoued 254 283 374Dsign of Distrbut System Line

aid Crad Cxplete 12 14

ATppoach Road CQ struxted 24 35 99Sit Peleased to Rig DivisM for

W-1l st:t1n 222 223 286- 1es &dlled 53 81

-Vella c,-m,-rxcted and dMeod 1 24 3

IWls Releawed to CDitr tk D 19 24 29Pcz onstrted 5 19 21

Elev. Tak or Distrib. Ch.bercostr ed 2 2 3

P4azsets lied 2 13 13PVC Distrib. Systew Cnstmuted 1 1 10Field Cbhrrel Systen*

(frm alfalta valv" to field) 1 4 U

Osvbidi organized - -. ISites Mciitted for flna1 a

of AC sasda for LO.W. - 38

Zf11 =plet Ied - -itt.. 8Tdimls ~szgzed ---

-I,'k

flownber 28, 1980

Yr. T.N. 2baeetary,

cagrmmt of Mttar Prash

mm&0! U.P.

Res U.P. Td -- Is Proiect

A Mod start;; Pr to ham been ra&d with vall cmstnrtm forthe dx project, nd we lack frwrd to pipe-lfrn itallsor follcdng

en sdwCas an sn ag PVC dliveries a clemred.

The B5ek attachs cz d enbly rpcrt= to assocated supprtactivity at the fam leal, Wd =itir-g of tedrdikal aid gxI-int-rlpt, mcn . Thse vill be proudded thraje the &MI L1 , adagricu.tan1 f* el3 staff of thte two It re Divi icM.

W ae =cccernd th& the to Diviskic 'hold be ,foreariZ, iin orz r that thr shculd be m delay in posting officers anwlla a. brmught i--t-o sere-*. rf Mance of the Stzgs I wells,

md pr, - rz it.~ng of prforCes, ae vital to ceid=mtiori of StcgeIi. wa w=m4 P-Pr-a t Ym erly acti in this er.

T. Pret

ce: ThorMekby

MC:.YP:pg

December 8, 1980

Mr. Yves PretWorld BankNew Delhi

Dear Yves,

Re: Maharashtra I (Jayakwadi) ProjectNovember 27-29, 1980

The main purpose of the visit was to review withVarudkar, and subsequently with Saldanha, the proposal receivedfrom Rosacometta for the supply of twelve extrusion machinesfor manufacture of concrete c mponents for lining of water-courses (a copy is on your file). Discussion centred mainlyon comparison of costs quoted by Rosacometta for the V6Tripla with those quoted for a local replica of the same machineby Sureseal of Bombay. Sureseal is supplying one copy of theV6 and has quoted for six. Based on the latter quantitythe Sureseal price is some 15% higher than Rosacometta (deliveredto Bombay) if excise and duty is disregarded in both cases.If 15% preference is given to the local supplier, the twoproposals are vittually equal.

A comparison of current prices proposed by Rosacomettafor V6 and V5 machines with earlier quotations for FAO- pro-cured visits, indicates sthat prices have increased more thanthe official Italian inflation index for industrial machines.The net increase is difficult to determine, however, as Rosaco-metta prices are adjusted at infrequent intervals. For theV6 the net increase (above inflation index) could be between10 and 20%. For the V5, nil to 10%.

The Sureseal offer virtually amounts to a competitivetender, and indicates that the Rosacometta current prices arewithin reason. As the State does not wish to go beyond oneSureseal machine until that unit has been in operation for severamonths, Varudkar, also Saldanha and C.E. Projects Gupta, proposeto proceed with procurement of twelve machines (six V6 and sixV5) from Rosacometta.

Possible alternative designs for components were alsoreviewed with Varudkar (three alternative C.P. designs hadearlier been discussed with Rosacometta), and one selected as thebases for mould design for the V6 machines. The mould for theV5 will be similar to that supplied earlier through the FAO TCPproject. Varudkar agreed to C.P. finalizing design details forthe component to be produced on the V6 with Rosacometta, onbehalf of the State.

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The V6 machine being constructed by Sureseal (andalmost completed) was inspected on 30/11 in Bombay. It is an

exact copy of the Rosacometta V6, except for substitution ofwelded fabrication for certain castings. Workmanship looked

very good, also the capability and qualifications of the firm's

management. Their regular business is the manufacture of

hydraulic control devices for municipal water delivery systems.

