Transformation of tobacco with DehE gene from Rhizobium sp.

Abstracts - International Conference on Advances in Plant Sciences, November 14-18, 2012, Chiang Mai, Thailand

i

International Conference on Advances in Plant Sciences (ICAPS 2012)

November 14-18, 2012 Empress Hotel, Chiang Mai, Thailand

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME

November 14, 2012 Registration 15.30- 18.30 hrs. Welcome Reception and Dinner 19.00-21.00 hrs. November 15, 2012 Imperial Ballroom

INAUGURATION OF THE CONFERENCE: 09.00-09.30

KEY NOTE ADDRESS: Prof. S.V.S. Chauhan (India) “Role of Reproductive Biology in Biodiversity Conservation” (Abstract: 0503) 09:30-10:00

COFFEE BREAK 10:00-10:30

PLENARY LECTURE I: Determination of Biomass Production Capacity of Poaceae and Fabaceae

Forages Mixtures in Mediterranean Region of Turkey (Abstract 0295)

Dr. Alpaslan Kusvuran (Turkey) 10:30-11.00

PLENARY LECTURE II: “Algae of fresh water bodies from Maharashtra, India" (Abstract: 0411): Dr. Subhash Pingle (India) 11:00-11:30

http://plants2012.com/


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CONCURRENT SESSIONS

November 15, 2012 Pailin Room

Technical Session I: Agro-biodiversity, traditional agriculture and conservation of wild relatives of crops.

Chairperson: Dr. Dian Hendrayanti (Indonesia)

Time Session Title of the Paper Abstract

No.

11:30-11:45 OS I-1 Evaluation of different dates on yield morphological characteristics and function of three corn (S.c704,677,630) in Koohdasht climate conditions Afshar Azadbakht, (Iran)

0009

11:45-12:00 OS I-2 Multipurpose uses of plants, a step toward sustainable development (Case study: the summer pastures of Sia-mrze-kouh) Seyed Hassan Zali, (Iran)

0025

12:00-12:15 OS I-3 Potency of Medicinal Leaves in the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks Levitah Mapatac, (The Philippines)

0054

12:15-12:30 OS I-4

Rehabilitation of Mangrove Forest Through Guludan Technique – Based Silvopastoral-Fishery Achmad Solikhin (Indonesia)

0090

12:30-13:30 LUNCH BREAK

13:30-13:45 OS I-5 Effects of wheat-oilseed rape intercropping on the population density of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius, 1775) and its natural enemies Rashin Amir Mardfar ( Iran)

0166

13:45-14:00 OS I-6 Clonal Propagation of Litsea cubeba through rooting of cuttings. A.K.P. Sim (Malaysia)

0207

14:00-14:15 OS I-7 Chemical Composition Changes and in vitro Effects of Hydroponic Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) Leaves and Stems by Growth Stages Kwon-Real Ryu (Republic of Korea)

0225

14:15-14:30 OS I-8 Bioremediation with Symbiotic Microorganisms Using Spent Mushrooms Substrate in Contaminated Agricultural Soils Gugi Yogaswara (Indonesia)

0244

14:30-14:45 OS I-9 Investigation of The Biodiversity İn Some Local Tomato Genotypes by Morphological Characterization Asu Oguz (Turkey)

0312

14:45-15:00 OS I-10 A Viewpoint toward Medical plant of ziziphus jujuba and its applications, medicine's characters and economical importance in south-khorasan province Farhood Golmohammadi (Iran)

0360

15:00-15:15 OS I-11 Diverse functionality of arbuscular mycorrhiza in sustainable agriculture management Margaret Chan Kit Yok ( Malaysia).

0001

15:15-15:30 OS I-12 Germination Studies of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon: A Useful Plant from Sarawak Michael Lim Yee Liang (Malaysia)

0413

15:30-15:45 OS I-13 Enriching biodiversity through Non-mulberry Sericulture in Karnataka Ramesh H.L. ( India)

0472


iii

15:45-16:00 OS I-14 Conservation Agriculture: An Option to Enhance Pollinators and Sustainability Neelam Chaudhary (India)

0501

16:00-16:15 Coffee Break

November 15, 2012 Paytai Room

Technical Session II: Diversity of Gymnosperms, Pteridophytes, Algae, Bryophytes and their conservation

Chairperson: Dr. Subhash Pingle (India)

11:30-11:45 OS II-15 Biodiversity of Gymnosperms and their conservation in Morocco Mohammed Sghir Taleb ( Morocco)

0003

11:45-12:00 OS II-16 A biogeographical study of fern flora of Barak valley, North East India and Portblair, Andaman Mrinal Kanti (India)

0059

12:00-12:15 OS II-17 Biodiversity of Bryophytes and Ferns: A Resource for Mining of Drought Tolerance Traits through Physiological Metabolic Mechanisms Ajit Pratap Singh (India)

0332

12:15-12:30 OS II-18 Tree fern diversity, ethnobotany and their conservation in Central India Shweta Singh (India)

0449


13:30-13:45 OS II-19 Ethnomedicinal and phytochemical assessment of some members of Filicales from Central India Shweta Singh (India)

0460

13:45-14:00 OS II-20 Species diversity of Pediastrum and Scenedesmus from various water reserviors of Kopargaon tahsil, Dist. Ahmednagar (M.S.), India Ramesh Sanap (India)

0120

14:00-14:15 OS II-21 Fresh water algae and their usefulness Subhash Pingle (India)

0219

14:15-14:30 OS II-22 Studies on Morphology and Biochemical Composition of soil blue-green alga Westiellopsis prolifica Janet Ganesh Shinde (India)

0252

14:30-14:45 OS II-23 Ecological Study of Visapur Lake in Shrigonda Taluka of Ahmednagar District (M.S.), India. Ananda Gore ( India)

0260

14:45-15:00 OS II-24 An Appraisal of Diatom flora of the Central High land and Himalaya in Biogeographic perspective of the Indian subcontinent Prakash Nautiyal (India)

0337

15:00-15:15 OS II-25 Application of Common Freezer (-40C) as an Alternative Method to Preserve Cyanobacteria Nostoc spp. Dian Hendrayanti ( Indonesia)

0371

15:15-15-30 OS II-26 Chrysophycean, Xanthophycean and Pyrophycean Algae of Pashan Lake Balakrishna Zaware (India)

0372

16:15-16:30 OS II-26A Biodiversity and conservation of pulicat lake- Andhra Pradesh S.K.M.Basha (India)

0504

16:00-16:15 COFFEE BREAK


iv

November 15, 2012 Paitoon Room

Technical Session III: Conservation and Management of Tropical Rainforests

Chairperson: Prof. S V S Chauhan (India)

11:30-11:45 OS III-27 Conservation of Sinharaja Forest Reserve in Sri Lanka Nirmala Ravimannan1, Sri Lanka

0008

11:45-12-00 OS III-28 The Floristic Variation of Tree Species and Their Relationship with the Physico-Chemical of Soil in a Tropical Watershed Forest, Peninsular Malaysia Khairil Mahmud (Malaysia)

0071

12:00-12-15 OS III-29 The Structure of Mangrove Forests in Iran Saber ghasemi (Iran)

0095

12:15-12-30 OS III-30 Effect of Canopy Gaps on Floristic Diversity, Regeneration and Microclimate in Evergreen Forests of Central Western Ghats, India Guddappa Devagiri (India)

0192

12:30-12:45 OS III-31 Eco-education Community-Based Forest through Agro-forestry in Achieving Sustainable Forest Management Achmad Solikhin (Indonesia)

0459



Technical Session IV : Bio-informatics and Nanotechnology-its application in modern plant biology


13:45-14:00 OS IV-32 System for the Recognition of optimally ripen stage of oil palm bunch D.V.Rama Koti Reddy (India)

0010

14:00-14:15 OS IV-33 Structural comparison of plant and fungal bifunctional terpene synthases indicates plant terpene synthases originated from fungal kaurene synthases by horizontal gene transfer Ashutosh Mukherjee (India)

0195

14:15-14:30 OS IV-34 In silico analysis and Homology modeling of Chalcone Synthase, a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids from Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Aiswarya G (India)

0214

14:30-14:45 OS IV-35 Synthesis of gold nanotriangles using bark powderextract of Terminalia arjuna VK Gautam (India)

0470


Technical Session V: Botanical gardens, parks, Arboretum and landscape ecology



v

15:00-15:15 OS V-36 Role of Botanical Garden in Ex-Situ Conservation of Rare, Endangered and Medicinal Plants in Khandesh, Maharashtra, India Sanjay Kshirsagar (India)

0392

15:15-15:30 OS V-37 Estimation of root cohesion for desert shrub species in semi-arid and arid ecosystem and its potential for streambank revegetation Kumud Acharya (USA)

0412


Technical Session VI: Bio-fuel and Horticultural crops


15:45-16:00 OS VI-38 Relative effect of NPK and organic fertilizers on growth performance of cashew seedkings on deplited soils at Ibadan, Nigeria Rotimi Ipinmoroti (Nigeria)

0019


16:15-16:30 OS VI-39 Eco Education Community - Based Forest through Agroforestry System in Achieving Sustainable Forest Management Achmad Solikhin (Indonesia)

0091

16:30-16:45 OS VI-40 Fermentation of Fruit Waste by Colostridium thermocellum for Ethanol Production Nur Maimunita Fitriah (Indonesia)

0243

16:45-17:00 OS VI-41 Identification of Strawberry Metabolites Significant to Consumer Preference Michael Schwieterman (USA)

0294

17:00-17:15 OS VI-42 Lipase catalyzed biodiesel production from a high oil yielding plant, Simarouba glauca Deepu Krishnan (India)

0361

November 15, 2012 Petcharat – 1 Room

Technical Session VII: Biodiversity of Bacteria, biological nitrogen fixation and bio-fertilizers.

Chairperson: Dr. Sheikh Muhammad Iqbal (Pakistan)

11:30-11:45 OS VII-43 the biochemical and molecular analysis of bacterial strains isolated from drinking water sources of Kohat Pakistan Tassadaq Hussain (Pakistan)

0023


vi

11:45-12:00 OS VII-44 cloning, characterization and expression of an insecticidal crystal protein gene from Bacillus thuringiensis isolates of Andaman and Nicobar Islands H.M.Mahadeva Swamy (India)

0043

12:00-12:15 OS VII-45 cloning and expression of a new CRY3A gene from native isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis and its toxicity against asian gray weevil Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) H.M.Mahadeva swamy ( India)

0046

12:15-12:30 OS VII-46 Isolation, Characterization and Comparison of Exo-Polysaccharides from Rhizospheric Cyanobacterial Isolates Mehboob Ahmed (The Netherlands)

0108


13:30-13:45 OS VII-47 Response of Phule Raja (Lycopersicon esculantus Mill.) cultivars to foliar application of blue green algal extract, Bioforce, Amruta and recommended dose. Ashok Abhang (India)

0128

13:45-14:00 OS VII-48 Improving sustainability and productivity of sugarcane systems with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) Chanyarat Paungfoo-Lonhienne (Australia)

0154

14:00-14:15 OS VII-49 Use of rhizobial inoculants to improve biological nitrogen fixation and replace chemical nitrogen fertilizer handling in Glycine max (Soybean) cultivation of Sri Lanka Chandravilashini Shantha Hettiarachchi ( Sri Lanka)

0190

14:15-14:30 OS VII-50 Cyanobacterial diversity of Jayakwadi region of Maharashtra State (India) Janardhan Nehul (India)

0197

14:30-14:45 OS VII-51 Phosphate Solubilization by Aspergillus tubingensis S33 Isolated from Semi-arid Region of Rajasthan, India Rachana Jain (India)

0213

14:45-15:00 OS VII-52 Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria Associated With Vegetables Roots in Different Ecologies of Pakistan Aftab Afzal (Pakistan)

0300

15:00-15:15 OS VII-53 Effects of Iranian rhizobia isolates on pyoverdine production by Pseudomonas fluorescens Samaneh Samavat ( Iran)

0321

15:15-15:30 OS VII-54 Rhizobia cell density can be affected by Pseudomonas extracellular metabolites and vice versa Samaneh Samavat ( Iran)

0329

15:30-15:45 OS VII-55 Seasonal Diversity of Different Biofilm Samples Obtained from Polluted as well as Non-polluted Environments". Sana Khalid (Pakistan)

0366

15:45-16:00 OS VII-56 Role of Soil Microbes in Crop Production of Tea in North East India. B.K. Barthakur (India)

0367


16:15-16:30 OS VII-57 Molecular Characterization of Pea for Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae PV PISI Sheikh Muhammad Iqbal (Pakistan)

0374


vii


Technical Session VIII-A: Plant physiology & Biochemistry Chairperson: Dr. Emad Shalaby (Egypt)

11:30-11:45 OSVIII-58 Enzymology of callus cultures (mutated and non mutated) of garlic (Allium sativum) infected by Basal rot Zill-e-Huma Bilal (Pakistan)

0006

11:45-12:00 OS VIII-59 Glutathione directly did not affect stomatal aperture of Arabidopsis Md Sarwar Jahan (Malaysia)

0027

12:00-12:15 OS VIII-60 Spectrophotometric Determination of Hill Reaction in Jute Mallow Leaves (Corchurus olitorious L.) Belen Lumeran (The Philippines)

0029

12:15-12:30 OS VIII-61 Discovering a unique twist pattern in needle (AWN) of Nassella Neesiana KS Nagla (India)

0032


13:30-13:45 OS VIII-62 Effect of seed priming duration and plant growth regulators treatment on Corn (Zea mays L.) germination Zeinab Yarmahmoodi (Iran)

0037

13:45-14:00 OS VIII-63 Physiological responses of Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Kunth to water-deficit, salinity and cadmium stress Sujata Bhattacharya (India)

0057

14:00-14:15 OS VIII-64 Zinc ameliorates drought stress induced biochemical damages and improves post drought recovery potential in Tea Hrishikesh Upadhyaya (India)

0058

14:15-14:30 OS VIII-65 Apoptotic-like changes in plant cells caused by Thymoquinone Ahmed Abdel Azeiz (Egypt)

0061

14:30-14:45 OS VIII-66 Activity and stability of immobilized urease from marrow (Cucurbita pepo L.) seedlings Hamed M. El-Shora ( Egypt)

0076

14:45-15:00 OS VIII-67

The effects of salicylic acid and nitric oxide on the antioxidant defense system of NaCl- stressed soybean plants Mehdi Simaei (Iran)

0099

15:00-15:15 OS VIII-68 Gibbrellic Acid Alleviates adverse Effects of Salinity Stress by Optimizes Ions and Increases Growth and Yield of Peas (Pisum sativum L) Ali Gurmani (Pakistan)

0111

15:15-15:30 OS VIII-69 The varied hydraulic behavior of grapevine cultivars. Anatomy, photochemistry and metabolism of Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines in response to stress. Uri Rachmilevitch ( Israel)

0112

15:30-15:45 OS VIII-70 Chemical composition and biological activity of the leaf essential oil of Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Rituparna Borah (India)

0126

15:45-16:00 OS VIII-71 Induction of artificial discoloration related to agarwood formation in stems of Aquilaria crassna trees with ethrel, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Boontida Moungsrimuangdee (Japan)

0142


viii


16:15-16:30 OS VIII-72 Salt stress mitigation on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) by application of potassium as a foliar spray Ameer Khan (Pakistan)

0157

16:30-16:45 OS VIII-73 Cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of active principals isolated from water hyacinth against four cancer cells lines Emad Shalaby (Egypt)

0201

16:45-17:00 OS VIII-74 Response of Growth, Physiological Mechanism and Yield of Japanese mint( Mentha arvensis L.) Plants As Influenced By Nitrogen and Gibberellic acid Application. Ratooba Hashmi (Pakistan)

0215

17:00-17:15 OS VIII-75 Biochemical diversity of selected south Indian tea (Camellia spp.) accessions correlated with morphological traits Deepu Vijayan (India)

0232

17:15-17:30 OS VIII-76 Mechanistic relationship between Cd and proton upon Cd treatment in Elodea canadensis leaves Muhammad Tariq Javed (Pakistan)

0234

November 16, 2012 Imperial Ballroom

PLENARY LECTURE I: “Ecological and evolutionary consequences of a newly discovered flower-infecting

smut fungus from the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa” ( Abstract: 0065) Francois Roets (South Africa)

08:30-09.00

PLENARY LECTURE II : 09:00-09:30

“DNA Barcoding of Philippine Plants” (Abstract 0436) Dr. Glenn Oyong (Philippines)

Technical Session IX-A : Ethno-botany, Traditional herbal Medicine (Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Chinese and Unani ) and Pharmacognosy

Chairperson: Dr. Alberto Vignutelli (Switzerland)

Pailin Room 09:30-09:45 OS IX-77 Applications of ethnobotanical knowledge for women's use of medicinal

plants of Killi Semzai district Pishin Balochistan, Pakistan. Rasool Bakhsh Tareen ( Pakistan)

0014

09:45-10:00 OS IX-78 Ethnomedicinal usage of by-products of forests and rangelands an important step towards sustainable exploitation(Case study: Hyrcanian region of Iran) Seyed Hassan Zali (Iran)

0015


10:15-10:30 OS IX-79 Nutritional analysis of some edible wild fruits used by ethnic communities Babasaheb Deshmukh (India)

0016

10:30-10:45 OS IX-80 Physico-chemical evaluation of an indian herbo-mineral formulation- Nagabhasma for safety and efficacy Munish Garg (India)

0020


ix

10:45-11:00 OS IX-81 Effect of Foeniculum vulgare on certain biological enzymes in high fat diet fed animals Chanchal Garg (India)

0021

11:00-11:15 OS IX-82 Anticancer Potential of Nano-Curcumin isolated from Curcuma longa L. Manish Pant (India)

0022

11:15-11:30 OS IX-83 Unani Medical approach to pathogenesis and treatment of Bronchial asthma & Results of Multicentric clinical trials of Unani formulations & their comparative Novelty Khalid M Siddiqui (India)

0038

11:30-11:45 OS IX-84 Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants Used by Philippine Mamanwa in Mindanao Levitah Mapatac (The Philippines)

0052

11:45-12:00 OS IX-85 Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Three Varieties of Tambis ( Syzygium aqueum) as Antimicrobial Agent and its Phytochemical Component Levitah Mapatac (The Philippines)

0053

12:00-12:15 OS IX-86 Antiosteoporotic studies of alcoholic extract of Acampe praemorsa Roxb. Shoumyo Bhattacharya (India)

0056

12:15-12:30 OS IX-87 Investigation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities of Ethnomedicinally important plant Centella asiatica Linn Arusa Aftab (Pakistan)

0077


13:30-13:45 OS IX-88 The antioxident potential of selected Medicinal plants in kolli Hills, Tamilnadu Saravana Babu (India)

0086

13:45-14:00 OS IX-89

invitro study on Antioxidant potential of ocimum species Reniprabha Udayakumar (India)

0087

14:00-14:15 OS IX-90 Effect of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy and cardiac complications in rats Veeresh Veerapur (India)

0097

14:15-14:30 OS IX-91 Antiabortifacient activity of Nanonut-9 herbal formulation Shrishailappa Badami (India)

0098

14:30-14:45 OS IX-92 The role of calendars in ethnoecology Merlin Franco (Malaysia)

0123

14:45-15:00 OS IX-93 Extracts of Helinus integrifolius possess antioxidant activity and inhibit the activity of yeast and mammalian α-glucosidase Leshweni Shai (South Africa)

0138

15:00-15:15 OS IX-94 A taxonomic survey of medicinal plants in Thalavumalai reserve forest, Erode district, Tamilnadu,India Radha Krishnan (India)

0155

15:15-15:30 OS IX-95 Allelopathic impact on crop plants Vijayakumar N (India)

0156

15:30-15:45 OS IX-96 Evalution of drought stress effect on growth, yield, essential oil and chamazulene percentage of 3 chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) cultivars in south of Iran Roozbeh Farhoudi (Iran)

0160

15:45-16:00 OS IX-97

16:00-16:15

COFFEE BREAK

16:15-16:30 OS IX-98 Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Ocimum Obovatum E.Mey.Ex Benth. (Lamiaceae) Channangihalli T. Sadashiva (South Africa)

0162


x

16:30-16:45 OS IX-99 Antioxidant activities in flowers and fruits of Couroupita guianensis during different maturation stages Palash Mandal (India)

0174

16:45-17:00 OS IX-100 Ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure Diabetes Millitus by the Local Inhabitants of Khyber pakhtoonkhwa Province, Pakistan Gul Jan (Pakistan)

0204

17:00-17:15 OS IX-101 Uses of leaves in traditional medicine in Aurangabad District (Maharashtra) India. Rafiuddin Naser (India)

0218

17:15-17:30 OS IX-102 Effects of Pine Needle Extracts on Transcriptional Activation of RAR and Inhibition of UVB-induced Damage in Human Skin keratinocytes Young-Gyu Kang (Republic of Korea)

0223

17:30-17:45 OS IX-103 Exploration of ethnomedicinal information from different tribes of Purulia district, West Bengal, India Subrata Raha (India)

0239

17:45-18:00 OS IX-104 Anti-diabetic activity of Ficus racemosa stem bark in normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Bioactivity guided fractionation studies Mahesh Palkar (India)

0279

18:00-18:15 OS IX-105 Ethnobotanical study of Osun Oshogbo forest groves Monica Sunnie-Ododo (Nigeria)

0290


Technical Session X : Biodiversity of angiosperms, bio-systematics and floristics

Chairman: Prof. Leanne Dreyer (South Africa)

09:30-09:45 OS X-106 Baseline Survey of a Subtidal Seagrass Meadow in Lahuy Island, Caramoan, Philippines Michael Clores (The Philippines)

0011

09:45-10:00 OSX- 107 ‘Species concept’ - Philosophical disparities and its implications in the Taxonomic delimitation of plant taxa Satheesh George (India)

0018


10:15-10:30 OS X-108 Systematic reassessment of Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) in southern Africa Leanne Dreyer (South Africa)

0072

10:30-10:45 OS X-109 Evolution of aquatic Oxalis show that endangered vernal pools in South Africa represent ancient, isolated habitats Kenneth Oberlander (South Africa)

0073

10:45-11:00 OS X-110 Significant incongruence between plastid and nuclear its sequence data in Oxalis: evidence for extensive hybridisation or incomplete lineage sorting? Kenneth Oberlander (Czech Republic)

0074

11:00-11:15 OS X-111 Genetic Diversity of Honey Producing Plants under a Changing Climate in South –eastern Nigeria: Need for Conservation to Improve Food Security and nutrition Catherine V Nnamani (Nigeria)

0113

11:15-11:30 OS X-112 Characterization and Mapping of Floristic Diversity Using Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS in Southern Karnataka, India Guddappa Devagiri (India)

0184


xi

11:30-11:45 OS X-113 Exploitation and prospects for conservation: people and plant diversity of Naran Valley Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province, Pakistan, Present and Future Prospects Farzana Gul (Pakistan)

0205

11:45-12:00 OS X-114 Genetic diversity assessment of important and highly exploited medicinal plant Symplocos racemosa Roxb. from Western Ghats Sofia Banu (India)

0222

12:00-12:15 OS X-115 Floristic diversity of the Patnadevi forest Maharashtra, india. Mulchand Rathod (India,

0301

12:15-12:30 OS X-116 Flowering plants of Apicultural importance in Karnataka V. Sivaram (India)

0316


13:30-13:45 OS X-117 Foliar anatomy -a useful tool in elucidation of the systematic position of weedy grass species in Gandgar Range, Lesser Himalaya, Pakistan Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani (Pakistan)

0317

13:45-14:00 OS X-118 Diversity and threat status of medicinal plants in Koria district of CHHATTISGARH( INDIA) Veenapani Dubey (India)

0355

14:00-14:15 OS X-119 Collection and Analysis of Plants Used in Cancer and Leukemia by Communities of Mirpur Division (Azad Kashmir), Pakistan Ishtiaq Muhammad (Pakistan)

0456

14:15-14:30 OS X-120 Biodiversity of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Sukur Cultural Land-Scape in Adamawa State of Nigeria Areo Adebowale ( Nigeria)

0211


Technical Session XI: Integrated weed management

Chairperson: Dr. Farhood Golmohammadi (Iran)

14:30-14:45 OS XI-121 Effect of nitrogen on critical period of weed controin sunflower(Helianthus annus L) in Birgand region Afshar Azadbakht (Iran)

0005

14:45-15:00 OS XI-122 Allelopathic effects of shoot and root water extracts of sunflower on germination characteristic and seedling growth of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.) and Hoary cress (Cardaria draba L.) Afshar Azadbakht ( Iran)

0007

15:00-15:15 OS XI-123 Integrated approach for controlling weeds and increasing sugarcane yield Asif Tanveer (Pakistan)

0050

15:15-15:30 OS XI-124 Ecosafe Integrated Weed Management in System of Rice Intensification RatiKanta Ghosh (India)

0082

15:30-15:45 OS XI-125 Fruit flies of the genus Tephritis Latreille, 1804 (Diptera: Tephritidae) as biological control agents of acteraceus weed in East Azarbayjan province- Iran Samad Khaghaninia (Iran)

0168

15:45-16:00 OS XI-126 Genetic analysis of native and introduced populations of an aquatic weed: implications for biological control in Australia. Raelene Kwong (Australia)

0302


xii



Technical Session XII : Ecology, climate change, plant adaptation

Chairperson: Prof. Levitah Mapatac (Philippines)

09:30-09:45 OS XII-127 Chlorophyll Content, Productivities and Biomass Allocations of Seagrasses in Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, Philippines Michael Clores (The Philippines)

0012

09:45-10:00 OS XII-128 Vegetation composition of Loralai District - Balochistan

Rasool Bakhsh Tareen (Pakistan) 0013


10:15-10:30 OS XII-129 Foliar Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium content in Trees in Environmentally Toxic Plastic Industry Area Rupnarayan Sett (India)

0033

10:30-10:45 OS XII-130 Adaptive Responses of Artocarpus Chaplasha to Stresses Induced by Changing Climate Dr. M. Al-Amin (Bangladesh)

0066

10:45-11:00 OS XII-131 Drought and it's Environmental and Socio-Economic impacts in the viewpoint of farmers in south Khorasan province-East of Iran Farhood Golmohammadi (Iran)

0080

11:00-11:15 OS XII-132 Etnoecological Studies of Kathar Game Reserve, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Sahar Khalid (Pakistan)

0088

11:15-11:30 OS XII-133 Evaluation of insecticidal properties of the medicinal plant, Gloriosa superba (Colchicaeae) against the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Logankumar Kandasamy (India)

0094

11:30-11:45 OS XII-134 Quantitative community description from central Karakoram national park (CKNP), Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Alamdar Hussain (Pakistan)

0110

11:45-12:00 OS XII-135 Occurrence and biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with natural vegetation cover in northeast of Jordan Ghazi Al-Karaki (Jordan)

0119

12:00-12:15 OS XII-136 Assessment on the effects of intercropping patterns on incidence and damage to cotton by Diaparopsis castanea: Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Magoye, Mazabuka district of Zambia Mutibo Chijikwa (Zambia)

0129

12:15-12:30 OS XII-137 Persistence of Insecticidal Proteins and Enzyme Activities from Bacillus thuringiensis Cotton (Bollgard II) Rhizosphere Soil Rajesh Kannan Velu (India)

0140


13:30-13:45 OS XII-138 NPK fertilizer application and root mat management on the field performance of cocoa in Owena Ondo state, Nigeria. Ibiremo Olufemi (Nigeria)

0143

13:45-14:00 OS XII-139 comparative evaluation of NPK fertilizer formulations on the growth and yield of cocoa in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria Ibiremo Olufemi (Nigeria)

0143 a)


xiii

14:00-14:15 OS XII-140 Survivability of rafted sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottboell) suckers trimmed and untrimmed under nursery conditions Junaldo Mantiquilla (The Philippines)

0224

14:15-14:30 OS XII-141 Coffee Agro-forestry System as a land use system for Carbon stocking and Biodiversity Conservation Devakumar Austin (India)

0270

14:30-14:45 OS XII-142 Climate Impact on the Western Ghats Mountain Forest: Challenges in Maintaining Biodiversity Shadananan Nair (India)

0284

14:45-15:00 OS XII-143 Ethnobotanical evaluation of medicinal plants of Sabirabad and allied peripheries District Karak, Pakistan Khalid Rahman (Pakistan)

0292

15:00-15:15 OS XII-144

Rural roads, sustainable development and maintenance of people in desert regions (case study: south Khorasan province-East of Iran) Farhood Golmohammadi (Iran)

0314

15:15-15:30 OS XII-145 Introduction and acclimatization of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as a climate resilient grain crop for Pakistan Hassan Munir (Pakistan)

0326

15:30-15:45 OS XII-146 Sunlight affects mycorrhizal associations in rhizomatic plants "Colocasia esculenta" Aqeel Ahmad (Pakistan)

0348

15:45-16:00 OS XII-147 Population biology of Brackenridgea zanguebarica Oliv. in the presence of harvesting Peter Milingoni Tshisikhawe (South Africa)

0349


16:15-16:30 OS XII-148 Effective factors in diffusion and accepting new technologies by pistachio cultivators in south khorasan province - east of Iran Ali Dadras Moghadam ( Iran)

0386

16:30-16:45 OS XII-149 Saffron and its importance, medical uses and economical export situation in Iran Farhood Golmohammadi (Iran)

0387

16:45-17:00 OS XII-150 Studying and measuring the effectiveness of multipurpose pasture plants extension projects in pasture conservation and revitalization in center of Iran Farhood Golmohammadi (Iran)

0388

17:00-17:15 OS XII-151 Pioneer ectomycorrhizal shrub helps native tree to establish on exotic species soil in Madagascar sclerophyllous forest. Rondro Baohanta (Canada)

0390

17:15-17:30 OS XII-152 Quantification of litter fall and its impact on nutrient dynamics and climate change in different agroforestry plantations Backiyavathy Moolakurumbapalayam Ravalan (India)

0451

17:30-17:45 OS XII-153 Effect of Pollution on Plants and Its Study by Morphometric and Anatomical Approaches Hussian Syed Atiq (Pakistan)

0457

17:45-18:00 OS XII-154 Temperature and growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, the causal agent of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) vascular wilt. The possible role of climate change on the occurrence and spread of the disease. Rahmania Fatma (Algeria)

0486

18:00-18:15 OSXII-155 Biodivetrsity and ecological adaptations of plants in indian thar desert Sher Mohammed (India)

0492


xiv


Technical Session VIII-B : Plant physiology & Biochemistry Chairperson: Dr. Takuya Furuichi (Japan)

09:30-09:45 OS VIII- 156 Determination of Photosynthetic Traits during Grain Filling and role of stay-Green Rice SNU-SG1 in Rice Varieties Native to Iran Davood Barari Tari (Iran)

0240

09:45-10:00 OS VIII-157 Effect of salicylic acid on morphological, physiological and antioxidant enzymes attributes of maize grown under salinity stress Hasan Abbasi (Pakistan)

0242


10:15-10:30 OS VIII-158 Seed germination inhibition mechanism by crude extract from marigold Montinee Teerarak (Thailand)

0254

10:30-10:45 OS VIII-159 Sulforhodamine B (SRB) Assays Related to Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Suaeda fruticosa Samiullah Samiullah (USA)

0288

10:45-11:00 OS VIII-160 Phosphorus deficiency affects N nutrition of two legume tree species from the Fynbos Mediterranean ecosystem Anathi Magadlela (South Africa)

0315

11:00-11:15 OS VIII-161 Effect of Drought Stress and Zinc Sulfat on the yield and some physiological characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus. Annuus L.) Gholam Reza Zamani (Iran)

0319

11:15-11:30 OS VIII-162 Evaluating physiological and yield response of different quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes to soil applied urea Muhammad Umer Chattha (Pakistan).

0327

11:30-11:45 OS VIII-163 Physiological responses of lichen Stereocaulon foliolosum and moss Racomitrium subsecundum co-occurring in same habitat in Western Himalayas

Sanjeeva Nayaka (India)

0331

11:45-12:00 OS VIII-164 The date palm tree’s photosynthetic and photoprotective adaptation to water quality and environmental stresses in an arid climate Or Sperling ( Israel)

0347

12:00-12:15 OS VIII-165 Combating stress and anti-oxidative defense responses in green hairy roots of Daucus carota upon metabolic shift from hydroxybenzoate biosynthesis to methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway Adinpunya Mitra (India)

0356

12:15-12:30 OS VIII-166 Ability of edible coatings to preserve the postharvest quality of pink fleshed guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruit Neeta B. Gol ( India)

0369

12:30-13:30 LUNCH

13:30-13:45 OS VIII-167 Differential evaluation of apoplastic proteins involved in growth in the initial phase of salt stress response in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves Muhammad Shahzad (Pakistan)

0378

13:45-14:00 OS VIII-168 Health promoting components and enzyme activity profiles of yellow flesh watermelon fruit during its development and ripening Soumya V. Menon (India)

0379

14:00-14:15 OS VIII-169 The effect of salt stress and auxin on growth and oxalic acid level in spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) leaf Kumala Dewi (Indonesia)

0441


xv

14:15-14:30 OS VIII-170 An insight into the basis of resistance in Sorghum bicolor against Colletotrichum graminicola. Waheed Akram (Pakistan)

0454

14:30-14:45 OS VIII-171 Roles and mechanisms of calcium signaling in plant environmental responses

Takuya Furuichi (Japan) 0476

14:45-15:00 OS VIII-172 Alteration in the photosynthetic pigments of mercury-exposed water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.]

Juliana Janet R. Martin-Puzon (The Philippines)

0268

15:00-15:15 OS VIII-173 Study of salinity effects on some vegetative and physiological parameters in lentil (Lens culinaris L.) genotypes Shahab Madah Hoseini (Iran)

0272



Technical Session XIII-A: Plant biotechnology, plant morphogenesis and tissue culture

Chairperson:Dr.Rafiuddin Naser ( India)

09:30-09:45 OS XIII-174 Induction of Somatic Embryo From Cotyledonary Tissues of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) By In Vitro Culture Belen Lumeran (The Philippines)

0028

09:45-10:00 OS XIII-175 Three pentacyclic triterpenoids in in vitro cell cultures of Lantana camara L. and their significant cytotoxicity against HeLa cell lines Rakhi Chaturvedi (India)

0030


10:15-10:30 OS XIII-176 Cloning, expression and characterization of biotic stress inducible Ragi bifunctional inhibitor (RBI) gene from Eleusine coracana Gaertn. Samir Dutta ( India)

0035

10:30-10:45 OS XIII-177 Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke. Rajinder Sharma (India)

0036

10:45-11:00 OS XIII-178 Over production of proline in transgenic red banana (Musa acuminata colla) transformed with P5CSF129A gene using Agrobacterium tumefaciens Srinath Rao (India)

0067

11:00-11:15 OS XIII-179 Selection of elite biotypes of Terminalia arjuna using RAPD-PCR analysis and correlation with protein and its micropropagation. Azmeera Seetaram Naik (India)

0078

11:15-11:30 OS XIII-180 In vitro culture of traditional medicinal herb, Polycorpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. by using internode explant. Manorama Srirangan, Sharmila Vivekanandan (India)

0092

11:30-11:45 OS XIII-181 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae)-a traditional medicinal plant for commercialization. Pausamy Subramaniam (India)

0093

11:45-12:00 OS XIII-182 Protocol for mass propagation of an endemic legume, Crotalaria clarkei Gamble. Raju Kuppuswamy (India)

0096

12:00-12:15 OS XIII-183 Establishment of an in vitro regeneration protocol for Crataeva nurvala via indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis Mafatlal Kher (India)

0101


xvi

12:15-12:30 OS XIII-184 Stimulation of andrographolide synthesis in suspension culture of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees. using Salicylic acid, Chitosan, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum elicitors Moinuddin Vakil (India)

0102


13:30-13:45 OS XIII-185 Protocols for in vitro morphogenesis and hairy root cultures of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn) Shawky Bekheet (Egypt)

0118

13:45-14:00 OS XIII-186 Identification of drought tolerant genes from water melon and its wild relatives

Chet Ram (India) 0130

14:00-14:15 OS XIII-187 Callus culture studies on Jasminum malabaricum - An endemic medicinal plant Pramod Hurkadale (India)

0135

14:15-14:30 OS XIII-188 Functional Alteration of a Dimeric Insecticidal Lectin to a Monomeric Antifungal Protein Correlated to Its Oligomeric Status Nilanjana Banerjee (India)

0145

14:30-14:45 OS XIII-189 An improved Agrobacteium-mediated genetic transformation strategy for Indian soybean cultivars Subramanyam Kondeti (India)

0148

14:45-15:00 OS XIII-190 Expressed sequence tags and isolation of Alcohol dehydrogenase gene from young leaves of Metroxylon sagu Hairul Roslan (Malaysia)

0151

15:00-15:15 OS XIII-191 Aminolevulinic acid can be a new plant growth regulator for Cymbidium micropropagation Syeda Nahar (Japan)

0171

15:15-15:30 OS XIII-192 In vitro regeneration of Helictres isora L: An endangered Medicinal Plant Harshal Deshpande (India)

0173

15:30-15:45 OS XIII-193 Non-destructive evaluation of the photosynthetic properties of micropropagated plants by RGB and PRI imaging Snehasish Dutta Gupta ( India)

0177

15:45-16:00 OS XIII-194 Rapid micropropagation of Cymbidium Lunalvin ‘Atlas' (Orchidaceae) by using transverse thin cell layer technology Vera Yurngamla Kapai (India)

0180


16:15-16:30 OS XIII-195 Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of thiophenes in the root and leaf calli, cell suspension and intact plant extracts of Tagetes sp. using thin layer and gas liquid chromatography. Hussein Taha (Egypt)

0182

16:30-16:45 OS XIII-196 Studies on micropropagation of Litsea glutinosa an endangered medicinal tree species Shailendra Kumar Tiwari (India)

0200

16:45-17:00 OS XIII-197 Identification and cloning of Cytochrome P450/(S)-N-methylcoclaurine 3'-hydroxylase in mangrove Rhizophora apiculata Blume and its role in salt stress adaptation. Tara G Menon (India)

0212


xvii

November 17, 2012 Imperial Ballroom

PLENARY LECTURE I :

“SLT2 Gene is responsible in in fungal virulence and morphogenesis in satsuma pathotype of Alternaria alternata” (Abstract: 0274) Dr. Jonar Yago ( The Philippines)

08:30-09:00

PLENARY LECTURE II : 09:00-09:30

“Management of soilborne plant pathogens using biopesticides” (Abstract 0467) H B Singh, (India)

Technical Session IX-B : Ethno-botany, Traditional herbal Medicine (Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Chinese and Unani ) and Pharmacognosy

Chairperson: Dr. Leshweni Shai ( South Africa)

Pailin Room

09:30-09:45 OS IXB-198 Comparative evaluation of different parts of Prosopis juliflora for antimicrobial activity against different plant and human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Aparna Srivastava (India)

0293

09:45-10:00 OS IXB-199 New sources of biological active compounds: screening on Hypericum species Jolita Radusiene (Turkey)

0308


10:15-10:30 OS IXB-200 Polygonum bistorta and its active principle against and hepatotoxicity. Deepak Kumar Mittal (India)

0318

10:30-10:45 OS IXB-201 In vitro and in vivo antiproliferative potential of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Madhulika Bhagat (India)

0323

10:45-11:00 OS IXB-202 Nephelium lappaceum Peel extract : A potential agent for chemotherapeutic in human ovarian cancer cell lines Mohd Dasuki Sul'ain (Malaysia)

0357

11:00-11:15 OS IXB-203 Ginseng as a tool of nutritional supplement Shumaela Ali Syeda (India)

0358

11:15-11:30 OS IXB-204 Chemical constituents and antioxidant properties of Matricaria recutita and Chamaemelum nobile essential oil Roozbeh Farhoudi (Iran)

0359

11:30-11:45 OS IXB-205 Aphrodisiac Property and Anti- tumor Agent of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Yusmazura Zakaria (Malaysia)

0377

11:45-12:00 OS IXB-206 Investigation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities of Ethnomedicinally important plant Centella asiatica Linn. Arusa Aftab (Pakistan)

0393

12:00-12:15 OS IXB-207 Possible Participation of Nitric Oxide⁄Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate⁄Protein Kinase C/ ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels Pathway in the Antinociception of Methanolic Crude Extract of Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. Hui Ming Ong (Malaysia)

0430


xviii

12:15-12:30 OS IXB-208 Beneficial effects of Catharanthus roseus leaves on blood glucose levels and body weight changes in alloxan- induced diabetic rats Sreenath Pillai (India)

0435


13:30-13:45 OS IXB-209 Inhibition of Quorum-Sensing Controlled Virulence Factor Expression in Streptococcus mutans by Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma and Molecular Screening of its Anti-Inflammatory Potential Iman Adib Majlesi (The Philippines)

0438

13:45-14:00 OS IXB-210

Conservation of a threatened medicinal tree Litsea glutinosa through sustainable bark harvesting Ashok Pandey (India)

0463

14:00-14:15 OS IXB-211 Adverse Effects of Henna Coloring Additives on Female Experimental Mice Muhktar Haman (Libya)

0464

14:15-14:30 OS IXB-212 The Antibacterial Activity of Natural Unifloral Honeys from Flora of an East Coastal District of India Debasis Upadhyay (India)

0478

14:30-14:45 OSIXB-213 Phytochemical investigation of Mahonia picnophylla Y.P.Kohli ( India)

0489

14:45-15:00 OSIXB-214 Antimalarial drugs originating from plants: intriguing Q and A V. K. Bhasin ( India)

0491


Technical Session XIV: Plant morphology, anatomy, embryology and Reproductive biology

Chairperson: Prof. Solomon Raju (India)

09:30-09:45 OS XIV-215 Reproductive ecology of Terminalia pallida Brandis (Combretaceae), an endemic and medicinal tree species of India Jacob Solomon Raju Aluri (India)

0079

09:45-10:00 OS XIV-216 Variation in FT genes and networks controlling reproductive onset Cetin Yuceer (USA)

0453


10:15-10:30 OS XIV-217 The morphology and chemical composition of the trichomes of Withania somnifera (Solanaceae) Prelina Munien (South Africa)

0158

10:30-10:45 OS XIV-218 Micromorphological and histochemical evaluation of the foliar structures of Endostemon obtusifolius (E. Mey.) N. E. Br. Jerusha Naidoo (South Africa)

0159

10:45-11:00 OS XIV-219 Studies on rooting of Kollankola (Pogostemon heyneanus Benth) as affected by potting media, cutting types and a rooting hormone Priyadarshani N.D.N (Sri Lanka)

0237

11:00-11:15 OS XIV-220 Influence of nitrogen in various planting dates on rice morphological characteristics. Davood Barari Tari (Iran)

0249

11:15-11:30 OS XIV-221 The flowering habit of nipa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) in semi-wild stands of Davao Region, Philippines Junaldo Mantiquilla (The Philippines)

0250


xix

11:30-11:45 OS XIV-222 Toxicological aspects of metal on wheat Amna Shoaib (Pakistan)

0298

11:45-12:00 OS XIV-223 The flowering habit of nipa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) in semi-wild stands of Davao Region, Philippines Junaldo Mantiquilla (The Philippines)

0362

12:00-12:15 OS XIV-224 Seed morphology and germination pattern of some members of Indian Sapindaceae in relation to taxonomy Biswajit Roy (India)

0473

12:15-12:30 OS XIV-225 Morphological and histochemical characteristics of the foliar structures of Plectranthus zuluensis (T. Cooke) Benita Kalicharan (South Africa)

0165


13:30-13:45 OS XIV-226 Callose: distribution, chemical structure, biosynthesis and role in reproduction S.V.S. Chauhan (India)

0502

13:45-14:00 OS XIV-227 Comparative wood anatomy and taxonomyof members of the genus Ocimum Linn. (Lamiaceae) and a variety in Nigeria O.T Oladipo (Nigeria)

0139


Technical Session XIII-B : Plant biotechnology, plant morphogenesis and tissue culture

Chairperson: Dr. Ismanizan Ismail (Malaysia)

09:30-09:45 OS XIVB-228 Analysis and quantitation of major secoiridoid in Swertia chirayita using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Vijay Kumar (India)

0231

09:45-10:00 OS XIVB-229 In vitro precocious direct rhizome induction in Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Gladys Muivah (India)

0233


10:15-10:30 OS XIVB-230 In vivo Characterization of a Wound Inducible Promoter for its Utilization in the Production of Insect Resistant Plants Tariq Mahmood (Pakistan)

0246

10:30-10:45 OS XIVB-231 An Efficient Method for the Establishment of Cell Suspension Cultures in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Zahoor Sajid (Pakistan)

0253

10:45-11:00 OS XIVB-232 Alleviation of salt stress in Solanum tuberosum L. by exogenous application of IAA and tryptophan Maria Gul (Pakistan)

0266

11:00-11:15 OS XIVB-233

Somatic embryogenesis from cotyledons of Heterophragma adenophyllum (Wall. ex G. Don) Seem. ex Benth. & Hook. f.): an important medicinal and ornamental tree Muhammad Akram (Pakistan)

0278

11:15-11:30 OS XIVB-234 Investigation of production possibility of secondary metabolites such as Astragaloside IV by tissue culture methods in Astragalus microcephalus species. Mohammad K. Khosropanah (Iran)

0281


xx

11:30-11:45 OS XIVB-235 Characterization of a novel dwarf mutant of Brachypodium distachyon Ali Behpouri (Ireland)

0282

11:45-12:00 OS XIVB-236 Comparisons between some auxin responsive miRNAs in three different citrus spp. infected with Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia Maliheh esfahanian (Iran)

0286

12:00-12:15 OS XIVB-237 A comparative account of DNA damage protecting activity of in vitro and in vivo grown Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees and Adhatoda vasica Madhuparna Banerjee (India)

0289

12:15-12:30 OS XIVB-238 In vitro conservation and propagation of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees: A valued medicinal plant Madhuparna Banerjee (India)

0291


13:30-13:45 OS XIVB-239 Optimization of micropropagation protocol for podophyllum hexandrum by Response Surface Methodology Mohd Mujeeb (India)

0305

13:45-14:00 OS XIVB-240 Groundwork Analysis on the Termiticidal Potential of Allamanda cathartica L. Leaf Extracts on two Subterranean Termite Species (Isoptera: Termitidae) Frank Britz Cadavis (The Philippines)

0313

14:00-14:15 OS XIVB-241 Enhancement of metal uptake from industrial sludge concentrations by Hemarthria compressa L. using three fungal treatments Sheza Khilji (Pakistan)

0320

14:15-14:30 OS XIVB-242 Studies on tissue and cell cultures for plant regeneration of Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) Dahanayake Nilanthi (Sri Lanka)

0343

14:30-14:45 OS XIVB-243 Transformation of tobacco with DehE gene from Rhizobium sp. Yilmaz Kaya(Turkey)

0364

14:45-15:00 OS XIVB-244 Investigation of genes responsible for health beneficial metabolites in apple fruit Sabaz Ali Khan ( Pakistan)

0375

15:00-15:15 OS XIVB-245 The Oil Palm Stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein Desaturase promoter drives transient gene expression in tomato fruits and is affected by gibberellic acid Ismanizan Ismail (Malaysia)

0444

15:15-15:30 OS XIVB-246 Pr-protein gene creates resistance in plants through secondary cell wall development Muhammad Farooq Hussain Munis (Pakistan)

0455

15:30-15:45 OS XIVB-247 Micropropagation of Corymbia hybrid FRI-14 (C. torelliana Muell X C. citriodora Hook) and its interaction with Laccaria laccata under in-vitro condition Ajeet Kaur (India)

0466

15:45-16:00 OS XIVB-248 Hardening and in vivo transfer of in vitro regenerated plants of Antirrhinum majus L. Nidhi Gautam (India)

0471


16:15-16:30 OS XIVB-249 Genetic transformation of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) rootstock Malling7 with chitinase gene Manju Modgil (India)

0483


xxi

16:30-16:45 OSXIVB-250 Production of solvent tolerant lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa AAU2 using Jatropha seedcake and its application in biodiesel synthesis and phorbol ester degradation Anjali Bose (India)

0450


Technical Session XV: Mycology, plant pathology and integrated disease management

Chairperson: Dr H B Singh (India)

09:30-09:45 OS XV- 251 Tagetes erectus - a tool for the management of Alternaria alternata strains of Tomato Sobiya Shafique (Pakistan)

0062

09:45-10:00 OS XV-252 Biological control potential of Parthenium hysterophorus against Fusarium solani - A cause of Fusarium wilt in Potato Shazia Shafique (Pakistan)

0063


10:15-10:30 OS XV-253 The role of mites in the dispersal of ophiostomatoid fungi on Protea Francois Roets (South Africa)

0064

10:30-10:45 OS XV-254 Ecological and evolutionary consequences of a newly discovered flower-infecting smut fungus from the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa Francois Roets (South Africa)

0065

10:45-11:00 OSXV- 255 Use of plant essential oils for the control of post harvest decay in citrus Tehmina Anjum (Pakistan)

0068

11:00-11:15

OS XV-256 Survey of medicinal and aromatic plants for disease status in Himachal Pradesh-India Sunita Chandel (India)

0103

11:15-11:30 OS XV-257 Pseudomonas VS Pseudomonas: Biocontrol in Arabidopsis Anwar Hussain (Pakistan)

0163

11:30-11:45 OS XV-258 Assessment of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi from rhizosphere soils of medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh-India Sunita Chandel (India)

0107

11:45-12:00 OS XV-259 Efficacy of botanicals against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum the causal agent of mustard Sclerotinia rots Shankar Lal Godara (India)

0169

12:00-12:15 OS XV-260 Combination of silicon and hot water to control of postharvest blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum in apple Hassan Reza Etebarian (Iran)

0175

12:15-12:30 OS XV-261 Biological control of orange blue mould caused by Penicillium italicum with some yeast isolates Hassan Reza Etebarian (Iran)

0189


13:30-13:45 OS XV-262 Biodiversity, Pathogenisity and control measures in Seed-borne Fungi of Pearl millet Dattatrey Khairnar (India)

0220


xxii

13:45-14:00 OS XV-263 Serological Indexing of Citrus tristeza Closterovirusin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Yasir Iftikhar (Pakistan)

0247

14:00-14:15 OS XV-264 Ultrastructural Biology and Pathogenesis of Twig Blight Disease: New Emerging Fungal Disease of Citrus in the Philippines Jonar Yago (The Philippines)

0280

14:15-14:30 OS XV-265 Simultaneous action of Sclerotium wilt and copper on Pisum sativum Amna Shoaib (Pakistan)

0299

14:30-14:45 OS XV-266 Nanosilver particles and two Streptomyces strains effects on growth of Pythium ultimum phytopathogenic agent of damping off Ebrahim Karimi (Iran)

0324

14:45-15:00 OS XV-267 An investigation on the pathological characteristics of Ralstonia solanacearum biovars 2A and 2T Vahideh Hasabi (Iran)

0325

15:00-15:15 OS XV-268 Mitochondrial gene variability in Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations on cotton in India Ellango R India)

0342

15:15-15:30 OS XV-269 Residual Toxicity of urban solid waste in canal water and its impact on soil productivity and microbial health Salik Khan (Pakistan)

0344

15:30-15:45 OS XV-270 Postharvest constraints associated with fruit quality xxiieterioration in vegetable and fruit markets of Lahore Salik Khan (Pakistan)

0345

15:45-16:00 OS XV-271 Isolation and optimization of cultural conditions for the production of amylase by Penicillium chrysogenum S4 Pradip Kumar Baruah (India)

0363


16:15-16:30 OS XV-272 Antifungal activity of methanolic root extract of Withania sommnifera against pathogen of basal rot disease of onion Arshad Javaid (Pakistan)

0373

16:30-16:45 OS XV-273 Screening and assessment of laccase producing Trichoderma spp. isolated from different environmental samples shakil Ahmed ( Pakistan)

0380

16:45-17:00 OS XV-274 Effect of dates of sowing on incidence and severity of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus and Cercospora leaf spot of Mungbean Harunor Rashid (Bangladesh)

0382

17:00-17:15 OS XV-275 Diversity and occurrence of macrofungi in different farms in Indang, Cavite, Philippines Yolanda Ilagan (The Philippines)

0399

17:15-17.30 OS XV-276 Effect of seed treatment in controlling seed borne fungi of Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Iyabode Kehinde (Nigeria)

0440

17:30-17:45 OS XV-277 Use of Plant Extracts for Substrate Sterilization and its Effect on Competitor Moulds and Biological Efficiency of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) Mohan Kumar Biswas (India)

0445

17:45-18:00 OS XV-278 Effect of microbial inoculation and water stress on the seedling health status of Raphnus sativus L. local commercial germplasm of Pakistan. Jahangir Khan (Pakistan)

0446


xxiii

18:00-18:15 OS XV-279 Studies of some Isolated Rot-causing Mycoflora of Yams (Dioscorea spp.)

Akin Olagoke Ogunleye (Nigeria) 0479

18:15-18:30 OS XV-280 Efficacies of botanicals against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum the causal agent of mustard Sclerotinia rot

Shankar Lal Godara (India)

0484

18:30-18:45 OS XV-281 Diversity of Aquatic Fungi in Relation to Environmental Conditions in Bhadra River, Karnataka, India Raja Naika (India)

0469


Technical Session XVI : Molecular biology, Cytogenetics and Plant breeding

Chairperson: Dr. Assaf Eybishtz (Israel)

09:30-09:45 OS XVI-282 Molecular evolution of CuZn-superoxide dismutase in prasinophyte and streptophyte algae Sumio Kanematsu (Japan)

0277

09:45-10:00 OS XVI- 283 Construction of normalized cDNA library and identification of gene function for secondary metabolite synthesis in Centella asiatica (L.) Ananya Borthakur (India)

0051


10:15-10:30 OS XVI-284 Molecular Basis of Phenotypic Diversity between Grain and Sweet Sorghum Lines Shuye Jiang (Singapore)

0084

10:30-10:45 OS XVI-285 Genetic diversity of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) cultivars using morphological characters and RAPD markers Ali Reza Ahmadzadeh (Iran)

0026

10:45-11:00 OS XVI-286 Evaluation of Genetic diversity in Evolvulus alsinoides L. through RAPD marker in relation to biodiversity conservation Vinay Daboriya (India)

0085

11:00-11:15 OS XVI-287 Genetic characterization of Berberis Species collected from Kunhar River Catchment using Morphological and Molecular markers Israr Ahmad (Pakistan)

0089

11:15-11:30 OS XVI-288 The effects of fast neutron radiation on the meiotic chromosomes of (Capsicum anuum var abbreviatum) Falusi Olamide (Nigeria)

0109

11:30-11:45 OS XVI-289 Progress towards the Development of Short Duration High Yielding Rice Varieties Lutful Hassan (Bangladesh)

0127

11:45-12:00 OS XVI-290 Identification and Validation of QTLs conferring resistance to sorghum downy mildew in maize Lohithaswa Chandappa1, Kambegowda R1, Anand Pandravada2, Sreeramasetty TA1, Sunilkumar KR (India)

0210

12:00-12:15 OS XVI-291 Triticeae genetic resources: options and challenges to improve wheat grain quality Awais Rasheed (Pakistan)

0283

12:15-12:30 OS XVI-292 Measuring Blueberry Flavor at Consumers' Demand Jessica Gilbert (USA)

0296


xxiv


13:30-13:45 OS XVI-293 Effect of photoperiod on flowering time and attributed traits of selected Sri Lankan rice Sudarshanee Geekiyanage (Sri Lanka)

0297

13:45-14:00 OS XVI-294 RNAi and genome-wide screen use as reverse genetics approach Investigate genes involvement in resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato Assaf Eybishtz (Israel)

0383

14:00-14:15 OS XVI-295 Heterologous Expression and Functional Activities of Polygonum minus Nerol Dehydrogenase Zamri Zainal (Malaysia)

0443

14:15-15:00 OS XVI-296 Genetic diversity and DNA fingerprinting of abaca (Musa textilis Nee) germplasm from the primary center of origin using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers Orlex Yllano (The Philippines)

0452

15:00-15:15 0S XVI-297 Molecular characterization of two begomoviruses infecting Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) from Pakistan Muhammad Shafiq (Pakistan)

0462

15:15-15:30 OS XVI-298 Application of RNAi technology against cotton leaf curl disease Abhinav Kumar (India)

0206

15:30-15:45 OS XVI-299 Study on genetic diversity and relationships in Piper longum germplasm using RAPD, SSR and SNP molecular markers B K Chikkaswamy (India)

0487

15:45-16:00 OS XVI-300 Ethylamine induced tall mutants in Jute (Corchorus olitorius L.Variety JRO-632) P.K.Ghosh ( India)

0498


ICAPS 2012: POSTER LIST

All Poster presentations will be on November 16 and 17th 2012 Timings: 11.00 – 5.00 pm

Abstract Number

Title of the paper

Agro-biodiversity, traditional agriculture and conservation of wild relatives of crops. 0002

Methods of rehabilitation of contaminated soil Nourredine Ben Tahar (Algeria)

0152

Allelopathic effect of root and shoot extracts of Nutsedge weeds (Cyperus esculentus L.) and Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) on germination and seedling growth of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Asghar Rahimi (Iran) [


xxv

0153

Effects of different fertilizing treatments on yield and yield component of Hibiscus Sabdarifa Asghar Rahimi (Iran)

0202

Research on the influence of genetically modified maize on the useful fauna Ioan Rosca (Romania)

0485

Co-inoculation of Vicia faba plants with nodule bacteria and Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhances their phytobioremediation potential for oily desert soil Narjes Dashti (Kuwait)

0496

Residual toxicity of urban solid waste in canal water and its impact on soil productivity and microbial health. Salik Nawaz Khan (Pakistan)

0497

Study effect of different level of phosphorous and zinc on quality and quantities of yield on sugarcane variety CP69-1062 in second ratoon on Khouzestan province Shahram Hooshmand (Iran)

Biodiversity Algae, Bryophytes and their conservation

0170

Floristic study of Bryophytes and Pteridophytes in some areas of southern Zagros Mountains and the relationship between species distribution and environmental variables by using Geographical Information System (GIS) Maryam Safavi (Iran)

0187

Microscopic comparison of ejectisomes in two Pyramimonas species Anchittha Satjarak (USA)

0228

Post mansoon freshwater planktons IN Nilwande Damtal. Akole, Dist. Ahmednagar (M.S.) India, Pin-422 604 B.K. Tapale (India)

0229

Growth Characteristics of Commonly Occurring Fresh Water Chlorophycean Algae for Biodiesel Production. Subhash Pingle (India)

0336

Spatial variations in the benthic diatom flora, its diversity and assemblages in the Highland-Plateau Rivers (Central India) Jyoti Verma India

0370

Studies on blue green algae of paddy fields from Harischandragad & Kalsubai tribal region of Akole Taluka Subhash Pingle India

Biodiversity of angiosperms, bio-systematics and floristics

0041

Solanaceae: diversity and distribution in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico Jose Carlos Sierra Muñoz Mexico

0042

Structure, condition, botanical composition and current distribution of grasslands in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico Jose Carlos Sierra Muñoz ( Mexico)


xxvi

0104

Scrophulariaceae Diversity in Aguascalientes, Mexico Maria Elena Mendoza Lopez (Mexico)

0185

Floristic study of Highland region in Lorestan,Western Iran( Case study: Hashtad-Pahlu and Sefidkoh Mountains) Kambiz Abrari Vajari (Iran)

0245

Utility of plastid psbA- trnH intergenic spacer region and ITS 2 of nrDNA in elucidating the species relationships in genus Cucumis Nidhi Shubhanand (India)

0480

Medicinal Plants Diversity in Nasik District, Maharashtra, India Ramdas Karanda (India)

0493

Anatomy study of Traganum nudatum and Tamarix aphylla of Gaber Owan Lake. Abobaker Abrahem Mohamed Saad

Biodiversity of Bacteria, biological nitrogen fixation and bio-fertilizers. 0044

Cloning, characterization and diversity of insecticidal crystal protein genes of Bacillus thuringiensis native isolates from soils of Andaman and Nicobar islands H.M.Mahadeva Swamy (India)

0045

isolation, diversity, cloning and molecular characterization of CRY gene contents from Bacillus thuringiensis isolates H.M.Mahadeva Swamy ( India)

0047

Isolation, cloning, characterization and diversity of CRY genes of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from Western Ghats of Karnataka H.M.Mahadeva Swamy (India)

0070

Effect of some bio-fertilizers on the growth, yield and active ingredients materials in Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoliba) plants. Nabil Toaima1, Hussein Bosila0, Khamis Refaey0, Essam Farag, (Egypt)

0100

Phosphorus deficiency decreases discrimination against 15N in Phaseolus Vulgaris-Rhizobia symbiosis Mohamed Lazali (Sweden)

0149

Role of bio-fertilizer in phosphorous economy under potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivation Hirak Banerjee (India)

0208

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Isolated from Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Northeastern, Thailand Nantida Watanarojanaporn (Thailand)

0221

Effect of foliar spray aqueous extracts of Ulva actuca L. on chemical composition and morphological parameter of test plant Solanum melongena L. var. ‘Pancha Ganga' Subhash Pingle (India)


xxvii

0256

Assessment of Indole Acetic Acid potential of Pseudomonas fluorescens Sapna Parmar (India)

0269

Diversity of bacterial funa from gut of Heliocopris bucephalus( Coleoptera: Scarabeidae) Ashok Desai (India)

0271

Effect of Foliar Application of BGA Extract on Growth and Yield of Chilli ( Cospium annuum L. ) Var. Phule Jyoti. Gangadhar Rohokale ( India)

0330

Determination of nitrogen mineralization potential of three kinds of plant residues at greenhouse conditions Saeed Samavat ( Iran)

0338

The effect of nitrogen and amino acid on some quantities properties of three varieties of Maize hybrid. Abbas Mehardad Lomer ( Azerbaijan)

0391

Production, purification and characterization of siderophore from Enterobacter cloacae UB3 a rhizobacterial isolate of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Umang Bharucha (India)

0448

The antimicrobial effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil against E.coli O157: H7 in minced beef meat during refrigerated storage Negin Noori (Iran)

Biodiversity of Gymnosperms and their conservation

0125

Biodiversity of Gymnosperm and its Mongolian traditional conservation culture on Ordos grassland, China Liang Man (China)

0132

Genetic diversity and relationship of endangered tree species Hopea cordata Vidal, (Dipterocarpaceae) Duc-Thanh NGUYEN (Vietnam)

0423

JNP3, traditional medicine, suppresses PMA-induced metastasis via MAPK and NF-kB signaling pathway in MCF-7 cells Jae-Sung Kwak (Republic of Korea)

Biodiversity of Pteridophytes and conservation

0121

Adaptive strategies of ferns colonized stony substrates. Derzhavina Nina ( Russia)

0144

Fern diversity in Siberia Irina Gureeva (Russia)

Bio-fuel and Horticultural crops

0188

Organic fertilizer on Talinum triangulare shoot production Sandra Arifin Aziz, Sitta Azmi Farchany, (Indonesia)


xxviii

Bio-informatics and Nanotechnology – its application in modern plant biology 0048

Insilico structural 3D modelling of novel CRY1I and CRY3A genes from local isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis H.M.Mahadeva swamy (India)

0209

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cinnamomum tamala leaves. Rituparna Borah (India)

0235

Homology modeling of indolyl-3-acetaldoxime dehydratase involved in auxin synthesis Vijaya Kumari (India)

0414

A dual diagnostic system for the Pierce's disease of grapevine using multiplex real time PCR technology Myung Hwan Kim (Republic of Korea)

0416

Construction of genetic map of Medicago truncatula and analysis of co-linear genomic relationship with M. sativa Chaeyoung Lee (Republic of Korea)

0417

Cross-species PCR gene amplification and prediction of pre-mRNA splicing signals in legumes Chaeyoung Lee (Republic of Korea)

0418

Cross-family translation of genomic information for the abiotic stress-related genes between Arabidopsis and Medicago truncatula Chaeyoung Lee (Republic of Korea)

Botanical gardens, parks, Arboretum and landscape ecology

0017

Insect fauna of activity night in palm orchards in central Iraq Mohammed Z. Khalaf (Iraq)

Ecology, climate change, plant adaptation

0055

A Study on the Desirable Environmental Effects of Substituting Medical Plants for Decorative Ones to Purify the Air in Closed Environments Siamak boudaghpour (Iran)

0083

Water volume stored in bromeliad tanks in Restinga habitats along Brazilian coast: disturbances reducing bromeliad richness and diversity reduces total amount of water in the ecosystem Carlos Frederico D. Rocha (Brazil)

0172

Genetic variations and genetic differentiation of Quercus phillyraeoides (Fagaceae) in Japan revealed by chloroplast DNA variation and microsatellite markers Huan-Zhen Liu (Japan)


xxix

0191

Host preference and nutrition efficiency of the Xanthogaleruca Luteola Muller (Col: Chrysomelidae), on different trees ulmus Mehrdad Daryaei (Iran)

0193

Influence of various host trees on the biology and life expectancy of Elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca Luteola Muller (Col: Chrysomelidae) Mehrdad Daryaei (Iran)

0217

Vulnerability of the Algerian cedar forests to the climate change Megdoud Amel (Algeria)

0230

effect of sugar factory effluent on glycogen, protein and free amino acid content in tissues of the Fish, Lepidocephalus thermalis M.T. Hyalij (India)

0241

Hormonal regulation of drought tolerance in sugarcane: role of cytokinin Prapat Punpee (Australia)

0248

The evolution of biodiversity in the South west of Oran, Algeria Hourizi Ratiba (Algeria)

0307

Climate and anthropism impact on the desertification of the steppe in Algeria Kadi-hanifi Halima (Algeria)

0353

Thlaspi Rotundifolium the best herb accumulator in lead contaminated zone Hassan Salari (Iran)

0394

Effect of two restoration techniques improving plant community in semi-arid degraded steppes case of Tiaret department Amghar Fateh (Algeria)

0426

Functional analyses of novel genes from a salt-treated halophyte, Suaeda asparagoides Kyung-Mi Kim (Republic of Korea)

0428

Mungbean ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 confers osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis Kenneth Ryan schraufnagle (Republic of Korea)

0468

Environment and water treatment Nourdine Bentahar (Algeria)

0482

Promote crop of Amaranth (Amanthus hypochondriacus L.) for inclusion in the human diet in Cuapiaxtla, Tlaxcala, México José Sergio Barrales Domínguez (Mexico)

Ethno-botany, Traditional herbal Medicine (Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Chinese and Unani) and Pharmacognosy

0024

Some livestock healthcare practices in Pathardi taluka of Ahmednagar District (M.S.) India Salave Ashok P. ( India)


xxx

0031

Study On Nutritional Status Of Children In Anganwadis of Dhadgaon Taluka in Nandurbar District of Maharashtra Chandrashekhar Deore (India)

0034

Quantitative and qualitative study of phenolic compounds and anti oxidant activity of plant pulicaria gnaphalodes Nabi Shariatifar (Iran)

0060

Cyclooxygenase inhibitory, Cytotoxicity and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants Used in Indian Traditional Medicine Rafik Shaikh (India)

0075

Evaluation of Anticancer, Antioxidant and Possible Anti-inflammatory Properties of Some Selected Medicinal Plants Used in Indian Traditional Medication Ashwini Dawane (India)

0117

The Phospholipid Complex of Mangiferin from Mangifera Indica Improved the Antioxidant Potential as well as its Bioavaiablity Sauvik Bhattacharyya ( India)

0150

Anti-giardial activity of Tasmannia lanceolata (Tasmanian pepper berry) extract. Shimony Mohanty

(Australia)

0161

Chromolaena odorata: Friend or Foe? Kuben Naidoo (South Africa)

0164

Antibacterial properties of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Extract Murat Turkoglu (Turkey)

0167

HEAD SPACE micro-extraction and GC-MS assisted chemical exploration of the volatile constituents of Coleus forskohlii Briq from different locations of Indian subcontinent Ennus Tamboli (India)

0178

Inhibitory effects on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis of herbal medicine plants Hui-Jeong Gwon (Republic of Korea)

0179

Radiation effect on NF-κB activation of herbal medicine plants in HMC-1 Cells Hui-Jeong Gwon (Republic of Korea)

0181

Norepinephrine transporter inhibitors from a traditional Chinese medicine - Radix Polygalae Che-Yi Lin (Taiwan)

0183

Comparative antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of kombucha tea and black tea in alloxan induced diabetic rats Semantee Bhattacharya (India)

0203

Effects of Thai herbal extracts with anti-psoriatic activity on gene expression of Egr-1, IL-6 and IL-8 Chalinee Ronpirin (Thailand)

0227

Standardization and Biological Investigation of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. and Aravindasava Atish Paul (India)


xxxi

0236

Impact of Biostress on Accumulation of Secondary Matabolites in Hypericum Species Jolita Radusiene (Lithuania)

0238

In-vitro antioxidant activity and HPTLC analysis of Borago officinalis Linn. Mhaveer Singh (India)

0261

Bergenin determination in different extracts by HPTLC-densitometry Masood Khan (India)

0267

Metabolite fingerprint profile of Safoof-e-Pathar phori - A Herbomineral Unani Antiurolithiatic formulation Wasim Ahmad (India)

0275

Impact of heavy metal and pesticide residue on human health in green era Nadeem A. Siddique (India)

0276

Development of quality standards of Polyherbal Formulation (Laooq-e- Katan) Deepak Sharma (India)

0287

Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of certain extracts of plants native to Thailand Chalinee Ronpirin (Thailand)

0303

Evaluation of antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of α-mangostin loaded Ethosomal formulation Sanchit Sharma (India)

0304

Development of Standard Operative Procedures (SOPs) for Laboob-e-Sagheer- A Classical Unani Formulation Salma Bi (India)

0310

Anatomical features of the medicinal important Aloe excelsa (Berger) Murugas Coopoosamy (South Africa)

0311

Isolation of lectin and lectin derivatives from Haworthia limifolia: An in-vitro investigation Devan Nadasan (South Africa)

0376

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the treatment of tick infested cattle wounds in Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo province, South Africa. Khathutshelo Magwede (South Africa)

0389

Evaluation of antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of α-mangostin loaded Ethosomal formulation Sanchit Sharma (India)

0395

Contribution to the histological and phytochemical study of Hypericum L. androsaemum and Hypericum montanum L. (Hypericaceae), collected from the Edough Peninsula, north-east of Algeria. Seridi Ratiba (Algeria)

0396

Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential Oil and Lysozim on E. coli O157: H7 Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti (Iran)


xxxii

0397

Effect of Cuminum cyminum L. essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus during the manufacture, ripening and storage of white brined cheese Abolfazl Kamkar (Iran)

0398

Growth response of Listeria monocytogenes in salted fish fillets as affected by Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential oil Nourdahr Rokni (Iran)

0410

Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and lysozym on listeria monocytogenes Ali Misaghi (Iran)

0431

Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Cichorium intybus seeds Rizwan Ahmad (India)

0432

Hypothesis of the mechanisms of action of Valeriana officinalis and Melissa officinalis in the treatment of sleep disorders Alberto Vignutelli (Switzerland)

0433

Anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties of Pygeum africanum and Urtica extracts compared to Finasteride® on human cultured prostatic fribroblasts Alberto Vignutelli (Switzerland)

0434

Antidiabetic Property and Phytochemical Characterization of Vernonia Amygdalina. Nurhazirah Zainul Azlan (Malaysia)

0447

Chemical composition of essential oil of summer savory ( Satureja hortensis L.) and its antioxidant activity compared with aqueous and alcoholic extracts Fahimeh Tooryan (Iran)

0461

Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by Mentha piperita and their metabolomics by GC/MS. Mohammad Misbah (India),

0474

Inhibitory effects of Ayurvedic drug Cephalandra indica’s extract on HIV-1 replication Mohammad Misbah (India)

0475

Comparative Assessment of Antibacterial Activity of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Leaves and its Callus Nazeerullah Khan (India)

0477

Standardization and HPTLC fingerprinting of Nothapodytes nimmoniana leaf collected from different geographical regions of India. Nazeerullah Khan (India)

0488

Ethnobotanical investigations in Balaram-Ambaji wildlife sanctuary of Banaskantha district, Gujarat, India H. M. Ant (India)

0490

Herbal plants used in folk remedies by tribal communities of Rajasthan desert. B.B.S. Kapoor (India)


xxxiii

0505

A clinical study to observe the effect of Panchavalkala Rasakriya in ghee base in acute infected wound healing Karandugoda K.K.I.E. (Sri Lanka)

Molecular biology, Cytogenetics and Plant breeding 0105

Genetic diversity of Nigerian Sesame cultivars based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and its relationship with morpho-agronomic traits. Nweke Friday Nwalo (Nigeria)

0141

Drought resistant rice mutants obtained by marker-assisted selection Thi-Bich-Thuy LE (Vietnam)

0176

Classification of genotypes of the target leaf spot-resistant gene (ds1) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) Hiroyuki Kawahigashi (Japan)

0196

Identification and genetic variations of Indian turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) collected from continent of India using RAPD markers. Kamran Ashraf (India)

0263

Marker-assisted slection of High Molecular Weight glutenin alleles in Indian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and their correlation with bread loaf volume Umesh Goutam (India)

0264

Biochemical and Molecular marker studies of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes in Indian wheat cultivars Sarvjeet Kukreja (India)

0352

Transcriptional regulation of a cell expansion gene upon tomato leaf curl virus infection Arunava mandal (India)

0401

Increased amino acid content expressing a spider dragline silk protein in rice seed Younghye Seo (Republic of Korea)

0408

Identification of wide disparity in 5S ribosomal DNA repeat unit from miscellaneous grains crop Won Tae Kim (Republic of Korea)

0419

XLG2 promotes floral transition through activation of RTV1 DNA binding activity Minji Hong (Republic of Korea)

0420

Coordination of vernalization mediated epigenetic silencing of FLC by long noncoding RNA in Arabidopsis Minji Hong (Republic of Korea)

0422

Molecular cloning and characterization of soybean transcription factors involved in abiotic stress tolerance Kenneth Ryan Schraufnalge (Republic of Korea)

0429

Molecular characterization of type III DnaJ-like proteins from Arabidopsis Hyo-Young Kim (Republic of Korea)


xxxiv

0437

Molecular phylogeny of Stachydeae (Lamiaceae, Lamioideae) Yasaman Salmaki (Germany)

0458

2-DE Protocol Optimization and Evaluation for Proteome Analysis of Genus Clematis Taxa (Ranunculaceae) Hussian Tanveer (China)

0481 0400

GastroProtective Activity of Libyan Cistus sessilours Plant Marwa Meshri (Libya)

Molecular And Biochemical Analysis Of Cold Induced Sweetening In Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Shashank Kumar Yadav ( India)

Mycology, plant pathology and integrated disease management.

0069

Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) based virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) for functional genomics in rice and role of RTBV gene products in silencing suppression Ravi Kant (India)

0081

Assessment of Genetic Diversity within CP gene of Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) infecting tomato plant across world Anurag Sahu (India)

0115

In vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Fungicides, Bioagents , Plant Extracts and sowing dates Against Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea Dnyanoba Dhutraj (India)

0116

Integrated disease management strategy of common rust of maize caused by Puccinia sorghi Schw. Utpal Dey (India)

0133

Bioprospection of Himalayan Lichens for antifungal properties: a methodical approach Gaurav Mishra (India)

0137

Evaluation of fungitoxic effects of Ageratum conyzoides Linn. Uzma Bashir (Pakistan)

0255

In vivo tolerance of nematicide dasanit by spermosphere mycoflora of Groundnut C.V.SB-11 Ramling Saler (India)

0257

Dddition to the Myxomycetes flora of India Deelip Jadhav (India)

0258

Effect of nutrients on biomass production of Alternaria alternata (Fr)Keissler a potentioal pathogen of Onion (Allium cepa L) Dilip Nikumbh (India)

0424

Oleifoliosides B mediates autophagy and apoptosis in caspase-independent pathway in A549 cells Hyo-Young Kim (Republic of Korea)

0425

MP-2 is involved in caspase-independent mitochondria apoptosis in HeLa cells Jae-Hong Lee (Republic of Korea)


xxxv

0442

Effects of oils extracted from Zataria multiflora Boiss and Geranium pelargonium roseum on mycelial growth and production of aflatoxins by toxigenic Aspergillus parasiticus. Ramak yahyaraeyat (Iran)

0354

Biological Control of Penitrem Production by Penicillium aurantiogriseum Surekha Maganti (India)

0494

Efficacies of botanicals against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum the causal agent of mustard Sclerotinia rot Godara , S. L.,, ( India)

Plant biotechnology, plant morphogenesis and tissue culture 0039

Preliminary observations on the efficacy of protocorm-like body size and preculture conditions in the post-cryopreservation survival of Dendrobium sonia-28 Sreeramanan Subramaniam (Malaysia)

0122

Multiple shoot induction from wild lettuce [Launea taraxacifolia (Willd) Amin, Ex. C. Jeffrey], an indigenous leafy vegetable. Ayobola Sakpere (Nigeria)

0131

In Vitro Adventive Shoot Regeneration of the Critically Endangered Mediterranean Knapweed (Centaurea tchihatcheffii Fisch Et. Mey). by Using Stem Node Explants. Cevdet Gumus (Turkey)

0134

BARE1 and BAGY2 retrotransposon movement and expression analyses in developing barley seedlings Nermin Gozukirmizi (Turkey)

0186

Development of an Efficient Agrobacterium-mediated Gene Targeting System for Rice and Analysis of Rice Knockouts Lacking β1,2-Xylosyltransferase and α1,3-fucosyltransferase. Kenjiro Ozawa (Japan)

0194

Development of rice producing various flavonoids in the seeds Yuko Ogo (Japan)

0216

In vitro propagation and Solasodine quantification by HPTLC in callus culture and plant parts of Solanum nigrum Mohd Amir (India)

0309

Rapid, Sensitive and Validated UPLC/Q-TOF-MS method for quantitative determination of vasicine in the leaves and callus cultures of Adhatoda vasica Madhukar Garg (India)

0341

Over expression of Rice OsHBP1 gene showing stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco Nita Lakra (India)

0495

Jasmonate induce the accumulation of primary and secondary isoprenoids in Cannabis sativa Hakimeh Mansouri (Iran)


xxxvi

0381

Influence of cytokinin and explant type on in vitro culture of three pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) hybrids. Zuher Bensaad (Libya)

0402

Molecular characterization of CdPAL1 from Cistanche deserticola Eunjoo Jung (Republic of Korea)

0403

Functional characterization of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CdCAD1) from C.deserticola Haejin Joo (Republic of Korea)

0405

Agrobacterium-mediated soybean transformation with enhanced Bt crystal protein genes Ha Neui Hong (Republic of Korea)

0406

Agrobacterium-mediated soybean transformation with gene target for SMV resistance and drought tolerance Hye Jeong Kim (Republic of Korea)

0407

Introduction of ORE7 gene from Arabidopsis into soybean positively affects agronomical traits Hye Jin Kim ( Republic of Korea)

0409

The effect of light conditions and Fe homeostasis on chloroplast development in Arabidopsis yellowish mutant Ji Young Hwang (Republic of Korea)

0421

Genome-wide analyses of heat shock transcription factor gene family in Glycine max Kyung-Mi Kim (Republic of Korea)

0427

The regulation of cell division in shoot meristem for proper organogenesis Sang Eun Jun (Republic of Korea)

0439

Establishment of axenic culture from field-grown material of Aglaia stellatopilosa Johari Suria (Malaysia)

Plant morphology, anatomy, embryology and Reproductive biology 0114

Pollen Morphology of Some Wilde Acacia species Growing in Saudi Arabia Ahlam Abdullah Al Watban (Saudi Arabia)

0198

Assessing the effects of temperature stress on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) genotypes. Kalpna Bhandari (India)

0199

Impact of high temperature stress especially on reproductive phase of Mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) genotypes. Ramanpreet Kaur (India)

0285

Morphometry of secretory cells and productive potential of essential oils of Thymus algeriensis and Thymus ciliatus Challam- Benzine hacina (Algeria)


xxxvii

0334

Investigation of 24 Epi-Br effects on some biochemical parameters of petunia `s pollen tube under Cd stress in vitro Hakimeh Oloumi (Iran)

0335

The effect of 24- Epibrassinolid on germination and tube growth of in vitro Petunia hybrida L. pollen under cadmium stress Farkhondeh Rezanejad (Iran)

0339

Observed Phenotypical Diversity in a Mutagenised Sorghum Population: An essential element in identifying C4 to C3 revertant mutants for C4 genes identification Nikki Arivel Larazo (The Philippines)

0385

Anatomy study of two species of Achillea genus (Asteraceae family) from Iran. Mina Najafi (Iran)

Plant physiology & Biochemistry

0040

Effects of sowing density on yield and quantitative characteristics of soybean Keyvan Shamsi (Iran)

0124

The Role of Dolichol Phosphate Mannose Synthase1 (DPMS1) in N-Glycosylation and Development of Arabidopsis Nurul Jadid (France)

0136

The Role of Antioxidant Enzymes on the Tolerance to Environmental Stress of some Vegetable Species. Fikret Yasar (Turkey)

0146

Effects of salt and drought stress on the growth, antioxidative enzyme activities and MDA content in callus tissues of four melon varieties Sebnem Kusvuran (Turkey)

0147

Effects of Copper Stress on The Growth of Eggplant Seedlings Sebnem Kusvuran (Turkey)

0226

Cellular Distribution and Protein Organization Analyses of Heat Shock Protein 90 Macro Complexes in Arabidopsis Suspension Cells Tomoaki Shigeta (Japan)

0259

Analysis of induced resistance protein in GG20 variety of Arachis hypogaea L. against Aspergillus niger Ravi Patel (India)

0262

Mercury uptake in cell walls and protoplasts of water Hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.] Leaves Juliana Janet R. Martin-Puzon (The Philippines)

0265

Simple, Fast Extraction and Simultaneous HPTLC Quantification of Solamargine and Solasonine in Different Parts of Solanum incanum at Different Stages of Plant Growth Elsadig Eltayeb (Oman)


xxxviii

0273

The effect of seed priming with humic acid on growth, yield and yield components of two wheat cultivars. Hamid Reza Khazaei (Iran)

0322

Understanding the response of rice to increased carbon dioxide. Marilou Barrios ( The Philippines)

0333

Drought Stress Treated With Peg-6000, Green Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Genotypes Root, Stem and Leaf Ion Accumulation Fikret Yasar (Turkey)

0340

Jasmonate induce the accumulation of primary and secondary isoprenoids in Cannabis sativa Hakimeh Mansouri (Iran)

0346

Determination of Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Some of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp) Genotypes Under Drought Stres Ozlem Yasar (Turkey)

0350

Induced resistance in plants mediated by dynamic inducers Aqeel Ahmad (Pakistan)

0351

Cadmium and lead remediation process by canola seedlings treated by Multi wall carbon nanotubes Effat Ahmadi Mousavi (Iran)

0384

Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on accumulation of antioxidant and polypeptides pattern in colza (Brassica napus L.) under water stress Effat Ahmadi Mousavi ( Iran)

0404

Function of improved E3 ligase OsUPS in phosphate starvation of rice. Kideuk Bae (Republic of Korea)

0415

Genome-wide gene expression analysis in response to Pierce's disease and water deficit Jiwon Lee (Republic of Korea)

0465

Bioassays to determine the optmal nutritional condition for the growth of Salvinia minima Danilo Iha (Brazil)

0488

Ethnobotanical investigations in Balaram-Ambaji Wildlife sanctuary of Banaskantha District, Gujarat, India H. M. Ant (India)

0499

Induced crumple leaf mutant in Jute (Corchorus olitorius L.Variety-JRO-632) P.K.Ghosh ( India)

0500

Ethylmethane sulphonate induced bushy head mutants in Jute (Corchorus olitorius L.Variety JRO-632) P.K.Ghosh ( India)


xxxix

Note: All the posters must be removed from the poster boards in the evening of November 17, 2012

November 17, 2012

6.30 PM: CLOSING CEREMONY

November 18, 2012

9.00 am to 3.00 pm TECHNICAL VISIT TO PLACES OF BOTANICAL IMPORTANCE (OPTIONAL TOUR) The details of the places will be announced at the registration desk.


1

0001

DIVERSE FUNCTIONALITY OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA IN SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURE MANAGEMENT

Margaret Chan Kit Yok

Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, and Head, Natural Product Research and Development Centre Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jalan Meranek, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. In the pursuit of increasing demand of agriculture productivity to support the world population, the limitation of food production is due to the degradation of the soil quality. Major factors that constrain sustainable agriculture are due to high chemical input practice with use of pesticides, fungicides, weedicides and synthetic fertilizers to overcome the degradation of soil fertility attributed to low nutrient, moisture stress, erosion, high phosphorus fixation, high acidity and low soil biodiversity. Such modification of the natural soil condition has drastically reduced the natural resources and the role of functionally complementary biodiversity of organisms groups such as decomposers, predators, pollinators and symbiosis associates of soil ecosystem, raising questions about the sustainability of current agricultural practices. The mycorrhizal fungal partner, particularly the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), forms an obligate symbiosis with its host plant of almost all important crops, providing a diverse function in exchange for carbon from the host. Although, the important diverse functionality of the mycorrhizal role in the maintenance and improvement of soil structure; immobile nutrient acquisition; the alleviation of mineral toxicity, pathogen suppression; pollination enhancement; herbivore protection and improved water relations has been widely researched, reviewed and documented under intensive agricultural management, the AM as a biological potential resource to counter the challenges of food production problems and the ability of its contribution to enhanced sustainability has not significantly been perceived by the agriculture industry. This is partially due to inadequate methods for large-scale inoculum production as current widely practiced pot culture in pasteurized soils for producing AMF inocula is time consuming, bulky, and often not pathogen free. However, the development of various soil-free methods that include aeroponic system, hydroponic and axenic culture of AM fungi with transformed or non transformed living roots of various hosts have been used successfully to produce spores as inocula. This paper described and reviewed the research direction towards effective utilization of an AM species identified belonging to the Glomus isolated from sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottboll) that include the successfully mass culture of quality inoculum in the form of spores using aeroponic system, the technology for applying such inoculum on the micropropagated plants with an understanding of the phenological stage of its development towards sustainable management. Keywords: sustainable agriculture, arbuscular mycorrhiza, functionality, sago palm


2

0002

METHODS OF REHABILITATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL

Dr.N.Bentahara Dr. H. Mimounb. a Lecturer, Boumerdes, Algeria ; b Lecturer, Boumerdes, Algeria. Technology Research Laboratory of hydrocarbon oil and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Boumerdes The accumulation of waste of any kind to the environment has become a major concern for several decades. It resulted in a strong awareness in the world. The race might seem unwinnable, given the tremendous increase in industrial activity, consumption and development of intensive agriculture One of the most formidable of global pollution by synthetic chemicals, is in the growth of emissions of hydrocarbons in the environment [28]. The impact of this pollution on the environment and health is particularly linked to the spread of dangerous molecules in the environment and their transfer to groundwater and the food chain. [ Treatments used to clean up soil are numerous and for years, new technologies are being developed. In the field, thermal processing techniques and physico-chemical are most common. And biological techniques that use the power of decontaminating microorganisms are often considered as reserved for a narrow class of compounds such as petroleum hydrocarbons The removal of oil from the earth's environnent requires the involvement of various biotic and abiotic factors. Among these factors, biodegradation by microorganisms, particularly bacteria is the most important natural process in cleaning. The phenomenon of biodegradation represents all the mechanisms of transformation of a contaminant in various products by the action of microorganisms Its principle can be summarized by the following chemical reaction: Hydrocarbons Alcohol Acid CO2

Keys : Pollution, hydrocarbons, cleanup


3

0003

BIODIVERSITY OF GYMNOSPERMS AND THEIR CONSERVATION IN MOROCCO

Mohammed Sghir TALEB Scientific Institute, Mohammed V-Agdal University, Agdal/Rabat, Morocco With its geographical situation (true crossroads between Europe and Africa and the Mediterranean and the Atlantic), with the diversity of its climate and its habitats, Morocco shelters a particularly varied natural vegetation, as well by its structure and its aspect, as by the diversity of the species. The floristic richness of the country is mainly related to the ecological heterogeneity of its biotopes. Indeed, of the desert to the high mountain and the littoral to the most continental borders, Morocco offers very varied ecological conditions which allowed the installation of species of various stocks.

The forests consist of gymnosperms occupy an area of 1035580 ha (21% of forests). These gymnosperms forests are represented by Cedrus atlantica Manetti, Abies maroccana Trabut, Cupressus atlantica Gaussen, Pinus halepensis Miller, Pinus pinaster Soland., Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters, junipers with Juniperus phoenicea L., Juniperus thurifera L., Juniperus oxycedrus L. and Juniperus communis L. and Taxus baccata L. formations The formations of the Moroccan vegetable carpet are the forests, the matorrals, the steppes, the lawns and the grassland. The forests extend on approximately 5 million hectares. Then the steppes with Stipa tenacissima which cover nearly 3 million hectares. However, this diversity is subjected to many natural pressures (climate change, parasitic attacks…) and antropic (clearing, overgrazing,). This presentation will be focused on the Moroccan Gymnosperms biodiversity and their conservation strategies. Key words: Morocco, gymnosperms, diversity, , conservation.


4

0005

EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON CRITICAL PERIOD OF WEED CONTROL IN SUNFLOWER

(HELIANTUS ANNUS L.) IN BIRJAND REGION

Afshar Azadbakht, Sohrab Mahmoodi

1payanenoor university of koohdasht, koohdasht, Iran, 2Department of agronomy and plant breeding,

Faculty of Agriculture, Amirabad Campus, University of Birjand, Birjand. Postbox: 97175-331, Birjand, Iran

In order to study of nitrogen effect on critical period of weed control in sunflower (Heliantus annus L.) in

Birjand region, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with 24

treatments and 3 replications in research farm of college of agriculture of Birjand University in 2010. The

main factor was 3 levels of nitrogen (0, 100 and 200 Kg ha-1) and the sub factor was different weed

competition periods containing of 3 levels of weed free, 3 levels of weed infested until phonological stages

of V2, V4 and VR with 2 control (all season weed free and weed infested) treatments. The critical periods of

weed control based on 5%, 10% and 15% of acceptable yield loss, were estimated by fitting of gompertz

and logestic functions to driven data of respective yield of sunflower in weed free and weed infested

treatments respectively. The main weeds were barnyard grass, bindweed, common mallow, red root

pigweed, common lambsquarters and hoary cress. Results showed that increasing of weed infested period

and decreasing of weed free periods, increased weed dry weight but decreased their density. The most

weed dry weight and competition and so the least yield of sunflower was observed in 100 Kg ha -1 nitrogen.

So, the longest period of weed control was obtained at this level of nitrogen fertilizer. The critical periods of

weed control based on 5% of acceptable yield loss were 1-66, 3-91 and 2-76 DAE for 0, 100 and 200 Kg

ha-1nitrogen respectively.

Key words: Sunflower, Critical period of weed control, Competition, Nitrogen


5

0006

ENZYMOLOGY OF CALLUS CULTURES (MUTATED AND NON MUTATED) OF GARLIC

(ALLIUM SATIVUM) INFECTED BY BASAL ROT

Zill-e-Huma Bilal, Saira Banaras

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan., Lahore, Pakistan

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) variants resistant to basal rot disease were selected using induced mutations.

Callus induction was achieved from basal portion on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg L-1 2, 4-D. MS

medium containing Kinetin in combination with 2, 4-D was optimized for callus proliferation. The calluses

obtained were exposed to UV radiations for induction of mutation. The calluses showing minimum survival

rate at 2.5 hours exposure were selected for pathogenecity test against culture filtrates of Fusarium

oxysporum. The tolerant calluses at 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% concentrations of culture filtrates were

considered to be resistant.

Biochemical studies (Qualitative and Quantitative estimation of total proteins and estimation of peroxidase

and esterase activity) of the variant (resistant calli) and control (parent plant) were performed variation. It

was observed that the perxidase and esterase activity of the variant was more than the control.

Key words: Garlic; Basal Rot; Tissue culture; Induced Mutations; Peroxodase; Esterase.


6

0007

ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF SHOOT AND ROOT WATER EXTRACTS OF

SUNFLOWER ON GERMINATION CHARACTERISTIC AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF

BARNYARDGRASS (ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI L.) AND HOARY CRESS

(CARDARIA DRABA L.)

Afshar Azadbakht

payamnoor of koohdasht university, Lorestan, Iran

In order to evaluate the allelopahtic effects of shoot and root water extract of sunflower on seed

germination and seedling characteristic of hoary cress (Cardaria draba) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa

crus-galli L.) two separate experiments were conducted based on randomized complete block design with

three replications in research laboratory of faculty of agriculture, University of Birjand in 2009. Treatments

were four levels (25, 50, 75 and 100%) of shoot, root and their mixed water extracts of sunflower with

distilled water as control. Results showed when concentration of shoot, root and their mixed water extracts

increased, germination percentage, germination rate, root length, stem length and seedling fresh weight

decreased significantly, but their inhibition effects on hoary cress was more than barnyardgrass, as in the

concentrations of 75 and 100 percent of shoot and root mixed allelopahtic extract germination percentage

was 16.7 and 3.3% for hoary cress and 75 and 71.7% for barnyardgrass. Based on orthogonal

comparisons, shoot and root mixture water extract had the most inhibition and that seem the have a

synergism effect in comparision to the usage each alone,. The functional three-parameter logistic model

provided a successful estimation of the relationship between water extract levels and germination

response. The fitted model showed that the concentrations of organs extract caused 50% reduction in

maximum germination percentage of barnyardgrass and hoary cress were 132.56 and 97.34 for shoot

water extract, 128.45 and 89.34 for root water extract and 460.1 and 18.01 for their mixed, respectively.

However, don′t very seeing inhibition effects of all organs on barnyardgrass germination percentage, but

seedling growth of barnyardgrass react sorely, as seedling fresh weight of barnyardgrass in 100% of shoot

and root mixed extract decrease upto 80.3% in comparison to the control treatment.


7

0008

CONSERVATION OF SINHARAJA FOREST RESERVE IN SRI LANKA Nirmala Ravimannan Department of Botany, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka Sinharaja forest reserve is the most famous rain forest of Sri Lanka. This tropical rain forest is a living heritage. Biodiversity of the forest is very high and a large proportion of the flora in this forest is endemic to the country and some endemic to the Sinharaja forest itself. This important forest is a Man and Biosphere forest reserve and it is considered as a World Heritage site. It is situated in the south-west lowland wet zone of Sri Lanka, within Sabaragamuwa and Southern provinces. Sinharaja forest reserve, comprising the existing and proposed forest reserves, was declared a biosphere reserve in April 1978, and inscribed on the world heritage list in 1988. The Sinharaja rain forest holds the distinction of being the only South Asian rain forest. Rich in diversity of fauna and flora, one finds here many species that are endemic to Sri Lanka found nowhere else in the world. Rare orchids and valuable medicinal plants are found here. Over 90% of Sinharaja’s flora and about 59% of its fauna are endemic to Sri Lanka. The forests in Sri Lanka have been removed to make way for agricultural land and plantation and to provide fuel and timber. The sale of timber is a part of the national economy to raise revenue. The country is a major producer of tea and the land required for tea plantations is substantial. Population pressure is also a significant factor as is the removal of forested areas to make way for irrigation networks which was a major process in the 1980s. Aside from the environmental implications deforestation in Sri Lanka has caused such as flooding, land slides and soil erosion from exposure of the deforested areas. It is also the primary threat to the survival of Sri Lanka’s biodiversity. Over the past 15 years, the promotion of low-country tea cultivation and the opening of new roads have caused dramatic changes in the Sinharaja buffer zone. Settlers have flooded into the area, attracted by the high profits offered by tea cultivation. Increased incomes have improved living standards, but have also provided tremendous incentive for the clearing of natural rain forest and even home gardens. The clearing of steep and fragile slopes has led to topsoil exposure, heavy erosion and a loss of soil fertility. Erosion on lower slopes destabilizes the soil in upper regions and prevents the regeneration of forest cover, and there are already signs that the change in vegetation is affecting water flow. Recognizing the seriousness of this problem, in January 2003 the Sewalanka Foundation, a Sri Lankan rural development NGO, started an agro forestry project for small tea holders near the Sinharaja forest. The project aimed to reintroduce a new buffer zone for the reserve by reducing the use of agrochemicals, introducing soil conservation measures and increasing the diversity of the tea fields through intercropping. The program promoted intercropping with the South Asian native tree Gliricidia which has multiple uses, including as green manure, shade and fuel wood and the shade tolerant Savandara and Arachis pintos to prevent soil erosion. The project also trains farmers in small business development, particularly in environmentally sound alternatives to tea, such as collection, processing and bottling of Sinharaja kithul (Caryota urens) treacle by community members, which is marketed as a Sinharaja conservation product through the Sewalanka foundation. These sustainable agricultural practices have slowly helped reduce the siltation of the Sinharaja watershed. More importantly, they have also increased sustainability and productivity of tea production on already cultivated lands. These efforts have both helped reduce the need for expansion and further encroachment into the forest, and contributed to the ecologically sound economic development of this World Heritage Forest buffer zone.

