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THE TWO FACETS OF PARCO LAMBRO David Mark P. Florendo (708774) and Noel C. Cruz (709888)

Urban Ethnography, Politecnico Di Milano University 02 July 2007

Abstract

Parks and other open public spaces as part of the urban fabric have been considered as an asset for the citizenry, serving as a venue for passive and active recreation for people1; a psychological relief from the fast paced lifestyle of urban living; and provides an important ecological function acting as a green lung for the city. In a classic study of Whyte (1980) as quoted by Benton-Short in her review of Low-Taplin-Scheld’s (2005) Rethinking Urban Parks, on small urban parks and plazas, he highlighted the ability of plazas and parks to attract daily users by providing welcoming and lively environments, thus contributing to the vitality of the city. This paper aims at analyzing Parco Lambro, one of Milan’s largest parks. The authors seek to investigate the transformation that the park has been through and try to clarify its impact as to how the park has organize itself spatially, functionally and socially. Also the authors would like to put emphasis on the two facades created by the divide of the Tangenziale Est on Parco Lambro, analyzing the differences and the things that might have caused this divide and its impact on its present users.

INDEX

I. Introduction 1.1. Study Area: Parco Lambro History

II. Observation 2.1. A View from Above 2.2. A View Up Close

2.2.1. Natural Features 2.2.2. Entrances and Paths 2.2.3. Way-finding 2.2.4. Facilities 2.2.5. Users and Activities

III. Analysis

3.1. Tangenziale Est as a Spatial and Functional Divide 3.2. Tangenziale Est as a Social Divide

To conform or not conform? Green Wall or Green Magnet?

IV. Some Concluding Remarks V. Bibliography

1 Solecki, William D. and Joan M. Welch. Urban Parks: Green Spaces or Green Walls? Landscape and Urban Planning 32

(1995) 93-106. Online.

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I. INTRODUCTION The implications of the rapid urban sprawl from mid 20th century to now have driven our society to realize the value of the system of public spaces that dot the metropolitan cities of today. We can never argue with the importance of public spaces as they provide a very important social role in our society; which has been put in evidence since the time of antiquity2. Public spaces in a democratic society are considered to be “melting pots” of cultures and practices which have allowed people to freely do what they want in it. However, we say this in absolute theoretical terms because along with this, comes a whole family of conflicts and questions that constantly put into doubt how we use and manage our public spaces. For the past centuries, there has been vast variety of movements created in the design and planning of parks which produced parks of different character and purpose as quoted by Low, Taplin and Schend (2005)3. The earliest park movement intentionally designed Romantic landscape and stressed contact with “nature”. During the 20’s and 30’s, parks are designed to emphasize recreation and outdoor play and had little focus on “nature”. Another park movement is the addition of historical sites, recreation areas, and other urban national parks and beaches to a system called the National Park system. The historical context of a park is important, Low et al. (2005) noted, because although recreation and contemplation remain central park values today, the presence of other values, for example at national identity or historical landscapes, make parks more complex spaces to manage, often creating a tension between preservation of historical spaces and the demands for new uses by today’s users. To add also, large urban parks and other public spaces at large scale are now facing a lot of challenges posed by transformation and modernization. Issues on facilitating and sustaining cultural dynamics of cities, and division between neighborhoods are now being raised. Cultural and social diversity of parks have now been reduced more evident by the decreasing access to open, urban public spaces, which is said to have been caused by privatization, deliberate programs to reduce the number of “undesirables” or “inappropriate” activities, mismanagement, physical transformation, surrounding developments and others. 1.1. Study Area: Parco Lambro History Parco Lambro4 is one of the more popular urban parks in Milan. It covers an area of 930,000 sq. m. and is located in the North-east end of the city which, like any other urban parks, serves a variety of roles that are important to the city or at least, to the community it serves. The park dates back to 1936 as a creation of Architect Enrico Casiraghi with the objective of preserving and emphasizing the rich natural landscape of Lombardia; taking advantage of the existence of the River Lambro which runs across its length – from which the park is named after. During the 1941 winter and the Second World War, most of the trees were cut off for heating and other uses. Also, debris from structures destroyed from war was put there which now constitutes the big hill that stands prominently inside the park. Indeed, it has endured and witnesses a lot of history and transformation which have shaped it to