Sureseal has approached Rosacometta regarding possible future

technical collaboration. -

Varudkar would appreciate a copy of earlier Bank's

letter or telex supporting direct procurement of the twelve machinm

from Rosacometta (or re-confirmation if that is more convenient).I concur in such procurement on this occasion.

The V6 machine is still in Paithan, and operating

steadily. However, Andhra Pradesh have sent an officer fortraining in its use, and is expected to take delivery of themachine within the next two weeks. Further trials on mixdesign were run during the visit, including volumetric

proportions 1 cement, 3 Godavari river sand, 3 crusher fines,3 crushed aggregate (to 10 mm). This gave a very superior

surface and probably much better impermeability than the currentlyused mixes. Strength and permeability tests will be carried

out. The crusher fines (referred to as "rock dust") have more

than 50% above 1 mm size and blend well with Godavari river

sand. The crushed aggregate has 60% less than 4.75 mm. The

1:3:3:3 mix is, in fact, a well-graded blend, although at first

sight rather untonventional.

A minor electrical problem, probably in the thermal

overload relay has put the V5 out of action temporarily.During the visit a meeting was held with the Maharashtra State

Electricity Board with regard to supply voltage at Paithan ane-

Maharashtra II projects. (MSEB maintains this voltage is held -

at within 6% of the nominal 440 volts).- The Board alsorecommended an experienced industrial electrical fiu

(Sattaya Electricals, Aurangabad) for servicing the V5 and V6

machines.

- The stock-pile of trapezoidal channel lining components

is now very large, and increasing daily. - Production is far

exceeding installation. This was discussed with Varudkar ,with the new Executive Engineer Pilot Project G.N. Deshmukh and

later with Saldanha. It is evident that a campaign for

watercourse construction, both within the pilot area and

throughout the project needs to be set in motion.

I expect to be in Aurangabad again about mid-February.

Yours sincerely,

D.E. CampbellFAO/World Bank,CP.

December 8, 1980

Mx. Yves PretWorld BankNew Delhi

Dear Yves,

Re: Procurement of extrusion machines fororoduction of channel-lining components

Further to my letter written earlier today, I enclosefile copies of letters Saldanha to O'Brien (11/2/80) andO'Brien to Saldanha (18/2/80), also Fenn (C.P) to Saldanha(11/3/80) on the above subject.

As the tender since received from Sureseal (Bombay)indicates that the Rosacometta's offer is within reasonableprice range, it may be simplest to reconfirm, to Varudkar,that Bank is in accord with direct procurement, along the linesof the suggested draft (you may wish to copy by telex toWashington before forwarding).

S.L. Varudkar, C.A.D. Administrator, Jayakwadi Project.

Reference letter O'Brien to Saldanha pf February 18, we'understand that a firm offer has now been received fromRosacometta for the supply of six V6 and six V5 machines, andthat Sureseal (Bombay have also made a proposal for six V6machines. The price per V6 machine including mould obtainedby Rosacometta is equivalent to Rs. 152,000 landed at Bombay,and the Sureseal price per machine including mould based on anorder of six machines is understood to be Rs. 176,000, bothprices without excise or duty. The Sureseal offer isapproximately equal to the Rosacometta price plus 15%. Weunderstand that you wish to limit supply from Sureseal to the onemachine now being constructed pending field trials, and toproceed with direct procurement of six V6 and six V5 machines andassociated equipment from Rosacometta. -Subject to youdividing the orders for each of the 'projects', if necessary,to stay within the Project Agreement, as advised in Mr. O'Brien'sletter, the Bank is in accord with your proposed action.

Yours sincerely,

D.E. Campbell

Zr. N.C. Yikr== Nair office of the World 6th December 1980

Chief -,ineer Ban Assistane

Mr. Philip XoshiSuperintedaine hgineer

D.Z. CampbellFAD/World Bak Cooperative Programe

Jallaaa Irriation Project, Kercle, Pipe Distribution

2ystems for O0n-fa= Developmet.

The follo-ing notes on system desig. amplify discussions during

mr three--day. field visitI and. in meetings with project staff.