Key words-Sinharaja, Rain forest, endemic


8

0009

EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT DATES ON YIELD MORPHOLOGICAL

CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTION OF THREE CORN (S.C704,677,630) IN

KOOHDASHT CLIMATE CONDITIONS

Afshar Azadbakht, Gahanbakhsh Azadbakht, Masod Rafiee, Sohrab Mahmoodi

Payam e of koohdasht university, lorestan, Iran

Corn has high yield potential in Koohdasht city. To study the effect Sowing date and cultivars on grain yield

of maize (Zea mays), an experiment was conducted in 2008 in the Koohdasht city. in this study the

experiment design of split-plot in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replication was used the

main plots were allocated to 4 dates of Sowing (29th of April,11th and 23th of May, 4th of June). and

cultivars were (S.C 704, S.C 677 and S.C 630) as Sub-plots Effects of different planting dates on yield were

Significant By delaying in planting date, plant height, ear height, Stem diameter, ear diameter, number of

kernel per ear, 1000- grain weight, Seed depth and Harvest index As a whole the highest yield (14.71

ton/ha) obtained form 630 cultivar.

Key words: Corn, Sowing date, Grain yield, morphological characteristic


9

0010

SYSTEM FOR THE RECOGNITION OF OPTIMALLY RIPEN STAGE OF OIL PALM

BUNCH

M.N.V.L.M. Krishna#1, D.V.R.Koti Reddy2

#1Asst. Professor, Dept.of Electronics and Instrumentation Engg, Gitam University, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India. 2 Assoc.Professor, Dept.of Instrument Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India.

This investigation deals with recognition of the ripeness of the oil palm fruit bunches. The current practice in the oil palm mills is to check the oil palm bunches manually using human graders. This method has some drawbacks. Firstly, it is an extremely tedious and time consuming process prone to errors or inconsistencies. It is inaccurate and has a strong bias towards the mill as the oil palm bunch has special features unlike the other fruits. The palm bunch is a multicolored object, so exact level of ripeness cannot be expressed by simple observation.

To solve this problem, an automated grading system is developed for oil palm bunches. This analyzes the colour of fruit and sensing the gases released by the bunch, then obtains its quality based on the intensity of the colour and concentration of the gas. This grading system is developed to distinguish between the four different categories of oil palm fruit bunches. The maturity or colour ripening index is based on different colour intensity and gas concentrations.

The grading system employs a camera and a computer to acquire and interpret images equivalent to human eye and brain. The colours namely Red, Green and Blue of the oil palm fruit bunch were investigated using this grading system. The computer program which is developed uses the mean colour intensity to differentiate between the different colours and ripeness of the fruits oil palm bunch. The program results showed that the ripeness of the fruit bunch could be differentiated between different categories of fruit bunches based on RGB intensity. We are also sensing the acetone gas which released by the oil palm fruit during ripening process. The output of the gas sensor gives ripeness level of bunch. For the better results we have taken average of the image analysis and gas sensing systems output. Finally the proposed method results were compared with the chemical analysis done at the laboratory on the same samples and the results were encouraging .With these results we have determined colour band from image analysis and concentration band from gas sensing for ripeness of the fruit that best correlate the oil content obtained from chemical analysis.

Keywords— Grading system, ripeness, colour analysis, oil palm, chemical analysis, Fruit bunch, gas sensor.


10

0011

BASELINE SURVEY OF A SUBTIDAL SEAGRASS MEADOW IN LAHUY ISLAND,

CARAMOAN, PHILIPPINES

Michael A. Clores, Ph.D.1, Esperanza Maribel Agoo, Ph.D.2

1Department of Natural Sciences, Ateneo de Naga University, Philippines, 2Biology Department, De La Salle

University-Manila, Philippines

A two-part field study explored water depth distribution and its influence on a subtidal seagrass meadow found in

Bogtong Bay, Lahuy Island, Caramoan, Camarines Sur, Philippines. In Study I, 5 sampling stations were set up

across an estimated 4-ha seagrass meadow wherein a total of 150 quadrats (2500cm2) positioned along 15 transects

(50m). Results revealed 6 seagrass species growing abundantly in Bogtong Bay: Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea

rotundata, C. serrulata, Halophila minor, H. ovalis, and Syringodium isoetifolium, contributing to the total percentage

cover of 69.57 %, and implying that the meadow is Class 5 and pristine. Seagrasses are found growing on varying

depths (0.39 – 2.07 m); epiphyte percent cover was 15.72 %; algae percent cover, 16.6 %, and mean canopy height,

14.03 cm. Significant differences and correlations were found between seagrass attributes and water depths. In

Study II, a total of 72 core samples were collected within 2 sampling stations in order to determine the distribution of

flowering and fruiting of the most abundant seagrass species in the bay, Syringodium isoetifolium. A total of 780

shoots of S. isoetifolium collected in three water depth categories (e.g., shallow, ½ deep depth, and deep) were

examined. Results revealed that the variation in abundance of sexual structures that contain the seeds (i.e., flowers

and fruits) at various depths. Although, the relationship between abundance of such structures is independent with

water depth, the differences in the proportion of sexual structures of S. isoetifolium was consistently significant

between sampling stations and water depth categories. S. isoetifolium in the middle (i.e., ½ deep water depth

category) are more successful in flowering and fruiting than nearshore or offshore. There was a smaller proportion of

fruits compared with flowers as well as flowering shoots (10 %) versus non-flowering shoots. There are more female

flowers (89.5 %) than male flowers (10.5 %) of S. isoetifolium in Bogtong Bay. Based on the results, it is concluded

that (i) water depth has essential ecological influence on various characteristics of seagrass meadow in Bogtong Bay

(ii) and that the reproductive effort and success of S. isoetifolium in the bay exhibit spatial heterogeneity and that the

colonization and that their recovery depends more on rhizome growth than on sexual reproduction.

Keywords: seagrass percent cover, epiphytes, canopy height, water depth distribution, Syringodium isoetifolium;

Seagrass flowering; Flowering distribution; Seagrass demography


11

0012

CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT, PRODUCTIVITIES AND BIOMASS ALLOCATIONS OF SEAGRASSES IN TALIM

BAY, LIAN, BATANGAS, PHILIPPINES

Michael A. Clores Department of Natural Sciences Ateneo de Naga University

Jose Santos Carandang VI Department of Biology, De La Salle University University-Manila

This study determined the chlorophyll content, productivities and biomass allocations of three abundant species of

seagrasses in Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas. Philippines: Enhalus acoroides Cymodocea rotundata, and Thalassia

hemprichii. Four seagrass meadows in the bay were selected based on their terrestrial sources of nutrient loads.

Results reveal that seagrasses at South Matuod, (a site which receives nutrient load drained mostly from corn- and

cane-fields), yields the highest GPP (Gross Primary Productivity), but R (Respiration) is higher than GPP, and

therefore NPP (Net Primary Productivity) was negative. The same pattern of productivity values were observed in the

other sites implying that seagrasses were not making enough oxygen for their life processes at the time of the study

(October to November 2010). Although the NPP of seagrasses was negative in Talim Point, (a site which does not

receive nutrient load from terrestrial area serving as the control site), they had the highest chlorophyll a and b content

with the other sites. R in this thise is the lowest despite its low GPP, suggesting a more efficient primary production.

Seagrasses in Kayreyna (which receives nutrient load from primarily from sewerage as well as farmland, i.e., near

one creek that drains houses) had the highest total average Wet weight (WW), Dry Weight (DW) and Ash-Free Dry

Weight (AFDW) while those seagrasses collected in South Matuod had the lowest biomass. The low biomass of

seagrasses in Matuod could be related to their very low productivity and low chlorophyll content needed for such

production. Kayreyna is characterized by seagrasses with second highest chlorophyll content after Talim point, and in

terms of productivity, two of seagrass species in this site E. acoroides and T. hemprichii are among those with the

lowest R. Evidently, seagrasses in Talim Point, Shields Marine Station (the site which receives primarily agriculture

run-off, i.e., near a creek that drains mostly the hillside), and South Matuod, allocated the more biomass in their

leaves than their roots. Based on the results, implications for further studies particularly on ascertaining the impact of

nutrient loads to the seagrass meadows were highlighted.

Keywords: Seagrass productivity; Biomass allocation, Chlorophyll Content


12

0013

VEGETATION COMPOSITION OF LORALAI DISTRICT – BALOCHISTAN

Rasool Bakhsh Tareen and Javed Ahmed Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta. Government Degree College, Loralai. Flora of Loralali District was compiled on the basis of plant collection from 2004- 2007. One hundred and ninety four plant species belonging to 164 genera and 54 families were reported in the study area. Vegetation was studied by line intercept method. Plant communities were classified on the basis of importance value and following seventeen communities were recognized:- Acacia modesta, Astragalus stocksii, Calotropis procera, Haloxylon griffithii, Juniperus excelsa, Malcolma strigosa, Nerium oleander, Peganum harmala, Phlomis stewartii, Periploca aphylla, Pteropyrum olivieri, Rhazya stricta, Sophora mollis, Sageretia thea, Tamarix aphylla, Withania coagulans and Xanthium sibiricum communities.

Vegetation of Loralai district was found to be highly affected by drought condition; uncontrol heavy livestock grazing,

deforestation and overexploitation by the Afghan refugees and local population. Many plants were become

endangerd. Composition of the vegetation also seems to be affected by climatic, topographic, edaphic and biotic

factors, which shows sparse and scattered pattern of vegetation in the study area.


13

0014

TRADITIONAL USES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS OF KILLI SEMZAI, DISTRICT PISHIN, BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN.

Rasool Bakhsh Tareen and Lubna Tareen, Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan Traditional uses of medicinal plants of Killi Semzai, District Pishin, Balochistan, Pakistan were studies during March 2006 to December 2006. Sixty nine plants species belonging to thirty families were used by the local inhabitant for the treatment of various ailments such as asthama, jaundice, rheumatism, bronchitis, diarrhea, dysentery, cough, indigestion, and constipation. Maximum number of plant species used for medicinal purposes belong to families like: Lamiaceae (8 species), Apiaceae (7 species), Asteraceae (6 species) and Rosaceae (5 species) and the remaining 26 families were represented by 1-4 species. Thirty one species were used for colic/ stomach problems, diarrhea, constipation and dysentery. Five species were used for cough and cold. Two species were used for diabetes etc. People of the study area has sufficient knowledge about the uses of medicinal plants, particularly old age women’s poses more knowledge about the uses of these plants compare to young one. About 70 % inhabitant of the study area were depend on medicinal plants for the treatment of various diseases. Most of the medicinal plants are under threat of drought, overgrazing, and cutting and uprooting. They need in-situ conservation and ex-situ conservation.


14

0015

ETHNOMEDICINAL USAGE OF BY-PRODUCTS OF FORESTS AND RANGELANDS AN

IMPORTANT STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION (CASE STUDY:

HYRCANIAN REGION OF IRAN)

Seyed Hassan Zali, Fatemeh Shokrian, Shahla Karegar

Sari Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources University, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran

Exploitation of by-products of forests and rangelands in North of Iran has a long ancient history.

Considering the diversity and distribution of different species of forests and rangelands, these products had

traditionally and local uses and now continue with low intensity. Survey on usage parts of these species

shown the fruits with 60.8 percent have highest frequency, leaves with 56.5 percent and roots with 26

percent were the next category and rhizomes with 17.3 percent have the lowest frequency. Professional

books reviews on effective materials shown the most effective materials are vitamins with 30.4 percent and

the lowest frequency related to acids, calcium and phosphorus with 13.4 percent Life form survey shown

phanerophytes with 86.9 percent have the highest percent and hemicryptophytes with 13.4 percent have

the lowest amount.


15

0016

NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS OF SOME EDIBLE WILD FRUITS USED BY ETHNIC COMMUNITIES

B. S. Deshmukh Agasti Arts, Commerce and D. R. Science College Akole- 422601, Dist. Ahmednagar (MS), India. Edible wild fruits play a significant role in the dietary requirement of the tribal and local communities. The present

study deals with nutritive value of some edible wild fruits of Ahmednagar district. The fruits are analyzed for moisture,

ash, proteins, fat, carbohydrates, fiber and minerals. Results were comparing with the commonly used fruits like

apple, banana, citrus etc. It is observed that, these fruits have high nutritional content and would be important in food

security during times of drought and poor harvest. Some of the fruits can be used for medicinal purpose in curing

diseases. They are not cultivated very widely, but they are rather gathered from wild. Due to over exploit for their

nutritional significance and the lower germination percentage, the population of the species is getting decreased.

There will be scope for improving cultural practices, in particular by bringing in to cultivation.

Keywords: Edible wild fruits, Nutritional analysis.


16

0017

INSECT FAUNA OF ACTIVITY NIGHT IN PALM ORCHARDS IN CENTRAL IRAQ

Mohammed Zaidan Khalaf; Ali Khaywon Shbar; Falah Hansh Naher; Bassim Hasson

Hassan; Noel Franso Jabo and Rajaa Aboud Sami

IPM Center, Ministry of Science & Technology, P.O.Box:765, Baghdad, IRAQ;Ministry of Science &

Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

The study was carried out at three palm orchards, each of 2.5 hectare in Al-Madain palm orchards(30 km.

South Baghdad) contain the palm varieties ( Prem, Osta omran, Zahdi , Berhee, Khadrawi , Khastawi

,Oueedi and Tebarzel ) in 2010 Season aiming to determination of population density of Palm Borers and to

know other insect occurring in Date Palm orchards. Three light traps with solar energy ( Magna Traps with

lamps of 320 – 420 nm wavelength are produced by Russell IPM) were used as one trap in each orchard.

The number of Fruit Stalk Borer, Oryctes elegans and Frond Borer, Phonapate frontalis adults were

calculated per week in each trap aiming to determine the population density of adults in the three orchards

under this study.

Results of using light Traps ( Magna Traps ) indicated that the number of O. elegans adults catch per trap

during the period from April to December 2010 were 254 , 217 and 240 adult per trap in orchards No. 1, 2

and 3 respectively , the higher population densities were 87 ,79 and 81 adult /trap per month, respectively

reported in July. Also, the study indicated that the population density of Frond Borer, Phonapate frontalis

catch per Trap during the period from April to December 2010 were 34, 58 and 54 adult /trap for orchards

No. 1, 2 and 3 respectively, The higher population densities were 10, 21 and 15 adult/trap per month,

respectively reported in June. Many insect group were catch in light traps, the Insect fauna composed of

Nineteen insect group ,12 are Coleoptera 1 Hemiptera, 1 Hymenoptera, 1 Homoptera, 2 Dermaptera and 2

Orthoptera, the numbers of this insect were recorded per month a year round in Palm orchards.

Key words : Insect, Population density, Palm ,Borers, Light trap.


17

0018

‘SPECIES CONCEPT’ - PHILOSOPHICAL DISPARITIES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN

THE TAXONOMIC DELIMITATION OF PLANT TAXA

Satheesh George and Indira Balachandran Department of Plant Systematics and Genetic Resources, Centre for Medicinal Plants Research (CMPR), Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal ,Changuvetty, Malappuram District, Kerala - 676 503, INDIA.

Organic diversity is divided into different groups of various sizes separated by discontinuity of relationships. These

groups are assigned to different categories in a taxonomic hierarchy according to their phylogenetic relationships.

The most important category is that of species, the basic unit in taxonomy. But the existence of species in plants is a

matter of theory. The judgment of characters may vary between individuals. Usually each taxonomist will have a

different opinion on what represents a discontinuous character, what level of variation equals to the species rank and

what equals to the ranks below species etc. It is the discretion of the taxonomist to fix the individual with

discontinuous variation to appropriate category. Hence the criteria for demarcating species is crucial as different

methods for diagnosing a species can arrive at different entities. False description of new species/varieties, due to

lack of detailed study on intraspecific variations is discussed with the case study of Hemidesmus indicus var.

pubescens. Publication of nomenclatural novelties without consultation with authorities and /or publication in

ephemeral journals resulted in the increased numbers of species in the checklist of a group. At present there is no

proper compiled document on the novelties being published world wide. We propose to introduce the International

Standard Plant Species Number (ISPSN). Recommendation for a universal system for delineating new species/sub

specific categories is proposed.

Key words: Species concept, plant taxa


18

0019

RELATIVE EFFECT OF NPK AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH

PERFORMANCE OF CASHEW SEEDLINGS ON DEPLETED SOILS AT IBADAN,

NIGERIA

Rotimi Ipinmoroti, Gerald Iremiren, Sunday Akanbi

Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Re-establishment of new cashew seedlings to replace old cashew plants on moribund cashew plantations

is a great problem to farmers in Nigeria. Relative capability of inorganic and organic fertilizers to enhance

cashew seedling growth performance was determined by planting jumbo sized cashew nuts (> 16 g each)

in 10 L sized plastic pots filled with depleted soils obtained from a moribund cashew plot at Ibadan (7O

101N, 3O 521E) Nigeria. The pots were labelled and applied NPK (15:15:15), cow dung, poultry dung, kola

husks, cocoa husk fertilizers to supply equivalent amount of 10 kg N ha-1 and the control (no fertilizer) in

three replicates in a completely randomized design. The cashew seedlings were monitored for height, girth,

number of leaves, branches and leaf area for two cropping seasons of six months each. At the end of each

cropping, the plants were uprooted and their dry matter yield (DMY) analyzed for nutrient uptake. Data

were analyzed by ANOVA and significant mean differences separated by LSD (P≤0.05). Cashew seedlings

growth was enhanced by manures compared to NPK and least for control at both cropping. The DMY at

second cropping increased by 3.49-8.65% for cashew seedlings treated with manures, while it was reduced

by 11% and 14.8% for NPK and control treatments respectively. The N and P uptake were higher for

organic fertilizer treated cashew seedlings and least for control. Balance nutrient supply, coupled with the

slow but steady nutrient release by the organic fertilizer materials compared to NPK (15:15:15) was

adduced to have resulted to better growth, DMY and nutrient uptake by the cashew plants. It therefore

showed that organic fertilizer usage is a more veritable means of enhancing robust and healthier cashew

seedling growth performance; especially on degraded soils compared to the use of NPK.

Keywords: Fertilizers, land availability, poverty level, soil nutrient management


19

0020

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF AN INDIAN HERBO-MINERAL FORMULATION- NAGABHASMA FOR SAFETY AND EFFICACY Munish Garg, Sneha Das Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana The human physiology is unable to manufacture essential minerals in our body which lead to originate a separate branch of ancient system of medicines known as Rasashastra based on the use of herbo-metallic preparations. Naga Bhasma is a reputed herbo-mineral preparation in the Indian System of Medicines, used for various disorders in our body since ages. To scientifically validate this formulation, the present attempt was made to screen five different marketed Naga Bhasma formulations for their physico-chemical properties. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies conducted on these five sample formulations revealed that all formulations of Naga Bhasma contain lead in PbO (plumbous oxide) phase, present in litharge and massicot forms. PbO in litharge form is not recommended for internal human. Moreover, maximum peak width is of 2θ in XRD spectra which denote that particles are of micron size and not nano size as claimed by previous research papers. All formulations contain particles ranging in size 1.6-248.9 µm. These analyses are also in contrary to previous studies where it was claimed to have particles as small as 60 nm. TGA plots of all formulations show change in weight at different temperatures and have shown significant

weight changes among themselves i.e from 27.5 to +3.5 % w/w. Exceptional weight increase was observed in one formulation. FTIR studies conducted on these five sample formulations revealed the presence of variable organic functional groups. Moreover, in the AAS analysis, it was observed that although all marketed Naga Bhasma sample formulations are rich source of essential elements Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu and Al but the difference in presence and absence of arsenic and mercury in different formulations clearly show that these Naga Bhasma are prepared by different methods. Percentage of lead in five was found between 1.5- 5.5% w/w which was quite variable and sufficient to affect the quality of a drug. On the basis of the above, we can conclude that there is no uniformity in quality of all formulations which may be due to the fact that there are no strict regulations to adhere to. So, manufacturers are not bound to follow any standard protocols for manufacturing as well as quality control. Therefore, all these flaws resulted in difference in these formulations on physico-chemical analysis and in turn may have the significant role on the biological system. It is thus recommended and suggested that there is an urgent need to regulate these formulations efficiently before launching into the market for the proper safety and safety of this important class of Ayurvedic formulations and for better acceptance at the international platform. Key words: Herbo-mineral preparations, Nagabhasma, physico-chemical analysis, safety and efficacy of herbals


20

0021

EFFECT OF FOENICULUM VULGARE ON CERTAIN BIOLOGICAL ENZYMES IN

HIGH FAT DIET FED ANIMALS

Chanchal Garg1, Munish Garg2

1Vaish Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, INDIA 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, INDIA

Obesity, which affects nearly 30% of the adult population in developed countries, is associated with some serious

health problems. To combat this deadly disorder, recently alternative therapeutics using herbs and/or natural

products have extensively been investigated with some promising results. Present study is based on the screening of

a popular Indian herb Foeniculum vulgare for its impact on some biological enzymes playing an important role in the

metabolic system of animals and human beings by using experimental wistar animals. The three fractions of alcoholic

extract of the chosen plant were administered for 42 days by oral route to the experimental animals fed with high fat

diet followed by estimation of insulin, leptin and lipase levels through ELISA. Control groups fed with high fat diet

were also maintained. Results revealed disturbed levels of insulin, leptin and lipase levels in high fat diet fed control

groups, however, drug treatment with Foeniculum vulgare three fractions have shown that methanol fraction has

significantly controlled the elevation of insulin and leptin levels while, lipase levels were effectively controlled with

chloroform and methanol fraction treated groups of the drug. Remaining group could not show any potential change.

The mixture-induced decrease in insulin levels of rats fed with the high fat diet may account for the improvement in

insulin resistance. Among the various body fat deposits, the visceral fat mass is best correlated to insulin resistance

in animal models and humans. Leptin is a fat-derived key regulator of appetite and energy expenditure, and serum

leptin concentration is associated with general adiposity. The present study indicated that leptin might contribute to

hepatic steatosis by promoting insulin resistance and also by altering insulin signaling in hepatocytes, so as to

promote increased intracellular fatty acids. The drug administration has also demonstrated significant activity against

lipase activity which may be due to its effect in triglyceride absorption efficiency.

In conclusion, the results of the present investigation shows that Foeniculum vulgare possesses significant action

against biological enzymes associated with obesity. These findings provide scientific rationale for use Foeniculum

vulgare in Ayurveda for weight management and thus hold the potential of greater relevance in the prevention and

therapies of obesity.

Key words: Obesity, Foeniculum vulgare, leptin, lipase, insulin


21

0022

ANTI-CANCER POTENTIAL OF NANO- CURCUMIN ISOLATED FROM CURCUMA

LONGA L.

Manish Pant1, Harsha Kharkwal2, Devi Datt Joshi1

1Amity Institute of Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry, Noida, U.P, India, 2Amity Center for Carbohydrate

Research, Noida,U.P, India

Turmeric or Curcuma longa L. commonly known as Haldi in India is a a tropical plant native to southern and

southeastern tropical Asia. Rhizomes of Curcuma are widely utilized and the most active pharmaceutical

ingredient (API) present in it is curcumin, which makes up 2 to 5% of the total spice in turmeric.

Chemically, it is a diferuloylmethane present in

extracts of the plant.

Studies have indicated that when applied topically, curcumin inhibits tumor initiation by benzo[a]pyrine

(BaP) in mouse skin. Dietary curcumin (commercial grade) inhibits BaP-induced fore stomach

carcinogenesis, N-ethyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG)-induced duodenal carcinogenesis, and

azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis. Poor circulating bioavailability of curcumin may

account for the lack of lung and breast carcinogenesis inhibition.

The present study is about enhancing the bioavailability of curcumin by reducing its size to about 80 nm

thus enhancing its applicability and acceptability against cancer.


22

0023

THE BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL STRAINS

ISOLATED FROM DRINKING WATER SOURCES OF KOHAT, PAKISTAN.

Tassadaq Hussain, Mir Ahmed Kheil, Tehsil and District Kohat, Kohat , Pakistan.

Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan

Study was conducted on the drinking water sources of Kohat, Pakistan. A total of 50 samples were taken from different sources of Kohat, which include tap water, tube well water, home well water, bore well water and spring water. The water samples were initially analyzed for physiochemical analysis such as pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. The result shows that physicochemical parameters are within the range of values prescribed by WHO. After physiochemical analysis the samples were analyzed for microbial parameter by spread plate method on tryptic soya agar plated. A total of 79 bacterial strains were isolated on the basis of morphological characteristics. The strains were analysed for gram staining, the results showed that out of total of 79 bacterial strains, 82% were gram negative. Spore staining was done for 14 isolated gram-positive bacterial strains and it showed that out of 14 strains, 9 bacterial strains were spore forming. The majority of bacterial strains were facultative anaerobes. None of the strain was found to be obligate anaerobe. All the bacterial strains were then characterized by different biochemical tests including calatase, citrate, oxidase, lactose fermentation, indole, hydrogen sulphide production, motility, MR-VP, nitrate reduction and urease. Based on this data 16 genera could be identified that are Acinetobacter sp (2); Aeromonas sp (6); Bacillus sp (9); Citrobacter sp (4) ; Escherichia sp (4); Enterobacter sp (9); Enterococcus sp (2); Klebsella. sp (7); Micrococcus sp (1); Proteus sp (3); Providencia sp (3); Pseudomonas sp (15); Salmonella sp (5); Serratia sp (5); Staphylococcus sp (2) and Vibrio sp (2). For 24 bacterial strains, the identification was further validated by using API 20E kit. The selected bacterial strains were then analyzed for physiological parameters including pH optimization, NaCl tolerance, temperature optimization and molecular analysis. PCR were done for these 32 selected bacterial strains and sequencing was performed for selected strains, SP1-2, SP1-4, HW2-1 and TP12-4. The overall study showed that drinking water sources have high bacterial diversity, these bacterial strains identified have public health importance as water sources are found to be contaminated with coliform bacteria.

Keywords: Bacterial diversity, API 20E, Water-borne pathogens


23

0024

SOME LIVESTOCK HEALTHCARE PRACTICES IN PATHARDI TALUKA OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT (M.S.) INDIA

Salave Ashok P. and P. Gopal Reddy Dept. of Botany, Shri Dnyaneshwar Mahavidyalaya, Newasa, Ahmednagar-414603; Research Centre of Botany, P.V.P. College, Pravaranagar (Loni), Ahmednagar-413713

An extensive field surveys were arranged in the areas of Pathardi tahasil jurisdiction to document the information regarding the uses of the wild and native ethno-flora among the native inhabitants to cure certain livestock ailments/diseases.The information presented here, is being collected from the native inhabitants through verbal interviews in an informal ways at their working places during the period from June 2009 to December 2010.The paper focuses on the traditional ethno-veterinary uses of 5 plant species belonging to 4 families used among the local inhabitants in curing certain livestock ailments from areas under the study. Keywords: ethno-flora, Pathardi, livestock, ailments.


24

0025

MULTIPURPOSE USES OF PLANTS, A STEP TOWARD SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT (CASE STUDY: THE SUMMER PASTURES OF SIA-MARZE-KOUH)

Seyed Hassan Zali1, Seyed Jaber Nabavi1, Poorya Kharazi2, Mahdis Faghani1

1Sari Agricultural Sciences & Natural resources University, Sari, Iran, 2Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

Expectations at the pastures economy only from livestock products will be a single-product

economy. Economic experts believe that single-product economies are fragile and instability economies

and causes political dependences. In this study using a multipurpose uses of summer pastures plants and

its role in the sustainable development were reviewed. The study area is 110 hectares and located in

southwest of Ali Abad city. By several trips to the study area during 2 years whole of plants of it were

identified. Some species that we could not recognize them in the study area were collected and carried to

botany laboratory of SANRU and identified by help of floral references. By group interviewing and applying

botany books and authors’ experiences uses and potentially applications of the plants were listed. It found

that 61 species of this area have various applications. Results of this study show 95.08% of these plants

have medicinal uses, 42.62% of them can use in various industries, 16.39% of these plants are forage

plants and 18.02% of them are wild vegetables. Given the potential of these plants and natural features of

the study area can be an important factor in enhancing the income of rural households and cause to

sustainable development. Also these types of developments can prevent irregular migration process of

rural people from villages to cities.

Keywords: multi-purpose use, pasture plants, sustainable development, Sia-mrze-kouh


25

0026

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF SPRING SAFFLOWER (CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS)

CULTIVARS USING MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND RAPD MARKERS

Ali Reza Ahmadzadeh1, Bahram Alizadeh2

1Islamic Azad University, Shabestar branch, Shabestar, Iran, 2Seed and plant Improvement Institute, Karaj,

Iran

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is used for medicinal and culinary purposes. Today, safflower is grown

commercially for its seed oil, homemade dyes and birdseed or animal feed mixes. Analyses of genetic

variation in crop gene pools are a powerful tool for investigating the origin and early evolution of crop

lineages. Such as analyses also have the potential to identify unique genetic resources for continued crop

improvement. In this survey, genetic diversity of 30 spring genotypes of safflower was assessed by

morphological traits and RAPD markers. Studying of morphological traits was conducted in two years (2005

and 2006) based on a randomized Complete Black Design with three replications. Cluster analyses by

ward method classified the genotypes based on morphological traits in two groups. The first group included

19 genotypes. The second group was divided into two subgroups with 11 and 8 genotypes. In assessment

of genetic diversity by RAPD markers 15 seeds from each genotype were grown in greenhouse and genetic

DNA was extracted from leaf samples by CATAB procedure. For the RAPD analyses, 68 primers were

screened and 15 most polymorphic ones yield 131 clear polymorphic bands. The UPGMA method based

on simple matching coefficient based on RAPD data four groups were detected. Similarity between

clustering based on morphological and molecular data was high enough which land races genotypes

classified as a group in each one. Twenty six informative markers were identified for all of the investigated

traits from 1 to 6 markers for one trait excepting the harvest index.

Keywords: Cluster analyses, Genetic diversity, morphological traits, RAPD markers, Safflower


26

0027

EXTRACELLULAR GLUTATHIONE LEVELS DID NOT AFFECT STOMATAL APERTURE

IN GUARD CELLS OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA

Md Sarwar Jahan

Universiti Sultan zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia

Glutathione (GSH), is a thiol-containing tripeptide, maintains redox homeostasis in plants under normal and

stressful conditions. In order to justify whether GSH contents directly affect stomatal aperture, we

investigated stomatal aperture in guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. Application of cell-impermeable

glutathione (GSH), a GSH decreasing chemical (CDNB) did not affect stomatal aperture in guard cells of

Arabidopsis. Dark induced stomatal closure and light induced stomatal opening but pre-treatment of GSH

and CDNB did not affect dark- and light-induced stomatal aperture. Treatment of guard cells with Ca and

H2O2 induced stomatal closure in both wild type plants and chorinal-1 (ch1-1) mutant plants but did not

affect GSH contents in guard cells. In addition, pre-treatment of GSH did not affect Ca- and H2O2-induced

stomatal closure in both plants. Taken together these results suggest that GSH might not directly affect

stomatal aperture in guard cells of Arabidopsis.

Keywords: glutathione; stomatal aperture; abscisic acid; monochlorobimane; stressful conditions


27

0028

INDUCTION OF SOMATIC EMBRYO FROM COTYLEDONARY TISSUES OF CASHEW

(ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.) BY IN VITRO CULTURE

Belen Lumeran, Sayrha Pamela Daulog, Rechelle Uban

1AMA International University-Bahrain, Manama/GCC, Bahrain, 2De La Salle University, Dasmarinas Cavite/Manila,

The Philippines, 3Central Mindanao University, Musuan Bukidnon/Region 10, The Philippines

Cotyledonary explants of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is used for the induction of somatic embryo using solid

and semi-solid Knudson C culture media with varying concentrations of Benzyladenine (BA) and Naphthalene Acetic

Acid (NAA). The following treatment concentrations were used: T0 (Knudson C only), T1 (Knudson C + 0.5 mg/L BA +

0.5 mg/L NAA), T2 (Knudson C + 1.0 mg/L BA + 1.0 mg/L NAA), and T3 (Knudson C + 2.0 mg/L BA + 2.0 mg/L NAA).

Somatic embryo developed 7 days from inoculation. Results showed that a higher concentration of BA and NAA (2.0

mg/L) in Treatment 3 enhanced somatic embryo (80%) using solid Knudson C culture medium, while a little lower

concentration of BA and NAA (1.0 mg/L), in Treatment 2 induced somatic embryo (60%) in semi-solid culture

medium. Although statistical analysis using Chi-Square Test revealed insignificant differences in the induction of

somatic embryo in Knudson C solid and semi-solid culture media, Treatment 3 (2.0 mg/L BA and NAA is considered

the best treatment concentration to induce the development of somatic embryo on solid Knudson C culture medium

while Treatment 2 (1.0 mg/L BA and NAA) for semi-solid medium. Hence, both solid and semi-solid Knudson C

culture media proved to induce in vitro cotyledonary somatic embryos for this particular plant.


28

0029

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF HILL REACTION IN JUTE MALLOW

LEAVES (CORCHURUS OLITORIOUS L.)

Belen Lumeran, Leah Amor Cortez, Gladys Guirre, Rosahle Sia, Cindy Lopez, Jonathan

Digma

1AMA International University-Bahrain, Manama/GCC, Bahrain, 2De La Salle University, Dasmarinas

Cavite/Manila, The Philippines

A spectrophotometric study on the occurrence of Hill reaction in jute mallow leaves (Corchurus olitorious L.)

is determined using 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP) as artificial hydrogen acceptor. Chloroplasts were

isolated using pre-cooled materials. The concentration of chlorophyll was computed and proper dilution of

the suspension was prepared. Hill reaction was measured spectrophotometrically for the three set-ups. The

absorbance of the control set-up with inactivated chloroplasts and the dark set-up were constant. However,

a decrease in the absorbance readings was observed in the light set-up. Thus, for Hill reaction to occur,

active chloroplasts and light are required.


29

0030

THREE PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENOIDS IN IN VITRO CELL CULTURES OF LANTANA

CAMARA L. AND THEIR SIGNIFICANT CYTOTOXICITY AGAINST HeLa CELL LINES

Priyanka Srivastava1,2, Rakhi Chaturvedi1

1Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India, 2Vellore Institute of Technology

University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

The study reports accumulation of three pentacyclic triterpenoids: Betulinic acid (BA), Oleanolic acid (OA)

and Ursolic acid (UA) in cell cultures of Lantana camara by utilizing the leaf-disc explants. Furthermore,

bioactivity of the cell derived extract has been established on cancerous HeLa cell lines. Thin layer

chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectroscopy (MS) of

organic extract and simultaneous comparison with those of the standards revealed the presence of above

three triterpenoids. Recovery of all compounds was >95% by the extraction procedure followed. The effect

of extract on HeLa cells was apparent from 36 h (at 100 µg/mL) to 72 h (at 25 µg/mL) in 3-(4,5-

Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) based cytotoxicity assay. Both, increase in

concentration or duration were effective to kill the cancerous cells. BA has been identified for first time from

an in vitro source. Moreover, such studies have never been conducted on Lantana plants.

Keywords: Lantana camara; Cytotoxicity; Betulinic acid; Oleanolic acid; Ursolic acid


30

0031

STUDY ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN IN ANGANWADIS OF DHADGAON

TALUKA IN NANDURBAR DISTRICT OF MAHARASHTRA

Chandrashekhar Deore

J.E.S. Arts science and Commerce College Nandurbar, Nandurbar, Maharashtra, India

The district is facing problem of acute malnutrition in children between the age group of 0 -6 years. Under

the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) a large number of Anganwadis have been established

throughout the country including Nandurbar district of Maharashtra . Providing supplementary nutrition to

the children between the age group of 0-6 years is one of the major activities undertaken by the

anganwadis Nutrition is one of the factors associated with growth and development. Malnutrition becomes

a part of a vicious cycle causing lesser resistance to infectious diseases resulting in death of children. The

principal aim of the present study was to get an insight in to the nutritional status of 0-6 years old children in

anganwadis of ICDS project in Dhadgaon taluka of Nandurbar district Maharashtra, and its

comparison with non beneficiary children from the same area vis a vis ICMR standard.

Key words:- Anganwadis, Children, Nutritional Status, ICDS, Dhadgaon, Nandurbar.


31

0032

DISCOVERING A UNIQUE TWIST PATTERN IN NEEDLE (AWN) OF NASSELLA

NEESIANA

KS Nagla

Dr BR Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India

This paper presents a detection of unique twist pattern in needle (awn) of Chilean grass needle (Nassella

Neesiana). Chilean needle grass has been proclaimed a weed of national significance in many countries as

it is threatening native grasslands and productive territories. The seed head has a hard, hairy and pointed

callus in the form of needle is considered as a harmful to livestock’s but it may be useful in some other

ways. The twisty nature of the needle (awn) part of seed is already known. An experiment has been

conducted to understand the twist of different samples of Chilean needles collected from different

geographical locations. It has been observed that 100% grass needles first rotates clockwise direction and

then anticlockwise direction. Significant results related to kinematics of needle have been investigated

which may be useful to study the plant nature and design of an actuator for many application.

Key words: Chilean Needle Grass, Twist of grass needle, Nassella Neesiana


32

0033

FOLIAR NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM CONTENT IN TREES IN ENVIRONMENTALLY TOXIC PLASTIC INDUSTRY AREA

Rupnarayan Sett and Bhawna Soni Division of Plant Propagation and Genetics, Tropical Forest Research Institute (Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education) Mandla Road, P.O. RFRC, Jabalpur 482021, M.P.

In plants, nitrogen deficiency causes in stunted growth and chlorosis or yellowing of the leaves due to decreased levels of chlorophyll, while excess nitrogen uptake may cause dark green overly vigorous foliage which may have increase susceptibility to disease and insect attacks. Phosphorus is an important nutrient in crop production, since many soils in their native state do not have sufficient available phosphorus to maximize crop yield. Potassium deficiency may cause necrosis or interveinal chlorosis. Plastics are synthetic or semi-synthetic moldable organic solids that are organic polymers of high molecular mass, most commonly derived from petrochemicals; these polymers are based on chains of carbon atoms alone or with oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen. Plastic is one of the major toxic pollutants of the modern time. Being composed of toxic chemicals and most importantly a non biodegradable substance, plastic pollutes earth and leads to air pollution and water pollution. Merely there is any safe way to dispose the hazardous plastic wastes. The study was targeted to estimate foliar level of NPK content of three plant species, viz. Cassia tora (Herb), Ailanthus excelsa (Tree) and Dalbergia sissoo (Tree) from polluted areas associated to polythene-industries as well as control areas having least pollution, where all the parameters were found to be higher than the control experiments. Key words: Foliar NPK, Pollution, Plastic, Tree species.

/wiki/Nitrogen_deficiency

/wiki/Potassium_deficiency_(plants)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mass

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen


33

0034

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE STUDY OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PLANT PULICARIA GNAPHALODES

Nabi Shariatifar1, Abolfazl kamkar2, Mohammad Reza Shams -Ardekani1, Ali Misaghi2, Amir

Hossein Jamshidi3, Gholam Reza Jahed Khaniki1

1Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran, 2faculty of veterinary medicine ,university Tehran, Tehran, Iran, 3Ministry of health and medical education, Tehran, Iran

Background: Plants are almost rich sources for phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and

anthocyanins, which are the most important natural antioxidants.

These diet antioxidants are important as they protect human body against oxidative stress and therefore

maintain appropriate health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate quantitative and qualitative

assessment and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in Pulicaria gnaphalodes as diet synthetic

antioxidant substitutes.

Methods:In this study , firstly the plant phytochemical investigation was conducted and then total phenolic

contents and total flavonoid contents were determined using spectrophotometery.The antioxidant activity

(AOA) of extracts were evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method and the results were

compared with synthetic antioxidant BHT .

Results: The results showed that total phenolic contents, in water, ethanol and methanol were extracted

27.2, 26, 25 91 mg of GAE / g of dry sample respectively and also total flavonoid contents in water, ethanol

and methanol were extracted 25.12, 21.32, 24.97mg QE / g of dry sample in due order. IC50 of Pulicaria

gnaphalodes ether extract was 9/9 ± 0/20 μg / ml. The phytochemical results indicated the presence of

flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins in total extract.

Conclusion: Regarded to the above results, it could be concluded that the extracts of Pulicaria gnaphalodes

have contain high amounts of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Therefore, this plant can be a

potential source of antioxidant compounds for food and pharmaceutical industry.

Keywords: Phenolic compounds, Antioxidant activity, Etract, Pulicaria gnaphalodes


34

0035

CLONING, EXPRESSION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOTIC STRESS INDUCIBLE RAGI BIFUNCTIONAL INHIBITOR (RBI) GENE FROM ELEUSINE CORACANA GAERTN.

Saswati Sen, Samir Dutta

Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Ragi bifunctional inhibitor (RBI) of finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) inhibits both α-amylase and trypsin simultaneously. It is for the first time the rbi gene was cloned from Eleusine coracana (GPU- 28) seeds in pET22b(+) vector and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. DQ 494211). It was functionally expressed in E. coli Rosetta2(DE3) expression host and characterized in terms of enzyme inhibitory activity. The open reading frame (rbi) of 366 bp showing high GC content (68%) encoded 122 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence showed 92% identity with the seed purified RBI. Five disulfide bond containing RBI was expressed in the periplasmic space of Rosetta2(DE3). The enzyme inhibitory properties of the recombinant RBI were the same as those described for the seed RBI. The soluble recombinant protein of 0.9 mg/l was purified from the periplasmic fraction by His-bind resin column. Induction of the rbi transcript level in young finger millet leaves under Rhizopus oryzae and Curvularia lunata var aeria artificial infection were revealed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis, that has advocated its involvement in the defense mechanism of finger millet.


35

0036

SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS AND PLANT REGENERATION IN FERULA JAESCHKEANA VATKE.

R.K.Sharma

Department of Botany S.P.College, Srinagar-190004 (India).

Embryogenic callus cultures were established from immature mericarp derived frible callus on a medium supplemented with 1 mgl-1 2,4-D and 1mgl-1 Kn. The induction of somatic embryogenesis was significantly influenced by auxin source and concentration. Maximum calli produced globular embryos on a medium supplemented with 4mgl-1 2,4-D. Mature embryos were formed only when the calli bearing globular embryos were transferred to on to MS basal medium. Maturation of embryos was significantly affected by the photoperiod, pH of the medium, AgNO3, carbon source and number of subcultures. Mature embryos have well developed cotyledons and elongated hypocotyls- root axis. Primary somatic embryos produced secondary embryos directly on cotyledon and hypocotyl. Best conversion of embryo into plantlets (90%) occurred on a medium supplemented with 0.05mgl-1 BAP and 0.05 mgl-1 IBA. The regenerated plantlets were hardened in vermiculite with 50% survival rate. The mature plants showed normal diploid chromosome number (n=22) and were similar to seed derived plants in meiotic behavior, pollen fertility and other morphological characteristics.


36

0037

EFFECT OF SEED PRIMING DURATION AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS TREATMENT ON CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GERMINATION

Yarmahmoodi Zeinab, Madani Hmid, kheirkhah Maryam

1. Member of Young research club, Islamic Azad university, Arsanjan Branch ; 2. Department of Agronomy, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran; 3. member of Young research club, Islamic Azad university, Arsanjan Branch

Impact of priming duration and plant growth regulators treatment on hybrid maize seeds on germination and seedling growth were studied in laboratory condition. The experiment was conducted as factorial in carried out completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments consisted of GA3 (20ppm), Auxin (5ppm) and distilled water in two times of 12 and 24 hours of soaking with dry seed as a control. Results showed that in all of traits, GA3 has greater positive and significant effect with regard to Auxin. In most of object was not significant difference between hydro priming treatment and GA3 priming treatment. Also interaction treatments showed that increase in time of soaking had positive effect in GA3 and distilled water treatments but in Auxin treatment had negative effect on germination characteristics. Key words: Germination, Auxin, Gibberlin, Priming


37

0038

UNANI MEDICAL APPROACH TO PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL

ASTHMA & RESULTS OF MULTICENTRIC CLINICAL TRIALS OF UNANI

FORMULATIONS & THEIR COMPARATIVE NOVELTY

K. M. Siddiqui, Shagufta Parveen, M. Nawab And Shakir Jamil

Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH,New

Delhi, India

Unani system of medicine is based on Hippocratic concept of Elementology-humourlogy-Temperamatology. It is

holistic system of healthy living and not merely a system of treatment. Based on Experiences of clinical practice

proves Unani medicine a clinically rich science with successful therapies for variety of ailments. Unani medicine

appears specially suitable for the treatment of chronic diseases and psycho-physiological disorders. Subtle

therapeutic procedures are available for treatment of allergic conditions including Bronchial Asthma described in

Unani Medicine under the term Zeequn Nafas(Difficulty in Breathing)Breathing in fresh, healthy and appropriate

quantity of air has been described as one among the six principles of healthy living and lungs unlike other systems is

taken as vital organs of the body in Unani system of medicine.

Unani texts have vividly described the factor of Immunity in terms of Quwat Mudabbira badan, the medicatrix naturae,

the self defense natural or acquired biological power to protect against disease. A number of methods and drugs to

promote medicatrix naturae are described in the system. On the other hand Unani medicine also conceives the idea

of allergy and intolerance caused by a variety of unwanted endogenous or exogenous materials. The concept of

Istafragh and Ehtebas are very interesting The principle of treatment in allergic diseases in Unani system is as

follows;

1. To avoid the cause - (a) dietary restrictions for reducing the formation of causative humour or Fadhlat. (b) rectification of external environment or avoiding ingestion or contact of cause of allergy.

2. By promoting Hararat and by administering Munzij and Musaffi drugs in order to exhaust the Fadhlat present in the body.

3. Purification of Body by regimental, dieto and drug therapies selectively or sequentially combined. The pure body is less reactive. Among all such measures, the Musaffiyat and Munzij and Mushil therapy are specific in the treatment of Allergy and Asthma because these diseases are considered to be Balghami and Safravi origin.

4. The diet in such cases should be anti balgham. Besides, it should also be free from incompatible items and from toxic substances

In consonance with the aims and object of the Council and keeping in view the public requirement of Unani anti asthmatic drug, clinical trial on specific formulae was undertaken at different centres of the Council with a view to establish comparatively better, cheaper, more effective drug for treatment of Bronchial asthma free from side effects.

UNIM-352 is comparatively safe, cost effective, long lasting, multi-action, immunomodulator, bronchodilator, mucolytic, detoxificant, anti-histaminic, system toner, faculty elevator, nutritional supplement and palatable drug as compared to other market available Unani drugs.

Most appealing point is that the ingredients are herbal, cultivated in India, prepared in India, no import is involved, best suitable for Indians and need not require any foreign technology.

Most suitable to Indians keeping in view the environment and temperament .


38

0039

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFICACY OF PROTOCORM-LIKE BODY

SIZE AND PRECULTURE CONDITIONS IN THE POST-CRYOPRESERVATION

SURVIVAL OF DENDROBIUM SONIA-28

Sreeramanan Subramaniam, Ranjetta Poobathy, Maziah Mahmood

1Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia, 2Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,

Selangor, Malaysia

Dendrobium sonia-28, an important ornamental orchid in Malaysia, faces problems such as low

germination rates and the risk of producing heterozygous progenies. Cryopreservation has been touted as

an excellent long-term storage method for orchids with propagation problems. Vitrification is a common

cryopreservation method involving the application of osmoprotective compounds or mixtures to protect

plant tissues intended for storage in liquid nitrogen. In this two-part vitrification study, 1-2 mm and 3-4 mm

friable protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Dendrobium sonia-28 were selected from four week-old cultures

and first precultured in 0.5M sucrose for 24 hours. In the second part of the study, 3-4 mm PLBs were

precultured in media supplemented with various sucrose and sorbitol concentrations for 24, 48 or 72 hours.

The PLBs were then immersed in a loading solution and plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) for 20 minutes

each, and stored in liquid nitrogen for 24 hours. Both recovered non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved

PLBs were observed for growth and assayed for viability using both visual- and spectrophotometric-TTC

(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) methods. The tests were conducted after three weeks of recovery with

gradual exposure of the PLBs to light. Spectrophotometer-TTC data indicated that the highest viability rates

were obtained when the PLBs were precultured in 0.6M sucrose for 72 hours and in both 0.4 and 1.0M

sucrose for 48 hours.

Keywords : Dendrobium sonia-28. Cryopreservation. Preculture. Protocorm-like bodies. PVS2. Vitrification.


39

0040

EFFECTS OF SOWING DENSITY ON YIELD AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOYBEAN 1Shamsi K ,1Kobraee S

1 Department of crop production and Plant Breeding, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.

In order to investigate the effects of different densities on yield and yield components in soybean, an experiment was

conducted in a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm, Islamic

Azad University of Kermanshah at 2007-2008. Cultivars factor were placed in the blocks at 3 levels including M7, M9

, and Gorgan3 and density factors at 3 levels including plant were placed on 3,5,7cm intra rows spacing(53,32 and

23 plant.m-2 ) in the blocks. The end of growth stage and harvesting time, the grain yield and yield components were

determined. The results showed that density of 23 and 53 plant.m-2 had highest and lowest numbers of branches per

plant ,respectively. The highest number of node per plant and 100 grain weight per (main stem, branches and plant)

related to M7 cultivar and highest number of pod per( branches and plant) related to Gorgan3 cultivar. Also M7 and

Gorgan3 had highest number of grain per plant and number of grain per branches ,respectively. A significant

correlation coefficient were found between grain yield with plant height(r=0.71),number of grain per plant(r=0.73),100

grain weight(r=0.43),biological yield(r=0.85) and harvest index(r=0.34). Gorgan3 had highest yield than two cultivars,

M7 and M9. The highest yield related to density of 23 of plants.m-2.

Key words: soybean , sowing density , grain yield , cultivar , quantitative characteristics


40

0041

SOLANACEAE: DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE STATE OF

AGUASCALIENTES, MEXICO

Jose Carlos Sierra Muñoz, Maria Elena Siqueiros Delgado

Universidad Autonóma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico

Known worldwide as the: “potato family”, the Solanaceae family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the

greatest number of species in tropical or subtropical regions and especially concentrated in the New World.

Mexico, as Megadiverse country, is considered one of the centers of diversification of the family; however,

knowledge of the species present in the country is limited. Aguascalientes is a small state (5.589 km2)

located in central Mexico with a semi- arid climate. The aim of this project is to show the richness and

distribution of species that inhabit Aguascalientes. 2500 herbarium vouchers were examined, are recorded

50 species in 12 genera: Solanum (20), Physalis (12), Nicotiana (5), Datura (4), Lycianthes (2), Bouchetia,

Chamaesaracha, Cestrum, Nierembergia, Jaltomata, Nicandra and Petunia (1), ranking fourth in number of

species, after the Asteraceae (292), Poaceae (178) and Fabaceae (109). The family is distributed

throughout the state, at altitudes of 1800 to 3000 m. Most species are concentrated in oak and pine forests

(22), and scrublands (10). Several wild species are locally important as food: Jaltomata procumbens,

Physalis spp., Solanum spp.; as medicinal: Lycianthes moziniana, Nicotiana glauca, N. tabacum, Physalis

philadelphica, Solanum elaeagnifolium, S. nigrescens, S. rostratum; as ornamental: Petunia spp.; as

agriculture: Nicotiana glauca, Solanum elaeagnifolium, S. rostratum, and as toxic: Datura spp. for its high

content of alkaloids.

Key words: Solanaceae, diversity, distribution, Aguascalientes, Mexico.


41

0042

STRUCTURE, CONDITION, BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND CURRENT

DISTRIBUTION OF GRASSLANDS IN THE STATE OF AGUASCALIENTES,

MEXICO

Jose Carlos Sierra Muñoz1, Maria Elena Siqueiros Delgado1, Julio Martinez Ramirez1, Jose

Alberto Rodriguez Avalos2, Eva Esparza3

1Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico, 2Instituto nacional de estadística y

geografía, Aguascalientes, Mexico, 3Comisión técnico consultiva para la determinacion de coeficientes de

agostadeo, Aguascalientes, Mexico

Aguascalientes is a small political state located in central Mexico, characterized mainly for arid and

semiarid vegetation in most of its territory. One of the most important plant community is the arid grassland,

which has been one of the most impacted by the human activities. In Aguascalientes, the grassland areas

are located in the central plateau, where are located the majority of human settlements. The aim of this

project is to explore the general condition of the grasslands. We will evaluate the structure, type, botanical

composition, current status, and distribution, as well to determine the degree of disturbance that these

communities are facing. The project is carried out for the UAA (Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes),

in collaboration with two government institutions (INEGI and COTECOCA). It includes two parts, one focus

in image interpretation and GIS modeling information techniques. The other one, centers in field sampling

and insitu techniques, using the Canfield line as sampling method. We planned 180 sample points to cover

all Aguascalientes grasslands. So far, we have an advance of 40% sampled. We found 49 families, 199

species, and have characterized 10 types of grassland, most of them with a high degree of disturbance.

Key words: grassland, botanical composition, distribution, Aguascalientes, Mexico.


42

0043

CLONING, CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPRESSION OF AN INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEIN GENE FROM BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISOLATES OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS

H.M.Mahadeva Swamy1, R.Asokan1, D.K.Arora2, Nagesha, S.N1, Geetha G. Thimmegowda3, Riaz Mahmood4 1 Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessarghatta lake post, Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, INDIA; 2National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro organisms (NBAIM), Mau Nath Bhajan, 275101, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 3 Division of Entomology & Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessarghatta lake post, Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, INDIA; 4 Post-Graduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahayadri, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga 577451 Karnataka, INDIA

Biocontrol of pests via Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) -endotoxins represents the most successful use of a biological control agent to date. The most notable characteristic of Bacillus thuringiensis is its ability to produce insecticidal proteins. More than 300 different proteins have been described with specific activity against insect species. The six isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis from Andaman and Nicobar Islands which were previously characterized by PCR analysis for the presence of Coleopteran active cry genes were used for Cry1I full length gene amplification. A 2.16-kb DNA fragment of Cry1I gene was PCR amplified, cloned in expression vector pQE 80 L, and then used for transformation of E. coli M15 cells. The optimum expression was obtained with 1 mM IPTG at 370C for 3 h. The sequence of the cloned crystal protein gene showed almost complete homology with a Cry1I toxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, with scattered mutations in the toxic region. The deduced sequence of the protein has homologies of 91.0% with Cry1I and Cry1Ia, and 98.0% with Cry1Ib.Cloning of this gene may help to overcome the increasing resistance of pests to currently used insecticides. Based on the results obtained, the PCR method may be a valuable and reliable tool for specific detection and identification of cry1I genes. The toxicity of Bt recombinant protein was determined against first instar larvae of Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Adults; Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) at 310µg/mL and 15.5µg/mL respectively. The novel cry1I gene will be an important resource in constructing genetically engineered bacteria and transgenic plants for biocontrol of insect pests and Bt based biopesticidal formulations, aiming to reduce the use of chemical insecticides.


43

0044

CLONING, CHARACTERIZATION AND DIVERSITY OF INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEIN GENES OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS NATIVE ISOLATES FROM SOILS OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS

H.M.Mahadeva Swamy1, R.Asokan1, S.N.Nagesha1, D.K.Arora2, Ajantha Birah3 , Riaz Mahmood4 1-Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessarghatta lake post, Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, INDIA.;2-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro organisms (NBAIM), Mau Nath Bhajan, 275101, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 3 -Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, INDIA; 4-Post-Graduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahayadri, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga 577451 Karnataka, INDIA Bt strains were isolated from soils of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and characterized by molecular and analytical methods. Diversity in protein profiles and cry gene profiles was observed in the isolates. Majority of them showed 65 kDa protein bands on SDS-PAGE while rest showed 130, 44 and 29 kDa bands. PCR analysis revealed dominance of cry1I and cry7, 8 genes in these isolates. Finally, the PCR screening strategy presented here led us to identify putative novel cry genes which could be active against Coleopteran insects. Variation in the nucleotide sequences from the isolates of Bt suggest that the genetic diversity of Bt species results from the influence of different ecological factors and spatial separation between strains generated by the conquest of different habitats in the soils of Andaman and Nicobar

islands. The implications of our studies are important for new design of -endotoxins that overcome insect resistance to these toxins and for altered or improved insecticidal activity, as has been achieved in other Cry proteins.


44

0045

ISOLATION, DIVERSITY, CLONING AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF CRY

GENE CONTENTS FROM BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISOLATES

H.M.Mahadeva Swamy1, R.Asokan1, A.S.Sidhu1, Riaz Mahmood2, Dilip K. Arora3

1Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore 560089 Karnataka, INDIA; 2Post-Graduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahayadri, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga 577451 Karnataka, INDIA; 3National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro Organisms (NBAIM), Mau Nath Bhanjan, 275101 Uttar Pradesh, INDIA

Insect infestation causes tremendous loss in the yields of several crops. Chemical pesticides have long-term detrimental effects, leading to environmental degradation and elimination of natural parasitoids and predators. Also, several hundred insect and mite species have developed resistance to one or more chemical insecticides. There is, therefore, a need for environmentally safe pest control to maintain sustainability of the environment. Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used bacterial bio-insecticide is most promising one in this direction. Insecticidal crystal proteins are useful agricultural tools. Applications towards non-lepidopteran insects are not as common as applications towards lepidopteran insects. In the present study four approaches were employed viz., analysis of crystal protein production with phase contrast microscopy/transmission electron microscopy, detection of cry gene content by PCR, SDS-PAGE profiling, Cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. 200 soil samples were used for isolation of Bt and a total of 69 putative isolates of Bt that produce parasporal crystalline inclusions were isolated from 5267 Bacillus like colonies by Bipyramidal inclusion was predominantly present in 32.2% of the Bt isolates when compared to other shapes. Majority of the isolates showed the presence of 50-60 kDa protein bands on SDS-PAGE while the rest showed 130, 73, 34 25 and 13 kDa bands. PCR analysis revealed predominance of Coleopteran active cry genes in these isolates. The variations in the nucleotide sequences, crystal morphology and mass of crystal protein(s) purified from the isolates of Bt revealed genetic and molecular diversity. Three strains containing Coleopteran active cry genes showed higher toxicity against first instar larvae of Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).


45

0046

CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF A NEW CRY3A GENE FROM NATIVE ISOLATES OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AND ITS TOXICITY AGAINST ASIAN GRAY WEEVIL MYLLOCERUS UNDECIMPUSTULATUS UNDATUS MARSHALL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

H. M.Mahadeva Swamy1, R.Asokan1, Geetha G. Thimmegowda2, Riaz Mahmood3, Dilip K. Arora4

1Bio-Pesticide Laboratory (BPL), Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessaraghatta lake post, Bangalore 560089 INDIA; 2Division of Entomology & Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessaraghatta lake post, Bangalore 560089 Karnataka, INDIA ;3Post-Graduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahayadri, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga 577451 Karnataka, INDIA ;4National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro organisms (NBAIM), Mau Nath Bhanjan, 275101 Uttar Pradesh, INDIA

Genetic improvement of Bt strains for development of novel biopesticides entails increasing their potency against target insects, broadening the insecticidal spectra for specific crop applications, improving persistence on plants and optimizing fermentation production. The B. thuringiensis cry3A gene is regulated by a different mechanism from that of most of the other cry genes. 1.935-kb DNA fragment of cry3A gene was PCR amplified, cloned in expression vector pQE-80L, and then used for transformation of E. coli M15 cells. The optimum expression was obtained with 1 mM IPTG at 370C for 3 h. Nucleotide sequencing of the cry3A gene revealed an open reading frame of 1935 bp, encoding a protein of 645 amino acid residues in length, with a predicted molecular mass of 77.4kDa. These full length gene sequences were deposited at NCBI GenBank with accession number JQ038134 and JQ038135. The toxicity of Bt recombinant protein was determined against first instar larvae of Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). This system offers an additional method for potentially improving the efficacy of Bt insecticidal proteins efficiently, stably and safely. Due to differential binding specificity to the insect midgut membrane vesicle, a new Bt toxin may be effective in avoiding or at least delaying the development of insect resistance by alternate or combinatorial use.


46

0047

ISOLATION, CLONING, CHARACTERIZATION AND DIVERSITY OF CRY GENES OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISOLATES FROM WESTERN GHATS OF KARNATAKA

H.M.Mahadeva Swamy1, R.Asokan1, Riaz Mohammed2, D.K.Arora3, 1 Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessarghatta lake post, Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, INDIA;3 Post-Graduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahayadri, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga 577451 Karnataka, INDIA;2 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro organisms (NBAIM), Mau Nath Bhajan, 275101, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA The Western Ghats of Karnataka natural ecosystems are among the most diverse and one of the ‘hottest biodiversity hotspots’ for this reason, an attempt was made to isolate entomopathogenic bacterial B. thuringiensis strains from soil samples. Bt strains were isolated from soil samples using sodium acetate selection method. The morphology of crystals was studied using light and phase contrast microscopy. Isolates were further characterized for insecticidal cry gene determination by PCR, SDS-PAGE method to estimate the composition of toxins in bacterial crystals, cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis to determine the diversity, as a result Twenty-eight new Bt like isolates were identified. Majority of the isolates showed the presence of 55 kDa protein bands on SDS-PAGE while the rest showed 130, 73, 34 and 25 kDa bands. PCR analysis revealed predominance of Coleopteran active cry genes in these isolates. The variations in the nucleotide sequences, crystal morphology and mass of crystal protein(s) purified from the isolates of Bt revealed genetic and molecular diversity. Three strains containing Coleopteran active cry genes showed higher activity against larvae Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) than B. thuringiensis subsp. Morrisoni. Results indicated that Bt isolates could be utilized for bioinsecticide production, aiming to reduce the use of chemical insecticide which will be useful to use in integrated pest management to control agricultural pests for sustainable crop production. Finally cloning and sequencing of the isolates allowed the identification and characterization of putative Bacillus like isolates as well as novel strains which could be great useful to overcome insecticide resistance with broader host ranges and new encounters due to climatic changes.


47

0048

INSILICO STRUCTURAL 3D MODELLING OF NOVEL CRY1I AND CRY3A GENES FROM LOCAL ISOLATES OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS H. M.Mahadeva Swamy1, R.Asokan1, Riaz Mahmood2

1Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessarghatta lake post, Bangalore 560089 INDIA; 2Post-Graduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahayadri, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga 577451, Karnataka, INDIA Determining the structure and function of a novel protein is a cornerstone of many aspects of modern biology. Three-dimensional (3D) models for the 79.2-kDa activated Cry1I and 77.4kDa activated Cry3A δ-endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis native isolates that are specifically toxic to Coleopteran insect pests were constructed by homology modeling. They were structurally similar to the known structures, both derived 3D models displayed a three domain organization: the N-terminal domain (I) is a seven helix bundle, while the middle and C-terminal domains are primarily comprise of anti-parallel β-sheets. Significant structural differences within domain II in this model among all Cry protein structures indicates that it is involved in recognition and binding to cell surfaces. Comparison of Coleopteran-active cry toxins predicted structure with available experimentally determined Cry structures reveals identical folds. The collective knowledge of Cry toxin structures will lead to a more critical understanding of the structural basis for receptor binding and pore formation, as well as allowing the scope of diversity to be better appreciated. Taken together, these studies provided promising evidence that domain swapping, epitope-mapping and protein-engineering under the guidance of molecular modeling can serve as a rational and useful tool in understanding the mode of action of Cry toxins, and ultimately in producing better toxins. Structural insights from these molecular modeling studies would therefore increase our understanding of the mechanic aspects of these two closely related Coleopteran-active insecticidal crystal proteins. These proteins are of interest for agriculture, as they offer a means for control of beetles and other insect crop pests.


48

0049

ISOLATION OF ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC PRINCIPLE FROM ACACIA MODESTA

LEAVES

Jawla S1, Kumar Y1, Khan MSY2

1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, I.T.S. Paramedical College (Pharmacy), Delhi-Meerut Road,

Muradnagar, Ghaziabad 201206, India. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy,

Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India.

Purpose: According to WHO diabetes prevalence has reached epidemic proportions (1). Acacia modesta is used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes (2-3). The aim of present work was isolation of phytoconstituents from Acacia modesta leaves.

Methods: The methanolic extract concentrate of Acacia modesta leaves was suspended in water and extracted with dichloromethane, ethylacetate, and butanol successively. The ethyl acetate fraction loaded on column packed with silica gel and eluted with a gradient of CHCl3: MeOH, and H2O to give six fractions (A-F). Column chromatography of fraction C on silica gel (CHCl3: MeOH, 8:2), Sephadex LH 20 (CHCl3: MeOH, 8:3) afforded two compounds, β-sitosterol and caffeoylquinic acid. Column chromatography of fraction D on Sephadex LH 20 (CHCl3: MeOH, 4:1) afforded three compounds quercetin, quercetin 3-rutinoside and pinitol.

Results: β-sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid, quercetin, quercetin-3-rutinoside and pinitol were isolated first time from leaves of Acacia modesta.

Conclusions: Antihyperglycemic principle pinitol was isolated from leaves of Acacia modesta.

Key words: Acacia modesta, leaves, pinitol, antidiabetic, caffeoylquinic acid.


49

0050

INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR CONTROLLING WEEDS AND INCREASING SUGARCANE YIELD

Muhammad Zafar, Asif Tanveer, Zahid Ata Cheema, M. Ashraf Department of Agronomy, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture; Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated approach for controlling weeds and increasing yield of spring planted sugarcane variety HSF-240 for two consecutive years at Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with four replications and a net plot size of 3.6 m x 10 m. The experiment consisted of seven weed control treatments viz. ametryn + trifloxysulfuron ( pre mixed form ) @ 750 g a.i. ha-1 (recommended dose), ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 750 g a.i. ha-1 + 4% urea, ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 562 g a.i. ha-1 (25% less than recommended) + 4% urea, manual hoeing (30, 50, and 70 days after emergence), ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 750 g a.i. ha-1 + mechanical weed control, ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 375 g a.i. ha-1 (50% less than recommended) + sorghum & sunflower water extract each @ 15 L ha-1, and ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 187.5 g a.i. ha-1 (75% less than recommended) + sorghum & sunflower water extract each @ 15 L ha-1. Weedy check was included for comparison. Weed control treatments provided 85.71 to 97.45 % control of weeds. Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 750 g a.i. ha-1 + mechanical weed control provided better control of weeds and caused the most reduction in weed biomass compared with other treatments. Increase in stripped cane yields over weedy check with different weed control treatments was 58.71 to 160.45 %. Ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 750 g a.i. ha-1 + mechanical weed control gave significantly higher stripped cane yield of 101.68 t ha-1 than all other weed control treatments and weedy check due to higher values of LAI and CGR, which boosted up the yield parameters like number of tillers, number of millable canes, plant height, cane length and weight per stripped cane. The significantly lowest value of total sucrose and total sugar was recorded in weedy check. Results indicate that ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 750 g a.i.ha-1 + mechanical weed control is suitable option for broadleaved and grass weeds control in sugarcane.

Keywords: Sugarcane, weeds, yield, herbicide, urea, mechanical weed control, hoeing, sunflower and sorghum water extracts


50

0051

CONSTRUCTION OF NORMALIZED CDNA LIBRARY AND IDENTIFICATION OF GENE

FUNCTION FOR SECONDARY METABOLITE SYNTHESIS IN CENTELLA ASIATICA (L.)

Ananya Borthakur, Munmi Phukon, Diganta Deka, M .K. Modi, P. Sen Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India

Centella asiatica (L.), a small, herbaceous, annual plant of the family Apiaceae has recently been enlisted as a threatened and endangered species due to over exploitation of herb for various medicinal purposes. C. asiatica accumulates large quantities of pentacyclic terpenoid saponins known as centelloids essential for plant growth and human health. Though cell suspension cultures of C. asiatica has been initiated as an alternative for production of important compounds for conservation of this species, yet this technique is faced with decreased production of secondary metabolites in the subsequent passages. Therefore, a proper understanding of the secondary metabolism pathways and identification of gene function for increased production of secondary metabolites is urgently needed. The cDNA library that was constructed showed a high pfu and the titers of the unamplified and amplified libraries were 1.1 x 106 pfu/ml and 6.0 x 108 pfu/ml respectively. Recombination percentage was 80%. At present sequencing of cDNA clones and generation of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) is in progress for identification of gene function.

Keywords: Centella asiatica, gene, saponins, secondary metabolites, Expressed Sequence Tags


51

0052

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY PHILIPPINE MAMANWA IN MINDANAO

1Levitah C. Mapatac and 2Romeo M. Del Rosario

1Assistant Professor 3, Dept. of Nat. Sci. , Caraga State University, 2Professor 6, Chairman Nat. Sci. Department, Mindanao University of |Science & Technology

The Mamanwa’s lives in the northeastern provinces of Surigao and Agusan del Norte, Philippines and they rely on the subsistence economy which is a hand- to- mouth existence. Due to hardship, the Mamanwa tend to use herbal medicine for their health and medicinal needs especially for child care.

The study aimed in providing scientific evidence on the use of the study plants traditionally utilized as herbal medicines by the Mamanwa’s for child health care for fifteen (15) selected herbal plants namely; the Albahaka (Ocimum basilicum), Alibangbang ( Bauhinia monandra), Angelika (Bryophyllum pinnatum) , Elepante (Elephantopus Scaber Linn.), Gabon (Plectranthi Amboinici Folium), Hilbas (Artemisia vulgaris Linn), Kalabo (Origanum vulgare), Lunas ( Lunasia amara Blanco), Makulibhag (Rabelaisa philippinensis), Sawan-sawan (Blumea balsamifera), Sinaw-sinaw (Peperomia pellucide), Tagbak (Alpinia elegans K.), Talawatawa (Musseanda philipicca), Tawa-tawa ( Euphorbia hirta Linn) and Togup (Artocarpus altilis) through the process of phytochemical analysis for the presence of bioactive components of alkaloid, antharaquinones , flavonoids, saponins, steroids and tannins & antimicrobial assay of crude ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the ethnomedicinal plant against the test microorganisms of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibacterial activity of local medicinal plants will provide alternative antibacterial regimens and phytochemical screening for the test for the presence of the secondary metabolites will pave the way for the discovery of the potency of the test samples.


52

0053

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF THREE VARIETIES OF TAMBIS ( SYZYGIUM AQUEUM) AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT AND ITS PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPONENT

1Levitah C. Mapatac, 2 Rosemalyn P. Aspa, 3Vanesa C. Millagracia

1Assistant Professor 3, Department of Natural Sciences , Caraga State University,2 Student Researcher, 3Student Researcher ,Caraga State University, The Philippines

The use of medicinal plants is a deeply rooted tradition which transcends the social strata of the Philippines. Syzygium aqueum (local name of water apple) belongs to family Myrtaceae found to have three comparable varieties the red, green and white varieties. The study aimed to compare the three varieties of Syzygium aqueum in its antimicrobial activity and the presence of secondary metabolites. Fruits an leaves were collected and subjected to histochemical test, Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity against Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis; and fungi Aspergillus flavus and Saccharomyses cerevisiae. The screening of bioactive components indicates the presence of alkaloid, tannins, glucosides, formic acid, tartaric acid, flavonoids and steroids. Crude ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of the three varieties showed to be effective against the growth of S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeroginosa. However, no inhibition was observed against Aspergillus flavus, Saccharomyses cerevisiae.


53

0054

POTENCY OF MEDICINAL LEAVES IN THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILER

CHICKS

1Levitah C. Mapatac, 2 Amor B. Gecozo, 3Gleiza C. Aquilam

1Assistant Professor 3, Department of Natural Sciences , Caraga State University,2 Student Researcher, 3Student Researcher ,Caraga State University, The Philippines

The study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial, the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic leaf extract of different medicinal leaves. This was to identify the feed additive potential of medicinal leaves. Ethanol extracts of different medicinal plants including Persia Americana (avocado), Psidium guajava (guava), and Moringa oleifera (malunggay) were tested using disc diffusion method for their antimicrobial activity against the common poultry pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Guava and avocado extract showed almost all the secondary metabolites screened while only flavonoids and alkaloids were present in malunggay extract. The presence of these metabolites can enhance the growth of the chicken. There were five treatments groups: 1) distilled water; 2) vetracin; 3) avocado decoction; 4) guava decoction and 5) malunggay decoction. Using one way ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT), final weight and weight gained has significant differences including some body parts of the chicken while the final circumferential measurement don not have significant difference with P-value ≤ 0.05. Among treatments, guava decoction had better growth performance compared to other sources. Therefore, this can be an alternative substitute for antibiotics in the chicken. One way of reducing the processed antibiotic costs is through utilization of the antibiotic properties of the medicinal leaves


54

0055

A STUDY ON THE DESIRABLE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUTING

MEDICAL PLANTS FOR DECORATIVE ONES TO PURIFY THE AIR IN CLOSED

ENVIRONMENTS

Siamak Boudaghpour

Khajeh Nasir Technical University, Tehran, Iran

The growing number of population in cities has made civilians to home in apartments and they cannot be

close to green environments. In fact, there are decorative plants in apartments. The decorative plants not

only flourish the interior spaces of the apartments but also they perform a key role in purifying the air in

closed environments. Most of the civilians spend lots of time in closed environments and are often exposed

to different pollutants and decorative plants affectively absorb the pollutants. Some of them have poisonous

pollens which are able to pollute the air in closed environments. Although medical plants have long been

used to appease and cure illnesses, they are less noticed. Some of these plants specially the one- year-

old ones have the capacity to be planted and kept at homes. Beside their remedial properties, they can

flourish and purify the closed environments of apartments. This essay studies the variety types of chief

pollutants in closed environments and the poisonous role of some of these decorative plants and moreover

it considers substituting useful medical plants for them.


55

0056

ANTIOSTEOPOROTIC STUDIES OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACAMPE

PRAEMORSA ROXB.

Shoumyo Bhattacharya1, Annie Shirwaiker2

1Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India

Acampe praemorsa Roxb. (AP) is traditionally used in treatment of bone fracture , arthritis and rheumatism.

The present study was designed to evaluate antiosteoporotic effect of alcoholic extract of AP against

ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. Female Wistar albino rats (180-240 g) were employed (n=6). The APE in

dosage 300 and 500 mg/kg and standard Raloxifene (5.4 mg/kg) were given. The Pharmacological

assessments include biomechanical parameters: three point bending of the tibia, femoral neck load testing

and compression of the fourth lumbar vertebrae; biochemical parameters include serum Calcium, alkaline

phosphatase (ALP), serum tartarate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and urine hydroxyproline. Three

months post Ovariectomy induced significant osteoporotic symptoms in OVX control rats. Pretreatment with

APE produced significant reversal of osteoporotic changes, as compared to OVX control and is comparable

with Raloxifene. The histopathological observations are in confirmation with the biomechanical and

biochemical assessments. Thus, APE has marked potential in improving bone turn-over.


56

0057

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF DIOSCOREA DELTOIDEA WALL. EX KUNTH TO

WATER-DEFICIT, SALINITY AND CADMIUM STRESS

Sujata Bhattacharya1, Shanti Swaroop Sharma2

1Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal

Pradesh, India

Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) in general and high altitude areas in Himachal Pradesh such as Kinnaur in

particular, is home to many medicinally important plant species. As a consequence of over-exploitation,

several high value medicinal plant species of the region are rapidly depleting. Dioscorea deltoidea, found

in Kinnaur is included in the Appendix II of CITES (Convention on International Trade of endangered

species of wild Fauna and Flora) and decline in its population is mainly due to indiscriminate collection for

the medicinal value of the tuber. Therefore, it is necessary to conserve it by in-situ and ex-situ means. The

success of cultivation would depend on the availability of information pertaining to the choice of the mode of

cultivation. Furthermore, the productivity of plant is greatly affected by various environmental stresses in

terms of growth and yields. The realization of this strategy requires an understanding of agronomic

requirements of the medicinal plant species including the responses to variations in growth conditions on

account of abiotic stresses.

The present study is an attempt to determine the influence of abiotic stress viz., water-deficit (PEG 5, 10%),

salinity (NaCl 25, 50, 100 mM) and heavy metal (CdSO4 100, 250 µM), on germination, seedling growth

and the metabolic changes in germinating seeds of D. deltoidea by measuring the activities of hydrolytic (ά-

amylase) & dehydrogenase enzymes and levels of lipid peroxidation. Both seed germination and seedling

growth were suppressed by all the three treatments. The α- amylase activity was also inhibited by all the

effectors. TTC (2, 3, 5- triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) reduction ability of seed tissue, a measure of

dehydrogenase activity was suppressed by PEG, NaCl but not by Cd. Malon-Dialdehyde (MDA) content of

D. deltoidea seeds increased due to certain treatments. The results suggest that D. deltoidea is sensitive to

common abiotic stress factors.


57

0058

ZINC AMELIORATES DROUGHT STRESS INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL DAMAGES AND

IMPROVES POST DROUGHT RECOVERY POTENTIAL IN TEA

Hrishikesh Upadhyaya1, Biman Kumar Dutta2, Sanjib Kumar Panda3

1Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Karimganj College, Karimganj-788710, Assam, India, 2Microbial

and Agricultural Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Assam ,

University , Silchar 788011, Silchar 788011,Assam, India, 3Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Assam , University , Silchar 788011, Silchar 788011,Assam, India

Tea (Camellia sinensis) being perennial in nature, often experiences natural water deficit condition(drought)

which affects its growth and productivity. Zinc nutrition in tea plant in combination with its antioxidant

metabolism whether helps the plant in developing tolerance against prevailing stress conditions and

possible improvement of post stress recovery was analyzed in the present investigation. Drought stress

condition was imposed by withholding water for 7days and well irrigated plants were taken as control. The

results of the present investigation demonstrated that drought induced decrease in relative water content

(RWC), dry mass of leaf and antioxidants like- ascorbate and glutathione in tea were minimized by ZnSO4

pretreatment before water withholding for 7days. Increase in phenolic content with decrease in H2O2 and

lipid peroxidation and differential activities of enzymes like SOD, CAT, POX, PPO , GR and APX with

concomitant increase in Zn uptake in leaf suggests that zinc modulates drought mediated biochemical

damages in tea plant. Further, Zn treatment during post stress recovery resulted enhancement of

antioxidative responses lowering ROS generation and decreased lipid peroxidation. The present findings

suggests that amelioration of drought stress induced damages and increased post stress recovery by

ZnSO4 treatment in tea.

Key words: Drought, post-drought recovery, tea, zinc sulphate (ZnSO4).


58

0059

A BIOGEOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF FERN FLORA OF BARAK VALLEY, NORTH EAST

INDIA AND PORTBLAIR, ANDAMAN

Mrinal Kanti Bhattacharya

K]Karimganj College, Karimganj, India

The fern flora of Andaman and Nicobor Island is very rich. Dixit and Sinha (2001) reported 126 species and

7 varities from these two islands which extend to a land area of 8290 sq km. From Andaman he reported

only 70 species, the remaining 56 are exclusively present in Nicobor. Out of 70 found in Andaman 37 were

not found in Nicobor by him. Barak valley comprising of three districts is a part of North East India and

researchers in recent time have explored the region with gradual increase in members to the list of

pteridophytes available here ( Dutta Choudhury and Bhattacharya 1997, Bhattacharya et al , 1998, 2002,

Nath and Bhattacharya, 2002, Sen and Bhattacharya, 2007, Dutta Choudhury et al 2009) and roughly the

the total number of species of ferns and fern allies has been estimated to be about 150 (Bhattacharya,

2009). Dixit and Sinha (2001) commented that fern flora of Andaman Islands are more akin to Myanmar

and NE India. The pteridophytic flora of Andaman, because of its Myanmar – Thailand heritage, partly

resembles that of the NE Region( Balakrishnan, 1988; Dixit and Sinha, 2001 ). It must be a keen question

that how much similarity are there in composition of pteridophytic populations of Andaman and North East

India although the Andamanese counterpart being isolated from the mainland for ages unknown.

In the present paper a comparison has been made between the fern flora of Andaman and Barak Valley

which have been surveyed by the present author in recent times. Bhattacharya(2011) reported some ferns

of Portblair, Andaman and commented that some ferns are exclusively found in NE India and Andaman in

political India. But till date not much work have been taken up to investigate the floral relationship between

these two distantly placed fern populations. A biogeographic relationship between the North Eastern India

and Andaman in respect of fern population has been documented based on comparisons of species lists.

References have been made to pteridophytic flora of Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Tripura and Andaman

published by different authors in order to establish the hypotheses and also to pteridophytic flora of

Myanmar, Thailand etc to point out the geographical linkage and phytogeographical relationship of the two

places under discussion. In addition to having some similar species composition, the two regions are

reported to share a number of species with putative disjunct distributions

Key words : Biogeography, Ferns, North East India, Andaman


59

0060

CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITORY, CYTOTOXICITY AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN INDIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

Rafik Shaikh, Rajesh Gacche, Mahesh Pund, Rupesh Deshmukh School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded - 431 606 (MS), India.

The enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) has been implicated to be a key enzyme involved in recruiting

inflammations. Developing COX inhibitors has remained one of the important aspects of developing novel

and safe anti-inflammatory agents. An attempt has made to find the medicinal plants as alternatives to

presently available NSAIDs (Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). In the present study the samples of

Enicostema axillare (Lam.) Raynal. [Gentianaceae], Argemone mexicana L. [Papaveraceae],

Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm.f.) O. Ktze. [Verbenaceae], Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. [Solanaceae],

Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.) Thw. [Annonaceae] and Vitex nigundo L. [Verbenaceae] were sequentially

extracted in water, ethanol and hexane and were evaluated in-vitro for COX-1 and 2 inhibitory activities.

The free radical scavenging activities were carried out along with cytotoxicity evaluation. Among the tested

plants, E. axillare showed promising COX-2 inhibiting activity in ethanol (48.71 ± 0.035 %), water (42.13 ±

0.030 %) and hexane (12.31 ± 0.040 %) as compared to COX-1 inhibition in ethanol (14.73 ± 0.030 %),

water (27.64 ± 0.030 %) and hexane (6.92 ± 0.031 %). The contents of the water extracts of majority of the

plant samples were found to interact with DPPH, superoxide and OH radicals. The selected plants did not

showed cytoxicity except a poor toxicity demonstrated by ethanol extract of P. longifolia (0.15 ± 0.040 %).

HPTLC analysis was carried out to study the flavonoids diversity of the selected plant samples. The results

obtained shows that majority of the plants under study were found to inhibit COX-2 activity significantly as

compared to COX-1 activity. However, more detailed studies are required to assess the safety and efficacy

of these plants.

Key words: Anti-inflammatory, Cyclooxygenase (COX), Medicinal plants, Antioxidants, Cytotoxicity.


60

0061

APOPTOTIC-LIKE CHANGES IN PLANT CELLS CAUSED BY THYMOQUINONE

Sameh Hassanien1, Ahmed Abdel Azeiz2, Rasha Abdel Kader1, Kareem Abdel Maksoud1,

Ahmed Ramadan3,5, Sabah Hassan4,5

11Bioinformatics Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture

Research Center (ARC)., Giza, Egypt, 2College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and

Technology (MUST), 6th October city, Egypt, 3Plant Molecular Biology Department, Agricultural Genetic

Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC)., Giza, Egypt, 4Genetics

Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University (ASU), Giza, Egypt, 5Biological

ScienceDepartment, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University., Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

The use of medicinal plants in both developing and developed countries dates from the earliest years of

man’s evolution and it is also expanding rapidly. Bioactive compounds currently extracted from medicinal

plants belong to a group collectively known as secondary metabolites. Thymoquinone (TQ) a major

constituent of the Nigella sativa oil has found many applications as anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-

inflammatory and anti-microbial compound. This present study aimed to test the effect of TQ on the plant

cells, where it can be used as a wide spectrum antimicrobial agent in the plant tissue culture media. It was

found that synthetic TQ (0.2 mg/ml) effectively prevented wheat and corn seed germination and callus

propagation. Onion hairy root tip assay was used as a model to study TQ cytotoxicity on plant cells. The

light microscopic examination of TQ treated roots (0.2 mg/ml) for one and two hour intervals showed that

TQ has antimitotic activity in addition to the induction of apoptotic-related changes including nuclear

membrane disruption, formation of nuclear lobes and fragmentation, in addition to disappearance of the

cytoplasm and cell organelles. The transmission electron microscopic examination of 0.2 mg/ml TQ for one

hour treated hairy roots showed disruption and shrinkage of the plasma membrane, aggregation of the

cytoplasm in one pole of the cell, and the intracellular spaces were filled with the cell lyses components. It

is strongly suggested that TQ may cause apoptosis-like cell death in plant cells.


61

0062

TAGETES ERECTUS – A TOOL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ALTERNARIA

ALTERNATA STRAINS OF TOMATO

1Sobiya Shafique, 1Tahir Mehmood, and 1Shazia Shafique

1Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.

Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) is one of the most economically important vegetable crops in the world. It is

estimated that diseases reduce tomato production to a greater extent worldwide. Natural plants derived compounds

contribute a lot in fight against pathogens. In the current study the tomato plants were inoculated with A. alternata

FCBP-573, A. alternata FCBP-479 and A. alternata FCBP-349 for the scrutiny of the most pathogenic isolate among

these. A. alternata FCBP-573 was screened out as the most pathogenic isolate. RAPD analysis confirmed that A.

alternata FCBP-573 had variability in its genetic constitution with other two isolates; thus this disparity in genetic

constitution might be a cause to stir up more pathogenicity in this isolate. Therefore, A. alternata FCBP-573 was

selected as the most pathogenic isolate and subjected to biological control through Tagetes erectus L. In antifungal

bioassays different plant parts of T. erectus with 1-4% concentrations of aqueous, methanol and n-hexane extracts of

each part were evaluated against A. alternata FCBP-573. Results revealed that the growth of A. alternata FCBP-573

was greatly inhibited at 4% concentration of methanol extract followed by aqueous and n-hexane extract. Among

different plant parts tested, root extract exhibited more promising results by causing 81-92% reduction in biomass.

The study concludes that aqueous and organic extracts of ornamentals have potential to obstruct dreadful effect of

pathogenic fungi by suppressing their growth. T. erectus conferred vital and surprisingly stable compounds having

inhibitory potential against A. alternata FCBP-573.

Key words: Tomato, Alternaria alternata, Tagetes erectus, aqueous, methanol and n-hexane extracts, antifungal

bioassays.


62

0063

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL POTENTIAL OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS AGAINST

FUSARIUM SOLANI – A CAUSE OF FUSARIUM WILT IN POTATO

Shazia Shafique(1), Zunaira Zaheer (1) and Sobiya Shafique(1)

(1) Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium solani, is an economically important disease of potato in Pakistan. Presently,

pathogenic potential of F. solani was studied by inoculating potato plants with three F. solani, strains to screen the

most virulent isolate among F. solani FCBP-016, F. solani FCBP-434 and F. solani FCBP-470. Pathogenicity test

depicted that F. solani FCBP-434 was the most pathogenic isolate with variation in genetic level that was determined

by RAPD-PCR. F. solani FCBP-434 was 55.66% different with both isolates. This disparity in genetic constitution

might be cause of high pathogenicity. Afterwards, antifungal bioassays were conducted to confirm mycotoxic

potential of root, shoot and leaf of Parthenium hysterophorus against F. solani FCBP-434 using 1-4% concentrations

of aqueous, methanol and n-hexane extracts. Bioassays revealed that growth of F. solani FCBP-434 was greatly

inhibited at 1 and 2% concentrations of aqueous and methanol leaf and stem extracts while 3 and 4% concentrations

of n-hexane extract proved more effective in suppressing the growth. Among root extracts, higher concentrations of

aqueous and n-hexane exhibited more promising results by causing reduction of 85 and 74%, of the growth,

respectively, whereas in methanol extract again lower concentrations were more inhibitory.

Key words: Aqueous and organic solvents, Biological control, Fusarium wilt, Potato, P. hysterophorus, RAPD-PCR.


63

0064

THE ROLE OF MITES IN THE DISPERSAL OF OPHIOSTOMATOID FUNGI ON PROTEA

Francois Roets1,4, Kenneth Oberlander1, Leanne Dreyer2,4, Natalie Theron1,4, Michael

Wingfield3,4, Brenda Wingfield3,4

1Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South

Africa, 2Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 3Forestry

and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 4Centre of Excellence

in Tree Health Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

The Cape Floristic Region of South Africa is world renowned as a global plant biodiversity hotspot.

However, regional inter-organismal interactions are far less well-known. Smaller and lesser-studied

organisms such as microbes are often ignored, despite their pivotal roles in ecosystem function. Here we

present results from ongoing studies on an intricate multi-organismal interaction involving fungi. We explore

the role of mites in the dissemination of saprobic micro-fungi between the fruiting structures of Protea, the

genus that contains South Africa’s national flower (P. cynaroides). In particular we investigated the

dispersal of the fungal genera Ophiostoma and Gondwanamyces by mites and other arthropods using DNA

based and direct isolation techniques. Furthermore, we investigated the role of various biotic and abiotic

variables in determining the host specificity of various species from Protea. Experiments demonstrated the

ability of mites to carry viable fungal spores whilst in transit on various beetles and that these mites are able

to transfer fungal spores to uncolonized substrates. Various biotic and abiotic factors were found to

influence the growth and survival of these fungi in vitro. Of the factors tested, temperature and relative

humidity fluctuations within infructescences affected fungal growth and survival on Protea spp. in general.

However, these factors did not explain host exclusivity of specific fungal species towards particular Protea

hosts. In contrast, fungi generally grew best on substrates that incorporated tissue from their natural hosts.

Thus, host chemistry plays a role in host exclusivity of these fungi. The relationship of these factors in

determining host exclusivity is clearly complex and warrants further study.

Key words: fungi spore vector, Ophiostoma, Gondwanamyces, Protea


64

0065

ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF A NEWLY DISCOVERED

FLOWER-INFECTING SMUT FUNGUS FROM THE CAPE FLORISTIC REGION OF

SOUTH AFRICA

Helen Curran1, Francois Roets2,3, Kenneth Oberlander2, Leanne Dreyer1,3

1Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2Department of

Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 3Centre of

Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology, Pretoria, South Africa

Numerous studies on plant–pollinator interactions have been undertaken in the Cape Floristic Region of

South Africa, a global biodiversity hotspot. Yet, the possible influence of micro-organisms on these

interactions has mostly been overlooked. A recently-described anther-smut fungus, Thecaphora capensis,

infects Oxalis flowers in the Greater Cape Floristic Region. This study aimed to provide insight into the

ecology, spatial distribution patterns and evolutionary influence of this fungus on its hosts. Infection by T

capensis had a significantly negative effect on host reproduction, rendering infected individuals nearly

sterile. This pathogen exhibited a substantial evolutionary influence on its hosts, particularly by reducing

flower size, but selection pressure on this character varied between different host species. Pollinators were

found to mediate T capensis spore transfers within diseased Oxalis populations. Host within-population

density and frequency of infected individuals significantly affected spore numbers transferred under field

and standardized conditions, although no specific pattern was detected under field conditions. Conversely,

increases in host density and frequency of infected individuals significantly increased spore numbers

transferred under controlled conditions. Interestingly, despite individual fidelity towards pristine or diseased

flowers, pollinators showed no overall preference patterns.

Key words: fungi spore vector, Thecaphora, Oxalis, ecology


65

0066

ADAPTIVE RESPONSES OF ARTOCARPUS CHAPLASHA TO STRESSES INDUCED

BY CHANGING CLIMATE

Dr. M. Al-Amin, S. Afrin

Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Chittagong University, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Effect of elevated temperature, water stress and water logged on adaptive responses of Artocarpus

chaplasha were investigated. The experiments were laid out by means of applying the treatments: water

deficit (2 ml, 5 ml, 10ml, 15 ml: control), waterlogged (15 ml: control, 300ml, 400ml, 500ml) with elevated

temperatures (existing temperature with +1.60C, +2.70C, +4.00C: IPCC prescribed). The results revealed

that leaf angle and leaf area of A. chaplasha were significantly affected by different elevated temperature

scenarios. Leaf angle of the seedlings under high elevated temperature decreases very sharply and it

visualize the adaptive mechanism (starts widening) earlier than other temperature scenarios. This may be

because the seedlings were stressed from earlier stage. However, results revealed that seedlings attain

large leaf area in water logged condition followed by normal water and water deficit treatments, may be

availability of abundant water.

The results concludes Artocarpus chaplasha may be able to resist the climate change induced stresses

through adopting several modifications in its physiological processes with luxurious growth in near future

like 2030 to 2050 but may not be good enough for 2100 and beyond, because of its intolerance of stated

stresses and stunted growth behaviors.

Key Words: Climate change, forest, stresses, adaptive responses


66

0067

OVER PRODUCTION OF PROLINE IN TRANSGENIC RED BANANA (MUSA ACUMINATA COLLA) TRANSFORMED WITH P5CSF129A GENE USING AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS

Srinath Rao1, Nagappa C1, Parashuram. Y. .J1, Surender Reddy P2, and Kavi Kishor, P. B2

1 Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of P G Studies and Research in Botany, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga 585106, India 2 Department of Genetics and Biotechnology Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India Here, we transformed the red banana (Musa acuminate COLLA.) with the P5CS gene from Vigna aconitifolia. Male flower buds and suckers of red banana were transformed using A. tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 with binary vector pCAMBIA 1301, having the hygromycin resistance gene as a selectable marker, GUS–INT as a reporter and a mutated proline biosynthetic pathway gene P5CSF129A (∆1 pyrroline 5-carboxylate synthetase). Male flower buds proved to be better explants than suckers in all the parameter studied. Green shoots were recovered from A. tumefaciens-transformed explants on selection medium consisting of Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) basal medium supplemented with 5 mg/l 6-Benzyl aminopurine, 2 mg/l Indolebutric acid, 250 mg/l cefotaxime and 25 mg/l hygromycin. The shoots were rooted on MS basal medium fortified with 3 mg/l Indolebutric acid, 250 mg/l cefotaxime and 25 mg/l hygromycin. Transient

expression of the -glucuronidase (uid A) was achieved in transgenic plants. The integration of the P5CSF129A gene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting. The transgenic T0 plants accumulated 2-3 folds higher proline, when compared to untransformed control plants. However, the transformation frequency was very low (1.33%). The induction of P5CSF129A gene provides a possible example of the exploitation of proline pathway for engineering NaCl tolerance in banana.

Key words: NaCl tolerance, Musa acuminata, P5CSF129A, Proline accumulation.