2 Hess, Jette Esbjørn (2002). Urban Green Spaces &Social Well-Being : Methods, Findings And Recommendations From A Danish Pilot Study. The Danish Town Planning Institute. December 2002. Online 3 Low, Setha, Dana Taplin and Suzanne Scheld. Review by Lisa Benton-Short. Rethinking Urban Parks: Public Space and

Cultural Diversity. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005. Online. 4 http://www.comune.milano.it/webcity/documenti.nsf/

Figure 1. Satellite Map of Parco Lambro

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what it is right now. One such transformation that has impacted the park so much in recent times is the construction of Tangenziale Est during 1973 which is part of the system of transport arteries that take people and goods in and out of the metropolitan region of Milan. The highway cuts across the park and only allowing a very low level of permeability. Five cascinas (farmhouses) are present of which only one has maintained its characteristics and original functions: Cascina San Gregorio Vecchio, situated in Viale Turchia. In the same cascina situated is the center of the Guardie Ecologiche Volontarie. Other cascinas were, the Cascina Mulino Torrette, in Via Marotta, that has been completely restructured and of which the two shovels wheels and the millstones of the mill still exist; cascina Cassinetta San Gregorio, also in Via Marotta, composed of two buildings completely restructured, cascina Biblioteca in via Caloria, in function since the 70’s and Cascina Mulino San Gregorio in via Van Gogh. II. OBSERVATION AND SOME CRITICS 2.1. A View from Above To initially analyze the case of Parco Lambro, it is important to take into consideration and to know basically how the park is being planned – how it is being viewed from above. Parco Lambro is a product of an initiative by the Region to preserve and emphasize the Lombardic Natural Landscape taking advantage of the presence of the prominent river Lambro which crosses the whole western length of the park. From the Map as shown in Figure. 2, we can clearly see how areas are being allocated; facilities are being distributed through out the whole park area. Dividing the park into two distinct parts is the Tangenziale Est, created in 1973. Entrances are distributed around the area – on the west part of the park there’s one along Via Crescenzago, one in Via Feltre and two in Via Pusiano, while on the east part there are two along the Tangenziale Est, which look more likely to be specifically allocated for vehicles, and two in Viale Turchia. The only street connecting the two parts of the park, encircled in Fig. 2, is located just below the Tangenziale flyover. Through observation of the diagram it is clearly shown how the park has been divided into two parts by the Tangenziale. We can also observe how facilities and features of the park have been unequally distributed between the two parts. If we may also observe how limited facilities have been

Figure 2. Master Plan of Parco Lambro

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distributed in the east part, that is, two parking areas and one play ground (which is no longer in use at present) located closer to the Tangenziale. While on the other part, the western side, we can see how well provided and distributed facilities are like football fields or simply sports grounds, refreshment areas and restaurants, fountains and others all over the area. 2.2. A View From Up Close To better understand of what have been created of the Parco Lambro since its creation is an analysis and study how it is now based from actual visit and observation of the site. The authors have identified specific areas and categories that constitute the whole organization of the park.

2.2.1 Natural features Parco Lambro was created to preserve the classic Lombardic landscape. However, it has gone a lot of transformations that has composed the park to what it is today. Several water wells which are present before are now gone although the River Lambro still runs through it. But it has a lot of ecological problems and is presently undergoing re-qualification. There is also the presence of some bird species like ducks in the river that add to the ecological importance of the park. There is this mixture of agricultural and sculptured landscape make up the morphology of Parco Lambro. There are a lot of wide flat lawns suitable for outdoor activities like picnics, sports and others and at the same time there are some parts that are heavily vegetated by tall trees. Some tree species available are metasequoia, farnia, ginkgo biloba, pterocaria or walnut of the Caucasus5.

Figure 3. Natural Features of Parco Lambro: Fiume Lambro, Natural and Sculptured Landscape and Ecological Life

5 http://www.comune.milano.it/webcity/

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2.2.2. Entances and Paths

The western part of the park has 5 entrances. One in Crescenzago; Two in Via Pusiano and another two in via Feltre. Cars can be parked on the street or on parking lots adjacent to the park. The entrance from via Crescenzago, and one entrance from via Pusiano can be accessed by car. The road along via Feltre close to the tangenziale is normally used as an exit. All entrances can be accessed by foot. The most used is on via Feltre which is next to Quartieri Feltre, an old social housing project. The Eastern part of the park has 4 entrances. 2 along the road parallel to the Tangenziale Est and another 2 along Viale Turchia. All entrances are appropriated for vehicular access. A rough foot path can be seen beside one of the entrances along Viale Turchia. The west side has a system of roads that can be accessed by cars which is also used by bicycles and pedestrian. While on the east side, the roads allotted for cars is only meant for navigating from one parking lot to the next but it can be otherwise used by bicycles and park users.