It is acknowledged at the outset that the use of buried pipe

for on-faxa vater distribution in a canal cc= is a new departure

in Inai-m irrigtion practice. It is amply juztified in the circumstances

of I I with intewive cultivation of gard crops in steeply sloping

topogr-pby. Howver, technolog has to be tested, and some modification

mid dezigns =xq be acpeoted as the wvok procedes ad as eperience gc i-cd

is gained - particularly conoein cultivator reactions. In these

circstles initial installations zhould provide sufficient flexibility

to aocorsodate wV developments in design, materials applications, or

oporation. which may be suggested by early experience with the system.

In the follc,4.ng notes the rnge of technical possibilities is discussod,

=d a dIe . approach upon which initial layout and construction could

prceea is ZUggestcd. This is similar in many respects to that proposed

by De=-Im=otal staff, but with some Iurther consideration of the field

delivey end of the systam.

Water D-eand at the Field

The ma-4m= water demand for the Zallada Eustem as a whole occurs

in xaxzch. The wmaot of paddy proposed in hot weather is small, and

cultivation of vegetables and other "irrigated dry" crops in vallW-bott

lands mill be Encouragez&in this seasont where soil conditions permit.

For present purposes it is ascmed that the whole area serred by an

outlet will be under garden crops in the critical month, with water demand

at the field 0.73 litres/secnd/ha if applied continucusly (see page 11 of

Jt'-y 80 Project Report).

Hours of Irzgation, and Capacity of ain Stem of Pine System

Drnng iharif and Rabi seasons when valley-bottm lands are

in paddy the et-lwA portion of a catlet cand will probably be

irrigated at night and the .aden lands dmrin dalight hours. In uarch,

however, the whole of the outlet occiaand is aesumed to be under garden

or vegatable crops. Fawtors infliiencing the question of day/night

irrigation include the following.

cc: G. Tibor, WB, WashingtonE.L.X. Kramer, IDOG.J. Kathpalia

.2-

The gardan land are divided into vezy small plots,typically an individual basin for each coccnxt palm.Close attention and frequent manipulation of theirrigation stream will be necessary, Plots maW belar.-er in the valley-bottom landz, but will neverthelessbe =ch =aller th=n cut.mazy for field crops. In thesecirc.-tnces iriigsation during dalight is likely to beCons 4z bly more efficiont than daring night hoursUnless vozy effective lighting is uned.

Howcver, holdinrs are small (zverage 0.2 ha) and usuallyadjacet to the cultivator's dwelling. Some of the usualobjoctions to night irrigation (security, etc) consequentlydo not apply in this area.

Migbt pondaee is un:er considration, either at the levelof the bottom lmdrs if stfficient area in commded thereby,o= at n intemediate level on the sloping Sarden lands.Part or all of the night flow from the supply canal will betored in such circustanes.

For present purxposes it is assed that irrigation uill be carried outfor sixte hoIrm per daW (as practised olsewhere in the State on punp-liftprojects) in the critical hot-weather months. Supply from the canal will bestored for the x'c.&ining eight hours.

The affect of the assumpticn regareing hours of operation, on rateof flow in the pipe &rVt= sarving the outlet crand is as follows.

(a) If 24-hourly irrigatian were iratised the rate of flow imithemain stam of the pipe syste= the central dotm-slope pipe) wouldbe 0.73 litres/soc/per hoctare of outlet coWMmd (this is therefernce case).

(b) If irrigati=n is carried out for 16 hours per d2V with an 8 hourlypcdzago at the lowe' ond of the pipe stem (assuming one-thirdof the oet- lies below that storage),the main stem 'ill operatefor 24 hours, discharzim irto the pcndage for 8 of those hours.Its capacity ui-.l be the caz as above. i.e. 0.73 litres/sec perhectarxe of outlet ccea-

(a) If irrigation is carried out for 16 hours per daV with n eight-hourly tzmk near the upper end of the commd, or with nightpondage in the canal system itself, the main stem (do;stream frcmtha tmnk) will operate for 16 hours only, and its capacity willhaze to be z 0.73 = 1.1 litres/see per hectare of outlet oaman4.

(&) I irnigation is cornied cut as above but for 12 hours dailythe m-in stem ccpatity has to have capacity 21 x 0.73 - 1.46 litres/sea per hectare of oatlet oaznd, 12

It is =gzesied that the ca=aity of the main stem be based upon

--3 -

espton (o) i.e. 1.1 litres/sec per hectare of oma .