67

0068

USE OF PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS FOR THE CONTROL OF POST HARVEST DECAY IN

CITRUS

Tehmina Anjum & Nosheen Akhtar

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan.

Post harvest decay of perishables is mostly controlled through application of pesticides. However

contamination of edibles due to pesticide residues and developing resistance in pathogens has

necessitated the search of alternative environment friendly strategies. Plant products are considered as a

major source of novel chemotherapeutics that can be used in plant protection. Plant essential oils are

volatile compounds so can provide an active packaging material for perishable food items. The present

study was designed to evaluate (in vitro and in vivo) antifungal activities of the essential oils obtained from

Cumin seeds, Clove buds and Cinnamon bark against Penicillium italicum that is the causal agent of blue

mold disease in citrus fruit during storage. Different concentrations (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 µl/mL) of selected

essential oils were checked for their potential to inhibit the mycelial growth of the test fungi. Overall various

assays confirmed the potential of tested essential oils for their antifungal activity which varied with type and

concentration of oil used. The in vitro study revealed that the essential oils of cumin and clove have the

potential to inhibit mycelial growth of test fungi completely at concentrations of 12 and 48µl/ml respectively.

Essential oil of cinnamon, however failed to completely inhibit the mycelial growth even at maximum used

concentration of 48µl/ml. In vivo assays also support these outcomes. Clove and cumin oils when applied

on citrus fruits, showed total fungal inhibition at concentration of 24µl/ml and 48µl/ml respectively.

Whereas, cinnamon essential oil could not prevent fungal infection even when used in highest tested

concentration. The study was extended to the identification of active components of the three oils. Clove oil

shows the presence of eugenol, alpha-terpineol, Isoeugenol and beta-terpinene as its major components.

The chief components found in cinnamon oil were eugenol and cinnamaldehyde, whereas cumin oil

revealed the presence of gamma-terpinen, cuminaldehyde and 4-carvomenthenol.

Keywords: Essential oils, Fungi, Penicillium


68

0069

RICE TUNGRO BACILLIFORM VIRUS (RTBV) BASED VIRUS INDUCED GENE

SILENCING (VIGS) FOR FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS IN RICE AND ROLE OF RTBV

GENE PRODUCTS IN SILENCING SUPPRESSION

Ravi Kant, Indranil Dasgupta

DPMB, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India

Rice is the staple food of about half the world's population and it is the second largest produced cereal in

the world. The annual loss of rice yield from biotic and abiotic stresses are 30 -60% globally, therefore

increase in the rice production through crop improvement and defense against various biotic and abiotic

stresses is the major objective for researchers to meet the high yield and cost effective rice for developing

countries. Rice genome is sequenced and its many more gene functions are yet to be elucidated. Virus

induced gene silencing (VIGS) is one of the promising loss of function technology for functional genomics,

which exploits the RNA silencing pathway to dissect out the characteristic function of plant genes. Rice

tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) based VIGS resulted in enhanced silencing of a rice plant reporter gene

Phytoene desaturase (pds) that led to strong photo bleaching phenotype in leaves with slight modification

in VIGS protocol.

To understand the plant- pathogen interaction is the prime target in crop improvement, plant viruses

encode specific proteins as a counter-defense against RNA silencing by host plants, these specific proteins

are known to RNA silencing suppressors. These viral suppressor proteins bind at various key points in RNA

silencing pathway and block the pathway in order to protect viral RNA from degradation. Here, study of

silencing suppressor activity of RTBV genes resulted in the interference of RNA silencing in N.

benthamiana. Fishing out the viral suppressors could assist in crop improvement by targeting the viral

suppressor proteins through genetic engineering.


69

0070

EFFECT OF SOME BIO-FERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND ACTIVE INGREDIENTS MATERIALS IN GUAR (CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLIBA) PLANTS.

Nabil Toaima, Hussein Bosila, Khamis Refaey, Essam Farag

Faculty of Agriculture Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

The responses of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Tuab)to different rates of mineral, organic and bio-fertilization or their combination were studied under field conditions.

Data showed that application of 15m3 poultry manure / fed. gave the highest records of number of branches / plant, number and dry weight (g) of nodules / plant, mycorrhizal root infection (%), number of pods/ plant and K content of leaves in guar plants. The same treatment also gave the best results for plants height, number of leaves / plant in guar as well as fresh and dry weight of shoots / plant, protein. Seeds yield/fed., P content of leaves and NPK content of seeds in guar plant.Full recommended dose of NPK mineral fertilization gave the highest records of N, K, protein and Guaran content of guar seeds, fresh and dry weight of shoots, seed yield/fed., N & P content of leaves . Application of 50% of the recommended dose of NPK mineral fertilization gave the highest records of chlorophyll and carotine contents of leaves in guar plant. Soil amendment with 4 ton compost/fed. conjugated with feed or soil inoculation with Rh. leguminosa, B.

crculans, VA mycorrhizas or their combinations showed promising results. combining the 3 biofertilizers and 4 ton compost/ fed. gave the best results for fresh and dry weight of shoot, number and dry weight of nodules / plant, mycorrhizal root infection (%) and NPK content of leaves in guar . NPK and guaran content of seeds in guar plants were also superior with the same above- mentioned application. Application of Rh + BC + VAM, Rh+VAM+ compost and Rh + Bc, gave the highest records of number of leaves / plant, seeds yield / plant and carotine content, respectively. The highest content of chlorophyll were recorded in plants inoculated with Rh and amended with compost in guar plant.


70

0071

THE FLORISTIC VARIATION OF TREE SPECIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL OF SOIL IN A TROPICAL WATERSHED FOREST, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

M. Khairil1,2, W.A. Wan Juliana2 & M.S. Mohd Nizam2 & N.A. Nik Nor Afida2

1. Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) Kota Campus, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu.

2. School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor.

A study was conducted to determine the tree species composition and its relationship with physic-chemical of soil at Chini watershed, Peninsular Malaysia. Thirty plots of 0.1 ha were established with a total sampling area in the inland forest of 1.4 ha, seasonal flood forest of 0.9 ha and riverine forest of 0.7 ha. A total of 3974 trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) at ≥ 5.0 cm were recorded. The inland forest recorded 2061 individuals representing 393 species from 164 genera and 57 families; the seasonal flood forest, 1019 individuals representing 268 species from 137 genera and 57 families; and the riverine forest, 894 individuals representing 260 species from 137 genera and 53 families. Endospermum diadenum (Euphorbiaceae) was the most important species in the inland forest with Importance Value Index (IVi) of 3.36%. Streblus elongatus (Moraceae) in the seasonal flood forest with Importance Value Index (IVi) of 4.43% and Aporusa arborea (Euphorbiaceae) was the most important species in the riverine forest with Importance Value Index (IVi) of 2.96%. Euphorbiaceae was the most important family in the inland and riverine forest with Family Importance Value Index (FIVi) value of 14.25% and 12.91% and Myrtaceae in the seasonal flood forest with 12.36%. For the soil texture, 43% of the soil in the inland forest was dominated by clay, 44% of soil in the seasonal flood forest was dominated by clay loam and 43% of soil in the riverine forest was dominated by silty clay. The pH of all three types of forest were acidic which, were between 4.0 and 4.1. The highest average organic matter was in the inland forest with the value of 9.30%, followed by the riverine forest at 8.49% and the seasonal flood forest at 7.84%. The highest mean available P and K was in the riverine forest with the value of 14.27 ± 1.23 meq/100g and 175.88 ± 27.95 meq/100g, respectively. The highest mean available Mg was in the inland forest with the value of 66.49 ± 18.45 meq/100g. The ordination method using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed the relationship of tree community and soil properties were low. However, there were some species that were highly correlated with the soil chemical and organic matter content in this study. Keywords: Physico-chemical of soil, Community Structure, Vegetation-environment Relationship


71

0072

SYSTEMATIC REASSESSMENT OF OXALIS (OXALIDACEAE) IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Leanne Dreyer, Francois Roets, Kenneth Oberlander

Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa is world-renowned for its spectacular botanical diversity.

An international collaborative incentive of scientist working on different large CFR lineages aim to

understand why and how the CFR has become botanically so rich and diverse. The genus Oxalis

(Oxalidaceae) is the seventh largest genus and largest geophytic lineage in the CFR. The most recent

morphology-based taxonomic classification of the South African members of Oxalis (ca. 210 species) is

outdated. Palynological classification of the southern African members proposed very different affinities ,

and corresponds well with a recently completed molecular phylogeny of this taxon. This phylogeny has

subsequently formed the basis for the re-evaluation of morphological, anatomical, cytological, reproductive

and ecological characters as potential drivers of this massive radiation of species. Bulb and leaf

morphology and anatomy provide promising potential synapomorphies for phylogenetic classification. The

contrasting reproductive strategies of endospermy and especially exendospermy may help explain the

extensive radiation of species in the winter-rainfall region of the CFR. Two different basic chromosome

numbers and extensive levels of both inter- and intra-specific polyploidy have been identified. In

conjunction with phylogeographical analyses, these results will help to resolve the difficult systematics of

numerous species complexes present within the genus.

Key words: Cape Floristic Region, Oxalis, morphology, palynology, cytology, phylogeny


72

0073

EVOLUTION OF AQUATIC OXALIS SHOW THAT ENDANGERED VERNAL POOLS IN

SOUTH AFRICA REPRESENT ANCIENT, ISOLATED HABITATS

Kenneth Oberlander, Francois Roets, Leanne Dreyer

Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa

Vernal pools constitute an exceptionally small, and highly endangered, percentage of Mediterranean-

climate habitats such as the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa, yet contain a suite of endemic

fauna and flora that are poorly studied. This study explores aspects of the evolution of this unique vernal

pool biota through the lens of aquatic members of the eudicot genus Oxalis. Firstly, the evolution of the

vernal pool habitat preference in the phylogenetic context of southern African Oxalis as a whole is explored.

Contrary to expectations, Oxalis has invaded this unique habitat type multiple times, with these

independent lineages adopting similar floral and vegetative morphologies presumably through

convergence. These results combined with preliminary divergence time estimation for aquatic lineages

suggest that, despite its current small extent, vernal pool habitat is an ancient component of the CFR

landscape. Secondly, the distribution patterns of an aquatic sister species pair, O. disticha Jacq. and O.

dines Ornduff, as reflected in chloroplast non-coding DNA variation, particularly with regard to conservation

implications, are explored. More than 80 % of individual pools are fixed for specific haplotypes, and 50 % of

the identified haplotypes were confined to single pools. Estimates of interpopulation haplotypic

differentiation were extremely high, even between closely situated pools. The combination of low

intrapopulation haplotype diversity and high interpopulation differentiation is consistent with very low levels

of seed dispersal and sporadic founder effects. The most likely dispersal vectors between distant pools are

aquatic birds. From a conservation perspective, the encouraging discovery of several major new meta-

populations of O. disticha and surprisingly robust reproductive health of most populations (as measured by

morph frequencies) is offset by the uniformly degraded habitat matrix of vernal pools. These results indicate

that the vernal pool biota in the CFR merit substantial scientific interest and urgent conservation attention.

Key words: Cape Floristic Region, vernal pools, aquatic Oxalis, ancestral trait reconstruction, population

genetics


73

0074

SIGNIFICANT INCONGRUENCE BETWEEN PLASTID AND NUCLEAR ITS SEQUENCE

DATA IN OXALIS: EVIDENCE FOR EXTENSIVE HYBRIDISATION OR INCOMPLETE

LINEAGE SORTING?

KENNETH OBERLANDER1, FRANCOIS ROETS1, JAN SUDA2, LEANNE DREYER1

1Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa, 2Charles University, Prague, Czech

Republic

Incongruence between cytoplasmic and nuclear sequence data is commonly attributed to one of several

major evolutionary mechanisms, with particular emphasis in plants placed on hybridisation or other non-

vertical inheritance processes. In the absence of other data, patterns of incongruence caused by

hybridisation or by incomplete lineage sorting can be difficult to separate. Here we explore the substantial

incongruence between plastid non-coding and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences in light

of potential extensive hybridisation in Oxalis hirta, a geophytic species of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR)

of South Africa. The genus in the CFR is characterised by many widespread species that often show

extensive intra-specific variation. Unlike all other such CFR Oxalis explored to date, plastid sequences do

not coalesce within species boundaries of O. hirta, and are instead related to sequences from multiple

other CFR Oxalis species. In contrast, ITS sequences from across the distribution range of the species are

strongly supported as monophyletic. These patterns are geographically correlated and support previous

observations on possible hybridisation in CFR Oxalis. In addition, we explore the effect of substantial ploidy

level variation on hypotheses of hybridisation in this species.

Key words: Cape Floristic Region, Oxalis hirta, incongruence, hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting


74

0075

EVALUATION OF ANTICANCER, ANTIOXIDANT AND POSSIBLE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN INDIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICATION

Ashwini Dawane, Rajesh Gacche, Mahesh Pund, Rupesh Deshmukh School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded - 431 606 (MS), India. In the present investigation selected botanicals such as Soymida fembrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. (Miliaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. (Menispermaceae), Lavandula bipinnata (L.) O. Ktze. (Lamiaceae), and Helicteres isora L. (Sterculiaceae) extracted in different solvents were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer and antioxidant activity. The result obtained indicates H. isora as a potent cytotoxic agent towards the selected cancer cells such as HeLa- B75 (34.21 ± 0.24 %), HL-60 (30.25 ± 1.36 %), HEP-3B (25.36 ± 1.78 %) and PN-15 (29.21 ± 0.52 %). Interestingly the selected botanicals selectively inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) than (COX-1): the key enzymes implicated in inflammations. COX-2 inhibition was observed to be in the range of 19.66 - 49.52 % as compared to COX-1 inhibition 3.93 - 19.61 %. The results of antioxidant study revealed that, the selected plants were found to be effective DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide radical scavenging agents. HPTLC fingerprint of flavonoids was made as a measure of quality control of the selected plant samples. The result of the present findings indicates the potential of selected plants as a resource for the discovery of novel anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Key words: Medicinal plants, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant


75

0076

ACTIVITY AND STABILITY OF IMMOBILIZED UREASE FROM MARROW (CUCURBITA PEPO L.) SEEDLINGS Hamed M. El-Shora and Lamia F. El-Saied Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

Urease (EC 3.5.1.5, urea amidohydrolase) was purified from marrow (Cucurbita pepo L.) seedlings by using

ammonium sulfate (40- 80 %), phenyl Sepharose, Sephadex G-200 and hydroxylapetite. The specific activity was

580 U mg-1protein. Urea was the best substrate for urease; however thiourea, hydroxyurea and N-methyl urea were

inhibitors. The enzyme was inhibited by ethyleneglycoltetracetate (EGTA), dipyridyl and pyrocatechol. Urease was

inhibited by dansyl chloride, N-acetylimidazole and N-bromosuccinimide indicating the essentiality of lysyl, tyrosyl,

tryptophanyl residues for enzyme catalysis. Urea protected lysyl and tryptophanyl against modification by dansyl

chloride and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) but did not protect tyrosyl residue against modification by N-acetylimidazole

(NAI). Urease was successfully immobilized on chitosan, chitin and alginate, but immobilization on chitosan was most

effective. Urease exhibited good reusability where 60% of the activity was retained after 10 cycles. The higher

storage stability and good reusability for 10 cycles of chitosan-immobilized enzyme revealed that this material holds

promise as biocatalytic support. The optimum temperature for free and immobilized urease was 40 ºC and 45 º,

respectively. The optimal pH for the free urease was 6.0 whereas that of immobilized enzyme was shifted to 8.0. The

immobilized urease exhibited better resistance against inhibition by CdCl2 and AlCl3. The immobilized urease

expressed better stability at 60 C and 70 C and better resistance against the inhibition by CdCl2 and AlCl3 than the

free enzyme.


76

0077

INVESTIGATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ETHNOMEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANT CENTELLA ASIATICA LINN

Arusa Aftab1, Zill-e- Huma2, Zaheer khan3, Sana Khalid4,

1Lahore college for women university, lahore, Pakistan, 2University of the Punjab, lahore, Pakistan, 3Govt.

colege university, lahore, Pakistan, 4Lahore college for women university, Lahore, Pakistan

Centella asiatica showed remarkable values comparable with the standard antimicrobial and antioxidant

agents. The crude extracts of powdered plant material were obtained in various polar and nonpolar

solvents, viz: petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and distilled water. Well defined zones of inhibition

were recorded indicating that the plants were potent against pathogenic microbes, such as i.e.

Staphylococcus aureus, Staphyllococcus saprophyticus, E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus

parasiticus and Rhizopus oryzae. The antioxidant activity of all the plant extracts was studied by DPPH

Assay, Total Antioxidant Assay and Total phenolic Assay and the remarkable values comparable with the

standard antioxidants were recorded.

Key Words: Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Centella asiatica


77

0078

SELECTION OF ELITE BIOTYPES OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA USING RAPD-PCR

ANALYSIS AND CORRELATION WITH PROTEIN AND ITS MICROPROPAGATION.

A. Seetaram Naik and N.Gandhi

Department of Botany, Kakatiya University, Warngal-506 009, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Terminalia arjuna, an evergreen forest tree belonging to Combretaceae family is distributed in tropical parts

of India. T.arjuna is one of the most important tree with multiple uses. The tree is primary food plant for

tasar silk worm (Antheraea millyta). The silk which is produced by A.millyta has much economic value than

the any other synthetic fiber and depends on the leaf protein of T.arjuna.

Most of the scheduled tribes (STs), mainly Naikpod one of 35 tribes of Andhra Pradesh and other States of

India, depend on the production of the cocoons (source of silk thread) for their livelihood. Due to lack of

scientific knowledge they are unable to identified elite biotypes of T.arjuna .Which contains good quality of

nutritive value for the production of qualitative and quantitative silk thread of T.arjuna.

In order to identify elite biotype of T.arjuna trees, we have collected seeds of T.arjuna from 3 locations of

Warangal district and 1 location of Karimnagar districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Genomic DNA was

isolated from zygotic embryo using Sarwat et.al., 2006 method. The genomic DNA was PCR amplified

using 10 ISSR primers. DNA polymorphism was observed in one of the collection. In another experiment,

total protein quantity was extracted and analyzed by PAGE. Studies are underway to correlate relationship

between DNA bands and proteins. Moreover, the elite biotype will be further multiplied using plant tissue

culture techniques for lab to land activity. Results will be presented in the conference.


78

0079

REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF TERMINALIA PALLIDA BRANDIS (COMBRETACEAE), AN ENDEMIC AND MEDICINAL TREE SPECIES OF INDIA

Jacob Solomon Raju Aluri1, Rangaiah Kone1

1Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaEmail:[email protected]

Terminalia pallida is a semi-evergreen tree species. Leaf fall and flushing events occur during pre-monsoon season;

leaf flushing extends into monsoon season. Flowering occurs during late dry season and early monsoon season.

The flowers are bisexual and obligately out-crossed and it is enforced by self-incompatibility. Protogyny is a device

to promote out-crossing but it is very weak, however it is partly substantiated by gradual anther dehiscence over a

period of six hours. Individual trees flower for a brief period of three weeks with massive floral display. The flowers

offer both nectar and pollen for the foragers; the nectar provides five essential amino acids - threonine, arginine,

histidine, lysine and methionine, and also some non-essential amino acids. The plant is entomophilous and cross-

pollination is effected mainly by large bees, wasps and butterflies. The natural fruit set is around 6% as against the

62% realized in manual xenogamous pollinations. Fruits fall to the ground when mature and dry but wind is also

instrumental in shedding fruits. The fallen fruits are dispersed by rain water and the seeds germinate and establish

seedlings depending on the soil status. The study suggests that T. pallida does not suffer from pollinator limitation to

maximize fruit set but from the limitation of compatible pollen, flower and fruit predation by a beetle, fruit predation by

a rodent, fruit fungal infestation and inherent ability of the plant. Nutrient-poor rocky habitat appears to be an

important limiting factor for the recruitment and population expansion.


79

0080

DROUGHT AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS IN THE VIEWPOINT OF FARMERS IN SOUTH KHORASAN PROVINCE-EAST OF IRAN

Farhood Golmohammadi 1

1 Faculty Member in: Islamic Azad University_ Birjand Branch – Birjand. IRAN.

Prioritizing impacts of drought were economic, environmental and social respectively. Other findings

indicated that there hasn’t been statistically significant relationship between age with environmental and

social impacts and between land ownership type with economic and social impacts. But, there was

statistically significant relationship between age and literacy level with economic impacts, also literacy level

with social and environmental impacts and also between land ownership types with environmental impacts

of drought. And in the end present some approaches and alternatives for conditions of South Khorasan

Province Farmers-East of Iran.

Keywords: Drought management, regional development, environmental, farmer, Impact, socioeconomic,

desert, South Khorasan Province, Iran.

In this article, author state a brief to drought management as an essential approach for regional development and maintaining employment in South Khorasan province farmers in their villages in east of Iran. Rainfall is the ultimate source of water, affecting production of crops and other biomass by direct falling on the fields as well as supporting surface and ground water irrigation. However, possibilities of drought occurrence in Iran vary from once in 20 years. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like droughts, floods, heat/cold waves, cyclones, delayed or early onset, long dry spells, early withdrawal, and floods in drought frequented areas and droughts in flood afflicted areas have increased during the last two decades due to global warming. Since drought is defined by deviation from the normal rainfall, it can happen in all regions. Assessment and management of drought is complex due to its gradual appearance and long lasting impact or recoveries. Characteristics and impact of drought vary from region to region and year to year. Drought affects human, livestock, wildlife, bio-diversity and degrades the quality of natural resource base. Drought management strategies in the past were adopted generally during or after the onset of drought and lacked pro-active preventive interventions during normal or excessive rainfall years. A comprehensive assessment of drought environmental and socio-economic impacts provides critical information to rational decisions supporting drought mitigation policies and programs. The purpose of this study was to survey environmental and socio-economic impacts of drought in South Khorasan Province Farmers-East of Iran and prioritized them according to the viewpoint of farmers. It was of the descriptive-correlation type. Questionnaire was the main tool of this study. To determine the validity of questionnaire used of comments of panel experts and reliability of the questionnaire by using of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 85%. The statistical population was the farmers whom their basic career was production of rice and according to the information of Agricultural Organization (Jihad-e-Keshavarzi) in 2010 was caught by drought. By using the proportional stratified sample method, 270 of these individuals were chosen and filled in the questionnaires. The results indicated that drought caused some environmental and socioeconomic impacts according to the viewpoint of farmers.


80

0081

ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY WITHIN CP GENE OF TOMATO LEAF CURL

VIRUS (TOLCV) INFECTING TOMATO PLANT ACROSS WORLD

Anurag Sahu, Avinash Marwal, Pooja Sharma, Rajarshi kumar Gaur

Mody Institute of Technology and Science, Lakshmangrah, Sikar-332311,Rajasthan, India

The symptoms caused by Begomoviruses associated with tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) disease in tomato

plants include leaf yellowing, reduction in leaf size, leaf distortion with upward cupping, severe plant

stunting, and flower abscission that results in drastically reduced yield. The geminivirus coat protein plays a

role in protection of the genome from degradation, virus acquisition and transmission by insect vectors,

infectivity and, in some virus-host systems, appears to be associated with symptom development. Fourteen

symptomatic samples were collected from Bhatinda (Punjab) India and tested for the presence of a

begomovirus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the begomovirus-specific universal coat protein

primer pair. However, the expected ~600 bp PCR product for begomovirus was obtained from all samples.

The ~600 bp PCR product of one sample was cloned and sequenced (Gene Bank accession JN009664).

Furthermore Southern blot analysis of cloned DNA was digested with HindIII and hybridized with specific

CP gene probe labeled with non-radioactive dig-labeling method done to check integration of CP gene

which gave positive results to confirm its integration. A BLASTn analysis was conducted with geminivirus

CP gene sequences available in the GenBank database at the National Center for Biotechnology

Information. The phylogenetic analysis (using MEGA 4.0) of tomato leaf curl virus isolates RaAv (Gene

Bank accession JN009664) based on CP gene with corresponding sequence of number of selected strains

of ToLCV revealed its closest relationship (sequence identity 98%) with Tomato leaf curl Iran virus

GenBank: AY297924 and it also suggest occurrence of high genetic diversity among the CP gene of

begomovirus associate with ToLCV disease. Our study demonstrates that ToLCV occur frequently in

tomato cultivar and the potential impact on tomato production needs to be evaluated. Infectivity study for

this virus and recombinant are being pursued.

Our study demonstrates that ToLCV occur frequently in tomato cultivar and the potential impact on tomato

production needs to be evaluated. Infectivity study for this virus and recombinant are being pursued.


81

0082

ECOSAFE INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN SYSTEM OF RICE

INTENSIFICATION

R. K. Ghosh, S. Sentharagai, P. K. Jana, S. Bera, S. Mallick, S. K. Barman and D. Pal Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV) Mohanpur-741252, West Bengal, India In the first four years of the 11th Five Year Plans India has achieved 3.2% average annual growth in agriculture and allied sectors but this is still below the targeted 4% growth rate and though the productivity of food grains in India has increased by about 10% to 1921 kg ha-1 in the last four years but the yield of most crops are still lower than the world average. The rice is the major crop in India but the productivity is 2178 kg ha-1 compared to the world average of 4320 kg ha-1 (Latest reports of the UN FAO – srigoogle Dec. 2011). The best alternative methodology to overcome our food security is to adopt the 'Best Management Practice (BMP) with the sustainable management of available resources through improvement of Seed, Soil, Water, Pest and Quality produces using more and more natural bio diversity in which diversification of crops and ITK as major consideration (the System of Intensification or Rainbow Revolution)'. In advance rice agriculture 'SRI' is the most important methodology to increase the productivity in any ecosystem. In India Pests causes 33 % losses and among this the major 'Weed pest" causes 37 % losses. In rice also average losses due to weeds is around 41.2%. As SRI mainly concentrates in aerobic ecosystem more weed infestation are observed and managing weeds through integrated approach the rice productivity could be increased at least by 20 % in India.

Considering the average from 32 experiments during 2005-11 of the field experiments conducted both at on station and on farm on the weed management in SRI at West Bengal revealed that herbicides of both botanicals and organic chemicals applied as pre-emergence (PE) followed by two mechanical weeders at 15 & 30 DAT may able to substitute the traditional costly hand weeding with minor affecting the nutrient availability, population of soil microflora and other environmental factors while recording 36.0 % at on station and 14.6 % at on farm location more grain yield of rice.

Therefore, the methodology of this low cost ecosafe integrated weed management in SRI followed at farmers field showed promising as reflected by percent acceptance of farmers that are gradually increasing in different parts of West Bengal as well as India. Key Words: Integrated Weed management, System of Rice Intensification


82

0083

WATER VOLUME STORED IN BROMELIAD TANKS IN RESTINGA HABITATS ALONG

BRAZILIAN COAST: DISTURBANCES REDUCING BROMELIAD RICHNESS AND

DIVERSITY REDUCES TOTAL AMOUNT OF WATER IN THE SYSTEM.

Carlos Frederico D. Rocha1, André Felippe Nunes-Freitas1, Thereza Christina Rocha-

Pessôa1,2, Luciana Cogliatti-Carvalho2

1Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Brazil, 2Universidade Federal Rural

do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Brazil

Many bromeliad species store rain water in tanks, as a result of the spiraled distribution of their leaves. This

water is a fundamental source of free water or humidity for many other organisms of the ecosystem, which

results in bromeliads becoming key species in the ecosystems they occur. However, we still lack

information regarding bromeliad species-specific capacity to store water, the overall amount of water the

entire bromeliad community stores and makes available for other organisms and how this amount of stored

water vary among areas. The aim of this study was 1) to evaluate how much water is stored and what is the

maximum volume of water possible to be stored in different tank-bromeliad species in 13 different Brazilian

restinga habitats (coastal sand dune habitats) along approximately 2,000 km of Brazilian coast; 2)

bromeliad richness and diversity at each area; 3) disturbances sources affecting bromeliads at each area

and 4) effect of disturbance on bromeliad richness, diversity and deficit of water stored due disturbances

reducing bromeliad populations. The bromeliad species were recorded in 100 plots of 100 m2, in each

restinga habitat. We register the bromeliad species and abundance to estimate richness and diversity at

each area. For each bromeliad species, the effective and the maximum water stored in the tanks were

measured. We found 32 tank-bromeliad species and 59,007 bromeliad rosettes, with a maximum volume

estimated in 44,388 liters, and approximately 17,000 liters of effective water stored. We found inter-specific

differences in effective and maximum volume of water stored. Aechmea aquilega, A. blanchetiana and

Hohenbergia castelanosii had the highest effective water volume stored in their tanks. Only A. nudicaulis

and Billbergia amoena showed differences among their populations in all analyzed parameters. Four of the

resting areas studied had the highest volumes.ha-1 of water stored inside bromeliad tanks and this resulted

from interaction among bromeliad density and plant architecture of dominant species at each area. The

maximum water volume stored in the bromeliad tanks varied among species due to morphological

differences in shape and size parameters. Bromeliad water stored varied along areas due to the status of

conservation of the area together with composition of species, with preserved areas presenting remarkable

amount of water stored inside bromeliad tanks. Bromeliad richness and diversity decreased significantly

with the increase in intensity of disturbance sources registered, which in turn reduced the total amount of

free-water could be stored in the ecosystem.


83

0084

MOLECULAR BASIS OF PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY BETWEEN GRAIN AND SWEET

SORGHUM LINES

Shuye Jiang, Zhigang Ma, Jeevanandam Vanitha, Srinivasan Ramachandran

National Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, the University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Grain sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop, providing food, feed and fiber for the world. Sweet

sorghum has been evaluated as a viable alternative of fossil fuel for bio-ethanol production due to its high

biomass yield and sugar content. Both grain and sweet sorghum lines come from the same species

“Sorghum bicolor L.”. They were found in sorghum landraces but modern sorghum cultivars were

domesticated by breeding programs. They exhibit considerable differences in their phenotype including

plant height, stem size, sugar content, grain color and weight and so on. The grain sorghum genome

BT×623 has been completely sequenced. Recently, we have re-sequenced two sweet sorghum and one

additional grain sorghum lines and identified a large numbers of SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms),

Indels (Insertion and Deletion), PAVs (presence/absence variations) and CNVs (copy number variations).

However, our detail analysis revealed that the differentiation in gene functions between the grain (BT×623)

and sweet (Keller) sorghum was limited and might not directly contribute to the obvious divergence in their

phenotypes. The result raises the question how the obvious morphological variations between grain and

sweet sorghum occurred in a relatively short evolutionary or domesticated period. We have genome-widely

investigated the expression divergence between BT×623 and Keller under normal and sucrose treatment.

We have detected more than 3000 differentially expressed genes between these two varieties, some of

which were variety-specific or sucrose-regulated. Correlativity analysis of expression diversity and

phenotype variation between grain and sweet sorghum revealed that expression divergence play important

roles in sorghum morphological divergence and cultivar domestication. Such an expression divergence was

partially due to differential cis-regulatory elements or DNA methylation in their promoter regions, which was

genetically determined by functionally divergent genes between these two varieties. Further investigation

showed that sorghum mobile elements played limited roles in expression diversity. It was both tandem and

segmental duplication that played important roles in the genome evolution and phenotypic diversity

between BT×623 and Keller through duplication followed by expression divergence.


84

0085

EVALUATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN EVOLVULUS ALSINOIDES L.

THROUGH RAPD MARKER IN RELATION TO BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Vinay Daboriya and Krishan Pratap Singh,

Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, R.B.S.College, Agra-282005, India

The aim of the present investigation was to analyse the genetic diversity in Evolvulus alsinoides using

the RAPD marker. Genetic diversity was analyzed through RAPD primer among four accessions

collected from different locations of Uttar Pradesh, India. Genetic distances were calculated using

Jaccard Nei’s coefficient. A dendrogram was established on the basis of genetic similarity matrix by

unweighted pair group method with average (UPGMA) cluster analysis. The RAPD analysis within

Evolvulus alsinoides revealed wide genetic distances as well as their relationship. There is need of

hour to the conservation of this important medicinal plants and better genotype should be studied for

further chemical studies.


85

0086

THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN KOLLI HILLS,

TAMILNADU

Saravana Babu

C.N.College, Erode, Tamilnadu, India

Plants are the unending source for a number of compounds which can maintain the health of human

beings. Plants have been the corner stone of pharmacy not only in ancient times but also in the area of

modern drug discovery. The tropical plants find more importance with respect to biological as well as

chemical diversity compared to temperate species. Medicinal plants have been considered as important

therapeutic aid for alleviating ailments of human kind. More than 2000 species of medicinal plants are in

use by various system of medicine in India. Kolli Hills in Tamilnadu with its abundance of luxuriant flora is

synonmas with Ayurveda and siddha. Among as plants with medicinal importance, Morus alba L.,

Passiflora edulis sims and Rhinacanthus are very common in Kolli hills with so many medicinal properties.

Antioxidant is a chemical that halts the oxidation of other chemicals. These compound do not simply

prevent oxidation, they oxidise first keeping the oxidising agent from oxidising compounds that are more

important to proper functioning of a system, in a cell. They delay or inhibit oxidative damage to a target

molecule by protecting against free radicals. Same antioxidants stimulate the immune system and increase

the activity of detoxifying enzyme. Antioxidant helps to protect our body from free radicals. In the present

study an attempt has been made to analyse quantitatively the antioxidant present in the leaves of M.alba,

P.edulis and R.nastus.

The main objective of the study is,

To assess the antioxidant potential of the tendur and mature leaf of selected plants.

Identity the rich source of antioxidant among the selected plants

To quantity the non-enzymatic antioxidant such as tocopherol and enzymatic antioxidant peroxidase in the

leaves of selected plants.

To study the medicinal value of the selected plants


86

0087

INVITRO STUDY ON ANTIOXIDENT POTENTIAL OF OCIMUM SPECIES

Reniprabha Udayakumar, Saravana Babu, B.Shanmuga Priya

C.N.College, Erode, India

Plant material play a major role in primary health care as therapeutic remedies in many developing

countries. Higher plants have been shown to be a potential source for the new medicinal value. Plants are

known to contain innumerable biologically active compounds.

Antioxidants, reduce the effect of dangerous oxidants by binding together with these harmful molecules.

Certain antioxidant enzymes are produced within the body. Superoxide dimutase catalase and glutathione

is a detoxifying agent, which binds with different toxin to change their form. So that they are above to leave

the body as waste. The other most beneficial antioxidants are such as Beta-caroteine, vitamin-E and

polyphones are of plant origin and also obtained from fruits and vegetables.

In the present study is an attempt has been made to analyse quantitatively the antioxidant present in the

leaves of ocium species and also the role of antoxidant enzyme are also studied


87

0088

ETHNOECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF KATHAR GAME RESERVE, RAWALPINDI,

PAKISTAN

Sahar Khalid, Zaheer-Ud-Din Khan

Government College University, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

An ethnoecological assessment study was carried out during September 2010 to August 2011 in Kathar

Game Reserve, a dry scrub type of vegetation and a semi arid region in Rawalpindi District of Pakistan, to

evaluate its ethnoecological potential in different seasons i.e., moon soon, winter and summer. 35 plant

species were recorded from the reserve belonging to 23 families among which one belong to Gymnosperm

Family and 22 belonged to Angiosperms. Among Angiosperms, three belong to monocot families and

nineteen to dicot families. The area was found dominated by trees like Acacia modesta, Olea ferrugenia

and Pinus roxburghii while shrubs like Carissa opaca, Dodonaea viscosa, Justicia adhatoda and Nerium

oleander. Family Sapindaceae showed the highest FIVI of 15.37 while the lowest FIVI was recorded in

Asteraceae of 0.56. Soil analysis of the Reserve showed that the soil texture was overall loamy.

Ethnobotanical enlisting of plants showed the dependence of local people on indigenous plants. Among 35

plant species, 19 were considered single usage plants, 8 were considered two-usage and 8 were

considered as multi-usage plants. The vegetation on steep slopes of the reserve had lesser biotic pressure

and disturbance as compared to the plants growing in the plain area having higher biotic pressure and

human influence.


88

0089

GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BERBERISSPECIES COLLECTED FROM KUNHAR

RIVER CATCHMENT USING MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS

1Israr Ahmad,AjmalIqbal, Habib Ahmad, andSajidulGhafoor,

Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan ; Department of Genetics, Hazara University

Mansehra, Pakistan,

The Berberis genus is perennial spiny shrubs with reddish brown to pale yellowish stem bark. From

Pakistan Berberishave been classified on morphological characters but no attempt was made to classify it

on molecular traits. The assessment of Berberis genus based upon molecular and morphological

characters. The data obtained from numerical analysis was computed for getting dendrogram, which

classified 24 collections into two major groups i.e. group A and B. All the genotypes of group-A was having

red fruits where as the collections clustered into group-B produce black fruits. Molecular characterization

was done with the help of 12 RAPD primes to elaborate genetic polymorphism in Berberis genotypes. The

primers based amplification was available in the collections revealed high level of genetic polymorphism, 6-

86%. The genetic diversity estimated as genetic distances computed into dendrogram, separated the

collection into 5 distinct groups A, B, C, D and E, disseminated as Berberisparkeriana, B. lycium, B.

pachyacantha, B.kunwarensis and B. orthobotrys, respectively. However the collection B-8, which closely

resembles and was numerically established as B.parkeriana was out grouped and needs future elaboration

with more markers assorted discrimination.


89

0090

REHABILITATION OF MANGROVE FOREST THROUGH GULUDAN TECHNIQUE –

BASED SILVOPASTORAL-FISHERY

Achmad Solikhin1, Arif Muhsin Fadhilah1, Jamilyadhatus Sholihah1, Wirathazia Enyba L.C.2,

Basa Nova Tria M.P.S1, Cecep Kusmana3

1Undergraduate Student of Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia, Indonesia, 2Undergraduate Student of Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia,

Indonesia, 3Professor of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor,

Indonesia, Indonesia

Destruction of mangrove forests in Indonesia, caused by the conversion of mangrove forests into

fishponds. Other causes are land-uses into industrial areas, agriculture, and settlement. As a result, there

was abrasion, damage to ecosystems, and loss of flora and fauna, as well as global warming. It must be

solved with rehabilitation system that combines economical, social, and ecological benefits. One of these

systems is guludan technique - based silvopastoral-fishery. Guludan technique - based silvopastoral-fishery

is a way of planting mangrove trees in the stagnant pond of water with a depth of more than 1-2 meters,

collaboration with silvopasture and silvofishery system. Silvofishery is agroforestry activities that

incorporate forestry and fishery in coastal arena. While silvopasture is combination of agroforestry and farm

or aniamal husbandary activities in a land management system. Thus, silvopastoral-fishery is a form of

agroforestry planting mangrove species, such as Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Avicennia sp.,

Sonneratia sp., and Brugueira sp. around and middle of fishponds, multipurose tree, grass and shrubs. In

addition, it can be cultivated in ponds of various types of fish, such as milkfish, mullet, tilapia and even

shrimp. Implementation of the program above is done through a bottom-up approach, namely emphasis on

active participation of community. The objectives of this study are to describe silvopastoral-fishery that can

be used in mangrove rehabilitation and people can participate for maintaining mangrove ecosystem. The

scope of this study is limited to know the advantages of that system toward mangrove rehabilitation. This

study was located in Jepara Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Data were colected by field

observation, literature study, and interview. The result of this study showed that, in ecological aspect,

mangrove forest can obstruct intrusion of coastal soil and manage agroecosystem processes. In economic

aspect, this system can increase fish and goat productivities. In social aspect, this system can be used to

open job opportunity for surrounding societies. Guludan technique - based silvopastoral-fishery is one of

ways to embody Sustainable Forest Management that balances ecological, economical, and social benefits

in Jepara Regency.

Keyword: mangrove forest, rehabilitation, Guludan technique - based silvopastoral-fishery, Sustainable

Forest Management


90

0091

ECO-EDUCATION COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST THROUGH AGROFORESTRY IN

ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

Cindhy Ade Hapsari1, Aulia Rakhman2, Achmad Solikhin3

1Undergraduate Student of Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor,

Indonesia, 2Undergraduate Student of Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor,

Indonesia, 3Undergraduate Student of Faculty of Forestry. Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia

Environmental education, particularly forestry needs to be taught and applied early. One easy way to do

that is through eco-education through agroforestry. Agroforestry is an integrated system of using the

interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and livestock. It combines agricultural and

forestry technologies in achieving Sustainable Forest Management. This study aims to educate primary

school students about the role of agroforestry to embody Sustainable Forest Management and implement

agroforestry on abandoned land. The research was conducted in SD N 2 Jambu, Jepara, Central Java. The

scope of this study is limited to know the advantages of that eco-education toward Sustainable Forest

Management. Data were colected by field observation, literature study, and interview. The program is

carried out regularly with intensive study of agroforestry systems. The first material is in the form of the

introduction of agroforestry systems theoretically. Then, the system is implemented in the abandoned lands

around SD N 2 Jambu. In practice, this system requires the application of intensive silviculture techniques

in realizing the ultimate goal. In the practice field, tree planting can be done with silviculture technique in the

form of heteroculture to address pest problems. In addition, heteroculture plantation will provide benefits for

biodiversity enhancement than in monoculture. Planted trees, among them: Swietenia mahagoni,

Paraserianthes falcataria, Tectona grandis, Anthochepalus cadamba, Acacia mangium, and Mangifera

indica. The results showed that 15 students are very excited to learn and implement this program.

Meanwhile, the real implementation of this systems in the field is able to provide benefits in a aspects of

social, economic, and ecological. These benefits are in accordance with the principles of Sustainable

Forest Management. Social benefits of the program is 100% of respondents stated that the system is very

suitable to be applied on abandoned land. The economic benefits include increased productivity of

agriculture and forestry. While the ecological benefits, the program is able to realize the sustainability of

forest ecosystems and environment.

Key words: Eco-education, Agroforestry, Sustainasifble Forest Management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry


91

0092

IN VITRO CULTURE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL HERB, POLYCORPAEA

CORYMBOSA (L.) LAM. BY USING INTERNODE EXPLANT.

Manorama.S and Sharmila Vivekanandan,

Department of Botany, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore – 641 029, India.

Senior Controls Engineer, Columbus, Indiana, USA.

Polycarpaea corymbosa belongs to the family, Caryophyllaceae is an important medicinal herb generally used by the

local medical practitioners of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India for the treatment of skin diseases and leprosy.

The germination rate of seed is determined to be very low (<2%) even after certain treatments. Therefore, in vitro

culture by employing tissue culture technology is the only alternative modern propagation method to increase the

population and hence to meet the demand. The present attempt on in vitro regeneration reveals that the callus

formation was most effective (74%) while cultured the internode explant onto the MS medium containing the growth

regulators, BAP at 4mg/L and Kn 2mg/L. The further subculturing of the callus onto the MS medium fortified with

2.5mg Kn/L and 0.5mg/L NAA induced high rate of shooting. Rooting was more pronounced in the MS medium

supplemented with the auxin, IAA at 2.5mg/L and the cytokinin, BAP at 0.5mg/L. Hardening experiments showed

that the medium encomposed by forest litter, soil and perlite in the ratio of 1:2:1 by volume registered higher

survivability of plantlets (82%). Therefore, this standardized protocol can be used for the effective propagation of P.

corymbosa and also to meet the demand in future.


92

0093

MUKIA MADERASPATANA (L.) COGN. (CUCURBITACEAE) - A TRADITIONAL

MEDICINAL PLANT FOR COMMERCIALIZATION

Paulsamy.S

Department of Botany, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore – 641 029, India.

The climber, Mukia maderaspatana (L.) Cogn. of Cucurbitaceae is a locally demanded medicinal plant in Coimbatore

district of Tamil Nadu, India .The whole plant is used for the treatment of ulcer, cough and asthma. The root is

chewed to relieve toothaches. The leaf tea is used for the alleviation of jaundice. The plant has also the activities like

hepatoprotective, antirheumatic, antiflatulent, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, diuretic and stomachic.

However, no scientific validation has been done for this species so far on medicinal properties. Hence the present

study has been undertaken to know the active principle compounds. The study reports that the species, M.

mederaspatana contains the following eight compounds: one compound of alkaloid group, Acetamid, 2-cyano-N-(1,1-

Dimethylethyl)-, five compounds of terpenoid group, 2-Hydroxytetracosanolide (essential oil), Nonacosane,

Dododecyl phthalate, Trans-2-Methyl-3-propionyl-Cyclopentanone and Solanesol (fatty alcohols) and one compound

of ketone group, Z,Z-6,28-Heptatriactontadien-2-one, one compound of phenyl group, Phosphine Triphenyl-. The

presence of wide spectrum of various compounds confirms the therapeutic property of M. mederaspatana and hence

the traditional knowledge about this species. Based on the study it is known that this species is a potential medicinal

plant and can be used by the pharmaceutical industries after certain pharmacognosical studies.


93

0094

EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT,

GLORIOSA SUPERBA (COLCHICACEAE) AGAINST THE MOSQUITO, AEDES

AEGYPTI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

Logankumar, K and D. Rajmohan

PG and Research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore – 641 029,

Tamilnadu, India.

Mortality values of egg, larvae and pupae treated with different concentrations of the experimental plant

(Gloriosa superba) at the end of 24 hrs of exposure of mosquito, Aedes aegypti were recorded. Based on

the probit analysis, the LC50 values and 95% upper and lower fiducial limit and chi- square value of the

plant extract on Aedes aegypti were also noticed. The malformation particularly on larval- pupal

intermediates, half- ecdysed adult and partially melanized cuticle of egg and larva were observed. The

effective response of mosquito in terms of malformations and mortality to extracts of the plant exhibited that

the mosquito, Aedes aegypti is highly susceptible to the active principles present in this plant. The tested

doses of extracts of experimental plant exhibited detectable effects on total protein in Aedes aegypti. Many

of the defensive components of plants are biodegradable with non-residual effects on the biological

environment. Hence, an attempt has been made in the present investigation to identify plants with potential

to control vector mosquitoes.


94

0095

THE STRUCTURE OF MANGROVE FORESTS IN IRAN

Saber Ghasemi1, Neda Mola1, Mohamed Zakaria2

1Faculty of environmental science, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas Branch, Iran. ; 2 Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

The mangroves usually occur in the intertidal zone within tropical and subtropical coastal zone in sheltered saline to brackish environments. It is difficult to monitor and manage the mangrove due to lack of baseline data on the mangrove structural properties in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. This study investigated the structure of mangrove forests in the Hormozgan province, south of Iran. This study was performed in the Hara Protected Area (HPA) and Gaz and Hara Rivers Delta (GHRD), using random 5 x 5 m quadrate. A total of 101 Avicennia marina stands in HPA and 172 Rhizophora mucronata stands in GHRD were measured. The density, tree height, diameter at breast height, crown spread, canopy index, above ground biomass and litterfall were 1005±68.11 stem ha-1, 2.51±0.17 m, 17.44±0.8 cm, 1.97±0.16 m, 56.06±2.85 (%), 72±9.8 t ha-1 and 9.4±8.5 t ha-1 yr-1 for the A. marina stands respectively while 1110.77±182.58 stem ha-1, 2.78±0.46 m, 11.73±1.50 cm, 1.39±0.06 m, 78.54±2.4 (%), 66±11 t ha-1, 5.1±6.9 t ha-1 yr-1 were recorded for R. mucronata stands respectively. The density, tree height and canopy of R. mucronata were higher than A. marina (p<0.05). While the diameter at breast height, crown spread, above ground biomass and litterfall were higher at A. marina habitat. All parameters except tree height were significantly different between HPA and GHRD habitats. Due to the different structure of A. marina and R. mucronata along the Hormozgan coast of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, the best management strategies to conserve these productive habitats are required.

Keywords: Mangrove, Structure, Persian Gulf, Oman Sea, Iran


95

0096

PROTOCOL FOR MASS PROPAGATION OF AN ENDEMIC LEGUME,

CROTALARIA CLARKEI GAMBLE.

Raju. K,

Department of Botany, Kandaswami Kandar’s College, Velur-638 182, India.

The herbaceous legume, Crotalaria clarkei is an endemic species to southern India and it is a wild pulse used by the

tribals of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the Western Ghats, India. As the population size of this species is small, it is

necessary to regenerate it both for conservation and sustainable utilization. In the present study, the cotyledonary

explant was used and the callus formation was more pronounced in the MS medium contained the growth regulators,

BAP, Kn and IAA at 0.5, 0.1 and 0.5mg/L respectively. The subculturing of callus for shooting was effective in the MS

medium contained Kn and NAA at 1.5 and 0.5 mg/L respectively. The rooting was well performed from the secondary

explant, shoot in the MS medium fortified with IAA and Kn at 1.5 and 0.5 mg/L respectively. Hardening experiments

are under progress to determine the survivability rate of plantlets.


96

0097

EFFECT OF CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA L. ON STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED

DIABETIC NEUROPATHY AND CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS IN RATS

Veeresh Veerapur, Ananda SR, Ambhika MV, Ropesh M, Mahesh RS, Manjunatha P,

Thippeswamy BS

Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, India

Objectives: We investigated the effect of alcoholic extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima seed (CPS) in

streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic neuropathy and cardiac complications in rats.

Methodology: Different doses of CPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) were administer once daily for six weeks to STZ

(50 mg/kg, i.v)-induced diabetic rats. Every week intervals hot & cold immersion tests were carried to know

the effect of CPS on peripheral neuropathy. In addition, blood glucose, body weight, food and water intake

were monitor. At the end of study, sciatic nerve conduction velocity, cardiac & cognitive parameters were

evaluated. Furthermore, Histopathological studies of sciatic nerve and aortic strip was done.

Results: Administration of both the doses of CPS for six weeks significantly prevented the development of

diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), cardiomyopathy and cognitive dysfunction in diabetic rats. The CPS

treated rats showed significant (P<0.001) improvement in motor coordination, muscle grip, locomotory and

memory in diabetic rats. CPS treatment restored elevated systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure

(MABP), and heart rate to near normal in diabetic condition. These observed beneficial effects were well

correlated and justified with histopathological studies. In addition, these rats also exhibited significant

(P<0.001) prevention of loss in body weight, and reduce the water and feed intake throughout the study.

Conclusion: Taken together, the present study provided a good insight in the therapeutic efficacy of

Caesalpania pulcherrima seed extract in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and cardiomyopathy. The

study also justifies scientifically the ethnomedical/tradition claim of title plant.

Key words: Caesalpania pulcherrima L.; Streptozotocin; Neuropathic pain, Cognitive dysfunction,

Cardiomyopathy; Motor nerve conduction velocity


97

0098

ANTIABORTIFACIENT ACTIVITY OF NANONUT-9 HERBAL FORMULATION

Shrishailappa Badami1, Nagarjan Tukuru1, Keerthi Prashant HV1, Syed Mansoor Ahamed1,

Purushottam Das Gupta2

1Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, Karnataka, India, 2Manipal College of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India

BACKGROUND: Miscarriage has become a major problem today in many countries. Nanonut-9 is an

herbal formulation used in India to prevent miscarriage. Its antiabortifacient property was evaluated in rats

in the present study to validate its traditional claims.

METHOD: Proven fertile female pregnant rats were induced abortion by giving Mifepristone at 20 mg/kg

b.w. given orally on day 14 of pregnancy and treated with Nanonut-9 suspension at 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w

doses for 5 days, from days 14 to 18 of pregnancy and at 200 mg/kg b.w from days 1 to 18 of pregnancy.

The number of implantation sites on day 13 of pregnancy by ultrasonography and number of litters born

after full term were determined. Antiabortifacient activity was calculated.

RESULTS: Nanonut-9 exhibited 42.73 and 79.96% antiabortifacient activity, respectively at the doses of

100 and 200 mg/kg b.w given orally for 5 days, which was significant when compared to Mifepristone alone

treatment. However, 200 mg/kg b.w dose for 18 days treatment showed 48.16% activity.

CONCLUSIONS: Nanonut-9 exhibited potent antiabortifacient activity as claimed in traditional medicine.

Key words: Nanonut-9, mifepristone, antibortifacient, miscarriage


98

0099

THE EFFECTS OF SALICYLIC ACID AND NITRIC OXIDE ON THE ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEM OF NACL-

STRESSED SOYBEAN PLANTS

M. Simaei, F. Bernard

Department of Biology, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid

Beheshti G.C. University, Tehran, Iran

The possible protective role of exogenous SA and NO donor (sodium nitroprusside) against salt stress was examined

NaCl-induced oxidative stress in Glycine max. Our results proved that combined action of 100 µM SA and/ or 100

µM nitric oxide donor significantly activated catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase

(GPX), which contributed to the decay of H2O2 in soybean leaves under NaCl toxicity. Under NaCl salinity, the activity

of lipoxygenase (LOX) was increased, while the application of SA, NO and SA+SNP could decrease LOX activity in

this condition. As well, activities of the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were

significantly were decreased by 100 mM NaCl, but the application of exogenous SA and NO increased the activities

of PPO and PAL. We also observed that the accumulation of proline was apparently accelerated by these

substances under salt stress. It was observed that the SA and NO have effective functions in decreasing the

damages induced by NaCl salinity. As well, it was showed that the interaction between SA and nitric oxide has

synergistic effects in decreasing of the damages induced by NaCl salinity.

Keywords: antioxidant enzymes, nitric oxide, oxidative stress, salicylic acid, salinity.


99

0100

PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY DECREASES DISCRIMINATION AGAINST 15N IN

PHASEOLUS VULGARIS-RHIZOBIA SYMBIOSIS

Mohamed Lazali1,2, Adnane Bargaz2, Georg Carlsson3, Sidi Mohamed Ounane1, Jean

Jacques Drevon2

1Ecole Nationanle Supérieure Agronomique, Alger, Algeria, 2Institut Nationale de la recherche

Agronomique, Montpellier, France, 3Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden

In order to investigate environmental and genotypic effects on discrimination against 15N in the rhizobial

symbiosis with legume, six recombinant inbred lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), namely RILs

147, 115, 104, 83, 70 and 34, were inoculated with Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899, and grown in

hydroaeroponic culture under P sufficiency (250 μmol P plant−1 week−1) versus P deficiency (75 μmol P

plant−1 week−1). 15N contents of shoot,

root and nodules were determined. The results show a lower 15N/Nt in shoots than in roots, both being

much lower than in nodules. For all genotypes, P deficiency decreased the 15N/Nt more in shoots (26%)

than in nodules (11%). However this effect of P deficiency on 15N/Nt varied among genotypes, with highest

decrease in shoots of the RILs 104 (44%) and 34 (36%), and in nodules of the same RILs 104 (14%) and

34 (18%). Moreover, positive correlations were found between nodule 15N/Nt and both N2 fixed (R²=0.96)

and nodule P content (R² =0.61). We conclude that the discrimination against 15N in the legume N2-fixing

symbiosis is affected by such an environmental constraint as P deficiency and by intra-species genotypic

variability.

Keywords: N2 fixation, 15N, Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobia, Symbiosis, Phosphorus.


100

0101

ESTABLISHMENT OF AN IN VITRO REGENERATION PROTOCOL FOR CRATAEVA NURVALA VIA INDIRECT ORGANOGENESIS AND SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS

Mafatlal M. Kher and M. Nataraj

B. R. Doshi School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road Post Box No. 39 Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388120 (India) Micropropagation protocol is established for Crataeva nurvala is an important medicinal plant of family Capparidaceae. Petioles, nodes, internodes, leaves and petals were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (1962) supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and kinetin (Kn), at 2.00 and 0.40 mg/l respectively for callus induction. Calli derived from leaf and petal explant was embryogenic calli where as calli from nodal and petiole explants were nonembryogenic callus. Embryogenic calli were transferred to MS medium supplemented with Kinetin (KN), 6-Benzyl aminopurine (BA) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) in concentrations ranges from 0.10-0.50 mg/l. About 85 Somatic embryos were germinated from leaf derived callus in MS medium supplemented with 0.30 mg/ BA. Calli derived from petioles, nodes and internodes were subcultured on MS medium supplemented with Kinetin (KN), 6-Benzyl aminopurine (BA) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) in concentrations ranges from 0.50-2.50 mg/l alone or in combination with α- naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.50 mg/l for shoot induction. Calli derived from petiole explant showed significantly higher frequency of plant regeneration and number of plantlets then nodal explant. Shoots were successfully rooted on ½ strength MS medium supplemented with 1.00 mg/l (NAA). Key words: Crataeva nurvala, Node, Internode, Petal, Leaf, Petiole, Somatic embryo, Callus, TDZ, BAP, Kn


101

0102

STIMULATION OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE SYNTHESIS IN SUSPENSION CULTURE OF

ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (BURM. F.) NEES. USING SALICYLIC ACID,

CHITOSAN, ASPERGILLUS NIGER AND PENICILLIUM EXPANSUM ELICITORS

Moinuddin M. Ali Vakil and Vijay D. Mendhulkar Professor and Head, Department of Botany, The Institute of Science, 15, Madam Cama Road, Mumbai- 4000 32, India.

Cell suspension culture of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. was treated with two Chemical elicitors ie. Salicylic acid, Chitosan and two biological elicitors, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum to enhance the synthesis of andrographolide compound in cultured cells.. The quantification of andrographolide was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique. The suspension culture was treated with 0.05mM, 0.5mM and 1.5mM concentrations of Salicylic acid for 24, 48 and 72 hrs. of treatment duration. The treatment of chitosan was administered to the cell suspension of Andrographis paniculata with the concentrations of 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg per 50 ml of suspension culture for 24, 48 and 96 hrs. duration. All the treatments were administered at late exponential phase (25 days old culture). The results revealed that 0.05 mM concentration of salicylic acid for 24 hrs. of duration elicits 18.5 fold andrographolide content (37.0 μg/g) over the control of respective treatment. The chitosan treatment with 20 mg for 48 hrs. duration explored highest elicitation of andrographolide ( i.e.119.0 μg/g ,59.5 fold) compared to the control and rest of the treatments. This treatment was also superior over the treatments of salicylic acid. It is interesting to note that the elicitation profile of fungal elicitors was relatively low compared to the chemical elicitors. A. niger extract treatment of 1.5 ml for 10 days to the cell suspension indicated only 6.94 fold increase in andrographolide content (132 μg) which was higher to the respective control (19 μg). P. expansum elicitor (0.6% for 8 days treatment duration) could reveal 6.23 fold enhancement in andrographolide content (81.0 μg) over control (13 μg). Our experimental findings on elicitation of andrographolide by studied elicitors indicated that the plant system, Andrographis paniculata exhibits good response to the chemical elicitors and in particular to chitosan and the longer treatment duration is most preferable for both the fungal elicitors.

Keyword: andrographolide; elicitation; Salicylic acid; Chitosan; Aspergillus niger; Penicillium expansum


102

0103

SURVEY OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS FOR DISEASE STATUS IN

HIMACHAL PRADESH-INDIA

Sunita Chandel1, J.K Dubey2 and Parminder Kausal3

1. Associate Professor 2Sr. Scientist 3 Director, Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology

Regional Centre(National Afforestation and Eco-development Board ) Dr.Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and

Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P)-173230

North Western Himalayas is a big repository of producing large number of rear and valuable medicinal and aromatic

plants valued for medicines, perfumery and food industry. In Himachal Pradesh about 5000 plant species are found,

of which 3000 species were identified to yield the medicinal properties. So far, 60 per cent plant species are exploited

for medicinal purpose to meet the requirement of pharmaceuticals and allied industries. With the initiatives of

Government of Himachal Pradesh wide cultivation of these medicinal pants have been started in different agro-

climatic zones. There is every possibility of outbreak of number of diseases of fungal, bacterial of viral origin.

Considering this aspect into mind, an attempt on diseases surveillance was carried out to record the prevalence of

the diseases and their identity. Four districts Solan, Sirmour, Mandi and Kinnaur were surveyed. It was reported that

no incidence of diseases from locations surveyed from Mandi and Kinnaur existed. While in Solan and Sirmour

districts, maximum prevalence of diseases were seen. In total 46 different plant species of medicinal and aromatic

plants were examined for the disease status. In district Solan out of 30-plant species 16 showed leaf spot infection, 9

leaf blight and rest developed wilt, anthracnose, and inflorescence blight and leaf blotch like symptoms. Fungal

diseases assumed major proportion compared to viral and bacterial diseases. Leaf spot and blight mainly

predominant and reported to be caused by Alternaria spp., Phyllosticta spp.and Colletotrichum spp. Besides these

foliar pathogens, Septoria, Cercospora, Curvularia, Stagnospora spp. were of frequent occurrence. Medicinal plant

species of Rauvolfia serpentine, Pelargonium and Swertia were most severely infected with wilt leading to death of

these plants. Mosaic diseases were associated with Tylophora indica and Rauvolfia serpentine. Bacteria were

reported on Aloe barbedansis and Withania sominifera. Twig blight was observed in Terminalia arjunae and Emblica

officinalis caused by Phytophthora infestan and Diplodia theobromae, respectively.


103

0104

SCROPHULARIACEAE DIVERSITY IN AGUASCALIENTES, MEXICO

Maria Elena Mendoza Lopez, Maria Elena Siqueiros Delgado

Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico

As traditionally circumscribed, the Scrophulariaceae have a worldwide distribution and is represented by

about 3 000 species, 220 genera, 18 tribes and two subfamilies. In recent years the Scrophulariaceae has

been object of systematic and phylogenetic studies based on molecular data, leading to its disintegration.

Scrophulariaceae in Mexico is represented by two subfamilies: Antirrhinoideae and Rinanthoideae, the first

with 10 tribes and 46 genera and the last with two tribes and 17 genera. Scrophulariaceae sensu lato is one

of the most important families in the Mexican flora, and causes significant yield losses in maize crops. It

occupies the eleventh place in terms of total species diversity and it is represented by 63 genera, 446

species, 22 species variety and 23 subspecies, of which 241 (54.0%) are endemic and 15 (3.3%) are

introduced. Aguascalientes is located in the center of Mexico, is one of the smaller states with a semi-dry

climate and vegetation mostly xerophytic. Since 1980 it is carrying out the project “Flora of Aguascalientes”,

with a progress of 70%. Many of the largest botanical families or particular groups of plants are already

treated. However, the Scrophulariaceae has not been reviewed up to now due to its complexity and

abundance. So far, it has been reported only 16 genera and 33 species for the State. The main goal of this

project is to make a taxonomic revision of the family under the traditional approach, through out exhaustive

field - work, and literature review in order to increase the knowledge of the flora of Aguascalientes and

Mexico. In addition, it will be established in the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, if there is any threatened

species, to suggest strategies for the proper use and conservation of the flora.


104

0105

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF NIGERIAN SESAME CULTIVARS BASED ON SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEAT (SSR) MARKERS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH MORPHO-AGRONOMIC TRAITS.

Nweke, Friday Nwalo1, uBI Benjamin E.2, Karl Kunert J.3,

1Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria, 2Ebonyi State University,

Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria, 3Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology, University of

Pretoria, South Africa, Pretoria,, South Africa

Sesame is an important oil seed crop traditionally used for direct consumption due to its high nutritional value.

Despite its importance, there is a dearth of knowledge on the extent of genetic variability existing in the Nigerian

sesame germplasm. In this study, the genetic diversity of 30 Nigerian sesame cultivars was characterized using

microsatellite markers in relation to morpho-agronomic traits. Results showed that the cultivars varied significantly in

shattering characteristics, days to germination (5.43±1.01 days, with a range of 4-7 days), plant height

(141.15±21.85 cm, with a range of 85-183 cm), flowering time (97.03±13.19, with a range of 60-125 days), number

of flowers per axil (1–2), maturity period (114.90±9.40 days, with a range of 89-130 days), seed size per 10 seeds

(7.37±0.2 mm, with a range of 6.2-8.0 mm) and seed weight per 100 seeds (256.67±45.57 mg, with a range of 130-

350 mg). Significant correlation exists among these traits with the highest value being between days to germination

and shattering characteristics (r = 0.937, p < 0.0001). A high level of microsatellite polymorphisms was detected with

10 primer pairs which yielded three to six alleles per microsatellite locus with an average of 4.6 alleles and a

fragment size ranging from 150-307 bp. High genetic variability were found among the accessions with the repeat

motifs (TC12-TC25) and clearly differentiated the 30 cultivars into eight groups. High genetic relationship was found

between the variability in the cultivars based on microsatellite markers and variation among the characterized

cultivars in morpho-agronomic traits.

Key words: Sesame, (SSR) markers, morpho-agronomic traits.


105

0106

SURVEY OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS FOR DISEASE STATUS IN

HIMACHAL PRADESH-INDIA

Sunita Chandel1, J.K Dubey2 and Parvinder Kaushal3

1. Associate Professor 2Sr. Scientist 3 Director ,Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology Regional

Centre(National Afforestation and Eco-development Board ) Dr.Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,

Nauni, Solan (H.P)-173230





















106

0107

ASSESSMENT OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA (AM) FUNGI FROM RHIZOSPHERE

SOILS OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH-INDIA

Sunita Chandel1, J.K Dubey2 and Parvinder Kaushal3

1. Associate Professor 2Sr. Scientist 3 Director, Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Regional

Centre(National Afforestation and Eco-development Board ) Dr.Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,

Nauni, Solan (H.P)-173230





















107

0108

ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON OF EXO-POLYSACCHARIDES

FROM RHIZOSPHERIC CYANOBACTERIAL ISOLATES

Mehboob Ahmed1,2, Lucas Stal2, Shahida Hasnain1

1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 2Netherlands Institute of Ecology-KNAW, Department of Marine Microbiology, Yerseke, The Netherlands

Exo-polysaccharides (EPS) is an important trait of majority of cyanobacteria performing multiple functions.

Physio-chemical analysis of EPS from locally isolated rhizospheric cyanobacterial strains and their

comparison was the main aim of current study. Eight cyanobacterial isolates were used in study containing

half unicellular and other half filamentous ones. Mainly three different EPS fractions i.e. released (REPS),

loosely bound (LEPS) and closely bound (CEPS) were isolated separately from axenic cultures. Total

protein and carbohydrate content was estimated. Eight different monosaccharides were analysed in all EPS

of fractions using HPAE-PAD technique. EPS layers outside the cyanobacterial cells were localized by

confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using different fluorescent dyes. Cyanobacterial isolates

demonstrated a great variation in their EPS (Exopolysaccharides) quantity and quality. CLSM (Confocal

laser scanning microscopy) revealed thick EPS increments on cyanobacterial strains, especially on

Chroococcidiopsis strains (MMG-5 and MMG-6). Where as in other filamentous strains released EPS was

more visible. Quantitatively CEPS (Closely bound EPS) was most abundant fraction which constitute more

than 50% in total EPS of all strains. REPS (Released EPS) contained highest total carbohydrate content as

compare to other fractions. Six monosaccharides i.e. fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and

xylose were found to be most occurring residues in EPS of isolates. Fructose was found to be more

common in Chroococcidiopsis strains. The EPS was found to be very diverse in nature and different

fractions showed specific characteristics. This can be a source of interesting polysaccharides of desirable

characteristics in biotechnology.


108

0109

THE EFFECTS OF FAST NEUTRON RADIATION ON THE MEIOTIC CHROMOSOMES

OF (CAPSICUM ANUUM VAR ABBREVIATUM)

Falusi Olamide, Daudu oladipupo

Federal University of Tech. Minna, Dept. Of Biological Sciences, Minna, Niger state, Nigeria

In order to assess the effect of fast neutron irradiation (FNI) on the meiotic chromosomes of Capsicum

anuum var abbreviatum, 250 dry seeds of the variety were exposed to fast neutron irradiation (FNI) from an

Americium Beryllium source with a flux of 1.5 × 104 n.cm-2 s-1 for five irradiation exposure periods (IEPs): 0,

30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The seeds were sown with their respective controls and the effects of the different

irradiation treatments on the meiotic activity of the plants were studied. Results showed that all irradiation

periods caused meiotic abnormalities such as chromosome clumping, presence of univalents, multivalent,

triads and micronuclei, when compared with control plants. There was an increase in aberrant cells with

increase in periods of fast neutron irradiation (FNI). Finally, 120 minutes of FNI was found to be the most

potent period on inducing cytogenetic aberrations in meiotic pollen mother cell of the pepper plants. These

suggest that FNI had a significant effect on the meiotic activity of C. annuum var abbreviatum and could be

favourably exploited by plant geneticists and breeders.

.Key words: C. Annum var abbreviatum, fast neutron, irradiation exposure period


109

0110

QUANTITATIVE COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION FROM CENTRAL KARAKORAM NATIONAL PARK (CKNP), GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN

Alamdar Hussain, Minuddin Ahmed and Muhammad Akbar Laboratory of Dendrochronology and Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology,Gulshan-e-Iqbal Karachi, Pakistan. A study was carried out to asses the communities and floristic composition of 32 stands of forest, shrubs and herbs from CKNP. On the basis of phytosociological analysis and maximum important value index, following 1 forest community, 3 pure stands and 6 shrubs and herbs communities are identified and quantitatively described.

In forested areas only one Picea-Pinus wallichiana community was recognized while 3 pure stands of Juniperus excelsa, Picea smithiana and Pinus wallichiana were obtained. Non forested places were occupied by Rosa-Hippophae community, Hippophae-Ribes community, Rosa-Ribes community, Rosa-Berberis community, Hippophae-Tamarix community and Berberis-Tamarix community.

Poor floristic similarities between and within the communities at different elevations and slopes were seen however Rosa-Hippophae and Picea-Pinus wallichiana community showed higher floristic similarities within the community. Pine tree species were also distributed as a pure stand in different areas with higher density and basal area. Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants, in combination with other factors. Environmental changes have enormous impact on plant biodiversity in the past and present. We did not asses the past climate changes but this quantitative data which was collected first time from the National park will be helpful for future climatic changes. It is shown that vegetation was deteriorating under anthropogenic disturbance and predicted that climate change is also a major driver of biodiversity therefore needs special attention to protect these forests and vegetation.


110

0111

GIBBRELLIC ACID ALLEVIATES ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SALINITY STRESS BY

OPTIMIZES IONS AND INCREASES GROWTH AND YIELD OF PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM

L).

Ali Raza Gurmani1, Sami Ullah Khan1, Zahoor Ahmed1, Hakeem Khan1, and Nowsherwan

Noble Nawab2.

1 Department of Agriculture, Hazara University, Haripur campus, Pakistan.; 2 Vegetable Program, HRI, National

Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Salinity is one of the main abiotic stresses which declined the growth and yield of crop plants including peas. Plant

growth substances have long been demonstrated to exhibit favourable role in stress tolerance of plants. The present

attempt deals with the role of GA3 in the amelioration of salt stress in peas. Pre-soaking seeds with phytohormones

like gibberellic acid (GA3) proved useful for growth and yield of crop species grown under induced salt stress in

potted plants. Experiments were conducted to investigate the GA3 induced physiological changes in three varieties of

Peas viz., Meteor FSD, Samrina Zard and IT-96. Ten days old seedlings were exposed to 0, and 50 mM NaCl

salinity. Results showed that all the three levels (10-2, 10-4 & 10-6 M) of GA3 were effective to increase plant fresh/dry

biomass and yield of peas; however, seed treatment with 10-4 M was more effective under salinity stress. Priming with

GA3 countered some of the adverse effects of NaCl by increasing chlorophyll pigment, proline production, sugar

content , plant height and by reducing Na+ transport and Na+ fluxes concomitant with accumulation of K+ in shoots

and roots under salt stress. The K+:Na+ ratio was also increased under salt stress. The performance of Pea variety

Samrina Zard was better than Metoar, FSD and IT-96 both under controlled and salt stressed condition. It is inferred

that the adverse effects of salt stress on peas can be alleviated by the seed pre-treatment with 10-4 M GA3.

Keywords: Pisum Sativum L, Salinity, Gibberellic acid, K+:Na+ ratio, Growth & yield.


111

0112

THE VARIED HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOR OF GRAPEVINE CULTIVARS. ANATOMY, PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM OF SHIRAZ AND CABERNET SAUVIGNON GRAPEVINES IN RESPONSE TO STRESS. Uri Rachmilevitch1, Asfaw Degu1, Aaron Fait1, Shimon Rachmilevitch1,

1Blaustein institute for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker, Har Hanegev,

Israel

Grapes (Vitisvinifera) are well adapted to arid and semiarid environments due to their extensive deep root

system and tightly regulated drought avoidance mechanisms. Since regulated water deficit is known to

improve quality of wine grapes, many of the world vines are regularly deficiently irrigated. It was established

that different cultivars of grapes choose different strategies to deal with drought stress. Based on their

strategy, varieties where divided to isohydric and anisohydric.

In the presented research hydraulic behavior of two grapevine varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon (Cs)

(isohydric) and Shiraz (anisohydric), were studied in both field and green house conditions. In both

locations different irrigation stress treatments were given. Gas exchange, fluorometry, cross section

anatomy and metabolic analysis methods (GCMS, LCMS) were used to investigate plant response to water

stress. Differences between cultivars and between treatments were observed in both the physiological and

the metabolic levels. Shiraz exhibited a near anisohydric behavior which was accompanied by greater

metabolic changes. Cs exhibited a near isohydric behavior, activating his stress tolerance mechanisms at

higher soil water content and maintaining stable leaf water potential, but sustaining lower metabolic

changes as compared with Shiraz. As compared with Shiraz Cs compensated for his lower stomata

conductance with higher intrinsic water use efficiency and photorespiration rates. These photoprotective

mechanisms resulted in stable Fv/Fm rates in Cs, even under severe stress, as compared with the

decrease in Fv/Fm rates in response to stress observed in Shiraz. These measurements highlight the

importance of photorespiration in photoprotection.

The synergism achieved by the combination of physiological and metabolism research, allows a deeper

understanding of the an/isohydric phenomena. The different response of different grapevine cultivars to

water limitations, suggests that irrigation regimes should be adjusted specifically per cultivar in order to

save water and improve yield and quality.


112

0113

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF HONEY PRODUCING PLANTS UNDER A CHANGING

CLIMATE IN SOUTH –EASTERN NIGERIA: NEED FOR CONSERVATION TO IMPROVE

FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

Nnamani, C. V and Uguru, A. N.

Taxonomic and Bioresource Unit, Department of Applied Biology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria, Zoological Unit, Department of Applied Biology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria

Honeybee’s health and survival are dependent on biotic factors such as the availability of plant genetic

resources, their ability to blossom, and other abiotic factors. Today, the density and survival of these plant

species are been threatened by the vicious impart of climate change and environmental degradation.The

aims of this work were to evaluate palynologically after acetolysis the pollen spectrum of five honey

samples from three zones in Southern Nigeria. Results showed diversity of 56 honey plants belonging to 32

families of dicots and monocots. Predominant honey families were Anacardiaceae contributing (22.08%)

from three plant species of Spondias mombin L., Lannea acida A. Rich, Anacardium occidentale L,

Caesalpiniaceae with (31.16%) from five species Senna hirsuta L, Danialla oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch & Dalz.

Brachystegia eurycoma Harms, Senna occidentale L. Link and Dialium guineense Willd.. Others were

Euphorbiaceae contributing (26.02%) from six species of Bridelia micrantha ( Hochst.) Baill., Securinega

virosa (Roxb ex Willie) Baill., Manihot esculenta Crantz, Phyllanthus muellerianus (O. Ktz) Exell., Alchornea

cordifolia Muell, Arg. and Hymenocardia acida Tul. while Papilionaceae contributed (20.74%) coming from

three species Erythrina senegalensis D. C., Tephrosia purpurea L and Crotolaria retusa L.. Predominant

honey plants were Anacardium occidentale L, Ageratum conyzoides L, Danialla oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch&

Dalz., Alchornea cordifolia Muell, Arg, Trichilia spp and Elaeis guineensis Jacq. with 31.14, 32.48, 39.9,

58.74, 35.26 and 60.92 %, respectively. Apart from A. occidentalis and E. guineensis which are cultivated

others are threatened and becoming endangered in wild. Poor pollen spectrum recorded in some samples

could be a reflection of loss of bioresources attributed to impart of climate change and high level of

anthropogenic activities in these zones. It is therefore; recommended that policy makers and indeed

beekeepers in these zones as a matter of urgency should embark on extensive propagation, afforestation,

and conservation of these predominant honey plants within their apiaries in order to provide enough pollen

and nectar for bee farming.

Key words: Diversity, honey plants, acetolysis, improved food security, Southern Nigeria.


113

0114

POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF SOME WILDE ACACIA SPECIES GROWING IN SAUDI

ARABIA

Ahlam Al-Watban , and Ebtesam Al-Mogren

Center for Female Scientific and Medical College, Department of Botany, King Saud University.

Six species and one subsp. of Acacia belonging to the family mimosaceae were studied for their pollen

micromorphological characters such as pollen size, shape, the number of associated monads, colpi and

ornamentation of the tectum surface. It was found that the pollen size range from 69.4-42.1µm,,pollen

shape was round to semi-round ,the number of associated monads is 16 or 32,the colpy is Y or H shaped

and tectum surface orientation among the species was variable. It was foveolate in A. ehrenbergiana,

psilate in A. laeta, and A. negrii; psilate-foveolate in A. nilotica; and micro-reticulate in A. farnesiana, A.

orefota, and A. tortilis ssp. raddiana. The studies were carried out under the aid of LM and SEM. The

photography was made at various magnifications using JSM-5800 LV( JOEL) Scanning Electron

Microscope.

Key words: Mimosaceae, Acacia, pollen grains, micromorphological characters, Saudi Arabia.


114

0115

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES, BIOAGENTS, PLANT

EXTRACTS AND SOWING DATES AGAINST FUSARIUM WILT OF CHICKPEA

D. N. Dhutraj Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, MKV, Parbhani 431 402 (M.S) India.

Fungicides namely Carbendazim, Carbendazim + Thiram, Propiconazole, Hexaconazole, Difenconazole, bioagents (T. Viride, P. fluorescens + T. Viride) and bortanicals (Tulsi, Neem) were evaluated against Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. ciceri a fungus of chickpea, under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results revealed in vitro and in vivo conditions that all the treatments significantly increased per cent wilt control and decreased wilt incidence over untreated control. The seed treatment with Carbendazim + Thiram (0.2%) combination was found most effective in vitro and in vivo conditions in connection with per cent wilt control (79.60 and 81.42 %), wilt incidence (17.40 and 14.53%), vigour index (1455 and 2053.3) and dry matter (21.32 g and 20.18 g) respectively. The second best seed treatment was found with Carbendazim regarding per cent wilt control followed by P. fluorescens + T. Viride, Difenconazole, T. Viride, Hexaconazole, Tulsi, Propiconazole and Neem in both conditions. It was observed that the suitable sowing time would be around first week or fortnight of October to avoid losses from Fusarium wilt and increase seed yield in chickpea.

Key words: Fungicides, Bioagents, Plant Extracts, Fusarium Wilt, Chickpea, sowing dates


115

0116

INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY OF COMMON RUST OF MAIZE CAUSED BY PUCCINIA SORGHI SCHW.

Utpal Dey, S. I. Harlapur, D. N. Dhutraj, A. P. Suryawanshi, G. P. Jagtap and S.L. Badgujar

Department of Plant Pathology,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580005, India

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crop that expands its adaptation from very high north and south latitudes in temperate areas, through subtropical and tropical environments in north and south of the equator. Common rust caused by Puccinia sorghi Schw is the most destructive fungal foliar disease of maize worldwide. It is reported that common rust diseases can greatly reduce grain yield of maize in susceptible genotypes by between 40% on an average. Foliar disease management in maize often involves indiscriminate use of chemicals or total reliance on host plant resistance (HPR). Experiments on integrated disease management (IDM) at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India, have clearly demonstrated that when moderate levels of HPR are combined with field treatment and affordable levels of chemical control, expected yields and economic returns are higher than obtained with chemical control of susceptible genotypes. Local agronomic practices were followed during the same period of investigation. Results revealed that foliar application of Tebuconazole @ 0.1 % at 35 and 50 DAS, i.e., T1 was found to be significantly superior and highly effective in reducing the disease severity (19.74%) and gave maximum grain yield (66.87 q/ha), the next best treatment were foliar application of Hexaconazole @ 0.1 % at 35 and 50 DAS (28.23%) followed by foliar application of Tebuconazole @ 0.1 % at 35 DAS and Neemazole F 5 % at 50 DAS. The study suggests that any technology developed for maize should offer a clear yield and foliar disease resistance advantage over farmers’ current practices. Key word: Integrated disease management, Puccinia sorghi, fungicides, botanicals, common rust, field evaluation


116

0117

THE PHOSPHOLIPID COMPLEX OF MANGIFERIN FROM MANGIFERA INDICA

IMPROVED THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AS WELL AS ITS BIOAVAIABLITY

Sauvik Bhattacharyya, Milan Ahmmed, B. P. Saha, Pulok K Mukherjee

Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

Mangiferin is a xanthonoid, found in mangifera indica bark and leaves. It is popular for its antioxidant

potential, though its effectiveness is restricted due to rapid metabolism and elimination. A novel formulation

by combination with phospholipid has been developed and investigated on carbon tetrachloride induced

oxidative damage in rat liver. The antioxidant activity of the complex (equivalent of mangiferin 30 and 60

mg/kg body weight) and free mangiferin (30 and 60 mg/kg body weight) was evaluated by measuring

various enzymes in oxidative stress condition. The complex significantly reduced the hepatic marker

enzymes in rat serum and restored the antioxidant enzyme levels with respect to carbon tetrachloride

induced group (P<0.05 and P<0.01). Also the complex improved the pharmacokinetics of mangiferin by

increasing the relative bioavailability and elimination half life. The study reveals that the mangiferin-

phospholipid complex produced better antioxidant activity at the same dose level and provided its sustained

delivery for longer period.


117

0118

PROTOCOLS FOR IN VITRO MORPHOGENESIS AND HAIRY ROOT CULTURES OF

MILK THISTLE (SILYBUM MARIANUM L. GAERTN).

Shawky Bekheet, Hussein Taha, Ahmed Gabr

National Research Center, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt

Applicable protocols for in vitro morphogenesis and hairy root cultures of the medicinal plant Milk thistle were developed.

Calli cultures were induced from leaf petiole and stem of in vitro grown plants. The highest frequency of callus induction

was observed on leaf explants incubated on MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/l kin + 0.5 mg/l IAA. Results of callus

growth revealed that medium contained 5 mg/l kin + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.1 mg/l GA3 gave the highest fresh weight and

growth value. Concerning in vitro regeneration, the highest percentage of direct organogenesis (from leaf) was observed

with medium contained 1 mg/l BA + 2 mg/l NAA. However, transfer of callogenic explants onto 2 mg/l kin + 2 mg/l NAA

containing medium resulted in the highest percentage of indirect organogenesis presented ad shoot formation. For

establishment of hairy root cultures of Milk theistle, three, four and five weeks old leaves were used as explants. Hairy

roots were induced by inoculation of explants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4 within three weeks. Hairy roots

were formed in high frequency on wounded regions of the young (three weeks old) leaves which subsequently used to

obtain hairy root lines.

Key words: Milk thistle, in vitro, regeneration, hairy roots.


118

0119

OCCURRENCE AND BIODIVERSITY OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

ASSOCIATED WITH NATURAL VEGETATION COVER IN NORTHEAST OF JORDAN

Ghazi Al-Karaki

Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan

Sustainability in both natural and agro ecosystems is dependent on a biological balance in the soil, which is

mainly governed by the activity of microbial communities. Certain microorganisms are particularly

beneficial to plant growth and health like arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi. The objectives of this study

were to determine the occurrence and biodiversity of AM fungi associated with natural vegetation cover of

arid region in northeast of Jordan. Plants with their roots along with soil samples from rhizosphere or bare

lands were collected from three locations in the region of study. Out of AM fungi species isolated from

soils, five species were identified from the genus Glomus. Glomus mosseae was the most common

species among samples, which was found in 40% of the soil collected samples, followed by G.

monosporum and G.etunicatum. Twenty-five percent of the collected samples contained Acaulospora spp.

The spore density was not clearly affected neither by the host plants nor by the location, which suggest the

absence of location or plant specificity for the AM fungi observed in soils of the studied area. This may

indicate that other factors could have an effect on mycorrhizal occurrence and biodiversity. Therefore,

mycorrhizal populations might be more affected by abiotic factors prevailing in the region. The soil organic

matter (OM) and phosphorus contents were significantly correlated with AM fungal spore density. In

conclusion, the AM Glomus mosseae was more common AM fungal species and no host plant or location

specificity was observed.

Key words: Badia, Biodiversity, Arid lands, Rhizosphere


119

0120

SPECIES DIVERSITY OF PEDIASTRUM AND SCENEDESMUS FROM VARIOUS WATER RESERVIORS OF KOPARGAON TAHSIL, DIST. AHMEDNAGAR (M.S.), INDIA

Ramesh Sanap1,

1S.S.G.M.College, Kopargaon,Dist.Ahmednagar (M.S.), India, Maharashtra, India

The basic need of the world is proper conservation of biodiversity and management and utilization of water resources. India is rich in biodiversity. Conservation and well management of biodiversity are the basic concerns in recent days. Algal group is the primary producers of aquatic ecosystem. Survey of algal biodiversity was made by many phycologists all over India. Pediastrum and Scenedesmus are the members of Chlorococcales of Class-Chlorophyceae. These are two common non-motile colonial forms and found abundantly in the stagnant freshwater ecosystems. They are found in planktonic forms or attached on the surface of other aquatic forms. Pediastrum is 4-64 celled alga, while Scenedesmus is 2-8 celled colonial form. During present studies 10 water reservoirs of Kopargaon tahsil were selected. Bimonthly collection of algal forms was made for two consecutive years (2009-2011). At many sampling stations due to domestic wastes and agricultural run-off causes the enrichment of nutrients in river water causing the luxurious growth of these algal forms. During preset investigations in all, 11 algal taxa belonging Genus Pediastrum and 27 of Scenedesmus were recorded. Maximum population of these forms was recorded during summer season. During present studies tremendous variations in Pediastrum and Scenedesmus diversity was noticed during summer and winter as compared to monsoon season. Change in water flow, transparency and temperature affected the growth and abundance of algae in river water. Presence of Scenedesmus quadricauda at certain stations indicates pollution status of water.

Keywords: Pediastrum, Scenedesmus, Biodiversity, water reservoirs.


120

0121

ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES OF FERNS, COLONIZED STONY SUBSTRATES

Derzhavina Nina

Department of botany, physiology and biochemistry, Orel State University, Komsomolskaya 95, Orel 302026, Russia,

The objects of the study are epilithic ferns from different families. Their sporophytes have the following

adaptations: Biomorphological level: nanism; tussock biomorphs; intermittent leaf fall; regulation of

developmental rhythm according to the climate. Organ and tissue level (fronds): relatively thick leathery and

thin carved fronds; reduction of leaf blades and ability to perform xerotropic movements; abscission layer

and structures with shielding properties; heliomorphy; high density of mesophyll; succulentization; dense

reticulum of areoles. Cellular and subcellular levels: collenchyma-like thickenings of cell walls in palisade

tissue and epidermis; poikilochlorophytism; small cells; large intercellular spaces in high-mountain and

arctic species; presence of hypodermis and water-retaining substances; polyploidy; apogamy. Functional

level: thermodynamism; poikilohydry; tolerance in respect of рН value of the substrate; intensification of the

processes of photosynthesis and respiration; oligotrophy. Adaptation of gametophytes: prolongation of life

span; vegetative propagation; apospory; presence of a “tubercle” allowing to endure water deficit and fires;

intraprothallial self-fertilization.

An ecological classification of epilithes using a new biomorphological category – morphofunctional type

(MFT) is developed. Two groups of MFT are distinguished: 1) preadapted to life on stony substrates. It

includes platylithophytes, chasmophytes and schistophytes. Their preadaptive mechanisms: biomorphs -

long- and short-rhizomatous; plagiotropic, orthotropic and anisotropic; small- and large-rosette, rosetteless,

diffuse-rosette; facultative and obligate bryophylly; poikilohygry; 2) adapted to epilithic mode of life. The

latter includes predominantly chasmophytes. Their preadaptive mechanisms: facultative and obligate

bryophylly, short-rhizomatous biomorphs; poikilohygry; adaptive mechanisms – tussock biomorphs;

nanism; long branched root systems; intraprothallial self-fertilization, apogamy and apospory;

thermodynamism.

Key words: platylithophytes, chasmophytes, schistophytes, nanism, thermodynamism, poikilohydry,

bryophylly.


121

0122

MULTIPLE SHOOT INDUCTION FROM WILD LETTUCE [LAUNEA TARAXACIFOLIA (WILLD) AMIN, EX. C. JEFFREY], AN INDIGENOUS LEAFY VEGETABLE. Sakpere, A.M. A. and Jayeoba, T Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile – Ife, Nigeria. Launea taraxacifolia (Asteraceae), also known as wild lettuce, is one of the many indigenous leafy vegetables (ILV) Nigeria is blessed with. Selection of L. taraxacifolia plants with tender leaves of low bitterness would increase its popularity. A limitation to cultivation and domestication of this plant is a lack of variability imposed by vegetative mode of propagation leading to inefficiency of conventional breeding. Molecular breeding will therefore be a more efficient method for genetic improvement of the plant and in vitro regeneration protocols are essential for molecular breeding to succeed. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of a combination of benzyladenine (BA) with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and a combination of 2,4 - dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) with kinetin (KN) on multiple adventitious shoot regeneration and to develop an efficient micropropagation protocol for the species. The explants were cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium fortified with different concentrations of 2,4-D with KN and BA with NAA. A combination of BA with NAA was more efficient for multiple adventitious shoot regeneration as compared to the combination of 2,4-D with KN. Out of different explants utilized (leaf, stem and nodal), only leaf explants produced multiple adventitious shoots (100%) with an average number of 13.3 ± 2.4 shoots per explants on shoot induction medium (Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium + 2.0 mg/l BA + 0.1 mg/l NAA). Shoot buds elongated rapidly with over 50% of the elongated shoots rooting well on the same medium. This study, to our knowledge is the first report on the multiple adventitious shoot regeneration of L.

taraxacifolia.

Key words: Launea taraxacifolia, Asteraceae, indigenous leafy vegetables (ILV), leaf explants, direct organogenesis, in vitro, plant growth regulators.


122

0123

THE ROLE OF CALENDARS IN ETHNOECOLOGY

Merlin Franco

Curtin University, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia

Indigenous communities employ various strategies to manage their ecosystem, of which, activities such as

hunting, agriculture and clearing of forests are directly determined by the community’s calendars. Well

documented calendars such as the Maya calendar and the Aztec calendars had played an important role in

enabling the respective communities to manage their ecosystem and practice agriculture. Calendars are

repositories of important information on ecological events, phenology and other bio-rhythms. Using the

Calendar of the Kondh community of Odisha, India, I argue that calendars are an important requirement in

ethnoecology. The Kondh calendar is a lunar calendar that employs various festivals and rituals to remind

people about important ecological events. It dictates and controls all collective actions of the community

related to agriculture, hunting and NTFP collection. The quintessential role of calendars in ecosystem

management offer tremendous scope for ethnoecological studies that aim to foster ecosystem conservation

and management.


123

0124

THE ROLE OF DOLICHOL PHOSPHATE MANNOSE SYNTHASE1 (DPMS1) IN N-

GLYCOSYLATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARABIDOPSIS

Nurul Jadid1,2, Alexis Samba Mialoundama1, Dimitri Heintz1, Daniel Ayoub3, Mathieu

Erhardt1, Jérôme Mutterer1, Denise Meyer1, Abdelmalek Alioua1, Alain Van Dorsellaer3,

Alain Rahier1, Bilal Camara1, Florence Bouvier1

1Institut de Biologie moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Strasbourg, France, 2Department of Biology,

Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia, 3Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse

Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisiplinaire Hubert Curien du CNRS,

UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

The attachment of glycans into a specific Asn residue of the protein represents the most prominent post-

translational modification in plants. This so-called N-glycosylation is extremely essential for the biological

function of more than 50% proteins. It affects the physico-chemical properties of the proteins, including its

solubility, resistance to thermal denaturation and protection from proteolytic degradation. The N-

glycosylation pathway involves the attachment of mannose residues to the glycoproteins, which is mediated

by polyprenyl monosaccharide protein carrier, Dolichol Phosphate Mannose (DPM). Genetic evidences in

many organisms showed that the formation of DPM is catalysed by DPM Synthase (DPMS). Here we

showed that in plants, DPMS represents a heteromeric enzyme complex composed of DPMS1, DPMS2

and DPMS3, where the DPMS1 is the catalytic module. We have also revealed the biological function of

DPMS1 in the development of Arabidopsis thaliana by analyzing T-DNA loss-of-function mutants and RNAi-

mediated reduction of DPMS1. The results of these studies demonstrate glycosylation-defect phenotypes,

such as wrinkled seed coat, chlorotic and extremely reduced root growth phenotypes and highlights the

hypersensitivity of Arabidopsis dpms1 mutants to ammonium. Moreover, the overexpression of DPMS1 in

Arabidopsis thaliana results in disorganized stem morphology, vascular system defects, wrinkled seed coat

and constitutive ER stress response.

Key words: N-Glycosylation, Dolichol Phosphate Mannose, ER stress response


124

0125

BIODIVERSITY OF GYMNOSPERM AND ITS MONGOLIAN TRADITIONAL CONSERVATION CULTURE ON ORDOS GRASSLAND, CHINA

Liang Man1,2 Yixia Liu3

1 College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; 2 College of Life Sciences and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot 010022, China; 3 College of Geography, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot 010022, China

Ordos grassland is located in 37°20′～39°50′N, 107°10′～113°45′E, and is belonging to the Ancient

Alashan—Ordos biodiversity center, there are the richest temperate shrubs in the world.

Biodiversity and culture diversity are interdependent developing together. From 13th century, Mongolian inherited and developed the nomadic culture in the Ordos grassland, and developed Mongolian traditional ecological culture.

This study applied methods of ecology, cultural anthropology and plant taxonomy, discussed the relationship between Mongolian traditional culture and conservation of grassland gymnosperm. There are 7 species gymnosperm, belonging to 3 genera and 3 families, which have been identified on Ordos grassland. They are Juniperus rigida Sieb.et Zucc., J. sabina L., Ephedra equisetina Bunge, E. intermedia Schrenk ex Mey., E. sinica Stapf, E. przewalskii Stapf and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.. The Juniperus rigida, J. sabina and Ephedra sinica become constructive species or dominant species to structure plant community, and For. Juniperus rigida is remained gymnosperm community on Ordos grassland.

For. Juniperus rigida which remained on the east side of Ordos grassland, benefited from conservation of Mongolian temple culture and Oboo culture (Oboo is a Mongolian place of worship that is used for worshiping the heaven, earth, sun and moon and the souls of ancestors). It is a proof of growing Forest-steppe on Ordos grassland before A.D.1900. The northeast of Ordos grassland was Mongolian royal forbidden area which was an area of For. Juniperus rigida distributed.

Juniperus sabina and Ephedra sinica are constructive species or dominant species of the Mu Us sandy vegetation on Ordos grassland. Mongolians called sandy shrub vegetation as “Balar”(Balar means dense sandy vegetations). It used for rotational grazing in the autumn and winter.

When Mongolian utilize the above ground part of Juniperus sabina to make traditional beauty water, and utilize the above ground part of Ephedra equisetina, E.intermedia, and E. sinica to make detoxifying medicine, they would not damage the subterraneous organ of those. This is not only a traditional culture which has biological meaning, also a culture of ecological meaningful culture.