Figure 4. The Entrances

2.2.3. Way-finding and Information Way-finding is important in enabling the efficient navigation both via car or whatever mode of transport including pedestrian. Streets signs are placed along main roads inside the park. While, maps situated along major traffic areas show what is contained inside the park along with its history and the rules and regulations both in English and Italian. Several sign post along main roads and entrances indicate the direction towards foundations headquarters situated inside the park. Posters and stickers indicate activities such as concerts and soccer matches. There are also informative signs that indicate exercise instruction to use the policrosalus facilities. Spray painted numbers along the road indicate the number of meters a users may have more or less done. 2.2.4. Facilities As Soleski and Welch(1995) (quoted in Cranz, 1978, 1982; Hardy, 1982; Schuyler, 1986) argues, The manner in which the community uses the park is reflected on the parks design and structure. Likewise, the parks’ design and shape correspond to human use. Through this we can say that parks continually transform itself in order to meet the demands of its users. Facilities available in parks define its character and its users. These facilities are then allocated through out the whole park. On the west part are playgrounds available for children. Also are sports facilities such as football fields, skate parks, bicycle lanes and others. There is also this system of exercising facilities collectively known as “policrosalus” which distributed all over the park. With it are instructions made about various ways to use these facilities. Within this area also, one can find several Institutional offices such as Fondazione Exodus, U. S. Ambrosiana – Scoula Calico and Centro Ambrosiano di Solidarietà housed in old cascinas inside the park.

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Fondazione Exodus, housed in Cascina Molino Torrette, is an institution working on elevating the quality of life of homeless people and drug addicts by involving them in theater, sports music and the arts. They organize concerts and other activities inside the park. While the Centro Ambrosiano di Solidarietà is an institution helping people in crisis, usually with social and family issues, through their organized activities. Another is the Guardie Ecologiche Volontarie, housed in a part of Cascina San Gregorio Vecchio. They are the ones concerned with the ecological well being of the park. Just recently they have conducted a botanical movement in identifying the trees in the park, putting labels and text with botanical cards. Parking spaces are also available inside and along peripheral roads of the park. There are also small snack stores and restaurants like Campanna Zio Tom inside the park available with tables and chairs to serve refreshments for its visitors. Portable toilets are also distributed around the areas. On the other hand, the east part of the Parco Lambro has a number of limited facilities. There is one playground originally allocated near the entrance parallel to the Tangenziale, which as can be seen in Fig. 9 is no longer serving its purpose. This is evident in the presence of grasses already covering the whole area of this playground and path leading to this ground is no longer existent. But like the on the other side of the park, jogging paths are still in use. Parking facilities are also allocated on this side of the park but it was observed that cars are parked in a scattered manner. And as commonly seen on both parts of the park benches are placed all over the area.

Figure 5. Signages, Information boards, posters

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Figure 6. Some Facilities: "Lambrooklyn", Bars, Soccer Field and Re-used Casinas

2.2.5. Users and Activities Majority of the user live adjacent to the park. Most of them frequent the park for jogging, running and cycling. Along jogging paths are policrosalus that are used to diversify the exercise activity. Families often frequent the west side of the park for walking and unwinding. The old people and young people like to rest and sit in the sun. Some read, listen to music, and play games. In the lawns, young and old people play soccer. Young teenagers frequent the skate park for extreme sport activities. The author also observed most of the teenagers hang out beside the skate park often relaxing or doing other stuff such as juggling or what not. A lot of people take their dogs for walking and playing in the park. Mostly walking from their houses to the park but the authors observed that dog walkers on the east side come by use of their cars. The bars are often also frequented by these people along with their dogs. The east side is observed to be frequented by young and middle aged couples. Most of them seem to be there not the exercise but to hang out and relax. Their type of clothing also indicates this. Young black women can also be observed to be frequenting this side of the park, often sitting or standing in isolated areas or adjacent to the parking areas. People who walk their dogs and exercise can also be observed. People cleaning or fixing their cars and people from the highway seeking for some rest also frequent the park.