Rate of dleliveg= (stream size) at Indivianal Plot

Taking case (c) on the basis of design and assming for the mamentan outlet crrmd of 10 ha, the capacity of the main stem would be 11 litres/aw. This could be delivared to the fiell in a =mber of ways, either asa sinale stre= of 11 litjres/sec. or as two atreams of 5.5 litres/sec oras fcar of 2.75 litres/sec. In relatively flat topography, and viere landhas been shaped into terraces or basins of appreciable sise to receivejrjisaticn, cultivators would usually prefer the single stream of 11 litres/sec.In the 1afl n czni , however, mature palms are groAlng on sloping landsof irrealar topography, generally vith suall basins formed around each palm,and the possibility of re-shaping of land to facilitate distribution ofirri.-tion water is rather Limited. In most cases water will have to beconveyed to the individual palm, or =iall plot of other crops, by pipe andfleible hose. The alternative of sprinkler distribution is ruled out, forthe present, qn groz's of cost =d energy requirement.

A etream of 2 to 3 litres/sec. appears to be the desirable sizefor delivezy to the individual palm (the area of basin around the palm isabout 5 sq. mctres in extent, situated in a bounded area of sce 30 to 40 sf.metres per palm). The time of watering into thi inner basin at 2.75 litre;/see, with irrigation once weekly, would be 14 mimntes.

A cultivator t4th 0.2 ha (the averegze size) would probablyfind it ccnvanient to use two Such streams, moving one hose at a. time, taldna total of 5.5 litres/eeccnd. Two cultivators (one each side of the mainstem) would thus take the -hole flow of 11 litres/second. The time taken toir.i.Late the 0.2 ha holding (nce veekly) usine 5.5 litres/sec. would be about4.5 hours.

The above flows are for an outlet cr=an. of 10 ha, with supply 16 h.-per daV- For a. &aaller outletcqmiFnad jnd the same supply period of 16 Irflows would be proportionaLly reduced. -

Shane an& Size of Outlet Coanma

A factor detezined by the topograpby of the project area is thelength of the outlet menA. This extends from the contour canal ordistributazy domx through the sloping garden lands and across the valleybottom, or part-way across if there -is a similar canal =d outlet o==dto var7 from a (arceptional) minlim of as 60 = to a ma"i" of 500 n, butis most ccnonly in thn range of 200 to 400 m. The width of the outlet

- - ccamd is to a=e artent optionalr within limits imposed by topography andm-rie desirable size and width imposed by design comaiderations.

The nouinal ms.mdm -size of 10 ha has been determined partly with regardto kee=ng the nuber of cultivators ser7ed by an outlet within limits, tofacilitate their organization for water sharine. In fact the size willfrequently be less than 10 har dne to topographio limitations on length anddesian limits an width.

The width of the outlet Comamd is an important design consideration.

ith the exception of comands of very short length (100 to 150 m) which

are discussed later, the basic system is square or rectangular with longerdimension doun the slope. A single buried pipe, the "main-stam" runs downthe centre of the cccmand and is provided with hydrants at intervals of soe

50-60 m. The design problem is distribution laterally, from the hydrantsto the outer limits of the cemand. Distribution doD-slope is relatively

- simple, as advantage is taken of the natural gradient. Distribution laterallyis across the slope (or diagonally), without the assistance of topographic

gradient. For this reason an upper limit of 250 m has been placed on width of

outlet coand, i.e. 125 m either side of the main stem. This limit should

be reviewed on the basis of early experience. A lesser width would. make for

greater facility in lateral distribution, but at increased cost.

Carez&s of very short length will necessarily be served by ahorizontal "main stem" of either pipe or open canal at the upper end of theccand, and secondary (moveable) pipe or hose domn,-elope. In this situationthe only constraint on width will be imposed by topography or the upperlimit of 10 ha area.

The Lateral Distributicai System-

Distribution from the do-,=-slope main stem to plots up to 125 z inlateral distance from it could be effected by several alternative meansincluding.

(a) Baried rigid pipe branches or laterals at intervals doun theslope, each having outlets along its length serving cultivatorhoses.

(b) Small lined ccntcu-r channels at intervals, serving cultivatoroutlets.

(a) Portable pipe laterals, connected to each mai-stem hydrantin turn. The laterals have outlets along their length toserve cultivator hoses.

(d) Portable flexible hose serving both for lateral distribution andS.spply to individual plot.

The syster (a) with buried pipe laterals would be the most convenientoperationally but would be undesirably costly. Such fixed laterals could beadded at any time, when justified by degree of agricultural development.