Key words: gymnosperm resources, Mongolian traditional eco-culture, conservation, ethnoecology, Ordos

grasland


125

0126

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE LEAF ESSENTIAL OIL OF ZANTHOXYLUM OXYPHYLLUM Rituparna Boraha, A. K. Talukdarb and M.C.Kalitac

a Department of Biotech & Bioengineering, Gauhati University, Assam, India.; b Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University. Assam, India.; c Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Assam, India

North East India is endowed with a large potential reservoir of plant species bearing diverse chemical constituents with possible high medicinal value. According to a recent report [1], Indo-Burma region is one of the 25 hot spot of world with more than 13,500 plant species, among them 7,000 species are known endemic. North East India comes under this region for its rich biodiversity. Zanthoxylumoxyphyllumis one of the 12 species of Zanthoxylum found in this part of India. It’s having high aromatic and medicinal values. The essential oil distilled from the leaves of Zanthoxylumoxyphyllumwas studied by Gas Chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main components were found to beMethyl heptyl ketone (55.2 %), followed by Methyl nonyl ketone (33.6%) and Vinyl decanoate (7.5%) respectively. This volatile extract exhibited many biological activities including local anesthesia and larvicidal activity. The essential oil induced 78% local anesthesia at 100ppm concentration on rabbit (1100g±0.00). Essential oil of leave is found high larvicidal activity against few aquatic insect pests under laboratory condition. Nychiamarshalli, a voracious feeder which attack young spawn, fry and fingerling, smaller fishes and several economical important flora and faunashowed highest mortalitywith LC50 value of 0.10ppm and LC90 value of 1.466ppm after 24 hr of treatment. Essential oil of Z. oxyphyllum also showed its potency against larvae of Aedesaegypti, the vector of Dengue and Dengue hemorrhagic fever with LC50 value of 7.52ppm after 24hr of treatment.


126

0127

PROGRESS TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT DURATION HIGH YIELDING

RICE VARIETIES

Lutful Hassan

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Rice (Oryza sativa), the staple food of Bangladesh, covered about 10.58 million ha of cropped area. The

national cropping intensity of Bangladesh was 181% during the period 2010-11. Primary constraints to

achieving food security are the low yield per unit area and negligible scope for expansion of the area of

land for cultivation. Hence, increase in intensity of cultivation and in yields per unit area are the only

available options to meet future food needs to feed an ever increasing population. Furthermore, there are

seven different eco-cultural types of rice, namely, boro (irrigated), upland aus (rainfed), transplanted aus

(partially irrigated), tidal wetland (boro-aus saline), transplanted aman (rainfed, medium highland),

transplanted aman (tidal wetland) and deepwater rice (rainfed). All these seven eco-cultural types need

short duration high yielding rice varieties. To address this problem high yielding short duration rice

varieties/advanced lines viz., BRRI dhan 33, BRRI Dhan 53, BINA Dhan 7 and advanced lines of the

department of Genetics & Plant Breeding were considered for the expansion of short duration rice seed

plantation in the selected areas. Breeding line SL – 9 and ADT(R)47 selected as donor (male) parent and

BRRI Dhan 52, BRRI Dhan 53, BRRI Dhan 57 as recipient (female) parent for Aman season and Crosses

were made among the selected parents. For Boro season, crosses were made in BRRI Dhan 28 X IR

77734-93-2-3-2, BRRI Dhan 29 X ADT(R) 47 and BRRI dhan 55 X IR 77734-93-2-3-2. Crosses were done

in BRRI Dhan 48 X Parija, BRRI dhan 55 X Parija, BRRI Dhan 48 X NERICA 2, BRRI dhan 55 X NERICA

2, BRRI Dhan 48 X NERICA 4, BRRI dhan 55 X NERICA 4 to obtain short duration high yielding Aus rice.

The most promising ones were selected for the next generations following the modified pedigree method.

Development of short duration, stable and high yielding rice varieties is in progress. On completion,

farmers will get the opportunity to fit their crops in diverse cropping patterns. Furthermore, farmers will be

encouraged to cultivate their fallow lands. The proposed research will increase the cropping intensity and

will thereby increase the productivity of cropping system to boost agricultural production and the incomes of

rural poor people.

Key Words Rice, Oryza sativa, short duration, HYV


127

0128

RESPONSE OF PHULE RAJA (LYCOPERSICON ESCULANTUS MILL.) CULTIVARS TO

FOLIAR APPLICATION OF BLUE GREEN ALGAL EXTRACT, BIOFORCE, AMRUTA

AND RECOMMENDED DOSE.

Abhang A. R.1, S. D. Pingle.2 and G.Y. Rohokale.3

1, 3. Arts, Science and Commerce College, Rahuri (M.S.), India. 2. K.J. S.College of Arts, Commerce and Science,

Kopargaon (M.S.), India.

Investigation to study the effect of Blue Green algal extract, Bioforce, Amruta (19:19:19) and recommended dose (NPK) as foliar spray on growth of tomato cultivar Phule Raja was carried out on farmers field at Yeole Akhada village in Rahuri tehsil of Ahmednagar district (M.S.), India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD), with three replications. The experiment consists of seven foliar spray treatments. Among these treatments, foliar application of Blue Green algal extract was significantly superior as compare to other treatments which resulted in increasing the yield of tomato (693.99 q/ha).

Keywords: - Tomato, BGA, Bioforce, Amruta, Recommended dose, Foliar spray, Yield.


128

0129

ASSESSMENT ON THE EFFECTS OF INTERCROPPING PATTERNS ON INCIDENCE

AND DAMAGE TO COTTON BY DIAPAROPSIS CASTANEA: HAMPSON

(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN MAGOYE, MAZABUKA DISTRICT OF ZAMBIA

Mutibo Chijikwa, Philip Nkunika, Bruce Siamasonta

1Cotton Development Trust, Mazabuka, Zambia, 2University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

The Red bollworm, Diaparopsis castanea (Hampson) is an insect that has gone from being a minor cotton

pest to being a major pest of cotton in Zambia. This study was conducted in Magoye, Mazabuka district,

Southern province of Zambia. The main aim of the study was to assess the effects of intercropping patterns

on the incidence and damage caused to cotton by D. castanea. The study was conducted in two parts

during the 2010/11 farming season. Part A involved conducting a survey among 80 randomly selected

farmers in Magoye to determine the different types of intercropping patterns , if any at all, being used in the

area. Part B was an experimental field study to assess various intercropping patterns identified from the

survey. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. Cotton cultivar

CDT II (Gossypium hirsutum spp) was sown by hand in 100-cm spaced single rows. The intercrops

selected were Maize (Zea mays L.), Sorghum (Sorghum vulgares L.) Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.),

Cowpea (Vigna unguuiculata L.) and Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). The data collected was subjected to

analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and LSD using GenStat discovery edition 3 computer

package.The survey revealed that only 28% of farmers in Magoye area were using intercropping as a pest

control strategy. The intercrops were grown either as a strip/single row pattern alongside the cotton crop or

in between each row of cotton. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the field study showed significant

differences (F =2.22; d.f =5; P<0.001) in incidence of D. castanea egg, average damage to cotton bolls (F =

1.25; d.f = 5; P<0.001) and average seed cotton yield (F =1.17; d.f = 1.17; P<0.001) across the various

intercropping patterns.

Results of the present study confirm that intercropping is being used by farmers in Magoye, Mazabuka

district of Zambia. The Experiment further showed that none of the intercrops selected were alternative

hosts for D. castanea. Based on overall seed cotton yield, cotton-sunflower treatment was the most

effective intercropping pattern as it produced the highest yield of 303kg/ha.


129

0130

IDENTIFICATION OF DROUGHT TOLERANT GENES FROM WATER MELON AND ITS

WILD RELATIVES

Chet Ram1, Manjusha Verma1 And Lalit Arya1

1National Research Centre on DNA Fingerprinting, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012

The objectives of this study were to identification and cloning of drought tolerance related sequences from

water melon. For that three drought tolerant related gene sequences of Cucumis melo viz. osmotin, ERF

and DREB1 gene homologous have been downloaded from NCBI database and 28 primer pairs have been

synthesized from these sequences. Primers were tested on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) as well as on

control (Cucumis melo). Out of 28 primers, 6 primers related to DREB1 gene homologous were selected for

further amplification. 2 primers were found positive in test as well as in control sample. PCR products were

cloned into E. coli vector and confirmed by restriction analysis. They were sequenced and analyzed

through BLAST tool. The sequences were shown 100% homology to DREB gene homologous of Cucumis

melo and 65% to 88% homology to other available drought tolerant gene related sequences in database.

Key words: Water melon, DREB1, PCR, Cloning, Restriction Analysis


130

0131

IN VİTRO ADVENTİVE SHOOT REGENERATİON OF THE CRİTİCALLY ENDANGERED

MEDİTERRANEAN KNAPWEED (CENTAUREA TCHİHATCHEFFİİ FİSCH ET. MEY). BY

USİNG STEM NODE EXPLANTS.

Hanife Ozler1 Cevdet Gumus2 Sebnem Ellialtıoglu3

1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; 2 Bartin Vocational School, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey; 3 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

Flora of Turkey possesses approximately 9000 plant species, from which 3000 are endemic. One of them is Centaurea tchihatcheffii Fisch et. Mey. The flowers of Centaurea tchihatcheffii are most attractive as the pale or dark pinkish-red marginal florets (the most frequent colour form) take on an iridescent shimmer in the sun and wind, hence the vernacular name Yanardöner, meaning ‘iridescent flower’. Centaurea tchihatcheffii L. is an endangered plant and previous studies emphasise that low germination rate of its seed is primarily due to deep seed dormancy. Therefore determination of the propagation techniques of this plant such as in vitro micropropagation will have great importance for germplasm conservation and commercial production. This species have a great potential for using as ornamental plants because of their attractive flowers. Stem node explants of C.tchihatcheffii obtained in vitro germinated seedlings were cultured on different nutrient media supplemented with various concentrations of plant growth regulators. Large numbers of adventive shoots were regenerated (over 25 shoots/explants) from node explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mgl–1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.50 mgl–1

Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) after 30 days of culture initiation. The new node explants were subcultured to the fresh media. Regenerated shoots were transplanted to a potting mixture and were acclimatizated in the growth chamber. Key words: Centaurea tchihatcheffii, in vitro, growth regulators, adventive shoot, acclimatization.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescent


131

0132

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND RELATIONSHIP OF ENDANGERED TREE SPECIES HOPEA

CORDATA VIDAL, (DIPTEROCARPACEAE)

Duc-Thanh NGUYEN1, Thi-Bich-Thuy LE1, Hoang-Nghia NGUYEN2

1Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 2Institute of forest science, Hanoi, Viet Nam

Hopea cordata Vidal, (Dipterocarpaceae) is small woody tree, ever green. The trees have high potential in

planting in sandy soil, especially, costal white sand areas. The Hopea cordata Vidal is critically endangered

specie, currently, found in only one location (My Ca, Khanh Hoa province). At present, most of the trees are

the shoots generated on the parent stumps with diameter of 12 – 15 cm. So far, there is no any study on

this tree specie. In contribution to the assessment the level of genetic diversity, we have applied RAPD and

chloroplast markers for the study of genetic diversity and provenance of 50 samples of Hopea cordata Vidal

collected from different places in My Ca. The analysis based on 4 chloroplast DNA sequences (trnH-trnK,

trnD-trnT, psbC-trnS, and trnM-rbcL) indicated that 50 samples of Hopea cordata collected from three

different locations (Thuy Trieu 1, Thuy Trieu 2, and Tan Xa) of My Ca had the same origin, as no

polymorphism was detected in PCR products generated by primer pairs trnH-trnK, trnD-trnT, psbC-trnS,

and trnM-rbcL used to amplify respective sequences in 50 Hopea cordata samples; even when PCR

products were digested by three restriction enzymes HinfI, HhaI, and RsaI, no polymorphic bands were

observed. The data obtained using 5 RAPD primers (OPB11, OPB14, OPB15, OPC8, and OPC11) showed

the small different between the investigated samples. The level of genetic different ranged from 0 to 33%.

The data obtained indicated the need to conserve all the investigated individuals at the locations where

they are growing and set up the conservation areas in other locations which have similar soil and climate

conditions for further development of this important tree species.


132

0133

BIOPROSPECTION OF HIMALAYAN LICHENS FOR ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES: A

METHODICAL APPROACH

Gaurav Mishra

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Lichens, the mutual composites of fungi (mycobiont) and green (phycobiont) or blue green (cyanobiont)

algae, inhabit nearly all the terrestrial domains of earth. Survival of lichens in harsh environments is largely

due to the accumulation of secondary metabolites. The secondary metabolites have antimicrobial activity

which has been utilised worldwide in form of pesticides, medicines and supplements.

Himalayan habitats of India harbour maximum diversity of lichens. The temperate-alpine undisturbed

regions of Himalayas allow lichen growth forms to attain larger biomass. Extraction of secondary

metabolites from lichens, desires methods which can give maximum yield as well as effective-active

antimicrobial constituents.

A methodology of extracting lichen secondary metabolites and screening them for their antifungal activity

against some wide spectrum plant pathogenic fungi was tested for maximum yield and antifungal activity.

Common Foliose lichens from western Himalayas were used for extracting secondary metabolites. The

extraction was done in organic solvents (acetone, methanol and chloroform) using Soxhlet extractor. The

secondary metabolites were further recovered in concentrated form and through gentle removal of solvents

from lichen samples by evaporation using rotary evaporator. The yield ranged between 10-20 % of fresh

weight taken. Antifungal activity was analysed employing Bauer- Kirby disc diffusion assay, against some

broad spectrum plant pathogenic fungi. The acetone and methanol extract were found comparatively more

effective against test fungi. The methodology was efficient in terms of yield of secondary metabolites which

also retain the desired quality of the extracts (antifungal activity).

Key Words: Antifungal activity, Bauer- Kirby disc diffusion assay, Himalayan lichen, rotary evaporator,

secondary metabolites, Soxhlet extractor


133

0134

BARE1 AND BAGY2 RETROTRANSPOSON MOVEMENT AND EXPRESSION ANALYSES IN DEVELOPING BARLEY SEEDLINGS Nermin GOZUKIRMIZI, Sevgi MARAKLI and Sibel YILMAZ Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 34134, Vezneciler, Istanbul-TURKEY Retrotransposons are genetic elements that can move within the genome. They can cause mutations by inserting

near or within genes. They may also have an important role in regulation of development. Barley is an important

model plant besides its commercial importance. Retrotransposons constitute more than 50% of barley (Hordeum

vulgare L.) genome. In this study, we investigated BARE1 and BAGY2 retrotransposon movements, and expression

patterns of inner domains of BARE1-gag, BAGY2-env (envelope) and rt (reverse transcriptase) in mature embryo,

leaf and root tissues of barley which were grown from the same plant, using IRAP (Inter Retrotransposon Amplified

Polymorphism) and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) techniques respectively. Barley seeds that are germinated

between moist filter papers in Petri dishes under sterile conditions for 16 hours were used for mature embryo

dissection and genomic DNA isolation. Genomic DNA was also isolated from leaves and roots of 5 individual

seedlings which were harvested on 10th day of germination. IRAP-PCR was performed with each DNA template for

BARE1 and BAGY2 retrotransposons. BAGY2 has been found to be more stable while BARE1 polymorphisms were

observed among embryo, 10-day-old root and 10-day-old leaves. The similarity level is observed to be 50% between

roots and leaves, 55% between embryo and root, and 66% between embryo and leaves. Expression analyses of

inner domains showing different PCR products of cDNA samples from the embryo, root and leaves demonstrated

that expression profile might change among individuals. Findings obtained are expected to contribute to

understanding of the effects of epigenetic changes during barley development.

Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L., IRAP, BARE1, BAGY2, gene expression


134

0135

CALLUS CULTURE STUDIES ON JASMINUM MALABARICUM – AN ENDEMIC

MEDICINAL PLANT.

Pramod HJ1, Sanit SG1, Sandeep RP2

KLE University's College of Pharmacy, Belgaum, Karnataka, India; 1Department of Pharmaceutical

Biotechnology, KLE University’s College of Pharmacy, Belgaum-590 010, India; 2Regional Medical

Research Centre, ICMR, Belgaum-590 010, India

Jasminum malabaricum belonging to the family Oleaceae is endemic to western ghats of India. It is a

climber, with white flowers and fragrance and known for its ethno medicinal importance like antibacterial,

antioxidant, blood purifier, anti-tumor properties. The extensive exploitation of this species has led to

reduction of its natural population. Owing to its attributes callus culture studies was carried out using

Murashige and Skoog medium with different combinations and concentrations of BAP, NAA and 2,4D. The

leaves and stem segments were used as explants for callus growth and leaves responded significantly to

produce callus. The total phenolics present in the callus culture were estimated.

Key words: Jasminum malabaricum, callus and endemic.


135

0136

THE ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ON THE TOLERANCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS OF SOME VEGETABLE SPECIES. Fikret YASAR1, Sebnem ELLIALTIOGLU1, Sebnem KUSVURAN1,

1University oy yuzuncu Yıl, Van, Turkey, Turkey

When plants are subjected to environmental stress such as temperature extremes, drought, herbicide

treatment, and mineral deficiency, the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the

quenching activity of antioxidants is upset, often resulting in oxidative damage. Plants have developed

enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms to scavenge ROS. Plant species and cultivars within a crop

species differ greatly in their response to environmental stress. Plants with high levels of antioxidants,

either constitutive or induced, have been reported to have greater resistance to this oxidative damage. We

examined the relationship between antioxidant enzymes and salt tolerance in the leaves of the eggplant

seedlings of two salt-tolerant varieties, and two salt-sensitive genotypes. In salt-tolerance eggplants; SOD,

CAT, APX and GR activities increased significantly when the seedlings grown in the hydroponic system

contained 150 mM NaCl. The data presented in literatur indicates a salt-induced increase in antioxidant

enzyme activity in callus tissue of the more salt-tolerant eggplant varieties. The genotypic differences

observed in salt tolerance in whole plant experiments were also apparent in callus cultures. Whole plant

experiments and callus culture experiments gave similar results that salt tolerance genotypes can use their

antioxidative enzyme defense system better than salt-sensitive genotypes. The data and the observations

indicate a strong correlation between antioxidant enzyme activity and the ability of eggplant callus tissue to

grown on media amended with NaCl. The salt-induced increase in antioxidant enzyme activities in callus

tissue were found at the high level in the more salt tolerant eggplant varieties. A variety in that has high

tolerance against salt in eggplant never take place in the group of salt sensitive in callus culture.

The results of pumpkin salt tolerance studies showed that these enzyme activities in all of the genotypes

were increased by salinity and were higher in the salt-tolerant genotypes than in the salt-sensitive

genotypes. These enzymes were also reported to be important in the salt tolerance of melon and green

bean. We observed that salinity increased GR activity in salt-tolerant genotypes in melon. In the study on

pumpkin varieties, GR activity was increased in the tolerant genotypes (Iskenderun-4 and AB-44)

compared to the salt-sensitive ones. This result suggests that salt-tolerant genotypes are more likely to

exhibit an ascorbate-glutathione cycle and reduce H2O2.

In conclusion, we have observed that tolerant and sensitive genotypes show different responses under

salinity, that antioxidative enzyme activities play a protective role against salt stress, and that antioxidative

defense mechanisms were effective in providing resistance to stress in plants. The results of the studies

showed that the seedlings of the salt-tolerant genotypes may have better protection against stress by

increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in salinity.


136

0137

EVALUATION OF FUNGITOXIC EFFECTS OF AGERATUM CONYZOIDES LINN.

Uzma Bashir1, Sidra Javed1,2

1Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Lahore/Punjab, Pakistan, 2Institute of Agricultural Sciences,

Lahore/Punjab, Pakistan

In-vitro antifungal activity of aqueous extract of different plant parts of A. conyzoides (Inflorescence, leaf,

stem and root) was determined against the mycelial growth and biomass production of Fusarium solani

(Mart.) Sacc. The cause of wilts in Egg plant (Solanum melongena L.) A measured reduction in F. solani

biomass was observed due to aqueous extracts of different concentrations. As in inflorescence it was 42-

56%, in stem 26-59%, and in root it was 51-63%. Leaf extract exhibited maximum toxicity and proved to be

more effective in controlling fungal growth as compared to the other parts in the flask experiment. The rate

of reduction in biomass of target fungus in aqueous leaf extracts was measured as 65-72%. Further pot

experiment was conducted for more conspicuous results. It was noticed that as the concentration of leaf

residue was increased from lower to higher i-e 2%-6% in the soil the disease incidence decreased

significantly. The present study revealed that A. conyzoides have potential to control the growth of F.

solani.

Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides, Antifungal activity, Aqueous extract, Fusarium solani, Mycelial growth


137

0138

EXTRACTS OF HELINUS INTEGRIFOLIUS POSSESS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND INHIBIT THE ACTIVITY OF YEAST AND MAMMALIAN Α-GLUCOSIDASE

1 Shai LJ, 1Ntini VP, 2 Mokgotho MP and 2 Mogale MA

1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; 2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, PO Medunsa, 0204, South Africa

Helinus integrifolius is used to treat a variety of ailments, including arthritis, male sexual dysfunction and paralysis. This plant is well traded in herbal medicine markets, and may well possess important biological activity. We investigated in vitro antidiabetic activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Roots and leaf acetone extracts of H. integrifolius, as well as leaf acetone extract of Cordia grnadicalyx were investigated for their potential to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Yeast α-glucosidase activity was determined by the spectrophotometrical (405 nm) measuring the amount of p-nitrophenol release from p-nitrophenyl-glucopyranoside. Mammalian α-glucosidase activity was determined using either maltose or sucrose as substrates, with the release of glucose measured using a glucose oxidase kit. Their antioxidant activity was quantitatively determined using the DPPH-radical scavenging method. Both extracts of H. Integrifolius inhibited glucose release from sucrose, with an IC50 value of 0.08 mg/ml for roots extracts and 0.3 mg/ml for the extract of the leaves. Helinus integrifolius roots and leaves also inhibited glucose release from maltose with IC50 values of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. Leaf extract of H. integgrifolius displayed mixed non-competitive mode of inhibition against yeast α-glucosidase. Extracts of C. grandicalyx leaves failed to inhibit release of glucose from either maltose or sucrose, with IC50 values in excess of 2.5 mg/ml, the highest concentration used in the study. Furthermore, C. grandicalyx failed to inhibit yeast α-glucosidase activity, while extracts of H. integrifolius inhibited yeast α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.02 mg/ml for acetone extracts of roots and 0.11 mg/ml for acetone extract of the leaves. Both extracts of H. integrifolius had good antioxidant activity. It also emerged that extracts with high phenolic content had also high antioxidant activity. Similarly, extracts of C. grandicalyx had low antioxidant activity and low phenolic content.

Keywords: Helinus integrifolius, Cordia grandicalyx, α-glucosidase, antioxidant activity, phenolic content.


138

0139

COMPARATIVE WOOD ANATOMY AND TAXONOMY OF MEMBERS OF THE GENUS OCIMUM LINN. (LAMIACEAE) AND A VARIETY IN NIGERIA

Oladipo, O.T and Oyaniran, A.O

Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Nigeria.

Wood anatomy of three species of Ocimum Linn. and a variety namely O. basilicum, O. canum, O. gratissimum and O.basilicum var. purpurasens found in Ile-Ife, Nigeria was investigated. This was done with a view to discovering additional characters that may be diagnostic and important in the identification and classification of the members of the genus.

The anatomical procedures were carried out on the matured stem of each species after the collection of the sample from the field. Wood samples were sectioned into Transverse, Tangential longitudinal and Radial longitudinal sections with the aid of Sledge microtome. Safranin O and Alcian blue were used for staining. Small quantity of Potassium dichromate and 10% Nitric acid were used for maceration. Permanent slides were prepared and microscopic observation was done under different objective lenses to view vessel elements, parenchyma cells, libriform fibre, and rays of various shapes. The length and diameter of vessels, fibre length and height of ray cells were taken using ocular micrometer at ×40 objective lens and Statistical analysis was carried out using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Mean separation using Duncan Multiple Range Test(DMRT).

Intra generic wood anatomical characters of note in the genus include- diffuse vessel elements, presence of uniseriate and biseriate rays, opposite inter vascular pitting and oblique vessel end walls. multiseriate rays are diagnostic of O. gratissimum. Overall results show high level relatedness between O.basilicum var.purpurascens and O. gratissimum as against O. basilicum.

Keywords: delimitation, dendogram, diffuse porous, pitting, taxonomy, vessel.


139

0140

PERSISTENCE OF INSECTICIDAL PROTEINS AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES FROM BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS COTTON (BOLLGARD II) RHIZOSPHERE SOIL King Solomon. E, Ramesh. N, Nivas. D, Chandru. S and Rajesh Kannan.V Rhizosphere Biology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University,Tiruchirappalli- 620024, Tamil Nadu, India Genetically modified crops are the recent products in the agriculture biotechnology which has some benefits and environment risks are also most common recent debate in the agriculture and environment fields. The Bacillus thuringiensis cotton (Bollgard II) and Non Bt cotton (SVPR2) on rhizosphere soil was pot experimentally investigated to evaluate the impacts of the transgenes on the rhizosphere soil ecosystems and enzyme activities of Dehydrogenase, Phosohatase, Urease and Invertase after harvest. Results showed that there was an apparent difference in the expression between Cry1Ac and Cry2ab proteins in the rhizosphere soil of Bt cotton, while no proteins were detected in the rhizosphere soil of Non-Bt cotton and tissues. A few significant differences in the enzyme activities between Bt cotton and Non-Bt cotton was observed. All the results in this study suggested that there was no confirmation to indicate any adverse effects of Bt cotton on the rhizosphere soil ecosystem. Keywords: Cotton bollgard II, persistence, Dehydrogenase, Phosphatase, Urease, Invertase


140

0141

DROUGHT RESISTANT RICE MUTANTS OBTAINED BY MARKER-ASSISTED

SELECTION

Thi-Bich-Thuy LE, Duc-Thanh NGUYEN

Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Viet Nam

In recent years, the marker - assisted selection (MAS) strategy have been used for selection of traits that

are difficult and costly performed measurement and score. Selection for a well-developed root system could

improve the drought resistance of rice as the plant would avoid water stress by absorbing water from the

deep soil. In this report, we present the results on selection of drought resistance mutants in rice using the

DNA markers tightly linked to root traits favourable for drought resistance. The mutant rice lines were

obtained from gamma ray irradiated seeds or calluses derived from embryos. The selection was performed

at M2 mutants using the DNA markers linked to maximum root length (MRL), root numbers (RN), root

weight to shoot weight ratio (RW/SR), and weight of deep root to shoot weight ratio (DRW/SR). The

obtained results showed that there were many lines possessed drought markers. In addition, there is a

number of lines have altered genome. Several lines having drought markers proved to be more resistant to

drought in green-house test. These lines could be useful for further test and development of drought

resistant varieties.


141

0142

INDUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCOLORATION RELATED TO AGARWOOD FORMATION IN STEMS OF AQUILARIACRASSNA TREES WITH ETHREL, JASMONIC ACID AND SALICYLIC ACID. Boontida Moungsrimuangdee, Akihiro Itai and Fukuju Yamamoto Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Minami4-101, Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan Induction of discolored wood related to the formation of agarwood, oleoresinous wood, with the applications

of ethrel (Et), an ethylene releasing compound, methyl jasmonate (MJ), and sodium salicylate (NS), and

combinations of these compounds was investigated in Aquilariacrassnaspecies in Trat Province, Thailand.

Single applications of Et or MJ slightly increased wood discoloration in xylem of A. crassnatrees. In

contrast, treatments of Et together with MJ in combination (Et+MJ) acted as a strong elicitor to accelerate

wood discoloration in both A. crassna trees and seedlings. Particularly, such discoloration was substantially

enhanced when NS was combined together with Et and MJ (Et+MJ+NS). It is suggested that ethylene,

methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid may synergistically stimulate the formation of agarwoodin xylem of A.

crassnaspecies.

Key words:agarwood,Aquilariacrassna, ethrel, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid


142

0143

NPK FERTILIZER APPLICATION AND ROOT MAT MANAGEMENT ON THE FIELD PERFORMANCE OF COCOA IN OWENA ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

Ibiremo, O.S and Fademi A.O

Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B 5244, Ibadan.

A trial was conducted at Owena substation of the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) Ibadan to evaluate the effect of NPK fertilizer and root mat management on the growth and establishment of cocoa in the field. Six treatment combinations were formed from two levels of root mat treatments (with and without root mat) and three rates of NPK fertilizer (0, 30 and 60kgha-1). The root mat management (treatments) and NPK fertilizer application were carried out in May 2008 during the transplanting of cocoa seedling. The treatments were arranged in a RCBD with three replications. The height, stem diameter (SD), number of leaves (NL) and leaf area (LA) of the transplanted cocoa seedlings were regularly taken on a monthly basis. Root mat removal consistently enhanced the height of cocoa seedlings at 3, 6, and 9 months after transplanting (MAT) by 20.0, 1.4 and 16.8 % compared with those with root mat intact. However at 12 and 15 MAT the reverse was the case in which root mat removal respectively caused 27.7 and 11.2 % reduction in the height of cocoa seedlings. NPK fertilizer applied at 60kgha-1 increased plant height by 18.7, 11.1, 24.3 and 2.7 % respectively for 6, 9, 12 and 15 MAT. Similarly, the SD of cocoa seedlings at 3 and 6 MAT was improved by 18.2 and 3.1 % respectively as a result of removal of root mat while at 9, 12 and 15 MAT the effect was depressive on height by 10.0, 2 and 21.3% respectively. NPK fertilizer improved the SD of cocoa seedlings significantly (p<0.05) at 12 and 15 MAT. Root mat removal enhanced the NL and LA of young cocoa in the field. However at 12 and 15 MAT seedlings with their root mat intact were superior to those with their root mat removed. NPK fertilizer application at 60kg/ha significantly (p<0.05) enhanced the accumulation of soil available P while organic carbon accumulated better under application of NPK fertilizer at 30kg/ha. It could be concluded that the extra effort of removing the root mat of cocoa seedlings during transplanting did not give growth advantage on the transplanted cocoa seedlings.

Keywords: Root mat, NPK fertilizer, field establishment, cocoa seedlings, growth


143

0144

FERN DIVERSITY IN SIBERIA

Irina Gureeva

Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia

Siberia is a huge part of Russia, which stretches from the Arctic Ocean in the North to China in the South

and from the Ural mountains in the West to the Far East of Russia. The Siberian flora includes 21 genera

and 59 species of homosporous ferns and 2 genera and 2 species of heterosporous ferns. All Siberian fern

genera are poor by the number of species. The most rich Siberian genera are Asplenium and Woodsia,

they include 8 species each. 13 genera are represented by one species each. Other genera include from 2

to 6 species each. The greatest fern diversity is concentrated within the South Siberian mountains,

especially in the Altai and West Sayan. The Siberian fern flora has as a rule allochtonic origin, the big

number of species are widespread, but most of them occur sporadically within the Siberian territory. Only 4

species are Siberian endemics: Asplenium sajanense, Cystopteris altajensis, Polypodium vianei, and

Woodsia asplenioides. Three of them occur in the Altai-Sayan mountains, Woodsia asplenioides occurs in

South-Eastern Siberia. About 20 fern species are relicts in Siberia. The relicts remained at the refuges

within the South Siberian mountains during the glacial epoch. Some ferns, such as Dryopteris carthusiana,

D. expansa, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Phegopteris connectilis, Pteridium

pinetorum subsp. sibiricum are common and predominate in the grass cover of coenoses, especially in the

humid districts of the South Siberian mountains. About 20 species are rare to a variable degree. The very

rare species are Asplenium nessii, A. sajanense, Lepisorus albertii, Onoclea interrupta, Marsilea strigosa.

Key words: fern diversity, Siberia.


144

0145

FUNCTIONAL ALTERATION OF A DIMERIC INSECTICIDAL LECTIN TO A MONOMERIC ANTIFUNGAL PROTEIN CORRELATED TO ITS OLIGOMERIC STATUS Nilanjana Banerjee1, Subhadipa Sengupta1, Amit Roy1, Prithwi Ghosh1, Kalipada Das2, Sampa Das1 1 Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India, ;2 Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) is a 25-kDa homodimeric, insecticidal, mannose binding lectin whose subunits are assembled by the C-terminal exchange process. An attempt was made to convert dimeric ASAL into a monomeric form to correlate the relevance of quaternary association of subunits and their functional specificity. Using SWISS-MODEL program a stable monomer was designed by altering five amino acid residues near the C-terminus of ASAL. By introduction of 5 site-specific mutations (-DNSNN-), a β turn was incorporated between the 11th and 12th b strands of subunits of ASAL, resulting in a stable monomeric mutant ASAL (mASAL). mASAL was cloned and subsequently purified from a pMAL-c2X system. CD spectroscopic analysis confirmed the conservation of secondary structure in mASAL. Mannose binding assay confirmed that molecular mannose binds efficiently to both mASAL and ASAL. In contrast to ASAL, the hemagglutination activity of purified mASAL against rabbit erythrocytes was lost. An artificial diet bioassay of Lipaphis erysimi with mASAL displayed an insignificant level of insecticidal activity compared to ASAL. Fascinatingly, mASAL exhibited strong antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria brassicicola in a disc diffusion assay. A propidium iodide uptake assay suggested that the inhibitory activity of mASAL might be associated with the alteration of the membrane permeability of the fungus. Furthermore, a ligand blot assay of the membrane subproteome of R. solani with mASAL detected a glycoprotein receptor having interaction with mASAL. Conversion of ASAL into a stable monomer resulted in antifungal activity. From an evolutionary aspect, these data implied that variable quaternary organization of lectins might be the outcome of defense-related adaptations to diverse situations in plants. Incorporation of mASAL into agronomically-important crops could be an alternative method to protect them from dramatic yield losses from pathogenic fungi in an effective manner.


145

0146

EFFECTS OF SALT AND DROUGHT STRESS ON THE GROWTH, ANTIOXIDATIVE

ENZYME ACTIVITIES AND MDA CONTENT IN CALLUS TISSUES OF FOUR MELON

VARIETIES

Sebnem Kusvuran1 Sebnem Ellialtioglu2 Zehra Polat2

1Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey; 2Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara, Turkey

Responses to salt and drought stress of four melon varieties (CU-40, CU-159, CU-196 and CU-252) were investigated under in vitro culture conditions. Two of them are salt sensitive and the other two are salt-tolerant varieties. Growth inhibition in callus tissues were observed in the media which contained 100 mM NaCl or 30 mM PEG compared to the control in all varieties on the 8th day of the salt and drought stress. As known, MDA measuring can show lipid peroxidation amount of the cell wall. In this study, the magnitude of cell wall damage (lipid peroxidation) was lower in the tolerant genotypes than the susceptible ones. On the other hands, melon genotypes were more affected through salt stress than drought stress. Lipid peroxidation amount was higher in the salt treated seedlings than the drought treated ones. In this study, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) activities were investigated in the callus tissues of four melon genotypes under salt and drought stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities showed differences among melon genotypes.

Key words: Cucumis melo L., drought, salinity, SOD, CAT


146

0147

EFFECTS OF COPPER STRESS ON THE GROWTH OF EGGPLANT SEEDLINGS

Sevinc Uslu Kıran1 Sebnem Kusvuran2 Sebnem Ellialtioglu3

1Soil, Fertilizer and Water Resources Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey; 2 Cankiri Karatekin University,

Kızılırmak Vocational High School, Cankiri, Turkey; 3Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of

Horticulture, Ankara, Turkey

In this study, effects of copper (Cu+2) on morfological changes of four eggplant varieties were investigated. The

varieties were used in our previous stress studies and we know that two of them are salt tolerant (Bucak and Burdur)

and the other two are salt susceptible (Giresun and Kemer). Tolerance mechanisms are complicated but when one

genotype has high tolerance to any environmental stress factor, then same genotype could be tolerant to the another

one stress factor. For the investigation this hypothesis we used salt tolerant and salt susceptible eggplant genotypes

for the copper stress treatments. The eggplant seedlings were grown in the pots filled with torf+perlite combination

under greenhouse conditions. The 4-5 true leaf stages of eggplant seedlings were subject to 200 M Cu+2 stress.

Forty days after copper stress treatments young plants were harvested and determinated of shoot fresh and dry

weight, root fresh and dry weight, shoot and root length, and leaf areas. It was found that there were differences

among eggplants genotypes in terms of copper tolerance. On the other hands, this study showed that salt tolerance

genotypes were copper tolerance also.

Key words: Solanum melongena L., copper stress; genotype, morphological properties


147

0148

AN IMPROVED AGROBACTEIUM-MEDIATED GENETIC TRANSFORMATION

STRATEGY FOR INDIAN SOYBEAN CULTIVARS

Subramanyam Kondeti, Maria Shibu Thankaraj Salammal, Arun Muthukrishnan, Theboral

Jeevaraj, Ganapathi Andy

Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620024, Tamil Nadu, India

For the first time we have developed a reliable and efficient vacuum infiltration-assisted Agrobacterium-

mediated genetic transformation (VIAAT) protocol for Indian soybean cultivars and recovered fertile

transgenic soybean plants through somatic embryogenesis. Immature cotyledons were used as an explant

and three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA 101, EHA 105, and KYRT 1) harboring the binary

vector pCAMBIA1301 was experimented in the co-cultivation. The immature cotyledons were pre-cultured

in liquid somatic embryo induction medium prior to vacuum infiltration with the Agrobacterium suspension

and co-cultivated for 3-days on co-cultivation medium containing 50 mg l-1 citric acid, 100 µM

acetosyringone, and 100 mg l-1 L-cysteine. The transformed somatic embryos were selected in liquid

somatic embryo induction medium containing 10 mg l-1 hygromycin and the embryos were germinated in

basal medium containing 20 mg l-1 hygromycin. The presence and integration of the hpt II and gus genes

into the soybean genome were confirmed by GUS histochemical assay, polymerase chain reaction, and

southern hybridization. Among the different combinations tested, high transformation efficiency (9.45%)

was achieved when immature cotyledons of cv. Pusa 16 were pre-cultured for 18 h and vacuum infiltered

with Agrobacterium tumefaciens KYRT 1 for 2 min at 750 mm of Hg. Among six Indian soybean cultivars

tested, Pusa 16 showed highest transformation efficiency of 9.45%. The transformation efficiency of this

method (VIAAT) was higher than previously reported sonication assisted Agrobacterium-mediated

transformation (SAAT). These results suggest that an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into soybean has been developed.


148

0149

ROLE OF BIO-FERTILIZER IN PHOSPHORUS ECONOMY UNDER POTATO (SOLANUM

TUBEROSUM) CULTIVATION

Hirak Banerjee

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Organic forms of P may constitute 30-50% of the total phosphorus in most soils. To make this form of P

available for plant nutrition, it must be hydrolyzed to inorganic P. Although several phosphates solubilizing

bacteria (PSB) occurs in soil, usually their numbers are not enough to compete with other bacteria

commonly found in rhizosphere. Thus, the amount of P liberated by them is generally not sufficient for a

substantial increase in plant growth. Keeping this in view, the present study was carried out at Adisaptagram

Block Seed Farm, Hooghly, West Bengal, India during 2009-10 and 2010-11 in boro season. Six different

treatment combinations were laid out in a randomized block design and four replications on sandy clay

loam soil. The potato variety ‘Kufri Jyoti’ was used as a test crop. Experimental results revealed a significant

effect of phosphobacteria at different levels of P along with recommended dose(RD) of N and K. Application of

RD of NK + 75% P in addition to phosphobacteria produced maximum (27.2 t/ha) tuber yield accounting 2.26%

increased over 100% RD of NPK) which produced only 26.6 t/ha tuber yield. The crop fertilized with full dose

of NK + 75% of P + phosphobacteria gave highest net return (Rs. 33,300/ha). Treatment having 100% RDF

exhibited the maximum uptake of N (156.4 kg/ha) and P (32.5 kg/ha) while K uptake was recorded maximum

(166.3 kg/ha) where the crop received RD of NK + 50% P + phosphobacteria. Application of RD of N and K

with or without phosphobacteria at different levels of P changes the soil fertility status. The positive balance

of N was observed in all the treatments. But P content showed negative balance in those plots where no

phosphorous was applied to the crop. Most of the treatments showed negative balance with respect to K

content, except two situations where the crop treated with phosphobacteria followed by 75% or 25% P levels

along RD of N and K. Therefore, seed tubers inoculation with PSB followed by RD of N and K along with 75%

P was found promising.

Key words: Bio-fertilizer, phosphobacteria, phosphorus, potato, yield


149

0150

ANTIGIARDIAL ACTIVITY OF TASMANNIA LANCEOLATA (TASMANIAN PEPPER

BERRY) EXTRACT.

Shimony Mohanty, Ann McDonnell, Ian Cock

Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Introduction: Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite of the small intestine that causes extensive

morbidity worldwide. Some strains of G. duodenalis have developed immunity to the gold standard drug,

metronidazole. The search is on for new anti-Giardial agents from plant sources, as well as by the

synthesis of novel agents. Tasmannia lanceolata (TL) is an endemic Australian plant, long used as a food

and a medicine by Indigenous Australians. The medicinal bioactivities of this plant are poorly studied and

are the focus of this report.

Methods: TL was extracted with various solvents, dried and then re-suspended in deionised water. The

extracts were tested in vitro for anti-Giardial activity by exposing the protozoan to different concentration of

the extracts and noting parasite viability and death. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia nauplii

bioassay.

Results: All extracts demonstrated inhibition of Giardial growth in the parasite viability assay. The ethyl

acetate, hexane and chloroform extracts proved to have greater anti-Giardial activity in comparison to the

other extracts. The methanol and water extract had low Giardial inhibitory activity, although at 24 hours all

Giardia were dead following exposure to this extract. The non-polar extracts proved more effective anti-

Giardial agents than the polar solvent extracts, suggesting that the non-polar phytochemical components

are effective in penetrating the parasite. The water, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were non-toxic, with

no significant increase in mortality induction. The chloroform extract displayed low toxicity in the Artemia

nauplii bioassay.

Conclusions: Tasmannia lanceolata extracts show promise in the treatment of G. duodenalis, yet have low

toxicity, validating traditional Aboriginal usage and indicating its medicinal potential.

Keywords: Tasmannia lanceolata, Giardia duodenalis, anti-Giardial activity, natural products


150

0151

EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAGS AND ISOLATION OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE

GENE FROM YOUNG LEAVES OF METROXYLON SAGU

Hairul Roslan, Ching Ching Wee

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

Metroxylon sagu, or commonly known as sago palm, is a hardy and versatile plant that is able to tolerate

biotic and abiotic stresses during its growth, such as heat, pathogens and water logging. Sago palm is an

important source of starch, contributes economically to the people and also an important export for the

state of Sarawak, Malaysia. Meanwhile, alcohol dehydrogenase is a versatile enzyme, present in all

organisms and involved in many biochemical pathways in plants such as in germination and stress

tolerance. Despite the importance of sago palm, especially in the production of starch and its ability to

withstand stresses, molecular studies of sago palm have not much been reported. In order to better study

the characters in sago palm, transcriptome analysis was conducted where it would give a better

understanding of plant development through gene expression.

Here, we report a preliminary expressed sequence tags (ESTs) analysis and the isolation of a full length

Adh cDNA from the young leaves of sago palm. A total of 434 clones were sequenced with inserts ranging

from 1000 bps to 3000 bps. Clustering of these sequences resulted in a set of 372 tentative unigenes from

which 340 were singletons and divided in 32 contigs. The database was also annotated with BLAST2GO

which showed that majority of the transcripts were involved in primary metabolism and stress tolerance.

The Adh cDNA was also isolated via the combined use of rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and

genomic walking. The isolated cDNA (msAdh1) was characterized and determined to be 1464 bps

encoding for 380 amino acids. BLAST analysis showed that the Adh is similar to the Adh1 group with 91%

and 85% homology with Elaeis guineensis and Washingtonia robusta respectively. A phylogenetic tree was

also constructed using the predicted amino acid and showed it to be clustered within the plant Adh group.


151

0152

ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF ROOT AND SHOOT EXTRACTS OF NUTSEDGE WEEDS (CYPERUS ESCULENTUS L.) AND REDROOT PIGWEED (AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS L.) ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS)

Jafar Jorbandi Sani1, Asghar Rahimi2, Shahab Maddah Hosseini2 and Ali Akbar Mohammadi

Mirik.

1- Ms.C Student in Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College, Vali-e-Asr University of

Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan – Iran; 2- Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College, Vali-e-

Asr University of Rafsanjan, Kerman – Iran.

Given the abundance of nutsedge weeds (Cyperus esculentus L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L. ) in fields and also the importance of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) as oil plant, this study was performed to evaluate the allelopathy effects of extracts from the aerial and underground organs of two kind of weeds including Cyperus (Cyperus esculentus L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) on rapeseed germination and growth with a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications in 2010-2011 at University of Vali-e-Asr Rafsanjan. The treatments consisted of two kinds of weed (nutsedge and redroot pigweed), three levels of weed extract (5, 10 and 20 percent) with control and two kinds of organs (aerial and underground) were evaluated on germination rate, germination percent, vigor index and root and shoot length of rapeseed. The results showed that the extract of redroot pigweed significantly more reduced the above properties compared with nutsedge. The extract of organ type had a significant effect on the measured properties, as the extract of aerial organ significantly reduced germination rate, vigor index, root and shoot length of rapeseed, but it had no significant effect on germination percent. With increasing concentration of extract, germination rate, germination percent, vigor index, root and shoot length significantly reduced. Redroot pigweed organ extract had more inhibitory effect on vigor index and shoot length of nutsedge than the rapeseed organ extract. With increasing the concentration of extract, aerial organ of both weed species, germination rate and root length significantly decreased. Furthermore, the results showed that increasing concentration of redroot pigweed extract had more inhibitory effect on vigor index and shoot length of rapeseed than nutsedge. According to these results it can be deduced that redroot pigweed extract, aerial organ and increasing concentration of extract had maximum inhibitory effect on growth of rapeseed.

Key words: Allelopathy, Germination, Weed, Rapeseed


152

0153

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZING TREATMENTS ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENT OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFA

Asghar rahimi1 and Naeime Reisi Sarbijan2

1-Agronomy Department, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.; 2- Islamic Azad University, Jiroft Branch

To study the effects of different fertilizing treatments on quantity and quality yield of Hibiscus Sabdarifa, a field experiment was conducted at Experiment Farm of Islamic Azad University, Jiroft Branch in 2010. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. In this research ten fertilizing treatments including control (without fertilizer), N-P fertilizer combination (60-40, 90-60 and 120-80 kg.ha-1), cattle manure (10, 20 and 30 T.ha-1) and three levels of combined use of chemical fertilizer and cattle manure were used. The results showed that all traits except Na, K/Na, RWC, WSD, Height, stem diameter, irrigation regime, flower, sepal and capsule significantly affected (p≤ 0.05) by fertilizing treatment. The highest Na, K, LAI, lateral branch, mucilage percentage observed in manure fertilizer treatments. It is also resulted that combined manure and chemical fertilizers caused increasing in Ca, number of flower and 1000 seed weight. Results also showed that the highest mucilage percentage were obtained in 20 and 30 T.ha-1 manure; Irrespective of first chemical fertilizer, using all fertilizers significantly increased mucilage percentage compare with control. The highest mucilage yield obtained in combined 15 T.ha -1 accompanies with 40 and 60 T.ha-1N and P and 30 T.ha-1 manure only. Totally, it is concluded that the highest mucilage obtained in 30 T.ha-1 manure or 15 T.ha-1 manure combined with 40 and 60 T.ha-1 N and P chemical fertilizers.

Keywords: Hibiscus Sabdarifa, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Manure


153

0154

IMPROVING SUSTAINABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SUGARCANE SYSTEMS WITH

PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING BACTERIA (PGPB)

Chanyarat Paungfoo-Lonhienne1, Thierry Lonhienne1, Yun Kit Yeoh1, Richard Webb1,

Prakash Lakshmanan2, Philip Hugenholtz1, Susanne Schmidt0

1The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2BSES Limited, Brisbane, Australia

Sugarcane is a globally important sugar and biofuel crop. Despite high-input agronomy in many producer

countries, sugarcane yields are declining and environmental damage due to excess nitrogen fertiliser

applications is increasing. The importance of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in the rhizosphere for

plant health and nutrient cycling is widely acknowledged. Several producer countries, notably Brazil and

India are now routinely applying microbial inoculum in sugarcane fields, but knowledge of interactions

between microbes and roots is lacking. To investigate PGPB in Australian sugarcane production where

stagnating or declining yields are an acknowledged problem, we apply comparative microbial community

profiling to study rhizosphere and soil bacterial communities. Amongst the bacteria that were dominant in

the sugarcane rhizosphere, we isolated a novel Burkholderia strain which has the ability to fix nitrogen and

enhance the growth of sugarcane in controlled experiments. Our preliminary results suggest that a specific

association exists between the isolate and sugarcane that is beneficial for both organisms, and we discuss

this interaction.


154

0155

A TAXONOMIC SURVEY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THALAVUMALAI RESERVE

FOREST, ERODE DISTRICT, TAMILNADU.INDIA

Radha Krishnan, Saravana Babu

S.T.Hindu College, Nagarkoil,Tamilnadu, India

Plants are the unending source for a number of compounds which can maintain the health of human

beings. Plants have been the corner stone of pharmacy not only in ancient times but also in the area of

modern drug discovery. In present study a survey of the medicinal plants from Thalavumalai forest, Erode

district,Tamilnadu in India has been studied and the medicinal was of plenty and information based on

herbarium and on a critical study of literature has been collected


155

0156

ALLELOPATHIC IMPACT ON CROP PLANTS

Vijayakumar N, Saravanababu S

S.T.Hindu College, Nagarkoil,Tamilnadu, India

Intercropping is an important component of intensive cropping. It provides the surest means of producing

two or more crops there by making efficient use of seasonal rainfall. The basic concept of intercropping is

that 2 or more species intercropped can exploit the environment better than either of the species grown

separately. Yield component of intercrops and that work on the impact of fertilizers on the inter cropping

system is scanty. The study was undertaken to find out the impact of fertilizers and allelopathy on the

intercropping system of sunflower + black gram.

The following parameters were studied and the results were statically analyzed.

1. Root length; shoot length, dry weight and biomass ratio

2. Nodule number and nodule size in soybean and black gram

3. Nodule heghaemoglobin content

4. Head diameter / Pod length

5. Number of seeds, seed weight

6. Root water soluble substance

7. Quantitative and qualitative estimation of root phenolic acid


156

0157

SALT STRESS MITIGATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHEAT (TRITICUM

AESTIVUM L) BY APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM AS A FOLIAR SPRAY

Ameer Khan and Munawer Aziz

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan, 40100

An experiment was conducted in the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan.

Different levels (0, 300, 600 mg/L) of potassium solution were applied as foliar spray on wheat to evaluate

the effect of K+ on the growth of wheat plant under saline condition. This experiment was laid out in a

completely randomized deign with two factor factorial arrangement. Each pot was filled with 7 kg well

mixed soil. Different salinity levels were adjusted in on the base of saturation percentage of well mixed soil.

Different attributes from the experiment were collected such as plant height, shoot and root length, shoot,

root fresh and dry weight, number of leaves, chlorophyll a, b and total, different ions contents and grain

yield/ plant. Overall, salinity reduced the growth and development by affecting on the metabolic processes

of plant and also affects the hormonal system of plant. Foliar spray of potassium mitigated the effect of

salinity. When potassium was applied as foliar spray on the wheat plant it reduced the effect of salinity and

plant height increased in saline and non saline conditions. Similarly, positive influence of K+ was noted in

shoot and root fresh and dry weight. Salinity also affected the chlorophyll contents but the application of K+

as foliar spray increased the chlorophyll contents under saline and non saline conditions. In case of ions

contents foliar application of K+ also help to decrease the toxicity of sodium and increased K+ concentration

in shoot and roots. Similarly grains yield is also decreased by salinity but foliar application of Potassium

mitigated the salinity effect on grains yield. These findings concluded that foliar applied potassium

ameliorated the effect of salinity on wheat plants.

Key words: Wheat, salinity, potassium, foliar spray


157

0158

THE MORPHOLOGY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE TRICHOMES OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (SOLANACEAE)

P. Munien, Y. Naidoo, G. Naidoo, C. T. Sadashiva

School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa

Plants have been used for centuries, not only for medicinal purposes, but also in the cosmetic and culinary industries. Until recently, the use of plants in the medicinal industry has been undermined by synthetic medication. However, the increased awareness of the harmful effects of these drugs on both humans and the environment has led to a rise in the use of herbal medication. Withania somnifera (Dunal.) is an evergreen perennial shrub that is found in the drier parts of Asia, such as India as well as in some parts of Africa, particularly South Africa. As W. somnifera acts upon both the nervous and reproductive systems, it is used to treat a wide variety of ailments such as arthritis, stress, ulcers, and tremors. Therefore, this species has been cultivated in all parts of the world in order to extract the phytochemicals produced. The aim of this study is to characterise the micromorphology of the foliar trichomes of W. somnifera as well as to elucidate the location and composition of the secretory products if present. Stereo microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to typify the foliar trichomes. A battery of histochemical and phytochemical tests were performed to determine the location and composition of the compounds that confer the healing properties to W. somnifera. Trichome density was also calculated and compared using statistical analyses over three developmental stages of the leaves. The images obtained showed the presence of non-glandular, branched trichomes and capitate glandular trichomes with a multicellular head and long stalks. Both types of trichomes were randomly distributed on emergent, young and mature leaves. Non-glandular, unbranched trichomes were present on mature leaves. Trichome density was higher in the emergent leaves as compared to the mature leaves. This is in accordance with the theory of leaf expansion. Trichome density was higher on the abaxial surface of the leaves relative to the adaxial surface. Histochemical tests showed that the leaves contained lipids, starch grains, phenolic substances, and peptic substances. Phytochemical studies have showed the presence of alkaloids and steroidal compounds which are usually referred to as withanolides. More studies need to be done on the extracts to incorporate them into herbal medicines.

Keywords: Trichomes, trichome density, Withania somnifera, withanolides.


158

0159

MICROMORPHOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF THE FOLIAR

STRUCTURES OF ENDOSTEMON OBTUSIFOLIUS (E. MEY.) N. E. BR.

Jerusha Naidoo, Yougasphree Naidoo, Gonasageran Naidoo, Channagihalli T. Sadashiva

School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.

Endostemon obtusifolius (E.Mey.) N.E.Br. is classified within the Lamiaceae family and was previously

referred to as Ocimum obtusifolius (E.Mey. ex. Benth). It is a perennial herb or small shrub, 0.3- 1.5 m tall

and is characterized by its strongly aromatic odour. It occurs worldwide. However, it is predominant in

southern Africa with some species found in India and Sri Lanka and South Africa. The Indian species E.

viscosus has been used in traditional Indian medicine to repel ticks by applying a paste of crushed leaves.

E. obtusifolius has not been reported to be used in traditional medicine. However, it may potentially posses

some medicinal properties likened to the Indian species. The aim of this study was to characterize the

micromorphology of the adaxial and abaxial surface structures across emergent, young and mature leaves

of E. obtusifolius. These structures were investigated using stereomicroscopy, light microscopy and

scanning electron microscopy. The location, origin and chemical nature of the secretions, if present, were

investigated using a battery of histochemical tests. The distribution of hair-like, non- glandular trichomes

appeared to be most abundant on the veins and formed a protective mesh over the lamina. Non-glandular

trichomes and five types of glandular trichomes were observed to be found predominantly on the abaxial

surface. Four types of capitate trichomes were observed where type I consisted of a bi-cellular head with a

bi-cellular stalk. Type II has a short uni-cellular stalk and a bi-cellular head. Type III has a bi-cellular head

and bi-cellular stalk. However, the form differs significantly from the smaller Type I. Type IV consisted of an

elongated stalk and a bulbous secretory head. Peltate trichomes possessed four-cell heads containing

exudates and a subsessile stalk. Contents of the head cell are released by a bilateral rupture of the cuticle.

Pectins, mucilage, phenols and other phytochemical compounds were identified using various

histochemical tests. Trichomes can be used as diagnostic tools in taxonomical studies. Therefore, further

investigation into trichome structure and distribution will resolve taxonomic confusion surrounding this

genus. Further research into the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the extracts needs to be

done since there is an increase in the usage of herbal medication and the use of plant extracts in drug

synthesis.

Keywords: Endostemon obtusifolius, trichomes, glandular trichomes, microscopy, histochemistry.


159

0160

EVALUTION OF DROUGHT STRESS EFFECT ON GROWTH, YIELD, ESSENTIAL OIL

AND CHAMAZULENE PERCENTAGE OF 3 CHAMOMILE (MATRICARIA RECUTITA L.)

CULTIVARS IN SOUTH OF IRAN

Roozbeh Farhoudi

1- Dep. of Agronomy and plant breeding, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar branch, Shoushtar,

Iran([email protected])

The effect of drought stress on growth, photosynthesis, essential oil yield and chamazulene percentage of 3

chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) cultivars in islamic azad university, shoshtar branch was studied. The experimental

design was split-plot based on randomized complete blocked design (RCBD) with 4 replications. Main plots consisted

of drought stress levels including control (90% field capacity), medium stress(75% field capacity) and hard stress

(55%field capacity) and sub-plots included 3 chamomile cultivars (Presov, Bodgold and Sherazi). Results showed

drought stress had significant effect on photosynthesis, plant height, organic solute concentration, flower yield,

essential oil and chamazulene percentage of chamomile cultivars. Medium stress level did not significant effect on

essential oil yield of chamomile cultivars compared to control. Under highest drought stress level, Presov and

Bodgold cultivars had highest flower yield (123.4 and 121 gr/m2), essential oil yield (0.159 and 0.163 gr/m2) and

chamazulene percentage (4.81 and 5.71 percentage).

Key words: chamomile, drought stress, chamazulene, essential oil


160

0161

CHROMOLAENA ODORATA: FRIEND OF FOE?

Kuben Naidoo, Roger Coopoosamy

Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa

Chromolaena odorata is classified as an invasive weed in southern Africa and is a major contributing

species towards reduction of land masses for indigenous vegetation. The species has been noted to have

some medicinal value abroad. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the potential antimicrobial

benefit of C. odorata occurring in southern Africa against selected bacteria and fungi. Bacterial and fungal

assays were performed on extracts derived from the leaf of the weed using the disc diffusion and the 96

microtiter plate based methods. Both the methanol and ethanol extracts were more effective than aqueous

extracts. The methanol leaf extracts was effective against all gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis,

Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) as well as one gram negative

bacterium, Escherichia coli. The stem extract was not as effective as the leaf extract. However, some

activity was noted for stem extracts in both the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts for all gram-positive

bacteria tested. High zones of inhibition were noted in the ethanol extracts using a 1: 10 concentration

when compared to higher dilution rates. The results showed that the weed can be used successfully as an

antimicrobial agent, and this in turn, may alleviate stress on other over exploited traditionally collected

species, thus, helping to curtail the spread of the weed.

Key words: Chromolaena odorata, antimicrobial, traditional medicines


161

0162

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL

OIL OF OCIMUM OBOVATUM E.MEY. EX BENTH. (LAMIACEAE)

Channangihalli T. Sadashiva, Yougasphree Naidoo, Nazeera Kasim, Ashley Nicholas

School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa, 4000

In the study, the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil obtained by

hydrodistillation from Ocimum obovatum were investigated. A total of 43 compounds represented 99.5% of the

oil was analyzed using Gas chromatography and Mass spectra (GC-MS). The main compounds found were

Phytol (21.46%), 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-9-methylene-bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-1-ene (8.2%), n-Hexadecanoic acid

(7.4%), 6,10,14-trimethyl 2-Pentadecanone (5.2%), 2-ethylhexyl undecy l ester Phthalic acid (5.2%), Dibutyl

phthalate (4.5%), 2,6-Lutidine-N-oxide(3.4%) and 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,4-dimethoxy- benzene (3.1%). The

essential oil was further tested in vitro against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp,

Pseudomonas sp and Proteus sp. bacteria by disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration was

also determined. The oil sample was active against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The MIC

values ranged from 25-100μl/ml. Standard antibiotic discs Chloramphenicol were used as positive control.

Key words: Antimicrobial activity, essential oil, Ocimum obovatum, Lamiaceae


162

0163

PSEUDOMONAS VS PSEUDOMONAS: BIOCONTROL IN ARABIDOPSIS

Anwar Hussain1, Thomas Roitsch2 and Shahida Hasnain3 1Departmetn of Botany, University College of Sciences, Shankar Campus Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan-23200, Pakistan ; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius Von Sacs institute, Wuerzburg University, Germany; 3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Pakistan

Aim of this study was to investigate the potential of cytokinins producing locally isolated bacteria in biocontrol against aerial pathogen of Arabidopsis, Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Two wild strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Am3 and Am4), producing different quantity of phytohormones (cytokinins and IAA) in their cultures as determined via ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), were selected. These strains showed variable potential to control disease manifestations in Arabidopsis leaves challenged with the pathogen. While Am3, conferred resistance to Arabidopsis leaves by increasing cytokinins concentration in the localized area as evident from Arabidopsis ARR5::GUS system, Am4 was ineffective in controlling the pathogen activities. Exogenous cytokinins were also effective against the pathogen in localized tissues of the leaves. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Jasmonic acid (JA) were irrelevant in Am3-pathogen or cytokinins-pathogen interactions. However 13-15 folds increase in the accumulation of phytoelexins (camalexins) was recorded with Am3 and cytokinins as compared to their concentration in mock inoculated leaves. Enhanced levels of camalexins and salicylic acid (SA) dependant up-regulation of Pathogenesis related protein (PR-1) restricted the growth of the pathogen in Arabidopsis tissues supplied with microbial or authentic cytokinins as shown by GFP assay. Introduction of auxins (IAA and 2,4-D) to the system nullified the effect of cytokinins as well as biocontrol bacteria. It may be concluded that P. aeruginosa Am3 controls the growth of challenging pathogen in Arabidopsis by increasing cytokinins concentration associated with enhanced levels of camalexins, SA and PR-1, which can be reversed with exogenous auxins.

Key words: camalexins, Cytokinins, IAA, rhizobacteria and Salicylic acid


163

0164

ANTİBACTERİAL PROPERTİES OF AQUİLARİA AGALLOCHA ROXB. EXTRACT

Cihat Dündar, Nuray Çelik, Ersin Baykara, Pelin Yalçın and Murat Türkoğlu

Biota Botanical Laboratories, Sancaktepe, Istanbul, 34785 Turkey

Aquilaria agallocha (Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood, Oud-al-Hind) is a very valuable tree and also one of the

endangered species. The wood of the tree contains a resin which is a response to a fungal infection. Its dark

resinous heartwood is in high demand especially in perfume and cosmetic industry. It has also been used in incense

manufacturing and religious ceremonies. The fragrance of the wood come from sesquiterpene alcohols. In traditional

medicine dry powder of the wood was recommended to be sniffed to treat the throat and lung infections. Among the

other medical benefits mentioned in traditional medicine as well as in the scientific literature were anti-cancer, anti-

bacterial, and cardiac tonic. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the liquid extracts of the hardwood

and determine the antibacterial activity and some of the chemical constituents using a GC-MS method: GC-MS

analyses were performed using a gas chromatograph, GC 2010 (Shimadzu, Japan) coupled to a mass spectrometer

GC-MS–QP2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with a TRB-1 capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm id, 0.25 µm film

thickness). A microbiological challenge test according to the USP was performed in our laboratory to determine the

effectiveness of the extracts against five common pathogens namely Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus

niger ATCC 16404. Each sample was inoculated with 105 – 106 cfu/g and 1 g of sample was removed from each

container. The number of microorganisms in plates were counted at day 0, 14 and at the 28th day. The Aquilaria

agallocha extract was found to be very effective against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans and A. niger. However,

it was observed that Aquilaria agallocha extract was not effective on E. coli. In GC-MS at least 20 active compounds

were determined: Dodecanoic acid, 4-octylphenol, 2-butanone 4-(4- hydroxyphenyl), p-ethylphenol, 3-caren-10-al,

3,4-pentadienal were among them.

Key Words: Aquilaria agallocha, Thymelaeceae, GC-MS, Antibacterial activity , S. Aureus, P.aeruginosa.


164

0165

MORPHOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOLIAR STRUCTURES OF PLECTRANTHUS ZULUENSIS (T. COOKE)

Benita Kalicharan, Yougasphree Naidoo, Gonasageran Naidoo, Channangihalli T. Sadashiva

School of Life Sciences, university of Kwa Zulu- Natal, Westville campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa

Plectranthus is a widespread genus belonging to the Lamiaceae family and comprises of numerous aromatic species used as ornamentals, food additives and in traditional medicine. Plectranthus zuluensis is a perennial, erect shrub with blue-purple spur-shaped flowers and a distinctive fragrance. It occurs along the South African coastal provinces of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, often extending to Swaziland. This study investigated the micro-morphology of the adaxial and abaxial foliar surfaces of P. zuluensis using stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The localization and composition of the secretions were investigated using various histochemical staining procedures. Two types of foliar glandular trichomes were identified: peltate and capitate trichomes. The peltate glands were characterised by a short stalk and a multicellular head which appeared to contain four – eight cells, depressed into the foliar epidermal surface. There were also three types of capitate trichomes observed viz. Type I with a short stalk and spherical bi-cellular head and Type II with a short stalk and a cone shaped unicellular head. Type III capitate trichome, with a long stalk, distinct neck cell and secretory head cell occurred predominantly on the abaxial surface of emergent and young leaves. Non glandular trichomes were uniseriate, unbranched and multicellular with micro-ornamentation occurring from the second stalk cell. Results indicate the distribution of glandular and non- glandular trichomes on both foliar surfaces with the density of non glandular trichomes decreasing as the leaf develops. Histochemical studies indicated the presence and location of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and lipid components in glandular trichome head cells. Trichomes are involved in defence against insect herbivory, attraction of pollinators and limiting water loss through transpiration. Secretions may contain secondary metabolites of potential therapeutic value. Further research is required to isolate favourable novel compounds for integration into the pharmaceutical industry. It is important to understand trichome structure in relation to the mechanism and function of secretion in different species of Plectranthus. This may aid in resolving taxonomic discrepancies within the genera and promote the use of trichome morphology as an efficient diagnostic tool for plant classification.

Keywords: Plectranthus zuluensis; trichome; secretion; capitate; scanning electron microscopy


165

0166

EFFECTS OF WHEAT-OILSEED RAPE INTERCROPPING ON THE POPULATION DENSITY OF SITOBION AVENAE (FABRICIUS, 1775) AND ITS NATURAL ENEMIES

Rashin Amir Mardfar1, Adel Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab1, Yaeghoob Raey1, Samad

Khaghaninia2, Rouhollah Amini1,

1Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, 2Department

of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Intercropping has recently drawn increasing interest as an alternative agronomic practice for increasing

crop diversity, yield and controlling pests. A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2010-

2011 at Research Farm of Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. Four cropping system (A1: monocropping of

wheat, A2: strip intercropping of wheat-oilseed rape with 8 rows of wheat and 3 rows of oilseed rape, A3:

strip intercropping with 12 rows of wheat and 4 rows of oilseed rape and A4: strip intercropping with 16 rows

of wheat and 5 rows of oilseed rape) were used to determine the effects of wheat-oilseed rape

intercropping on the population density of wheat aphid (Sitobion aveana) and its natural enemies. The

results showed that the density of S. avenae at the two growth stages of wheat was significantly higher in

monocropping pattern than intercropping patterns. The decreasing of wheat aphid population density was

in agreement with increasing of its natural enemies particularly Ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata L.,

1758 and common Lacewing, Chrysopa carnea (Stephens, 1838). The lowest mean number of S. avenae

was observed in A3 that had no significantly difference with A2. It was concluded that wheat-oilseed rape

intercropping could control S. avenae especially under narrow wheat strips and high ratio of oilseed rape to

wheat strips.

Key words: Intercropping, Agrobiodiversity, Wheat, Oilseed rape, Sitobion avenae.


166

0167

HEAD SPACE MICRO-EXTRACTION AND GC-MS ASSISTED CHEMICAL

EXPLORATION OF THE VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF COLEUS FORSKOHLII BRIQ

FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF INDIAN SUBCONTINENT

Ennus Tamboli, Mohd Mujeeb, Sayeed Ahmad

Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of

Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India

Coleus forskohlii Briq., (Family: Lamiaceae) is a perennial branched aromatic shrub, well known for its

important labdane diterpenoid i.e. forskolin. In Ayurvedic systems of medicine C. forskohlii has been used

as remedy in various disorder of cardiovascular and respiratory system. It was thought worthwhile to

compare volatile components present in roots of C. forskohlii collected from different geographical regions

of Indian sub continent. Earlier investigations has undertaken the analysis of essential oil present in roots,

but no comparative study for the composition of volatile constituents has been carried out till date in order

to study the effect of climatic conditions of different regions on volatile constituents. Roots of C. forskohlii

Briq. an anti-obesity herb were collected from different geographical regions of Indian subcontinent and gas

chromatographic analysis was performed using automated technique of headspace for micro-extraction of

volatile components. An easy, rapid and accurate GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass Spectromectric)

method has been developed using Agilent 7890A GC system fitted with 30 m-long, 0.25 mm-inner diameter

and 0.25 mm-film-thickness HP-5MS capillary column using helium as carrier gas at flow rate 1 mL/min,

coupled with mass spectroscopic detector (5975C inert XL E1/C1 MSD model # G3174A) to explore chemo

profiling of the volatile components of the Coleus. The major constituents present were α-pinene (5.4 -

33.9%), camphene (8.04 - 26.7%), β-pinene (3.46 - 21.75%), bornyl acetate (3.36 - 17.58%), decanal (2.12

- 20.61%), 2-propenoic acid, 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl ester, exo- (0.49 - 55.9%), L-

phellandrene (0.26 - 5.24%), benzoic acid, methyl ester (0.08 -6.79) in all samples. There were large

variations found among the individual components and their concentrations in different samples indicating

the effect of geographical conditions on the composition of volatile constituents of C. forskohlii.

Keywords: Coleus forskohlii, head space, GC-MS, volatile constituents, chemoprofiling


167

0168

FRUIT FLIES OF THE GENUS TEPHRITIS LATREILLE, 1804 (DIPTERA:

TEPHRITIDAE) AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS OF ACTERACEUS WEED IN

EAST AZARBAYJAN PROVINCE- IRAN

Samad Khaghaninia1, Yaser Gharajedaghi1, Ebrahim Zarghani1, Saeed Mohamadzade

Namin

1Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, 2Department of Plant Protection, Varamin-Pishva branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Ira

Tephritidae is a large family of the order Diptera with 471 genera and more than 4400 described

species over the world. Most tephritid larvae are phytophagous and Larvae of the genus Tephritis infest

flower heads or induce galls in capitula of asteraseus plants, so with feeding on seeds of asteraceus

plants, this flies cause decreasing the seed amount of them as well as their gradual and sustainable

control. In this study, the species of Tephritis which infest the flower heads of asteraceus weeds were

collected in East Azarbayjan province, located in northern west of Iran, during 2010-2011. Totally,

twelve species (Tephritis bardanae (Schrank, 1803), T. cometa (Loew, 1840), T. dioscurea (Loew,

1856), T. erdemlii Kutuk, 2008, T. formosa (Loew, 1844), T. hurvitzi (Freidberg, 1981), T. hyoscyami

(L., 1758), T. matricariae (Loew, 1844), T. oedipus Hendel, 1927, T. postica (Loew, 1844), T. praecox

(Loew, 1844) and T. ruralis (Loew, 1844)) belonging to subfamily Tephritinae (Tephritidae) were

identified. Among them, T. ruralis (Loew, 1844) is newly reported for the Iranian insect fauna.

Key Words: Tephritis, Tephritidae, weed management, East Azarbayjan province, Iran.


168

0169

EFFICACY OF BOTANICALS AGAINST SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM THE CAUSAL

AGENT OF MUSTARD SCLEROTINIA ROTS

Shankar Lal Godara, Samiran Gangopadhyay, Mool Chand

Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University ,Bikaner, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India

Effect of five selected plant extracts viz., Aloe vera, Calotropis procera, Eucalyptus globulus, Azadirachta

indica seed kernel and A. indica leaf extracts prepared in distilled water, acetone and methanol on mycelial

growth, sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was

studied. These plant extracts prepared in distilled water, acetone or methanol significantly inhibited mycelial

growth, sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The

present study showed that the A. indica seed kernel extract prepared in distilled water, acetone and

methanol was most inhibitory to mycelial growth, sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Maximum inhibition of sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of

sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum were observed in A. Indica seed kernel extract (10%). The inhibition of growth

and conidial germination of the fungus increased with the increase in concentration of the test extracts

prepared in all the three solvents. A.indica seed kernel and

C. procera leaf extracts were inhibitorier to fungus than the other three extracts. Aloe vera was found least

effective in checking the mycelial growth of the fungus. Two sprays of aqueous extracts (10%) of A. indica

seed kernel,

C. procera and A. indica leaf extracts provided better control of Sclerotinia rot and also enhanced seed

yield in mustard.


169

0170

FLORISTIC STUDY OF BRYOPHYTES AND PTERIDOPHYTES IN SOME AREAS OF

SOUTHERN ZAGROS MOUNTAINS AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIES

DISTRIBUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES BY USING GEOGRAPHICAL

INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

Maryam Safavi1, Saeed Shirzadian2, Ali Mazooji3

1Islamic Azad University, science and research branch, Tehran, Iran, 2Iranian Research Institute of Plant

Protection, Tehran, Iran, 3Islamic Azad University, Roudehen branch, Tehran, Iran

The relationship between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes species with environmental parameters and

vegetation maps were analyzed for southern parts of Zagros Mountain. After three years of field trips

between February and August between 2008 to 2011, 180 samples were collected and identified, out of

153 samples belong to Bryophytes and 27 samples belong to Pteridophytes were identified. A databank in

Microsoft Access 2007 was produced. In order to determine the relationship between species distribution

and environmental variables; by linking the databank to GIS software, ArcGISArcmap version 10., Digital

Terrain Maps (DTM) based on environmental variables include Altitude, temperature, precipitation, and

humidity, were designed.

Pottiaceae was the largest family with 19 species and Philonotis with five species was the most variable

genus in this study.

Although liverworts' species were restricted to the warmer and lower areas, Bryophytes are scattered

everywhere in study area. Pteridophytes except Equisetum ramosissimum are abundant in warmer places.

Ghaemieh in Fars with 13 species and Malagha in Khozestan with 11 species are the richest areas.

Digital Terrain Maps show interesting result. Based on spatial analysis on humidity and precipitation,

Bryophytes and Pteridophytes species are deeply affected by the amount of average rainfall and

continuous humidity is not restricted them. Almost all species limited to the regions received proper amount

of average rainfall. Altitude map shows strong preference within Bryophytes and Pteridophytes for

mountainous regions. Temperature digital map shows a negative relationship between temperature and

bryophytes distribution.


170

0171

AMINOLEVULINIC ACID CAN BE A NEW PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR FOR

CYMBIDIUM MICROPROPAGATION

Syeda Jabun Nahar1, Shimasaki Kazuhiko2 and Syed Mostafizul Haque3

1. Faculty of Agriculture, The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Ehime University,

Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan ; 2. Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783

8502, Japan ;3. National University, Board Bazar, Gazipur 1704, Bangladesh

Cymbidiums are among the most important and popular orchids in horticulture. In vitro propagation of

orchid PLBs is required for commercial production. Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an important biosynthetic

precursor of all tetrapyrroles such as vitamin B12, billins, heme, chlorophyll and other specialized

machinery in plants as well as animals. ALA appears to have potential as a non-toxic endogenous

substance for improving agricultural production. ALA has been suggested a new natural and

environmental friendly regulator, which can be widely used in agriculture. The present study was

conducted to investigate the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on in vitro regulation of protocorm-like

bodies (PLBs) of Cymbidium spp. PLBs of Cymbidium species were explanted on modified Murashige

and Skoog medium supplemented with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5 ALA- Cosmo oil co., Ltd., Japan) at

various concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 5 mg L-1). Application of ALA in growing media, the result

showed that ALA could work as plant growth regulator in Cymbidium insigne and Cymbidium

finlaysonianum. Single addition of ALA significantly enhanced the formation of PLBs and shoots within 40

days of culture in C. insigne and 50 days of culture in C. finlaysonianum. In Cymbidium insigne, 1 mg L-1

ALA induced the higher PLBs (100%) proliferation rate and the average number of PLBs was 7.9

PLBs/explants whereas control treatment showed 1.6 numbers of PLBs/explants. The highest shoots

formation rate (66.7%) and the highest number of shoot, 1.3 shoots/explants, were obtained at 0.1 mg L-1

ALA. Maximum fresh weight (186.7 mg) of PLBs was also found in culture media with 1 mg L-1 ALA. In

Cymbidium finlaysonianum, the maximum fresh weight (140.9 mg) of PLBs, the highest PLBs formation

rate (100%) and the average number of PLBs was 7.4 PLBs/explants found amongst explants cultured on

medium supplemented with 0.01 mg L-1 ALA. The highest number of shoots 0.7 shoots/explants and the

shoots proliferation rate (33%) was found on the medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L-1 ALA. Information

gained from this study that with a low concentration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) application could

successfully regenerated maximum percentage of PLBs and shoots formation in Cymbidium spp and

aminolevulinic acid (ALA) which is new additive for plant tissue culture act as growth regulator for

Cymbidium micropropagation.

Key words: ALA, elicitor, in vitro, organogenesis, Protocrom-like body


171

0172

Genetic variations and genetic differentiation of Quercus phillyraeoides (Fagaceae) in

Japan revealed by chloroplast DNA variation and microsatellite markers

Ko Harada, Huan-Zhen Liu

Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan

Quercus phillyraeoides is an evergreen broad-leaved shrub tree, which is a typical member of the

lucidophyllus forest in the central to the western part of Japan. In order to elucidate the phylogeographical

relationships, to find the past colonization routes, and genetic differentiation we collected samples from 19

populations covering the whole vegetation area of Japan and examined chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)

sequence variation and microsatellite genotypic diversity.

A total of 3,665 bp including four non-coding and one coding regions of cpDNA were examined using a

total of 95 samples. Total nucleotide diversity (π) was calculated to be 0.00017 ± 0.00001, and the scaled

mutation rate (θw) was 0.00021 ± 0.00011. These values were relatively smaller than those formerly

reported for Japanese deciduous oak species (Quercus mongolica var. crispula) and much lower than that

reported for other evergreen lucidophyllus forest tree species. A total of 5 haplotypes, two of which included

two subtypes (A1, A2, B, C, D1, D2, E), were identified, with types A1 and D2 the most frequent. A large

degree of genetic differentiation had occurred across the populations (GST = 0.833 for haplotype data and

FST = 0.858 for sequence data). The data suggested several possible refugia on the Pacific Ocean coast

and the East China Sea coast, nearly identical to those previously suggested for the lucidophyllus forest

refugia. We could not find any evidence showing that any part of the Seto Inland Sea populations could be

possible refugia. Largest genetic differentiation across the populations in the Seto Inland Sea region

suggests that these areas have been recently colonized following the last glacial maximum from the refugia

in the Pacific coast or in southern Kyushu.

Population structure analysis was done using nine microsatellite loci in 423 individuals. Over all expected

heterozygosity ranged from 0.277 to 0.406, while the values of the observed heterozygosity ranged from

0.251 to 0.333, respectively. The genetic differentiation among populations was 0.095 showing moderate

genetic differentiation. AMOVA revealed that genetic variation mainly existed within populations (89.83%).

STRUCTURE analysis showed that Q. phillyraeoides populations could be defined into four clusters. The

northernmost population (Iw) and the southernmost population (Iz) were most genetically differentiated.

These populations are suggested to be the important candidates for conservation as well as refugia

populations.


172

0173

IN VITRO REGENERATION OF HELICTRES ISORA L: AN ENDANGERED MEDICINAL

PLANT

Harshal Deshpande, (Mrs) Sanjivani Bhalsing

North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India

A medicinal plant is one whose one or more of its organs contains substances that can be used for therapeutic

purposes or which are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs. Mass propagation of plant species through

in vitro culture is one of the best and most successful examples of commercial application of plant tissue

culture technology. Recently there has been much progress in this technology for regeneration of endangered

medicinal plants. The capability to regenerate and propagate plants from culture cells and tissues is one of the

most exciting aspects of in vitro cell and tissue culture. Increasing demand of those plants, which are specially

use for the food and medicine, is one of the cause of their rapid depletion from the natural habitats.

Micropropagation offers a great potential for conservation and large scale multiplication of such useful species

and subsequent exploitation. Helictres isora L (Sterculiaceae) is an endangered medicinally important plant

effective against diabetes, asthma, HIV besides a good source of Diosgenin. Seed dormancy and low rate of

natural fruit production makes this plant a perfect candidate for developing an in vitro method for its clonal

propagation and further biotechnological developments. An efficient protocol has been developed for plant

regeneration from shoot tips of Helictres isora. Shoot tips were cultured on Murashinge and Skoog (MS)

medium fortified with 6 - Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) (4 –20 µM) and Kinetin (KN) (4 –20 µM) either singly or in

various combinations. MS basal medium containing 12 µM BAP and 16 µM Kinetin was found to be most

effective in inducing shoot elongation and proliferation within four to five weeks of culture. In our study the same

medium was responsible for successful rooting after 60 days with high frequency. Complete in vitro regenerated

plants of Helictres isora were hardened off with 76% survival rate.

Key Words: Medicinal, in vitro, endangered, Helictres


173

0174

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES IN FLOWERS AND FRUITS OF COUROUPITA GUIANENSIS DURING DIFFERENT MATURATION STAGES

Palash Mandal

Plant Physiology and Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734 013.

Couroupita guianensis (Aubl) belongs to the family Lecythidaceae, commonly known as Naglingam in India. This is the amazing tree whose trunk bears large, showy flowers and produces globular brown woody fruits of an astonishing size, almost the size of a human head. In folk medicine the flowers and fruits are used for the treatment of gastritis, scabies, bleeding piles, dysentery and scorpion poison. According to Ayurvedic concepts the plant has rubefacint and anti rhumatic properties. In this study we investigated total antioxidant properties and evaluated total phytochemical screening of six developmental stages of flower and fruits of C. guianensis using standard in vitro models. The methanolic extract of C. guianensis exhibited strong scavenging effect on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, ABTS, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, metal chelating, reducing power and inhibition of lipid per oxidation. Total phenol and flavonoid contents are highly correlated with antioxidant capacity. The data obtained in the present study suggests that among the extracts of C. guianensis both immature flower and fruit have potent antioxidant activity against free radicals, which can prevent oxidative damage to major bio-molecules and afford significant protection against free-radical mediated damage.

Keywords: Couroupita guianensis, Antioxidant, DPPH, Phytochemicals, Maturation.


174

0175

COMBINATION OF SILICON AND HOT WATER TO CONTROL OF POST HARVEST

BLUE MOULD CAUSED BY PENICILLIUM EXPANSUM IN APPLE

Hassan Reza Etebarian1, Sassan Farhangian-Kashani2

1Islamic Azad University,Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Tehran,Tehran, Iran, 2Islamic Azad University,Shahr-e-Rey

Branch, Tehran,Iran, Iran

Blue mould of apple caused by Penicillium expansum is a destructive postharvest disease of apple. The

use of synthetic fungicides is a primary method of control of the disease. However, concerns about public

health and the development of resistant pathogens have increased the search for alternative methods. In

this study the effect of silicon alone and in combination with hot water at 40 o C and 50 o C for control of

apple blue mould were investigated. Golden delicious apple that were harvested at commercially and kept

at 1±0.5 oC in cold storage were used. The fruit were wounded in 3 replicate with 2.5 mm diameter nail to a

depth of 3mm. A 20 microliter aliquot of conidial suspension of P.expansum (1.0x105 conidia /ml ) was

inoculated and 40 microliter of silicon solution at concentration of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 1% were applied in

each wound. Results in vitro studies showed that silicon in concentrations of higher than 0.6% inhibited the

growth of pathogen completely. Results in vivo experiments indicated that,when silicon was applied at

concentration of 0.2,0.4,0.6 and 1% in wound of apple and then 24 hours later inoculated with

P.expansum, the lesion area were less than that of pathogen control after 15 and 45 days incubation at 20

o C and 4 o C respectively. In the other experiment, once the apples immersed in hot water at 40 o C for 1

or 2 min. after inoculation with pathogen and then different concentrations were applied ,the lesion

diameter were significantly less than those of pathogen control after 9 days incubation at 20 o C . Similar

experiments was carried out for incubation at 5 o C. Results showed that ,the lesion diameter in the apple

which were immersed in hot water at 40 o C or 50 o C for 1and 2 min after inoculation with pathogen and

then treated with silicon, were from 0 to 6.33 mm compared to 14.08 mm in pathogen control. In

conclusion the results of this study showed that concentrations of silicon especially combination with hot

water affects apple responses to P.expansum and could be an important method for control of apple blue

mould.


175

0176

CLASSIFICATION OF GENOTYPES OF THE TARGET LEAF SPOT-RESISTANT GENE

(DS1) IN SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR MOENCH)

Hiroyuki Kawahigashi1, Shigemitsu Kasuga2, Tsuyu Ando1, Hiroyuki Kanamori1, Hisato

Okuizumi1, Takashi Sazuka3, Takashi Matsumoto1

1National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan, 2Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan, 3Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) is the fifth most important cereal grown worldwide and is especially

important in the semiarid tropics because of its tolerance of hot and dry environments. Sorghum has

recently been promoted for biomass production due to its rapid growth in summer in temperate zones.

Target leaf spot is a disease of sorghum caused by the fungus Drechslera sorghicola (now named Bipolaris

sorghicola). This disease is one of the major sorghum diseases in southern Japan and found all over the

world, especially in humid areas. Target leaf spot causes a significant decrease in yield where plants are

located in high humidity conditions during the growing season. The lesions caused on infected leaves are

commonly reddish purple with straw colored centers. The lesions in the resistant lines are small, chlorotic

and clearly different from the elongated lesions on the susceptible lines.

The resistance to target leaf spot is controlled by a single recessive gene (ds1). Sorghum has a relatively

small genome, twice the size of the rice genome (750 Mbp). More than 5000 sequence-based SSR

markers derived from the genome sequence were generated to facilitate map-based cloning. The ds1 gene

is recently identified as a receptor-like kinase with leucine-rich repeats in its extracellular domain, which is a

type of protein typically associated with plant disease. The down-regulation or loss of function of the ds1

gene resulted in the resistance to target leaf spot.

We studied the susceptibility of sorghum to target leaf spot, the polymorphism of ds1 and the geographic

distribution of its alleles using selected specimens from a sorghum core collection. With DNA markers, the

susceptibility of sorghum to target leaf spot can be easily classified. Among 86 lines in the NIAS Genebank,

34 (39.6%) were susceptible to target leaf spot. Each sorghum line was characterized by one of three

alleles (S1, S2 and S3 types). The remaining 52 (60.4%) were resistant, with each characterized by one of

four alleles (R1, R2, R3 and R4 types). Only resistant alleles were found in the lines from East Asia,

suggesting either a bottleneck effect or strong selective pressure by target leaf spot in East Asia.

Key words: map-based cloning, DNA markers, disease resistance, selection


176

0177

NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PROPERTIES OF

MICROPROPAGATED PLANTS BY RGB AND PRI IMAGING

Snehasish Dutta Gupta1, Yasuomi Ibaraki2

1Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur

721302, West Bengal, India, 2Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida -1677-1, Yamaguchi

753-8515, Japan

Imaging systems based on trichromatic (RGB) features and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) were

developed for non-destructive evaluation of photosynthetic parameters such as chlorophyll content and

photosystem II (PS II) maximum quantum yield in micropropagated plants of potato. The RGB imaging was

used for estimation of chlorophyll content, whereas PRI imaging system was developed for determination of

chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm. In RGB imaging system, the photometric features such as

mean brightness (R, G and B) and luminosity (L) were extracted from digitized images. The mean

brightness and their ratios were modeled as linear correlation function for chlorophyll contents of

regenerated plants and Artificial neural network (ANN) were used to provide a non-linear relationship

between the input parameters (RGB features) and the output parameters (chlorophyll content). A significant

correlation was observed between the model predicted chlorophyll content with the chlorophyll content

measured by chlorophyll content meter. Non-linear model with mean brightness ratio was found to be the

most efficient choice in predicting the chlorophyll content in a non-invasive manner. The PRI of

micropropagated potato leaves was estimated in a non-invasive manner using the developed PRI imaging

system. The PRI determined was compared with the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm. A linear

relationship between the PRI and Fv/Fm was observed, suggesting the potential of PRI imaging system to

be used as a substitute of measuring Fv/Fm by pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometer. The

developed imaging systems are readily amenable for non-destructive estimation of photosynthetic

properties of micropropagated plants to optimize the culture conditions.


177

0178

INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON PASSIVE CUTANEOUS ANAPHYLAXIS OF HERBAL

MEDICINE PLANTS

Hui-Jeong Gwon, Sun Young Jo, Jong-Young Lim, Young Min Shin, Seong-In Jeong, Jong-

Seok Park, Youn-Mook Lim, Phil-Hyun Kang

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea

Traditional herbal cures and remedies have played an important historical role in the treatment of a variety

of illnesses and diseases for years. The allergenicity of herbal extracts (HE) from Houttaynia cordata,

Morus alba Linne, and Plantago asiatica was evaluated by a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test.

Compound 48/80 has been used as a convenient reagent to study a mast cell-mediated non-specific

anaphylactic reaction. The mixture of HE treated group has significantly lower Evans blue dye

concentration than the control and single HE group. These results suggest that the mixture HE may be

useful for the prevention and treatment of allergy-related disease.

Keywords: Allergenicity, Houttaynia cordata, Morus alba Linne, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, Plantago

asiatica


178

0179

RADIATION EFFECT ON NF-κB ACTIVATION OF HERBAL MEDICINE PLANTS IN

HMC-1 CELLS

Hui-Jeong Gwon, Eun-Ji Park, Jong-Bae Choi, Young Min Shin, Seong-In Jeong, Jong-

Seok Park, Young-Chang Nho, Youn-Mook Lim

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea

Radiation process is widely used for sterilization. Recently this method has been developed for the

preparation of new bio-related products such as wound dressing with herbal medicine plants, but little is

known about the radiation effect on the constitutive compounds of the herbal plants. The aim of this study

was to demonstrate the radiation effect on NF-κB activation of the traditional herbal medicine plants such

as Houttuynia cordata (H), Centella asiatica (C), and Ulmus davidiana (U) in the human mast cell line

(HMC-1). The HMC-1 cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus A23187.

Without the significant differences by radiation, both non- and irradiated herbal plants showed an excellent

inhibition of the PMA plus A23187-induced nuclear factor NF-κB activation and suppression of the

expression of NF-κB. These results indicated that the extracts of the H, C, and U may be useful for treating

mast cell-induced inflammatory diseases without damage when the radiation applied.

Keywords : Centella asiatica, Houttuynia cordata, NF-κB, Radiation, Ulmus davidiana


179

0180

RAPID MICROPROPAGATION OF CYMBIDIUM LUNALVIN ‘ATLAS’ (ORCHIDACEAE)

BY USING TRANSVERSE THIN CELL LAYER TECHNOLOGY

Vera Yurngamla Kapai, I. Usha Rao

Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Orchid hybrids form a majority share in orchid cut-flower trade mainly for their ornamental value. Vegetative

propagation of orchids in vitro is mainly through protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) induced from various

explants either directly or via an intermediary callus phase. Many economically important hybrid orchids

develop protocorms slowly in culture which makes commercial tissue culture expensive. The advantage of

thin cell layer (TCL) technology lies in the suitability of explants (owing to their size and origin) for inducing

desired developmental response by manipulating the culture conditions. Induction of PLBs was achieved

from transverse thin cell layers (tTCLs) of PLBs of a hybrid, Cymbidium Lunalvin ‘Atlas’ by using plant

growth regulators such as cytokinins (BAP, Kn) and its antagonist (8-azaadenine), auxins (NAA, IBA) and

auxin-transport inhibitors (TIBA, NPA), and natural additives [coconut water (CW), banana extract (BE)].

Incorporation of 2.5 µM BAP in modified Knudson C (KC) medium showed the highest percentage of

responding tTCLs and 0.5 µM BAP showed significantly high number of PLBs per tTCL. There was no or

negligible percentage of response when tTCLs were cultured on KC medium containing low concentration

of cytokinin antagonist, 8-azaadenine (0.1 µM) and further increase in concentration completely inhibited

the formation of PLBs. There was a significant dose-dependent decrease in per cent responding tTCL and

number of PLBs per tTCL when NAA and IBA were used. Formation of roots directly from the tTCL was

observed on high concentrations of NAA/IBA. The incorporation of auxin-transport inhibitors, TIBA or NPA

could not improve the percentage of response. The average number of PLBs per tTCL was found to be

lesser on KC medium supplemented with either CW or BE. However, KC medium supplemented with

natural additives were promotory for developing into shoots. The results indicated the potential of cytokinins

in PLB formation and of natural additives in further development of PLBs. Shoots that developed from the

regenerated PLBs were further sub-cultured to KC basal medium. The plantlets were pre-hardened in vitro

in ¼ KC major salts without sucrose and then transferred to plastic trays filled with cocopeat:perlite (9:1) in

the greenhouse. Nearly one hundred per cent survival of the plantlets in the greenhouse was observed

after three months of transfer.

Keywords: Cymbidium, tTCL, Protocorm-like bodies.


180

0181

NOREPINEPHRINE TRANSPORTER INHIBITORS FROM A TRADITIONAL CHINESE

MEDICINE - RADIX POLYGALAE

Che-Yi Lin1, Jui-Ching Chen1, Mo-Chi Cheng1, Feng-Nien Ko1, Yun-Lian Lin2, Han-Chieh

Ko2, Wan-Ping Chen2, Tian-Shung Wu3

1Medical and Pharmaceutical Industry Technology and Development Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 2National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan, 3Department of Chemistry, National

Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan

Polygala tenuifolia (Polygalaceae) is a perennial herb and widely distributed in Mainland China. Radix

Polygalae made of the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia is collected in spring and autumn, removed from

rootlet and soil, and dried in the sun. Radix Polygalae mainly acts as a traditional Chinese medicine of

central nervous system treatment. Current studies including extracts and compounds find its role in

norepinephrine transporter inhibitor. A extract, termed PDC-1421, demonstrated a great response in

tetrabenazine-induced hypothermia. The IC50 in norepinephrine transporter, dopamine transporter, and

serotonin transporte is 1.27, 76.4, and greater than 300 μg/mL respectively. The IC50 of norepinephrine

uptake is 0.704 0.191 μg/mL in HEK293 cells, but the IC50 of dopamine and serotonin uptake are more

than 100 μg/mL, respectively. And then some compounds involving with polygalatenosides and

polygalasaponins exhibit μM level activity in the norepinephrine transporter binding assay. These results

indicated that the product resulted from Radix Polygalae may be entitled to the botanic lead of depression

and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Key words: Polygala tenuifolia, norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, tetrabenazine-induced hypothermia,

extract, polygalatenoside, polygalasaponin


181

0182

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THIOPHENES IN THE ROOT AND

LEAF CALLI, CELL SUSPENSION AND INTACT PLANT EXTRACTS OFTAGETES SP.

USING THIN LAYER AND GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Taha, H. S. , Osman, H. A. , Youssef, M. M. A. , El-Gindi, A. Y. , Ameen, H. H. And

Lashein, A. M. S.

Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.; Department of Plant

Pathology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.; Department of Zoology & Agricultural

Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

The thiophene isomer fractions were investigated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas liquid

chromatography (GLC). The TLC analysis revealed that; 5-(4-acetoxy-1-butynyl)-2,2- bithenyl (BBTOAc, Rf

0.78 I); 5- (3-buten-1-ynyl)-2,2- bithineyl (BBT, Rf 0.39 II) and 2,2, 5, 2 – - terthienyl ( -T, Rf 0.32 III)

were detected in extracts of leaf, stem and root calli and suspension of Tagetes erecta and T. patula as

well as leaf cell culture of T. patula treated with DL-tryptophan under light or dark conditions. The GLC

quantitative analysis of thiophenes in extracts of leaf and root calli and treated leaf suspension of T. patula

with DL-tryptophan and incubated under light or dark conditions, revealed that the percentage distribution

of the major thiophenes in all the analysed samples were as follows: BBT II > -T III > BBTOAc I. Another

thiophene was determined in relatively small amounts and found to be 5-(3-penten-1-ynyl)-2,2-bithienyl

(PBT IV). Other thiophenes were quantitated in trace amounts with unidentified or unknown chemical

structure from the investigated extracts.

Key words: Thiophenes, Thin layer chromatography (TLC), Gas liquid chromatography (GLC), Tagetes

erecta, T. patula.


182

0183

COMPARATIVE ANTIDIABETIC AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF KOMBUCHA

TEA AND BLACK TEA IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Semantee Bhattacharya1, Somnath Chakravorty1, Writachit Chakraborty1, Debanjana

Bhattacharya1, Parames Sil2, Ratan Gachhui1

1Jadavpur university, Kolkata, India, 2Bose Institute, Kolakata, India

Tea, a widely consumed beverage in the world, is produced from the leaves of Camellia sinensis. Different

tea preparations such as green, black tea, oolong tea are most commonly used. Among them, black tea is

the most popular form around the world and accounts for 80% of the total tea consumption. Several studies

have shown association between tea drinking and reduced risk of chronic diseases particularly

cardiovascular diseases and some cancers. Most of the beneficial effects of tea have been attributed to the

antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of its components like polyphenols and flavonoids.

Kombucha tea, another popular beverage, is a sugared black tea fermented by a consortium of yeast and

acetic acid bacteria. It is widely consumed in parts of the erstwhile Soviet Union and Central Asia, and has

become popular even in Europe and USA. Kombucha is traditionally prepared by fermenting black tea in

presence of sucrose by a previously grown culture and incubating statically under aerobic conditions for

about two weeks. The beverage has been claimed to be a prophylactic agent and to be beneficial to human

health. However, few properties have been demonstrated by scientific and experimental studies. In the

present study, we aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of Kombucha and Black tea against

alloxan induced diabetes mellitus in Swiss albino rats. In addition, we also investigated their roles in

ameliorating the oxidative stress in diabetes related complications in pancreas, liver and kidney. Alloxan

exposure (120 mg/kg body weight) elevated the blood glucose level and decreased the plasma insulin level

in the rats. There was also an increase in reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation end products in

those tissues of the diabetic animals. Moreover, alloxan also decreased the activities of antioxidant

enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase and the level of reduced glutathione. Experimental

findings showed significant antidiabetic potential of both the teas (30 mg/kg body weight for 14 days) in

terms of reduction of blood glucose level and increase in plasma insulin level. They could also effectively

restore the changes in the pancreatic, renal and hepatic antioxidant machineries close to normal.

Kombucha tea was found to be more efficient in antidiabetic and antioxidant activities than black tea which

might be attributed to the fermentation process. The possible underlying mechanisms for the enhanced

activity of this fermented tea, however, needs further investigation.


183

0184

CHARACTERIZATION AND MAPPING OF FLORISTIC DIVERSITY USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN SOUTHERN KARNATAKA, INDIA

Devagiri, G. M. 1 , Santosh Hubballi1 , Kushalappa1, C.G., Devakumar, A.S. 2

1 University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore, College of Forestry, Ponnampet 571 216, Kodagu, Karnataka, India ;2 University of Agricultural Science, Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Bangalore 560 065, Karnataka, India

Recent advances in space application have offered new opportunities for assessment and monitoring of natural resources at scales larger than the past. Fine resolution remote sensing technology is being widely used for quick assessment of earth’s resources in general and plant resources in particular. Being cost-effective and repetitive in nature with synoptic coverage technology, it has endless application potentials. Coarse resolution sensor data (WiFS) were used by various workers to assess the vegetation, but such data have limitations to discriminate the vegetation types at a finer level. Vegetation type map is the prime input for landscape ecological analysis of the forest ecosystem. Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to derive landscape indices such as fragmentation, porosity, patchiness, patch density, interspersion and juxtaposition, which depict landscape characteristics. Present study integrates field measured phyto-sociological data with remote sensing data (IRS P6, LISS-III) and GIS techniques for characterization and mapping of floristic diversity. Study area encompasses five southern districts in Karnataka, India covering an forest area of 3256 km2. Results reveal that dry deciduous forests (DDF) were high statured with rich floristic diversity as compared to scrub forests. Field inventories recorded tree density of 442 stems ha-1, basal area of 7.29 m2 ha-1, and species richness of 118 in DDF of this region. Importance value index (IVI) indicates the dominance of Anogeissus latifolia with gregarious Hardwickia binata mixed forest patch in Chitradurga district. As compared DDF, scrub forests recorded low tree density (119 stems ha-1), basal area (0.69 m2 ha-1) and species richness (58). Albizzia amara was the dominant tree species in scrub forests. Fragmentation and disturbance analysis based on satellite data revealed that 70 per cent of the total forest area is under medium fragmentation while 57 per cent of the forest area is highly disturbed. DDF harbor medium to high biological richness while the scrub forests are biologically less rich. In the entire region, only a small extent of forest area is floristically very rich which needs conservation attention. The present study revealed that remote sensing technique combined with field sampling provides quick and reliable mapping of bio-rich areas. Key words: Floristic diversity, remote sensing, GIS, fragmentation, porosity, patchiness, disturbance, biological richness mapping


184

0185

FLORISTIC STUDY OF HIGHLAND REGION IN LORESTAN, WESTERN IRAN( CASE STUDY: HASHTAD-PAHLU AND SEFIDKOH MOUNTAINS)

Kambiz Abrari Vajari2 , Gholamhosein Veiskarami3 Mohammadjavad Hasanzadeh D4

Academic member of Agriculture Faculty,Lorestan Universiy,Iran; Msc in Plant Systematic,Iran; B.S student of Forestry, Agriculture Faculty,Lorestan University,Iran

The purpose of the present research was to recognize the plants species in the highland region of Hashtad-Pahlu and Sefidkoh mountains, Lorestan province, western Iran. The results showed that 66 species were totally identified, which belonged to 55 genera and 25 families. The families of Compositae (11 species) ,Rosaceae (6 species) and Labiateae , Leguminosae (6 species) had the highest number of species in the site. The most important life forms included chamophytes (22 species) and hemichryptophytes (15 species) in highland region. With regard to vegetation zone, 51 species(78.46%) belonged to Irano-Touranean region. According to findings of this study in the region as well as the presence of 22 endemic species and 7 endangered species ,it is essential to support and to conserve these plant species diversity in these sites.

Keywords: Flor, Life form, vegetation zone, Iran

2 Academic member of Agriculture Faculty,Lorestan Universiy,Iran

3 Msc in Plant Systematic,Iran

4 B.S student of Forestry, Agriculture Faculty,Lorestan University,Iran


185

0186

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFICIENT AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED GENE

TARGETING SYSTEM FOR RICE AND ANALYSIS OF RICE KNOCKOUTS

LACKING Β1,2-XYLOSYLTRANSFERASE AND Α1,3-

FUCOSYLTRANSFERASE.

Kenjiro Ozawa1, Yuhya Wakasa1, Yuko Ogo1, Kouki Matsuo2, Hiroyuki Kawahigashi1, Fumio

Takaiwa1

1National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan, 2Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,

Toyohiraku, Sapporo, Hokkaido,062-8517, Japan

The exact targeting of a gene is the primary goal in precision engineering of any organism. Although gene

knockout through homologous recombination (HR) has become a routine technique in mammals to

investigate gene function, gene targeting through homologous recombination is still difficult in most higher

plants. Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) have been used to make site-specific genome modifications in animal

cells, and a recent report indicates that high-frequency ZFNs-stimulated gene targeting is also possible in

plants. Terada et al. (2007) developed a reproducible gene targeting procedure using a positive (hpt

gene)/negative [diphtheria toxin A fragment gene (DT-A)] selection system; however, large numbers of

stable transformants (104 to 105) must be handled to obtain a gene targeting line using the positive/negative

selection method. Therefore, a highly efficient transformation system is one of the critical factors

determining the success of this homologous gene targeting system. In this study, we have developed an

efficient and reproducible homologous recombination system for gene targeting by combining this

transformation system with the positive (hpt gene)/negative (DT-A) selection system. As a model study, we

obtained knockout lines of the β1,2-xylosyltransferase (XylT) gene and α1,3-fucosyltransferase (FucT)

gene involved in plant-specific N-glycosylation by homologous recombination and evaluated the efficacy of

our system. Compared to the conventional transformation system using calli on solid medium,

transformation using suspension-cultured calli resulted in a 5- to 10- fold increase in the number of resistant

calli per weight of starting material after positive/negative selection. Homologous recombination occurred in

about 1.5 % of the positive/negative selected calli. Knockout rice plants were generated with complete

deficiency of XylT or FucT. The plant glycosyltransferases, XylT and core FucT, are responsible for the

transfer of β1,2-linked xylose and core α1,3-linked fucose residues to glycoprotein N-glycans. These glycan

epitopes are not present in mammals and, therefore, constitute epitopes for carbohydrate reactive

antibodies that limit the therapeutic use of recombinant mammalian glycoproteins such as antibodies

produced by transgenic plants. Keywords: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation; β1,2-

xylosyltransferase; α1,3-fucosyltransferase; gene targeting; rice.


186

0187

MICROSCOPIC COMPARISON OF EJECTISOMES IN TWO PYRAMIMONAS SPECIES

Anchittha Satjarak, Linda Graham

University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Ejectisomes are non-penetrating extrusive organelles commonly produced by several types of wall-less

protists: cryptomonads and close plastidless relatives, as well as prasinophyte green algae. Ejectisomes

are hypothesized to function in defense because they are produced as rolled ribbons within cytoplasmic

vesicles that upon disturbance bind to the cell membrane, releasing ribbons that uncoil to form lance-

shaped structures. In the prasinophyte Pyraminomas, ejectisomes are commonly found near the cell

membrane at the flagellar pit and between the chloroplast lobes. Previous workers have noted that

prasinophyte ejectisomes are structurally similar to those of cryptomonads, but the chemical composition

ejectisomes is unknown. Our preliminary calcofluor staining and use of crossed polarizers suggested that

ejectisomes of certain cryptomonads and Pyramimonas parkae might be composed at least in part, of a

cellulose-like polymer. The presence of cellulose-like extrusions in wall-less cells of early-diverging green

algae suggests that ejectisomes might play a role in the origin of a cellulose-rich cell wall in green algae

and plants. Here we report the use of these techniques as well as DAPI staining and specialized electron

microscopy to compare ejectisomes structure in two Pyramimonas species that display different numbers

and distributions.

Key words : Pyramimonas, ejectisome


187

0188

ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON TALINUM TRIANGULARE SHOOT PRODUCTION

Sandra Arifin Aziz, Sitta Azmi Farchany

Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

Talinum triangulare or water leaf is an underutilized tropical plant, and has been used more as medicinal

plant than as vegetable in Indonesia. The study of Talinum triangulare cultivation has been done to

increase the shoot production as functional vegetable. Combination of organic fertilizer 0.50, 0.75, 1.00,

1.25 and 1.50 dosages, i.e. cow manure, guano and rice hull ash (3.6 ton/ha, 82.9 kg/ha and 5.5 ton/ha,

respectively as one dosage, that equal to 100 kg urea, 120 kg SP-36 and 100kg KCl/ha as control of

inorganic fertilizer) were given to the plant. Nett assimilation rate (NAR) 2-4 weeks after planting (WAP) of

all organic fertilizer dosages were lower than control, but 0.75-1.25 dosages were higher than control at 4-6

WAP. Only 0.75 dosages had the same relative growth rate (RGR) value at 2-4 WAP, but 1.00, 1.25 and

1.50 dosages had higher RGR than control at 4-6 WAP. Marketable shoot increased 25.67% from control

and 179.54% from 0.50 organic fertilizer dosages. Organic fertilizer produced total marketable shoot equal

to inorganic fertilizer as control.

Key words: Talinum triangulare, leafy vegetable, organic


188

0189

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ORANGE BLUE MOULD CAUSED BY PENICILLIUM

ITALICUM WITH SOME YEAST ISOLATES

Hassan Reza Etebarian1, Rahil Ghasemi2

1Islamic Azad University ,Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Tehran/Tehran, Iran, 2College of Abureihan,University of

Tehran, Tehran/Iran, Iran

Postharvest fungal pathogen cause major losses in orange production. Biological control by using epiphytic

yeasts against blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum has been considered as an alternative method for

controlling of postharvest decay. Eight yeast isolates, Three isolates of Pichia guilliermondii (M60, M63 and

M47), two isolates of Metschnikowia pulcherima (M43 and M54), one isolate of Pichia kluyveri (M45) and

one isolate of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (M61) were evaluated against P.italicum. Effect of antagonists on

control of mycelial growth of the pathogen in dual culture was 22.3 to 62.65%t, in volatile metabolites test

was 42.59 to 95.93 % and in none –volatile metabolites test with Weller method was 52.28 to 79.29 %. In

order to investigate the effect of antagonists isolates in control of blue mold . Fruits were wounded in four

side with a 3 mm diameter nail to a depth of 4 mm then 40 microlitre aliquots of each yeast

suspension(1010 cell/ml) were dispensed in each wound .After 24 hours 20 microlitre of spore suspension

of pathogen (105 spore/ml) was inoculated to each wound. The treated oranges were placed on cardboard

trays that were enclosed in plastic bags. The inside of bags was sprayed with SDW to maintain high

relative humidity. The oranges were incubated at 20 o C for 15 days, at 5 o C for 30 days. All isolates

significantly reduced decay area caused by P. italicum. M .pulcherima M54 and P. guilliermondii M63

appeared to be the best biocontrol agent preventing P. italicum from expanding to no more than 2.30 cm2

compared to 22.39 cm2 for the control at 5 o C and no more than 6.5 cm2 compared to 20.33 cm2 for

control at 20 o C.


189

0190

USE OF RHIZOBIAL INOCULANTS TO IMPROVE BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION AND REPLACE CHEMICAL NITROGEN FERTILIZER HANDLING IN GLYCINE MAX (SOYBEAN) CULTIVATION OF SRI LANKA

C.S. HettiarachchiA, P. Saravana KumarA, C.L. AbayasekaraA, S.A. KulasooriyaA, S. RajapakseB, E.M.H.G.S. EkanayakeA and R.K.G.K. KumaraA

A Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka B Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Inoculation of grain legumes with rhizobia has been recorded to have a great potential in maximizing biological N2 fixation. Glycine max (soybean) is one of the most important grain legumes in the rain fed farming systems in dry and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka. Rhizobia of wild non-edible legumes have higher tolerance to prevailing adverse conditions. The main objective of the current study was to test the ability of certain rhizobial isolates from wild legumes which could effectively nodulate and enhance N2 fixation in G. max in order to use them as rhizobial inoculants which can replace chemical nitrogen fertilizer. Rhizobial strains isolated from Crotalaria spp., Mimosa spp. and wild relatives of Vigna spp., (C2, C8, C10, M5, M6, VD1, and VW2) which were previously selected as effective were used. Physiological and biochemical characterization of rhizobia was done by assessing their growth in media with different pHs (5, 7 and 9), salt concentrations (0.5 %, 1 %, and 2 %) and sugars (Lactose, Sucrose and Maltose). A field test was conducted with the above seven strains, using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicate blocks per treatment. Seeds were mixed with coir based inoculants prior to sowing. Three plants from each plot were harvested after 8 weeks and a nodule count was taken. These plants were oven dried and weighed. Yield and yield component data were recorded in the remaining plants. Most of the strains preferred basic pHs. M5 and M6 strains showed the highest tolerant to both 0.5 % and 1% salinity conditions. Strain VW2 showed a higher ability to use all the tested sugars. Inoculation with all seven strains showed increases in nodulation compared to the uninoculated N+ and N- controls. Dry matter production with strains M5 and VD1 were higher than the N fertilizer application. All the inoculation treatments gave higher average number of pods than N fertilizer application. Strain C8 gave the highest value for average pod length as well as average number of seeds per pod. With respect to 100 seed weight and final seed yield, strains C2, C8, C10, M5 and VD1 gave higher values than the N fertilizer application. Strains C2. C8, C10, M5 and VD1 appear to be capable of overcoming competition by indigenous rhizobia, improve biological nitrogen fixation and suitable to be used as inoculants for G. max which can replace the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizer.

Key words: Biological nitrogen fixation, Crotalaria spp., Glycine max, Mimosa spp., Rhizobial inoculants, Vigna spp.


190

0191

HOST PREFERENCE AND NUTRITION EFFICIENCY OF THE XANTHOGALERUCA LUTEOLA MULLER (COL: CHRYSOMELIDAE), ON DIFFERENT TREES ULMUS

M. G. Daryaei1, and H. Yazdanfar

Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the University of Guilan, Iran

Elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca Luteola, is one of the main phytophagous pest of decidous that Preferentially feeds on elms, Ulmus spp.(Ulmaceae), therefore, host preference of this pest on four species; Ulmus carpinifolia, Ulmus carpinifolia var. umbraculifera ,Celtis caucasica and Zelkova carpinifolia was analyzed. The host preference of the pest was analyzed by olfactometric analysis. And the multiple choice method was also utilized to determine the rate of feeding and its effect on four species. Some nutritional indices of 3th instar larvae, such as relative consumption rate (RCR) , relative growth rate (RGR) and efficiency of conversion of ingested (ECI) were measured on these trees. The data obtained demonstrate that 3th instar larve had the greatest host preference for ulmus carpinifolia var. umbraculifera (P>0.5). additionally, the lowest level of larval preference was for Celtis caucasica and Zelkova carpinifolia, as the highest feeding level was observed on ulmus carpinifolia var. umbraculifera. The results show that the local species Celtis caucasica not only has low palatability for this pest, but also due to an interruption in larval food intake, larval biology performance. Keywords: Host preference, Elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca Luteola, olfactometric analysis,


191

0192

EFFECT OF CANOPY GAPS ON FLORISTIC DIVERSITY, REGENERATION AND

MICROCLIMATE IN EVERGREEN FORESTS OF CENTRAL WESTERN GHATS, INDIA

Mohan, S.1, Devagiri, G.M.15, Venkateshamurthy, P.2

1 University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore, College of Forestry, Ponnampet 571 216, Kodagu,

Karnataka, India ;2 University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore, College of Agriculture, Mandya,

Karnataka, India

Western Ghats in southern India has been identified as one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots of the world. Central Western Ghat region harbours high endemic flora and fauna due to its varied climate, diverse topography and wide array of habitats supporting unique species assemblages of plants and animals. During early 1970’s these pristine forests were selectively logged resulting in varying sizes of canopy gaps. The present investigation was aimed at assessing floristic diversity and regeneration status in gaps and adjoining forest continuum. In addition, the study was also aimed at understanding the effect of canopy gaps on the microclimate. Results revealed that the seedling density of regenerating species was found to be high in canopy gaps as compared to adjoining forest continuum. On the contrary, both species richness and species diversity was found to be high in canopy gap edge followed by adjoining forest continuum as compared to canopy gaps. Higher species richness and species diversity index was recorded in small canopy gaps as compared to large canopy gaps. Significant difference was observed between the canopy gaps and adjoining forest continuum for all the climatic and soil parameters except for soil phosphorous and nitrogen content. There was significant difference between large gaps and adjoining forest continuum except soil pH and phosphorous and also for small canopy gaps and adjoining forest continuum for all the parameters except for soil moisture and nitrogen content in soil. Results indicated the occurrence of more number of individuals are in girth class of 60 to 90 cm girth class followed by 90 to 120 cm and the distribution followed reverse ‘J’ shape curve. Based on the IVI values, Myristica malbarica, Tectona grandis and Drypetes alata tree species were found to be dominant in most of the adjoining forest areas. Highest tree density (224 stems/plot) was recorded in Matre section followed by Kolimakki at which 49 stems/plot were recorded. Lowest tree density (46 stems/plot) was recorded in Makutta section. Basal area of 27.83 m2/plot area was recorded in Matre section followed by Makutta section (5.57 m2/plot). The Least basal area of 4.20 m2/plot was recorded in Kolimakki section.


192

0193

INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS HOST TREES ON THE BIOLOGY AND LIFE EXPECTANCY OF ELM LEAF BEETLE, XANTHOGALERUCA LUTEOLA MULLER (COL: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

M. G. Daryaei1, and H. Yazdanfar

Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the University of Guilan, Iran

The elm leaf beetle is an introduced defoliator that preferentially feeds on elms, Ulmus spp. (Ulmaceae) in north of Iran. Due to the importance of this pest, the biology and life expectancy of this pest has been undertaken on for species; Ulmus carpinifolia, Ulmus carpinifolia var. umbraculifera ,Celtis caucasica and Zelkova carpinifolia. The insect biology and life expectancy was compared under laboratory conditions (25±2°C, 70±5%RH, and 16L:8D), for Ulmus carpinifolia, Ulmus carpinifolia var. umbraculifera ,Celtis caucasica and Zelkova carpinifolia. This insect has three instars. Under laboratory condition, means of incubation period, development time of 1st,2nd and 3rd larval instars, and total larval duration were most rapid on Ulmus carpinifolia (5.68±0.05,4.45±0.18,4.47±0.02and 13.55±1.68days, respectively),which had the height life expectancy(40%). Celtis caucasica was the least suitable host, producing beetles with the lowest life expectancy (2%) and the longest development (30days).Our results suggest that Ulmus carpinifolia was the most suitable host to Elm leaf beetle and Celtis caucasica was the least suitable one.These data will provide information useful for planning andmanaging urban forests in the presence of expanding elm leaf beetle populations. Keywords: biology, life expectancy, Elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca Luteola, urban trees


193

0194

DEVELOPMENT OF RICE PRODUCING VARIOUS FLAVONOIDS IN THE SEEDS

Yuko Ogo, Kenjiro Ozawa, Fumio Takaiwa

NIAS, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Flavonoids, compounds that possess diverse health-promoting benefits, are lacking in the endosperm of

rice. In the present study, we developed transgenic rice producing flavonoids in the seeds. The synthetic

enzymes involved in flavonoids biosynthesis are not expressed in the endosperm of rice. First, we

developed the rice accumulating naringenin, which is the first flavonoid in the biosynthetic pathway of

flavonoids. The enzymes involved in naringenin biosynthesis were expressed under the control of the seed-

specific expression promoters. Analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass

Spectrometry (MS) analysis showed that naringenin, derivative of naringenin and their glycosides were

accumulated in the seeds.

To develop the rice producing flavones, isoflavone and flavonol, we introduced flavones synthase,

isoflavone synthase and flavonol synthase in addition to the enzymes involved in naringenin biosynthesis,

respectively. Apigenin, genistein and kaempferol were found to be accumulated in the seeds, respectively.

The various kinds of glycosides of each flavonoid were also accumulated. They contained more flavonoids

than the foods containing a large amount of each flavonoid. These transgenic rice are beneficial as a crop

producing health-promoting compounds. Further addition of synthases involved in flavonoids biosynthesis

may enable us to develop a novel variety producing various kinds of flavonoids.

Key words; flavonoid, rice, seed


194

0195

STRUCTURAL COMPARISON OF PLANT AND FUNGAL BIFUNCTIONAL TERPENE

SYNTHASES INDICATES PLANT TERPENE SYNTHASES ORIGINATED FROM

FUNGAL KAURENE SYNTHASES BY HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

Ashutosh Mukherjee

Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya, Bongaon, India

Plants produce terpenoids including gibberellins and many commercially important secondary metabolites.

As the natural yield of these metabolites is very low and chemical synthesis is very complex, metabolic

pathway engineering is a possible alternative for large scale production. This needs knowledge of terpene

synthase enzymes (TPSs) by which terpenoids are synthesized. Origin and evolution of plant TPSs is not

known clearly. In this study, origin and evolution of TPSs in plants have been investigated by homology

modelling and other bioinformatic tools. Search for TPSs showed their presence in all plant groups except

algae. Higher plants have several genes in their genome encoding these enzymes. The moss

physcomitrella patens has only one gene which encodes a bifunctional ent-kaurene synthase (PpCPS/KS)

which produces 16α-hydroxykaurane and ent-kaurene (precursor of gibberellins). This protein shares

features from two unifunctional TPSs of higher plants namely ent-copalyl diphosphate (CPS) synthase and

ent-kaurene synthase (KS). Abietadiene synthase from Abies grandis is another bifunctional TPS.

Gibberellin producing fungi also have bifunctional ent-kaurene synthyases. Structures of bifunctional plant

TPSs as well as CPS and KS from Arabidopsis thaliana showed striking similarity with fungal TPSs.

However, the N-terminal domain was absent in the fungal kaurene synthases. However, all the bifunctional

TPSs showed both CPS and KS active sites while unifunctional TPSs showed either of them. These results

indicates that bifunctional TPSs came from fungi to bryophytes by horizontal gene transfer and

unifunctional TPSs gradually evolved from bifunctional terpene synthases in higher plants by gene

duplication and neofunctionalization.


195

0196

IDENIFICATION AND GENETIC VARIATIONS OF INDIAN TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA L.) COLLECTED FROM CONTINENT OF INDIA USING RAPD MARKERS.

Kamran Ashraf1, Mohd. Mujeeb1, Altaf Ahmad2, Anis Chaudhary2, Md.Nasar Mallick1,

Deepak Sharma1

1Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Dept. of Pharmacognosy&Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi-110062; 2Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Dept. of Botany,Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi-110062 Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a plant of the family Zingiberaceae,comprises about 70 species and having very rich medicinal values. The highest diversity is concentrated in India and Thailand, with at least 40 species in each area. The present investigation was undertaken for identification and genetic variation within eight accessions/varieties of Curcuma longa L.collected from all ecological zones in India by RAPD marker.DNA was isolated using CTAB method. A total of 151 products were amplified by 11 primers, among which 131 products (86.75%) were found to be polymorphic.The percentage polymorphismof all 08 varieties ranged from 76.92% to 100%. Most of the RAPD markers studied showed different level of genetic polymorphism. Amplified fragment sizes ranged from 100 to 3000 bp. The data of 151 RAPD bands were used to generate Jaccard’s similarity coefficients and to construct a dendrogram by means of UPGMA. Result shows that C. longa undergoes genetic variation due to wide range of ecological conditions within distribution area of its population in India. This investigation as an understanding of the level and partitioning of genetic variation within the varieties would provide an important input into determining efficient management strategies and will help to breeders for turmeric improvement program. Keywords. Curcuma longa, RAPD, CTAB, India


196

0197

CYANOBACTERIAL DIVERSITY OF JAYAKWADI REGION OF MAHARASHTRA STATE (INDIA)

J. N. Nehul 1, T.D.Nikam 2

1- Dada Patil Rajale College, Adinathnagar-414505(MS, India); 2- Department of Botany, University of Pune, Pune-411007(MS, India)

The algal samples from freshwater bodies and field soils were collected from in and around Jayakwadi dam region of Aurangabad district (Maharashtra, India). The cultures were initiated in the laboratory. The initiated cultures were screened for cyanobacteria and purified by streaking on agar plate and serial dilution method. Single filaments were washed with sterile distilled water and inoculated in BG-11 medium. The taxonomical observations were made by following Desikachary (1959). Their axenic, unialgal cultures were established in the Botany laboratory, University of Pune (India). After the collection of algal samples from study area, it was noticed that Bhandardara region is rich treasure in cyanobacterial flora. Among all the species found, Westiellopsis prolifica was the dominant followed by Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Phormidium. The present investigation could be useful in exploitation of cyanobacteria for biotechnological, pharmaceutical and other application.


197

0198

ASESSING THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE STRESS ON LENTIL (LENS CULINARIS

MEDIK) GENOTYPES

Kalpna Bhandari, Ramanpreet Kaur, Harsh Nayyar

Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an important food legume of South Asia, West Asia and North Africa .

Lentils provide good to excellent amounts of six important minerals (iron, manganese, phosphorous,

copper, magnesium,zinc) two B-vitamins, proteins, dietary fibers, iron , pantothenic acid and amino acids

(lysine, arginine, leucine, and sulphur containing amino acids).But in the recent past it has been observed

that this important legume crop has been experiencing various abiotic stresses and amongst these cold,

drought and heat have been listed to be the most important ones worldwide. With a recent trend to

change the cropping pattern in various regions at national and international level, there is need to examine

the sensitivity of each crop species for its response to varying climate conditions, especially with reference

to temperature. It has also been observed that while the chilling periods are getting relatively shorter, the

heat periods are becoming longer that exposes the cool season crops to heat stress at the time of

reproductive stage. So the present study was carried out to assess the detrimental effects of cold and heat

stress to lentils especially at its reproductive stage. Plants were grown at varying temperature ranges i.e.

control (25ºC), cold (10 ºC) and heat (35 ºC) and were then assessed for various parameters. During the

studies, it was found that performance of the plants was significantly affected when subjected to stressful

temperature both high as well as low thereby confirming the harmful effects of temperature stress both high

as well as low. Relatively, no information exists about the response of Lentil to cold and heat stress,

especially at its reproductive stage, therefore studies are required to be conducted to probe these

responses.

Keywords: Lentil, cold stress, heat stress, temperature stress, legume.


198

0199

IMPACT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS ESPECIALLY ON REPRODUCTIVE

PHASE OF MUNGBEAN

Ramanpreet Kaur, Kalpna Bhandari, Harsh Nayyar

Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

Plants are exposed to various environmental stresses such as drought, salt, cold, heat and the most typical

kind of stress experienced by plants is the temperature stress.Globally, the temperature is elevating

progressively mainly because of gradual increase in the production of green house gases like CO2, CH4,

nitrous oxide due to natural and anthropogenic reasons. Efforts are required to examine the heat sensitivity

of summer-season crops and to develop strategies to counter the impacts of elevating temperatures. The

impact of heat stress on the plants depends upon the intensity, duration of exposure and the degree of the

elevated temperature which needs to be worked out for various plant species, especially in agriculturally

important crops. The main physiological processes like respiration and photosynthesis are affected by

temperature. When high temperature coincides with the sensitive stage of reproductive development it

leads to various negative impact on reproduction. There are no reports on effects of heat stress on

Mungbean, especially about its impact on reproductive stage, which forms the basis of this proposed work.

Two genotypes of Mungbean would be examined under field and in green house conditions. Being a warm-

season crop, Mungbean experiences exposures of above-optimal temperature at reproductive stage during

its normal cultivation season and particularly in late-sown conditions. The impacts are larger on late-sown

crop and consequently its yield gets restricted because of inhibition of vegetative growth, reproductive

failures shown as drop in flowers and pods, decrease in pod filling and reduced seed size.

Key Words: Heat stress, Green house gases, Reproduction, Mungbean


199

0200

STUDIES ON MICROPROPAGATION OF LITSEA GLUTINOSA AN ENDANGERED MEDICINAL TREE SPECIES

Ram Prakash, S.K.Tiwari and Amit Pandey Forest Genetics Plant Propagation and Biotechnology Division, State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur (M.P.) 482008 India

Litsea glutinosa belongs to family lauraceae is a medicinal woody perennial tree plant of immense pharmaceutical value. It has been in use worldwide in pharmaceutical, cosmetics industry and traditional systems of medicine due to many biological activities of its primary and secondary metabolites. Laurotetanine which is a tannic acid derivative is one of the most active alkaloid mainly present in bark and leaves. The species is endangered with possible extinction in future due to its indiscriminate collection of bark as raw material for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry, to manufacture drugs against dysentery and diarrhea. The ground and pasted material of its bark is used as an emollient application for sprains, rheumatic gouty joints and bruises.

Litsea glutinosa is highly recalcitrant tree species. The conventional propagation methods through seeds (germination <2-3%) and propagation through stem branch cuttings are very poor (10% rooting). Keeping in consideration a rigorous attempt has been made for the development of in vitro propagation procedure for the species, involving four steps, viz., culture establishment, shoot multiplication, rooting and hardening. Aseptic cultures were established on MS (Murashige and Skoog’S 1962) medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/lt.BAP and IAA 2.0mg/lt. for optimum in vitro shoot multiplication .Small shoots were induced from the explants within 20 to 25 days. After first sub-culturing on the same media composition (BAP3.0mg/lt+IAA2.0mg/lt) 3 to 4 long green shoots (explant-1) having the length of 3 to 4 cm were induced within 80 to 120 days. These cultures were further sub-cultured on the same combination and it was observed that green and healthy shoots with 6 to 7 fold multiplication were recorded after 160 days of culture period. The in vitro multiplied shoots were used for root induction testing. MS, with two auxin sources (IBA and NAA) 2.0 mg/lt were tested for optimum root induction. IBA at 2.0mg/lt showed optimum rooting response from in vitro grown shoots within 90 days of culture period. The acclimatization and hardening of rooted plants is under progress.

Key words: Micropropagation , in vitro, explants


200

0201

CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF ACTIVE PRINCIPALS ISOLATED FROM WATER HYACINTH AGAINST FOUR CANCER CELLS LINES

Ahmed M. Aboul-Enein1, Sanaa M. Shanab2, Emad A. Shalaby1, Malak M. Zahran3, Hany A. El-Shemy1

1Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613 Giza-Cairo, Egypt; 2Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.;3Department of Cell Biology, National Research Center (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) solms is an invasive macrophyte causing serious problems to the network of irrigation and drainage canals in the Nile Delta region. However, the plant extracts have high antioxidant activity and anticancer potency. The macrophyte was collected from El-Zomor canal, River Nile (Egypt), cleaned, air dried, grinded then extracted with methanol (crude extract). The extract was fractionated using pre-coated silica gel plates (TLC F254) with hexane/ethyl acetate (7.5: 2.5 v/v) as mobile phase. Nine fractions were separated (A-I) then scratched, eluted with the same mobile phase, filtered and the separated fractions were determined and identified using spectroscopic methods (Mass spectrum (MS), Infra red (IR) and Proton H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR). Both the crude extract and its nine identified compounds were tested for their antioxidant (using 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2'- azino-bis{ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS.)} methods) and anticancer activity (using MCF-7, HeLa, Hep.G2 and EACC cell lines). The antioxidant and anticancer activities of the crude extract exhibited the highest effect while the compounds showed variable effects which depend on the type of compound and cancer cell line. The antioxidant activity of the crude extract exhibited the highest followed in descending order by compounds D, E, G and H respectively. Concerning the anticancer potency, the crude extract showed also the highest effect while the identified compounds (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I) showed variable anticancer activities against the four different cell lines. In addition, Compound I exhibited the most potent anticancer activity against HepG2 cell line while compound D exhibited high anticancer activity against HeLa cells and EACC. The results revealed the presence of different compounds (Alkaloids and terpenoids) with variable antioxidant and anticancer activities which elicited an auto-augmentation in the crude extract leading to its greatest activities. The action of the identified anticancer compounds on DNA fragmentation was studied. In conclusion, the study illustrated the potential of Eichhornia as a valuable resource for natural compounds of desirable medicinal properties (e.g. antioxidants and anticancer)

Keywords: Eichhornia crassipes – Cytotoxicity - Anticancer – Antioxidant -Active ingredients.


201

0202

RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MAIZE ON THE

USEFUL FAUNA

Ioan Rosca1, Diana Coman1,2, Mihai Gidea1

1University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania, 2Center for variety testing

and registration Troian, county Teleorman, Romania

We compared and discussed results obtained in Romania with those from a field experiment in Borovce,

Slovakia, during 2008 and 2009 with eight maize hybrids. A synecological analysis to reveal the role of

each species was conducted, taking into account the abundance, constancy, dominance and ecological

significance index. It is discussed European legislation regarding the testing of GMO, crops, in field and

commented opinion of EFSA NTO WG on the establishment of non-target organisms that are to be

observed and the elaboration of recommendations on the standardization of test methods instead of

simplifying and standardizing such procedures, the equivalent to what happens to pesticides, further

complicate things, leaving place to any interpretation, subjective choices of observed non-target organisms,

manipulations of certain interpretable experimental results. During 2010-2011 there where counted

arthropod fauna from corn plants, taking into consideration “transgenic” corn hybrids and conventional

Romanian hybrids. Foliar non-target arthropod abundance was assessed using visual counting. Possible

impact of pesticide and GMOs crops on the trophic chains in agrocoenoses is of concern to farmers, to

policy makers and to organizations and societies interested in environment conservation and this aspects

were discussed. The evaluation of hazards connected with the creation and release of GMOs should

consider, among other things, their environmental impact. In terms of main species

of arthropods captured, that are living on corn plants, the most abundant groups of insects belong to

species of order Heteroptera, Coleoptera-Coccinellidae, Neuroptera and to spiders from arachnids.

Between cultivars taken into consideration there are no significant differences from point of view of

species structure or number of specimens on corn plants.

Key words: Transgenic corn hybrids, foliar non-target arthropod.


202

0203

EFFECTS OF THAI HERBAL EXTRACTS WITH ANTI-PSORIATIC ACTIVITY ON GENE

EXPRESSION OF EGR-1, IL-6 AND IL-8

Chalinee Ronpirin1, Thitiporn Charueksereesakul2, Visa Thongrakard2, Tewin Tencomnao3

1Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand, 2Graduate

Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of

Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 3Center of Excellence in Omics-Nano

Medical Technology Development Project, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health

Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

The exact causes of psoriasis, a relatively common, chronic, inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin

disease, are not well understood, thus making it very difficult for therapy. The objective of this study was to

investigate the molecular effect of each of these following Thai herbal extracts, Alpinia galanga L.

(rhizome), Curcuma longa L. (rhizome) and Annona squamosa L. (leaf), containing anti-psoriatic activity on

the mRNA expression of Egr-1, IL-6 and IL-8, the biomarkers believed to be upregulated in psoriatic skin,

thus considering as one of essential determinants of psoriasis. Using HaCaT keratinocyte cell line as a

model, the mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. We found that none of the

ethanolic extracts in this study could modulate the expression of all analyzed genes. Nevertheless, the

extract of Annona squamosa L. at 0.25IC50 could significantly suppress the expression of IL-8 mRNA

(P<0.05). The extract of Alpinia galanga L. at IC50 could significantly reduce the expression of IL-6 mRNA

(P<0.05). Therefore, the result suggests that the ethanolic extracts of Annona squamosa L. (leaf) and

Alpinia galanga L. (rhizome), contain certain constituents capable of downregulating these proinflammatory

cytokines. This information is useful for further studies, which may provide insight into understanding

therapeutic options in the future.

Keywords: Psoriasis, Thai herbal medicine, HaCaT, Gene expression


203

0204

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL APPLICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TO

CURE DIABETES MILLITUS BY THE LOCAL INHABITANTS OF KHYBER

PAKHTOONKHWA PROVINCE, PAKISTAN

Gul Jan1, Mir Ajab Khan2 and Rafiullah Khan1

1 Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan; 2Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam

University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Aim of the study: The present investigation is an attempt to find out ethnopharmacological application of

medicinal plants to cure diabetes millitus (sugar disease) disease.

Method: We interviewed respondents in 25 remote sites of Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa Province, Pakistan by a

structured interview form in the local language and respondents were queried for the type of herbal cure

known to him.

Results: A total of 25 plant species belonging to 20 families have been recorded. These indigenous plants were

used as traditional phytotherapies for the control and treatment of diabetes millitus. The rural inhabitants of the area

classified these traditional phytotherapies on the basis of uses of various parts of plants and method of their uses.

About 28 traditional phytotherapies were investigated from the rural inhabitants of the area. These traditional

phytotherapies were classified as antidiabetic extracts, leaves, powders, flour, seeds, vegetables, fruits and herbal

mixtures. The mode of application was oral administration.

Conclusion: Most of the reported species are wild and rare; this demands an urgent attention to conserve such

vital resources so as to optimize their use in the primary health care system. In this context, phytochemical

screening for active constituents, biological activities and clinical studies is of global importance.

Key Words:Ethnopharmacological application, diabetes millitus, (Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa Province, Pakistan).


204

0205

EXPLOITATION AND PROSPECTS FOR CONSERVATION: PEOPLE AND PLANT

DIVERSITY OF NARAN VALLEY KHYBER PAKHTOONKHWA PROVINCE, PAKISTAN -

PRESENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Farzana 1 and Muhammad Hamayun1

1Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan

Conservation of plant diversity assumes greater importance when the world is facing unprecedented loss of

biological diversity. The area is gifted with diverse and unique flora, as it is adjacent to the confluence point

of Himalayas, Hindu-Kash and Karakorum. Over exploitation of plant resources combined with improper

harvesting and post harvesting techniques have intensified pressure on plant ethnobotanically flora of area.

The inhabitants of the area have always used medicinally plants resources for their food, shelter, fodder,

health care and other cultural purposes. It is, therefore, felt worthwhile to record the native uses of these

plants before the information is lost. The major factors contributing towards plant biodiversity loss found

were poverty, grazing of pasture, forest encroachment, grass cutting, wildlife hunting, lopping of trees for

fodder, medicinal plant collection, agro-system threats, fuel collection, forest fire, soil-slope erosion and

invasive species intensify the environment. The natural resources bases of Naran valley is deteriorating

more rapidly than many other regions, but receive lesser attention than the other ecosystems. The

conservation and sustainable use of potential plant species needed to be addressed. Concerted efforts are

required broaden our understanding of the dynamics of floral values as well as local concepts in this remote

part of the world, and to check species decline. For sustainable use, in situ and ex situ conservation,

controlled harvesting, and aforestation may be the solution. Further extensive field

conservation/management research is needed. The present study is the first ever record of the flora of this

area that include 328 Angiosperms species, 11 Gymnosperms species, and 17 Pteriodophytes species.

The present study revealed that There are 89 threatened species in Naran Valley, of which 41 endangered,

32 vulnerable, 16 are rare. Which shows that 46 % are endangered, 36 % vulnerable and 18 % rare. The

study confirmed that the area possesses great potential for cultivation and sustainable harvesting of

economically important plant resources. Species like Geranium wallichianum, Paeonia emodi, Podophylum

emodi, Valeriana jatamans, Viola canescens and Viola biflora indicate that these special attention before

they are eroded genetically.

Key words: Diversity conservation, ethnobotany. Indigenous communities. Naran Valley, Khyber

Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan


205

0206

APPLICATION OF RNAi TECHNOLOGY AGAINST COTTON LEAF CURL DISEASE

Abhinav Kumar1, Neera Bhalla Sarin1,2, Jawaid A. Khan1,3

1Jawaharlal Nehru University, N.Delhi, India, 2Jawaharlal Nehru University, N.Delhi, India, 3Jamia Millia

Islamia, N.Delhi, India

Cotton, one of the important cash crops of India is infected by several pathogens and pests, and among

them Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is the major causes of loss of cotton cultivation across the globe.

Cotton leaf curl disease is mainly caused by cotton leaf curl virus, a type species of genus begomovirus

which falls under family Geminiviridae. The viral genome is characterized by single-stranded (ss) DNA

associated with satellites, viz. betasatellite (DNA-β) and alphasatellite DNA (DNA1). Betasatellite DNA is a

small ss circular DNA of ca.1.3 kb, approx. half the size of DNA-A (ca. 2.6-2.8 kb). This betasatellite DNA

encodes a complementary open reading (ORF) βC1 of approx. 350 bp, responsible for inducing cotton leaf

curl disease symptoms.

Naturally infected plants of cotton showing begomovirus symptoms were collected from Sri-Ganganagar

Distt. of Rajasthan. Total DNA were isolated from the leaves of these plants and amplified using phi DNA

polymerase. Phi amplified product was digested with BamHI and expected full-length genome (ca. 2.7kb)

was cloned and sequenced (GQ220850). Betasatellite DNA was amplified using specific primers and

sequenced (GQ249185). RNAi strategy was applied to combat cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), which is

induced by Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV). A transgenic approach was undertaken to develop resistance

against this virus in a model plant, tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum). RNAi constructs were prepared using two

potential regions of CLCuV i.e. intergenic region (IR) and C1 gene of betasatellite DNA in sense and

antisense orientations under the control of 35S promoter and Nos terminator. These DNA constructs

representing βC1 and IR region were mobilized into Agrobacterium and tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum) was

transformed by using leaf disc method. Transconjugants were selected on MS medium supplemented with

kanamycin (100 mg/l). After 2 weeks, the callus tissue was differentiated by inoculating them into

differentiating medium (shooting medium). Transgenic (To) lines were checked through PCR and Southern

hybridization. The resultant primary lines which showed the presence of βC1 and IR regions were further

challenged with whiteflies (Bemicia tabaci) harbouring CLCuV. After 72 hrs post inoculation, whiteflies were

killed by applying insecticide and plants were strictly kept under controlled condition. The challenged plants

did not show any symptom typical to CLCuD whereas control plants showed symptoms typical to

begomoviruses. Production of small RNA (~25 nt) was checked from the resistant plants on 12% PAGE

gel.


206

0207

CLONAL PROPAGATION OF LITSEA CUBEBA THROUGH ROOTING OF CUTTINGS

A.K.P. Sim, M.Y.L. Lim, T.C. Yeo, R. Manurung

Sarawak Biodiversity Centre, KM20, Jalan Borneo Heights, Semengoh, Locked Bag No. 3032, 93990 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. is a small tree which is best known for the lemony scented essential oil extracted mainly from its fruits and leaves. Litsea cubeba L. in Sarawak contains citronellal, an anti-microbial agent, as its primary component, suggesting that there is a potential for its use in personal care products. Sarawak Litsea cubeba is registered under the Geographical Indication in Malaysia in the year 2011. LitsaraTM has also been registered as the Trademark name in the same year. For commercial production of the essential oil, it is desirable that only high yielding genotypes are grown for the industry. Propagation of quality planting material from the selected material is crucial to ensure quality and quantity of the oil. Propagation by rooting of cuttings is used to obtain clonal, high yielding planting materials. This paper reports the result of comparison of the performance between axillary or lateral shoots and coppice from 1-year old trees in term of ease of rooting, vigour of rooted cuttings and the growth habit. Growth habit refers to shoots produced by the rooted cuttings whether they are orthotrophic or plagiotrophic. Secondly, the comparison between primary and secondary axillary shoots to coppices based on the same parameters were also studied. Both of the studies involved the use of green stemmed and red stemmed L. cubeba, possibly of different ‘varieties’ to study the vigour and essential oil yield of the materials. Coppice is generally preferred because of its juvenile characteristics and is orthotrophic whereas axillary shoots usually show plagiotropism. However, inducing coppice requires time and treatment.

Keywords : Litsea cubeba, clonal, propagation, axillary shoots, lateral shoots, coppice.


207

0208

NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SUGARCANE (SACCHARUMOFFICINARUM L.) IN NORTHEASTERN, THAILAND

Watanarojanaporn, N.1, Prammanee, P.1, Phaengthai, S.1, Malawong, S.1, Sawang, K.1, Phookasem, C.1, Pliansinchai, U.1

1Mitr Phol Sugarcane Research Center Co., Ltd.,399Chumpae-Phukieo Road, Khoksa-at, Phukieo, Chaiyaphum 36110 Thailand The study of endophytes in sugarcanewas focused on the isolation of diazotrophic bacteria promoting plant growth. Seven N2 fixing bacterial strains were isolated from leaves, stems and roots collected from different sugarcane growing areas in Northeastern Thailand.Four strains were identified as Enterobacter; two strains as Bacillus;and one as Pseudomonas on the basis of cell morphology and molecular identification (16S rRNA gene). Acetylene reduction activity (ARA), nif H gene amplification and indole acetic acid (IAA) production of these strains were determined. Bio-efficacy test in pot experiment (maize and sugarcane plantlet) was carried out by the strains having ARA and nif H gene. Two strains of Enterobacterproviding the best ARA showed beneficial effects on plant height, root length, plant fresh- and dry- weight when compared with the other strains. We also monitored and observed the localization of sugarcane tissue by two strains of Enterobacter marked with the gfp and DsRed reporter genes. Micropropagated sugarcane inoculated in vitro with Enterobacter strains carrying the gfpand DsRed plasmid pRK404 presented green and red fluorescence inside sugarcane root under inverted fluorescence microscope. Therefore, the bright red and green fluorescent bacteria could be colonized inside sugarcane root. The tools used in this study could observe plant colonization in real time and distinguish our bacteria from others during the study of mixed inoculants. Keywords : Enterobacter; Sugarcane ; ARA ; IAA ; nifH gene


208

0209

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING CINNAMOMUM TAMALA

LEAVES.

Rituparna Borah, Aparajeeta Kalita, Anupama Bora, Binita Dey, Nakul Sharma

Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India

Metallic nanoparticles are traditionally synthesized by wet chemical synthesis techniques where the

chemicals used are quite often toxic and flammable. The need for ecofriendly synthesis of metal

nanoparticles has gained tremendous interest among researchers all across the globe. Biosynthesis of

nanoparticles using plant parts like leaves, roots, fruit, etc have been widely explored by the scientific

community. The metallic nanoparticles have great attention of Chemists, Physicists, Biologists and

Engineers who wish to use them for development of new generation nano devices. In this present study

silver nanoparticles were synthesized from 1mM AgNo3 solution through a simple and eco-friendly route

using leaf extract of dried Cinnamomum tamalaas a reductant and stabilizer. Cinnamomum tamala, (locally

known as Tejpat Assamese) are used extensively in the cuisines of India, Nepal and Bhutan. Bay Leaves

also have many medicinal properties like they are useful for treating high blood sugar, migraine headaches,

bacterial and fungal infections, and gastric ulcers. Aqueous extract of dried Cinnamomum tamala leaves is

used for the bio reduction of silver nitrate (Ag+ to Ag0). The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was

investigated using UV-Visible spectrophotometer, TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), PL, FTIR and

XRD (X ray- diffraction). The size of silver nanoparticles formed was found to be ≤ 60 nm.

Keywords- Cinnamomum tamala , Nanoparticles, Silver nitrate, Biosynthesis.


209

0210

IDENTIFICATION ANDVALIDATION OF QTLS CONFERRING RESISTANCE TO SORGHUM DOWNY MILDEW IN MAIZE

H. C. Lohithaswa1, R. Kambe Gowda1, Anand Pandravada2, T.A. Sreerama Setty1, K.R. Sunil Kumar1 and K. Jyothi1

1Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm, Mandya 571 405; 2Pioneer Overseas Corporation - India Branch, Bangalore Sorghum downy mildew (SDM), caused by Peronosclerosporasorghi, is a major disease in maize that seriously limits crop cultivation in some parts of India. The resistance identified so far is of polygenic nature. We have developed F2:3 mapping populations from the cross CM 500 X MAI 105 and it was phenotypes during late kharif of 2010 and 2011 in the National Sorghum Downy Mildew Screening Nursery at Mandya. The map generated using 87 SSR markers had 10 linkage groups, spanning a length of 1,210.3 cM at an average marker interval of 31.0 cM. Although we used only 80 SSR markers for mapping, the per cent of genome within 20 cM to the nearest marker was 88.5. Three QTLs for SDM resistance were detected in the mapping population by CIM using QTL CARTOGRAPHER ver. 2.0 (Table 3). Three QTLs for SDM resistance were detected on chromosomes 2 (bin 2.02), 3 (bin 3.01) and 6 (bin 6.01). Additive effects were significant for all of the QTL detected. The QTL for SDM resistance detected on chromosome 3 had the largest effect, with the MAI105 allele at this locus decreasing the percentage of disease incidence by 8.069%. The QTL on chromosome 6 contributed 7.1% to phenotypic variance in SDM, while the one on chromosome 2 contributed 2%. Validation of major QTLs on chromosome 3 (3.01) and 6 (bin 6.01) was achieved. In this project, 39 resistant plants selected from the F2:3 families phenotyped during 2010 kharif, were advanced further to F5 stage. With the markers linked to QTLs on chromosomes 3 and 6, it was possible for us to establish the presence of resistance in these advanced lines.The QTL information generatedin this study provide information that will aid inundertaking an integrated breeding strategy for thetransfer of resistance to SDM in maize linesusing marker-assisted selection. Key words: Validation,sorghum downy mildew, resistant,Additive effects, QTLs


210

0211

BIODIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF SUKUR CULTURAL

LAND-SCAPE IN ADAMAWA STATE OF NIGERIA.

Areo Adebowale

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-lfe, Osun State, Nigeria

Sukur was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999. It is a traditional society where over 25,000 hill-top

settlers enjoy an intimate relationship with the ambient vegetation. They have up to date depended on

herbs for their health care needs. Much of the traditional knowledge of these herbalists passed orally trans-

generationally in this unlettered society is still extant, but as now has yet not been studied by specialist of

modern civilization. Many factors that put these wonderful plants in grave danger of being extinct include

amongst others; bush burning, hunting, soil erosion, land pressure and deforestation. The Nigerian Natural

Medicine Development Agency (NMMBA), UNESCO, and other Federal Government of Nigeria’s Agencies

collaborated to carry out a detailed inventory of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPS) of Sukur, as a

World Heritage Site. The main objective was to slow down or stop all activities that may lead to the

extinction of these MAPS. A total of fifteen experts comprising of botanists, foresters, pharmacologists,

traditional hunters and local herbalists participated in a four-week survey, using Rapid Assessment

Method.122 plant species belonging to 58 families were encountered as having herbal remedy for the

Sukur people. The survey ended with a two-day workshop for the stakeholder who use these plants in their

herbal practice such as; hunters, blacksmiths, farmers and traditional healers on the sustainable use of

their bio-resources.

Key Words: Biodiversity, Medicinal, and Aromatic plants.


211

0212

IDENTIFICATION AND CLONING OF CYTOCHROME P450/(S)-N-

METHYLCOCLAURINE 3'-HYDROXYLASE IN MANGROVE RHIZOPHORA APICULATA

BLUME AND ITS ROLE IN SALT STRESS ADAPTATION.

Tara G Menon, Soniya E V

Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala, India

Halophytes are plants that can tolerate a salinity equivalent to that present in salt water. R. apiculata is a

non secretor, true mangrove with tolerance to a high level of salinity. It also has many secondary

metabolites which bestow upon it several biological properties that have been exploited for making folklore

medicines. In the present study we have isolated the genes upregulated at the early stage of salt stress

response in Rhizophora apiculata Blume through Suppression Subtractive Hybridization technique (SSH).

Of the 62 unique clones that were identified, the expression pattern of six of the genes obtained were

studied at 6hr, 12hr and 24hr timepoints of salinity stress using Real time PCR. Here we report, for the first

time, the identification of a gene involved in alkaloid pathway which was upregulated (~34 fold) under salt

stress in the mangrove R apiculata Blume. The full length gene, upon sequencing showed ~60% similarity

to (S)-N-methylcoclaurine 3'-hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in the early stages of alkaloid pathway.

Morever, few of the clones obtained had a 119bp non coding region in between the coding region,

suggesting the possibility of the involvement of some kind post transcriptional modification/RNAi

mechanism in the activation of the transcript under stress condition.

Keywords: Rhizophora apiculata, Cytochrome P450/(S)-N-methylcoclaurine 3'-hydroxylase, salt stress


212

0213

PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION BY ASPERGILLUS TUBINGENSIS S33 ISOLATED

FROM SEMI-ARID REGION OF RAJASTHAN, INDIA

Rachana Jain1, Jyoti Saxena2 and Vinay Sharma1

1Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India ; 2

Biochemical Engineering Department, Kumaon Engineering Collage, Dwarahat, 263653 Uttarakhand, India.

To develop sustainable, low input but highly productive agriculture practices, for better management of soil

resources, to combat climate change by reducing the input of energy intensive chemical fertilizers in soils and

resultantly improve soil quality, a sustainable biofertilizer technology required to facilitate product delivery to enhance

crop productivity. A phosphate solubilizing fungal strain, Aspergillus tubingensis S33, was isolated from the

rhizosphere soil of Sesamum indicum grown in semi-arid climatic conditions. The organism was able to solubilize

different inorganic forms of phosphate (tri-calcium phosphate (TCP), di-calcium phosphate (DCP), Udaipur rock

phosphate (URP) and ferric phosphate (FP)) at a wide range of temperatures. Amongst various insoluble phosphate

sources tested, DCP was solubilized the most, followed by TCP>URP>FP. The solubilization was evident at all the

temperatures but the performance was especially good in the range of 25–35°C. Phosphate-solubilizing ability was

also measured in the presence of various carbon and nitrogen sources. Fructose was found to be the best carbon

source, followed by maltose, glucose, whereas, amongst nitrogen sources, ammonium was found to be more

promising than nitrate. The soluble P content was higher when the initial pH for TCP solubilization was 8.0 and

optimum concentration for TCP solubilization was 7.5 g l−1.

Then cells of A. tubingensis were encapsulated in Ca-alginate and agar. Free and encapsulated cell formulations

were introduced into a soil, soil amended with TCP and URP, to compare their effect on mung bean (Vigna radiata

RMG 492) plants. Fungal inoculation showed significant (p<0.05) increase in mung bean growth, total P uptake and

plant biomass under pot condition compared to the uninoculated control. Encapsulated form showed significantly

(p<0.05) better plant growth and P uptake then free form treated plants. Taken together, these results demonstrate

that A. tubingensis S33 has the ability to convert non-available forms of phosphorus into plant-available forms, and

therefore holds great potential for development as a biofertilizer to enhance soil fertility and promote plant growth.

Keywords: Biofertilizer; Calcium alginate; Encapsulation; Phosphate solubilization; Udaipur rock phosphate.


213

0214

IN SILICO ANALYSIS AND HOMOLOGY MODELING OF CHALCONE SYNTHASE, A

KEY ENZYME INVOLVED IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF FLAVONOIDS FROM EMBLICA

OFFICINALIS GAERTN.

Aiswarya G, Mallika V, Soniya E.V

Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

Chalcone synthase (CHS), a plant specific type III polyketide synthase is one of the key enzymes

catalyzing the first committed step of flavonoid biosynthesis. In the typical reaction, it forms chalcone by

decarboxylative condensation of coumaroyl - CoA with three molecules of malonyl CoA. Isomerization and

further substitution of this central intermediate results in the synthesis of flavones, isoflavonoids and

anthocyanins. Emblica officinalis Gaertn, is valued as an important medicinal plant in all Ayurvedic

formulations. The whole plant itself has antioxidant, immuno modulatory, antipyretic, analgesic properties

and suggested to have beneficial role in the treatment of cancer, diabetes, liver disease, anaemia etc.

Although E. officinalis have been exploited phyto chemically and pharmacologically, the molecular biology

of the medicinal natural product biosynthesis is not well known.

In our current research, a full length gene (1173 bp) encoding the chalcone synthase from E. officinalis

(EoPKS) was isolated from the leaf tissues. Sequence analysis of EoPKS showed 87 – 93% identity with

other plant specific CHSs. Multiple sequence alignment of EoPKS with other CHSs confirmed the presence

of highly conserved catalytic sites and substrate binding residues, specific for its activity. Phylogenetic

analysis showed that EoPKS clustered along with CHS from Camellia chekiangoleosa and aromatic PKS

from Hypericum hookerianum. Homology model of EoPKS was generated based on M.sativa CHS (PDB

ID: 1BI5-A) as template and found that the structure is mainly composed of alpha helices and random coils.

Protein-protein interaction studies based on docking revealed coumaroyl – CoA as a preferred substrate.

Further expression in heterologous host and enzymatic studies can lead to better understanding of the

synthesis and biochemistry of flavonoids.

Key words – Flavonoids, Chalcone synthase, Homology Modeling, Docking.


214

0215

RESPONSE OF GROWTH , PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM AND YIELD OF

JAPANESE MINT( MENTHA ARVENSIS L.) PLANTS AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN

AND GIBBERELLIC ACID APPLICATION.

Ratooba Hashmi

University of Azad jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad AJK, Pakistan

Japenese mint (Mentha arvensis.) , a source of commercial menthol isolated from its oil has wide spread

use of medicinal purposes. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization

or gibberellic acid and their interaction on physiological and yield triats of Mentha arvesis L.With the

assumption that Fertilizer application generally increase the crop yield by enhancing the biomass, and the

use of phytohormones for further augmenting the production and expanse of foliage . A pot experiment

was conducted at Department of Botany, Aligrah Muslim University, India to evaluate the effect of soil

applied nitrogen (90 or 120 kg N ha-1) or spray of gibberellic acid(10-3M,10-4M or 10-5M GA3 ) and their

interaction on vegetative growth( Plant height , leaf area, underground plant fresh and dry weights, above

ground plant fresh and dry weights), physiological mechanism(photosynthesis, stomatal conductance,

photosyhnthetic water use efficiency cholorophyll content,cholorophyll harvest and nutrient uptake ) and

yield of Mentha arvensis L. The treatments were applied at 70days after planting (DAP).The plants grown

with soil applied 90kg N ha-1or foliar application of 10-4MGA3 showed maximum response over the control

plants .The most pronounced effect for all the studied characteristics was obtained with interaction

90kgNha-1×10-5MGA3 as compared to other treatments. The maximum increase was noted at 102 DAP as

compared to 150 DAP. Thus, GA3 sprayed mint plants exploited much nitrogen from soil more effectively

and resulting in enhanced physiological mechanism of the crop and overall biomass production at 105

DAP.

Key words: Nitrogen, GIberellic acid, photosynthesis.cholorophyll content.Herb yield, Mentha arvensis L


215

0216

IN VITRO PROPAGATION AND SOLASODINE QUANTIFICATION BY HPTLC IN

CALLUS CULTURE AND PLANT PARTS OF SOLANUM NIGRUM

Mohd Amir, Mohd Mujeeb, Sayeed Ahmad, Mohd Akhtar

Faculty Of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India

Solanum nigrum is an important medicinal plant and a source of steroidal glycoalkaloid such as solasodine.

It is considered as a potential alternative to diosgenin for commercial synthesis of various steroidal drugs

which are used to treat various diseases. Nodal segments of Solanum nigrum were cultured on Murashige

and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4- D) (0.5ppm –2ppm) for

callus induction. The best response was observed from MS medium containing 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic

acid (1ppm). For shoot induction, MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6- benzyl

adenine (6- BA) (0.5ppm –2ppm) was used but Maximum shoot proliferation was achieved on the

concentration of 1 ppm. The described method can be successfully employed for the large-scale

multiplication and conservation of germplasm this plant. A new, simple, and rapid high-performance thin-

layer chromatographic method with a derivatization procedure was developed for quantitative determination

of solasodine in callus culture and plant extract of S. nigrum. Maximum solasodine content was obtained

from the in vitro culture as compare to plant extract.


216

0217

VULNERABILITY OF THE ALGERIAN CEDAR FORESTS TO THE CLIMATE CHANGE

Megdoud Amel1, Addar Abdelkader1, Messaoudene M'hand2, Dahmani-Megrerouche

Malika1

1University of Sciences and Technology, Department Ecology & Environment, Algiers, Algeria, 2INRF,

Algiers, Algeria

The vulnerability of the Algerian cedar forests to climate change is well marked by the intensification of the

forest decline which appeared these last decades (Bentouati, 2008). In Southern situation, exposing it to

the saharian influences and its sensibility to the hydric stress which occurred since the 80s, so threatens its

preservation in the more continental situations.

In agreement with the world report for numerous forests species (Alen & al., 2009) the climatic determinism

of the cedar decline/dieback in Algeria is well established (Sarmoum, 2008; Allileche, 2012). The objective

of this work is to put in evidence its possible impact on the distribution, the structure and the floristic

component of the cedar forests in relation with the mediterranean predictive scenario.

Our approach consists in a comparative analysis of healthy and affected cedar forests, by synchronic and

diachronic approaches, at the level of five stations (Megdoud, 2012). The rate of trees defoliation allows

estimating the intensity of the decline. Dendrometric analysis shows that all ages classes are affected by

the phenomenon. The assessment also concerns the possible biological modifications in relation with the

climate evolution: relative decrease trend of precipitation with elongation of the drought period and the

sensitive increase of the temperatures.

This study reveals a qualitative and quantitative change which affects much more cedar at low altitude. This

change is well confirmed by the low floristic similarity index, between healthy and cedar dieback. The

opening of environment is marked by the development of thermo-xerophileous species. Some forests and

endemic species disappeared from the current cortege. This analysis also reveals a tendency to the

substitution of the cedar by the holm oak. These results so seem to confirm the hypotheses of upward shift

in mountain vegetation levels (Ozenda & Borel, 1991; Quezel & Medail, 2003) and of floristic drift (Lenoir &

al., 2008; Vennetier & Ripert, 2008) predicted in mediterranean region.

Key words: Algeria, cedar forests, climate change, forest dieback, structure, floristic component change


217

0218

TRADITIONAL USES OF LEAVES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN AURANGABAD DISTRICT (MAHARASHTRA) INDIA.

Rafiuddin Naser,

Assistant Professor in Botany, Maulana Azad College, Rafiq Zakaria Campus,RauzaBagh, Post Box No.27, Aurangabad (M.S.) 431001.(India).

Aurangabad a district of Maharashtra (India) offers a great scope for ethnobotanical studies because of its

biodiversity and tribal population of the region, who primarily depends on plants of their surroundings for curing

different diseases. Leaf therapy is an old practice among them. Locally available plant species are used for the

prevention and cure of diseases like piles, mouth ulcers, cough, diarrhea dysentery, rheumatism, prevention of

miscarriages, contraceptives, abortifiacient, boils, swelling and injury etc. The objective of present study is to highlight

the information of leaf therapy used by rural and tribal people of the region. During study field trips arranged and

informations collected on the basis of personal interviews with traditional healers, village heads and knowledgeable

persons of the society. Investigation reports 46 plant species, some of the species are Abrus precatorius, Acacia

arabica, Annona squamosa, Azadirachta indica, Calotropis gigantea, Cleome viscosa, Cocculus hirstus,

Enicostemma littorale, Lawsonia inermis, Qisqualis indica, Tinospra cordifolia, Vitex negundo etc. are documented.

This knowledge has not been recorded earlier by any worker from the reported site. The collected information

confirmed by the medicinal practitioners. Plant species identified with the help of taxonomist, available literature and

floras. Herbariums are deposited in the herbaria of Botany Department of Maulana Azad College, Aurangabad. This

information provided first hand knowledge to all herbalists.

Key words:- Ethnobotanical, rheumatism, contraceptives, abortifiacient


218

0219

FRESH WATER ALGAE AND THEIR USEFULNESS

S.D. Pingle

K. J. Somaya College of Arts , Commerce and Science , Kopargaon, Dist: Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India 423

601.

Presence of Fresh water algae belonging to various groups indicates water quality Palmer (1969). We collected

number of fresh water algae belonging to Chlorophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Rhodophyceae,

Dinophyceae, Crysophyceae, Bascillariophyceae, Pyrophyceae from water bodies located in Pune and Ahmednagar

districts of Maharashtra, India. Our studies regarding occurrence of certain algae in water body indicates either

oligotrophic / mesotrophic / eutrophic condition of water and our results are some what similar to Palmer (1969).

It is reported by different workers that these algae not only indicate water quality, but are useful for agriculture

purpose mainly in Paddy cultivation Watnabe (1956), Venkataraman(1961,1966,1969,1981,1993) Venkataraman &

Kaushik (1980) and so on, our earlier experiments regarding use of BGA biofertilizer resulted in to improvement of

the yield of Tomato, cotton, sugarcane, Capsicum and leafy vegetables. Our recent studies on fresh water algal

extract as liquid fertilizer showed positive results, which is the first successful attempt done in India.

Where as Spirulina is known a safe food / medicine, in India there are spirulina capsules available in market, Pioneer

work on this in India is of Venkataraman and Baker (1985), Puspha Srivastava (2006) prepared marketable food

products of it such as Biscuts, Capsules and Papad.

Micro algae as biodiesel source reported first time from India by Srivastava and Gogoi (2006), where as advanced

countries are already much more ahead these studies.

Key words: Fresh Water Algae, water quality, Biofertilizer, Safe food / medicine, liquid fertilizer, Biodiseal.


219

0220

BIODIVERSITY, PATHOGENISITY AND CONTROL MEASURES IN SEED-BORNE

FUNGI OF PEARL MILLET

D.N.Khairnar

Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, KAANMS, Arts, Commerce & Science College Satana-

423301,Dist. Nshik, Maharashtra

23 fungal species were found associated with seeds of eight cultivars of pearl millet. Maximum fungi were reported

from seeds of var. BJ-104 and ICMS -7703. Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme and Penicillium oxalicum were

found pathogenic causing seed rot, seed discolouration and germination inhibition. Captan and Dithane M-45 proved

best for bajra seed dressing.


220

0221

EFFECT OF FOLIAR SPRAY AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF ULVA LACTUCA L. ON

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETER OF TEST PLANT

SOLANUM MELONGENA L. VAR. ‘PANCHA GANGA’

Gaikwad Sunita1, Pingle S.D2. And Khose R.G3

1 &3 Department of Botany New Arts, Commerce and Science College, Ahmednagar - 41003. 2 K.J. Somayya College, Kopergaon, Dist. Ahmednagar M.S.,India

Use of various chemical fertilizer and pesticide disturbs the natural balance of nutrients which causes severe

problems like reducing soil fertility, soil erosion, desertification and ultimately the destruction of soil flora as well as

soil fauna. Due to chemical fertilizers and pesticides the whole rhizosphere is getting polluted. These synthetic

chemicals are poisoning the soil killing micro organisms present in the soil, stunning plants and causing harmful

diseases in plants, animals and in man also. Therefore biofertilizers are used as supplement for better agricultural

output and to maintain the quality of soil and yield of grain production. Now, it is an established fact that algae,

especially seaweeds can be used as good renewable source of biofertilizers.

To find out the effect of 10-1 % concentration of Ulva lactuca L. class Chlorophyceae use as foliar spray on test plant

Solanum melongena L. var. ‘Pancha Ganga’. Foliar spray of Ulva lactuca L. continually spray on test plant, increase

in chemical composition of test plant such as increase in Chlorophylls, Proteins and Carbohydrates before flowering,

after flowering and at fruiting stage of test plant. Statistically it was calculated by T- test, F- test and it was proof that

increases the chemical composition of various stages of test plant.

Key word: Ulva lactuca L., Solanum melongena L., Biofertilizers, seaweed, chemical fertilizers


221

0222

GENETIC DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT OF IMPORTANT AND HIGHLY EXPLOITED

MEDICINAL PLANT SYMPLOCOS RACEMOSA ROXB. FROM WESTERN GHATS

Sofia Banu1, Rasika Bhagwat2, Vidya S Gupta2

1Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India, 2National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Western Ghats (WG) in India is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot and is one of the ten such most

important eco-regions identified globally. The WG flora is characterized by a high proportion of medicinally

important evergreen tree species, Symplocos racemosa Roxb., is an important member of it. Due to its

medicinal importance and being found on the forest fringes, the species is highly susceptible to

anthropogenic activities. The present study was undertaken to systematically analyze the effects of

anthropogenic activities on the genetic diversity and population structure of S. racemosa and to identify

populations for conservation purposes. Using the PCR-RFLP technique, we analyzed the variation in

intergenic sequences of chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA from seven populations of S.

racemosa sampled from protected, semi-protected and disturbed sites of WG to elucidate its genetic

structure. Nine chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) haplotypes (chlorotypes) and eight mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

haplotypes (mitotypes) were detected, of which four chlorotypes and five mitotypes were unique. Total

diversity was high for both cp and mtDNA, although within-population diversity was low. The presence of

high genetic differentiation for both the maternal genomes indicated ancient nature of the populations.

While the protected populations were highly diverse, demonstrating many unique haplotypes, the disturbed

areas possessed less genetic diversity indicating the loss of genetic diversity due to anthropogenic

activities. The outcomes of this study could be utilized for formulating conservation strategies for this

medicinally important tree species.


222

0223

EFFECTS OF PINE NEEDLE EXTRACTS ON TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF

RAR AND INHIBITION OF UVB-INDUCED DAMAGE IN HUMAN SKIN KERATINOCYTES

Young-Gyu Kang1, Nok-Hyun Park1, Yong Joo Na1, Myung-Hoon Yeom1, Jun-Cheol Cho1,

Hyeon-Jeong Oh2, Mi-Ock Lee2, Jun-Seong Park1

1Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 2Seoul National University, Seoul,

Republic of Korea

The retinoid are currently being used as therapeutic agents for various skin diseases such as aged skin,

acne, and psoriasis, although retinoid does has some side-effects, such as skin irritation. Retinoid actions

are mediated by retinoic acid receptors (RARs; RAR -dependent

pressed and regulate retinoid

target genes in the skin keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. The aim of this study is to discover RAR

transcriptional activators and anti-aging agents from oriental medicinal herbs. 30 oriental medicinal herb

extracts were investigated on the transcriptional activity of RAR . In particular, pine

needle extracts showed the highest transcriptional activity of RAR among the medicinal herb extracts. The

anti-wrinkle effects of pine needle extracts were determined by relative ration MMP-1/TIMP-1 mRNA levels.

In addition, protective effect of pine needle extracts on UVB-induced DNA damage were determined by

enzyme immunoassay of cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimer (CPD). Pine needle extracts decreased relative

ration MMP-1/TIMP-1 mRNA levels. Additionally, Pine needle extracts inhibited UVB-induced CPD

formation in human skin keratinocytes. Taken together, our findings suggest that pine needle extracts may

be an anti-aging agent without side effects by the sunlight.


223

0224

SURVIVABILITY OF RAFTED SAGO (METROXYLON SAGU ROTTBOELL) SUCKERS

TRIMMED AND UNTRIMMED UNDER NURSERY CONDITIONS

Junaldo A. Mantiquilla and Emma Ruth V. Bayogan

Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, College of Science and Mathematics

University of the Philippines Mindanao, Mintal, Davao City, Philippines

True sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.), a semi-wild plant, is a good source of starch that accumulates in the pith of its trunk. In Mindanao, sago thrives well in the marsh, but attempts to grow in a much drier medium like garden soil using suckers has shown low sucker survival. Using split plot in randomized complete block design, this study aimed to determine the survival and growth of small (4-9 cm stem base diameter) and large (10-15 cm) suckers either trimmed or untrimmed and rafted for 0 to 3 months in Brgy. Salvacion, Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur (8034’54” N, 125055’19”E, elevation: 47 masl) prior to potting in garden soil in a nursery in UP Mindanao, Davao City (7°05’02” N, 125°28’40”E, elev: 217 masl). Holding suckers in bamboo rafts by floating in waterways near their habitat for up to three months and trimmed of their leaves were found effective in acclimatizing suckers in the wild before transplanting in the nursery. There was a mean of 81% survival of trimmed suckers (both large and small) when rafted in the wild for one month but this dropped to a mean of 40% at 3 months. Untrimmed large suckers had even much lower survival at 40% (both large and small) that plummeted to less than 10% on the third month. In the nursery, non-rafting of small or large trimmed suckers resulted in % survival that is similar with rafting for one or two months. Significantly high survival of 62 and 74%, for large and small suckers, respectively, were observed in the lot rafted for three months. Regardless of rafting, survival was 60, 43 and 33% after 1, 2 and 3 months in the nursery. For untrimmed suckers, large size achieved 100% survival and 50% for small; and 88% for small suckers in raft for 2 months. While stem girth of small suckers was the least among the treatments, leaf production of trimmed suckers rafted for three months were significantly more in both large and small suckers. The least number of leaves were observed in non-rafted suckers. Untrimmed large suckers in raft for 3 months and small suckers in raft for 2 months produced more leaves after 3 months in the nursery. Pneumatophores, or root outgrowths for gas exchange, were observed in rafted suckers indicating growth stability in the nursery faster.

Keywords: sago, trimmed and untrimmed suckers, rafting, acclimatization


224

0225

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CHANGES AND IN VITRO EFFECTS OF HYDROPONIC

GINSENG (PANAX GINSENG C. A. MEYER) LEAVES AND STEMS BY GROWTH

STAGES

Kwon-Real Ryu1, Hyun-Hee Kim1, Jin-Young Lee1, Dong-Hyun Kim1, Myeong-Hun Yeom1,

Jun-Cheol Cho1, Young-Bum Kim2

1AmorePacific R&D Center, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea, 2National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal

Science, Chungcheongbuk, Republic of Korea

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) belonging to the family Araliaceae is a rare and slow-growing

perennial plant. Commonly ginseng takes more than four years of cultivation before harvest. As a perennial

plant, ginseng cultivation have many difficulties to overcome which are soil-borne disease which cause root

rot and damping-off, unsuspected weather conditions.

To avoid these open field culture problems, various cultural practice have been attempted and hydroponic

culture methods have been introduced to ginseng culture. There are many advantages in hydroponic

culture of ginseng, such as without the risk of soil-borne pathogens that cause root diseases and the

possibility to control the growing environment.

Hydroponic ginseng grows faster compare to open field culture and it shows rapid changes in growth. But

there are no reported studies concerning hydroponic ginseng growth changes.

Our investigation first attempted to analyze contents of ginsenoside, the main ingredient of ginseng leaves

and stems. Various ginsenoside contents have been changed during growth, especially ginsenoside F2

had changed dramatically. Phenolic acid, total amino acid and total sugar contents are also changed in

each growth stages.

In further study we carried out in vitro assay. In collagen creation assay, collagen and fibrillin changes were

identified in mRNA level. Anti-oxidative activity was identified through DPPH and DCF-da assay.

These results suggest that hydroponic ginseng is worth to study plant physiology and can be applied

variety in agriculture and industry.


225

0226

CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION AND PROTEIN ORGANIZATION ANALYSES OF HEAT

SHOCK PROTEIN 90 MACRO COMPLEXES IN ARABIDOPSIS SUSPENSION CELLS

Tomoaki Shigeta, Shota Fukakusa, Yuichi Zaizen, Yasushi Nakamura1, Shigehisa

Okamoto, Tomoaki Matsuo

Course of Biological Science and Technology, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima

University, Kagoshima, Japan ;1Department of Food Sciences and Nutritional Health, Kyoto Prefectural University,

Kyoto, Japan

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a highly conserved and an essential molecular chaperone, which is involved in abiotic stress responses and other physiological functions in higher plant. Further, HSP90 can control various signaling proteins such as protein kinases and transcription factors. It is recently reported that HSP90 associated with various client proteins plays an important role in many cellular responses. In this study, to elucidate dynamic changes in protein organization of functional HSP90-including macro complexes during physiological shifts of the plant cells, we have prepared native HSP90 complexes from cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of Arabidopsis suspension T87 cells treated with 1 μM brassinolide or 5 μM brassinazole, and then analyzed those by two-dimensional Blue Native/SDS-PAGE (2D-BN/SDS-PAGE), followed by a western blot detection. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has been used to characterize several client proteins of HSP90 complexes. As a result of these analyses, a large quantity of HSP90 has been found in total soluble fraction including cytoplasm, compared to in nuclear fraction, prepared from the non-treated 7 day-old cells. Interestingly, the 2D-BN/SDS-PAGE has revealed that the HSP90 complexes with widely different molecular sizes are mainly present in total soluble fraction. Such HSP90 complexes extracted from brassinolide- or brassinazole-treated cells has been investigated and compared in the same manner as described above. Content of HSP90 monomer in total HSP90 complexes analyzed by SDS-PAGE has been almost same in these cells, while the immunodetected protein profiles of HSP90 complexes separated by 2D-BN/SDS-PAGE showed a significant difference. These results suggests that protein composition of HSP90 complexes alters in response to cellular brassinosteroid levels, but cellular levels of HSP90 itself maintain a consistent level in these cells. Moreover, to clarify molecular weight distribution of the brassinosteroid-responsive HSP90 complexes, we also fractionated specifically only higher molecular weight compositions of total HSP90 complexes by using a Sephacryl S-200 gel chromatography. Consequently, these complexes purified by immune-precipitation procedure using anti-HSP90 antibody has been examined by SDS-PAGE combined with SYPRO ruby staining to detect a difference in composition of these client proteins. Some of these client proteins has been identifying by a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Since involvement of HSP90 complexes in signal transduction pathway of plant hormones such as auxin and brassinosteroid has recently been pointed out, our results are considered to be greatly interesting in attempt to comprehend the relationship of dynamic changes in protein organization of HSP90 complexes to brassinolide-induced cellular and physiological response. Key words; HSP90, Protein complexes, Blue native PAGE, Affinity purification


226

0227

STANDARDIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA

GAERTN. AND ARAVINDASAVA

Atish T. Paul, Navdeep Kaur, Pankaj Sharma

Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara - 144402, Punjab (INDIA)

Nelumbo nucifera is a perennial crop grown and consumed worldwide. It is utilized not only as an ornamental plant but also as a medicinal herb in Eastern Asia, particularly in China. It is the national flower of India. In spite of this there is not much scientific study on biological and phytochemical prospects. The aim of the present study was standardisation and biological evaluation of N. nucifera flower obtained from different geographical zones, along with its well known Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation Aravindasava. The physicochemical standardization of Aravindasava has been carried out as per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. The tested physicochemical parameters such as specific gravity, reducing sugars, alcohol content, pH and total phenolics were found to be within range whereas total solids and non-reducing sugars were not in range. Gallic acid was quantified in three batches (code ARV-1, ARV-2, ARV-3) of Aravindasava and the amount was in the range of 64.1 to 817.9 μg/ml using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The antioxidant activity of three different batches of of Aravindasava i.e. ARV-1, ARV-2, ARV-3 was evaluated by DPPH method and maximum inhibition was found to be 70.24%, 78.79% and 77.92% at 100µg/ml concentration. The antioxidant activity for methanolic extracts of N. nucifera (coded as MENN-1, MENN-2, MENN-3) was 78.43%, 88.79% and 82.92% at 100 µg/ml concentration. The extracts were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by exposing Eisenia foetida to 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml concentrations of N. nucifera extracts as well as the Aravindasava. The different batches of N. nucifera and Aravindasava showed dose dependent effect with maximum activity at 200 mg/ml concentration. The inhibitory effect of N. nucifera methanolic extracts on. HPTLC was used to develop chromatographic fingerprints of MENN-1, MENN-2, and MENN-3. This study provides the evidence that N. nucifera and Aravindasava have anthelmintic and antioxidant potential along with their traditional uses. The physico-chemical data along with the HPTLC data for gallic acid can be used for quality control of Aravindasava. This study gives the overview of the effect of the geographical variation on the activity profile of N. Nucifera flowers for the first time.

Keywords – Nelumbo nucifera, Aravindasava, Standardization


227

0228

POST MANSOON FRESHWATER PLANKTONS IN NILWANDE DAM TAL. AKOLE,

DIST. AHMEDNAGAR (M.S.) INDIA, PIN-422 604

Tapale B.K, Tambe D.B. and Pingle S.D.

Adv. M.N.Deshmukh Arts, Comm. & Science College Rajur, Dist-Ahmednagar, K.J.S.College Kopergaon, Dist-

Ahmednagar

Nilwande dam is one of the most important dams of Ahmednagar district. It is an irrigated project on river Pravara near Nilwande village to irrigate an area of 64260 hectors of Akole, Sangamner, Kopergaon, Shrirampure, Rahata and Rahuri talukas of Ahmednagar district and Sinner taluka of Nashik district. It is located at Nilwande in western part of the district. The total catchments area is 202.21 sq. km. The main source of water is Pravara River, a right bank tributary of Godavari near village Nilwande and rain water. The live storage is 8.064 TMC and dead storage is 0.256 TMC.

The present investigation was aimed for the determination of phytoplankton and zooplankton. The species

like Pandorina, Eudorina, Closterium, Pediastrum, Coelastrum, Oocystis Chlorella, Ankistrodesmus,

Tetraedron, Scenedesmus, Cosmarium, Euastrum, and Staurastrum were observed during study period.

The species like Paramoecium ,Hexarthra , Didinum , Zoothamnium , Coleps , Brachionus durgae, Porodon

, Euplotes, Urostyla, Filinia longiseta, Keratella cochlearis, Macrothricidae (Daphnia), Euchianis brahmae,

Trinema, Actinophryes, Eplotes were observed during study period.

Keywords- Nilwande dam, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton


228

0229

GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMONLY OCCURRING FRESH WATER CHLOROPHYCEAN ALGAE FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION.

Landge A. D. and S. D. Pingle

Department Of Botany, P. V. P. College Pravaranagar, Tal- Rahata, Dist A. Nagar- 413713 India K. J. S. College, Kopargaon, Dist- A. Nagar (M. S.)- 423601 India.

Liquid biofuels, renewable fuels derived from biomass, are arguably one of the best transition fuels for the near-term and have made a recent resurgence in response to rising oil prices. Biodiesel can be produced from a variety of lipid feedstocks, catalysts and alcohols using several possible conversion processes. Microalgae reproduce themselves using photosynthesis to convert sun energy into chemical energy, completing an entire growth cycle every few days. Fresh water chlorophycean algae have great source of lipid content and proving raw material for biodiesel. This paper focuses the growth behavior of fresh water Chlorophycean algae during mass culture for biodiesel production.

Key words: Growth characteristics, biodiesel, Chlorophyceae.


229

0230

EFFECT OF SUGAR FACTORY EFFLUENT ON GLYCOGEN, PROTEIN AND FREE

AMINO ACID CONTENT IN TISSUES OF THE FISH, LEPIDOCEPHALUS THERMALIS

M.T. Hyalij

Department of Zoology, K.A.A.N.M.Sonawane Arts, Commerce And Science College, Satana, Tal-Baglan, Dist-

Nashik, Maharashrta, India

Lepidocephalus thermalis was exposed to sublethal concentration (15 %) sugar factory effluent to evaluate

biochemical changes in organs / tissues. The level of free amino acid (FAA) during early 48 hr exposure increased in

blood (34.5 mg/g), liver (34.5 mg/g), kidney (28.7 mg/g) and muscle (32.11 mg/g), but their was a gradual decreases

at 96 hr. in blood (27.50 mg/g), liver (26.55 mg/g), kidney (18.99 mg/g) and muscle (17.00 mg/g). The protein also

showed initial increase but gradual decrease with time exposure at 96 hr. There was constant decrease in glycogen

content in the tissues up to 96 hr. exposure with reference to control levels.

The depletion in levels of FAA, protein and glycogen occur significantly when Lepidocephalus thermalis where

exposed to sublethal concentration of sugar factory effluent because of glycogensis, gluconeogenesis for energy

requirement and proteolysis due to impact for effluent stress in organ / tissue.


230

0231

ANALYSIS AND QUANTITATION OF MAJOR SECOIRIDOID IN SWERTIA CHIRAYITA USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Vijay Kumar, Amand Bhaskar, Manish Kumar, Sheela Chandra

Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835215,

Swertia spp. (Gentianaceae) grows widely in the eastern and southern Asian countries and is used as traditional medicine for gastrointestinal disorders. Swertia chirayita is widely known for its medicinal properties. Extracts of S. chirayita are used as anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, cardiostimulant etc. Besides it is also considered as antifatigue, antiinflamatory, antiaging, anticancerous, antidiarrheal, antiparkinson, antialzheimer, protectant of the heart and also helps in lowering blood pressure and blood sugar. The bioactive constituents include the xanthone and secoiridoid glycosides consisting of mangiferin, amarogentin, amaroswerin, sweroside and swertiamarin. Methanolic extracts of S. chirayita possess bioactive constituents, which were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a reversed-phase C18 column. A method was developed using gradient elution with Acetonitrile and water with 0.1% Trifluroacetic acid as a mobile phase for separation, which detects and separates four different secoiridoid Swertiamarin, Sweroside, mangiferin and Amarogentin, with UV detection at 254nm.

Key words: Swertia chirayita, HPLC, Gentianaceae


231

0232

BIOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY OF SELECTED SOUTH INDIAN TEA (CAMELLIA SPP.)

ACCESSIONS CORRELATED WITH MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS

Deepu Vijayan1, Marimuthu Saravanan2, Rajagopal Rajkumar2, Narayanan Muraleedharan3

1Centre for Medicinal Plants Research, Kottakkal, Malappuram, Kerala, India, 2UPASI Tea Research

Foundation, Tea Research Institute, Valparai, Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu, India, 3Tocklai Experimental

Station, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, Assam, India

Tea, made from the fresh young leaves of tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze], is the most popular

beverage in the world. Tea is highly heterozygous in nature mainly because of its interspecific and

intraspecific hybridization. South Indian tea accessions are highly genetically variable due to uncontrolled

pollination and many of the present day accessions were selected from large populations based on their

phenotypic superiority. Tea plants exhibit variation in green leaf constituents because of their heterogenicity

which in turn influence the diversity in biochemical parameters of made tea. The conventional breeding

programme is time consuming and would require about 12 to 16 years to release a clone. On the other

hand, screening through biochemical markers for a particular trait is handy and time saving. It would be

useful if both breeding and germplasm conservation efforts are taken up with a detailed understanding of

available biochemical variability among the tea germplasm. A total of 94 seedlings of unknown provenance

planted in 1962 and maintained in the Tea Experimental Farm of United Planters’ Association of southern

India (UPASI) Tea Research Institute, Valparai, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India were selected for

biochemical characterization. Green leaf biochemical features of selected mother bushes were documented

in terms of chlorophyll, polyphenols, total catechins and their fractions (HPLC) besides amino acids. The

present investigation was carried out to identify some potential bushes in terms of quality since these

constituents are essentially related to black tea quality. Attempts were also made to characterize the

selected accessions using morphological traits since these characteristics could be directly correlated to

identify good quality tea clones. On the basis of the data generated using IPGRI format, 94 bushes could

only correlate to the traditional grouping as Assam, China and Cambod hybrids. While their performance in

terms of quality was not predictable with the classification and hence they could prove no significance in

furthering our understanding for future breeding programme. The present study indicates that there is no

correlation between biochemical and morphological relationships and could evidently bring out the

distinction between low and high quality tea germplasm on the basis of biochemical constituents. Key

words: Camellia spp., Diversity, Biochemical traits, Morphological traits


232

0233

IN VITRO PRECOCIOUS DIRECT RHIZOME INDUCTION IN

DENDROCALAMUS STRICTUS (ROXB.) NEES

Gladys Muivah, I.Usha Rao

Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Bamboos provide a versatile multipurpose forest product which plays a vital role in our domestic economy.

They are abundant, fast growing and attain maturity in a relatively short period. India is one of the leading

countries in the world bamboo production. Bamboos are conventionally propagated through rhizomes.

Though rhizome system performs important functions, it is one of the least understood parts of the bamboo

plant. Moreover, an understanding of the form of the rhizome system is prerequisite to understand the

clump habit in any bamboo. An efficient protocol has been developed for in vitro precocious rhizome

induction from caryopses of Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees by using different plant growth regulators.

Direct rhizome induction from the caryopses of D. strictus was achieved on MS basal medium

supplemented with cytokinins (BAP, TDZ and Kinetin) with high concentration of sucrose. Among the three

cytokinins used, BAP exhibited a better response than any other cytokinin treatments in terms of rhizome

induction. The use of auxins - IAA, IBA and NAA was not effective in rhizome induction. However, the

interaction of BAP and NAA enhanced per cent rhizome formation. The presence of NAA in the medium

containing BAP effectively increased the per cent culture showing rhizome and culm shoots. The study has

also shown that addition of GA3 (0.1µM) along with optimal concentration of BAP and NAA enhanced the

percentage of cultures showing cent per cent rhizome formation and development of rhizome into culm

shoots. Anatomical studies revealed the presence of axillary buds at each node and the origin of rhizome

from the lowermost node of the primary shoot. Incorporation of TIBA inhibited rhizome formation indicating

involvement of polar auxin transport in the process. Anti-cytokinin, 8-aza-adenine when present in MS

medium, inhibited rhizome formation in the caryopses of D. strictus indicating the role of cytokinins in the

development of rhizomes in this species. Precociously rhizome induced plantlets showed up to 90-95%

survivability in fields. In vitro formation of rhizomes provides a source of true-to-type homogenous and

uniform plantlets in least available space, time and finance leading to ensured mass propagation of

bamboos. Also, it enables the easy transfer of plantlets to soil and their establishment.

Key words: Auxin, Cytokinin, Dendrocalamus strictus, Gibberellin, Rhizom


233

0234

MECHANISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CD AND PROTON UPON CD TREATMENT

IN ELODEA CANADENSIS LEAVES

Muhammad Tariq Javed1, Sylvia Lindberg2, Maria Greger3

1Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, 3Hedmark

University College, Blæstad, Norway

Mining industry involves the production of waste, i.e. mine tailing, which weathers in contact with water and

air to form acid mine drainage (AMD). This AMD contains high levels of toxic metal ions like Cd, Fe, As, Zn

and a characteristic very low pH (2.3-5.0). A submerged aquatic macrophyte Elodea canadensis is able to

change the surrounding water pH, and through that, influence the metal uptake. The current work was

aimed to understand the mechanism behind pH-change by E. canadensis and to be able to optimize its use

for phytofiltration. Influence of cadmium on chlorophyll contents and proton stress on fresh weights,

malondialdehyde contents, chlorophyll contents, catalase and ascorbate per-oxidase activity in plant shoots

were investigated. Plants were grown under light, dark and in the presence of a photosynthetic inhibitor (3-

(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) at an initial pH 5.0 in the presence and absence of cadmium (Cd).

Cadmium uptake into leaves and protoplasts was investigated by using a new Cd-specific fluorescent dye,

LeadmiumTM Green AM, and by atomic absorption. A pH sensitive dye BCECF-AM was used to detect

cytosolic pH changes. The results have shown that chlorophyll contents of E. canadensis leaves decreased

significantly with increasing Cd concentration above 0.5 µM. The protons concentration that causes 50%

reduced growth corresponds to pH values between 3.30 and 5.65. The phyllosphere basification was high

in photosynthetic inhibitor treatment and darkness in the presence of Cd. Cadmium uptake was

independent of photosynthetic conditions. Both [Cdcyt] and pHcyt were significantly increased after plant

exposure to CdCl2 for 7 days as compared to plant exposure for 3 days. From microscopy results we

concluded that E. canadensis subjected to a low Cd concentration initially sequesters Cd into its apoplasm.

With time Cd transports into the cytosol and subsequently causes its basification. Understanding such

plant-induced pH-rise and its mechanism in plants exposed to metal stress may provide an effective

approach for illustrating fundamental aspects of plant stress physiology, and optimizing strategies for

handling of water pollution, as well as crop establishment under stress conditions.

Key words: Cadmium, Elodea canadensis, pH-rise, photosynthesis, fluorescence microscopy,

plant stress physiology


234

0235

HOMOLOGY MODELING OF INDOLYL-3-ACETALDOXIME DEHYDRATASE INVOLVED

IN AUXIN SYNTHESIS

Vijaya Kumari, Vijay Kumar, Tek Chand Bhalla

Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

Indolyl-3-acetaldoxime dehydratase is a heme protein including protoheme as the prosthetic group is

involved in one of the pathways leading to the synthesis of indolyl-3-acetic acid. It catalyzes a unique

reaction: formation of a carbon-nitrogen triple bond and dehydration of indolyl-3-acetaldoxime. Homology

modeling of indolyl-3-acetaldoxime dehydratase of Arthroderma otae was carried out using SWISS

MODEL. The 3D structure was built including the coordinates of heme group from the structure for 3A15

during the modeling. The structures with the least steric clashes and lowest energy were determined.

Model validation was done by using the output of PROCHECK. The Ramachandran plot for the model was

observed as 88.4% of residues was in favourable regions that indicate the model is reliable. Residues

involved in tight positioning of substrate in the active site were identified. The modeled structure reveals

mechanism of substrate recognition and the catalysis of indolyl-3-acetaldoxime dehydratase.

Keywords: Indolyl-3-acetaldoxime dehydratase, indolyl-3-acetic acid and homology modeling.