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Figure 7. System of “Policrosalus” facilities

Figure 8. The diverse mix of users that frequent the west side of the park

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III. ANALYSIS

3.1. Tangenziale Est as a Spatial and Functional Divide For the most part, it is a physical divide which has limited the access or has made it hard for people to want to access the eastern part of the park. It can be observed that there is a clear asymmetry in terms of the development and the maintenance of the park. On one hand, paths are neatly paved and vegetation are maintained fairly well but on the other, paths are a bit destroyed and are wet with pieces of organic residue scattered everywhere while vegetation have been growing wildly for some time. The authors have observed the frequency of the maintenance people on the west part while on the other; it is almost non existent, at least in the course of the study. Another evidence of this can observed as to the current state of its playgrounds (refer to figure 9). As we may observe, the different ambiance of the two playgrounds; how the one in the west part have been maintained in terms of the organization of its foliages and the presence of accessory play ground facilities such as benches, garbage bins, etc., as in comparison to that of the east part which now can be seen as like “play facilities lost in an abandoned lawn” evident of the wild grasses growing and the absence of accessory play ground facilities like benches.

Paths

Playgrounds

Figura 9. Comparing some of the features present in both parts

At figure. 10, the authors demonstrate the differences between the two parts with regards to pedestrian access. Walking towards the entrances of the park along Via Feltre and Viale Turchia, one will notice a difference regarding the accessibility and the sense of hospitability. The entrance along Via Feltre is a wide path along which one can get a view of the hilly landscape of the park. It is open without any barriers or gates that might discourage access. The road along Via Feltre is lined with trees that act as a prelude to the natural beauty that Parco Lambro offers. Moving pass this entrance, still walking along Via Feltre and heading toward the east side, one can notice an

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immediate difference, approaching the divide and passing under the Tangenziale Est underpass, one can almost feel a sense of “uninvitedness”. The underpass is filled with graffiti and trash that, to a certain degree discourages one to pass through it. Moving further along the path toward the east side, one is met by a fairly wide road that has a mild traffic. This is viale Turchia. There are not any pedestrian lanes to cross this road but one can simply cross if cars are not passing by. Approaching the entrance, one will encounter a closed gate. It is a vehicular access. But at the side of it, a narrow rough path has been formed by pedestrian park users.(refer to figure. 10.06) Another obvious observation is the difference in the present use of the two parts of the park in general. The west part showcases a more typical scenario of recreation and a more wholesome family friendly ambiance which is evident as to the typology of its users. While on the other part most activities occurring are somewhat unusual or atypical activities done inside a park. Some of which that the authors have encountered is the presence of people cleaning and fixing their cars most probably coming from the adjacent Viale Turchia, cars parked everywhere with people just staying inside them and an unsual presence of individuals alone mostly foreign women dressed up, at least in comparison to the west part, and others. Although we can still say that there are still adults with their dogs and bicycles frequenting this side of the park. But going back to the materiality of the place, these differences could also be interpreted in another way. Thompson (2002) argues that people go to parks to experience either of the two – for privacy, solace and to meet strangers; and to experience the natural, raw and manipulability as well as to experience the feeling of freedom. This could be observed on the park as to how it has been set up. One provided a more structured landscape with installed facilities for resting and playing while the other adapted a more rough and woodsy character. By this we could say that if ever the divide never existed, the east part would simply blend into the landscape of the west.

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Figure 10 . Walking towards the park entrance along Via Feltre and Viale Turchia