-5-Table 1

Esad Losses for Various Pipe Sises

Tn ha Plot in Critical Month of arch

Pipe Rse 320 am .90 m 70 mm 60 50 moaEead lossetres/100 a

Flow litresper seond

11 (O. ofs) 1.2 m 3.7 a(Xain 516

(Lateral) 1.0 2.8 6.2 16.2 a

275 L6 ( ofs)(To sah offour plots) 0.8 14 4.5

1) Oatside Diam. 2.5 kg/m2 pressure rating, Roughnmss. C - 1502) Inside Dism. Lay-flat Polyethbyl=e 0.7 mn wan C f 150

3) nsae Dism. P.V.C pressure bose C = 140

4) Main delivery line. 8 ha garden and 2 ha padWy, but all 10 ha unidergardm and vegetable crops in critical month -of March. Water requiremnt0.75 litre/se.o/ba at field if ocwtinuousy uMpplied, or 1.1 litre/se/baif gpplied for 16 bra./dvy.

5) lateral, noveable line. Two operating frcs oMe )zrsnt.

Rose from outlet on lateral to iNiYidual1 palm or furrowtwo operating frm eachb two laterals, total four.

6

Syste (b) with lined. contour chbmels could have application in scme

caSe, _btt irregular toporapbh and high land values (for right-of-way)M, it omt as a standard approsch for the Xal1adA area.

system (c) using portable laterals is a practical arrangement similar

to that used in sprinkler irrigaticn with part fixed and part moveable pipe

- stes. As indicated on Table 1 a 90 = lateral c= conv j 5-5 litreo/sec. (halthe main rtzeam flow) with a head loss not exceeding 1 m per 100 m.

In system (d), usi.ng ctirely flexible pipe for lateral distribution,

a principal questi=n is the type of pipe or hose to be used. As sho'n on

Table 1 the head loss for 50 = PVC hose for a flow of 2.75 litres/sec. (one

quarter of mai..siem flow) would be 4*5 m per 100 m or 5.6 m for the 125 m

4ista+ce to te boamainr of the ccanmd. This amount of head will not umuzally

be available. 1 70 Mi l-7yflzt polytbyleme hose could be used for lateral

cv7enCe of 2.75 litres/secZna, with head loss of 0.8 per 100 i bot two

would be required for the total of 5.5 litres/sec. to be distributed on each

side of the main rtem. However# the 150 a lengths of hose are likely to proveweildy, aaA for present parpes altemativa (a) with portable rigid pipe

laterals is proferred. In the latter case the 1engths of hose are limited

to60 c and thay- rn douva-slope pe=mitting use of 60 M hose or in sone

irzacstauces 50 M hosew -

The DiStribu+ion SytM Simested Smmar_

In line with the above discussion the gsytem mgested includes

the folclwinC. The area referred to is 10 ha end the. slope 3%.

- A in stem uried FTC pipe cn.sting of 100 to 150 m of

1 1 2.5 kt pipe acAtthe rsainder 90 = 2.5 kg pipe-

grdntB with valve at appzazimately 60 m interrals.

Koveble laterals of 90 ma M pipe (or 1ight-ganie aluminium), toerted frcm main stem to within 50 a of the bonda7 of the otletoa . The laterals will be mads. up of aaprozmt.ly 5 a le.gths of

pipe joined by quick-qperatZg Couplirgs. Two inch valved ontlts fro=the lateral will be furnished at least three points along its lngth-

ilndi~ng the outer end, which is otherwise closed.

Two such laterals will be provided, one for each side of

the main stem. They xill be conected to each hydrt in turm by& Toe with 2* valves on either branch of the Tee

Hbses of 60 m or in scme cases' 50 m, 60 m.length, to be

d6mnected to-the valve outfets on the moeable latei-sIs.- Lwe6 or-three

ach -hoses ULl1 -e -reuired Ior each- of the tvdO latirals.

7-Cost Estimates

Costs for a 10 ha system (250 m wide x 400 m long with 3Zslope)above were prepared on 6th December by Departmental staff. With minor

modification (provision of two moveable laterals rather than four) theseestimates are -set out in Table 2. ' Cost per hectare for the 10 ha systemis Rs. 2,940. The figure is without engineering and administration, or\contingencies.