235

0236

IMPACT OF BIOSTRESS ON ACCUMULATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN

HYPERICUM SPECIES

Jolita Radusiene, Birute Karpaviciene, Rimute Mackinaite

Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania

Plants have developed a broad range of strategies to protect themselves against biotic and abiotic stress

and one of them is considered as changes in composition of secondary metabolites. The present study

aimed to detect how fungal and bacterial biostress alter the phytochemical profile of Hypericum perforatum

and H. triquetrifolium. The greenhouse grown plants were inoculated with different doses of inoculum of

fungus Seimatosporium hypericinum and gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas putida. Plant material

was analysed by HPLC method employing Shimadzu Prominence LC-20A equipment and YMC-Pro C18

column. The results indicated that infection of H. perforatum by fungal pathogen significantly enhanced

phenolic compounds and naphthodianthrones accumulation, notably the highest doses of inoculum. Levels

of metabolites increased as well in response to inoculation by Pseudomonas putida. H. triquetrifolium

plants exposed higher resistance to fungal infection and lower changes in quantities of metabolic

compounds under impact of biostress in comparison to H. perforatum. The accumulation of hyperforin falls

down under infections of both microorganisms’ in both plant species. The results showed that impact of

Seimatosporium hypericinum was significantly higher than of Pseudomonas putida for increasing changes

of metabolites. Phenolics and hypericins could be considered as antimicrobial compounds phytoanticipins.

The possibility of modification secondary metabolites biosynthesis by stimulus of microorganisms may be

applied as efficient biotechnological means for optimization of secondary metabolite production.

Key words: biostress, Seimatosporium hypericinum, Pseudomonas putida, secondary metabolites,

Hypericum sp.


236

0237

STUDIES ON ROOTING OF KOLLANKOLA (POGOSTEMON HEYNEANUS BENTH) AS

AFFECTED BY POTTING MEDIA, CUTTING TYPES AND A ROOTING HORMONE

N.D.N. Priyadarshani and S. Subasinghe

Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhana, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri

Lanka

Kollankola (Pogostemon heyneanus) is a very important medicinal herb in indigenous medicine as well as

perfumery and soap industry. Kollankola leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and roots are used for the Ayurvedic

preparations and essential oil production as fresh or dried form. Having insect repellent properties, this also

used for the pesticide preparations. Kollankola generally propagated through stem cuttings. For the field

planting of Kollankola, successfully rooted stem cuttings are essential. Current market price of dried

Kollankola leaves is about Rs. 150/kg at local markets. However, there is no any systematic cultivation to

fulfill annual Kollankola requirement in Sri Lanka. Availability of sufficient amount of quality planting

materials creates problems in large scale cultivation of Kollankola. Present study was focused on media,

cutting types and hormone on rooting of Kollankola stem cuttings and thereby improves the availability of

quality planting materials. For this purpose, two separate pot experiments were carried out at the medicinal

plant garden, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna. Experiment I was to select proper potting

mixture for successful rooting of Kollankola stem cuttings. For this experiment, ten different potting mixtures

[such as sand alone, top soil alone, coir dust alone, mixtures of sand: top soil (1:1), sand: coir dust (1:1),

sand: compost (1:1), top soil: coir dust(1:1), top soil: compost (1:1), sand: compost: coir dust (1:1:1), sand:

top soil: compost (1:1:1)] were used to select proper media for successful rooting. Experiment II was

designed to select suitable cutting type and hormone effect on rooting of Kollankola stem cuttings. As

assign in different treatments, soft wood, semi hard wood and hard wood cuttings were used with or without

Indole butyric acid (IBA). Results revealed that sand: compost: coir dust (1:1:1) potting mixture showed the

significantly higher (P<0.05) survival percentage, higher rooted cutting percentage, higher number of roots

and higher root length and 3000 mg/L IBA treated semi hardwood cuttings recorded significantly higher

(P<0.05) number of roots, higher root length, higher survival percentage and higher rooted cuttings

percentage. Therefore, IBA treated semi- hardwood stem cuttings and sand: compost: coir dust (1:1:1)

potting mixture could be used to obtain successfully rooted Kollankola stem cuttings.

Key words: Hormone, Kollankola, Potting mixture, Stem cuttings


237

0238

IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HPTLC ANALYSIS OF BORAGO OFFICINALIS

LINN.

Mhaveer Singh1, Sayeed Ahmad1, Rabea Parveen2, Shahid Hussain Ansari1

1Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of

Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, 2Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy,

Hamdard University, New Delhi, India

Borago officinalis L. commonly known as Borage (Gaozaban), traditionally known for its culinary and

medicinal importance as well as for seed oil, which contains gamma-linolenic acid and other fatty acids.

The drug is useful to alleviate and heal colds, bronchitis and respiratory infections in general for its anti-

inflammatory and balsamic properties. The oleic and palmitic acid of borage may also confer a

hypocholesterolemic effect. In Unani system of medicine the drug is very popular as Gaozaban and used in

various khameera (semi solid Unani formulations) for cardioprotection. The antioxidant potential of the

herbal drugs is key for their protecting role against various diseases. In the present study antioxidant

efficacy of different extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol) of borage leaves and rosmarinic

acid was assessed by using different in-vitro methods. The chemoprofiling of these extracts were carried

out by HPTLC with quantification of rosmarinic acid, an antioxidant constituent of borage by a validated

method. It was observed that the maximum content of rosmarinic acid was found in methanolic extract

which was showing maximum antioxidant efficacy as well. The developed HPTLC method was validated as

per the ICH guidelines and found simple, selective, economic and accurate for the analysis of rosmarinic

acid, which can further be used as a marker for quality assessment of borage leaf and its different

formulations of traditional system.

Keywords: Borago officinalis L., Borage, antioxidant activity, HPTLC, quality control


238

0239

EXPLORATION OF ETHNOMEDICINAL INFORMATION FROM DIFFERENT TRIBES OF PURULIA DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA Subrata Raha1,

1Raghunathpur College, West Bengal, India

A comprehensive investigation is being carried out to explore the medicinal plant treasure of the remote areas of Purulia district of West Bengal State in India where majority of the inhabitants are tribal people who are mostly dependent on indigenous medicinal herbs for their health care affairs. In this communication, a preliminary work on ethnomedicinal plants of Ajodhya hills and adjoining areas alongwith the relevant information, particularly on their healing potential of different ailments, is highlighted.

The Panchokot hills of Gondowana basin on the northern boundary and Ajodhya hills on the south-west of this district are rich in biodiversity and hotspots of medicinal plants. The villagers are mostly dependent on herbs and traditional healers for their disease alleviatory measures. Information regarding the healing properties of herbs is confined to the tribes and ethnic groups of the selected areas. The hotspots were surveyed during the last 5 yrs and much of the information regarding the healing properties of herbs was procured through personal interviews and conversation with tribal people and healers. A total number of 32 plant species used by the major ethnic groups like Santhal, Bhumij, Munda, Oraon, Birhore, Pahariya, Kharia and Ho were enumerated. A well developed system of ethno-veterinary practices was also found among the aboriginals. Because of indiscriminate overexploitation and abuse made by local people and traders, some important medicinal plants like Aloe, Rauvolfia, Asparagus, Withania etc. have almost disappeared except from certain virgin pockets of Ajodhya hills.

Keeping in mind the crying need for conservation of the endangered/threatened species of medicinal plants of this district, “J.C.Bose Herbal Garden” has been set up in Raghunathpur college campus five years back and the garden presently contains 62 species of such medicinal plants alongwith many others available in this identified surveyed areas.

In spite of its immense potentiality, the trade in medicinal plants suffers due to lack of proper encouragement, uneconomical price, unstable market, lack of involvement of trading community and transit restriction by forest department. Urgent attention for conservation with sustainable utilization is required in this neglected bio-zone.

Prospects and problems of medicinal plant treasure of the experimental surveyed areas of tribal dominated parts of Purulia district are also discussed.

Key words: Ethnomedicinal plants, ethnic people groups, elicitation of information, conservation.


239

0240

DETERMINATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC TRAITS DURING GRAIN FILLING AND

ROLE OF STAY-GREEN RICE SNU-SG1 IN RICE VARIETIES NATIVE TO IRAN

Davood Barari Tari

Ayatollah Amoli Science and Research Branch. Iran Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran

In order to investigate photosynthetic process during reproductive section of a functional stay-green rice, an

experiment was laid out in an experimental part of Babol (Iran). The changes of photosynthetic an related

traits thrioghout grain filling of a stay-green rice "snu-sgi" was determined in chamber conditions with four

high-yielding Iranian varieties and their hybrid. SNU-SG1 showed a typical traits of functional stay-green in

terms of chlorophyll degradation and grain matuarity photosynthetic competence. According to the

photosynthesis, light response curve measured at 14 and 38 day after heading for the flag leaf. SNU-SG1

showed higher initial light conversion efficiency and maximum photosynthetic rate at light saturation. Light

saturation point was not different among genotypes ranging from 1000 to 1500 micro mol photon m-2s-1. Net

photosynthetic rate at light saturation of upper 5 leaves in SNU-SG1 was much higher throughout grain

filling than F1 hybrids. The high photosynthetic competence of SNU-SG1 during grain filling was described

to the longer maintenance of high mesophyll conductance that resulted from high chlorophyll content and

its delayed degredation. Slow degeneration of photosystem II as judged by chlorophyll fluorescence of flag

leaves.slow degeneration of photosystem II similar to the male parent SNU-SG1 while chlorophyll

degradation pattern close to female parents. According to results SNU-SG1 has a typical functional stay-

green trait that can be utilize for increasing rice yield potential through the improved dry matter production

during grain filling of Iranian rice varieties.

Keywords: Rice, chlorophyll, functional stay green, fluorescence.


240

0241

HORMONAL REGULATION OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN SUGARCANE: ROLE OF

CYTOKININ

Prapat Punpee1,2, Susanne Schmidt1, Prakash Lakshmanan2, Anthony O'Connell2, Nicole

Robinson1, Jaya Basnayake2

1The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 2BSES Limited, Indooroopilly,

Queensland, Australia, 3BSES Limited, Ayr, Queensland, Australia

Water stress affecting crop production is predicted to increase with a changing climate due to decreased rainfall, increased evaporation, lower ground water tables, longer and more frequent droughts and increased mean annual temperatures. Water deficiency-induced stress dramatically reduces sugarcane yields. Water stress results in a dramatic reduction in plant height, an increase in leaf senescence and associated reduction in green leaf area. Combined with decreasing stomatal conductance (gs), these responses to water stress cause a reduction in photosynthetic capacity, biomass and sugar yield. Recent field-based evaluation of sugarcane germplasm to discern genetic variation of physiological traits and has identified genotypes with contrasting tolerance to water stress. Glasshouse and field observations collectively point toward a links between water availability, nutrient status, gs, and cytokinins (CKs) in regulating leaf growth, senescence and crop yield. There is evidence that CKs stimulate plant growth and increase the resilience of photosynthesis during water deficiency and other stresses and CKs may be instrumental for improving the water use efficiency (WUE) of sugarcane. The research proposed here will investigate the effects of lower water availability on growth and yield of contrasting genotypes in context of CKs with an integrated physiological and molecular experimental strategy. Two experimental approaches are taken (i) glasshouse-based controlled experiments to assess the response of sugarcane to externally-supplied CKs, and (ii) evaluation of CK up-regulating transgenic sugarcane


241

0242

EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID ON MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ATTRIBUTES OF MAIZE GROWN UNDER SALINITY

STRESS

Hasan Abbasi, Javaid Akhtar

University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,

Bahawalpur, Pakistan

The present study was conducted to assess the foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on morphological,

physiological and antioxidant enzymes attributes of maize grown under stress condition. Four maize

hybrids (Hysun-33, maize hybrid 6142, maize hybrid 3335 and maize hybrid 33H25) were grown under

saline (100 mM NaCl) and non-saline (control) conditions. Varying levels of salicylic acid (0, 0.5 mM and

1.0 mM) were applied foliarly. Salinity stress negatively affected the morphological attributes, chlorophyll

contents, photosynthetic parameters, membrane stability index and mineral uptake of all maize hybrids.

However, plants treated with 0.5 mM SA resulted a maximum decrease in sodium concentration under

saline condition compared to the control. In contrast, this treatment increased the growth, photosynthetic

parameters and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and GR) activities and potassium concentration under

normal and saline conditions. CAT activity remained almost unchanged due to SA application under both

control and saline conditions in all maize hybrids. The application of higher concentration of SA (1.0 mM)

either proved inhibitory or was of no additional benefit. Among the maize hybrids, Hysun-33 performed

better under all treatments. It was concluded that 0.5 mM SA alleviates salinity-inhibited growth and

photosynthesis through a decrease in sodium concentration, increased in antioxidant enzymes activities

and potassium concentration.

Key words: Growth, Photosynthesis, Antioxidant enzymes, Salinity, Salicylic acid


242

0243

FERMENTATION OF FRUIT WASTE BY COLOSTRIDIUM THERMOCELLUM FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION Nur Maimunita Fitriah1, Fatia Tririzqi2, Annisha Hud Alaydrus2, Dwi Pamungkas Bermani3, Gugi Yogaswara4 1Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology; 2Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology; 3Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology;4Department of Mechanical and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology;5Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Raya Darmaga Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 West Java, Indonesia

Human’s main problem in the world in depending on petroleum for energy could be solve by using ethanol as a liquid fuel. Moreover, using ethanol as a liquid fuel offers a more profitable trade balance, improved energy security, and a major new crop for a depressed agricultural economy. Ethanol is considerably less toxic to humans than gasoline (or methanol). Ethanol can be produce by fermentation of cellulose. World fruit production has been relatively steady over in past years. It should be released a lot of waste from fruits. The fruit waste ferment by bacteria to produce ethanol. The rate-limiting step in the conversion of cellulose to fuels is its hydrolysis, especially the initial attack on the highly ordered, insoluble structure of crystalline cellulose, since the products of this attack are readily solubilized and converted to sugars. The solution in the conversion by the cellulotic, thermophiles anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium thermocellum. It uses a complex cellulosome to break down cellulose and synthesize ethanol. However, Clostridium thermocellum also produces other products during cellulose metabolism, including acetic acid, lactic acid, in addition to ethanol, lowering the efficiency of the process. Using Clostridium thermocellum as fermentor cellulose to produce ethanol is an uncommon way but interest to do. Cellulose is a rare property among living organims that can be utilize by C. thermocellum. The fermention can be cheap consider to the anaerobiosis. The one of the most expensive steps in industrial fementation is that providing adeuquate oxygen transfer. The fermentation is lessened contaminatiion since the optimum temperature for the cultivation of the organisms is 60°C. C. Thermocellum is thermophiles that are thought to be robust microorganisms and contain stable enzymes

Keywords: fruit waste, cellulose, Colostridium thermocellum, ethanol.


243

0244

BIOREMEDIATION WITH SYMBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS USING SPENT MUSHROOMS SUBSTRATE IN CONTAMINATED AGRICULTURAL SOILS

Nur Maimunita Fitriah1, Fatia Tririzqi2, Annisha Hud Alaydrus2, Dwi Pamungkas Bermani3, Gugi Yogaswara4

2Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology; 3Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology ;3Department of Agricultural Industry Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology ;4Department of Mechanical and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology ;5Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Raya Darmaga Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 West Java, Indonesia Key issue in treating the contaminated soil and water is dealing with the diversity of potentially toxic pollutants, including heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), cyanides, and radioactive material. Frequently, treating the chronically contaminated soil is using the stringent chemical method is often expensive. Especially in the agricultural soils. Most local farmers have not been prosperous enough for deal with this method. Bioremediation offers a viable alternative to these methods by harnessing the degradative potential of biological systems. Symbiotic microorganisms are important in remediating and alleviating the limitations of nitrogen and phosphorous deficiency on soils so the plant can grow well. Maximization of the contribution of these microorganisms can give important benefits for plant production. In some cases, optimization production can be achieved by arranging the good soil management. Spent Mushroom Substrates (SMS) from the waste of mushrooms production can be used as starter material for bioremediation in contaminated agricultural soil.

Using SMS which still contain living mushroom mycelium as filters is the low-tech way to introduce these fungi into the environment to breakdown toxins. By retaining and recycling pollutants with naturally occurring microorganisms, its conserve an important and useful natural resource that would otherwise reduce cost money and fuel to remove. The fungi excrete enzymes into the environment that breakdown the large organic molecules into smaller molecules which are possible to be absorbed as food by the mushroom. There are four main group of symbiotic microorganisms that live in soil. Namely, rhizobia, Frankia, VA mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrizhal fungi. Using rhizobia as the selected symbiotic microorganisms to enchance plant production is more preferable than the others. This is due to low cost and relatively simple in application. Keywords: Bioremediation, symbiotic microorganisms, Spent Mushroom Substrates, rhizobia,


244

0245

UTILITY OF PLASTID PSBA- TRNH INTERGENIC SPACER REGION AND ITS 2 OF

NRDNA IN ELUCIDATING THE SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS IN GENUS CUCUMIS

Nidhi Shubhanand1, Madhoolika Agrawal2, Joseph J K3, S R Yadav4, K V Bhat1

1National bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India, 2Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, 3NBPGR, Regional Station, thrissur, India, 4shivaji University, Kolhapur, India

The genus Cucumis L. (Cucurbitaceae) includes two important vegetables of commerce, cucumbers and

melons. Tracing the species relationships of cucumbers and melons is important for introduction of disease

resistant genes from wild relatives and development of new varieties and thus promoting the beneficial

utilization of genetic resources. Despite the presence of rich diversity for the genus Cucumis in India, the

crop-wild relative complex has not been studied exhaustively for establishing their identity and developing a

system for classification, conservation and management. Present study was planned to analyse the

phylogenetic informativeness of plastid psbA- trnH intergenic spacer and Internal Transcribed Spacer

region 2 (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA for species relationship studies of Cucumis species collected

from India. The analysis included commercially important species such as melon (C. melo L.) and

cucumber (C. sativus) along with their wild relatives. Cucumis dipsaceus was used as an outgroup. The

phylogenetic analysis was performed based upon the genetic distance matrix using the neighbor-joining

(NJ) method. The trees inferred from psbA-trnH and ITS 2 data set agreed with each other and showed

similar topology. The data obtained reflected the clustering of genus Cucumis into three main groups.

Cucumber along with Cucumis hystrix, Cucumella , Mukia and Dicaelospermum formed a well

distinguished clad. Cucumis setosus was found to be closest to Cucumella silentvalleyi, Mukia

maderaspatana and Dicaelospermum ritchei. All the cultivated and wild melo species formed the second

clade. Cucumis prophetarum and C. dipsaceus were branched as a separate group showing their African

origin. Sequence alignment showed the presence of at least four significant regions in psbA-trnH and

eleven in ITS2 with insertions/deletions. Seven Single Nucleotide Polymorphic regions were also reported

in psbA-trnH intergenic spacer. Internal transcribed spacer region 2 showed twenty five single nucleotide

polymorphic sites. These regions were clearly defining the differences in various Cucumis species collected

from India.

Key words: Species relationships, psbA- trnH intergenic spacer, ITS 2.


245

0246

IN VIVO CHARACTERIZATION OF A WOUND INDUCIBLE PROMOTER FOR ITS

UTILIZATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF INSECT RESISTANT PLANTS

Tariq Mahmood1, Faiza Munir1, S M Saqlan Naqvi2

1Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi,

Pakistan

Genetic transformation is an influential tool used effectively for induction of disease resistance to plants

particularly crops. With success in this direction, a number of transgenic plants having commercial

importance were reported to possess increased resistance. In these reported cases, the expression of

transgene was observed to be under the control of a strong constitutive promoter (CaMV 35S) and its

derivatives may give expression even in the absence of stimulus. Constant and unnecessary production of

transgene products (toxins), could hinder the plant metabolic pathways and on the whole expression of

other valuable traits. It is also a matter of concern that consumers generally reject genetically modified

food. In contrast, the use of plant origin wound inducible promoters advantageous because they activate

only on attack of pathogen, pests and mechanical injury to plant tissue. Keeping in view the importance of

plant origin promoter elements a study has been designed to functionally characterize a wound inducible

promoter for its utilization in the production of insect resistant plants. A wound inducible promoter has been

isolated, amplified, sequenced and transformed in potato. Further, a proteinase inhibitor gene has been

amplified, cloned, sequenced and ligated downstream to the wound inducible promoter. The transformation

of this promoter fused with proteinase inhibitor gene in potato is being under process.


246

0247

SEROLOGICAL INDEXING OF CITRUS TRISTEZA CLOSTEROVIRUS IN KHYBER

PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

Yasir Iftikhar1, S.M. Mughal2, M.M. Khan3, M.A.Khan4 and M.A.Nawaz5

1Department of Plant Pathology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 2Sargodha, Department of

Plant Pathology, PMAS University of Arid Agriculture, 3Rawalpindi, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of

Agriculture, Faisalabad,4Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Department of 5Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan

DAS-ELISA was used to detect the citrus tristeza virus in samples from each of sweet orange (Malta and Mosambi),

kinnow mandarin and grapefruit collected from three major citrus growing areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Polyclonal antibodies were used. On the basis of ELISA positive reaction, incidence of CTV in the locations ranged

from 29.56-40.86% with the mean of 36.80% infection. The high number of ELISA positive samples were found at

Mardan with mean OD260 nm (0.52), at par with Haripur (0.50), followed by Peshawar (0.10). Symptoms of mild leaf

flecking were produced in acid lime after mechanical inoculation of sap from infected sweet orange, but aphid

transmission using Aphis gossypii and whitefly was not successful. Therefore, insect transmission of CTV constitutes

subject of future investigation.

Keywords: DAS-ELISA, Citrus tristeza virus, Transmission


247

0248

THE EVOLUTION OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE SOUTH WEST OF ORAN, ALGERIA

Hourizi Ratiba, Nedjraoui Dalila

University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Ecology and Environment

The region of high steppe plains in the south of Oran is characterized by an arid climate with a rainfall between 100 and 400 mm. This region is distinguished by variability in precipitation that is accompanied by a significant inter-annual irregularity (Emberger, 1930 Daget, 1977, Quezel, 1985, The Houerou, 1995). In addition to this variability, a decrease in precipitation was observed in these regions during the past ten decades (Hirche 1999, 2010, Hamouda 2009). Consequently, the combined action of climate and overgrazing has strongly influenced the vegetation cover and species composition of this region, exposing it to desertification.

What is the impact of these factors on vegetation cover and biodiversity in this region?

To answer this question we conducted a diachronic analysis considering several observations periods. We noticed a change in terms of physiognomy, by considering only the first dominant species such as alfa (Stipa tenacissima). This latter used to stretch out of sight but has almost totally disappeared from the plains and persists only in the foothills. These were replaced by steppe formations degradation (Atractylis, Astragalus, Noaea ...). This change in physiognomic terms is accompanied by a decrease in species richness, i.e. by a decrease in the overall number of species we pass successively from 234 species in 1978 to 134 species in 2005 and 95 species in 2011

The rate of decline of perennial species increased from 53 to 66 between 1978 and 2011 and 66 species during the third period (2011)The very significant reduction of therophytes species or annual species, especially during the third period seems to be related to (1) the declining stock of seeds in the soil and (2) to the edaphic aridity of soils other hand (Kadi Hanifi 2002, Slimani et al 2009 and 2012.

Some species of flora, identified in 1978, is absent during the other periods, we note: Brachypodium distachyum, Sedum sediforme, Ziziphora hispanica and Xeranthemum inapertum, and to a lesser extent Androsace maxima and Bromus squarrosus, are species that are indicative of a less arid climate (The Houérou, 1969; Aidoud-Lounis, 1984; Aidoud, 1989). Their absence in 2005 and 2011 confirms the land degradation; indeed, due to the pedoclimate change, these species are no longer found in desertified environments. This is confirmed by the appearance of punctual formations of Arthrophytum scoparium, which characterizes the pre-Saharan steppe. This area can be considered as disturbed where the therophytes’ rate has decreased. Indeed a succession of dry years can lower therophytes reserves both from a specific level and a population level.

The biogeographic spectra also showed a very significant reduction of the Mediterranean element, which passed from 46.58% to 25.37%. An appearance of new elements: multi-regional, Sahara-sindien, Irano-Turanian element at the expense of the Mediterranean. These results would confirm an evolution of biogeographic types under the influence of climate conditions’ changes.

Keywords: biodiversity, aridity, grazing, diachronic analysis, biogeography spectrum, biological spectrum.


248

0249

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN IN VARIOUS PLANTING DATES ON RICE

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Davood Barari Tari

Ayatollah Amoli Science&Research Branch. Iran Islamic Azad University., Amol, Iran

In order to investigate nitrogen fertilization effect at different transplanting dates on rice yield and yield traits

a field experiment was carried out in factorial in basis of Randomized Completely Block Design with three

replications in north of Iran. Variety that used in this design was Shirodi. Factors were nitrogen amount in 4

levels (60, 90, 120, 150 kg N ha-1) and transplanting date in 2 levels (May 1 and May 30). All plots were

received 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 100 kg K2O ha-1 before transplanting. The nitrogen fertilizer in the form of

urea was applied in two split doses. Half of nitrogen fertilizer was applied before transplanting, while the

remaining amount applied as a top dressing in the maximum tillering stage. Standards cultural practices

were carried out until the crop was mature. Six hills (excluding border hill) were randomly selected from

each plot prior to harvest for measure yield components. Grain yield was determined from harvest area of 5

m2 adjusting to 14% moisture content. All Statistical tests were done using the statically Analysis System

and mean values were compared by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that planting

date had significant effect on total tiller, fertile tiller, panicle per m2, sterile spikelets per panicle and 1000

grains weight and also except harvest index all of measured yield traits influenced significantly by nitrogen

fertilization. Most total tiller, fertile tiller, panicle per m2 and steril spikelets per panicle were produced in

May 30 planting date. May 30 planting date and 90 kg N ha-1 for best yield attributes of this variety were

recommended.

Keywords: Rice, Nitrogen, Planting date, Yield.


249

0250

THE FLOWERING HABIT OF NIPA (NYPA FRUTICANS WURMB) IN SEMI-WILD

STANDS OF DAVAO REGION, PHILIPPINES

Junaldo A. Mantiquilla and Eufemio T. Rasco, Jr.

Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, College of Science and Mathematics,

University of the Philippines Mindanao, Mintal, Davao City, Philippines

At least 70 palms were observed in April 2010 until February 2011 for the flowering habit of nipa from selected semi-

wild stands in various sites of Davao Region. Areas in Davao City include: Bago Aplaya (7°2’21” N, 125°32’03” E,

elevation: 21 m), Ecoland (7°3’28” N, 125°36’24” E, elevation: 19m) and Talomo (7°2’52” N, 125°33’26” E elevation:

29m). The developmental stages of inflorescence were divided arbitrarily with the emergence spanned longest at

almost 24 days. The developing green inflorescence was observed as axillary and interfoliar flanked by a bract that

would eventually separate from the first prophyll by stage 2, and outgrew the latter by stage 3 in almost 8 days

accompanied by base expansion and yellowing of the whole inflorescence. The transition of this stage to pre-

anthesis was observed to occur in less than 3 days, and the succeeding stage, the female anthesis, in almost 7 days

after. Growth acceleration was observed by developing the main axis and lateral branches with color shifted to

brighter hues from yellow orange to orange. The male anthesis ensued a day later. Inflorescence development would

take about 41 days from emergence to male anthesis. The staminate rachillae surpassed the height of the pistillate

head, consequently releasing the pollen basipetally, i.e. from top to bottom rachilla. The length of the inflorescence

was measured at 84.3 cm at the onset of male phase. Stigma receptivity reached a peak at 89% 12 hours after the

pistillate head emerged from its sheath, and declined significantly at 55% after 48 hours. The duration of male phase

was estimated to occur 13 to 14 days. Pollen grain was observed as spheroidal and zonasulcate possessing tapering

spines.

Different stands in Carmen, Davao del Norte such as Purok 17 (7°21’46” N, 125°42’13” E, elevation: 23 m) and Brgy.

Ising (7°21’47” N, 125°42’33” E, elevation: 20 m) were observed for comparison of other morphological characteristics

of this monoecious inflorescence. The Carmen stands were significantly fecund over the Davao City stands in terms

of female flower count at an average of 61 and 58 closely knit female flowers per pistillate head, respectively.

Likewise the Carmen stands had significantly higher mean count and longer measurement of staminate rachillae over

Davao City stands at an average of 33 spikes measuring about 7 cm, and 17 measuring almost 6 cm in length,

respectively.

Keywords: Nypa fruticans, pistillate head, stigma receptivity, staminate rachillae, male phase, pollen, anthesis


250

0251

A NOVEL CROSSTALK BETWEEN AUXINS AND BRASSINOSTEROIDS IN

ARABIDOPSIS ROOTS.

Dr. Shigehisa Okamoto et.al

Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan

Plant hormones, small chemical compounds, are very important agronomically and biologically. These

compounds so far have often been used as plant growth regulators in agriculture for various purposes. On

the other hand, plant hormones are well known to act as crucial signal molecules to govern most of growth

and developmental processes as well as response to numerous environmental stimuli. It is generally

believed that several plant hormones, rather than the individual hormones, control each process

cooperatively in some cases and antagonistically in others. Here, we present a novel interaction between

auxins and brassinosteroids (BRs) in roots on the expression of DWARF4 (DWF4) that encodes a C-22

hydroxylase essential for BR biosynthesis. Beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity was conspicuously induced

by application of several different auxins in DWF4::GUS transgenic plants. Histochemical analysis further

showed that auxin-induced GUS activity was observed exclusively in roots; it was the most prominent in the

elongation zones of both primary and lateral roots. Semi-quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR also

showed auxin-triggered increase of DWF4 mRNA in roots. These results together suggest that DWF4

expression, perhaps transcription, was enhanced by auxins in root. Furthermore, auxin-induced lateral root

elongation was suppressed by both the dwf4 mutation and application of a BR biosynthesis inhibitor,

brasinazole and BRs rescue this suppression, suggesting that BRs act positively on root elongation

downstream of auxin action. Altogether, our results infer that auxin-BR crosstalk through the control of

DWF4 expression plays an essential role in lateral root elongation.


251

0252

STUDIES ON MORPHOLOGY AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL BLUE-GREEN ALGA WESTIELLOPSIS PROLIFICA JANET G.S. Shinde, S.D. Pingle and S.B. Davange K.J. Somaiya College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Mahanirajnagar, Tal. Kopargaon, Dist. Ahmednagar (M.S.) India.; Padmashri Vikhe Patil College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Pravaranagar, Tal. Rahata, Dist. Ahmednagar (M.S.) India. The research investigation deals with the morphological and biochemical studies of soil alga Westiellopsis prolifica Janet isolated from agro-practices areas of Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra State. Morphological studies revealed that, the alga under investigation shows almost all identical characters as described by Desikachary (1959). Biochemical composition showed that soil blue-green alga Westiellopsis prolifica contains 4.70% total nitrogen, 29.37% crude proteins, 5.92 μg/gm Chlorophyll-a on fresh weight basis and 11.5% lipids on dry weight basis.

Keywords: Westiellopsis prolifica, Biochemical composition, Ahmednagar District.


252

0253

AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CELL SUSPENSION

CULTURES IN POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L)

Zahoor Ahmad Sajid and Faheem Aftab Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590, Pakistan.

Cell suspension cultures offer an in vitro system that can be used as a tool for various studies involving mutant

selection, mass propagation, protoplast isolation, gene transfer and selection of resistant lines against various

stresses. Research work on the development of cell suspension cultures was carried out to establish the most

efficient method in Potato (cv. Desiree). A healthy, well-proliferating tissue from different types of callus cultures

(compact, friable, embryogenic or non-embryogenic) was inoculated on different media combinations, i.e., MS, MS2

or AA liquid medium containing 18.09 µM 2, 4-D. A fixed quantity (0.5-1.0 g) of callus tissue from 60-day-old callus

cultures was transferred to 10-25 ml of liquid medium in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. Cultures were placed on an orbital

shaker and agitated at different speeds (75, 100 or 125 rpm) under 16 h photoperiod at 25 ± 2°C. Medium was

changed after every 3 days and fractionated tissue was filtered after every 6 days through sterile mesh (100-800 µm)

to develop a cell line by transferring resulting suspension to fresh medium under the same conditions. Results

indicated that eight-week-old translucent, friable, off-white callus cultures were an excellent starting material for the

initiation of homogeneous cell suspension cultures as compared to other tested sources. Of the three tested media

(MS, MS2 or AA medium containing 18.09 µM 2, 4-D), MS2 was found to be a better medium for the initiation of cell

suspension cultures. Cell suspension cultures, placed in 16-h photoperiod at 25 ± 2°C and agitated at 120 rpm using

a gyratory shaker showed excellent results. It was also observed that filtration through nylon or stainless-steel sieve

(450 µm) helped remove larger cell aggregates that could otherwise clog smaller pore-sized meshes. The cells

collected after sieving through 450 µm mesh proved to be good source material for the efficient establishment of cell

suspension cultures in potato. This efficient method of cell suspension cultures in potato has practical implications in

above-mentioned studies involving potato improvement at larger scale that otherwise are usually hampered due to

lack of appropriate quantities of target tissue.

Keywords: Callus, cell suspensions, growth regulators, potato.


253

0254

SEED GERMINATION INHIBITION MECHANISM BY CRUDE EXTRACT FROM

MARIGOLD

Montinee Teerarak

King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand

An ethanolic extract in wettable powder (WP) from the leaves of marigold (Tagetes spp.) was inhibitory to

germination and seedling growth of slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) The inhibition percentages

on slender amaranth seed germination treated with 500 to 2,000 ppm of marigold leaf extract in WP form

for 7 days was about 0 to 100%, respectively, whereas shoot length was inhibited 25.64 to 100% and root

length was 72.51 to 100% inhibition, respectively. In addition, slender amaranth seeds treated with

marigold leaf extract in WP form for 24 h impeded seed imbibition and α-amylase activity. The further

experiment was determined the effects of marigold leaf extract in WP form either alone or combined with

gibberellic acid (GA3) on seed germination and seedling growth. Externally applied GA3 relieved the effects

of marigold leaf extract in WP form by increase in seed germination of slender amaranth seeds. Externally

applied GA3 may compensate the loss of the endogenous GA indicate that the inhibition of seed

germination induced with marigold leaf extract involved in block of GA synthesis.

Key words: allelopathy, α-amylase activity, gibberellic acid, marigold, seed imbibition, slender amaranth,


254

0255

IN VIVO TOLERANCE OF NEMATICIDE DASANIT BY SPERMOSPHERE MYCOFLORA

OF GROUNDNUT C.V.SB-11

RAMLING SALER

KTHM college, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Use of pesticides has become an integral and economically essential part of agriculture when resistance

against a pathogen in a variety fails. Many pesticides are directly introduced into agricultural lands for

management of soil borne diseases. Some part of the pesticides compounds administered as spray or

dusts ultimately reaches into the soil as run off or drifts and thus influences the microbial balance of soil.

There fore, the study of tolerance of pesticides by micro-organisms has got much practical importance in

maintaining the survival of saprophytic micro flora in soil. In order to understand tolerance of Dasanit

present study under taken. Dasanit (Nematicide) is generally used in the management of Root-knot

nematode diseases of groundnut. Dasanit was used and tolerance was studied by serial soil dilution plate

count technique. Altogether 49 fungal species were recorded. Only 12 and 11 species of the fungi were

observed in the spermosphere and the soil respectively due to Dasanit treatment. Interesting results were

obtained due the application of Dasanit. Some fungi were stimulated and some eliminated from

spermosphere (Sp) and soil(S).

Key words: Spermosphere, Fungi, Dasanit.


255

0256

ASSESSMENT OF INDOLE ACETIC ACID POTENTIAL OF PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS S. Parmar1, K. Singh2

1Department of Bioinformatics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, 2Department of Bioinformatics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Background: Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhance plant growth directly by production of plant growth hormone eg Auxins (indole acetic acid), Gibberellins, Cytokinines, Abscisic acids and Ethylene , by solubilization of phosphorus and by nitrogen fixation. Indirectly by acting as biocontrol agent by producing secondary metabolites such as siderophore, antibiotics, HCN, enzymes (Protease, Chitinase etc). Species of Pseudomonas are mainly found in rhizosphere of many crops, act as PGPR and can be use as biofertilizer. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the Indole acetic acid (IAA) potential of P. fluorescens, influence of tryptophan concentration on IAA production and its effect on root elongation of wheat seedling.

Method: In this study rhizospheric soil of wheat, maize and potato crops were collected from different districts of Madhya Pradesh, India and fluorescent Pseudomonas were isolated. Effect of different concentration of tryptophan (0, 50, 250, 500 µgµl-1) on IAA production was determined. in vitro studies were also undertaken to assess the effect of the P. fluorescens isolates on root elongation.

Result: 25 fluorescent Pseudomonas were isolated from rhizospheric region of soil out of which 20 isolates were confirmed as P.fluorescens. Out of 20 P. fluorescens strain 7 showed IAA production in the absence tryptophan. All 7 isolates showed IAA production ability in different concentration of tryptophan (0, 50, 250, 500 µgµl-1). When tryptophan concentration increases from 0 to 500 µgµl-1 there is abrupt increased in IAA production by the P. fluorescens strains. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis also confirmed that there was a production of IAA. Inoculation of 7 isolates with wheat seedling significantly enhanced root length as compared to control at different concentration of tryptophan.

Conclusion: It is concluded that P. fluorescens showed variation in their IAA production ability. P. fluorescens strain I3 was the most active strain produced maximum IAA and increased more root length than other strains at different concentration of tryptophan. Further research should be continued with such efficient isolate and their inoculation effect on the plant growth in pot and field condition to be studied.

Key words: Auxin; Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria; Thin Layer Chromatography; Wheat


256

0257

ADDITION TO THE MYXOMYCETES FLORA OF INDIA

Deelip Jadhav, Shankar Nanir

GMD Arts BW Commerce and Science College, Sinnar, Maharashtra, India

The Genus Diderma Pers. is represented by over about 57 species from the world. Up till now about 29

species have been described from the Indian flora and about 11 species .from the state of Maharashtra. In

the present paper 2 species are being described and illustrated from the region of north eastern ranges of

western Ghat and constitute the addition to the list of myxomycetes flora of India. Viz. Diderma globosum

pers. and Diderma subdictyospermum. (Rost.) Lister. Both species are being first report from Maharashtra

and investigated area.

Key Words-Fungi, Myxomycetes, Diderma.


257

0258

EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF ALTERNARIA

ALTERNATA (FR) KEISSLER A POTENTIOAL PATHOGEN OF ONION (ALLIUM CEPA

L)

Dilip Nikumbh, Ramling Saler

Art, Science and Commerce College, Deolali Camp College, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Alternaria alternata (Fr) Keissler was a potential pathogen of Onion, was isolated from diseased onion

leaves from Nashik district and used for the present study. Pathogen was grown on the czapek-Dox liquid

medium substituting or adding different carbon, nitrogen, amino acids and vitamin sources to study

biomass production. The growth as dry mycelial biomass was observed on the 8th day of incubation period.

A grate extent of growth variation was observed on different carbon, nitrogen, amino acid and vitamins.

Among the carbon source, xylose shows maximum biomass while sucrose with minimum biomass. From

nitrogen source ammonium ferrous sulfate shows maximum and sodium nitrate with minimum biomass was

recorded. Among the amino acids serine with maximum and minimum on Argenine. Riboflavin, Ascorbic

acid and Thiamine have more favorable effect on the biomass production.

Key Words : Alternaria alternata, Biomass, Onion, Pathogen.


258

0259

ANALYSIS OF INDUCED RESISTANCE PROTEINS IN GG20 VARIETY OF ARACHIS

HYPOGAEA L. AGAINST ASPERGILLUS NIGER

Ravi Patel, Vasudev Thakkar

B R D School of Bio Sciencies, Vidyanagar – 388 120, India

Fungal diseases of groundnut reduce yield, affect quality, and increase the cost of production. A. niger is

responsible for 5% to 40% loss in yield in Peanut. Growth and resistance parameters were compared

between two varieties of Arachis hypogaea, GG2 and GG 20 after A. niger infection to find out the

mechanism of resistance. In bioassay of A. niger infection to seeds of groundnut varieties, disease

incidence was found to occur higher in GG 2 variety than in GG20, although the germination percentage

and vigour index were found to decrease in both the varieties. Total phenol, PAL, Glucanase, Chitinase,

Lox activities and JA levels were found to increase due to A. niger infection in both the varieties, however

their induction was higher in GG 20 variety than in GG 2 variety, suggesting GG 20 to be more tolerant

variety. Peroxidase activity was found to induce higher in GG 2 variety, suggesting higher lignifications in

GG 2 variety. Comparison of the protein profile of the two varieties revealed the differential resistance

proteins. Two of the proteins identified were ß 1, 3 Glucanase (38 Kd) and chitinase (20 Kd). One protein of

19 Kd was also found, which could be Ah PR 10 antifungal protein or thaumatin like protein (PR 5). Two

novel induced proteins of 92 Kd and 134 Kd were found to be involved in resistance mechanism, of which

92 Kd protein was induced within one hr of infection of A. niger and 134 Kd protein was induced after 72

hrs of infection.

Key words: Arachis hypogaea, Aspergillus niger, PR proteins, Induced resiatnce


259

0260

ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF VISAPUR LAKE IN SHRIGONDA TALUKA OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT (M.S.), INDIA.

Gore A.B.

Head, Department of Botany, Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Shrigonda-413701, Dist. Ahmednagar.

Regional ecological studies are very important. It can be acheived by intensive exploration of smaller areas. It gives

information about climate, rainfall, temperature and biololgical diversity. Visapur Lake was constructed on Hanga River

at Visapur in June 1927 as a source of irrigation and drinking water. The lake is located nearly at the south western

region of the Balaghat plateau of Western ghat. The location of Visapur Lake is 180. 50’North to 180 .55’ North latitude

and 740. 35’ East to 740. 40’ East longitude southern part of Ahmednagar district. It has an elevation of about 630

meters above the mean sea level. The bank of catchment area 150 square miles is made of rocky undulating terrain.

The lake has 84 feet depth with capacity of 1136 million cubic feet water. It remains filling with water due to inflow of

water from monsoon as well as Kukadi irrigation canal. The average rainfall in this area was about 450 mm. The

temperature ranged between 120 C to 420 C. Because of continuous availability of water in lake; the area became

habitat of many aquatic plants and animals. Several types of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fishes, aquatic and marginal

hydrophytes, marginal trees were found abundantly.

The present paper includes the record of algal diversity during the study period January 2005 to December 2007. The

algal diversity in Visapur Lake showed marked difference in the composition and distribution of various algal groups.

The total number of algal species recorded at four stations selected was one hundred twenty two. The members of

Chlorophyceae, Cynanophyceae and Bacillariophyeae formed the bulk of algal population. The algal species reported

are the members of Chlorophyceae, Cynanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Charophyceae and

Dinophyceae. During study period seventeen aquatic and marginal hydrophytes were also reported.

Key words: Visapur Lake aquatics.


260

0261

BERGENIN DETERMINATION IN DIFFERENT EXTRACTS BY HPTLC-DENSITOMETRY

Masood Khan, Mhaveer Singh, Sayeed Ahmad, Wasim Ahmad

Bergenin determination in different extracts by HPTLC-densitometry Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory,

Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard Uni,

New Delhi, India

Bergenin is an active secondary metabolite, found in Bergenia ligulata. family Saxifragaceae, which is an

important medicinal plant used in traditional system of medicine. It is distributed throughout South and East

Asia and some European countries usually growing on high altitude in the Himalayan region and known as

Pashanbhed (meaning ‘to break the stone’). The rhizome of Bergenia ligulata has been used since long

time in different traditional formulations for kidney and liver disorders. Due to its exhaustive use in

traditional system, it is commonly adulterated with the rhizome of other plants hence there is an urgent

need for its authentication using some chemical marker.

A sensitive high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for

estimation of berginin in different extracts of B. ligulata and traditional formulation. Precoated HPTLC silica

gel plates were used as stationary phase and chloroform: methanol: acetic acid (8:1:1 v/v/v) was used as

mobile phase. The Rf value of bergenin was found as 0.28 ± 0.03. Detection and quantification were

performed by densitometry at 276 nm. The calibration plot was linear in the range of 200-5000 ng of

bergenin with the correlation coefficient (r2) 0.999, which confirms good linearity. The developed HPTLC

method was validated as per the ICH guidelines and found simple, selective, economic and accurate for the

analysis of bergenin. The method can be applied for quality control and standardization of B. ligulata and its

traditional formulations as well as for checking their purity and authenticity.


261

0262

MERCURY UPTAKE IN CELL WALLS AND PROTOPLASTS OF WATER HYACINTH

[EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (MART.) SOLMS.] LEAVES

Juliana Janet M. Puzon1 and Joseph John S. Sanchez2

Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. plants were grown in Hoagland’s solution with 0.00 ppm (control), 0.10 ppm and

1.00 ppm Hg(NO3)2 for three days. Cell walls and protoplasts were isolated from the leaves of both control and Hg-

treated plants.

The results of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES) analysis of the mercury

contents established the presence of mercury in both leaf protoplasts and cell walls of mercury-treated E. crassipes

plants. The increased sulfur levels detected also through ICP-AES in the leaf protoplasts of mercury-treated plants

demonstrated that the sulfur-containing biomolecules may be involved in chelation, sequestration, and detoxification

of mercury. Moreover, the gel filtration fractions obtained from the leaves showed a significant increase in protein

content, sulfur-metal complexes and thiol-containing substances in the presence of mercury. Further, the results

obtained from the dialysis set-up showed that mercury uptake in isolated protoplasts was not affected by the leaf’s

developmental stage. The set-up also showed the ability of isolated cell walls to uptake mercury through biosorption.

The enhanced production of thiol-containing, heavy metal-binding biomolecules, as well as cell wall and protoplast

uptake in the leaves constitute the biochemical and cellular mechanisms which bring about mercury tolerance and

homeostasis in E. crassipes. These findings reinforce that E. crassipes is a mercury accumulator and a potentially

effective phytoremediator of mercury.

Key words: Eichhornia crassipes; mercury; mercury-binding thiols; phytoremediator; ICP-AES; cell wall; protoplast


262

0263

MARKER-ASSISTED SLECTION OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT GLUTENIN ALLELES IN INDIAN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) CULTIVARS AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH BREAD LOAF VOLUME

Umesh Goutam1,2, Ratan Tiwari2, Ashok Chaudhury3, R K Gupta2, Sarvjeet Kukreja1,

1Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, 2Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal, Haryana, India, 3Guru jambheshwar University of Sci & Tech, Hisar, Haryana, India

Glutenins are polymeric proteins and composed of high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin subunits. High molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) plays a key role in determining bread making quality (BMQ). The HMW-GS encoded by Glu-1 loci (GluA1, GluB1 and GluD1) are highly polymorphic. Thus it is very important to identify the alleles at Glu-1 loci for all three genomes for wheat quality improvement. In the present study, Sixty two spring wheat cultivars from five major wheat cultivating agro-climatic zones of India viz., North Western Plains Zone (NWPZ), North Eastern Plains Zone (NEPZ), North Hill Zone (NHZ) Peninsular Zone (PZ) and Central Zone (CZ) were used to investigate the allelic variations for HMW-GS subunits using PCR-based DNA markers. In total, two alleles (Ax2, Ax1 or Axnull) at Glu-A1, three 4 allele/allelic pairs (Bx7, Bx7+By8, Bx7+By9, Bx17+By18) at Glu-B1 and two allelic pairs (Dx2+Dy12 and Dx5+Dy10) at Glu-D1 were identified using diagnostic DNA markers. Allele or allelic pair Ax2 (66%) at Glu-A1, Bx7+By9 (30%) at Glu-B1 and Dx2+Dy12 (58%) at Glu-D1 were present most frequently in wheat genotypes tested. The effect of interaction of HMW-glutenin allelic combination on Bread loaf volume (BLV) was also analyzed. The allelic combination Ax2, Bx17+By18 and Dx5+Dy10 exhibited highest bread loaf volume in comparison to other combinations. The marker set used here represents a useful alternative for screening of HMW-glutenin allele (s) for improvement of BMQ in Indian wheat genotypes, without the requirement of SDS-PAGE.


263

0264

BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKER STUDIES OF POLYPHENOL OXIDASE (PPO) GENES IN INDIAN WHEAT CULTIVARS

Sarvjeet Kukreja0,1, Kumari Nidhi1, Umesh Goutam1, Aakash Goyal2

1Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, 22Bayer Crop Science, Downey Road Saskatoon, SK S7N 4N1, Canada

Quality parameters, such as wheat’s physical properties, flour protein and grain color is correlated with grain Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. PPO activity causes undesirable browning and discolouration of products manufactured from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during processing or storage. The enzyme activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in grain has been related to time dependant discoloration of wheat based end products such as noodles and pasta, leads to low consumer acceptability. In the present study, 32 Indian wheat genotypes were analyzed for phenol color reaction and total polyphenolic content using biochemical assays. Phenol color reaction using 1% phenol was used as a preliminary test .The results revealed that kernel of 18% wheat genotypes showed weak color reaction .The highest total polyphenol content was found in the extract of bread wheat genotype BW-9105 and lowest in durum wheat genotype PDW-291 with 36.7 and 9.95 mg/g GAE of whole grain flour, respectively. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were obtained among the tested wheat genotypes for total polyphenolic content. Validation of STS markers for PPO activity in bread wheat genotypes was also done. Wheat kernel PPO activity is mainly contributed by the genes (Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 genes), located on homeologus chromosomes 2AL and 2DL, respectively. The Ppo-A1a allele (high PPO activity) on chromosome 2A has predominant distribution in wheat cultivars with a frequency of 78% and Ppo-D1b allele (high PPO activity) on chromosome 2D with a frequency of 62%.


264

0265

SIMPLE, FAST EXTRACTION AND SIMULTANEOUS HPTLC QUANTIFICATION OF

SOLAMARGINE AND SOLASONINE IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF SOLANUMINCANUM

AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF PLANT GROWTH

Elsadig A. Eltayeb1, Sana S. Al Sinani1, Kamal Y. T.2, Sayeed Ahmad2

1Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, PC 123, Muscat,

Sultanate of Oman.; 2Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University,

Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India-110062;

Introduction: In addition to several traditional medicinal importance of Solanumincanum (thorn apple) is also a rich source of important cytotoxic glycoalkaloids like solamargine and solasonine. There are various reports on multi-step extraction and tedious, un-economic, time taking quantification, which needs to be simplified to get maximum recovery.

Method: A very fast and simple extraction method was developed and optimised to get maximum recovery of glycoalkaloids using mixture of chloroform and methanol by sonication, in one step. Similarly, fast, simple and economic analysis of solamargine and solasonine was carried out in Solanum incanum samples at different stages of plant growth using developed and validated HPTLC method.

Results and discussion: The solamargine and solasonine produced well separated compact bands at Rf values 0.30 and 0.15, respectively on silica gel HPTLC plate using chloroform: methanol: 5% ammonia (7: 3: 0.5) after visualization using anisaldehyde sulphuric acid reagent. The chromatograms were scanned at 530 nm wavelength in absorbance mode and simultaneous method was found linear (r2 = 0.99) in concentration range of 50 – 2500 ng/ spot for both the drugs. The proposed method was also validated as per ICH guidelines and found precise, accurate, specific, robust and sensitive enough to carry out analysis of very minute quantity of solamargine and solasonine in complex extracts. The method was applied for analysis in small, young, immature and mature leaves with stem and root parts up to 40th week of plant growth period, which showed rich concentration of glycoalkaloids with large variation at different stages of plant development.


265

0266

ALLEVIATION OF SALT STRESS IN SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L. BY EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF IAA AND TRYPTOPHAN

Maria Gul and Faheem Aftab

Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Q. A. Campus, Lahore-54590, Pakistan.

Salinity is a major abiotic stress factor that limits crop production and is an ever-present threat to agricultural sustainability and world’s food security. Plant Hormones are known to play critical role in regulating plant response to stress. The present study was aimed at alleviation of salt stress as well as growth response of Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Cardinal by exogenous application of Indoleacetic acid (IAA) and its precursor L-tryptophan under in vitro conditions. In vitro-grown potato plants were used as source material for nodal explants. Salt stress was imposed by four NaCl (0, 40, 60 or 80 mM) concentrations. Two modes of application were tested, i.e., direct incorporation or supplementation of IAA (17.142, 22.875 or 28.570 μM) to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with non-pretreated nodal explants or medium containing above-mentioned salt levels with 24 h pretreated nodal explants. L-tryptophan (0, 1, 5 or 15 μM), on the other hand was supplemented only directly into the medium. Results were recorded for morphological (shoot/root length, number of shoots/roots and nodes and fresh weight) and biochemical parameters (soluble proteins, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities) after 30 day of salt and hormone treatment. Salinity caused significant reduction in all growth parameters except for number of shoots as well as in all biochemical attributes. Exogenously-applied IAA and L- tryptophan alleviated these harmful effects of salinity by enhancing potato growth, protein content and activities of antioxidant enzymes in normal as well as NaCl-stressed plants. Direct incorporation of IAA into the medium was found to be a better approach as compared to its pretreatment to the nodal explants. The study led to interesting data that is detailed and discussed in the light of current knowledge in this field of research.

Key words: Abiotic stress, antioxidant enzymes, IAA, potato, proteins, tryptophan.


266

0267

METABOLITE FINGERPRINT PROFILE OF SAFOOF-E-PATHAR PHORI – A

HERBOMINERAL UNANI ANTIUROLITHIATIC FORMULATION

Wasim Ahmad1, S. M. Arif Zaidi2, Sayeed Ahmad1

1Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of

Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University),, New Delhi, India, 2Department of Surgery, Faculty of

Medicine, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University),, New Delhi, India

Safoof-e-Pathar phori is a Unani poly herbo-mineral formulation and has been used in Unani system of

medicine for its antiurolithiatic activity. It is a powdered formulation, which contains six different

plant/mineral constituents: Pathar phori (Didymocarpous pedicellata), kulthi (Dolichous biflorus), revand

chini (Rheum emodi), namak turb (Raphanus sativus), jawakhar (Potassium carbo-nate) and shora qalmi

(Potassium nitrate). The metabolite finger printing profile of Safoof-e-Pathar phori was developed by GC-

MS using 30 m x 250 μm x 0.25 μm HP-5MS capillary column. Characterization of the individual

components present was performed with the use of a mass spectrometry (MS) library-Wiley/ NIST. Overall

45 components were identified from Safoof-e-Pathar phori. Among which 3-[2-(2-p-tolyl-thiazol-4-methyl)-

thiazol-4-Yl]-chromen-2-one, hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, palmitic acid, propanedioic acid, 2-

(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-5,6-dimethylbenzo [b] furan, methyl linoleate, 2,3-diacetyl-6-methyl-4,5-

diphenyl-o-diacylbenzole and 4,8-cis-8b,8c-cis-2,2,4,6,6,8-hexa methylperhydro-3a,4a,7a,8a-tetraaz

acyclope were found most abundant. The GC-MS metabolite profiling provide a platform for the

establishment of quality of single and multi component herbal formulations.

Keywords: Safoof-e-Pathar phori, Metabolite fingerprint, Antiurolithiatic, Herbomineral formulation, GC-MS.


267

0268

ALTERATION IN THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS OF MERCURY-EXPOSED

WATER HYACINTH [EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (MART.) SOLMS.]

Juliana Janet M. Puzon1 & Joseph John S. Sanchez2

Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. plants were grown in Hoagland’s solution with 0.00 ppm (control), 0.10 ppm and

1.00 ppm Hg(NO3)2 for three days. The photosynthetic pigment extracts exhibited marked increases in chlorophyll a,

chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids in mercury-exposed plants. The absorption spectra of the pigment

extracts, recorded from 400 to 700 nm

The increased synthesis of photosynthetic pigments serves as a defense mechanism against mercury toxicity. The

short duration of mercury exposure indicates the fast rate of pigment synthesis during the initial stage of heavy metal

stress. There was an increase in the ratio of chlorophyll a and b in mercury-exposed leaves. Although both

chlorophylls increased in mercury-exposed plants, there was a higher increase of chlorophyll a than b.

Key words: photosynthetic pigments; chlorophylls; carotenoids; mercury; Eichhornia crassipes;


268

0269

DIVERSITY OF BACTERIAL FUNA FROM GUT OF HELIOCOPRIS BUCEPHALUS(

COLEOPTERA: SCARABEIDAE)

Ashok Desai

Zoology Research Centre, P.G.Department of Zoology, K.T.H.M.College, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Heliocopris bucephalus L is a most important detritus organic feeder therefore it is playing important role

in carbon cycling in the environment as converting decaying material into biofuel. Hence, bacterial diversity

were studied from the dung beetle, Heliocopris bucephalus to show symbiotic relationship. The analysis of

gut bactria revealed the presence of 1-genus and 8 -species of bacteria viz. Acidiphilium rubrum,

Acetobacterium, Micrococcus varians, Micrococcus kristinae, Micrococcus roseus, Micrococcus lylae,

Citrobacter amalonacticus, Corynebacterium xerosis and Bacillus fermentas. All the species and genera

were confirmed by observing their colony morphology and various biochemical tests. Thus, the gut bacterial

fauna of Heliocopris bucephalus shows greater diverse communities which might be providing resistance to

invasion of pathogenic bacteria.

Key Words: Heliocopris bucephalus , Midgut, Bacterial diversity.


269

0270

CARBON STOCK DISTRIBUTION IN THE STANDING SHADE TREES OF COFFEE

AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM

Deva kumar, AS. Manjunath , M. Devagiri, GM., Kushalappa, CG. ∆Phillip Vaast

College of Forestry, UAS, Bangalore, Department of Forestry & Environmental Sciences, University of

Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore- 560 065, India. ∆CAFNET General Co-ordinator, CIRAD, Montpellier,

France.

Climate change is one of the major threats being addressed globally. One of the major causes for climate change is land use and land use changes, specially the conversion and or degradation of forests ecosystems. Because forests are one of the major carbon sinks which is undergoing drastic changes to accommodate developmental changes in most developing countries in tropics. Therefore any alternate land use systems that can facilitate carbon sequestration would help towards climate mitigation. Under the above circumstances, Agroforestry land use system is gaining considerable attention. Coffee agroforestry system in India is one such potential and unique land use system where highly diverse tree species are used as shade trees in coffee plantations. Trees being perennial, it is sure to provide two major ecosystem services namely; carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. In the present study we compared the contribution of multiple shade tree species against plantations using Grevellia robusta predominantly as shade trees in carbon stocking ability and various factors that may influence the biomass accumulation in the above ground portion of the tree. Study was conducted in Coffee plantations of Kodagu district that lies in Western Ghats of India, which is one of the global hot spots of biodiversity. Twenty one plantations from two distinct vegetation types namely; Evergreen (EG) and Moist deciduous (MD) types were used for this study. Nine plantations under EG and five plantations under MD vegetation types were selected which had both native trees (Native plots) as shade trees as well as predominantly with Grevellia robusta (Exotic plot) as shade trees. Total of 79 plots of 20X20 m were laid, of which 50 were laid in EG and 29 in MD vegetation type. Total of 1150 trees were measured of which 707 were from native tree species and 443 were of Grevellia robusta. Native tree species recorded higher biomass (188.8 and 98.41 t/ha) compared to Grevellia robusta (57.01 and 52.62t/ha) under both EG & MD vegetation types. Tree density of shade trees was 380 and 315 per hectare under EG and MD in native plots as against 387 and 418 in Exotic plots respectively. In native trees most of biomass contribution came from higher girth class, while in exotic plots trees with >90 cm GBH were absent. Though tree density was less in native plots compared to Exotic, higher GBH and higher wood specific gravity have contributed for higher biomass, in turn higher carbon stocking in native tree species across the vegetation type. The number of tree species recorded in EG and MD were 94 and 61 species with Shannon diversity index of 3.74 and 3.25 respectively. Hence, results suggests that Coffee agroforestry system is a potential land use system which acts as a carbon sink as well as in conserving biodiversity.

Key words: Climate Change, Carbon sequestration, Coffee plantation, Biodiversity conservation,


270

0271

EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF BGA EXTRACT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF

CHILLI ( COSPIUM ANNUUM L. ) VAR. PHULE JYOTI.

G.Y.Rohokale1, A.R. Abhang2, and S.D. Pingle3

1 and 2 . : Arts, Science and Commerce College, Rahuri., Maharashtra - India; 3. : K.J.S. College, Kopargaon.,

Maharashtra - India

Investigation to study the effect of Blue green algal extract, Biforce, Amruta and Recommended dose on the growth

and yield of Chilli cultivar Phule Jyoti. The experiment was carried out on farmers field at Yeole Akhada village in

Rahuri Tehshil of Ahmednagar District. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design ( RBD ) with

replications. In all eight treatments ( T1- Nostoc calcicola extract, T2 – Lyngbya majuscule extract, T3 – Scytonema

millei extract, T4- Oscillatoria subbrevis extract, T5 – Bioforce, T6 – Amruta ( 19:19:19 ), T7- Recommended dose

(NPK) and T8-Control ) were applied through foliage at pre flowering , flowering and post flowering stage. The result

of experimentation revealed that applications of Nostoc calcicola and Scytonema millei extract recorded highest plant

height, number of branches and leaves, plant spread, days of flower initiation, days required for 50% flowering,

length of fruits, diameter of fruits, number and weight of fruits per plant and yield of crops ( 171.00 q / ha. ) as

compared to the commercial fertilizers. The un spread ( control ) recorded lowest plant growth and crop yield (

116.90 q / ha ). Among the treatments foliar application of blue green algal extract was proves to be an efficient

alternative to the conventional chemical fertilizers.

Keywords : BGA, RBD, Biofertilizers, extract, Chilli.


271

0272

STUDY OF SALINITY EFFECTS ON SOME VEGETATIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL

PARAMETERS IN LENTIL (LENS CULINARIS L.) GENOTYPES

Ali Saadeghiazar1, Shahab Madah Hoseini2, Asghar Rahimi2, Aliakbar Mohamadi Mirik2

1: Former MsC student, Agronomy &Plant Breeding Dept. Agriculture Faculty, Vali-e-asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran; 2: Assistant Professor, Agronomy &Plant Breeding Dept. Agriculture Faculty, Vali-e-asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran

In order to investigate the effects of salinity on some growth parameter of lentil (Lens culinaris L.)

genotypes, a glasshouse study was conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, University of Vali-e-asr, Rafsanjan,

Iran. Experiment was arranged as factorial combination of three levels of salinity and nine levels of

genotypes with three replications. Salinity levels were applied to three leaflet seedlings by dissolving certain

amounts of NaCl in distilled water to induce electrical conductivity as zero, four and seven ds.m-1.

Genotypes consisted of two local cultivars (Gachsaran and Kimia) and seven accessions provided from

Iranian Institute of Seedling and Seed Improvement. Results showed that salinity significantly reduced

shoot dry mass , however there was no significant difference between EC=4 and EC=7. Same pattern was

observed for leaf area per plant. Considerable genotypic variation was observed among genotypes. On the

other hand, there was no significant correlation between leaf area per plant and shoot dry mass, indicating

salinity tolerance does not necessarily accompanied with higher photosynthesis surface. Leaf prolin content

significantly increased only in the case of EC=7. However there was no significant correlation between

shoot dry mass and prolin content. Relative water contents of leaves significantly reduced with increasing

salinity levels. Interestingly, shoot dry mass correlated well with RWC, suggesting that this parameter will

be a good criterion to asses lentil varieties tolerance to salinity especially in seedling period.

Keywords: Lentil, Leaf area, Prolin, RWC, Salinity


272

0273

THE EFFECT OF SEED PRIMING WITH HUMIC ACID ON GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD

COMPONENTS OF TWO WHEAT CULTIVARS (TRITICUM AESTIVUM)

H. R. khazaei1 , S. Sabzevari2, R. Sasani3.

Associate Professor., Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad .,2PhD. Student Dept. of Agronomy,

Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad;, 3 Msc. Dept of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad

Higher wheat through growth enhances and yield componant improvement is very important. Humic acid as an

organic acid improves nutrient absorption effect on yield. In order to evaluate the effects of different levels of humic

acid on shoot and yield of wheat, an experiment was conducted in 2008 at research greenhouse of Faculty of

Agriculture, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad. A randomized completely block design with three replications was used

with factorial combination of humic acid concentration (0, 100, 200, 300) and wheat cultivars (Chamran and Pishtaz)

in soil culture. Seeds were soaked with humic acid concentrations before planting. Results showed that humic acid

significantly increased spike number, number of seed in spike and seed weight. Also chlorophyll content and height

of plants were enhanced by application of humic acid. Maximum yield was obtained 100 mg/l humic acid and Pishtaz

had more yield than Chamran. Interaction effect between humic acid and cultivars was not significant in evaluated

traits except spike length as 100 mg/l concentration of humic acid resulted longer spikes in Pishtaz. Humic acid was

effective on number of prolific spikes as maximum and minimum of this trait was obtained at 100mg/l concentration of

humic acid and at control respectively.

Keywords: Humic acid, Wheat, Yield.


273

0274

SLT2 GENE IS RESPONSIBLE IN IN FUNGAL VIRULENCE AND MORPHOGENESIS IN SATSUMA PATHOTYPE OF ALTERNARIA ALTERNATA Jonar I. Yago1 and Kuan-Ren Chung2

1Plant Science Department, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines;2Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA The study determined the function of a yeast SLT2 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue

(AaSLT2) in Satsuma pathotype of Alternaria alternata, the fungal pathogen of citrus. The results proved

that AaSLT2 is involved in fungal virulence and morphogenesis. Mutants of A. alternata slt2 exhibited

hypersensitivity to cell wall-degrading enzymes and chemicals such as Calcofluor white and Congo red as

well as to a heteroaromatic compound, 2-chloro-5-hydroxypyridine, and a plant growth regulator, 2,3,5-

triiodobenzoic acid. AaSLT2 gene concluded in this study that it is really involved in conidial formation and

hyphal elongation. The mutants produced fewer but slightly larger conidia with less transverse septae

compared to the wild type. The mutants also accumulated lower levels of melanin and chitin. Unlike the

wild-type progenitor, the A. alternata slt2 mutants produced globose, swollen hyphae that did not elongate

in a straight radial direction. All defective phenotypes in the mutant were restored by transformation and

expression of a wild-type copy of AaSLT2 under the control of its endogenous promoter. This study

highlights an important role of the AaSLT2 gene regulating diverse physiological, developmental and

pathological functions, in the Satsuma pathotype of A. alternata.

Keywords: SLT2 gene, pathotype, Alternaria alternata, Satsuma, gene regulation


274

0275

IMPACT OF HEAVY METAL AND PESTICIDE RESIDUE ON HUMAN HEALTH IN

GREEN ERA

Nadeem A. Siddique, Mohd Mujeeb, Deepak Sharma

Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India

The chemical constituent in plants including metal ions, are particularly responsible for medicinal and

nutritional properties and as well as toxicity. By accumulating metal in plants can transfer heavy metal

pollutants from soils in to food chain and this accumulation is one of the most serious environmental

concern of the present day, not only because of the phytotoxicity of many of the potential harmful effect

that toxic metals could have on animal and human health. Men, animals and plants through air, water and

food take up these metals from the environment. Medicinal plants which are the raw material for many of

the herbal formulations and popular nutrients supplements are sold all over the country. Effect of toxic

metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, etc) on human health and their interaction with essential trace elements may

produce serious consequences. Environmental impact of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Hg and As, as well

as their health effects has been the source of the major concern.

Herbal formulations are getting popular throughout the world and commercialized extensively for various

medicinal properties. WHO has emphasized the need for quality assurance of herbal products, including

testing of heavy metals and pesticides residues. Therefore, in the present case, we have examined

medicinal plants viz. Mucuna pruriens, Portulaca oleracea and Delphinium denudatum respectivly. The

present studies were selected for estimation of heavy metals namely arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury.

Apart from these, pesticide residue viz. organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, and

pyrethroids were analyzed in the samples of crude drugs. The study will be helpful for public awareness

about the use of such medicinal plants for various types of diseases having high concern of heavy metals

and which may create problems in the long run.

Key words: Mucuna pruriens, Portulaca oleracea, Delphinium denudatum, Heavy metal, Pesticide residue


275

0276

DEVELOPMENT OF QUALITY STANDARDS OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATION

(LAOOQ-E- KATAN)

Deepak Sharma1, Mohd Mujeeb1, Mohd Akhtar1, Khalid Mehmood Siddique0,2, Mohd Aqil1

1Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India, 2CCRUM, New Delhi, India

The plants are recognized as a major resource for mankind from the ancient time. Plants are used as food

material, in cosmetics and mostly in health care system. From human civilization up to date plants are

primary resources of medicines. Different civilizations used plants in various ways for medicinal purposes.

Traditional systems of medicine particularly Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Nauturopathy, Chinese system of

medicine, Europian system of medicine, Homeopathy etc.Development of quality standards is an essential

measurement for ensuring the quality control of the herbal drugs. The present work was an attempt to

develop quality standards of Laooq-e- Katan a traditional Unani formulation, used for the treatment of

cough, cold, sinusitis and fever. The formulation was prepared according to the Unani formulary method

and used for the study. The formulation was subjected to organoleptic, Physico-chemical, preliminary

phytochemical and HPTLC studies to fix the quality standards of the drug. The results obtained may be

considered as tools for assistance to the regulatory authorities, scientific organizations and manufacturers

for developing standards.

Key words: Polyherbal formulation, Quality standards, HPTLC


276

0277

MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF CUZN-SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE IN PRASINOPHYTE

AND STREPTOPHYTE ALGAE

Sumio Kanematsu

Minami-Kyushu University, Miyazaki, Japan

Upon the appearance of organisms on the earth's terrestrial surface from water during the course of

evolution, it was a prerequisite for an ancestor of land plants to reinforce the ability to prevent harmful

action of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because the terrestrial environment, compared to the aquatic

environment, would result in many oxidative stresses such as dehydration, ultraviolet irradiation and high

intensity of light, which produce much ROS including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and

singlet oxygen.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalyzes the disproportionation reaction of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide

and molecular oxygen, and plays a role in protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by ROS. SOD is

a metalloenzyme and consists of four isozymes, i.e. CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD, Fe-SOD and Ni-SOD. In plants,

CuZn-SOD consists of chloroplastic and cytosolic isoforms. Mn-SOD is a mitochondrial enzyme, whereas

Fe-SOD, a homologous protein of Mn-SOD, is a chloroplastic enzyme. Ni-SOD has not been found in

plants. To elucidate the adaptation of plants to the changing oxidative stress during the course of evolution,

we examined the molecular evolution of SODs by cloning their genes from several streptophyte algae

including Spirogyra and land plants (the moss Pogonatum inflexum and the fern Equisetum arvense) as

well as by using available databases of prasinophyte algal genes.

The cloned Spirogyra CuZn-SOD gene encoded for chloroplastic isoform, and showed a high homology in

amino acid sequence with that of the prasinophyte alga Ostreococcus lucimarinus. However, their exon-

intron structures were completely different each other, showing their different lineage. Except the first

intron, the remaining exon-intron structure of the Spirogyra gene was identical with those of land plants,

indicating a closer evolutionary relationship in the lineage of streptophyte plant. Sequence data of algal

cytosolic CuZn-SOD is not available except a partial EST obtained from a streptophytes, Mesostigma

viride. It was shown that CuZn-SOD in this organism was found to belong to cytosolic type similar to those

of land plants. Phylogenetic analyses of Spirogyra chloroplastic CuZn-SOD gene with available sequence

data of prasinophyte and streptophyte algae showed a sister-group relationship between chloroplastic and

cytosolic SOD genes, suggesting that the divergence of both genes from an ancestor occurred prior to the

appearance of streptophyte algae from chlorophyte algae.

Key words: molecular evolution, Spirogyra, streptophytes, superoxide dismutase


277

0278

SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM COTYLEDONS OF

HETEROPHRAGMA ADENOPHYLLUM (WALL. EX G. DON) SEEM. EX BENTH.

& HOOK. F.): AN IMPORTANT MEDICINAL AND ORNAMENTAL TREE

Muhammad Akram, Faheem Aftab

Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Punjab, Pakistan

Somatic embryogenesis has become a major tool in plant cell culture studies of various tree species of

economic importance. Heterophragma adenophyllum, belonging to Bignoniaceae family is one such plant

having both ornamental as well as medicinal significance. Generally propagated through seeds, a major

constraint is poor seed germination and low rooting potential of cuttings. Thus multiplication of this species

through in vitro means is of great importance. In this study, cotyledons were excised from axenic seedlings

and cultured on MS medium supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ; N-phenyl N’ 1, 2, 3-thidiazol-5-yl urea) or

N6-Benzyladenine (BA) in combination either with indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)

or 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) for callus induction. Highest (75 %) callus induction was

obtained at 2 µM BA in combination with 4 µM 2, 4-D after 26 days of initial culture. Such nodular-hard-

green calluses were initially cultured and incubated for 4 days on different levels (0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 %) of

Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium along with 0, 1.5, 3 or 6 % sucrose. All media were solidified with agar.

Calluses were also cultured on plain agar fortified with silica gel powder (0, 5, 10, 15 g/l-1) making a total of

24 treatments. Highest (80 %) somatic embryogenesis with 68.24 mean number of somatic embryos were

obtained at 15 g/l-1 silica gel as compared to 50 % MS + 1.5 % sucrose with 73.45 % embryogenesis after

15 days of culture. Somatic embryos were only observed from such callus cultures that previously were

obtained on TDZ + 2, 4-D. Embryos induced on all media were pooled and transferred to half strength MS

basal medium for further growth and development. Germination of somatic embryos was 11 % reaching

cotyledonary stage after 36 days of culture. The present study demonstrates a high rate of somatic

embryogenesis that may be exploited further for mass propagation of this economically important tree

species.


278

0279

ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY OF FICUS RACEMOSA STEM BARK IN NORMOGLYCEMIC

AND STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS: BIOACTIVITY GUIDED

FRACTIONATION STUDIES

Mahesh Palkar1, Veeresh Veerapur2,3, Prabhakar KR3, Thippeswamy BS2, Unnikrishnan

MK3

1KLE’s College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli-580 031, Karnataka, India, 2Sree Siddaganga College of

Pharmacy, Tumkur-572 102, Karnataka, India, 3Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal-576

104, Karnataka, India

OBJECTIVES: We carried out bioactivity guided fractionation of ethanol extract of Ficus racemosa (FRE)

on a battery of targets involved in glucose homeostasis (In-vitro studies). We also investigated the effect of

FRE in normoglycemic and streptozotocin (STZ) induced mild diabetic rat model.

METHODOLOGY: Different concentrations of FRE and its fractions (FRE-3, FRE-4 & FRE-5) were tested

in diverse targets involved in diabetes such as -amylase, -glucosidase, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-

1B (PTP1B), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma and Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV).

Different doses of FRE (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered once daily for fifteen days to

normoglycemic rats, oral glucose tolerance, sucrose tolerance and multiple-dose fifteen-day studies were

undertaken. Further, FRE was administered once daily for fifteen days to STZ (45 mg/kg, i.p)-induced

diabetic rats. Single-dose one day, multiple-dose fifteen day studies were done and at the end of the study,

lipid parameters and endogenous antioxidant levels were estimated.

RESULTS: The quantitative differences between FRE and its fractions (FRE-3, FRE-4 & FRE-5) were

insignificant towards diabetic various tested targets. These observations led us to conclude that

fractionation of FRE results in the distribution of active components rather than their segregation.

Therefore, unfractioned FRE was chosen for further studies. FRE exhibited significant reduction in

tolerance to exogenously administered glucose and sucrose indicating that FRE inhibits -glucosidase

enzyme. FRE also showed dose-depended reduction in blood glucose in multiple-dose fifteen day studies.

Further FRE exhibited significantly (P<0.001) ameliorated STZ-induced higher lipid and antioxidant

parameters.

CONCLUSION: Taken together, the present study provided a good insight in the therapeutic efficacy and

mechanism of action of Ficus racemosa extract in the treatment of diabetes and also justifies the

ethnomedical/tradition claim of title plant.

Key words: Ficus racemosa; Streptozotocin; Lipid parameters; antioxidant; diabetic targets


279

0280

ULTRASTRUCTURAL BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF TWIG BLIGHT DISEASE: NEW EMERGING FUNGAL DISEASE OF CITRUS IN THE PHILIPPINES J. I. Yago1, T. Pongparnich2, D. Peng-ont3 and S. Aroonrungrote4 and Kuang-Ren Chung5

1Associate Professor IV, Plant Science Department, College of Agriculture, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines 3700.; 2University President, Maejo University, Sansai, Chiangmai, Thailand 50290; 3Associate Professor and Director, Institute of Product Quality and Standardization, Maejo University, Sansai, Chiang Mai, Thailand 50290.; 4Scientist, Institute of Product Quality and Standardization, Maejo University, Sansai, Chiang Mai, Thailand 50290.; 5Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, 33850, Florida, USA

A twig blight disease of citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) has been recognized for about five years in the Philippines. Results from in-vivo inoculation studies indicate that citrus branches was incited by homothallic strains of Haematonectria haematoccoca (anamorph: Fusarium solani) causing twig blight disease. . Genomic DNA sequence resulted that there was 710 bp identified and based from sequences using ClustalW 1.81, 100% homology was found with that of Haematonectria haematococca. The said sequence was coded as HQ696788 by GenBank of NCBI at Washington, DC. The said sequence is a first genomic DNA sequence of Haematonectria haematococca in citrus submitted at NCBI. The symptoms of the fungus disease appears as a pink or salmon-colored, smooth mycelial mat on branches of its hosts. Mycelial coil as lateral branches of the vegetative hyphae formed when ascocarp developed by H. haematoccoca. Appressorium was visible and developed 5 days after inoculation. Full colonization and production of asexual spores covering the entire surfaces were observed 15 days after inoculation. Conidia were observed to mature 18 days after inoculation and released at 19 days after inoculation. Asexual and sexual reproduction completed in 18 and 27 after inoculation respectively. This is a first report of twig blight disease of citrus caused by H. haematoccoca in the Philippines Keywords: Ultrastructural, biology, pathogenesis, twig blight disease, Haematonectria haematococca.


280

0281

INVESTIGATION OF PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY OF SECONDARY METABOLITES

SUCH AS ASTRAGALOSIDE IV BY TISSUE CULTURE METHODS IN ASTRAGALUS

MICROCEPHALUS SPECIES.

Mohammad K. Khosropanah1,2, Ali Movafeghi2, Fatemeh Fathiazad3

1Islamic Azad University- Sanandaj branch, sanandaj, Kordestan, Iran, 2Tabriz University, Tabriz, east

Azarbayejan, Iran, 3Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, east Azarbayejan, Iran

Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is the largest genus of flowering plants that contains medicinal species. Some

species of Astragalus are the source of the economically important natural products such as gum

tragacanth. Astragalus microcephalus, another example of the "tragacanthic" Astragali of the Old World

and representative of subgenus Tragacantha Bunge, is endemic to the eastern Mediterranean region and

the Middle East. In this study, optimum conditions were investigate to produce important secondary

metabolites by tissue culture method in this species. Tissue culture results shown that hypocotyle and roots

are the best organs to yields callus and then produce the secondary metabolites. The best treatments for

this purpose are 0.5-0.5 and 1-1 in hypocotyle and 0.5-1 and 1-1 mg/ml of 2,4-D/BAP hormones in root

explants. Comparative studies shown that the chemical compounds that exists in methanolic extracts of the

callus of leaf, hypocotyle and roots explants are similar to each other but different from wild organs of this

species. Although TLC, HPLC and NMR spectra of chemical compounds in this study show that the callus

could be able to produce the compound Astragaloside IV as well as wild plants. Consequently this study

illustrate that production of some important secondary metabolites is executable in tissue culture methods

and therefore excess removal of this species from nature could be preventable.


281

0282

CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL DWARF MUTANT OF BRACHYPODIUM DISTACHYON Ali Behpouri and Carl Ng School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland Brachypodium distachyon has emerged as a new plant model system for important temperate grass crops like wheat and barley. Methods for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and T-DNA insertional mutation have been developed as a resource for reverse genetics and functional genomic analyses in this plant. We generated 1048 putative promoter-trapped lines and report here the characterization of a mutant line showing a dwarf phenotype. This mutant exhibits a longer life cycle (seed to seed) compared to wild-type B. distachyon. Additionally, the seeds are significantly bigger in size (both in length and width) and are 46 % heavier than seeds from wild type plants. Plant height in the mutant is reduced to about 79% of wild type plants and the leaves of mutant plants are about 70% wider than the corresponding leaves in wild type plants This mutant also exhibits a thicker shoot diameter (about 43% thicker) when compared to wild-type plants. We carried out TAIL-PCR (Thermal asymmetric Interlaced PCR) and determined that the location of the T-DNA insertion is in the putative promoter region about 1 kb upstream of Bradi3g57310. Work is currently in progress to further characterize this mutant phenotype. Key words: Brachypodium distachyon, T-DNA, Agrobacterium, promoter-trap, dwarf mutant


282

0283

TRITICEAE GENETIC RESOURCES: OPTIONS AND CHALLENGES TO IMPROVE

WHEAT GRAIN QUALITY

Awais Rasheed

Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Breeding for the improved end-use quality has been the challenging task for wheat breeding programmes.

In order to get better economic returns, and competitive international market scenario has generated the

need to breed cultivars with better grain quality. The diversified aspects of end-use quality covering both

the bread-making and nutritional aspects had little options available to be improved utilizing the

conventional germplasms. Allelic richness existed across the Triticeae gene pool had offered more

expanded opportunities to improve the technological components of bread-making quality like glutenins,

gliadina, starch amylose, grain protein content (GPC) and textural properties. Low phytic acid contents,

high concentration of beta carotene and micronutrients like Fe and Zn are the components that are

important from nutritional point of view. Harnessing the genetic diversity in the form of compatible novel

genetic resources facilitating the standard genetic introgression from the wild resources to improved wheat

genotypes will open new doors for the recombination breeding. However complexity associated with the

genes underlying these traits can also be resolved using novel breeding techniques through molecular

tools. The advances in the genomics of quality provide ample information to uncover the gene networks

underpinning quality attributes thereby addressing the challenges of the brisk changes prevalent within the

food chain. Aiding the exploitation of novel genome diversity for quality value addition, research has

benefitted from the unique germplasm resource generated by synthesizing wheats from genomic/allelic

variability residing in the wheat progenitor accessional resource. These under-utilized diploid wheat

progenitor accessions are a promising conduit to wheat productivity enhancement and the novel genomic

resource contributing to wheat quality will be elucidated.


283

0284

CLIMATE IMPACT ON THE WESTERN GHATS MOUNTAIN FOREST: CHALLENGES IN

MAINTAINING BIODIVERSITY

Shadananan Nair

Nansen Environmental Research Centre (India), Kochi, Kerala, India

Changing climate together with environmental degradation is a threat to the biodiversity of the Western

Ghats Mountain forest of India. The Ghats is one of the recognized global biodiversity hot spots. Climate

extremes, unsustainable use of resources and unwise government policies pose serious threat to the

existence of many rare and costly medicinal plants, herbs and precious trees. Encroachment and

introduction of plantation crops in the last century lead to the depletion of vast area of natural forests.

Poachers have widely destroyed the precious trees such as sandal, rosewood and teak. Major hydropower

projects submerged large areas of forests. Rainfall in the region is becoming more seasonal and intense,

resulting in the erosion of the already degraded soil. Because of long dry season and falling groundwater

storage, seasonal plants become extinct. Forest fire becomes common. Strong winds uproot big trees. Shift

in regional climate may affect the biodiversity significantly. Rules and regulations to protect the forests

become farce because of weak administrative mechanism, corruption and vested political interference.

Sustainable utilization of forest products may boost the current economic development and help alleviating

poverty of the tribals. Worldwide recognition of Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine and new findings

on the commercial use of certain plants raises a good hope. There are large areas of restorable degraded

forests and afforestable wastelands. Community forest projects with the cooperation of local population

could improve livelihood conditions of the poor. The mega schemes such as the ‘green India mission’ could

be better implemented with their help. Present paper assesses the impact of climate change and

environmental degradation on the Western Ghats forest. Current policies and strategies related to climate,

forest and environment have been critically reviewed to suggest guidelines for an appropriate forest policy.


284

0285

MORPHOMETRY OF SECRETORY CELLS AND PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF

ESSENTIAL OILS OF THYMUS ALGERIENSIS AND THYMUS CILIATUS

Challam- Benzine hacina1, Dahmani- Megrerouche malika2

1 Universitie Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria, 2universitie Algiers, Algiers, Algeria

During evolution, plants have developed defense strategies to ensure their perpetuation. Thus, as much

Lamiaceae, thyme have established a secretory system of essential oils which seem to have an inhibitor

effect on microorganisms, antioxidant capacity and attractive to their pollinators. These aromatic oils are

divided into the hair secretion and epidermal glands of the stems, leaves and floral parts.

The objective of our work is an anatomic and morphometric characterization of epidermal cells secreting

foliar and stem in two species of thyme: Thymus algeriensis (endemic North African) and Thymus ciliatus

(Algerian-Moroccan endemic species) sampled at different altitudes in Algeria, in arid and semi wet

conditions. Indeed research efforts on these two species in Algeria report a wide variability among species,

affecting the homogeneity of the performance of plant extracts and aromatic composition (Amroune,2009;

Benkada,2010). Other authors stress that the nature and the productive capacity of thyme essential oil is

often associated with habitat, biology and even the structure of their populations (Hazzit,2008; Dob,2007).

Through a comparative morphometric study of hairs and glands secreting surfaces, performed by

stereomicroscopy our results indicate possible morpho-anatomical adaptations of the secretory system

according to the living environment of both species. These anatomical observations allowed us to better

understand their productive ability quantity and quality of their volatile oils.

Keywords: Algeria, Anatomy, Endemic, essential oil, Thymus algeriensis, Thymus ciliatus


285

0286

COMPARISONS BETWEEN SOME AUXIN RESPONSIVE MIRNAS IN THREE DIFFERENT CITRUS SPP. INFECTED WITH CANDIDATUS PHYTOPLASMA AURANTIFOLIA

Maliheh Esfahanian1,2 , Farveh Ehya2, , Mohamad Salehi3, Mahmoud Khosrowshahli1, Ghasem Hoseini Salekdeh2, Mohsen Mardi2 1 Islamic azad university of science and research branch of Tehran; 2Agricultural biotechnology research of Iran; 3 Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran

Introduction: Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolna is the causative agent of witches broom disease of lime "WBDL" and is responsible for major losses of citrus trees in Southern Iran and Oman. The pathogen is completely dependent on living host cells and is transmitted by phloem-sucking insects named Hishimonus phycitis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Disease symptoms include dwarfism, proliferation, flowers sterility, generalized yellowing and phloem necrosis. Deficiency in auxin signaling is the main reason of disease symptoms. Auxin regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. Phyoplasma disrupts auxin signaling or biosynthesis pathways. MicroRNAs are endogenous short RNAs (about 22 nt in length) that can play important regulatory roles in plants. They control gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. miR156, 159, 160, 167, 172 are kind of microRNAs that interfere in controlling and regulation of auxin signaling directly or indirectly. We assumed that different patterns of genes expression are effective in plant pathogen interaction. Material and methods: The aim of this study was the evaluation of these miRNAs amonge three Citrus species against infected with WBDL. Our samples were healthy and infected leaves of Citrus clementina, Citrus aurantifolia, and Citrus latifolia as resistant, sensitive and moderately resistant cultivars respectively. The incidence of phytoplasma infection confirmed by nested PCR with universal and specific primers. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, analysis of miRNAs expresion profile applied through stem-loop RealTime PCR. Result and discussion: Nested PCR analysis proved presence of phytoplasma infection in sensitive and moderate resistant cultivars. Analysis of real time PCR indicates different levels of gene expression. High level of miR172 and low level of miR160 expression was observed in infected leaves of all of cultivars versus healthy ones and other miRNAs indicate different patterns of gene expression between different cultivars. Since many of auxin responsible genes in auxin signaling pathway targeted by these miRNAs they are likely involved in WBDL resistance. Key words: Witches Broom Disease of Lime, Auxin, miRNA156, 159,160,167,172, citrus


286

0287

HYDROXYL RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF CERTAIN EXTRACTS OF PLANTS

NATIVE TO THAILAND

Chalinee Ronpirin1, Tewin Tencomnao2

1Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand, 2Center of

Excellence in Omics-Nano Medical Technology Development Project, Department of Clinical Chemistry,

Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity measured by the deoxyribose method was evaluated in extracts

derived from eight plants native to Thailand, which were Ocimum basilicum L., Solanum torvum Sw.,

Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq., Coccinia grandis (L.), Moringa oleifera Lam., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.,

Allium ascalonicum L. and Mentha cordifolia Opiz ex Fresen. All extracts were obtained from two methods,

decoction with water (water extract) and maceration with ethanol (ethanol extract). For all ethanol extracts,

Coccinia grandis (L.) exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity with vitamin C equivalent

antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of 10.33 mg/mg extract. This plant also exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical

scavenging activity with VCEAC of 3.28 mg/mg extract with regard to comparison with all water extracts.

Base on the MTT assay, these extracts from Coccinia grandis (L.) showed low cytotoxic effect in human

keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) because its water extract and ethanol extract possessed IC50 values of 1,709

µg/mL and 1,404 µg/mL, respectively. Therefore, this study highlights the antioxidant capacity of Coccinia

grandis (L.).

Keywords: Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, plant extract, cytotoxicity


287

0288

SULFORHODAMINE B (SRB) ASSAYS RELATED TO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUATION OF SUAEDA FRUTICOSA

Samiullah1 2, Asghari Bano1, Sisay Girmay2 and Ghee Tan2

1Plant Sciences Department Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan; 2College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, U.S.A Concerning anticancer evaluation of methanolic extract of Suaeda fruticosa, the arial parts demonstrated the utmost anticancer activity with IC50 value of 50 μg/ml against human lung carcinoma (LU-1) whereas, IC50 ≥ 50 μg/ml has been observed against hormone dependent prostrate carcinoma (LnCaP). The analyzed root extract exhibited IC50 ≤ 65 μg/ml against hormone dependent prostrate carcinoma (LnCaP), the same extract demonstrated IC50 ≤ 55 μg/ml against human lung carcinoma (LU-1). The highest content of total phenolic (0.52-0.67 mg gallic acid equiv./g) and total flavonoids (0.44 mg/g D/W) was detected in the arial part of Suaeda fruticosa. MIC value of 50-85 μg ml−1 has been observed gainst Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani and Mucor sp in comparision with 1-2.5μg/ml of Terbinafine used as a standard fungicide. MIC value of 80 μg/ml and 35 μg ml−1 of Suaeda fruticosa arial parts and root extract against bacterial pathogen Klebsiella pneumonia and 50 and 90 μg ml−1 against Enterococcus has been measured. DPPH radical scavenging activity of Suaeda fruticosa with IC50 values of ≤ 100 μg/ml and ≤ 50 μg ml−1 was observed whereas, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity with IC50 values of ≤ 12.5 μg/ml for arial parts and ≤ 25 μg ml−1 for the root extract of Suaeda fruticosa has been shown with galllic acid (R2= 0.819) and ascorbic acid (R2= 0.728). These data suggested that the methanolic extract of Suaeda fruticosa could be potential candidates for natural antioxidants and anticancer. The findings demonstrated the remarkable potentiality of Suaeda fruticosa as valuable source of antioxidant and anticancer capacities.

Keywords: Suaeda fruticosa, Human lung carcinoma, Hormone dependent prostrate carcinoma.


288

0289

A COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF DNA DAMAGE PROTECTING ACTIVITY OF IN VITRO

AND IN VIVO GROWN PHLOGACANTHUS THYRSIFLORUS NEES AND ADHATODA

VASICA

Archana Kumari and Madhuparna Banerjee

College of Biotechnology, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand.

Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus (Ram vasak) and Adhatoda vasica (Vasak) are important medicinal plants used for the

treatment of various diseases and disorders. The leaf extracts of in vivo and in vitro grown plants of both species

were examined for its DNA damage protecting activity as antioxidant. Crude methanolic extracts at 10µg/ml exhibited

significant protecting activity against DNA strand scission by ●OH on pBluescript II SK (-) DNA. Out of all materials

studied, leaf extract of tissue culture raised Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus showed maximum protecting activity.

Keywords :Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Adhatoda vasica, antioxidant, DNA damage protection


289

0290

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF OSUN OSHOGBO GROVES

Monica Sunnie-Ododo

National Museum, 14 Abdulkadir Street, G.R.A, Ilorin

Osun Oshogbo forest groves became world heritage site in 2005. The forest grove is culturally and legally

protected by decree 77 of 1988. The forest has been variously disturbed by farming, fishing, lumbering,

bush burning, seed collection and poaching activities. Tree barks and twigs have also been harvested for

the purpose of traditional medicine. Furthermore, little is known by way of documentation of the medicinal

values of these plants in the forest groves. This research was embarked upon to determine the plants being

used by the Yoruba of the south western Nigeria for the delivery of health care to date. The study also

documents some of the plants frequently used by these people and proffers conservative measures to stem

bush burning, lumbering, poaching and farming within the protected forest groves. Over 400 plants were

observed to have medicinal properties in a two week exercise. Seminars were organized to sensitize and

educate stakeholders on sustainable use of the herbal plants. Collection method was by random

assessment.


290

0291

IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND PROPAGATION OF PHLOGACANTHUS

THYRSIFLORUS NEES: A VALUED MEDICINAL PLANT

Archana Kumari, Rajani Singh, Swati Kamal and Madhuparna Banerjee

College of Biotechnology, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees (family- Acanthaceae), is a rare plant species of medicinal importance with various curative proprieties attributed to almost every parts of the plants. In spite of immense medicinal value, Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees is yet to be explored scientifically. An effective protocol for in vitro shoots multiplication and plant regeneration of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus was developed. A rapid shoot proliferation (83.33%) and maximum no. of shoot per explant (16.5) was observed on the shoot tip in MS medium supplemented with 5.0mg/L BAP and 50.0 mg/L AdSO4. Growth as well as induction of roots was observed in the multiplication media itself. For root induction pulse treatment with IBA was found effective. The rooted plantlets were successfully established in soil with 98% survival rate.

Key words: Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Adenine sulphate, BAP


291

0292

ETHNOBOTANICAL EVALUATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS OF SABIRABAD AND

ALLIED PERIPHERIES DISTRICT KARAK, PAKISTAN

Khalid Rahman1, Mushtaq Ahmad1, Mir Ajab khan1, Muhummad Ibrar2 Shinwari2

1 Department of Plant Sciences Quaid.I.Azm University Islamabad; 2 Department of Environmental Sciences

International Islamic University Islamabad

This study focused on the ethnobotanical investigation of Sabirabad and allied peripheries of District Karak

Khyberpakhtoonkhwa Pakistan. It revealed that the local inhabitants utilize 43 plants 23 herbs 08 shrubs and 12 trees

belonging to 27 different families for various purposes ranging from fuel wood, fodder to uses against various

ailments. Family Solanaceae, Lamiaceae and poaceae provide four members followed by Zygophyllaceae,

Mimosaceae, Moraceae apocynaceae, Rhamnaceae, Fabaceae, and Chenopodiaceae, two members each with the

rest families providing one member each for use to the local community. This paper includes Plant botanical name,

flowering season family name and plant part used ethnobotanically.