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3.2. Tangenziale Est as a Social Divide Particular spaces are tied to a particular social function. Classrooms are organized for teaching; a restaurant is organized for eating; roads are ordered for the smooth mobility of transport and so on. A park in this context is meant for leisure and recreation, for health, ecological value and also for economic potentials. As we explore the park more closely, the cut has developed two environment serving two general sets of users – regular park users, and park users who use the park for activities that are over and above the regularly recognizable functions mentioned earlier or the so-called “inappropriate behavior”. To conform or not conform? There is a great reality in the fact that parks or urban spaces in general can be said as a good evidence of a good democracy. These parks are seen now as a democratic place where democracy meant conformity and a means to create a unified nation6. But this topic of democracy is quite becoming complex and is over used or sometimes misused now a days. Today’s case demands a more sophisticated understanding of what democracy really is in consideration of a more varied and complex composition of our society – a diverse mosaic of urban cultures as quoted by Thompson (2002). Traditionally democracy can make a scenario that considers what is good for the majority, which in most cases doesn’t always work for the valid minority, nor define what determines validity. But in contradictory to this is the fact that the image of the park is embedded on the image of the whole community. Now it is better to consider the reality, as suggested by Ward Thompson (1996) that parks instead of being a “melting pot” we need a “salad bowl”, where different culture can find individual expression of freedom; meaning, people are able to maintain individual identities while living and interacting with a highly diverse society instead of individuals conforming or compromising oneself to fit the general desire of the society. Also in line with this issue on the complexity of democracy and freedom, arises the issue of its abuse or can be coined to “inappropriate” acts. But going back to the reality of diversity of culture, this fact can be subjective, that is, there is a probability that an act, like vandalism or alleged prostitution, which may be invalid for a certain culture can be valid for another. Different social cultural groups have different perceptions of what is acceptable or safe behavior7. This is one of the problems faced by our present day public spaces. Another problem that arises is the issue of homelessness and a refuge to these “public” spaces as a place for shelter. In a study by Hradecký (2006) of Prague, people identified by the European ETHOS as those belonging to the “roofless” category whom experience triple exclusion – social, legal and physical8, would choose to thrive to these public spaces and spend most of the time of their lives in these public spaces for the fulfillment of their personal needs, depending on various emergency services available in the area. This case is very much evident in Parco Lambro, where one can find similar cases of informal settlers in the periphery of the park. And this creates a new environment of conflict to varied groups concerned like the legitimate surrounding communities, the informal settlers, concerned groups and the local government and also to the physical beauty and attraction of the area. Due to the social divide in the typology of users in both parts of the park and the underutilization and change of ambiance on the east side of this park has created a window for unusual park practices or the so-called “inappropriate acts”.

6 Thompson, Catharine Ward. Urban open space in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning 60 (2002) 59–72.

Online. 19 June 2007. 7 Thompson. Urban open space in the 21st century. 2002.

8 Hradecký, Ilja. Profiles of Homelessness in the Czech Republic: Conflict, Rooflessness and Use of Public Space, trans. Eva and Ben Watson Jones. Prague: October 2006. Paper prepared for the European Observatory on Homelessness. Online. 19 June 2007. <http://www.feantsa.org/files/national_reports/czech%20republic/2006/czech_republic_thematic_homelessness_2006.pdf>

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Figure 11. “Inappropriate” act, expression of democracy or a result of cultural diversity? Illegal settling, littering, vandalism and immigrant prostitution

Green Wall or Green Magnet?

Parks, just like other public entities function or act in response to the social structure that it is embedded in – the community. They provide, to a certain degree, the pre-conditions or regulations upon which a park is supposed to be used, over and above the already set guidelines provided by the managing body. Now a days, parks can be conceived and experienced as a barrier. Sometimes due to increasing issues of safety that causes fear, discomfort, or a displacement in time and space of one group due to another’s presence and the spatial segregation of users in a park cause the decreasing number of park users or the abandonment of such open spaces. It is quite noticeable, if we would compare the typology of users for the two parts of the park, in the west part we can see a usual set up and formation of people composed of the old folks, the youth, kids and families; while on the other side, in the east, where a limited type of users are present – mostly coming in by car or most of the time staying in their cars or sometimes foreigners, commonly those with African decent frequent the area. This obvious difference in the typology of users have caused a partial divide and subsequently lead or must have been resulted by the under utilization of this part of the park. Public park fail to act as magnets because the environment set by regular park users isolate or make it hard for other potential users to fully maximize what they can do in the park. This could also be a reason for the weak presence of immigrants in the park which can be observed in other parks in Milan such as in Parco Idroscalo. Immigrant activities in the Parco Lambro are almost always limited to economic practices such as dog-walking, babysitting, and prostitution.