Costs for a 5 ha system (200 m wide x 250 m long with 3% slope)have been estimated on the same basis, using smaller diameter pipe andshorter lengths as appropriate to the smaller command. Equivalent costper hectare is Rs. 3,360.

Materials and Technology Employed

The "main stem" buried PVC pipe and hydrants are as previously- proposed, and call for no comment. The 90 mm diam. moveable laterals,

each 75 a in length (70 mm diam. and 50 m length in the 5 ha case)are an important feature of the design, providing points for connection ofshort (60 m) individual hoses or flexible pipe. The laterals may be of2.5 kg rigid PVC pipe, or light-weight aluminium pipe as used in

-a-moveable sprinkler irrigation sets. In either case the pipe is in 5 mor 6 m lengths (easily carried), the lengths being connected by quick-atting snap couplings. These are readily available for aluminium

irrigation pipe, but would probably have to be designed for PVC pipe.Alternatively short lengths of aluminium pipe could be cemented into theends of the PVC pipe and conventional aluminium pipe couplings used.Each lateral would have a valved outlet (for hose connection) at threepoints along its length (two points for 5 ha). These do not present any

problem for either PVC or aluminium.

A third alternative for the moveable laterals, for future considEtion, is lay-flat Polyurethane (Krishi pipe), fitted with valved outleL-However, although this material in substantial thickness (0.7 mm) isproposed as alternative for the 60 or 70 mM flexible hoses, the otheralternatives being rubber or flexible spirally reinforced PVC, there isinsufficient field experience with lay-flat pipe in India to justify

basing project estimates on- its use for the 90 mm laterals. It is,however, very much lower in cost than rigid PVC or- aluminium (some Rs. 5/-per metre for 0.7 mm thick 90 mm diameter) and it should be tried outf 6cr

laterals early in project development. Such pipe could, of course, beused to convey water directly from the hydrant on the main stem to the

individual field, without recourse to moveable lateral and branchinghoses. This is not recommended, however, for two reasons. Firstly theflow of 5.5 litres/sec from the hydrant (each side) in the 10 ha case istoo great for -supply to one plot, and secondly, continual movement of a90 mm line, 125 m in length, dragging it from'plot to plot, would be un-desirable. As a moveable lateral it would be moved once daily only, whileempty.

Distribution systems for slopes of less than 3%

This subject was discussed briefly only, during the visit. The

lined open channel system proposed is a conventional one, but in the

particular circumstances of Kallada it poses two problems,/ Firstly, if

the command is as intensively cultivated with mature garden crops in the

area with slopes less than 3%, as in the steeper area, the technical

problem of water distribution from a canal system within the holding may

be a difficult one. Land shaping for water distribution by unlined farm

channel is a possibility in areas of perennial crops (e.g. bananas), but

scarcely in mature coconut plantations planted.without regard to geometric

pattern. -Secondly with land values of Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 100,000 per

hectare a lined open channel system with 115 m of channel per hectare of

garden lands is likely to incur a financial cost of some Rs. 10 per metre

of lined channel, as well as considerable cultivator resistance to R.O.W.

acquisition (this is being encountered in Kallada even with buried pipe).

It is concluded that extension of the pipe delivery system to slopes

of less than 3% may prove desirable. (A 110 mm pipe can serve a 10 ha

area with slopes down to 1.5%). It.may therefore be desirable to leave

the questiin of pipe or open channel system flexible in defining the

project for purposes of appraisal. This will be discussed with Bank in

New Delhi on 12th December.

Action prior to next visit

As discussed, in addition to your present survey programaor as part

of it, it would be desirable to prepare 30 cm contour gurveys of ftur or

five areas each of about 100 ha, representing typical topographic situations

prior to next visit (second half of February). Surveys of these areas would

be useful as staff training classroom material.We also discussed having a

reconnaissance carried out over the project command as a whole, to assess

the proportion of outlet commands which could utilize an existing tank or

pondage at valley-floor level, for night storage. Cost of constructing a

lined pondage of 300 cubic metres capacity appears to belof the order of

Rs. 9000 to Rs. 10,000 including R.O.W.whether excavated and lined, or

circular above ground constructed from pre-cast tiles, with hoop reinforce-

ment. This would be sufficient capacity for 8 hours of night storage for

a 10 ha outlet command. The estimate is an approximate interim figure;

costs should be worked out in more detail by your staff.