Keywords: Sabirabad, District Karak, Ethnobotanical investigation


292

0293

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA FOR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST DIFFERENT PLANT AND HUMAN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND FUNGI. Aparna srivastava and K.A. Raveesha

Herbal Drug Technology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006 The antimicrobial potentiality of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. a perennial deciduous thorny small tree belong to family Leguminosae has been reported. The plant’s secondary metabolites have been extensively studied for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti malarial and also growth inhibitory activities. But the comparative evaluation of different parts of Prosopis juliflora for antimicrobial activity has not been reported. In the present study, different parts of Prosopis juliflora,viz. leaves, pod, inflorescence, root and stem were evaluated for antimicrobial activity principle. Aqueous extract of different parts of P. juliflora were prepared from fresh plant material and solvent extracts were prepared from shade dried plants material. Solvent extraction was done using polarity based cold extraction. All the prepared extracts were subjected to Antimicrobial activity by Agar well diffusion, disc diffusion method, Poison food technique and Broth microdilution method against the test pathogens. The Plant pathogenic bacteria used for study were - Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas oryzae, Pseudomonas syringae, Ralstonia solnacearum, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (isolated from diseased plant material). Plant pathogenic fungi- Fusarium monliformae, Fusarium solani, Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium proliferatum, Aspergillus ochraceous, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus (isolated from infected plant materials). Human pathogenic bacteria- Staphlyococuus aureus (MTCC7433), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC121), Bacillus cereus (MTCC1272), Listeria monocytogenes (MTCC839), E.coli (MTCC7410), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 733), Entrococcus fecalis (MTCC 2729), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424). Human pathogenic fungi- Candida albicans (MTCC183), Epidermophyton floccosum (MTCC613), Microspermum canis(MTCC2820), Tryhophyton rubrum (MTCC296). The results showed that, the methanol extract of Leaves, Pod and inflorescence showed the significant antimicrobial activity against the test pathogens. The comparative analysis of yield of active fraction was also evaluated. The leaves showed high yield of the active fraction. These methanol extracts were subjected to liquid-liquid separation for the isolation of the active fraction. The active fraction was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The results indicated the presence of Alkaloid as an active fraction. The active fraction was further isolated using thin layer chromatography. The active fraction on TLC was identified using Bioautography. The results showed the band with Rf value 0.6 is the bioactive component with significant antimicrobial activity. Further studies are taken to characterize the bioactive principles. Keywords: Prosopis juliflora, antimicrobial activity, bioactive principle


293

0294

IDENTIFICATION OF STRAWBERRY METABOLITES SIGNIFICANT TO CONSUMER

PREFERENCE

Michael Schwieterman, Thomas Colquhoun, Charles Sims, Vance Whitaker, Kevin Folta,

Linda Bartoshuk, David Clark

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Strawberry is an established high-value fruit that provides a fresh source of vitamins and other health

promoting phytochemicals. To promote continued consumption, flavor must be consistently high in quality,

but defining this complex phenotype has proven to be difficult. To determine factors contributing strawberry

flavor, consumer perception, physical, biochemical, and emitted organic volatile (EOV) analysis of fresh

grown strawberries were conducted weekly from over two seasons, January through March of 2011 and

2012. Consumers rated perception of the produce in texture, sweetness, sourness, flavor, and overall

likability. Physical attributes of external/internal color and puncture force were determined, as well as °brix,

pH, and titratable acidity. Enzymatic assays quantified glucose, fructose, sucrose, citric acid and malic acid.

Strawberry EOVs were captured for identification and quantification using GC-MS and GC, respectively.

Regressions were conducted among perception, physical, biochemical, and volatile data in order to

determine contributing factors of strawberry flavor. Previously cited and novel components were identified

with strong correlations to consumer preferences. Concentrations of a subset of volatiles were compared

between tested cultivars and other Fragaria accessions. These data support the hypothesis that individual

volatile compounds can strongly influence human perception of strawberries, thus providing metabolic

targets for future breeding efforts of consumer selected traits.


294

0295

DETERMINATION OF BIOMASS PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF SOME POACEAE AND

FABACEAE FORAGES MIXTURES IN MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY

Alpaslan Kusvuran1; Yasemin Ralice2; Turan Saglamtimur3

1Cankiri Karatekin University, KizilirmakVocational High School, Cankiri, Turkey ; 2Cukurova University,

Institute of Basic andAppliedSciences, Adana, Turkey: 3CukurovaUniversity, AgriculturalFaculty,

FieldCropsDepartment, Adana, Turkey

This research was carried out to determine of biomass production capacities of three different poaceae

forages [wheat (Triticumaestivum L.), triticale (Triticale), annual rye grass (Lolium multiflorum L.)] and two

Fabaceae forages mixtures [Commonvetch (Viciasativa L.), berseemclover (Trifoliumalaxandrinum L.)] at

the Cukurova University, Agricultural Faculty, Field Crops Department Research and Implementation Area,

in 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 growing seasons.

At the end of the research, the highest green herbage (66200 kg ha-1) and hay yield(16400 kg ha-1) were

obtained from common vetch+wheat mixture; fresh biomass yield (75600 kg ha-1) was obtained from

berseem clover+triticale mixture. The highest nitrogen yield in hay (474 kg ha-1) and total nitrogen yield in

dry biomass (517kg ha-1) were obtained from pure berseem clover. The highest fresh root yield (18100 kg

ha-1), dry root yield (3700 kg ha-1) and nitrogen yield in dry root (71 kg ha-1) from pure annual rye grass and

dry biomass yield (18900 kg ha-1) from berseem clover+triticale mixtures.

As a result, wheat and triticale mixtures with legumes and pure berseem clover and annual rye grass can

be recommend for high biomass yield.

Keywords: Biomass, Legumes, Forage, Mixture, Grasses.


295

0296

MEASURING BLUEBERRY FLAVOR AT CONSUMERS’ DEMAND

Jessica Gilbert1, Michael Schwieterman1, Thomas Colquhoun1, Laura Levin1, Howard

Moskowitz0,2, David Clark1, James Olmstead1

1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2Moskowitz Jacobs Inc., White Plains, NY, USA

When selecting for flavor in the blueberry breeding programs, sugar/acid ratios and breeder preference

have been the primary factors taken into consideration. A more precise method of evaluating flavor is

supported by a study conducted to identify consumer blueberry preferences. The study indicated that

blueberry flavor most interests consumers, and may affect consumer-purchasing behavior more than any

other fruit trait. The flavor we experience from eating a blueberry also consists of sensory perception of

volatile compounds, secondary metabolites produced in plants. We compared volatile profiles of various

commercially released cultivars and elite unreleased selections using gas chromatography-mass

spectrometry (GC-MS). Five commercial cultivars (‘Sweet crisp,’ ‘Star,’ ‘Scintilla,’ ‘Farthing,’ and ‘FL01-

173’) were harvested on four separate dates to analyze volatile concentration changes over the harvest

period. In addition, blueberries from each cultivar were harvested at four developmental stages on the first

harvest date to get a greater scope of volatile production potential. Volatile production tended to increase

with fruit maturity, and was highly variable through the harvest period. In respect to five volatiles commonly

associated with blueberry flavor, ‘Star’ was shown to experience the least variation in volatiles through the

harvest period.


296

0297

EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON FLOWERING TIME AND ATTRIBUTED TRAITS OF

SELECTED SRI LANKAN RICE

Sudarshanee Geekiyanage1 S.A.P. Madurangi2

1Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya,

Sri Lanka; 2National Science Foundation, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka

Photoperiod is a key environmental signal that determines flowering time in most of plants including rice.

Sri Lankan traditional rice growing in different agro ecological regions, show a wide variation in flowering

time. Worldwide genome analysis projects have not included a substantial number of varieties representing

national germplasm collection. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of photoperiod on

flowering time and attributed traits in selected Sri Lankan rice as an initial work.

Three traditional rice varieties (Deveraddili, Kohu Mawee and Sulai) were tested with known photoperiod

insensitive improved variety under Sri Lankan condition, Bg 250. Rice varieties were grown in open

environment for 2 weeks after seed germination in August, 2011. Two week old plants were transferred to

3 chambers of different photoperiods: 11 hours of light (short day), 12 hours of light (day neutral) and 13

hours of light (long day). Plants were kept in the natural light daily for 8 hours. Additional light was provided

through florescent bulbs in the chambers to meet the assigned photoperiod.

Days to flowering, tiller number, plant height at flowering and hundred grain weight were recorded in each

photoperiod: Average days to flowering (ADF) was significantly affected by photoperiod: Sulai, Kohu

Mawee and Deveraddili flowered early under short day condition in 76, 100 and 113 days respectively.

Only Bg 250 showed no response to short day and day neutral photoperiods, while long day condition

significantly delayed ADF. Kohu Mawee and Deveraddili did not flower under long day condition during the

experimental period of 7 months. Representative traditional rice showed early flowering under short day

condition, while long day condition delayed flowering in all 4 varieties.

Long day condition significantly increased the tiller number. Highest tiller number was observed in

Deveraddili under long day with average of 17 tillers per plant. Sulai and Bg 250 also showed significantly

high tiller numbers in long days. Plant heights were not significantly different among varieties in each

photoperiod. Significant negative effect was observed in 100 grain weight under long day condition.

Increased tiller number and prolonged vegetative growth period may have depleted the resources for yield.

Effect of photoperiod on flowering time and attributed traits indicate the need for molecular analysis of

responsive genetic factors in Sri Lankan rice.


297

0298

TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF METAL ON WHEAT

Amna Shoaib1, Sunus Akhtar2

1 Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore (Pakistan); 2Institute of Agricultural Sciences,

University of the Punjab, Lahore (Pakistan)

Arsenic (As) is one of the oldest human poisons known to mankind. Now growing concern about this poisonous

carcinogen has raised awareness of the dangers to the human health through increased uptake by plants and

increased arsenic in the food chain. Currently damaging influence of arsenate on early growth of wheat (Triticum

aestivum) was checked both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, seedling growth of wheat was studied at As(V) concentration

of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg L-1 in 90 mm Petri plates. In Petri plates, increasing treatments of As(V) significantly

(P>0.05) inhibited seed germination, root length, fresh & dry biomass, shoot length, fresh & dry biomass of test plant

seedlings by 25-52%, 82-96%, 50-95%, 63-95%, 56-95%, 29-83% and 46-94% over control. In vitro, As(V) was

applied @ 0.013, 0.025, 0.037, 0.05 mg in 360 g of soil. Addition of different As(V) treatments in the soil resulted in

50-75%, 49-91%, 24-89% & 50-99% reduction in germination rate, root length, fresh & dry biomass and 51-84%, 35-

82% & 50-94% suppression in shoot length, fresh & dry biomass of 2-week and 4-weeks old plants, respectively.

Visible morphological symptoms like wilting and necrosis of leaf margins, stunt root and stems were observed at

higher dose of As(V) in 4-week seedling. Whereas, of the total As(V) amount applied, 80-96% was taken up by the

plant parts and 3-12% was left in the soil. Thus, arsenate accumulation order was: roots > shoots > soil.


298

0299

SIMULTANEOUS ACTION OF SCLEROTIUM WILT AND COPPER ON PISUM SATIVUM

Amna Shoaib1 and Nafisa2

1Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Pakistan; 2Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of

the Punjab, Pakistan

Food contamination problems due to biotic and abiotic stresses are important issue of the modern word. The current

work was performed to investigate the influence of southern blight diseases on germination and growth rate of pea

(Pisum sativum L.) grown under abiotic stress of Cu(II). Experiment were conducted in plastic pots of 12 cm x 12 cm

(diameter x depth) filled with sterilize soil inoculated with Sclerotium rolfsii (spore suspension 4.8 x 106) in 5 Kg of

soil. Metal was applied @ 25 mgL-1, 50 mgL-1, 75 mgL-1and 100 mgL-1 in 5 kg of soil. Important growth parameters

were recorded at 30 d, 60 d and 90 d old seedlings. Results revelead, germination and different growth parameters

were declined by 10-70% in treatments inoculated with pathogen followed by parallel reduction of 10-50% either

due to effect of metal alone or combined with pathogen. Plants infected with pathogen demonstrated wilting,

chlorosis, wrinkling of lower leaves, and rotting of stem and roots near the soil line. The Cu uptake tendency was

detected in order of: soil > root > shoots at 30 d, whereas the order was soil > root > pods ≥ shoots at 90 d. Plant

under metal stress alone exhibited chlorosis, short internodes, stunt root, no root hair at higher dose of Cu(II). FTIR

spectra of soil, shoot and roots before and after exposure to any treatment showed a reorganization of functional

groups after metal-bindings within the polysaccharide fingerprint region. The expression of two genes i.e.

metallothionine (MTA) and defensin like gene (Def) were checked thorough PCR techniques. Plants under

pathogenic conditions showed higher expression of Def than MTA vice versa was observed in Cu-stressed plants.

When treatments were kept under simultaneous stress of S. rolfsii + Cu, expression of Def like gene was more

intense than Def expression in plants grown under pathogenic stress alone. The Cu-responsive genes showed some

notable features, as expression of MTA gene was noticed only at higher doses (75 and 100 mg/L) of Cu(II) combined

with S. rolfsii, as compared to simultaneous MTA expression with increasing concentration (20 to 100 mg/L) in plant

under metal stress alone. It can be concluded that copper in irrigation water and Cu-based pesticides can result in

land degradation that in turn affects food safety and crop production.


299

0300

PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH VEGETABLES ROOTS IN DIFFERENT ECOLOGIES OF PAKISTAN

Alia1, Bushra Jabeen2, Shahida N.Khokhar3, & Aftab Afzal1

1Botany Department, Hazara university, Mansehra; 2Department of Biosciences, University of Wah, Wah Cantt.; 3LRRI, NARC, Islamabad

We are living in a world of diminishing non-renewable resources such as phosphorus. Most Pakistani soils being alkaline and calcareous make P unavailable to plants. So we have to search other potential agents of P solubilization. Forty one (41) isolates were recovered as phosphorus solublizing bacteria from rhizosphere of healthy plants of pea, spinach, lady’s finger, French bean, kulfa, cauliflower, turnip, brassica, cucumber, coriander, onion, potato, capsicum, salad, eggplant and field mint from 25 locations in Mansehra district, Taxila area and Islamabad. PSB population ranged from 1.95x107 in lady’s finger to 5.33x109 in turnip in Mansehra area. It ranged from 1.9x106 in spinach to 1.3x109in field mint in Taxila area while in Islamabad upto 8x105 in spinach. Highest Solublization Index (4.25) was found in one isolate from spinach in Mansehra while 10 isolates from 10 vegetables had PSB of Solublization Index in the range of 3.5-4.4 from Taxila area. Population in Taxila area was found negatively correlated with clay, phosphorus and organic matter while positively correlated with soil pH, EC and soil nitrate. All selected isolates were urease negative. This indicates that soils of these areas inhabit PSB with great potential to be used as bioinoculants.

Keywords: Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, solubilization potential, vegetables roots


300

0301

FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF THE PATNADEVI FOREST, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.

Mulchand M. Rathod

S.S.M.M. Arts, Science and Commerce College, Pachora, Dist: Jalgaon, Maharashtra (India)

For the conservation and sustainable management of any forest, it requires a good knowledge of its biodiversity. The present study was conducted in Patnadevi forest of Maharashtra (India) to find out its floristic diversity. The present paper reveals that the study area is composed of 86 families, 292 genera and 432 species. It also shows that about 40 families are represented by solitary genus of these 34 genera are represented by only one species each. Out of the 86 families monocotyledons share 15 % (13 families) and dicotyledons share 85 % (73 families). Out of 292 genera monocotyledons share 16% (47 genera) and dicotylydons share 84% (245 genera). Out of total 432 species monocotyledons share 15% (66 species) and dicotyledons share 85 % (366 species). The ratio of monocotyledons to dicotyledons families is 1:5.61, for genera is 1:5.21 and for species is 1:6.54. Total genus species ratio of the region is 1 : 1.47. Endemic and Exotic elements, Threatened and Endangered Taxa and Medicinal Plants of the study area are also discussed in this paper.

Key words: Floristic Diversity, conservation, Sustainable management, Biodiversity, Patnadevi Forest.


301

0302

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF NATIVE AND INTRODUCED POPULATIONS OF AN AQUATIC

WEED: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN AUSTRALIA

Raelene Kwong1,2, Peter Green2, Linda Broadhurst3

1Department of Primary Industries, Frankston, Victoria, Australia, 2LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria,

Australia, 3CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

Genetic analysis of both native and introduced populations of invasive species is a critical step in the

development of new weed biological control programs. For instance, comparison of the structure of genetic

diversity within and among native and introduced populations can be used to determine whether the

distribution of a species in its new range stems from single or multiple introduction events. Additionally,

accurate delineation of an invasive species’ source populations (or regions) can contribute to the search for

biological control agents, based on the premise that natural enemies from populations with which they co-

evolved are more damaging. Indeed, the failure of numerous biocontrol projects in Australia (eg lantana,

skeleton weed and European blackberry) has been attributed to the mismatch of natural enemies with

invasive species’ genotypes. Finally, determining the degree of genetic variation of introduced populations

may provide insights into the likelihood of success of a potential biocontrol project. The most successful

biocontrol projects have been against clonal species with minimal genetic variability. Delta arrowhead,

Sagittaria platyphylla (Alismataceae) an emergent aquatic plant introduced from the southern USA during

the early 1900’s, is now widely established in south eastern Australia where it invades and chokes shallow

waterways. We used AFLP markers to analyse molecular variation among and within native and introduced

populations of S. platyphylla. Specifically, we addressed the following questions: (i) how is genetic diversity

in S. platyphylla partitioned between individuals, populations and continents? (ii) can we identify the source

populations from which S. platyphylla invaded Australia? (iii) is there an overall reduced genetic diversity in

the introduced range?


302

0303

Evaluation of antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of α-mangostin loaded

Ethosomal formulation

Sanchit Sharma, Mohd Mujeeb, Salma Bi, Abul Kalam Najmi, Asif Husain

Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

Garcinia mangostana L. fruit is common delicacy and often referred to as the “Queen of Fruit” in Southeast

Asia. Dried fruit rind of Garcinia mangostana L. is a rich source of Xanthones such as α-mangostin etc,

possessing a wide range of Pharmacological activities (Antioxidant, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Anti-

inflammatory, Cytotoxic, Anti-HIV etc.

Ethosomal Gel formulation was prepared using α-mangostin, a major constituent of Garcinia mangostana

L. The developed formulation was investigated for its Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory actitivities.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of developed formulation were carried out by using 1,1-

diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH, HPLC method) and an established animal model based on carrageenan-

induced hind paw edema in wistar rats respectively. All of the procedures on rats were approved by the

institutional animal ethics committee (173/JHAEC - 2000.). The developed formulation (1.5%) and standard

(Piroxicam, 7.09%) for anti-inflammatory activity were applied topically in male and female rats (150-200 g)

30 min before injection of 0.05 ml of 1% Carrageenan into the right hind paws deep to the plantar

aponeuroses. Paw volumes were measured at intervals of 1, 2 and 3 h by mercury displacement using a

plethysmometer. It was observed that the ethosomal formulation containing α-mangostin had antioxidant

activity (67.60% inhibition) which was comparable to that of the standard Trolox (69.91% inhibition). The

formulation also possessed strong anti-inflammatory activity. The Ethosomal gel formulation and standard

gel formulation (Piroxicam) produced 80% inhibition and 86% inhibition respectively.


303

0304

DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD OPERATIVE PROCEDURES (SOPS) FOR LABOOB-E-

SAGHEER- A CLASSICAL UNANI FORMULATION

Salma Bi1, Mohd Mujeeb1, Jamal Akhtar1,2, Nadeem Ahmad Siddique1, Mohd Amir1, Khalid

Mehmood Siddique0,2

1Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India, 2CCRUM, New Delhi, India

The Unani system of medicine was originated in Greece by Hippocrates (460-377 BC). Unani medicine is

based on the Humoral Theory, which presupposes the presence of four Humors - Dam (blood), Balghum

(phlegm), Safra (yellow bile) and Sauda (black bile) - in the body. The temperaments (mizaj) of people are

expressed by the words sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic, according to the amount of each

of these four humors prevalent in the human body respectively. The humors themselves are assigned

temperaments-blood is hot and moist, phlegm is cold and moist, yellow bile hot and dry, and black bile cold

and dry. There is a unique humoral constitution in every person representing his state of health. Laboob is

a semi solid preparation, which has aphrodisiac property and is used especially for Quwwat-e-Bah (Sex

tonic). In Unani system of medicine the term laboob is used for maghziat means a formulation in which

most of the ingredients are dry fruits. The formulation was prepared and standardized according to the

WHO and AYUSH guidelines. The various parameters performed included physicochemical and

toxicological standardization. Physicochemical standardization included organoleptic characteristics,

extractive value, ash value, physical characteristics, moisture content, and loss on drying. Heavy metal

analysis, pesticide residue and aflatoxins content were estimated as parameters of toxicological

standardization. HPTLC finger printing profile of in formulation was also developed. The results obtained

may be considered as tools for assistance to the regulatory authorities, scientific organizations and

manufacturers for developing standards.


304

0305

OPTIMIZATION OF MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCOL FOR PODOPHYLLUM

HEXANDRUM BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

Mohd Mujeeb, Mohd Aqil, Abul Kalam Najmi, Mohd Akhtar, Mohd Vasim Ismail, Mohd Amir

Faculty of Pharmacy,Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

Response surface methodology (RSM) is an analytical tool to determine the optimum conditions for a

multivariable system. In the present investigation attempt has been made to optimize media conditions by

response surface methodology (RSM) for micropropagatiion of Podophyllum hexandrum. Response

surface methodology was utilized in statistical optimization of two quality factors (number of shoots and

shoot length) pertaining to micropropagation of plantlets from rhizome. The variables evaluated were the

levels of sucrose, 6BA, and IAA each at two different concentrations. Response surfaces for shoot length

and shoot number were useful in achieving optimal levels of media constituents and in understanding their

interactions. The results indicated that sucrose, 6BA, and IAA levels may be manipulated to increase or

decrease quality factors selected. This approach may be useful in developing a micropropagation protocol

for Podophyllum hexandrum.


305

0306

TALL AND SHORT WİNTER WHEATS’ ROOT DEVELOPMENT İN GREENHOUSE

ENVİRONMENTAL CONDİTİONS

Hayati Akman1, Phil Bruckner2

1Selçuk University, Sarayönü Vocational School of Higher Education, 42430 Konya-TURKEY; 2Montana

State University, College of Agriculture, Department of Plant Sciences and Pathology, MT 59717,

Bozeman-USA

This study was conducted at Plant Growth Center of Montana State University in 2011. Experimental

design was “in completely randomized design” with four replications. Varieties with different average plant

heights (Yellowstone, 87.9 cm; CDC Falcon, 78.5 cm) were determined in 30 locations of Montana State

during 2007-2011. Seedlings subjected to vernalization during 7 weeks were planted to higher pots (50

cm), which were filled by mixing of peat (70%) and perlite (30%). Plants were harvested in 22-24, 69 and

92 growth stages of wheat (Zadoks scale). Results of this study showed that root dry weight increased by

GS 69 but, decreased 38 % in CDC Falcon and 13 % in Yellowstone from GS 69 to 92. Root dry weight in

GS 69 and 92 of Yellowstone was greater than CDC Falcon. Increase and change in root dry weight have

increased yield and yield components of Yellowstone compared to CDC Falcon. Root dry weight

significantly increased when plant height increased.

Keywords: Plant Height, Wheat Root Development, Greenhouse


306

0307

CLIMATE AND ANTHROPISM IMPACT ON THE DESERTIFICATION OF THE STEPPE IN ALGERIA Kadi-Hanifi Halima1,

1Faculté des Sciences Biologiques Université des SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIE HOUARI

BOUMEDIENE, ALGER, Algeria

The present state of the algerian steppe, the regression of its area, its ecological and economic importance,

the necessity in the current world context to promote the preservation of the biodiversity and the

sustainable development of the ecosystems are so many elements that justify this study.

Following the example of other steppic formations of big importance (Artemisia and Sparta), the Stipa

formations underwent an intense degradation entailing either their disappearance in certain regions of the

country (75 % reduction in century (1900-2010) or their degradation regression towards other formations

such as those of Artemisia or those of Sparta. This regression comes along obviously in certain cases with

a decline of the floristic richness and with the installation of a « banal flora " without interest for the man

and the animals.

The overgrazing, the clearing and the practice of plowing are the main causes of this state that are

aggravated by the drought.

Facing the increasing concern vis-à-vis this phenomenon, the organizations and the government

undertakes actions of conservation and preservation of this ecosystem. However to reach in an efficient

manner these objectives, the knowledge of the ecology of these steppes, of their biologic diversity and their

assessment is necessary.

This work enters in this perspective; it concerns the study of the dynamics and the specific diversity of the

Algerian steppes. This study will be approached through the identification of the plant groupings and their

phytoecological, phytogeographical, and pastoral characterization and the assessment of the floristic

diversity by mathematic index. Otherwise, we determine the influence of the anthropism and the aridity on

the degradation of the global biodiversity. This constitutes elements of orientation of the strategy of

preservation and conservation of these formations.


307

0308

NEW SOURCES OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE COMPOUNDS: SCREENING ON

HYPERICUM SPECIES

Jolita Radusiene1, Cuneyt Cirak2, Liudas Ivanauskas3

1Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania, 2Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey, 3Kaunas

University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania.

Plant diversity offer major opportunities for finding new substances. Screening of plant materials has

become an important tool in discovery of new sources of biologically active compounds that are active

against a wide range of assay targets. Hypericum genus is one of the largest angiosperm genera

comprised of about 480 species. The investigations were made on sixteenth Hypericum species which

were analysed by HPLC method, employing Shimadzu Prominence LC-20A equipment and YMC-Pro C18

column. The accumulation of secondary metabolites: naphthodianthrones, phloroglucinol derivatives and

phenolic compounds, were identified and quantified in stems, leaves and flowers. Among different plant

parts, flowers were found to be principle organ for hypericin, pseudohypericin, hyperforine, chlorogenic

acid, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin and amentoflavone accumulations, while hyperoside,

rutin and quercitrin were accumulated mainly in leaves. Results indicated that some species: H.

adenotrichum, H. aviculariifolium, H. bupleuroides, H. hyssopifolium, H. montbretii, H. origanifolium, H.

perfoliatum, H. triquetrifolium, accumulated higher concentrations naphthodianthrones and phenolic

compounds, when compared to H. perforatum, a well-known and commercial source of examined

compounds. The morphological observations in the present study confirmed a close relationship between

dark gland density of leaves and hypericin content in several Hypericum species. The results indicated that

different Hypericum species could assume as promising sources of bioactive substances with not

predictable bioactivity and chemotaxonomic significance.

Key words: Hypericum species, secondary metabolites, screening.


308

0309

RAPID, SENSITIVE AND VALIDATED UPLC/Q-TOF-MS METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE

DETERMINATION OF VASICINE IN THE LEAVES AND CALLUS CULTURES OF

ADHATODA VASICA

Madhukar Garg, Ennus Tamboli, Sayeed Ahmad, Shahid Ansari

Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of

PharmacyJamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

A new method using high throughput ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass

spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of vasicine in

the leaves and callus cultures of Adhatoda vasica with the objective of reducing analysis time and

sustaining good efficiency. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters ACQUITY UPLCTM

BEH C18 (100.0 mm х 2.1 mm; 1.7 µm) column packing using isocratic mobile phase consisting of 20mM

acetonitrile: ammonium acetate (90: 10; v/v) at a flow rate of 0.20 mL min-1. The Waters Q-TOF premier

was operated in multiple reactions monitoring mode via positive ionization interface using the transitions

m/z 189.09→171.08 for vasicine. The total run time was 5.50 min and the elution of vasicine occurred at

2.58±0.05 min. The linear dynamic range was established over the concentration range of 1–1000 ng mL-1

(r2 = 0.999±0.0005) for vasicine. The intra-assay and inter-assay accuracy in terms of % RSD was in

between 1.368-3.424 and 0.910-4.778 respectively. The lower limit of quantitation for vasicine was 1.0 ng

mL-1 whereas lower limit of detection was found to be 0.68 ng mL-1. The method developed was found to

be rapid, accurate, reliable and highly sensitive for the quantitative analyses of vasicine in the natural

leaves and their calli cultures. The amount of vasicine was found to be highest in the 28 days old

suspended cells (15.18±0.118µg/g), in elicited callus culture developed at 100mM NaCl (16.92±0.114

µg/g) and at 28mMKNO3 (16.42±0.149) while the quantification carried out amongst the samples

collected from different regions of India showed the highest vasicine content (10.39±0.072 µg/g) in the

Dehradun sample.

Key words: UPLC/Q-TOF-MS; A. vasica, Vasicine; Callus cultures; Validation


309

0310

ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE MEDICINAL IMPORTANT ALOE EXCELSA

(BERGER)

Murugas Coopoosamy, Kuben Naidoo


A. excelsa exhibits characteristics similar to those found in other Aloe species within the genus Aloe. The

general characteristics of the genus Aloe are typical of monocotyledonous plants and the analysis is based

on morphological characteristics which include leaf and floral arrangements. These include the rosette

arrangement of the leaves, the compact raceme inflorescence stalk, and the predominant colour of the

flowers as well as the thickened cuticle which has enhanced the capability of the genus to withstand harsh

conditions. Apart from taxonomic indicators observed, morphological and anatomical indicators are also of

paramount importance. This paper attempts to contribute to these characteristics.


310

0311

ISOLATION OF LECTIN AND LECTIN DERIVATIVES FROM HAWORTHIA LIMIFOLIA:

AN IN-VITRO INVESTIGATION

Devan Nadasan, Murugas Coopoosamy, Kuben Naidoo, Shanaz Ghuman


The ability of medicinal plants to aid in wound healing lends itself to cell-agglutinating and sugar-specific

protein. These are collectively termed lectins. Although the function of these lectins in plants are limiting,

the benefit to humans in terms of wound healing is of vital importance. With many new infections arising as

a result of bacteria, fungi and viruses developing immunity against western medicines, the world is now

turning towards natural medicines as an alternative source for cures. Harworthia limifolia is currently used

by indigenous people for sun burns, burns, sores as well as a systemic remedy and spiritual benefits. The

population in the wild has drastically reduced due to the pressures of harvesting by traditional healers for

trade purposes. The current study investigated the presence of lectins or lectin like derivatives in H.

limifolia. The derivatives were tested against rat, rabbit and human serum, and a positive reaction with

human α2-macroglobulin was observed. Furthermore anti-tumor and wound healing properties have been

validated.


311

0312

INVESTIGATION OF THE BIODIVERSITY İN SOME LOCAL TOMATO GENOTYPES BY

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION

Asu Oguz, Aylin Kabas, Sinan Zengin, Kenan Sonmez, Sebnem Ellialtioglu

West Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey

Turkey is the fourth producer country among the other countries in the world and tomato are produced

around 10 million tons per year. Over many years, tomato is a vegetable adapted to the geography of

Turkey, has shown a high biodiversity. In this research, with 76 local tomato genotypes collected from 52

different provence, 4 foreign and 8 wild species, total 88 tomato genotypes were used. Morphological

variations among these materials were investigated. According to the morphological Clustering and

Principal Component Analysis with the dendograms, two and three dimensioned scalings were realized.

Some of the local genotypes, were determined to be accessions increasing variations. These accessions

are considered as an important genetic resources in tomato breeding studies.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Local Genotypes, Solanum lycopersicum, morphological characterization,

clustering


312

0313

GROUNDWORK ANALYSIS ON THE TERMITICIDAL POTENTIAL OF ALLAMANDA

CATHARTICA L. LEAF EXTRACTS ON TWO SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE SPECIES

(ISOPTERA: TERMITIDAE)

Frank Britz Cadavis1, Facundo Rey Ladiao1,2

1Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City, Leyte, The Philippines, 2Leyte-Samar Sustainable Development,

Inc., Tacloban City, Leyte, The Philippines

Termites eat cellulose-based materials such as wood, paper, etc. and become pests when they attack

anthropogenic structures. It is imperative, therefore, to look for economical, natural and environment

friendly yet effective termiticide without the environmental and human hazards of synthetic termiticides.

Allamanda cathartica L. has allamandin, a toxic iridoid, common within the genus and other poisonous

compounds such as alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides that makes it a possible termite control.

A. cathartica leaf decoction (LD), crude leaf extract (CLE), and 40 percent and 80 percent methanolic

extract solution (MES) were sprayed on ten individuals of soldiers and workers of Nasutitermes luzonicus

and Macrotermes gilvus termite species. Enough treatments were sprayed to moisten the termites but not

flood the Petri plates. After ten minutes from application, the number of dead termites were counted and

recorded.

Results showed 90 percent and 100 percent mortality of both castes of N. luzonicus and 80 percent

workers and 90 percent of soldiers of M. gilvus died when sprayed with 80 percent MES. The 40 percent

MES showed less effectiveness with 60 percent and 75 percent potency on N. luzonicus and M. gilvus

respectively. Fifty percent of the test organisms of the two species were killed when sprayed with the LD.

Finally, the CLE (homogenization) killed only 40 percent of the test organisms, the least effective treatment

of the four.

It therefore shows that 80 percent MES have comparable killing efficiency on soldiers and workers of both

N. luzonicus and M. gilvus. However, there is almost 20 percent decrease in effectiveness between all

castes of the two species at 40 percent MES except the workers of M. gilvus. The LD and CLE

(homogenization) have diminishing effects in terms of killing both castes of both species. Thus, this shows

that the 80 percent MES of Allamanda cathartica L. was the most effective of the four treatments against

the two castes, soldiers and workers, of the subterranean termites, N. luzonicus and M. gilvus.

Furthermore, this experiment may be tested on the king and queen of M. gilvus and N. luzonicus, as well as

other species of both drywood and ground termites to test whether the treatment will have similar effects to

those found in this study.

Keywords: Termiticides, Allamanda cathartica L., allamandin, LD, CLE, MES, Nasutitermes luzonicus,

Macrotermes gilvus.


313

0314 RURAL ROADS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF PEOPLE IN DESERT REGIONS (CASE STUDY: SOUTH KHORASAN PROVINCE-EAST OF IRAN)

Farhood Golmohammadi1, Seyed Hamid Razavi2 Mohammad arim MOTAMED3

1Islamic azad university- Birjand branch. Birjand. Iran., Birjand, Iran; 2Oloome entezami University- Birjand. Iran; 3Jihad Daneshgahi Organization-Birjand Branch– Birjand - South Khorasan Province- Iran

The social and economic importance of rural roads which are obvious to ordinary folks and world leader’s

Inadequate rural transport infrastructure and lack of mobility pose important constraints to rural

development in . Since approximately % of in

rural areas and are engaged in agriculture, a solution has to be found to this problem, such a solution must

be agriculture based. Poor transport conditions are generally regarded as one of the main constraints

against rural development. Without access to jobs, health, education and other amenities, the quality of life

suffers, and without access to resources and markets, growth stagnates and poverty reduction cannot be

sustained. Since 1970, the World Bank has spent 13-16% of its total investment expenditure on transport

investment with a marked bias towards the construction of rural roads. The exclusive focus on roads and

motorised vehicles has recently come under criticism because it neglects the transport needs of the rural

household. Many researches in rural transport services now believe that the plans, projects and existing

policies in the transport sector do nothing or little for the rural poor.

Investment in rural roads is believed by many to be a solution to economic and social development problems in rural areas. This perception is indeed true as there is a link between transport and poverty that is not always acknowledged. This paper sets out to show that although theoretical and even empirical evidence is hard to come by, still investment in rural roads can be an effective weapon in our fight against poverty. This is a possible if the engineers and planners at programme and project levels meet certain preconditions. These preconditions are requiring engineers to review their design standards so as to allow the implementation of rural road infrastructure projects by labour -based construction methods. The paper makes it clear that rural communities place a high priority on accessibility to services and opportunities; as such investing in rural roads that provide basic access will always have a high economic impact. A range of other issues are discussed, all concerned with the poverty impact of rural roads investment. The challenge is to create an environment around these investments that will improve the income of the rural communities as well their employment prospects. Finally some recommendations on how ers can meet this challenge are enumerated. Keywords: Rural, Road, .


314

0315

PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY AFFECTS N NUTRITION OF TWO LEGUME TREE

SPECIES FROM THE FYNBOS MEDITERRANEAN ECOSYSTEM

Anathi Magadlela, Alexander Valentine, Leanne Dreyer, Aleysia Kleinert

University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa

Nodulated Virgilia divaricata and V. oroboides were grown in sand and supplemented with N-free, quarter

strength, Long Ashton nutrient solution modified with either high phosphate (500µM) or low phosphate

(5µM) nutrient solution for 160 days. The physiological parameters of the saplings, including biomass,

gaseous exchange, respiratory carbon metabolism and biological nitrogen fixation, under prolonged P

deficiency were assessed during this experiment. During prolonged P deficiency, V. divaricata maintained a

constant biomass, while V. oroboides showed a decreased biomass. V. oroboides showed a decrease in

nutritional concentrations, which resulted in the decrease of BNF. Both plants utilized atmospheric N more

efficiently per nodule under P deficiency. Maximum photosynthesis decreased in V. oroboides, while V.

divaricata maintained its photosynthesis. Both species also had greater carbon construction costs during P

deficiency. V. divaricata showed clear adaptive features during P-deficiency, as it maintained its growth

respiration.

The two Fynbos legumes appear to have different adaptations to P deficiency, which may influence their

performance and distribution in their naturally low P environment.


315

0316

FLOWERING PLANTS OF APICULTURAL IMPORTANCE IN KARNATAKA V. Sivaram and R. Shubharani,

Department of Botany, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Karnataka is endowed with diverse and rich flowering plants making it highly suitable for sustain large number of bee colonies and long established practice of beekeeping. In this paper an attempt was made to identify the major and minor nectar and pollen source plants from different locations of Western Ghats of Karnataka. The pollen analysis of 90 honey samples was carried out to show the importance of different honey plants for honey production. As a result of this work, over 160 plant species have been identified and categorized as major and minor honey source and also classified as ornamental, timber, medicinal, fruits, vegetable and other commercial importance. This paper also discusses the potentialities for commercial beekeeping in Karnataka and also the importance of honeybees in the forest and agriculture ecosystem.


316

0317

FOLIAR ANATOMY -A USEFUL TOOL IN ELUCIDATION OF THE SYSTEMATIC

POSITION OF WEEDY GRASS SPECIES IN GANDGAR RANGE, LESSER HIMALAYA,

PAKISTAN

Zia-ur-Rehmman Mashwani a,b. Mir Ajab Khan b, Mushtaq Ahmad b.

a Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi; b Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.

This study presents investigations into the foliar epidermal features of weedy grass species collected in from fields of

different crops grown in the Gandgar Range, the lesser Himalayas, Pakistan. The anatomical characters considered

both for adaxial and abaxial surfaces for microscopic study includes, zonations, long and short cells presence,

number and position, presence, types and length of microhairs, length and type of stomata, variation in shapes silica

bodies, prickles presence. Epidermal features of the different weedy grass species showed slight differences for both

the adaxial and abaxial parts with respect to prickles, papillae, macro hairs and micro hairs. Long cells, short cells,

stomata and silica bodies are almost universally present in all the three species. The higher degree of variation and

specialization in the grass epidermis shows greater variations in Poaceae than in any other family. The study and

identification of these anatomical characters of the epidermis of leaves afford us the opportunity to classify and

identify grasses into their various tribes and genus and adds to our knowledge on the biosystematics of grass

species.

Key Words: Foliar anatomy, epidermis, weedy grasses, Gandgar Range, silica bodies, micro hair, and papillae


317

0318

POLYGONUM BISTORTA AND ITS ACTIVE PRINCIPLE AGAINST AND

HEPATOTOXICITY.

Deepak Kumar Mittal, Deepmala Joshi and Sangeeta Shukla

Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Laboratory; School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University,;Gwalior - 474011

(MP), India

Aim of the study: Polygonum bistorta plant locally known as a bistort, used in the Siddha system of medicine. The

goal of the present work is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of root extract of Polygonum bistorta and tannic acid

against CCl4-induced damage in liver and kidney.

Materials and methods: The hepatotoxicity produced by the administration of CCl4 at the dose of (1.5 and 0.15 ml kg-1

b.wt.) for once only (Acute exposure) and 21 days (Sub chronic exposure), was found to be inhibited by simultaneous

oral administration of aqueous extract of P. bistorta (100 mg kg-1 b.wt.) and its active principle as tannic acid (25 mg

kg-1 b.wt.) after 24 h of CCl4 administration. The enzymatic activities of AST, ALT and SALP in serum where as LPO

and GSH contents in liver and kidney were estimated and histopathology of liver and kidney was performed after

acute and sub chronic exposure of CCl4 and treatment and compared to the control.

Results: Severe alterations were noticed after CCl4 administration with evidence of increased level of serum AST,

ALT and SALP. The significant changes were noticed in LPO and GSH contents with the concurrent administration of

plant extract and its active principle after CCl4 administration. The hitopathological changes were reversed after the

treatment of plant extract and its active principle.

Conclusion: This plant possesses a broad spectrum of antibiotic, antibacterial and anticancer activity. The

observations of this study indicated that aqueous extract of P. bistorta roots and tannic acid could afford a better

protection against CCl4- induced sub chronic hepatotoxicity in rats.

Keywords: Polygonum bistorta, Tannic acid, carbon tetrachloride, Lipid peroxidation, Reduced glutathione


318

0319

EFFECT OF DROUGHT STRESS AND ZINC SULFAT ON THE YIELD AND SOME

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS. ANNUUS L.)

Gholam Reza Zamani, Zohreh Baniabbass shahri, Mohammad Hassan Sayyari

University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

In many areas of Iran, the reproductive growth stage of sunflower is exposed to the drought stress.

Therefore, irrigation management of farms is necessary to increase irrigation efficiency and decreasing

water loss. Zinc (Zn), is one of the necessary nutrient for plant growth to involve in formation of indole

acetic acid and its foliar application is a known way and addition complementary to uptake by roots. This

study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc sulfat on some physiological traits in sunflower

(Hellianthus.annuus L.) under drought stress. The experiment was split plot based on randomized complete

block design with three replications. Four irrigation treatments, i.e. I1= without stress (control), I2= interrupt

irrigation during the vegetative growth stage, I3= interrupt irrigation during the flowering stage, I4= interrupt

irrigation during the vegetative and flowering stages were arranged as main plots and three foliar

application treatments of zinc sulfate, i.e. Zn0= without foliar application, Zn1= 0.5%, Zn2= 1%

concentration of zinc sulfate were arranged as sub plots. The results indicated that drought stress

decreased significantly all the measured traits. Seed yield had a significant decrease. The treatment of full

irrigation (Control) resulted in higher yields than other irrigation treatments. The highest seed yield was

related to foliar application with 1% concentration of zinc sulfate and the lowest one was related to no

irrigation during vegetative stage and flowering stage with no foliar application of Zn. Regarding the

limitation of water resources, application of Zn could be used as a good strategy for yield sustainability of

sunflower under drought stress.

Key word: sunflower, drought stress, Zinc foliar application, relative water content (RWC), yield


319

0320

ENHANCEMENT OF METAL UPTAKE FROM INDUSTRIAL SLUDGE

CONCENTRATIONS BY HEMARTHRIACOMPRESSA L. USING THREE FUNGAL

TREATMENTS

Sheza Ayaz Khilji and Firdaus-e-Bareen

Department of Botany,University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590- Pakistan

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of industrial sludge (tannery and paper) on the metal uptake

of Hemarthriacompressaunder three treatments of indigenous fungal speices (F1, F2, F1+F2) at the Department of

Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Different concentrations of industrial sludge were incorporated by

two fungal species in three different treatments (F1= Aspergillusniger, F2=Trichodermapseudokoningii,

F1+F2=Aspergillusniger + Trichodermapseudokoningii).Morphological parameters of seedlings (Fresh weight, dry

weight, no. of roots and chlorophyll content of the leaves) were recorded after 90 daysof growth. Heavy metals of

each treatment were also analyzed before exposing and after harvesting of plants. Results show that the growth

parameters varied significantly in tannery sludge as compared to paper sludge. The highest growth and biomass of

the seedlings was observed in tannery sludge inoculated by a combination of two fungal strains (F1+F2). An increase

in the chlorophyll content of the leaves was observed at the lower concentration of tannery sludge at initial exposure

followed by a decrease. Statistical analysis indicated increase in all growth parameters in lower concentration of

sludge.The accumulation of toxic elements in different parts of plants grown on industrial sludge increased with

increasing concentration of sludge. The plants treated with both fungal treatment (F1+F2) showed greater uptake of

metals in tannery sludge as compared to paper sludge. The plants of H. compressawere found more effective in the

accumulation of metals in roots in case of tannery sludge than paper sludge. The aim of this work is to investigate the

role of industrial sludge in the uptake of metal and the possibilities of reutilization of metal free sludge and its

conversion into fertilizer for application in cultivated fields after bringing pollution load to desirable limits.

Key words: tannery sludge, paper sludge, heavy metals, fungi Hemarthriacompressa


320

0321

EFFECTS OF IRANIAN RHIZOBIA ISOLATES ON PYOVERDINE PRODUCTION BY PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS

Samaneh Samavat1

1Young Researchers Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Pyoverdine is a fluorescent siderophore with high iron affinity produced by fluorescent pseudomonads. It has been

reported to promote plant growth and act as biological control agent of some plant diseases. The biosynthesis of

pyoverdine may be influenced by various environmental factors like pH, carbon and nitrogen sources. However,

limited studies have been carried on the effects of biotic factors. This study was conducted to investigate the effects

of five Iranian rhizobia isolates (RH3 to RH7) on the pyoverdine production of two Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates

(PF68 & PF109) under in vitro conditions. For this purpose, comparisons of the levels of pyoverdine produced by

PF68 and PF109 in the presence or absence of rhizobia isolates were determined by a spectrophotometric method

(λm= 400 nm). Results revealed that although PF109 (0.375 mg/l) was more effective in producing pyoverdine than

PF68 (0.300 mg/l), the interaction of PF68 with all five rhizobia isolates led to increase in the level of pyoverdine as

(RH5+PF68) showed the maximal increase (30.02%). Whereas the ratio of pyoverdine pigment of PF109 was

significantly dicreased in dual application with rhizobia isolates (RH5 to RH7). Among them (RH5+ PF109) showed

the adverse decrease (70.67%) in pyoverdine level. Thus, certain rhizobia seem to have a capacity to interact

synergistically with the pyoverdine production ability of P. fluorescens isolates.

Key words: Pyoverdine, rhizobia, spectrophotometry, fluorescent pseudomonads, biotic factors.


321

0322

UNDERSTANDING THE RESPONSE OF RICE TO INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC

CARBON DIOXIDE

Marilou Barrios1,2, Glenn Dimayuga1, Abigail Elmido-Mabilangan1, Robert Coe1, Florence

Danila1,2, Irma Canicosa1, Mary Jacqueline Dionora1, William Paul Quick1, John Sheehy3

1International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, The Philippines, 2University of the Philippines

Los Banos, Los Banos, Laguna, The Philippines, 3Marlow, Bucks, UK.

Plants utilize carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun to make food through the process called

photosynthesis. Animals on the other hand reverse photosynthesis. They eat plants or they eat animals that

eat plants. Animal metabolism consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. The net

effect of all this is a constant movement of carbon between plants, animals and the atmosphere. This

balance, however, is distracted due to increasing population, anthropogenic activities and climate change.

It is expected that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would continuously increase in the future and crops

productivity will be greatly affected. Rice, being the staple food for half of the world’s population is one of

the main focuses of researches nowadays. How rice would behave in this future scenario is not yet well

understood. If rice can take advantage of the extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to increase its yield

and if elevated CO2 can produce rice grains of high quality are some of the questions that were addressed

in this study.

In this study rice plants were grown in paddy conditions within growth chambers at a range of CO2

concentrations from preindustrial levels (195ppm) to those expected in the bundle sheath of C4 plants

(1560ppm). Photosynthetic parameters in terms of photosynthetic rate, oxygen sensitivity and rubisco

protein content remained largely constant as a function of light intensity and CO2 concentration.

Photosynthetic rates measured at ambient CO2 conditions were therefore enhanced as the growth CO2

concentration increased. Leaf anatomy was not altered and there was no evidence of sink-limitation or

feedback inhibition of photosynthesis at elevated CO2. This was further supported by enhanced biomass

production and grain yield at increased growth CO2 concentrations compared to rice grown in the field. It

was also found out that the physical traits of rice grains were not affected by elevated CO2 but chalkiness

was reduced.

Keywords: photosynthesis, climate change, grain quality, rubisco, sink limitation, chalkiness


322

0323

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIPROLIFERATIVE POTENTIAL OF CUSCUTA REFLEXA ROXB.,

Madhulika Bhagat a, Ajit Kumar Saxena b.

a Schoot of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India;b Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180 001, India.

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Family: Convolvulaceae, is well known medicinal plant in Indian System of Medicine for various ailments. This plant is widely distributed throughout the India. In our continued interest of developing the anticancer agents from the plant source, we have explored the antiproliferative properties of Cuscuta reflexa (whole plant) both in vitro against various human cancer cell lines and in vivo against solid murine tumor model. The alcoholic extract and its chloroform fraction were found to be most potent among three extracts and four fractions of alcoholic extract prepared. It showed maximum cytotoxicity against human breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. The alcoholic extract showed significant (p<0.05) 25.96 % tumor growth inhibition at 40 mg/kg for Sarcoma -180 respectively. Similarly chloroform fraction of alcoholic extract showed significant tumor growth inhibition of 44.11% against Sarcoma-180 respectively, at 10mg/kg. DNA cell cycle analysis of HL-60 cells showed growth arrest in Sub G1 phase when treated by alcoholic extract and its chloroform fraction and DNA in G2/M phase remained unchanged indicating that it does not produce any mitotic block. This study indicates that the anticancer potential of Cuscuta reflexa lies in its alcoholic extract and chloroform fraction of alcoholic extract of the whole plant due to interference in cell proliferation.


323

0324

NANOSILVER PARTICLES AND TWO STREPTOMYCES STRAINS EFFECTS ON

GROWTH OF PYTHIUM ULTIMUM PHYTOPATHOGENIC AGENT OF DAMPING OFF

Ebrahim Karimi1, Akram Sadeghi1, Yadola Dalvand2

1Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Department of Microbial Biotechnology and

Biosafety, Karaj, Iran, 2Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Department of Molecular

Physiology, Karaj, Iran

Several species of Streptomyces have inhibitory effects on the most common soil borne fungi. Nanosilver is

one of the most commonly used nanomaterials which possess the antimicrobial effects. In this study,

influence of two factors including Streptomyces strains and nanosilver particles on growth rate of Pythium

ultimum were evaluated. At the first step doses of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 75 ppm for two types of nanosilver

(colloidal formulations with 5 nm and 20 nm) were studied. Results showed that Pythium ultimum was

influenced by particle sizes and in the second was affected by concentration levels of nanosilver. Growth

rate of Pythium ultimum treated by 20 nm particles in 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 75 ppm concentrations

respectively was 80, 80, 80, 57, 37 and 27 mm in diameter. But in case of 5 nm nanosilver particles in 0, 5

and 10 ppm concentrations respectively was 80, 36 and 11 mm in diameter and no growth was observed in

25, 50 and 57 ppm concentrations. Biocontrol potential of two Streptomyces strains (801 and C) were

studied via co-culturing by 5 nm and 20 nm nanosilver particles. In case of 20 nm nanosilver particles

results showed that strain 801 could produce inhibition growth zone up to 10 ppm concentration (25 mm in

diameter) but strain C could produce inhibition growth zone up to 5 ppm concentration (8 mm in diameter).

No biocontrol activity for both of Streptomyces strains could register in case of 5 nm nanosilver particles.

These observations showed that nanosilver and Streptomyces strains 801 and C have antimicrobial effects

on phytopathogenic fungus Pythium ultimum but biocontrol of Streptomyces strains could affect by sizes

and concentrations of nanosilver. So in antimicrobial studies of nanosilver particles we must focus on

biosafety issues (unwelcome environmental effects) of nanosilver particles on properties of natural

antagonists.

Keywords: Nanosilver, Streptomyces, Biocontrol and Biosafety


324

0325

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RALSTONIA

SOLANACEARUM BIOVARS 2A AND 2T

Vahideh Hasabi

Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran- Iran, Tehran, Iran

Bacterial wilt disease, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most important phytopathological

problems of the agribusiness in most tropical and subtropical and some cool temperate areas. Many

economically important crops such as potatoes and tomatoes are affected. To study of pathological

behaviors of biovars 2 race 3 of R. solanacearum, two isolates representing biovars 2A and 2T were

evaluated for their pathogenicity aggressiveness and tobacco hypersensitivity response (HR). Infiltration of

bacterial suspensions of biovar 2T strains in tobacco leaves, induced a rapid localized necrotic response

within 24 to 48 h, while strains biovar 2A elicited a yellowish discoloration and weaker necrosis at the same

time. To evaluate the pathogenicity of strains, two isolates representing biovars 2A and 2T were inoculated

in six potato cultivars (Agria, Arinda, Marfona, Labida, Ramus and Sante), tomato, eggplant and petunia

plants at the third internode from the apex. After inoculation, the pots were arranged in a randomized

complete design and then potato plants placed in two different cool (25-31 C) and warm (39-45 C)

conditions. The aggressiveness of strains was evaluated by appearance of wilting symptoms and

estimating of bacterial density in the xylems of inoculated plants over a four weeks period. Significant

differences in aggressiveness among biovars 2A and 2T was detected in experiments. Isolates

representing biovar 2T caused less disease in all the species and cultivars compared to isolates biovar 2A,

at both temperature regimes. The ranking of bacterial density of inoculated plants xylems was generally

positively correlated with the ranking of wilting symptoms. The results indicated that the potato cultivars

were significantly different from each other in susceptibility to biovars 2A and 2T of R. solanacearum.

Based on disease index results, cv. Sante was found reasonably tolerant to both biovars in different cool

and warm conditions, whereas cv. Ramus and cv. Labida were highly susceptible. Among the reminder

cultivars, cv. Marfona was moderately tolerant, but Agria and Arinda were determined almost susceptible.

Key words: Ralstonia solanacearum, race 3, biovar 2A, biovar 2T


325

0326

INTRODUCTION AND ACCLIMATIZATION OF QUINOA (CHENOPODIUM QUINOA

WILLD.) AS A CLIMATE RESILIENT GRAIN CROP FOR PAKISTAN

Hassan Munir1, Eric Nathan Jellen2, Saeed Rauf3, Muhammad Farrakh Nawaz1, Fahd

Rasul1

1University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan, 2Brigham Young University, Provo,

Utah, USA, 3College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

Quinoa is a chenopod, native and staple food of Andean countries of Latin America. It was introduced in

Pakistan during winter 2008-09. Crop was selected because of the halophytic behavior and extreme

tolerance to abiotic stresses i.e. salinity, chilling freezing, drought and nutrient deficiencies in order to find

an alternative to the staple grains due to high environmental and biotic stressful conditions and for future

food security. Seed of 10 accessions of quinoa were grown under different climatic regimes of Pakistan

like Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan and Sargodha. Under Sargodha conditions, accessions: Ames 13730,

Ames 13737, PI 634919 and PI 596293 performed excellently based upon emergence and agronomic traits

i.e. E50, FEP, GI and MET; plant height, No. of leaves, No. of Panicles, leaf area, biological yield and

economic yield. Whereas, other accessions i.e. PI 478410, PI 510540, PI 510542, PI 614922 and PI

643079 could not respond well to the climate of all of the above mentioned regions except PI 510537 that

performed successfully under Rawalpindi conditions. In Multan and Lahore, the mortality rate was found

high in respect of all the quinoa accessions. Hence, quiona plantation of some accessions was found

feasible under Pakistan conditions in selected humid regions with cool spells which can supplement the

staple grains during drought and under problem soil conditions.


326

0327

EVALUATING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT QUINOA (CHENOPODIUM QUINOA WILLD.) GENOTYPES TO SOIL APPLIED UREA Muhammad Umer Chattha1, Hassan Munir1, Shahzad Maqsood Ahmed Basra1, Eric

Nathan Jellen2, Saeed Rauf3, Shahida Yousaf1

1 department of Agronomy, Crop Physiology and Social Sciences & Humanities, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad; 2Department of Plant & Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Utah, USA; 3College of

Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is famous for its better nitrogen use efficiency especially under

stressful condition. A field study was conducted during winters 2009-2010 to evaluate the nitrogen use

efficiency and its effect on growth and yield responses of three quinoa genotypes exposed to 0, 50, 75 and

100 kg ha-1 levels of soil mixed urea as a nitrogen source. Soil applied nitrogen was observed improving

plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, stem diameter, number of panicles per plant, main panicle length,

1000 grain weight, biological yield and grain yield. Moreover, endogenous levels of nitrogen and potassium

were also found increased with increase in soil applied urea. PI596293 responded more strongly to

nitrogen levels than other genotypes with improved biochemical traits like total chlorophyll, total Phenolic,

Nitrogen and Potassium contents. Ames 13730 accumulated the maximum endogenous level of leaf

nitrogen at 75 kg ha-1 followed by PI596293 applied with the same dose whereas PI634919 accumulated

the maximum leaf N and K contents when applied with 50 and 75 kg N ha-1, respectively. Interactive effect

showed significant variation in response of genotypes to different N levels perhaps all the genotypes

performed better at the least nitrogen level of 50 kg ha-1 than plants with no N application. Moreover, PI

596293 applied with 75 kg N ha-1 proved significantly better combination for increasing 1000 grain weight,

biological yield and grain yield of quinoa followed by Ames 13730 with 50 kg N ha-1 and PI634919 applied

with 75 kg N ha-1.


327

0328

THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND AMINO ACID ON SOME QUANTITIES PROPERTIES

OF THREE VARIETIES OF MAIZE HYBRID.

Abbas Mehardad Lomer, Valida Ali-zade 2, Rajab Chogan 3, Ebrahim Amiri 4

1 - PhD student in plant physiology - Botanical Institute - National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan.

2. Prof. of Biological Sciences. Deputy-director of the Institute Scientific Research. Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences – Institute of botany. Patamdar shosse, 40 – AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan. 3- Research Associate - PhD in Plant Breeding / Seed and Plant Improvement Institute - Research and Head of Research Department of corn - Karaj - Iran. 4- Assistant professor of agriculture department of Islamic Azad University of Lahijan – Iran.

To study the effect of different amount of nitrogen and amino acid on maize varieties, a factorial random experiment was done in Karaj research institute of seed and seedling in 2008. 2009 and 2010. Earmarking nitrogen for there levels of 0,150, and 230kg per hectare, sprinkling amino acid in there levels of 0, 4, and 5 liter per hectare, and also the varieties in there levels of Ksc700, Ksc704, and an early- growing Ksc500 variety. The result showed that the grains number of each ear, the ears number, the grains weight, and the yield of grains were on the effect of nitrogen and amino acid fertilizers. There factors got high when using more fertilizer. The best yield was on condition of 230kg nitrogen and 5 liters of amino acid. The yield of 18703kg hybrid seed Ksc700 per hectare was better and higher than 17562kg of Ksc704. Increasing of ears and grains number of maize was the reason. The 16050kg early- growing hybrid Ksc500 got the least yield, compared with the other late- growing hybrid. The reason was its low weight of grains, in comparison with the other tow.

Key words; Nitrogen, Amino acid, quantities properties, varieties, maize hybrid.


328

0329

RHIZOBIA CELL DENSITY CAN BE AFFECTED BY PSEUDOMONAS

EXTRACELLULAR METABOLITES AND VICE VERSA

Samaneh Samavat1

1) Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Cell density of bacteria can affect all bacterial activities such as biological control efficiency, nitrogen fixation ability

and etc. But bacterial populations can be influenced by several biotic and abiotic factors. Within biotic factors

affecting beneficial bacteria cell density are included parasitism, competition for resources and mutualism by other

microorganisms living in the same environment. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the cultural

filtrates of two Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates (PF68 & PF109) on the five rhizobia isolates (RH3 to RH7) cell

density and vice versa under in vitro conditions. As reported in our previous studies, both tested rhizobia and

Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates as biocontrol bacteria were able to produce several antimicrobial metabolites and

all rhizobia isolates were able to form nodules and fix nitrogen on common bean. For this purpose, comparisons of

the bacterial cell density were determined by a spectrophotometric method (λm= 560 nm and 600 nm for rhizobia and

Pseudomonas isolates cell density, respectively). Results showed that only cell-free culture filtrates of (RH3, RH6

and RH7) and RH6 could significantly increase PF109 and PF68 growth in comparison with the control, respectively.

Furthermore, filtrates of PF68 and PF109 can significantly increase the population density of RH3 and RH5 in

comparison with other treatments. Besides, none of rhizobia and Pseudomonas filtrates showed antagonistic effects

on tested Pseudomonas and rhizobia isolates growth, respectively.

Key words: Cultural filtrates, Cell density, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Spectrophotometry.


329

0330

DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN MINERALIZATION POTENTIAL OF THREE KINDS OF

PLANT RESIDUES AT GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS

Saeed Samavat1, Samaneh Samavat2

1- Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. 2- Young Researchers Club, Science and Research

Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Organic nitrogen in plant residues is a source of nitrogen which is released in soil gradually during growth

period. By knowing the amounts of it in soil we can prevent the excess use of nitrogen fertilizer. For

determination of nitrogen mineralization potential in three kinds of agricultural residues, an experiment was

conducted in incubator with three replications. For this purpose, wheat straw, corns and clover residues

were added to soil at the rates of 2.5, 25 and 5 ton per hectare, respectively. Nitrogen mineralization

potential in treatments was calculated with first order kinethic formula. The results showed that, the

maximum nitrogen mineralization value was obtained in corn residues with 51 mg/Kg and minimum value

(1.45 mg/Kg) was belonged to wheat straw treatment. Maximum and minimum nitrogen mineralization

rates (K) were in clover residues and wheat straw, respectively. Maximum nitrogen availability (N0K) for

plants was in corn residues and its minimum value was in wheat straw residues. Mineralized organic

nitrogen (Nmin) had high correlation with N0 and N0K at (P< 0.01). In this research, with application of clover,

corn and wheat straw residues to the soil we obtained 78, 127 and 3.6 Nmin kg/ha, respectively.

Key words: Organic nitrogen, Mineralization, Plant residues, Soil.


330

0331

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF LICHEN STEREOCAULON FOLIOLOSUM AND

MOSS RACOMITRIUM SUBSECUNDUM CO-OCCURRING IN SAME HABITAT IN

WESTERN HIMALAYAS

Sanjeeva Nayaka, Ajit Pratap Singh, Uday V. Pathre, Dalip Kumar Upreti

CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute,, 2-Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-U.P.,, India

The lichens and bryophytes though taxonomically two unrelated groups, share certain fundamental

characteristics such as poikilohydrism, lack of root system and cuticle, reduced plant body, slow growth,

predominance of asexual reproduction, ability to tolerate high irradiance and desiccation. Both have similar

requirements of nutrient and microclimate, hence they are often found growing together. However, being

two unrelated plants certainly would have different physiological response to environmental factors and

understanding the same is the aim of the present study. The aim is achieved in vitro using parameters such

as surface reflectance, chlorophyll fluorescence and Pressure Volume relationships for lichen Stereocaulon

foliolosum and moss Racomitrium subsecundum co-occurring in Himalayan environment during

dehydration and rehydration stages.

In both the plants total reflectance in RED and NIR region decreased during dehydration and showed

maximum recovery during rehydration. Lichen reflected more light than moss during fresh as well as

dehydrated condition. Reflectance parameters such as PRI, NDVI, NPCI, WI, NPQI, R727/R770 and R733/R770

were different in both plants. Fv/Fm in case of moss showed up to 93% recovery while lichen attained

100% after rehydration. RWC in both plants followed a similar pattern during dehydration and rehydration

though moss desiccated and recovered little faster. The lichen emerged as better desiccation tolerant

according to derivatives of PV curve by having low OP at full turgor, low apoplastic water content, low

relative water content at turgor loss and low elasticity modulus.

The study suggests the differential physiological responses of the plants are advantageous for their co-

occurrence. During desiccation slow water loosing ability of lichen is useful to moss which looses water a

little faster. The moisture in the lichen may help moss to be active for an extended period due to their

physical contact or cooler atmosphere in the colony. Similarly, during rehydration faster water absorbing

ability of moss may be helpful to lichens. In a mixed population high reflectance of lichen may be

advantageous to moss in reflecting maximum amount of total light incident on the population.

Key words: reflectance, fluorescence, PV curve, lower plants, Himalayas


331

0332

BIODIVERSITY OF BRYOPHYTES AND FERNS: A RESOURCE FOR MINING OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE TRAITS THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL METABOLIC MECHANISMS

Ajit Pratap Singh, Sanjeeva Nayaka, Ruchi Singh, Uday V. Pathre, Prem Behari Khare CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, 2-Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-U.P.,, India Lower plants (bryophytes and few fern) species survive to extreme water desiccation showing resurrection potentiality (poikilohydry). Bryophytes with approximately 15,000 species of moss and 10,000 liverworts and hornworts exhibit these traits since their evolution. Worthless is to mention for any attempts ever been made to explore these traits in order to develop transgenic. Present investigation enumerates ability of these plants to equilibrate its internal water potential with that of ambient air and then resume normal physio-biochemical activities after rehydration. This requires remarkable tolerance to water deficit, wherein limited damage from the desiccation, maintenance of cellular integrity and active repair mechanism upon rehydration probably is to be given prime consideration while determining tolerance potentiality. More than a dozen species of bryophytes and ferns viz. Pleopeltis nuda Hook, Riccardia sp., Pallavicinia sp., Plagiochasma japonicum Mass., Neckeropsis crinita (Gr.) Fleisch, Thudium assimile (Mitt) Jaeg., Mnium rostratum Schrad., Campylopus sp., Fissidens javanicus Doz & Molk., Fissidens sylvaticus, Neckeropsis fimbriata Fl., Pinnatella alopecuroides Fl., Marchantia sp., and Dumortiera sp. have been investigated for tolerance potentiality using variable parameters of photochemical yield (Fv/Fm) and relative water content (RWC) in both fresh as well as rehydrated plants. The Fv/Fm and net photochemical quenching (NPQ) in rewetted plants were similar to the fresh plants. The Fv/Fm in fresh P. nudus was 0.683, which after prolonged exposure of desiccation (50 hours) and 90% water loss, reached 0.672 when continuously rehydrated for 10 hours. The Fv/Fm value in fresh Plagiochasma japonicum was 0.741, which after long-lasting desiccation and wetting reached to 0.631. Similarly, the Neckeropsis crinita, Thudium assimile, Mnium rostratum, Campylopus sp., Fissidens javanicus, Marchantia sp., Neckeropsis fimbriata, Pinnatella alopecuroides, Dumortiera sp. and Fissidens sylvaticus showed 0.683, 0.589, 0.625, 0.703, 0.637, 0.734, 0.676, 0.406, 0.550 and 0.689 values in fresh stage. After long exposure to desiccation (90% water loss) and thereafter rehydration (for 3-5 hours), these plants showed 0.665, 0.558, 0.548, 0.637, 0.351, 0.385, 0.539, 0.266, 0.008 and 0.642 values respectively. It was quite interesting to notice that all the water saturated bryophytes lost 90% RWC in a range of 2-4.5 hours period, whereas, the fern P. nuda lost 90% water after a long water deficit exposure (45-50 hour). The physio-biochemical recovery period in all the lower plants was quite analogous, except few ones. The Mnium rostratum, Neckeropsis fimbriata and Pinnatella alopecuroides recovers rapidly and retains 100% RWC within 4-7 hours, whereas the rest bryophytes and fern species recovers little late and retains 100% water content after 8-12 hours. Hitherto, present study discusses resurrection potentiality of lower plants in respect to their physio-biochemical response during dehydration and rehydration. Key words: Bryophytes, ferns, desiccation tolerance, photosynthetic yield, relative water contents.


332

0333

DROUGHT STRESS TREATED WITH PEG-6000, GREEN BEANS (PHASEOLUS

VULGARIS L.) GENOTYPES ROOT, STEM AND LEAF ION ACCUMULATION

Fikret YAŞAR1, Özlem ÜZAL1, Taylan ÖZPAY1, Sebnem ELLİALTIOĞLU2

1University of Yuzuncu Yıl, Fakulty of Agriculture, Deparment of Horticulture, Van 2University of Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture, Deparment of Horticulture, Dıskapı/Ankara

The objective of this investigation was to establish the relationship between tolerances against drought

stress, and ion accumulation and distribution mechanisms of bean genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

species, namely Gevaş Bodur64 (GB64), Samsun100 ( S100), Samsun95 (S95), 4F-89 Fransız (4F-89),

Gevaş Sırık57 (GS57), Gevaş Sırık26 (GS26), Samsun96 (S96), Sırık Barbunya (SB), Kırkgünlük (KG),

Oturak Barbunya (OB) collected from various regions of Anatolia. Seedlings of ten different bean

genotypes were cultivated in containers containing Hoagland nutrients solution in a cultivation chamber the

climate conditions of which are kept under control. For application of drought stress, 10% Polyethylene

Glycol (PEG6000) corresponding to an osmotic potential of -0,40 MPa was added to the nutrient solution.

After the application, the accumulation of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese

(Mn) ions in roots, stems and leaves of the plants was studied. At the end of the investigation, it was seen

that there were differences between genotypes in terms of ion uptake as well as between organs in terms

of ion accumulation, and ion distribution was controlled in order to protect from negative effects of drought.

Key words: Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., drought, ion accumulation and distribution, polyethylene glycol


333

0334

INVESTIGATION OF 24 EPI-BR EFFECTS ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF

PETUNIA `S POLLEN TUBE UNDER CD STRESS IN VITRO

Hakimeh Oloumi1, S. Hassan Hashemi2, Farkhondeh Rezanejad2, Khosrow M. Kalantari2

1 Department of Ecology, International Center For Science, High Technology & Environmental Sciences,

Kerman, IRAN; 2 Department of Biology, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, IRAN

The development of anther and pollen which is an important stage in male reproduction is coordinately

regulated by many external and internal cues. Brassionsteroids have been shown to regulate anther and

pollen development. In this investigation, the effect of 5 ppm 24 Epi-Br) was investigated on some

biochemical parameters of pollen tubes of Petunia hybrida under Cd stress (0, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 300

µM CdCl2). Treatment of 24 Epi-Br increased the content of total protein in all groups including control and

Cd treated pollen tubes. While the results showed a progressive increasing of malone dialdehydes (MDA)

in cadmium and Cd+hormone treated pollen tubes, there was not a significant difference between MDA in

Cd treated pollen tubes and the tubes under Cd+24 Epi-Br. The activity of catalase was also increased in

pollen tubes treated by hormone. Based on the results, it seems that 24 Epi-Br exogenous treatments may

improve biochemical parameters of pollen tubes under cadmium stress in petunia in vitro.

Key Words: 24 Epi-Brassinosteroid, Cadmium, Petunia hybrida, Pollen tube, catalase, Protein


334

0335

THE EFFECT OF 24- EPIBRASSINOLID ON GERMINATION AND TUBE GROWTH OF IN VITRO PETUNIA HYBRIDA L. POLLEN UNDER CADMIUM STRESS

Farkhondeh Rezanejad1, S. Hassan Hashemi1, Hakimeh Oloumi2, Khosrow M. Kalantari1

1 Department of Biology, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, IRAN

2 Department of Ecology, International Center For Science, High Technology & Environmental Sciences, Kerman, IRAN

Cadmium is heavy metals polluting environment that is very toxic for plants. There are many reports showing that pollen grains are more sensitive than vegetative parts of plant to cadmium. Brassinostroids are a group of effective hormones in ameliorative in various biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. The present work was under taken to study the effect of 24- epibrassinolid on in vitro pollen germination and tube growth of Petunia hybrida L. plants treated by different concentration of cadmium (CdCl2). It was observed that cadmium in concentrations more than 100 micromolar decreases germination and growth of pollen tube grains, while, Cd in 10 µM stimulated germination of pollens. 24- Epibrassinolid in higher concentrations than 50 µM of cadmium increases germination and growth of pollen grains, but in lower concentrations don’t have any effect on pollen germination and tube growth. Concentration of 10 µM Cd increases pollen tube length in comparison with control. 24-epibrassinolide doesn’t increase pollen tube length in control and 10 µM Cd. However, in concentrations higher than 10 µM, hormone treatment increases growth of pollen tubes significantly.

Key Words: 24 Epi-Brassinosteroid, Cadmium, Petunia hybrida, Pollen tube


335

0336

SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN THE BENTHIC DIATOM FLORA, ITS DIVERSITY AND ASSEMBLAGES IN THE HIGHLAND-PLATEAU RIVERS (CENTRAL INDIA)

Jyoti Verma1, Prakash Nautiyal2

1Allahabad University, Allahabad, India, 2HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, India

This study examines spatial distribution of benthic diatom communities from the rivers Ken and Tons in Central India. Their floras consist of 276 taxa, 206 and 212 taxa in Ken and Tons, respectively and are quite similar (Similarity coefficient 0.67). Flora is highly similar within each river (0.65 to 0.9) but varies among their corresponding sections (upper to mouth) as similarity is low (0.44 to 0.52). Richness decreases gradually from source to mouth because substrate heterogeneity declines. Similarity in richness also declines in each river, but increases mildly amongst their corresponding sections, because substrate differs spatially. Alpha diversity is high and similar for both rivers. Of 14 and 10 taxa with abundance >10% in the Ken and Tons, respectively, only 6 taxa are common. Hence, the assemblages are diverse and differ spatially in these rivers. Species-rich genera are same. High conductivity and pollution tolerant flora prevails over pristine elements. Key words: Indian Peninsula, ecoregion, plateau rivers, substrate, brackish


336

0337

AN APPRAISAL OF DIATOM FLORA OF THE CENTRAL HIGH LAND AND HIMALAYA IN BIOGEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT Prakash Nautiyal1, Jyoti Verma2

1HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, India, 2Allahabad University, Allahabad, India

Distribution of diatom in some drainages of the West Himalaya and Central High land has been estimated to throw some light on its biogeography in the Indian subcontinent. Out of 363 taxa recorded from both of these highlands, 117 taxa (24%) were common. The similarity index (0.489) was at the threshold of significance. The affinities are likely to be high in the Central High land and Himalaya ecoregions because the Gangetic drainage connects these two regions. However, the wide ‘Gangetic Plains’ can be a physiological barrier for the diatoms (which disperse passively) because of high ambient thermal regime in the Plains. The development of present flora of these highlands might be influenced by the alteration of glacial /interglacial environment during Quaternary. During glaciations there might be migration of the Palearctic elements and Himalayan flora to southward in contrast upward migration peninsular elements during inter glaciations.

Keywords: biogeography, diatom, ecoregions


337

0338

THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND AMINO ACID ON SOME QUANTITIES PROPERTIES

OF THREE VARIETIES OF MAIZE HYBRID.

Abbas Mehardad Lomer1, Valida Ali-zade2, Rajab Chogan3, Ebrahim Amiri4

1PhD student in plant physiology - Botanical Institute - National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Baku,

Azerbaijan, 2Deputy-director of the Institute Scientific Research. Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences

– Institute of botany, Baku, Azerbaijan, 3Research Associate - PhD in Plant Breeding / Seed and Plant

Improvement Institute - Research and Head of Research Department of corn - Karaj - Iran., Karaj, Iran, 4Assistant professor of agriculture department of Islamic Azad University of Lahijan – Iran., Lahijan, Iran

To study the effect of different amount of nitrogen and amino acid on maize varieties, a factorial random

experiment was done in Karaj research institute of seed and seedling in 2008. 2009 and 2010. Earmarking

nitrogen for there levels of 0,150, and 230kg per hectare, sprinkling amino acid in there levels of 0, 4, and 5

liter per hectare, and also the varieties in there levels of Ksc700, Ksc704, and an early- growing Ksc500

variety. The result showed that the grains number of each ear, the ears number, the grains weight, and the

yield of grains were on the effect of nitrogen and amino acid fertilizers. There factors got high when using

more fertilizer. The best yield was on condition of 230kg nitrogen and 5 liters of amino acid. The yield of

18703kg hybrid seed Ksc700 per hectare was better and higher than 17562kg of Ksc704. Increasing of

ears and grains number of maize was the reason. The 16050kg early- growing hybrid Ksc500 got the least

yield, compared with the other late- growing hybrid. The reason was its low weight of grains, in comparison

with the other tow.

Key words; Nitrogen, Amino acid, quantities properties, varieties, maize hybrid.


338

0339

OBSERVED PHENOTYPICAL DIVERSITY IN A MUTAGENISED SORGHUM

POPULATION: AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN IDENTIFYING C4 TO C3 REVERTANT

MUTANTS FOR C4 GENES IDENTIFICATION

Nikki Arivel Larazo, Govinda Rizal, Kelvin Acebron, Richard Garcia, Abigail Mabilangan,

Reychelle Mogul, Michael Alcasid, Natalia Elayda, Salome Mamiit, Rhodora Cuevas, Rey

Vergara, Taciana Borabo, Mary Jacqueline Dionora, William Paul Quick

International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, The Philippines

Phenotype can be considered as the physical manifestation of an organism’s genotype with the influence of

the environment and random variation. It is a result from the expression of an organism’s genes thru its

morphology, anatomy, development, and biochemical or physiological properties as well as the influence of

environmental factors and the interactions between the two. Observing phenotypes within a mutagenised

population might be the easiest way to identify an individual that may have an altered gene sequence.

Knocking-out of genes in a C4 organism (Sorghum bicolour) may lead to alterations in its physical

appearance that could easily be spotted. While our focus is to find C4 to C3 revertant mutants for C4 genes

identification, we came across a number of phenotypes expressed by the mutants. Using Gamma ray and

EMS as mutagens, we have studied approximately 40,000 mutated Sorghum lines. Among these, we found

29 lines that are anatomically promising. Morphological phenotypes from these 29 lines were observed and

documented as well. From the population that we studied, a correlation between some of the anatomical

and morphological alterations was observed. These findings could be of interest to the scientific community

looking for similar traits.

Keywords: phenotype, mutants, Sorghum, morphology


339

0340

JASMONATE INDUCE THE ACCUMULATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ISOPRENOIDS IN CANNABIS SATIVA

Hakimeh Mansouri, Fatemeh Salari Department of Biology, Faculty Science, Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran We investigated the effect of jasmonate on plastidial terpenoids on Cannabis sativa at vegetative stage. We used jasmonate solutions with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 100 µM concentration for treating of plants. Plant treated with Jasmonate showed an increase in chlorophyll a content in comparison with control plants. However chlorophyll b content only increased in 5 µM jasmonate treatment. Also carotenoid content increased in all treated plants but there was no significant difference between various concentration of jasmonate. The amount of α-tocopherol enhanced in plants treated with 10 and 100 µM jasmonate. Treatment with 1 and 5 µM jasmonate caused a considerable increase in tetrahydrocannabinol. 5 µM jasmonate solution was more effective in this regards. Cannabidiol content decreased in all plants treated with jasmonate. These results showed that jasmonate encourage the accumulation of primary and secondary isoprenoids in chloroplasts.


340

0341

OVER EXPRESSION OF RICE OSHBP1 GENE SHOWING STRESS TOLERANCE IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO Nita Lakra1, Kamlesh K Nutan1, Sneh L Singla-Pareek2, Ashwani Pareek1

1SLS, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India; 2ICGEB, India;

Background: Abiotic stresses are serious threat to agriculture which negatively influences the yield potential of crop plants. Plants have evolved a number of regulatory mechanisms to cope of with these stresses. TFs (transcription factors) are critical regulators of the change in gene expression and environmental stress responses. Altering the expression of certain TFs can greatly influence plant stress tolerance. Studies showed that bZIPs TFs family which play an important role in stress tolerance.

Methods: Using real time PCR differential expression of OsHBP1 (bZIP TF) gene localized in rice Saltol QTL region in rice cultivars. A differentially expressed OsHBP1 transcription factor was over-expressed in tobacco and analysis of overexpression lines was performed under salinity stress.

Results: Various physiological and histochemical parameters related to salt stress were measured and compared between transgenic and wild type (WT) plants. The accumulation of proline, thiol and Na+-K+, MDA contents increased under salt stress. It suggests that OsHBP1b contributes to salt tolerance by mediating signalling through multiple physiological pathways. Furthermore, OsHBP1b confers stress tolerance to plants by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, facilitating the accumulation of compatible osmolytes, and inducing and/or enhancing the biosynthesis of soluble proteins. OsHBP1 transcript and proteins are differentially regulated under salt stress.

Conclusion: OsHBP1 is a nuclear protein belongs to bZIP class of TFs family. It contains a highly conserved bZIP domain consist of basic domain responsible for sequence-specific DNA binding adjacent heptad leucine repeat domain.

Key words: Saltol, OsHBP,bZIP


341

0342

MITOCHONDRIAL GENE VARIABILITY IN WHITEFLY, BEMISIA TABACI (HEMIPTERA:

ALEYRODIDAE) POPULATIONS ON COTTON IN INDIA

R. Ellango, R. Asokan, and R. Rajagopal†

Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore-560089, India.; † Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North campus), Delhi-110 007, India.

Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) a cryptic species complex occur on almost all crops in the world, which cause severe damage in cotton. B. tabaci infestation inflicts direct damage and vector of more than 110 plant viruses belongs to Geminiviridae family. Using mitochondrial COI marker B. tabaci populations were differentiated into various genetic groups and its biotypes at consistent rate of nucleotide divergence. An extensive field survey covered the 10 states (61 samples) to explain the geographic distribution of the members of species complex. The phylogram was constructed using different methods like Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian Inference (BI). B. tabaci were grouped into three groups currently named as Asia I, Asia II-1 and Asia II-8. And a new clade was found adjoining to the Asia II-8 with 8.8% nucleotide divergence. This study reveals the pattern of distribution of genetic groups of B. tabaci on cotton in India

Key words: mtCOI, Bemisia tabaci, genetic groups, nucleotide divergence.


342

0343

STUDIES ON TISSUE AND CELL CULTURES FOR PLANT REGENERATION OF

PURPLE CONEFLOWER (ECHINACEA PURPUREA L.)

Nilanthi Dahanayake1, Yue-Sheng Yang0,2

1University, Matara, Southern, Sri Lanka, 2University, China, South China, China

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) belongs to family Asteraceae (Compositae or sunflower family)

is one of the most popular medicinal herbs; it has been used by indigenous Americans traditionally for

treating infections, inflammations and insect bites. The extracts of E. purpurea have been confirmed to

have significant immunomodulatory activities by modern laboratory and clinical researchers. Recently,

because epidemic diseases caused by viruses have become much more threatening, global demand for

products of purple coneflower has been increasing. The growing demand for the products of purple

coneflower opened eyes to produce high quality improved varieties through biotechnological approaches

than through traditional breeding programs.

Explants of leaf, root and petiole were taken from in vitro grown plants and their regeneration ability was

compared by culturing these explants on media with various supplements. In most of the cases, the

regeneration ability in root and petiole explants was higher than that in leaf ones, and a combination of 0.3

mg/l benzyladenine (BA) with 0.01 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal

medium was the most effective, yielding 100% shoot regeneration frequency and associated with the

highest number of 1.84 shoots per explant. Explants with higher chromosome level need higher cytokinine

concentration to achieve higher regeneration frequency. In the experiments, haploid and diploid plants

showed higher regeneration potential at 0.3 mg/l BA where as tetraploid (2n=44) required a higher BA

concentration of 0.5 mg/l to accelerate the ability. All explants (root, petiole and leaf) from two and a half

months old plantlets produced buds in high frequency; 1143.9 buds were regenerated from 1 g explants.

With the established regeneration culture system, it was possible to obtain a large number (1124864) of

buds within one year period from one mother plant. For initiation of roots from the regenerated shoots and

stimulation of growth of the plantlets, all shoots from different explants responded equally well on medium

with 0.01 mg/l NAA.

Key words: breeding, chromosome, micro propagation; regeneration; tissue culture; purple coneflower


343

0344

RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF URBAN SOLID WASTE IN CANAL WATER AND ITS IMPACT

ON SOIL PRODUCTIVITY AND MICROBIAL HEALTH.

Salik Nawaz Khan1, Justina Jane Tahira1 ,M. Farooq2, Sumera Naz3 and

M. Nawaz Choudhry3

1 Institute of Agricultural Sciences , University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore, Pakistan PO Box 54590; 2. Directorate of Land Reclamation, Mughalpura Lahore, Pakistan; 3. College of Earth and Environmental sciences , University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam, Campus Lahore, Pakistan

Canal water is most reliable source of irrigation in Pakistan that ensures sustainability of soil productivity in

agriculture. While passing through the urban and peri-urban areas canal water becomes polluted due to

mismanagement and malpractices by the general masses. Major sources of pollution are garbage i.e.

kitchen and food wastes, rubbish materials like paper, rag, glass bottles, metallic cans, plastics, fibers,

residues from home fuels, street sweeping, building debris, rubbles and abandoned vehicles is added in the

canal. The other matter added is religious matter as Quranic destroyed pages and waste flowers presented

at different occasions. Washing and throwing of chemical bags, jars and containers is a matter of concerns

for water pollution. The present study high lights the impact intensity of pollution caused by solid waste in

BRB canal on chemical productivity. Canal water analysis made at pollution intake points showed the

presence of residual and microbial contaminants which add toxicity. The test parameters were prevalence

and intensity of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi having impact on Triticumaestivum, Zeamayz,

Dilbergiasissooand vegetables (Spinaciaoleracea and Brassica oleracea) plant health. The chemical

analysis was made in accordance with Punjabgovt agriculture department standards. The detailed chemical

and microbial analysis of water and soil micro and micro nutrient test i.e. Na++, K+, Ca++, Mg++ , S++ , Co-3

and HCo-3 exhibited the ratio of calcium, sodium and potassium exceeding to minimum tolerance limit that

favored microbial population count consisting on Xanthomonasnematophilis, MorganellaspAcinetobactersp

, Hafniasp, Aminobactersp, bacteria and Aspergilusniger , mucor. Penicillium, aspergillusflavaus, sterile

mycelium and Fusarium oxysporium fungal species. The cumulative effect of chemical and microbial

contamination resulted in poor plant stand when seeded in canal water contaminated soils.

Key words:Water pollution , solid waste, soil microbiology , water contaminants


344

0345

POST HARVEST PATHOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS ASSOCIATED QUALITY

DETERIORATION OF FRUITS IN MARKET

Salik Nawaz Khan, Zurra Moazzam, Justina Jane Tahira, Sadaf Nasrullah, and

Nosheen Shrif

Institute of Plant Pathology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Four vegetable markets of Lahore viz. Badami Bagh (main vegetable trade point), AllamaIqbalTown ,Awan

town (in the centre of the city) and KotLakhpat (at periphery) were selected for investigations on the baswas

of marketing network and business volume. Information regarding fruit deterioration was correlated with

distance from the market and fruit quality decline was linked with storage, means/ conditions for transport

and fungal contaminants. In the market fruits were classified on appearance of the fruit. Physical

appearance classification of the fruit a 0-6 rating scale.

Fruits are picked when they are stone hard and achieved desired size. Decay, rot and spoilage of mango,

Guava and banana were caused by storage fungi. The predominant fungal species associated with guava

recorded were Penicilium Aspergillusniger, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus fumigates and Alternaria

alternate and in multiple infection Aspergillus flavus, penecilium, Aspergilus phoericus, Aspergilus japonicas

and Alternaria plurwaseptata. Improper handling was the major factor causing major loss in post-harvest

chain. Fruit spoilage was mostly due to the humidity in air which causes lowering of temperature and inside

the packing thin film of water cover the surface fruit. The role seasonal dominance was very clearly

observed but severity was linked with management strategy and variety.

Key words : Guava, post harvest, quality,pathological constraints


345

0346

DETERMİNATİON OF ANTİOXİDANT ENZYME ACTİVİTİES SOME TYPES OF PUMPKİN

(CUCURBİTA SP) GENOTYPES UNDER DROUGHT STRES

Özlem YAŞAR1, Şerif KÖSE2, Özlem ÜZAL3,Fikret YAŞAR3, Şebnem ELLİALTIOĞLU4

1University of Yuzuncu Yıl, Ozalp Vocational High School, Van- Turkey; 2Food, Agriculture and Animal

Husbandry Ministry, Directorate of Manisa Province, Manisa-Turkey; 3University of Yuzuncu Yıl, Faculty of

Agriculture, Department of Horticulture Van- Turkey; 4University of Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture,

Department of Horticulture Van- Turkey

The purpose of this study, collected from various regions of Anatolia, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae

C. Pepo L., C. Poire moschata, C. Maxima Duch. and L. siceraria (mol.K) pumpkin total of 38 genotypes

that belong to the standard types, to determine the relationship between drought stress tolerance and

antioxidant enzyme activities. Seedlings of 38 genotypes of different pumpkin growing room kept under

controlled climatic conditions, were cultured pots with Hoagland nutrient solution. Nutrient solution for the

application of drought stress is osmotic potential of -0.60 MPa which is equivalent to 15% polyethylene

glycol (PEG6000) were added. Leaf weight control and drought treated plants were examined after drought

application. In addition, leaf relative water ratio (RWR), with the amount of chlorophyll, antioxidative

enzyme activities (SOD: Superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, APX: Ascorbate peroxidase) were

determined. As a result, antioxidant enzyme activities to be very effective on drought tolerant, can survive

in dry conditions pumpkin genotypes antioxidative enzymes systems were more active than susceptible

genotypes.

Key words: Pumpkin, Cucurbitaceae, Drought stress, relative water ratio, polyethylene glycol


346

0347

THE DATE PALM TREE’S PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND PHOTOPROTECTIVE

ADAPTATION TO WATER QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES IN AN ARID

CLIMATE

Or Sperling1, Naftali Lazarovitch1, Amnon Schwartz2, Or Shapira3

1Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boqer, Israel, 2The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot,

Israel, 3Northern R&D, Migal, Israel

The date tree’s wide cultivation at the arid regions of the Mediterranean is due to the fruit’s high profitability

and to its deep connection to the local traditions. Although date palms are highly adapted to extreme desert

conditions, date plantations require large amounts of irrigation water (up to 2500 mm year-1). Available

water resources in arid regions are commonly marginal and hold high solutes concentrations. Nevertheless,

the date palm trees are rather accumulated to salinity stress and prove to grow well with such low quality

water.

Through this research the date palm trees were subjected to a wide range of irrigation solutes

concentrations, from 2mM (NaCl) to 105mM. Gas exchange, fluorometry and ion concentration were

measured in order to characterize the palm response to salt stress.

We found that though high salinity irrigation water does increase solutes accumulation at the lower parts of

the tree (i.e. roots and lower stem), at the sensitive photosynthetic leaf tissues toxic ions, such as Na+,

were never critically high. High salinity irrigation also causes a secondary osmotic stress; leading to

significant reduction of the CO2 assimilation rates and stomatal conductance. This in turn leads to reduced

growth and loss of fertility. Furthermore, as the photosynthetic process is inhibited, the plants become

exposed to excess energy uptake which could cause permanent oxidative damage. Yet performing light

and CO2 reaction curves proved the photosynthetic system to maintain full viability and efficiency under all

irrigation treatments; implying of a highly developed photoprotection mechanisms. Regardless to the

salinity treatments, 4/5 of the energy absorbed is directed to non photochemical quenching and is emitted

as heat. Of the energy portion transformed to electrons through the photosynthetic system ~70% is directed

to CO2 fixation while the rest is directed to O2 related processes, such as photorespiration.

Our results suggest that date palm trees grown under salinity stress, thus refrained from full exploitation of

their photosynthetic system, direct a significantly larger portion of the absorbed energy to O2 related

processes and avoid permanent photo damage. Furthermore, toxic ions exclusion from sensitive

photosynthetic tissues prevents direct salinity toxic damage. Theses two integrated protection mechanisms

allow the date palm tree to prosper at extreme arid conditions were only poor quality water is abundant.


347

0348

SUNLIGHT AFFECTS MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS IN RHIZOMATIC PLANT

“COLOCASIA ESCULENTA”

Aqeel Ahmad1, Ghazala Nasim1, Waheed Akram1, Zoobia Bashir2, Shazia Shafique1,

Sobiya Shafique1

1Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 2Department of Physics, Bahauddin

Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

Effect of light and shade on mycorrhizal colonization in roots of “Elephant Ear” (Colocasia esculenta) was studied in

the Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IAGS). University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

For this purpose thin roots of Elephant Ear were selected from light and shade with four samples of each category.

These roots were stained following standard procedure. Microscopic observation of these roots showed a significant

relationship between the mycorrhizal colonization of two types of roots i.e. Light & Shade roots. Percentage of hyphal

colonization, percentage of arbuscule presence, number of arbuscules and vesicles per field of microscope were

studied in both root categories. The overall trend of mycorrhizal infection was higher in “Light Roots” as compared to

the ones collected from shaded areas. “Light roots ” not only had the higher hyphal colonization rate than “Shade

Roots” but they also showed the higher “arbuscular rate”, higher number of arbuscules per field of microscope and

even the higher number of vesicles per field of microscope than the “Light Rots”. These remarkable differences show

that sunlight has a positive impact on mycorrhizal symbiosis. It is therefore indicated that sunlight accelerates the

mycorrhizal symbiosis in through an enhancement in the formation of arbuscules and vesicles.


348

0349

POPULATION BIOLOGY OF BRACKENRIDGEA ZANGUEBARICA OLIV. IN THE

PRESENCE OF HARVESTING

Peter Milingoni Tshisikhawe, Margaretha Wilhelmine Van Rooyen

University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa

Intense and frequent harvesting of bark from species with a high market demand often result in ring-barking of trees.The trees subsequently die, and the species becomes rare over time. Brackenridgea zanguebaricais a species in demand not only because of its medicinal value but also because it is highly regarded for its magical value. The species has a limited distribution and is found only at Thengwe in the whole of South Africa. The population structure of the species was investigated and the response of the species to harvesting pressure evaluated in order to gain an understanding of its survival strategies. In spite of the high demand for the species it seems to be surviving the harvesting pressure, possibly because of its fine-grained nature. Brackenridgea zanguebarica showed a healthy population structure with lots of seedlings.The adult individuals showed a high degree of bark regeneration as a response to bark removal from medicine men. The inverse J-shaped curve showed that the population is healthy although sharp decreases between diameter size classes were observed. Fewer older individuals have healthy crown covers since crown health status tends to decrease with increase in stem diameter. Keywords: Bark harvesting, magical value, population structure, regeneration


349

0350

INDUCED RESISTANCE IN PLANTS MEDIATED BY DYNAMIC INDUCERS

Aqeel Ahmad1, Sobiya Shafique1, Zoobia Bashir2, Shazia Shafique1

1Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 2Department of Physics, Bahauddin

Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

It is always preferable to control plant diseases by enhancing constitutive cellular defenses or inducing defense

responses in plants against relative pathogens; this phenomenon is collectively called as resistance induction and the

agent which happen this phenomenon come true is termed as “resistance inducer” or “inducer”. Resistance induction

varies greatly with reference to types of inducers used and their mode of application. This is entirely dependent upon

the host pathogen combination and the factors prevailing in their local environment. Resistances have been induced

either by using biotic or abiotic stimuli. Variation of abiotic factors e.g. temperature, chemicals nutrients or growth

regulators may induce a number of defense compounds in plants. Biotic factors e.g. bacteria, fungi and nematodes

have also potential to alter biochemical profile of plants. All these factors directly alter the rate of transcription and

translation processes in plant cells. A number of studies have concluded that during stress conditions, transcription of

genes coding for defense related enzymes and chemicals have been accelerated significantly.

Here is the brief view of scientific studies conducted to discover IR and its impact and it will lead researchers towards

better understanding and development of resistance in plants of human interests.