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IV. SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS City can be compared as an organizational structure made up of individual units which are the entities that make up the urban fabric such as buildings, open spaces, residences and others. Generally speaking, the city should be seen not as completed artifact but as a perpetuated work in progress. Meaning, cities should continuously evolve to answer the need of its citizens. Same can be said for the individual units which comprise urban cities, for example, urban parks are constantly transforming to adapt to the changing needs of its users. Such transformation can answer the targeted needs but along with it comes unpredictable changes which can be effects of public behavior. “When people define laws, they take undefined space, time and action and draw lines, establish categories and coin labels that create new features of the environment that did not exist before” (Weick, 1995). On this regard, we can say that people are very much a part of their environment. It is not possible to extract them in studying spaces as they provide the materials that become the constraints and opportunities they face. The authors believe that two things can govern the development of the urban landscape in general. One is created by policies, regulations and plans by urban planners and other technical experts; while the other is the environment created by the community – an aggregate of environments created by the individual actors in the society. The management and the institutional users present in Parco Lambro create the design, the allocation of facilities and the rules and regulations. Conversely, the park users create individual environments that are parallel to their needs which are derived from their individual cultures and backgrounds. If such things are quantified, they become indicators for urban planners that provide the direction for policies and design for transformation and development. Although there is a physical divide brought about by Tangenziale, the authors believe that it is crucial to create a more efficient connection and better accessibility not just by car but also by other means. Looking at the cases of Parco Nord and Parco Forlanini which are parks that have been divided by an even wider infrastructure, efficient connections have been constructed that creates an equal utilization of all parts, to a certain degree. These connection or bridges are prominent and are readily visible to users that generate speculations that there is something more across it. Planners and policy makers should be aware of the tendency for these urban public spaces to become green walls or barriers between neighborhoods and cultures, and also, it should serve as a catalyst for social cohesion while providing the needs of modern day societies in its original sense. It should act as connecting channels between neighborhoods and cultures so as to work on its real purpose of democracy and unity among societies.

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V. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hess, Jette Esbjørn (2002). Urban Green Spaces &Social Well-Being : Methods, Findings And Recommendations From A Danish Pilot Study. The Danish Town Planning Institute. December 2002. Online. 19 June 2007. <http://www.vito.be/bugs/Deliverables/WPSOCdelivery.doc> Gobster, Paul H. (1998). Urban Parks as Green Walls or Green Magnets? Interracial Relations in Neighborhood Boundary Parks. Landscape and Urban Planning 41 (1998) 43-55. Online. 19 June 2007. <http://ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/1998/nc_1998_gobster_001.pdf> Hradecký, Ilja. Profiles of Homelessness in the Czech Republic: Conflict, Rooflessness and Use of Public Space, trans. Eva and Ben Watson Jones. Prague: October 2006. Paper prepared for the European Observatory on Homelessness. Online. 19 June 2007. <http://www.feantsa.org/files/national_reports/czech%20republic/2006/czech_republic_thematic_homelessness_2006.pdf> Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia. Urban Form and Social Context: Cultural Differentiation in the Uses of Urban Parks. Journal of Planning Education and Research 1995; 14; 89. Online. 17 June 2007. <http://jpe.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/2/89> Low, Setha, Dana Taplin and Suzanne Scheld. Review by Lisa Benton-Short. Rethinking Urban Parks: Public Space and Cultural Diversity. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005. Online. 18 June 2007. <http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Rethinking+Urban+Parks%3A+Public+Space+and+Cultural+Diversity&btnG=Search> Manzo, Lynne C. and Douglas D. Perkins. Finding Common Ground: The Importance of Place Attachment to Community Participation and Planning. Journal of Planning Literature 2006; 20; 335. Online. 19 June 2007. <http://jpl.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/4/335> Solecki, William D. and Joan M. Welch (1994). Urban Parks: Green Spaces or Green Walls? Landscape and Urban Planning 32 (1995) 93-106. Online. 19 June 2007. <http://scienceserver.cilea.it/cgibin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=01692046&issue=v60i0002&article=59_uosit2c&form=pdf&file=file.pdf> Thompson, Catharine Ward. Urban open space in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning 60 (2002) 59–72. Online. 19 June 2007. < http://scienceserver.cilea.it/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=01692046&issue=v60i0002&article=59_uosit2c&form=pdf&file=file.pdf> Weick, K. E. (1993), Sensemaking in organizations, Newbury Park, Sage Publications. Online. 20 June 2007. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=nz1RT-xskeoC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=sensemaking+in+organizations&ots=zD4nBaiubm&sig=WNN6Adw1QX7ovpq2agcyOnoixCs#PPP1,M1>

Weick, K. E. Organizational Redesign as Improvisation. Chapter 11 of the Book by George P. Huber and William H. Glick, Organizational Change and Redesign: Ideas and Insights for Improving Performance. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

http://www.comune.milano.it/webcity/documenti.nsf/ http://www.ceasmarotta.it/ http://www.exodus.it/