Many thanks for an interesting and enjoyable visit, I look forward

to visiting your area again early in the New Year.

-9 -TABLE 2 Trivandrum

6 December 1980

0.FD, Scheme in Kallada Irrigation Project

Estimate for a schematic case for a ground slope of

37. on a 10 ha; block.

Details: Requirement of water for irrigation is 11 litres/

sec. for a duration of 16 hours. The main pipe stem run to a

length of 360 m out of which the first 100 m length is 110 mm

2 2dia - 2.5 kg/m2, p.v.c. and the rest 90 mm dia - 2.5 kg/cm

P.V.C.

6 numbers of hydrants are provided. Two numbers

of laterals with 90 mm PVC portable pipe with three tapping

points on each unit to facilitate connecting with the hoses

for irrigaoion. The details are shown in the sketch.

ESTTMATE

1, Cost of intake Chamber with locking

arrangements, Rs 1,000/-

2. Cost of wheel valve 110 m dia. Rs 280/-

3. Earth work excavation for pipe line

in all classes of soil -

360 x 0.60 x 1.00 = 216

say 220 m3 at Rs. 90/10 m 3 Rs 1,980/-

4. Supplying and laying 110 u= P.V.C.

line including labour charges for

fitting all specials. 100 m

at Rs 32/M Rs 3,200/-

5, Supplying and fixing 100 x 90 nm 'T' 1 No

at Rs. 65/each Rs 65/-

6. Supplying 15 nos. couplings 110 m= 15 nos.

at Rs. 15/each - Rs 225/-

10-

7. Supplying and fixing 110 x 90 m

PVC reducer 1 no.

at Rs 40/each Rs 40/-

8. Supplying and fixing 90 m PVC pipe

including all fixing charges 260 nos.

at Rs 24/m Rs 6,240/-

9. Do. Do. couplings 90 m 44 nos.


10. Supplying and fixing 90 m x 90 m

T' 5 nos.


11. Supplying and fixing PVC pipes 90 m,

60 cm long for hydrants 3.6 m 6 nos.

at Rs. 24-/each Rs. 86/-

12. Supplying and fixing 7 nos. 3k" and

12 nos. 2" wheel valve 19 nos.

at Rs 260/each Rs 4,940/-

13. Supplying and f !zing 90 x'90 = "T" 6 nos


14. Supplying and fixing PVC 90 m

pipe 75 m. long 150

at Rs 24/m Rs 3,600/-

15. Proving snap coupling to 90 m pipe 25


16. Supplying and fixing 90 m x 50 m

PVC 'T' 6 nos.


17. Supplying and fixing 90 m d. plugs

for ends of laterals 2 nos.


- 11 -

18. Supplying 70 mm dia 60 m length low

cost hose at Rs 3/M 6 nos (360) Rs 1,080/-

19. Supplying specials for connecting

the supply hoses from laterals,

incorporating 6 nos. 2 " valves

at Rs 200 each Rs 1,200/-

20. Construction of hydrant chamber 75x75x100

with locking arrangements 6 nos.


Total Rs28,841/-

Hence per hectare - Rs. 2,840/-

Mr. X.H. Vakharia December 10, 1980

Chief Enineer, Damas-anga. Project

D.S. CampbellFAO/Worid Bank Cooperative Program

Apnlicaticn of pipeline to _Danan a Project

The following notes record our discussions following a visit

to the project area, and review of documents prepared by your staff.

Pirstly, to clarify a question of scope, pipeline may be used

in Damenganga both in the distributary and minor canal system, and

below the outlet from the minor or sub-minor, within the outlet comand,

Utilization in distributaries or minors has a parallel in a local

area in the Umi-Jarapar command where, in the special circumstances

of flood inanation, buried pipe was used instead of open canals.

While imuation is not a likely hazard in the -eanganga project,them are situations in which it may nevertheless be technicallydesirable to use buried pipe in portions of a distributary or minor.

Use of pipeline below the outlet from the minor or sub-minor,for distribution within the outlet coim-nd, is a different type of

application and for a different purpose. It is referred to in the

Apprmial Report Vol,. I para 3.05 "The distribution system (from the

minors doi) would, be in pipes wherever sufficient natural head is

l . . Also in Vol. II pare 3.05 "In pipe srstems

tunouts will be pravidzd to blocks of 3 to 4 ha., depending upon

topograpby of the land". This second type of application is the subject

of the present discussion. It is acknowledged, however, that there

is possibility of misunderstanding as to whether the turnouts serving-

blocks of 3 to 4 ha, referred to in Vol. II, were intended to be

direct turnouts from a piped minor, or turnouts in a piped water-ocurse

extending below an outlet from a minor (piped or otherwise). This will

be cleared up shortly with Bank*

For the remainder of this discussion the pipe in question

is taken to be an alternative to a lined watercourse, in distribution

of water within the outlet c-nmand, or ohak, either to sub-chaks or

more generally. The situation in which distribution by pipeline is

afvantageous are discussed, and also the possibilities- for a minimum cost

initial system capable of being developed further as agricultural

development within the outlet command is intensified. As you point out

such pipe systems 'must be both technically feasible and economically

justifiable in all cases.

Piped distribution systems, other than for sprinkler, are

generally employed for garden lands, which in the Damanganga case means

-2-

a considerable portion of mango, chikoo, coconut, plantain, vegetables,and possibly sugareane. A typical situation where pipeline wouldhwve advantage is the following:-

- Irregular micro-topography, with rolling slope 1.1/2%or moref but with irregularities sufficiently markedas to make smoothing out by land shaping difficult, anddistribution to the individual field (or individual treein some cases) by farm channel also difficult.

Desirability of supplying small streams to individualplots (e.g. vegetables) at frequest intervals withoutexcessive loss en-route, and unavailability of suchsupply through open unlined channels traversingneighbouring holdings.

- Small holdings. Cultivators are interested in developinginto high value garden crops, and soils are suitable.

The most effective distribution in the above circumstaroes, shortof buried pipe supply to each holding, is a buried pipe (a "main, stem"),e=taning dn through the centre of the outlet commA (up to 10 ha insize), and broadly in the direction of maximu slope (e.g. a 110 =n PVpipe on a 2%e slope). The pipe has valved outlets at 80 m to 100 m intervals.The outlets can supply at a head of 1 to 2 m above ground level. The pipetesinates at about 100 m short of the lower end of the outlet coa==d.

.croa the valved outlets the cultivators take water in turn

(or zhared turn) either by unlined field channel, or under low pressurevia cormzally o-ed or individually oumed hoses or "lAY flat" ar'is2itubes, or eventually via portable quick coupling pipe laterals (typically60 m to 70 m in length) with valved outlets for hoses. The laterals aremoved daily. Some cultivators may go as far as installing their ownburied laterals which can be coupled to the main stem.

The minimm initial construction could be the main stem, orpossibly the upstream one half of it, with outlets serving areas of about2 ha (one quarter of the 10 ha chak). The upper half of the chak wouldbe served by valved outlets at 80 to 100 ml the lower half by the lowermostoutlet of the interim half length main stem.

At final development a night-storage tank could be added adjacentto the main stem, at sane point doun its length.

It is noted.that the slope of the area, while of importance,is not taken as the primary criterion in the selection of location forpipe distributi=. Irregularity of topography and likelihood of developmentof garden crops" requiring close attention to irrigation are more importantfactors. As an illustration, an area of uniform slope of 46 and regulartopography could be supplied with water quite conveniently by open

(preferably lined) field chanel. Conversely it may be very difficult todistribute water within a chak of generally 1.1/2, slope, but very irregular,

-3-

without recourse to pipe. For canal supply :cstems there is nevertheless

a minimum slope below Vhich pipeline distribution would be uneconomic

in most circumstances. This limit depends upon size of chak and other

factors, but in the Damnganga case it is likely to be about 25 .

Apart frm the question of distribution br pipe or open channel,

Vol. 1 (.8) of the Appraisal Report prcvides that "the Goverment

would construct the chmmels do;u to each individual farm". ith this

requirment in view, and as discu-ssed this morning, it would be desirable

to carry out detailed designs of atercourse/farm chnnel systems on several

typical area.s of about 40 ha uainj a rege of different approaches (opench=nnol and pipe) and also considering staged development. With associatod

cost estimates this study could form the basis for discussion and adopticn

of aosii criteria,

cot G.J. TiborG.T. F1insonE.L.M. KramerG.N. Xathpalia Chi-efEbgineer, Jinor ProjectsC. Perry

INDIA - Uttar Pradesh Tubewells(02)

Uttar Pradesh Tubewells Project (02) - India - Credit 1332

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