350

0351

CADMIUM AND LEAD REMEDIATION PROCESSBY CANOLA SEEDLINGS TREATED BY MULTI WALL CARBON NANOTUBES

Effat Ahmadi Mousavi,Hakimeh Oloumi, Reza Mohammadi Nejad

Ecology Dept., International Center for Science, High Technology & Environmental Sciences, Kerman, Iran

This paper analyzes the detoxification mechanisms adopted by CNT to alleviate cadmium and lead toxicity. Regard to the importance of clean and low-cost methods application for remediation of environmental pollutants, the effect of carbon nanotubes on cadmium and lead absorption by Brassica napuswas evaluated in this study. Cd and Pb caused the decrease of growth parameters and increased lipid peroxidation in canola seedlings. Based on the results, it seems that carbon nanotubes alleviate Cd and Pb toxicity in canola plants. While canola seedling treatments by 10 and 50 mg/l CNT caused an increase in Cd and Pb absorption, elevated growth parameter and lower lipid peroxidation were also observed in the under stressed canola seedlings treated by CNT. Based on the results, carbon nanotubes application could improve the remediation process by c


351

0352

TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF A CELL EXPANSION GENE UPON TOMATO LEAF CURL VIRUS INFECTION

Arunava Mandal

Bose Institute, west Bengal, India

Tomato leaf curl disease caused by a geminivirus is a major problem in the Indian subcontinent. Viral disease symptoms include upward curling and puckering of leaves resembling leaf developmental defects. It was hypothesized that viral infection causes deregulation of leaf developmental/expansion genes thus the symptoms are manifested. We have used a clone of an Indian isolate of the virus and agroinfiltration based technique to create the disease under laboratory condition. Arabidopsis homologs of tomato leaf developmental genes were identified using bioinformatic analysis tools. Expression level of these genes was compared between control and infected plants by using RT dependent real time PCR methods. Tomato putative TORNADO1 (SlTRN1) gene was upregulated up to 2 fold during infection. The gene has two alternative transcription start sites as identified by 5’-RACE analysis, indicating the presence of multiple promoter regions. Differential expression from these start sites occur during infection compared to non infected plants. Further analysis revealed the presence of both TATA box and Inr like core promoter elements and also W-box like elements in the promoter region. Analysis of the role of putative cis- regulatory elements in the virus infection-mediated regulation of SlTRN1 gene is in progress.


352

0353

THLASPI ROTUNDIFOLIUM THE BEST HERB ACCUMULATOR IN LEAD CONTAMINATED ZONE

Hassan Salari

Department of Ecology, International Center for Science, High Technology & Environmental Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

Mining activities of Ghanat Marvan lead mine in Kerman Province (Iran) cause contamination of the ecosystem in the environment around the mine. This project was carried out to identify hyper-accumulator plants with the high biomass production and shortest life duration. For this purpose, five most distributed plant species from the surrounding environment of the mine were sampled for Pb analysis. The correlation between Pb in plant species, soil and waste and pH was also analyzed. Based on the results Thlaspi rotundifolium and Scariola orientalis are two plant species with an excellent distribution in this environment. The results showed significant negative correlations between pH and Pb in waste, plant and soil. Scariola arientalis with 354 mg kg−1 dry weight (DW) lead concentrate and Thlaspi rotundifolium with 647 mg kg−1 dry weight (DW) are accumulators lead and the best annual plant for removing lead on this mine. Thlaspi rotundifolium as a hyper-accumulator plant species is introduced for its biomass production and rapid harvest to remediate Pb polluted environment.

Key words: Thlaspi rotundifolium, Ghanat Marvan, lead contamination, Scariola orientalis


353

0354

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PENITREM PRODUCTION BY PENICILLIUM

AURANTIOGRISEUM

Surekha Maganti1, Kiran Saini2, Reddy S.M3

1Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India, 2Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh,

India, 3Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi, harmful to both human beings and animals. We

have been working on different aspects of mycotoxins. In the process, we have tried different strategies

such as prevention, removal and detoxification of moulds. Action of several chemicals including fungicides,

pesticides and plant extracts have been tried to control the production of mycotoxins. In the view of edible

nature of feeds and fodders, the biological control methods are considered to be safe. In view of this, we

have screened a large number of fungi and bacteria which co-existed in fodders in controlling penitrem

production by Penicillium aurantiogriseum. Our experimental results revealed that Trichoderma viride and

Pencillium griseofulvum caused maximum inhibition of penitrem production. Trichoderma viride which is

one of the dominant fungus in the fodder and non toxic found to be more effective in the control of penitrem

production. Trichoderma viride has been successfully demonstrated by other workers in control of plant

pathogens. The interaction of Penicillium aurantiogriseum with other potentially toxigenic fungi has also

been investigated.

The detailed results of the investigation will be presented and discussed.


354

0335

DIVERSITY AND THREAT STATUS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN KORIA DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH (INDIA)

Veenapani Dubey, Dept Of Botany, C.M.D .Postgraduate College, Bilaspur(C.G.)

Human survival is closely linked to biodiversity since times immemorial .Biodiversity includes all forms of

life. , ecosystems and ecological processes. According to a recent estimate the total number of species on

earth range from 5 to 50 million (Hanksworthet.al.1995).Data shows that there are around 17.9 million

species but a working figure is about 12.25million (WCMC1992).Current knowledge shows that only 1.76

million species have been described. What we see today is the outcome of over 3.5 billion years of

evolutionary development.

Biodiversity is rich in tropics, one of the key reasons is that tropical areas receive more solar energy over

the year. Thus topical communities are more productive and greater resource base which can support a

wider range of species. . Lying at the junction of Afro-tropical, Euro-Asian and the Indo-Malayan

biogeographical realms, India is a country of vast biodiversity in the world. India is also a “Vavilov Centre”

of “high crop genetic diversity . It has about 8% of world’s biodiversity on 2% of the earth’s surface. This

makes it one of the 12 mega-biodiversity countries of the world. This is based on the species richness

and levels of endemism recording a wide range of taxa of plants and animals . This diversity can be

attributed to a vast variety of land forms and climates resulting in habitats from tropical to temperate and

from alpine to deserts. Presently , Indian biodiversity is under serious threat. Global change has also

affected India and as a consequence the biodiversity is depleting. Chhattisgarh , the 26th state of India has

ample variation in physical and cultural features. Lying between 170 45’N to 240 6’N latitude and 800 15’ to

840 51’ E longitude ,it has about 44% of its geographical area covered with forests. It enjoys hot and humid

climate. It gains rainfall from both north-east and south-west monsoon. It has about 30 small and big

drainage systems. These features have an important contribution to its biological wealth.

Korea district in Chhattisgarh lies between 22°58’ to 23°49’ North latitudes and 81°33’ to 82°45’ East

longitude. Average rainfall is 121.36cm. It has a forest area of 81.23%. Annual mean temperature is 24°C

with a range of variation from 16.2° to 31.8°. The district is dominated by upper Gondwana rocks which are

rich in deposition of coal. The highest hill ranges occupy the northern part of Devgarh, Sonhat and

Manendragarh. The district has very rich plant diversity specially the medicinal plants which are not

comprehensively described. Viewing these points the present investigation was done. Present paper deals

with the general diversity index and the status of threat to the medicinally important plant species of Koria

. Out of 200 genera assessed 3 were found to be EW; 14- CE; 27-EN; 62-VU; 37-NT and 57 were LC.


355

0356

COMBATING STRESS AND ANTI-OXIDATIVE DEFENSE RESPONSES IN GREEN HAIRY ROOTS OF DAUCUS CAROTA UPON METABOLIC SHIFT FROM HYDROXYBENZOATE BIOSYNTHESIS TO METHYLERYTHRITOL 4-PHOSPHATE (MEP) PATHWAY

Adinpunya Mitra and Chiranjit Mukherjee

Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology

Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721 302, West Bengal

Daucus carota accumulates 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) as the major wall-bound phenolics. 4-HBA is

produced from trans-cinnamic acid via a CoA independent non-β-oxidative C2 side chain cleavage, as

demonstrated earlier in hairy root cultures of D. carota. Hairy roots cultures of D. carota, when cultured

under continuous illumination turned green; these green hairy roots accumulate a decreased amounts of 4-

HBA than normal hairy roots. Activities of shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH) and phenylalanine ammonia-

lyase (PAL), the two early enzymes shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways were found to be reduced in

green hairy roots. Expression levels of PAL genes also showed similar trends as observed with PAL

activities in green hairy roots. SDS-PAGE analysis of soluble proteins from green hairy roots confirmed the

presence of RUBISCO large subunit, which was absent in white hairy roots. Greening of white hairy root

possibly diverts the major carbon flow from 4-HBA biosynthesis to chlorophyll biosynthesis. When green

hairy roots were treated with gabaculine™, a potent chlorophyll biosynthesis inhibitor, it was found that

green roots slowly transformed to white roots. However, the content of 4-HBA apparently remained

unchanged. This suggests that a diversion in the carbon pool might occurred in the early steps of

isoprenoid biosynthesis (MEP pathway) inside the chloroplast. MEP pathway begins by joining two

products of primary metabolism, glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate and pyruvic acid. Pyruvate kinase is the

enzyme responsible for generation pyruvate in the plants. Further, it was observed that pyruvate kinase

activity was much higher in green hairy roots than white ones. This supports the hypothesis of carbon pool

diversion in green roots via MEP pathway. The first enzymatic reaction of MEP pathway is catalyzed by 1-

deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS). Work is being continued to study the expression of DXS

core cDNA in green and white hairy roots to confirm this hypothesis. Interestingly, the level of accumulation

of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) transcript was higher in green hairy roots than white ones. It

appears that the green hairy roots combat stress responses by inducing BADH gene. Continuous light may

produce some photooxidative stress on hairy root tissues. In fact, an anti-oxidative defense enzyme

superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed higher activities in green hairy roots as compared to white ones.

Therefore it is conceivable that a metabolic shifting from phenolic biosynthesis towards MEP pathway,

which in-turn activating enzymes and genes of antioxidative defense and stress responses to combat

photo-oxidative damage in green hairy roots has taken place.

Key words: Daucus carota; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid; hairy root culture


356

0357

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM PEEL EXTRACT: A POTENTIAL AGENT FOR

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC IN HUMAN OVARIAN CANCER CELL LINES

Mohd Dasuki Sul'ain, Rosliza Suhaimi, Nuruzawani Rahman

School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu,Kelantan, Malaysia

Nephelium lappaceum (NL) or rambutan is belongs to the family Sapindaceae. The fruit is generally

consumed fresh and industrially processing to juices, jams and jellies. However, the peel is often treated as

a waste. Studies on NL showed it to pose some therapeutic activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial,

antivirus and anti-hyperglycemic. However, the information regarding NL peel extract as an anticancer

agent is still limited. The purposes of this study are to determine the presence of phytochemical

constituents in NL peels extract and to evaluate anti proliferative effect and apoptosis induction of NL peels

extract towards cancerous cell lines. The two varieties of NL (red rambutan and yellow rambutan) peels

were used in this study. Breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and ovarian cancer cell line (CaOV-3) were

tested with non-malignant cell Green monkey kidney epithelial cell (Vero) as control cell. The viability of live

cell was assessed by Methylene Blue Assay. The IC50 value was determined followed by observation of the

morphological features of apoptosis by Hoescht stain. The two main active constituents in NL peels are

saponin and tannin. Both of NL showed a potent antiproliferative activity against CaOV-3 at 1.94 µg/ml and

12.4 µg/ml, respectively. There was no cytotoxic effect observed on non malignant cell, Vero. NL treated

CaOV-3 cells showed apoptotic morphology which are cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation and DNA

condensation. Methanolic extract of NL peels strongly inhibits cell proliferative and induces apoptosis

towards CaOV-3. It has the potential and promising resources for anticancer compound especially for

ovarian cancer.


357

0358

GINSENG AS A TOOL OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT

Shumaela Ali Syeda, Maqdoom Farooqui, Rizwan Ali Syed

Dr.Rafique Zakariya Campus, Aurangabad,Maharashtra, India

Ginseng is one of the species of slow-growing perennnial plants with fleshy roots, belonging to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae. Ginseng is found only in the Northern Hemisphere, in North America and in eastern Asia (mostly Korea, northeastern China (Manchuria), and eastern Siberia), typically in cooler climates. Panax vietnamensis, discovered in Vietnam, is the southernmost ginseng known. This article focuses on the Series Panax ginsengs, which are the adaptogenic herbs, principally Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius. Ginseng is characterized by the presence of ginsenosides. Ginsenosides or panaxosides are a class of steroid glycosides, and triterpene saponins, found exclusively in the plant genus Panax (ginseng). Ginsenosides have been the target of research, as they are viewed as the active compounds behind the claims of ginseng's efficacy. Because ginsenosides appear to affect multiple pathways, their effects are complex and difficult to isolate. Ginsenosides are separated by column chromatography. Ginsenoside content can vary widely depending on species, location of growth, and growing time before harvest. The root, the organ most often used, contains saponin complexes. These are often split into two groups: the Rb1 group (characterized by the protopanaxadiol presence: Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd) and the Rg1 group (protopanaxatriol: Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rg2)

Rb1 seems to affect the reproductive system in animal testicles. Ginsenoside-Rc is a steroid molecule that can be found in the ginseng plant and is recognized for producing more sedative related results than other ginsenosides, such as ginsenoside-Re or ginsenoside-Rg. In one study on breast cancer and different ginsenosides, it was found that ginsenoside-Rc was capable of inhibiting the growth of these cancer cells. This suggests that there is a possibility that ginsenoside-Rc may have effects that prevent or limit the development of breast cancer.

HOMEOPATHIC USES OF GINSENG:

In homoeopathy gingsen is called as alfa alfa.From its action on the sympathetic, Alfalfa favorably influences nutrition, evidenced in "toning up" the appetite and digestion resulting in greatly improved mental and physical vigor, with gain in weight. Disorders characterized by malnutrition are mainly within its therapeutic range, for example, neurasthenia, splanchnic blues, nervousness, insomnia, nervous indigestion, etc. Acts as a fat producer, corrects tissue waste. Deficient lactation. Increases quality and quantity of milk in nursing mothers. Its pronounced urinary action suggests it clinically in diabetes insipidus and phosphaturia; and it is claimed to allay vesical irritability of prostatic hypertrophy. The rheumatic diathesis seems especially amenable to its action.

As a diet and nutritonal physician I have refered this medicine to some of the chronic ulser suffering patients who have been banned the allopathic medicine by advice of their physician.I have given this medicine as nutritional supplement to such patients to over come from their nutritional problems.I got wonderful results in my study that without any damage of ulcer,i could cure ulser with homeopathy treatment such as Nux Vomica,Pulsatilla etc in different potency as per need.Nutritional requirement which has been fulfilled by Alfa Alfa has mechanised the system well.I have also given this medicine in my study to patients suffering from tuberculosis and other disease patients I found that the medicine helped me in rapid recovery of patient in disease as well as growth mechanisation.I advice more research must be launched on this herb.

The herb must be cultivated more and more, and recommended as a safe tool of nutritional value.


358

0359

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF MATRICARIA

RECUTITA AND CHAMAEMELUM NOBILE ESSENTIAL OIL

Roozbeh Farhoudi

Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran

The composition of essential oil isolated from Matricaria recutita and Chamaemelum nobile, growing wild in Iran, was

analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The Matricaria recutita essential oil was characterized by chamazulene (29.80%), α-

pinene (8.0%), β-Pinene (7.93%), ά-bisabolol (5.76%), ά -bisabololoxide A (5.51%), trans-b- farnesene (5.51%) and

Chrysanthenone (4.88%). The Chamaemelum nobile essential oil was characterized by Chamazulene (31.12%), β-

Pinene (10.11%), ά-bisabolol (7.32), a pigenin-7-glucoside (6.20%), ά -bisabololoxide A (5.98%), α-pinene (5.97%)

and β–thujone (4.84%). Antioxidant activity was analyzed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical

scavenging method and Reducing power antioxidant (the ability of oil to reduce iron +3). Comparing the DPPH

scavenging activity of chamomile essential oil from Matricaria recutita (137.2 μg/ml) and Chamaemelum nobile

(195.8 μg/ml) and those expressed by BHT (100.0 μg/ml), it was shown that the essential oil from Matricaria recutita

exhibited the good antioxidant effects than Chamaemelum nobile. Results showed Matricaria recutita essential oil

absorbance value (0.94 %) was close to synthetic antioxidant BHT (1.12%) obtained at 100 μg/ml. Matricaria recutita

essential oil displaied the stronger antioxidant activity compared Chamaemelum nobile essential oil .

Key word: Chamomile, radical scavenging, chamazulene, Shoushtar


359

0360

A VIEWPOINT TOWARD MEDICAL PLANT OF ZIZIPHUS JUJUBA AND ITS APPLICATIONS, MEDICINE’S CHARACTERS AND ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE IN SOUTH-KHORASAN PROVINCE

Farhood Golmohammadi

(Ph.D.); A Faculty Member in: Islamic Azad University_ Birjand Branch – Birjand. IRAN.

Ziziphus jujuba is one of valuable medicinal plant which grows in south-khorasan province. Jujube was domesticated in the Indian subcontinent by 9000 BCE. Over 400 cultivars have been selected. The tree tolerates a wide range of temperatures and rainfall, though it requires hot summers and sufficient water for acceptable fruiting. Unlike most of the other species in the genus, it tolerates fairly cold winters, surviving temperatures down to about −15°C. This enables the jujube to grow in desert habitats, provided there is access to underground water through the summer. Virtually no temperature seems to be too high in summertime. The fruits are used in Chinese and Korean traditional medicine, where they are believed to alleviate stress, and traditionally for antifungal, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, sedative, antispastic, antifertility/contraception, hypotensive and Antinephritic, cardiotonic, antioxidant, immunostimulant, and Wound healing properties. The jujube-based Australian drink 1-bil avoids making specific stress-related claims, but does suggest drinking 1-bil "when you feel yourself becoming distressed. The plant may help prevent impairment of hippocampal memory. A controlled clinical trial found the fruits helpful for chronic constipation. A leaf extract showed anti-obese activity in rats. Ziziphin, a compound in the leaves of the jujube, suppresses the ability to perceive sweet taste in humans. The fruit, being mucilaginous, is very soothing to the throat and decoctions of jujube have often been used in pharmacy to treat sore throats. Dried jujube fruits, which naturally turn red upon drying. Ziziphus jujuba is a shrub with short branches or short tree with 6 -10 m height which is planted in most moderate places of Iran and is distributed widely in the south-khorasan province, north of khorasan, Alamout of Ghazvin and etc. This plant is being planted in different regions for instance south-khorasan province, Kordkoy, Gorgan, Kalaleh, Minoodasht and etc. Ziziphus jujuba begins it’s grow from early April and its fruits rippen in September and falls from the middle to the end of autumn and then its hibernation occurs. Its precise natural distribution is uncertain due to extensive cultivation, but is thought to be in southern Asia, between Lebanon, Iran, Pakistan, northern India, Bangladesh, the Korean peninsula, and southern and central China, and also southeastern Europe though more likely introduced there. It is a small deciduous tree or shrub reaching a height of 5–10 m, usually with thorny branches. The leaves are shiny-green, ovate-acute, 2–7-cm wide and 1–3-cm broad, with three conspicuous veins at the base, and a finely toothed margin. The flowers are small, 5-mm wide, with five inconspicuous yellowish-green petals. The fruit is an edible oval drupe 1.5–3-cm deep; when immature it is smooth-green, with the consistency and taste of an apple, maturing brown to purplish-black and eventually wrinkled, looking like a small date. There is a single hard stone similar to an olive stone. In this article, author present a brief view of Medical plant of ziziphus jujuba and its applications, medicine’s characters and economical importance in south-khorasan province - Iran and finally conclusion and recommendations of it’s application in sustainable rural development in south-khorasan province Iran.

Keywords: ziziphus jujuba, Medical plant, applications, characters, economical importance, south-khorasan province.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1-bil&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziziphin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucilage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive


360

0361

LIPASE CATALYZED BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM A HIGH OIL YIELDING PLANT,

SIMAROUBA GLAUCA

Deepu Krishnan

Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, India

Biodiesel is considered as the most promising substitute for diesel fuel as it is biodegradable, renewable,

non-toxic, emits less gaseous and particulate pollutants and have same performance as conventional

diesel. Use of lipase as catalyst in transesterification of oils for biodiesel production offers an

environmentally more attractive option than chemical catalysts. Simarouba glauca, a multipurpose, drought

resistant, evergreen tree belonging to Simaroubaceae family has wide scope in biodiesel production as the

oil content in its seeds is higher than other major biofuel crops. The present study deals with extraction of

oil from Simarouba glauca seeds followed by the comparative study of transesterification of the extracted

oil by alkali (NaOH) and commercial lipase enzyme. Soxhlet extraction method was used to extract oil from

the seeds of Simarouba glauca. Different solvents were used for oil extraction and the highest yield

(64.49%) was obtained by n-hexane. The physicochemical characteristics of the extracted oil were

determined according to AOCS (1973). Transesterification of the oil to biodiesel was carried out in

methanol in the presence of chemical and biological catalysts. The biodiesel thus produced was analyzed

by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer which showed the presence of methyl esters (FAME) of stearic

acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. The effect of methanol to oil molar ratio was also investigated and the

stoichiometric methanol to oil molar ratio required for a complete transesterification was found to be 3:1.

There was a decrease in the peak area of methyl esters when the ratio was increased above 3:1. The

amount of free glycerol present in the biodiesel sample was also estimated. Analysis of fuel properties of

biodiesel revealed that most of the parameters satisfied the standards specifications of ASTM.

Key Words: Biodiesel, Simarouba glauca, Transesterification, Lipase


361

0362

THE FLOWERING HABIT OF NIPA (NYPA FRUTICANS WURMB) IN SEMI-WILD STANDS OF DAVAO REGION, PHILIPPINES

Junaldo A. Mantiquilla and Eufemio T. Rasco, Jr. Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, College of Science and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Mindanao Mintal, Davao City, Philippines At least 70 palms were observed in April 2010 until February 2011 for the flowering habit of nipa from selected semi-wild stands in various sites of Davao Region. Areas in Davao City include: Bago Aplaya (7°2’21” N, 125°32’03” E, elevation: 21 m), Ecoland (7°3’28” N, 125°36’24” E, elevation: 19m) and Talomo (7°2’52” N, 125°33’26” E elevation: 29m). The developmental stages of inflorescence were divided arbitrarily with the emergence spanned longest at almost 24 days. The developing green inflorescence was observed as axillary and interfoliar flanked by a bract that would eventually separate from the first prophyll by early stage 2, and outgrew the latter later accompanied by base expansion and yellowing of the whole inflorescence. The transition of this stage to pre-anthesis was observed to occur in about 10 days where growth acceleration was observed by developing the main axis and lateral branches with color shifted to brighter hues from yellow orange to orange. The succeeding stage, the female anthesis, occurred in almost 7 days after, and the male anthesis ensued a day later. Inflorescence development would take about 41 days from emergence to male anthesis. The staminate rachillae surpassed the height of the pistillate head, consequently releasing the pollen from top to bottom rachilla. Stigma receptivity reached a peak at 89% 12 hours after the pistillate head emerged from its sheath indicating cross pollination, and declined significantly at 55% after 48 hours. The duration of male phase was estimated to occur 13 to 14 days. Pollen grain was observed as spheroidal and zonasulcate possessing tapering spines. Different stands in Carmen, Davao del Norte such as Purok 17 (7°21’46” N, 125°42’13” E, elevation: 23 m) and Brgy. Ising (7°21’47” N, 125°42’33” E, elevation: 20 m) were observed for comparison of other morphological characteristics of this monoecious inflorescence. The Carmen stands were significantly fecund over the Davao City stands in terms of female flower count at an average of 61 and 58 closely knit female flowers per pistillate head, respectively. Likewise the Carmen stands had significantly higher mean count and longer measurement of staminate rachillae over Davao City stands at an average of 33 spikes measuring about 7 cm, and 17 spikes at almost 6 cm in length, respectively. The final inflorescence length was measured at 84.3 cm in Davao City; while 117.5 cm in Carmen suggesting longer tapping potential for sap production. Keywords: Nypa fruticans, pistillate head, stigma receptivity, staminate rachillae, male phase, pollen,

anthesis


362

0363

ISOLATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURAL CONDITIONS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AMYLASE BY PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM S4.

Pradip Kumar Baruah, Bhisma Narayan Swargiari

Cotton College, Guwahati, Assam, Ne, India

Starch degrading amylolytic enzymes are most important in the field of biotechnology with a huge application in food, fermentation, textile and paper industry. The amylase family of enzyme is a great significance due to its wide area of potential applications. After extensive screening of Penicillium spp. capable of producing extracellular amylase in fairly good quantities were isolated and selected. One selected isolate was identified as Penicillium chrysogenum S4 in a medium containing (g%) Peptone 0.5, Yeast extract 0.5, starch 0.2, K2HPO4 0.4 and MgSO4. 7H2O 0.1. Complex organic substances like Peptone, Yeast extract etc. was found necessary for maximum amylase production. Inorganic substances like NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3 could not substitute peptone fully in a medium for amylase synthesis. Among the carbohydrates, starch and dextrin induced amylase production. Addition of phosphate in the medium is essential for growth and amylase production. Phosphate salt added in the form of K2HPO4 at a concentration of 0.4% helped to maintain the pH of the medium(6.5-7.0) which are suitable for amylase synthesis. The optimum temperature for amylase synthesis was found to be 30 ± 10C. Amylase synthesis started at the end of logarithmic phase and released maximum at the stationery phase.

Key words : Penicillium chrysogenum, amylase, optimization.


363

0364

TRANSFORMATION OF TOBACCO WITH DEHE GENE FROM RHIZOBIUM SP.

Yilmaz Kaya1, Sibel Yilmaz1,2, Nermin Gozukirmizi1,2, Fahrul Huyop1

1University Technology Malaysia, Johor bahru/Johor, Malaysia, 2Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

Transgenic tobacco plants were generated by the introduction of DehE gene from Rhizobium sp. for

herbicide tolerance. Leaf discs of 6 weeks old tobacco grown on in vitro condition were inoculated with

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 that has DehE gene for dalapon resistance. The plants were

cultured on MS basal medium containing 3% sucrose, 2 mg/l BAP and 0.2 NAA. After transformation with

Agrobacterium plant materials were subcultured on MS medium supplemented with 100 μg/ml kanamycin,

50 μg/ml hygromycin and 250 μg/ml cefotaxime at least 6 weeks. Transformation confirmation realized by

PCR and bioassay (dalapon). Transgenic tobacco plantlets were transferred to soil and grown further.

Trangenic plants was sprayed with different concentration of dalapon, they were growing well. But control

plants were died when dalapon sprayed on them.


364

0365

INTERACTION OF MICRORNAS AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IN GENE

REGULATION

Sunita Yadav, S. K. Sen

1Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur/West Bangal, India, 2Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi/Uttar

Pradesh, India

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), Transcription factors (TFs) and their promoters are the key regulators to overcome the organism from the environmental stress condition. Like entire organism, plants also confront many environmental changes mainly the drought condition in all the crops especially in case of Rice that effect its yield. Our target is to follow the role of TFs and miRNAs in the drought condition in rice as TFs interact with the network of other TFs and miRNAs in the signal transduction pathway. Here we have taken TF and its interaction with miRNAs regulated under ABA (Abscisic acid) pathway in drought condition. To recognize the role of miRNAs clearly, our focus is also on its correlation with the SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) in TFs. According to current research progress, it is predicted that SNPs in the TF gene may effect the binding affinity of miRNA to the target mRNA of the TF or other specific targets, which may be resulted in differential expression of the target gene in rice. This prediction needs miRNA profiling and experimental validation of SNPs in TF under drought condition in rice to define the role of miRNA accurately which may confers our one step towards the relatively


365

0366

SEASONAL DIVERSITY OF DIFFERENT BIOFILM SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM

POLLUTED AS WELL AS NON-POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS

Sana Khalid1, Arusa Aftab1, Dr. Anjum Nasim Sabri2

1Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, 2Department of

Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, Pakistan

Bacterial biodiversity have been studied in different environments. Bacteria occur extensively in aquatic

systems, in food, plant leaves and dry environments. Bacterial biodiversity is much more than any microbial

diversity. Microbial biofilms are populations that are concentrated at an interface usually solid/liquid and

typically surrounded by an extracellular polymeric slime matrix. Whereas, flocs are suspended aggregates

of microorganisms surrounded by an extracellular polymeric slime matrix that formed in liquid suspension.

They have many of the same characteristics as biofilms. Because of the physico-chemical and biological

properties, the biofilms are highly beneficial for removing organic and inorganic contaminants from the

natural environments and in the modulated systems. The ecosystems, both on land and in the water,

depend heavily upon the activity of bacteria. The cycling of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur is

completed by their ceaseless labor. Bacteria bring about nutrient cycling, organic matter formation,

decomposition, soil structure formation, soil aggregation improvement by providing polysaccharides.

Bacterial biodiversity checked by seasonal sampling (March, 2005, June, 2005 and September, 2005) from

non-polluted and polluted sources i.e., water fall of race course park and polluted water of shadman drain.

Seventy two (72) bacterial strains were isolated from the six biofilms samples A, B, C, D, E, and F on the

basis of morphological biodiversity on seven different selective media plates. After establishing the viability

of bacterial cultures under laboratory conditions, purified colonies were characterized morphologically,

physiologically, biochemically as well as genetically. However, colonies were screened genetically for the

presence of plasmid/s by preparation of plasmid DNA by alkaline lysis with SDS: Minipreparation method,

conjugation and transformation. These strains can be used for further applications in soil structure and crop

yield improvement under stress conditions.

Keywords: Biofilm, Seasonal Diversity, Polluted environment, non-polluted environment.


366

0367

ROLE OF SOIL MICROBES IN CROP PRODUCTION OF TEA IN NORTH EAST INDIA

B.K. Barthakur, Ivy Phukan, M. Bordoloi, M. Madhab, S. Bora, S.C. Nair

Tocklai Experimental Station,Tea Research Association, Jorhat,Assam, India

Over the years the prospects of utilizing beneficial soil microbes as crop enhancer has achieved worldwide importance and acceptance for agricultural benefits. Recent approaches in exploiting indigenous tea soil microbes as a potential tool for sustainable crop production are gaining momentum in the field of tea research too. Under this investigation several beneficial microbial strains were isolated from tea eco system which harbors rich microbial diversity. Plant growth promoting (PGP) potentialities of these isolated strains were evaluated through pot culture and green house trial. Pot trial was performed by application of twelve selected PGP strains mixed with decomposed cow dung in raising tea cuttings in earthen pots. The observation recorded after nine months of treatment application showed maximum biomass gain with 416.6 and 515.4% over untreated control in tea plants treated with MM/AZM/10 and MM/PSM/10 respectively. A greenhouse trial was performed with five effective PGP microbial strains to evaluate their potentiality in combination with and without inorganic and organic manure on three different planting materials TV1, TV26 and S3A3, where the recorded data showed high effectiveness of PGP microbes in supporting vegetative growth of the tea plants in combination with organic manures. The strains were also tested for their efficiency in enhancement of crop yield under field condition and MM/PDS/01, MM/AZR/08, MM/BS/T, MM/RZM/04, MM/AN and MM/AC/01 were found to be highly effective. Based on the results of this field experiment four effective strains i.e. MM/PDS/01, MM/AZR/08, MM/BS/T and MM/AC/01 were subjected to commercial field trials to assess their effect in increasing productivity. Data generated from these trials proved the superiority of MM/BS/T and MM/AC/01 in enhancing the crop yield maximum of 25.9 % gain over untreated control during two years (2011&2012) of field experimentation. Considering the response of these beneficial microbes recommendation can be made for their use as bio inoculants by the tea growers. Key words: bioinoculants, crop enhancer, microbial diversity, PGP.


367

0368

GENETIC DIVERSITY IN SOME PEA VARIETIES AND THEIR HYBRIDS AS REVEALED

BY MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS AND SSR DNA MARKERS

Abdelfattah Badr, Hanan Sayed-Ahmad, Salwa Badr, Marwa Hamouda

Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

The genetic diversity in pea is narrowed due to its ability to inbreeding. With limited generic variation within

this important crop, healthy reproduction becomes increasingly difficult, and offspring often deal with similar

problems to those of inbreeding. Hybridization and production of new hybrids increase the genetic diversity

and offer new possibilities for continuous improvement of crop productivity. This study aims at using

phenotyping of the morphological variation and genotyping the genetic diversity using SSR polymorphism

of five commercial varieties of sweet pea and their hybrids. The selected varieties were grown in the field at

Tanta, Egypt and their diagnostic phenotypic criteria were scored with emphases on agronomic traits. All

varieties were crossed and new hybrids were produced. The results showed improved productivity

measured as number of yield traits particularly number of pods per plants, pod length, number of seeds per

pod and weight of 100 seeds. The parents and their hybrids were finger-printed sing SSR as DNA markers.

Data were analyzed using NTSYS-pc and genetic diversity among the examined cultivars and hybrids of

pea. The results clearly support the credibility of SSR markers to assist breeding of sweet pea.


368

0369

ABILITY OF EDIBLE COATINGS TO PRESERVE THE POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF PINK FLESHED GUAVA (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L.) FRUIT

Neeta B. Gol and T. V. Ramana Rao

B. R. Doshi School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, Gujarat, India, Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important fruit frequently consumed raw as having high nutritional value. However, its perishable nature due to ripening and softening limits its storage, handling and transport potential of this fruit. Therefore, the present study has been carried out to evaluate the efficacy of biodegradable coatings of chitosan (0.5% and 1%) and alginate (0.5% and 1%) on physicochemical characteristics and softening related enzyme activities of pink fleshed guava fruits stored at 10 ± 1°C, 65-70% RH, while the uncoated fruit served as control. The coated as well as control guava samples were analyzed at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 days of storage interval. The results revealed that guava fruit coated with chitosan and alginate had a significant delay in the change of weight loss, decay percentage, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and sugar accumulation as compared to uncoated control fruit. In addition, the edible coatings showed a positive effect on maintaining higher concentration of total phenolics, ascorbic acid, lycopene and total antioxidant capacity which decreased in control fruit due to their over-ripening and senescence processes. Compared to control, coated fruit had positive effects on the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzyme activities and among them chitosan 1% and alginate 1% coatings were more effective in inhibiting the enzyme activity. The data of the present study may be an indication that the lower enzyme activities of PG, PME, cellulase and β- galactosidase in the coated guava might have been associated with a high integrity of the cell membrane and few changes in the cell wall constituents, which contributed to high levels of crispness and firmness in the guava fruits during their storage. After 24 days of storage, guava samples treated with chitosan and alginate coatings maintained good sensory quality, whereas the sensory quality of control samples became unacceptable. The result of the present study suggests that application of chitosan 1% and alginate 1% on to pink fleshed guava fruit surface presents itself as a viable alternative for extending their shelf life and proved to be safe and effective at ambient conditions. From the current study it is evident that chitosan 1% was more effective in extending the shelf life of guava fruit while maintaining its valuable quality attributes than that of alginate 1%, so the coating of chitosan 1% can be used commercially for prolonging the storage life of guava fruit.

Keywords: Edible coating; Psidium guajava; postharvest quality; shelf life


369

0370

STUDIES ON BLUE GREEN ALGAE OF PADDY FIELDS FROM HARISCHANDRAGAD

& KALSUBAI TRIBAL REGION OF AKOLE TALUKA

Yelmame V. B. and S. D. Pingle

Adv. M.N. Deshmukh Arts Science and Commerce College, Rajur ; K.J. Somaiya Senior College, Kopargaon

During last few decades there has been growing interest on studies blue green algae which play a vital role in nitrogen fixation which is indirectly released in to soils such type of blue green algae of paddy fields studies are very important. As in the recent years the organic farming has got more importance which avoids soil pollution & enriches the soil fertility & retains soil flora.

Although nitrogen & fixation by blue green algae may often be an important factor in maintaining soil fertility, the algae may directly or indirectly be benefited to higher plant in other ways. Therefore it was aimed to study the Blue Algal Flora of Harischandragad & Kalasubai tribal region, is one of the important region of paddy crop.

During the studies carried out in last few months (2012), we have collected about 21 species belonging to 10 genera. Following were the most Common Genera- Chroococcus, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Scytonema , Anabaena, Gloetrichia, Rivularia, Phormidium and Cylindrospermum.

Key Worlds: Blue green algae, Paddy fields, Harischandragad & Kalsubai Tribal, Region of Akole Taluka


370

0371

APPLICATION OF COMMON FREEZER (-40C) AS AN ALTERNATIVE METHODS TO PRESERVE CYANOBACTERIA NOSTOC SPP.

Dian Hendrayanti, Maulida Oktaviani

Department of Biology, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

The presence of cyanobacteria in the rice field has been acknowledged where they contribute significantly

to the soil fertility. That is one of the reasons why N-fixing cyanobacteria are currently used as biofertilizer

in rice crops. As the material base of biofertilizer, the sustainability of cyanobacteria holds important role for

the development of suitable biofertilizer production. It means the methods of preservation of cyanobacteria

have to be considered. Cryopreservation, lyophilization, and freeze-drying are several methods of

preservation used for microorganism. However, in such laboratory where deep freezer is hard to apply,

common freezer (-4 0C) might become a choice for algal preservation. In the present study we investigated

the application of -4 0C freezer as a tool to preserve ten Nostoc strains. The strains were collected from

Indonesia paddy fields and maintained in agar medium of BG11 N-free provided with a set of fluorescent

lamp with a light intensity of 1400 lux. Before preservation, samples were added with protectant of

5%DMSO and DMSO+Trehalose. Samples were kept in -40C for 7 days and 7 months. The results showed

that for short term preservation (7 days), all strains retained their growth although it was below the growth

of control. Comparison with preservation in deep freezer showed almost the same result. On the contrary,

only 2 (two) strains survived in long term preservation (7 months). Addition of 5% DMSO gave better

protection than combination of DMSO+Trehalose. At present, we are analyzing the data SEM for physical

features of filaments preserved at -40C.

Key words: biofertilizer, cyanobacteria, Nostoc, algal preservation


371

0372

CHRYSOPHYCEAN, XANTHOPHYCEAN AND PYROPHYCEAN ALGAE OF PASHAN

LAKE

Balakrishna Zaware1, Subhash Pingle2

1A.S.C. College Pirangute Tal. Mulashi, District: Pune, (M.S.) India, Pune, India, 22Arts Science and commerce college, Kopargaon, District: Ahmednagar, (M.S.) India, Ahmednagar, India The plank tonic Algae of Pashan Lake were studied by Author2 during the period 1975 to 1980 and author1 during

2000 to 2005. Most of them were either free floating / planktonic non motile or motile or epiphytic. During these

investigation periods several algae belong to various divisions were encountered but the present papers deals with

the study of algae belonging to Chrysophyta, Pyrophyta and Xanthophyta. Algae belonging to these divisions were

collected identified and documented and preserved in 4% formalin and retained in the Department of Botany

University of Pune, Pune.

The algae belonging to Pyrophyta belongs to two Orders, three Families, three Genera and five species. Members

belonging to Bascillariophyta collected identified and classified to four orders, nine families, sixteen genera and thirty

three species. Similarly Members of Pyrophyta which were collected identified and classified. These were belonging

to two orders, three families and three genera with five species.

Key Worlds : Planktonic Algae, Chrysophyta, Pyrophyta and Xanthophyta


372

0373

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF WITHANIA

SOMMNIFERA AGAINST PATHOGEN OF BASAL ROT DISEASE OF ONION

Arshad Javaid, Roma Akhtar

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Fusarium basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae is a common soil-borne disease of onion

(Allium cepa L.) that causes significant yield losses. The present study was carried out to investigate the

antifungal activity of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, s Solanaceous medicinal plant, against the pathogen of

this disease. Different concentrations i.e. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5… 4% of methanolic extract of root, stem and fruit of

the test plant species were prepared and their bioactivity was assessed against the target fungal pathogen.

Root extract exhibited the best antifungal activity resulting in up to 93% reduction in fungal biomass.

Methanolic root extract was further fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol.

Different concentrations of these extracts viz. 200, 100… 3.125 mg mL-1 were prepared and assessed for

their antifungal activities using malt extract broth as growth medium. n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl

acetate fractions exhibited pronounced antifungal activity resulting in 46-79%, 40-73% and 35-76%

reduction in fungal biomass, respectively.


373

0374

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF PEA FOR RESISTANCE TO PSEUDOMONAS

SYRINGAE pv pisi

Sheikh Muhammad Iqbal1, Arshad Javaid2, Ahmad Bakhsh1, Maqbool Ahmad3

11National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2Institute of

Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan, 3South Australian

Research and Development Institute, University of the Adelaide, Australia, Adelaide, Australia

In the present investigation, 110 pea (Pisum sativum L.) germplasm lines were screened under artificial

disease conditions for their resistance against Pseudomonas syringe pv pisi, the cause of bacterial blight

disease. Different strains corresponding to the two races of P. syringae pv pisi (race 2 and 3) were used for

inoculation. The race 2 showed more virulence behaviour than race 3 on pea. Thirty pea lines (27.3%) were

found resistant to race 2 while 49 lines (44.5%) to that of race 3. Twenty pea lines were selected among the

genetic stock for SSR analysis. Based on SSR analysis, two major groups A and B were identified. In the

group A, there were four genotypes viz. ATC909, ATC613, ATC912 and ATC1641, whereas all other

genotyes were placed in group B. The resistant genotypes reported in the present study are suggested to

be used in breeding program to develop disease resistant pea cultivars.


374

0375

INVESTIGATION OF GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR HEALTH BENEFICIAL

METABOLITES IN APPLE FRUIT

Sabaz Ali Khan1,2, Henk J. Schouten2, Evert Jacobsen2

1Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45230., Islamabad, Pakistan, 2Wageningen

University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA., Wageningen, The Netherlands

Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is among the main sources of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids,

in the human diet. Previously we investigated the genetic basis of the qualitative and quantitative variations

of these potentially beneficial compounds in a segregating population derived from the cross ‘Prima’ x

‘Fiesta’. Untargeted metabolic profiling of both the peel and flesh tissues of ripe fruit was applied by means

of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), resulting in the detection of 418 metabolites in the

peel and 254 metabolites in the flesh. The identified metabolites mainly belong to the phenylpropanoid-

flavonoid pathway. We detected a hotspot of QTLs for these metabolites at the top of linkage group (LG)

16. We subsequently located a number of structural genes involved in the phenolic biosynthetic pathway in

the genome sequence of apple, using corresponding gene sequences from Arabidopsis and the recently

published apple genome sequence. The structural gene, leucoanthocyanidin reductase (MdLAR1), was

within the genetic window of the mQTLs hotspot on LG16. In addition, seven transcription factor genes

were located in this hotspot. By performing expression studies, only the structural gene MdLAR1 showed a

significant correlation between transcript abundance and content of metabolites that mapped at mQTL

hotspot. Progeny that had inherited one or two copies of the dominant MdLAR1 alleles (Mm, MM) showed a

4.4- and 11.8-fold higher expression level of MdLAR1 respectively, compared to the progeny that had

inherited the recessive alleles (mm). This higher expression was associated with a four-fold increase of

procyanidin dimer II as one representative metabolite that mapped in the mQTL hotspot. Although

expression levels of several structural genes were correlated with one another and with expression of some

MYB and bHLH transcription factor genes, only expression of MdLAR1 was correlated with metabolites that

mapped at the hotspot.

Several metabolites upstream of MdLAR1 in the phenylpropanoid pathway also mapped at this mQTL

hotspot. Analysis of these mapping data suggests that 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) lead to these mQTLs.

However, this gene does not reside at the mQTL hotspot, and its expression was not correlated with the

metabolite levels. We hypothesize that the 4CL enzyme was inhibited by a metabolite between 4CL and

MdLAR1 in the phenylpropanoid pathway, such as naringenin. For a conclusive proof, a functional study

with the candidate genes is needed.

Keywords: Malus x domestica Borkh, genetical metabolomics, LC-MS, functional studies, gene

transformation.


375

0376

ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF TICK INFESTED CATTLE WOUNDS IN VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY, LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA. Khathutshelo Magwede1, Peter Tshisikhawe1, Dibungi Luseba2, Ramakrishna Bhat1,

1University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa, 2Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South

Africa

The documentation of traditional knowledge on medicinal uses of plants has provided many important

drugs that are used worldwide on a daily basis. Traditional remedies had been and remain the main source

of livestock ailments treatments especially in poor resourced regions of Vhembe District. Traditional

medicine is, in many rural areas of the Republic of South Africa, sometimes the only available modern

orthodox health care for the management of both human and animal health (Luseba and van der Merwe,

2006) and much work remains to be done regarding the documentation of the existing ethno botanical

knowledge (McGaw et al. 2008).

An inventory list of ethno veterinary medicinal plants used in treatment of tick infested wounds was

established in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, and RSA through interview survey. List of 25 medicinal

plants was compiled from 4 local municipalities within the district. Some plants were more frequently

mentioned than others. The knowledge about ethnoveterinary plant uses differed between sex as well as

age groups and the municipalities.


376

0377

APHRODISIAC PROPERTY AND ANTI- TUMOR AGENT OF EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA

JACK (TONGKAT ALI)

Yusmazura Zakaria1, Azimahtol Hawariah Lope Pihie1,2

1Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 2Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi,

Selangor, Malaysia

Eurycoma longifolia Jack, identified by its local name as Tongkat Ali is commonly found along the hilly

jungle slopes of Malaysia. It has gained notoriety as a male aphrodisiac among malaysian since it is

reputed to increase male sexual. In this present study, sexual attractiveness test showed that E. longifolia

increased the sexual behaviour with regard to the lesser time taken for the male to copulate the estrus

female. It was showed that E. longifolia aqueous extract increased the sexual activities in a dose and time

dependent manner. The aqueous extract of E. longifolia also increased sexual responsiveness of female

rats by decreased the time taken for the female rats to copulate towards the male rats. This study provides

evidence that the aqueous extract of E. longifolia acts specifically on sex hormones, neurotransmitter nitric

oxide (NO) in penile erection and also phosphodiesterase enzymes (PDEs). The extract increased the

levels of testosterone in congruence with DHT in male rats. The highest level of testosterone was observed

when the extract at 90mg/kg was used. At the highest concentration used in this experiment (150mg/kg)

testosterone levels ‘slogged off’. In treated female rats, aqueous extract of E. longifolia also regulated the

testosterone and DHT levels including estrogen and progesterone. E. longifolia was also found to maintain

penile erection. This extract acts via NO and PDEs. It was increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS)

expression to form NO and inhibited PDE3, PDE4 and PDE5. The antiproliferation assay showed the

extract inhibited cell proliferation towards human malignant melanoma cell (HM3KO), human cervical

cancer cell (Hela), human liver cancer cell (HepG2) and human ovarian carcinoma cell (CaOV3). The

extracts did not inhibit the cell proliferation for both normal cell lines used, human normal skin cell

(CCD11114sk), and human normal liver cells, Chang’s liver. Eurycomanone is a compound found in E.

longifolia. Eurycomanone significantly increased apoptosis in HepG2 cells (3.8±0.12 µg/ml) and showed

less toxicity towards both normal liver cells, Chang’s liver (17±0.15 g/ml) and WLR-68 (20±0.22 g/ml) as

compared to tamoxifen (1.4±0.31 g/ml) and vinblastine sulfate (4.2±0.37 g/ml). The characteristics of

apoptosis including chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and apoptotic bodies were found following

eurycomanone treatment. The apoptotic process triggered by eurycomanone involved the up-regulation of

p53 tumor suppressor protein. The up-regulation of p53 was followed by the increasing of pro-apoptotic

Bax and decreasing of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. The increased of cytochrome C levels in cytosol also resulted in

induction of apoptosis.

Key words: E. longifolia, eurycomanone, aphrodisiac, nitric oxide, phosphodiesterase, anticancer


377

0378

DIFFERENTIAL EVALUATION OF APOPLASTIC PROTEINS INVOLVED IN GROWTH IN

THE INITIAL PHASE OF SALT STRESS RESPONSE IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) LEAVES

Muhammad Shahzad1, Christian Zörb1,2, Karl H. Mühling1,2

1Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad,

Pakistan, 2Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany

Proteins in the plant apoplast are essential for many physiological processes. We aimed to evaluate the

apoplastic proteins to examine their exclusive roles under salinity stress. We also focused to evaluate

whether changes in maize (Zea mays) leaves expansion rate in response to salinity stress are mediated by

regular or specific expansins, a class of cell wall proteins known to enhance cell wall extensibility. Plant

growth was significantly reduced after 100 mM NaCl treatment for 14-d. Apoplastic washing fluid was

extracted by 0.1 M Na-phosphate buffer (pH 6.5). A significant reduction in apoplastic fluid extraction was

also noticed under salinity. Although, we extracted small amount of proteins in the extraction solution yet

we were able to concentrate and present two-dimensional gels with apoplastic proteins. We could also

examine three spots by delta 2D which showed down-regulation under salinity treatment. However, we

experienced some streaking problem in acidic gel region because of some other apoplastic constituents.

Therefore, comparison of the protein spots on delta 2D and later identification by mass spectrometry are

still need to be accomplished.


378

0379

HEALTH PROMOTING COMPONENTS AND ENZYME ACTIVITY PROFILES OF YELLOW FLESH WATERMELON FRUIT DURING ITS DEVELOPMENT AND RIPENING

Soumya V. Menon and T. V. Ramana Rao B. R. Doshi School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat – 388120

Watermelon is a healthful and popular fruit in the world. Yellow fleshed watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai cv. 158) was evaluated during its development and ripening, for determining its health promoting components and enzyme activity profiles and thereby to track the nutritional quality of the fruit. The major health promoting components consisting of antioxidants such as phenols, polyphenols, flavanols, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid as well as sweetness related compounds like reducing, non-reducing and total sugars and activities of various enzymes related to these components in five sequential stages of development and ripening of watermelon fruit were evaluated. The quantities of reducing and non-reducing sugars was high in the initial stages and decreased in the later stages of ripening of the watermelon fruit. However, total sugars got accumulated in the ripened stage of the fruit. A sharp increase in the levels of free phenols was noted in the premature stage, but they decreased thereafter. Once again increase in the phenols by 13 fold was observed in the ripened stage. Total phenols and total polyphenols showed gradual and consistent increase all throughout the development and ripening with their maximum in the ripened stage. There was a significantly increasing trend in the content of flavanols and anthocyanins with their maximum accumulation in the ripened stage. The ascorbic acid content showed a sharp increase in the initial stages, declined subsequently but the amount of ascorbic acid was maximum in the ripened stage. Sugar synthezing enzyme, sucrose phosphate synthase, showed a sharp increase in its activity upto the pre-ripened stage with the maximum of it in the same stage. Sucrose phosphate synthase activity declined in the presently worked out yellow watermelon fruit on attaining its ripened stage. Sugar cleaving enzymes, invertases (acid and neutral) and sucrose synthase exhibited marked increase in their activities reaching to the maximum level in the mature stage and declined in the later stages of ripening. A positive relation with the activities of enzymes and sugar accumulation was observed in the yellow watermelon fruit. Furthermore, the present study provides information that yellow fleshed varieties are also equivalent to the red fleshed watermelon fruit in respect of their nutritional quality.

Keywords: antioxidants, nutritional quality, sugars, sucrose phosphate synthase, yellow watermelon


379

0380

SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT OF LACCASE PRODUCING Trichoderma spp. ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

Shakil Ahmed and H. A Siddiqui Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54000, Pakistan Laccase is a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase enzyme which is extensively produced by fungi of various classes. Because of its importance in bioremediation, Trichoderma species were screened for laccase positive production by plate test method using the indicator compound guaiacol. Out of 49 isolates belong to 7 species of Trichoderma were screened as laccase producers, based on decolorization of guaiacol. Trichoderma harzianum, isolated from industrial wastewater was found to be best potential laccase producing fungus while Trichoderma viridaeshowed the least growth. The rest of the Trichoderma species showed variable behaviour for laccase activity. Key words: Trichoderma spp, Laccase, Guaiacol, Environment, Pakistan.


380

0381

INFLUENCE OF CYTOKININ AND EXPLANT TYPE ON IN VITRO CULTURE OF THREE PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) HYBRIDS. Zuher Bensaad1, Salem Hamood2, Luca Girolomini3, Bruno Mezzetti3,

1University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, 2Biotecnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya,3Department of

Environmental Crop Science, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide and propagated

commercially by seeds. It is well known that pepper was recalcitrant to tissue culture techniques and

several studies have shown that the response was genotype -dependent. In order to improve the

regeneration capacity of three Libyan pepper hybrids namely, Ziad×254, Ziad×38 and Nizar×24, a study

was conducted to clarify the effects of cytokinin combination; Benzyl adenine (BA) at 4, 5 or 6 mg/L

combined with Kinetin (Kin) at 1 mg/L, and type of explants; shoot tips and single nodes (1-1.5 cm long) on

in vitro proliferation. Explants were excised from 10 days old in vitro grown seedlings and cultured onto MS

medium supplemented with cytokinins. The cultures were incubated at 25 ± 2ºC under continuous 16-h

photoperiod (40 µmol m-2 s-1) using cool white fluorescent lamps. Results indicated that BA + Kinetin at 5+1

mg/L led to high number of shoots per explant and higher number of leaves per growing shoot. Shoot tips

explants were superior to single nodes based on the studied parameters. A slight difference was observed

in shoot proliferation in the three hybrids. Rooting was 100% after 7 days of culture by using IBA at 0.5

mg/L.

Key words: Cytokinin, Capsicum annuum, in vitro culture.


381

0382

EFFECT OF DATES OF SOWING ON INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF MUNGBEAN

YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS AND CERCOSPORA LEAF SOPT OF MUNGBEAN

M.H. Rashid1, M. Sazzadul Aktar2, I. Hossain2, M. Hafizullah1 and Shiv Kumar3

1Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rahmatpur, Barisal,

Bangladesh ;2Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; 3International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria

Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) and Cercospora leaf spot are major constants of mungbean production in

Bangladesh. Under the present study four advance line and two released varieties of mungbean were evaluated from

January to April 2011 at 15 days interval of Regional Pulses Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research

Institute, Madaripur in order to study the effect of dates of sowing on the incidence and severity of diseases and yield

of Mungbean. Results revealed that the disease incidence of MYMV of six varieties/lines, BMXK2 03000, BMXK2

03005-4 and BARImung-6 showed highly resistance (HR) in January 15, 2011 and resistant (R) reaction from

February 01-15 sowing. In March 01 sowing showed resistant to moderately resistant reaction. In April 01, 2011

sowing BMXK2 03005-4 and BARImung-6 showed moderately resistance (MR). But in MYMV disease severity

BMXK2 03005-4 and BARImung-6 showed 1 scoring scale starting from January 15 to March 15 sowing. In April 01,

2011 sowing disease severity of BMXK2 03005-4 and BARImung-6 showed 3 scoring scale. In case of CLS, BMXK2

03005-4 and BARImung-6 showed 1 scoring scale from January 15 to February 01 sowing. February 15 to April 01,

2011 sowing showed 2 scoring scale. Other line sowed comparatively higher scoring scale. The mean effect of

sowing time all the parameters showed statistically differ except pod length and March 01, 2011 sowing gave the

highest yield (1854 kg/ha) followed by February 15, 2011 sowing (1295 kg/ha). The mean effect of variety, all yield

and yield contributing characters i.e. days to maturity, plant height, no. of branch/plant and pod length, no. of

pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod, 100 seed weight and yield showed higher in BMXK2 03005-4 during kharif-1 season.

The interaction effect of sowing time and lines/varieties all the parameters showed statistically differ from one to

another. The yield performance ranged from 681.3 kg/ha to 2131kg/ha while the highest (2131 kg/ha) yield was

found in S4XE4 i.e. March 01, 2011 sowing with BMXK2-030005-4 followed by S4×E6 (1919 kg/ha) i.e. March 01,

2011 sowing with BARI mung-6. The less (681.3 kg/ha) yield was found in S6×E3 i.e. April 01, 2011 sowing with

BMXK2-03000 line. A strong correlation was obtained the incidence of MYMV and yield. It means that with the

increase of incidence of MYMV (%), yield of mungbean decreased. The correlation coefficient (r) was – 0.797 and the

contribution of the regression (R2 = 0.6355) indicate that 63.55% yield to mungbean would be affected by MYMV

infection.

Key word: Mungbean, sowing date, MYMV, CLS and yield


382

0383

RNAI AND GENOME-WIDE SCREEN USE AS REVERSE GENETICS APPROACH INVESTIGATE GENES INVOLVEMENT IN RESISTANCE TO TOMATO YELLOW LEAF CURL VIRUS (TYLCV) IN TOMATO

A, Eybishtz1, D, Sade and H, Czosnek1

1The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and the Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most economically important geminiviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae). TYLCV is a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus that causes devastating loss of tomato crops worldwide. Since the domesticated tomato Solanum lycopersicum is susceptible to TYLCV, breeders have introgressed resistance traits identified in wild tomato species (such as S. chilense, S. peruvianum and S. habrochaites) into S. lycopersicum. As a result, the resistant tomato contains chromosomal fragments from the wild species on a domesticated tomato background, identifiable with polymorphic DNA markers. The genes conferring resistance to TYLCV and the biochemical and molecular events sustaining resistance are unknown. Plant resistance to viruses may be considered the outcome of interconnecting gene networks and signaling pathways leading to inhibition of virus replication, movement or both. Identifying the genes conferring resistance to TYLCV is of primary importance in understanding and combating TYLCV disease. To achieve this goal, we have been studying two inbred tomato lines issued from the same breeding program, which used S. habrochaites as a source of resistance: susceptible (S), and resistant (R). I postulated that genes involved in resistance to TYLCV in R plants are more expressed than in S plants, and that silencing them by TRV-VIGS would lead to the collapse of resistance. I have isolated about 70 genes preferentially expressed in the R line after screened cDNA libraries from infected and non-infected R and S plants. From the 20 genes I tested up to now, silencing of 6 genes lead to the collapse of resistance of R plants. I present the results obtained with three genes: a Permease I homologue, the Hexose transporter LeHT1 and a lipocalin-like gene coined SlRSLip. Silencing either one in R tomatoes resulted in typical disease symptoms, increased virus movement, accumulation of virus amounts as in S plants. R plants where LeH1 and SlRSLip have been silenced presented a necrotic reaction along the stem and petioles upon TYLCV infection reminiscent of an apoptotic response: DNA laddering, ROS production, JNK expression. These results confirmed that plant defenses are organized in multiple layers, and demonstrate that Permease I, LeHT1 and SlRSLip are essential for the expression of natural resistance against TYLCV and that their expression correlates with inhibition of virus replication and movement.


383

0384

EFFECT OF 24-EPIBRASSINOLIDE ON ACCUMULATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND POLYPEPTIDES PATTERNIN COLZA (BRASSICA NAPUSL.) UNDER WATER STRESS

M. Esmaielbygi 1 , S. Ghotbzadeh1,2, E. AhmadiMousavi1,2and H. Oloumi1

1International center for science,High technology and Environmental Science, Kerman ; 2 ShahidBahonar University of Kerman-Faculty of Science Brassinosteroids are phytohormones possessing a wide spectrum of antistress activity. Brassinosteroids

also can increase tolerances of the plants to water stress. The effects of 24-epibrassinolise on lipid

peroxidation, protein chlorophyl and carotenoid content were investigated in colza (Brassica napusL. cv.

Fusia) plants under water stress. Patterns of leaf proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE gels. The seeds

were sown in plastic pots containing sand, clay and peat(in proportion of 1:1:1). Solution of 24-epi-

brassinolid at 10-7 M concentration containing 0.01% Tween-20 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan) was sprayed on

leaves at intervals of 1, 2 and 3 weeks after sowing. Control plants were sprayed with 0.01% Tween-20.

One month after sowing, plants were harvested. Lipid peroxidation level and ascorbate content significantly

increased under water stress but decreased when 24-epibrassinolid were applied, revealing that less

oxidative damage occurred in this group. Proteins and caratenoids content were increased when 24-epiBL

was applied even under water stress and was higher than control plants. Chlorophyl content was

significantly decreased under water stress but chlorophyll, carotenoids and proteins increased by 24-epi BL

application. 33, 37, 70, 165, 233 and 250 KDbands of polypeptides were more condensed when compared

with control, while polypeptides 37, 79, 109 and 200 KD were concentrated in those plants which were

treated with epibrassinolide. Results suggested that, 24-epibrassinolide can considerably alleviate oxidative

damage induced by water stress conditions.

Key word: 24-epibrassinolide, water stress, colza (Brassica napus L.) and SDS-PAGE.


384

0385

ANATOMY STUDY OF TWO SPECIES OF ACHILLEA GENUS (ASTERACEAE FAMILY)

FROM IRAN

Mina Najafi, Abolfazl Arab Joshaghani, Mohammad mehdi Dehshiri

Islamic Azad University, boroujerd/lorestan, Iran

Achillea genus has 17 species in Iran. Achillea species are often perennial, hairy with 3-4 pinnate leaves,

stems are woody and thick in base, and we study A. wilhelmsii and A. bieberesteinii in lorestan province of

Iran. Characters such as cross section shape , layers of epidermis, epidermal hairs of stem and leaf ,

secretory or non-secretory hairs, presence of collenchyma in cortex , vascular bundle sheath , pith and

arrangement of vascular bundles studied in these species some of characters are useful for taxonomic

purpose.


385

0386

EFFECTIVE FACTORS IN DIFFUSION AND ACCEPTING NEW TECHNOLOGIES BY PISTACHIO CULTIVATORS IN SOUTH KHORASAN PROVINCE - EAST OF IRAN

Ali Dadras Moghadam; Farhood Golmohammadi Islamic Azad University - Birjand Branch - Birjand . IRAN ) Ph.D. - A Faculty Member In: Islamic Azad University - Birjand Branch - Birjand . Iran(

Pistachio (Pistacia vera) is one of the main cash crops for farmers in south khorasan province in east of Iran, that has a considerable effect on socio-economic aspects of people life in this region. This article is about studying effective factors in accepting new technologies and innovations by pistachio cultivators in south khorasan province in east of Iran. This is an applicable form of study that was performed in a descriptive, correlative and causality method of research. Population of the study included 8253 pistachio cultivators in south khorasan province. The performance way is in circulated form and with answer questionnaires, and use SPSS software for analyzing of variables. The main goals of this research are study and determine various factors that are effective in accepting new technologies by pistachio cultivators of south khorasan province in east of Iran. This research has some goals such as study of professional–agricultural aspects of south khorasan's pistachio cultivators, analyzing and determining personal aspects of south khorasan pistachio cultivators. The annual income of selling pistachio (mean of annual of selling 97672030 Rials) is higher than other agricultural activities (mean of annual of selling 5491380 Rials) of south khorasan pistachio cultivators, land (85 percent) and water (81/9 percent) of major pistachio cultivator is privately owned and producing irrigated pistachio (mean of annual of producing 2/6 ton/ha) among them is higher than dry pistachio (mean of annual of producing 1/6 ton). Results of the study show these factors are in positive and meaningful relation with accepting new technologies: experience and years of work in farming, experience and years of work in pistachio cultivating, role of building infrastructures in accepting new technologies, amount of ownership in water for irrigation, amount of producing irrigated pistachio in hectare, effectiveness of extension education activities, amount of payment subsidies by government. while factors like level of education, sex , residence, age don’t have positive and meaningful relation with accepting new technologies by farmers. Results also show that between accepting new technologies and economical selling of pistachio, and also between accepting new technologies and taking part in extension education activities and classes are great and meaningful relations. Between farming jobs -except planting pistachio- and accepting new technologies are meaningful relations. Results of multiple Regression in step by step way show that, variables like: experience and years of work of planting pistachio, amount of producing irrigated pistachio in hectare and building infrastructures around gardens, in 89 percent dependent of variables Predict the acceptance of new technologies. We present this suggestion according to this approach;

1. In order to increase cooperative motives of pistachio cultivator that have diploma (35.6 percent) we recommend department of agricultural extension and education, give some educational and skillful pack corresponding with new knowledge and findings.

2. As partnership with cooperative society with 43 percent is the last preference in schedule of farmers’ characteristics, we recommend that cooperative society should buy and rent machines and necessary equipments of planting pistachio with long installment and low percentage or renting equipment to the farmers, can absorb pistachio grower's trust in new governmental programs, and also absorb pistachio cultivator cooperation in these programs.

3. In order to absorb pistachio cultivator attention in using new technologies, suggest that pay more attention to experience and years of work of planting pistachio of pistachio cultivators also give them more corresponded science.

Key words: Extension, Pistachio Cultivators, New technologies, Acceptance, Pistachio.


386

0387

SAFFRON AND ITS IMPORTANCE, MEDICAL USES AND ECONOMICAL EXPORT SITUATION IN IRAN

Farhood Golmohammadi A faculty member in : Islamic Azad University - Birjand Branch – Birjand . IRAN

Medicinal plants are the most natural remedy for man’s disease and sicknesses which has been bestowed on human

by nature. Though man has made a great improvements in the field of pharmacology, yet the great and remarkable

role of medicinal plants in healing and relieving the pain cannot be ignored. The effectual raw material existing in

medicinal plants has been used by man for a long time and they do not seem to be replaced by man made products.

One of the most valuable and irreplaceable ones all over the world is Saffron. It is such an expensive products which

is weighted in Mesghals (=5 grams) or grams. Saffron is originated from iridaceae. According to some European

sources, It is produced locally in Mediterranean and west Asian climate_(latitude of 30-50 northern degrees,

longitudinal of 10 Western up to 80 Eastern degrees).It can be seen in arid areas of Iran with cold winter and hot

summer, that is in Southern, and Razavi Khorasn( located in the East part of the country). While other wild types

of saffron are also used because of their beautiful decorative flowers, the common agricultural type has a particular

economical value. In Southern Khorasan the ecological condition is that of a desert. Low precipitation, high

evaporation causes very low humidity. Large Temperature fluctuations occur during days and nights. In some higher

areas conditions are ecologically more favorable for plant growth, but they are not so distinct from those of the

deserts. Some of the most important elements in Saffron are Crocin Glocosid, Crocetin, Beta & Gama Saffron,

carotene, Lycopen and Pirocin. Saffron is anodyne and it is useful for stomach. It is used to cure menses

irregularities and it is useful for women’s bleeding resulted from delivery. It is exhilarating and good for strengthening

humans’ senses and mental abilities. It is also good for Liver, spleen, headache, sleeplessness, etc. Renal stone can

also be cured if used by honey. Saffron as the most expensive agricultural and medicinal plant has a unique status

among industrial and export products. Today, with %60 of the universal production, Iran is considered the main

producer of Saffron in the world. Saffron’s numerous qualities and uses together with the role it plays in the economy

of Iranian farmers call for a particular attention to eradicate problems regarding its production, export and

merchandising. In Iran it is specially an exceptional product, because it require little water and low care. It can

provide jobs for villagers and prevent their emigration from country to cities. Compared to the other kinds of products,

it can bring about a remarkable income both for the farmers and for the country. Thus, if enough consideration is

exercised, the government may decrease its oil export dependency by relying on a good plan to improve Saffron

production. Among exporting items, Saffron has a high exporting value in Khorasan, since it constituted %92 of the

whole export items and %98 of the cultivated land in 2001.The high quality of Saffron produced in Iran has

persuaded some European countries like Spain to buy Iran’s Saffron in bulk. Later on they pack them under Spanish

titles and present them to International markets. It goes without saying that they cannot produce Saffron with such

Quality, since those country lack the climatic and ecological conditions necessary to grow such a valuable product.

So the Khorasanian scholars and writers should try to introduce this precious native product to the other nations

based on the findings and information they have. Saffron is important from aspects of economy, medicine, producing

employment opportunities and as food stuff. This article tries to describe a brief history of Saffron, explain its qualities

and introduce the ecosystem of medicinal plants in Southern Khorasan. It also attempts to introduce the problems

and difficulties with regard to Saffron and its export.

Key words: Saffron, medicinal plants, export, southern khorasan, Iran.


387

0388

STUDYING AND MEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MULTIPURPOSE PASTURE

PLANTS EXTENSION PROJECTS IN PASTURE CONSERVATION AND

REVITALIZATION IN CENTER OF IRAN

Nona Ghanaat and Farhood Golmohammadi

A faculty member, in : Islamic Azad University_ Garmsar Branch – Garmsar. Iran; A faculty member in :

Islamic Azad University - Birjand Branch – Birjand . Iran

This study is a cause-correlation research dealing with the multipurpose extension education programs in pasture

conservation and revitalization. The statistical population consisted of two groups of rangers as; 631 rangers who

participated in pasture extension education projects and 632 who didn't. From each group 110 rangers were

selected randomly according to Kucran sampling formulas and two well structured questionnaires were used to

collect data from the sample groups and data processing was done by SPSS. The outcomes of this study showed

most of the extension education variables; fulfilling educational goals, appropriateness of the educational

environment, content of the program, suitability of the educators, educational methods used, using educational

technology participants satisfaction were at moderate level as perceived by the participants . Calculating Spearman

Correlation Coefficient showed a negative correlation between pasture size and participants' satisfaction, but

positive correlation between few extension education, individual, pasture varieties. Applying Mann Whitney U test

shoed a statistically significant difference between participants satisfaction based on their pasture possession (i.e.

individual, group or cooperative). Using Multiple Regression model also showed meeting participant’s educational

needs, participants job experience and number of extension classes attended had positive role on extension

effectiveness. Comparing two groups of samples reviled significant difference between the level of their education.

That is those rangers who participate in extension projects had higher level of education.

Key words: pasture plants, extension, projects, conservation, Iran.


388

0389

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF α-

MANGOSTIN LOADED ETHOSOMAL FORMULATION

Sanchit Sharma, Mohd Mujeeb, Abul Kalam Najmi, Asif Husain, Salma Bi


Garcinia mangostana L. fruit is common delicacy and often referred to as the “Queen of Fruit” in Southeast

Asia. Dried fruit rind of Garcinia mangostana L. is a rich source of Xanthones such as α-mangostin etc,

possessing a wide range of Pharmacological activities (Antioxidant, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Anti-

inflammatory, Cytotoxic, Anti-HIV etc.

Ethosomal Gel formulation was prepared using α-mangostin, a major constituent of Garcinia mangostana

L. The developed formulation was investigated for its Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory actitivities.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of developed formulation were carried out by using 1,1-

diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH, HPLC method) and an established animal model based on carrageenan-

induced hind paw edema in wistar rats respectively. All of the procedures on rats were approved by the

institutional animal ethics committee (173/JHAEC - 2000.). The developed formulation (1.5%) and standard

(Piroxicam, 7.09%) for anti-inflammatory activity were applied topically in male and female rats (150-200 g)

30 min before injection of 0.05 ml of 1% Carrageenan into the right hind paws deep to the plantar

aponeuroses. Paw volumes were measured at intervals of 1, 2 and 3 h by mercury displacement using a

plethysmometer. It was observed that the ethosomal formulation containing α-mangostin had antioxidant

activity (67.60% inhibition) which was comparable to that of the standard Trolox (69.91% inhibition). The

formulation also possessed strong anti-inflammatory activity. The Ethosomal gel formulation and standard

gel formulation (Piroxicam) produced 80% inhibition and 86% inhibition respectively.


389

0390

PIONEER ECTOMYCORRHIZAL SHRUB HELPS NATIVE TREE TO ESTABLISH ON

EXOTIC SPECIES SOIL IN MADAGASCAR SCLEROPHYLLOUS FOREST.

Rondro BAOHANTA1, Heriniaina RAMANANKIERANA1, Herizo RANDRIAMBANONA1,

Doret ANDRIANANDRASANA2, Khasa DAMASE3, Robin DUPONNOIS4

1Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l’Environnement – Centre National de Recherches sur l’Environnement,

Antananarivo, Madagascar, 2Laboratoire de Biotechnologie – Microbiologie – Faculté des Sciences Université

d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar, 3Centre d’étude de la forêt, faculté de foresterie et de géomatique,

Pavillon C.E. Marchand, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada, 4Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et

Méditérannéennes, Montpellier, France

It is now well established that Pioneer shrub species may both inhibit or facilitate the establishment of

native seedlings on most degraded areas. Studies conducted in the Madagascar sclerophyllous forest

showed that a large part of the areas previously occupied by natural forest were replaced by shrub

formation. Propagation of exotic species like Pinus sp and Eucalyptus sp could induce modifications on soil

properties which affect negatively the native species' development.

We focused our work on monitoring plant development on exotic species soil by associating an endemic shrub

species, Leptolaena bojeriana (Sarcolaenaceae), with the native tree Uapaca bojeri (Euphorbiaceae). In this way, a

special emphasis was made on the implication of shared ectomycorrhizal fungi community between the two host

plant species. Soil microbial activities within the degraded sclerophyllous forest of Arivonimamo were also analyzed.

Site prospection and biological material collect were made by using the transect method with three sampling points

situated at 0m, 25m and 50m of a transect line, running from the forest edge into the outside degraded area without

forest influences. The mycorrhizal status of shrub species established in disturbed sclerophyllous forest was

described. The soil enzymatic activities and the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with each host plant

species were also assessed.

There was a significant difference between vegetation structures at the three sampling points. It has been

demonstrated that Leptolaena bojeriana constitutes the most dominant species in the shrub formations especially at

the 25 m point and the native tree Uapaca bojeri was the most dominant tree species at 0m. The 50m sampling point

was characterized by a degraded soil surface without vegetation. Our results showed also that this shrub species

was modified soil microbial activities and had positive influences on Uapaca bojeri seedlings establishment on

degraded and/or disturbed soil. Global microbial activity, assessed by the method of Fluorescein Diacetate

hydrolysis, was significantly stimulated by the establishment of the shrub species. Moreover, this shrub species

stimulates an ectomycorrhizal fungi community which can colonize the root system of Uapaca bojeri seedlings in the

framework of secondary succession.

Keywords: Soil Microbial activity, Ectomycorrhize, Leptolaena bojeriana, Uapaca bojeri, Plant-plant facilitation.


390

0391

PRODUCTION, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SIDEROPHORE FROM

ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE UB3 A RHIZOBACTERIAL ISOLATE OF ALFALFA

(MEDICAGO SATIVA L.)

Umang Bharucha1,2, Ujjval Trivedi2, Kamlesh Patel2

1M. B. Patel Science College, Anand, Gujarat, India, 2BRD School of Biosciences, Vadtal Road,, Vallabh

Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a crop that has been used for centuries as an animal feedstuff, is gaining much

attention as a human food component, consumed as a garnish, leaf protein concentrate, or food nutritional

supplement and because of its medicinal importance. Siderophores (iron chelating agents) produced by a

heterogeneous group of bacteria termed as PGPR (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) have a direct and

an indirect involvement in plant growth promotion. There are two classes of siderophore: the phenolate (or

catecholate) and hydroxamate. A given organism may produce siderophores of either one or both classes.

In the present study production and characterization of siderophore from Enterobacter cloacae, a PGPR

isolate of alfalfa was carried out. The culture was identified by BIOLOG (BIOLOG Microlog TM System,

Release 4.2) using GN2 plate and 16s rRNA partial gene sequencing which is available at GenBank (NCBI)

as JF421567.1. Initial siderophore production was checked using CAS agar plates. For the quantification of

siderophore produced by the isolates, cultures were grown in deferrated standard succinate medium and

culture supernatant was used to detect quantity and the type of siderophore produced. When analyzed for

catecholate type of siderophores by Arnow’s method and hydroxamate type of siderophores by Czaky’s

method, catecholate nature of siderophore was revealed. The catecholate type of siderophore produced in

optimized media was extracted using ion exchange resin Amberlite XAD-400 and concentrated to powder

form using Rotavapor (R-124 Buchi Corporation, Switzerland). The amount of siderophore obtained in the

powdered form, from the extract was 180mg/L which was used for further characterization using various

techniques like IR spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy.


391

0392

ROLE OF BOTANICAL GARDEN IN EX-SITU CONSERVATION OF RARE, ENDANGERED, AND MEDICINAL PLANTS IN KHANDESH, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

S.R.Kshirsagar

PG Department of Botany, S.S.V.P.S.L.K. Dr. P.R.Ghogrey Science College, Dhule-424005, Maharashtra, India

Present paper communicates ex-situ conservation of rare, endangered, endemic and medicinal plants from Khandesh region of Maharashtra state, India. Khandesh is the northern part of Maharashtra State of India. Forest area of Khandesh includes Satpura mountain and offshoots of western Ghat (Sahyadris) which is one of the major hotspots of biodiversity in world.

Ex -situ conservation of rare, endangered, endemic and medicinal plants (REEMP) is going on in one of five year (2010-2015) programme of University Grant Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India, under innovative programme –Teaching and Research in Multidisciplinary and Emerging Areas entitled Post Graduate Diploma in “Conservation of Medicinal, Endemic and Endangered Plants

Conservation efforts are often focused on a single species. This is usually for the reasons that: some species are key to the functioning of a habitat and their loss would lead to greater than average change in other species populations or ecosystem processes. These are known as keystone species. It is said that, disappearance of one plant species can result in the loss of 10 to 30 dependant species such as insects, higher animals and even other plants species, conservation of individual species of flora which are facing threat or danger of extinction.

We have botanical garden and our main objectives are 1) To prepare saplings of rare, endangered, endemic and medicinal plants 2) To distribute saplings to different botanical gardens, research institutes and biodiversity parks in India 3) To distribute saplings of medicinal plants to societies locally as social programme

Following plant species I could conserve in my botanical garden during last two years in the programme by saplings, seeds collected from the forests. I also brought saplings of medicinal plants from nurseries for conservation and education to students

Amorphophallus bulbifer, Gloriosa superba, Commiphora mukul, Piper longum, Gymnema sylvestris, Asparagus racemosus, Dioscorea bellophylla, Costus speciosus, Curcuma inodora, Alpinia spp., Coccoloba uvifera, Bauhinia tomentosa, Thunbergia grandiflora, Thunbergia spp., (Blue flowers) Thunbergia spp., (Orange flowers), Cissus quadrangularis, Sterculia urens, Semecarpus anacardium, Curcuma spp., Gmelina arborea, Terminalia chebula, Caesalpinia crista, Abrus precatorius, Khaya spp., Ficus cairica, Rauwolfia serpentina, Artabotrys odoratissimus, Beognia spp., Eulophia ochracea., Notonia grandiflora, Terminalia bellirica, Michelia champaca, Ventilago denticulata.

Key words: Conservatory, rare, endangered and medicinal plants, Khandesh, Maharashtra state, India


392

0393

INVESTIGATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF

ETHNOMEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANT CENTELLA ASIATICA LINN.

Aftab A1., Khan Z. Din2, Khalid S3.

1Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore,Pakistan; 2Department of Botany, Govt. College University, Lahore, Pakistan; 3Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Centella asiatica showed remarkable values comparable with the standard antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. The crude extracts of powdered plant material were obtained in various polar and nonpolar solvents, viz: petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and distilled water. Well defined zones of inhibition were recorded indicating that the plants were potent against pathogenic microbes, such as i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphyllococcus saprophyticus, E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus parasiticus and Rhizopus oryzae. The antioxidant activity of all the plant extracts was studied by DPPH Assay, Total Antioxidant Assay and Total phenolic Assay and the remarkable values comparable with the standard antioxidants were recorded.

Key Words: Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Centella asiatica


393

0394

EFFECT OF TWO RESTORATION TECHNIQUES IMPROVING PLANT COMMUNITY IN SEMI-ARID DEGRADED STEPPES CASE OF TIARET DEPARTMENT

Amghar Fateh1, Kadi-Hanifi Halima1,

1Université M'hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria, 2Université des sciences et de la technologie Houari Boumedienne, Alger, Algeria

Steppes of arid Mediterranean zones are deeply threatened by desertification. To stop or alleviate

ecological and economic problems associated with this desertification, management actions have been

implemented since the last three decades. The struggle against desertification has become a national

priority in some of these countries. In Algeria, several management techniques have been used to cope

with desertification. This study aims to investigate the effect of two management techniques on floristic

diversity after four years of implementation in Tiaret department. The two techniques were grazing

exclosure which was widely set up in degraded steppes and plantations (consisting in plantation and

grazing exclosure) in deeply degraded ones. 40 phyto-ecological samples have been studied. Results

showed that plant diversity, composition, vegetation cover and pastoral value were significantly higher in

protected areas. We also demonstrated that important differences between both techniques remain:

plantation technique on heavily degraded soil results in a higher pastoral value of plant communities where

as grazing exclosure technique on lesser degraded soil favours plant diversity.

Keywords: Desertification, arid ecosystem, grazing exclosure, plantation, plant community composition,

Algeria.


394

0395

CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF HYPERICUM L. ANDROSAEMUM AND HYPERICUM MONTANUM L. (HYPERICACEAE), COLLECTED FROM THE EDOUGH PENINSULA, NORTH-EAST OF ALGERIA.

Seridi R., N. Saadou and H. Ziane.

Laboratory of Plant Biology and Environment, BADJI Mokhtar University. Annaba. BP. 12 Annaba. 23000. Algeria.

St. John's Wort Hypericum androsaemum L. is a plant that was used long ago in Herbal Medicine. As for

mountain St. John's wort Hypericum montanum L., it has never been used in medicine but rather as an

ornamental. That's why we are interested in these two plants based on the following:

- A study of bioclimatic zone sampling to identify and control the data that may influence climate on plant

communities (vegetation cover), allowed us to characterize the type of Seraïdi’s climate (Nod- west

Algeria): "Climate wet" as the two plants require.

- A histological study of the leaves and stems of both species was made in order to determine their different

anatomical structures, and we showed the presence of prominent wings on the stems of Hypericum

androsaemum L. absent in Hypericum montanum L.

- A chemical screening of secondary metabolites (leaf) was made in order to make a comparison in terms

of their chemical composition, and revealed the common presence in both species the following active

ingredients: flavonoids, catechin tannins, anthocyanins, and Terpenes Sterols. The chemical screening has

also revealed the presence of cardenolides in Hypericum androsaemum L. and Leuco-Anthocyanins in

Hypericum montanum L.

- Extraction of essential oils by steam distillation was performed on leaves of both species. Performance in

Hypericum montanum L. essential oils was 0.30% while for Hypericum androsaemum L., it was lower with

0.08%.

Key words: Hypericum androsaemum L., Hypericum montanum L., bioclimatical study, histological study,

chemical screening, essential oils.


395

0396

DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC) OF ZATARIA MULTIFLORA BOISS. ESSENTIAL OIL AND LYSOZIM ON E. COLI O157: H7 Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti1, Ali Khanjari1, Azam Hosseinzadeh2, Tahereh Mohajerfar1, Hassan Gandomi Nasrabadi1, Ali Misaghi1 1- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran,Tehran, Iran; 2- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Concerns over the safety of some chemical preservatives and negative consumer reactions to preservatives they perceive as chemical and artificial, have prompted on increased interest in more “natural-green” alternatives for the maintenance or extension of product shelf life. Particular interest has focused on the potential applications of plant essential oils. This study was carried out to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lysozyme and zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil on E. coli O157: H7 and their sub inhibitory concentration effect on bacterial growth curve. In this study different concentrations of lysozyme (0. 125, 250, 500 and 1000 μg/ml) and zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08%) were used alone and in combination on BHI broth to determine MIC of zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and lysozyme with macro dilution and micro dilution methods and effect of sub inhibitory concentrations of them on bacterial growth curve of E. coli O157: H7.MIC of zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil in two methods was achieved 0.04% whereas lysozyme in 1000 μg/ml concentration was not able to reduce bacterial growth. Furthermore combination results revealed that high concentration of lysozyme was not able to reduce calculated amount of MIC of essential oil. Sub inhibitory concentration effect of zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and lysozyme showed that their combination result in the increase of lag phase and reduction of bacterial growth.utilization of zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and lysozyme together did not decrease MIC but combination of them increase lag phase.

Keywords: Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential oil, Lysozyme, MIC, E. coli O157: H7


396

0397

EFFECT OF CUMINUM CYMINUM L. ESSENTIAL OIL ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS DURING THE MANUFACTURE, RIPENING AND STORAGE OF WHITE BRINED CHEESE

Kamkar A, Akhondzadeh Basti A, Misaghi A, Khanjari A

Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of veterinary medicine, University of Tehran, Iran

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen of major concern for clinical infection and foodborne illness.

Cuminum cyminum with the vernacular name of “Zireh- e -sabz” (in Iran), is a plant belonging to the

Apiaceae family that has been applied in Iranian folk medicine. This design included different levels of EO

(0, 7.5, 15, and 30 µl 100 ml-1) repeated examinations (nine times) for growth (of S. aureus) during the

manufacturing process of Iranian white brined cheese for up to 75 days. The yield of the essential oil of air-

dried seed of the representative sample of C. cyminum was 2.5% (v/w). GC-MS analysis resulted in the

identification of 11 components representing 95.69% of the oil. The major compounds were cuminaldehyde

(29.02%), alpha- terpinen-7-al (20.70%) and gamma-terpinen (12.94%). According to the results, this

inhibitory effect was obviously affected by increasing of EO concentration to 15 and 30 µl 100 ml-1 e.g. the

log10 CFU g-1 of the organism at the 75 d of storage was 4.69 and 3.12, for the concentration of EO = 15

µl 100 ml-1 , EO = 30 µl 100 ml-1 , Respectively. The results showed significant (P < 0.05) inhibitory effect

of EO on S. aureus in a food model system (Iranian white brined cheese). The results showed significant (P

< 0.05) inhibitory effect of EO on S. aureus in a food model system (Iranian white brined cheese) which was

significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by increasing the concentration of the EO used in this study.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Cuminum cyminum, inhibitory effect, cheese


397

0398

GROWTH RESPONSE OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN SALTED FISH FILLETS AS AFFECTED BY ZATARIA MULTIFLORA BOISS. ESSENTIAL OIL

Nourdahr Rokni1, Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti1, Ali Khanjari1 1- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

The increasing incidence of foodborne diseases coupled with the resultant social and economic implications means there is a constant striving to produce safer food and to develop new antimicrobial agents. Zataria multiflora Boiss.is a plant belonging to the Laminaceae family that geographicallygrows only in Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. This plant is extensively used as flavor ingredients in a wide variety of food in Iran. The main constituentsof the essential oil of this plant are phenolic compounds such as carvacrol and thymol. The different concentration of essential oil (0, 0.045, 0.135, 0.405, and 0.81%)on growth of listeria monocytogenes in salted fish fillets were evaluated. The obvious significant (P < 0.05) inhibitory effect of EO was observed e.g. at concentration of EO = 0. 405% ,the log10cfug-1 of the organism decreased to < 2 during the first day of the study, Complete inhibitory effect (<-0.69 log10 MPN g-1) was observed at concentration of EO =0. 0.81% .This sensitivity at low temperature (4oC) could be explained by the altered fluidity of the membrane, which is the primary target for essential oils.

Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, essential oil, salted fish


398

00339999

DDIIVVEERRSSIITTYY AANNDD OOCCCCUURRRREENNCCEE OOFF MMAACCRROOSSCCOOPPIICC FFUUNNGGII IINN DDIIFFFFEERREENNTT FFAARRMMSS IINN

IINNDDAANNGG,, CCAAVVIITTEE,, PPHHIILLIIPPPPIINNEESS

YYoollaannddaa IIllaaggaann11,, VVeerrnnaa LLiizzaa RRaazzoo11,, EEddwwiinn TTaaddiioossaa11,,22

11CCaavviittee SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy,, IInnddaanngg,, CCaavviittee,, TThhee PPhhiilliippppiinneess,, PPhhiilliippppiinnee NNaattiioonnaall MMuusseeuumm MMyyccoollooggiiccaall SSeeccttiioonn,,

MMaanniillaa,, TThhee PPhhiilliippppiinneess

This study was conducted to determine the diversity and occurrence of macroscopic fungi species under

Class Basidiomycetes (except rust and smuts) and Ascomycetes, in different farms in Indang, Cavite,

Philippines from August to December, 2010.

Nine sampling sites were identified by random sampling. For every sampling site, 20 m x 50 m quadrat

was laid out using intuitive controlled survey method. Macrofungi were collected in the quadrats and were

identified based on their morphological characteristics.

The frequently occurring macrofungi species were Schizophyllum commune (7.30%), Auricularia auricula-

judae (6.01%), Coprinus comatus (3.00%), Marasmius alvelaris and Pluteus sp.1 (2.58%), Mycena acicula

(2.15%), Auricularia mesenterica, Cantharellus aureus, Coprinus fibrillosus, Coprinus sp.1, Psathyrella

disseminates, Crepidotus variabilis, Ganoderma applanatum, Mycena epipterygia and Mycena sp.2

(1.29%).

Intensive farm management, use of fertilizer and vegetation in an area influenced the possible number and

species of macrofungi present.

Key words: diversity, macrofungi, population density, Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes


399

0400

MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF COLD INDUCED SWEETENING IN POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.)

Shashank Kumar Yadav, Lekshmy S, Rakesh Kumar Verma, Santosh Kumar VV, Raj Kumar Sairam, Viswanathan Chinnusamy Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012 Potato is the third largest food crop of world following rice and wheat, with two third of world population consuming potato for nutritional requirements. Merely 1% of the annual production is processed into value added products. One of the major reason for the inadequate supply of quality raw material for processing industry. Low temperature storage of potato is an inevitable practice to prevent sprouting, retention of dry matter, decreased disease loss, extended marketability, and elimination of the need for dormancy-

prolonging chemicals. Low temperature (4 C) stress leads to cold-induced sweetening (CIS) in potato, which is caused by accumulation of reducing sugars. Reducing sugars react with asparagine to yield acrylamide, when cold stored potato is used for making fries and chips. Hence, development of potato genotypes with very low CIS and asparagine accumulation under cold storage is required to avoid high levels of acrylamide in fries and chips. To understand the molecular basis of CIS in potato, Indian potato cultivars comprising of conventional table purpose and chipping varieties were subjected to three different

storage temperatures namely 4 C, 12 C and room temperature. Initial sampling was done before storage. Second and third samplings were at 30 and 60 days after treatment. Reducing sugar content and asparagines levels were quantified in these samples. Genotypes with contrasting reducing sugar levels were selected for gene expression analysis. Semi quantitative expression analysis revealed that CIS tolerance of Kufri Chipsona 2 was associated with low expression levels of AS1 (Asapragine synthetase 1) and INV (Vacuolar Invertase), and high expression of UGPase genes as compared with CIS sensitive Kufri Kanchan during cold storage. Further, analysis of allelic variation in the UGP revealed that CIS tolerant varieties Kufri Chipsona 2 and Kufri Frysona possessed UGPase “A” allele.

Key Words:- Potato, Cold Induced Sweetening(CIS),Low temperature Stress, Gene Expression, Acrylamide, Processing varieties.


400

0401

INCREASED AMINO ACID CONTENT EXPRESSING A SPIDER DRAGLINE SILK

PROTEIN IN RICE SEED.

Younghye Seo, Dohhoon Kim, Eunjoo Jung, Haejin Joo, Byungrae Jin

Dong-a University, Busan, Republic of Korea

In this study, we generated and characterized the transgenic rice plant expressing a spider silk protein.

Analysis of the cDNA sequence shows that the C-terminus of AvDrag consists of 165 amino acids of a

repetitive region and 99 amino acids of a C-terminal no-repetitive region. To produce transgenic rice plant

with high contents of glycine and alanine, the prolamin promoter-driven AvDrag was introduced into the rice

plant via Agrobacteriom tumefaciens-mediated gene transformation. Because of seed specific prolamin

promoter, expression of AvDrag proteion has been achieved on rice seed. The introduction and copy

number of the AvDrag gene on transgenic rice plants were determined by PCR and Southern blot analysis.

AvDrag expression on transgenic rice seed was examines by Northern blot and Western blot analysis.

Immunofluorescence staining with the AvDrag antiserum revealed that the recombinant AvDrag protein

were localized in transgenic rice seeds. Furthermore, the amino acid content analysis showed that

transgenic rice seeds were greatly increased on glycine and alanine as compared to controls. The present

study is the first to show the expression of spider silk protein in rice seed.


401

0402

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF CDPAL1 FROM CISTANCHE DESERTICOLA

Younghye Seo, Dohhoon Kim, Eunjoo Jung, Haejin Joo

Dong-a university, Busan, Saha-gu, Republic of Korea

We isolated a full-length cDNA, CdPAL1, and using RACE PCR from the cDNA of C.deserticola callus.The

purified CdPAL1 recombinant protein had a high affinity for L-Phe with a Km of 0.1013 mM, a Vmax of

0.2915 mmol.min-1 , a Kcat of 3.36 S-1, and Kcat/Km is 33168-1S-1. The optimal pH was 8.5, and the optimal

temperature was 55℃. Trans-cinnamic acid had the strongest inhibitory effect with Ki=8mM. Metal ions can

inhibit the activity of CdPAL1 significantly. Northern blot analysis results indicated that CdPAL1 expression

level well correlated with total phenolic compounds contents in different tissue with R2=0.9209. The

overexpression of CdPAL1 in A.thalian resulted in enhancement of PAL activity, total phenolic compound

and chlorogenic acid accumulation. 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP) treatment at0.5 and 2.0 mM

resulted in significant inhibition of PAL activity, biosynthesis and accumulation of total phenolic compound

and tested PheGs in suspension cell culture of C. deserticola. Linear regression analysis indicated that PAL

activity had high correlation coefficients with total phenolic compound content and PheGs content, except

salidroside in all cell groups. Our results suggested that the PAL enzyme plated an important role on

controlling the biosynthesis and accumulation of PheGs on suspension cell culture of C. deserticola


402

0403

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE

(CDCAD1) FROM C.DESERTICOLA

Younghye Seo, Dohhoon Kim, Haejin Joo, Eunjoo Jung


We report the molecular analysis of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CdCAD1) from C.deserticola. Lignin

is the main composition in vascular and main supportive compound in the higher plants. It provides the

strength to the stem and is used for defending pathogens and helps the plants surviving in stress

environments. In angiosperms, lignin is built from two main monomers, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol, which

are incorporated respectively as G and S units in the polymer. The last step of their synthesis has so far

been considered to be performed by a family of dimeric cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases(CAD). The

purified recombinant protein showed weak activity toward cinnamyl alcohol and coumaryl alcohol. CdCAD1

recombinant protein can catalyze the reaction from cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol and from coumaryl

aldehyde to coumaryl alcohol. In case of the other reaction, the CdCAD1 recombinant protein showed no

activity. This activity assay demonstrated that the CdCAD1 gene is actually a PAR gene. The reaction had

a pH optima of 6.5 and a temperature optima of 50'c. Northern blot analysis of CdCAD1 in different tissue

of wild C.deserticola demonstrate the gene expression level in root and flower is much higher than stem.


403

0404

FUNCTION OF IMPROVED E3 LIGASE OSUPS IN PHOSPHATE STARVATION OF

RICE.

Dohhoon Kim, Younghye Seo, Kideuk Bae


We isolated the OsUPS gene from rice (Oryza sativa). The OsUPS protein has notable domains which is a

single ~70-amino acid region of the protein and GKL domain containing conserved Glycine, Lysine/

Araginine residues and leucine-rich feature. OsUPS protein had E3 ligase activity, and subcellular

localization results showed that OsUPS was located in the chloroplast. GST-OsUPS fusion construct was

generated by digesting the full-length OsUPS in pGemT-easy with BamHI and inserting the fragment into

the corresponding sites of the GST expression vector, pGEX-2T (Amersham, Buchinghamshire, UK).And

the gene was expressed in E.coli strain BL21 (DE3). Induced after 3h of IPTG treatment and was isolated

by affinity chromatography. Using the GUS reporter genes regulated by the OsUPS promoter, we have

carried out the analysis of transcriptional and spatial regulation of gene expression. To investigate the

function of these genes, the CaMV 35S promoter-driven these genes were introduced into Arabidopsis and

rice via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transformation. We detected the transgenes with PCR

using specific primer and total RNA extracted from transgenic plant was used for Northern blot analysis.


404

0405

AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED SOYBEAN TRANSFORMATION WITH ENHANCED BT

CRYSTAL PROTEIN GENES

Ha Neui Hong, Jung Hun Pak, Mi Jin Kim, Hye Jeong Kim, Nguyen Thi Quyen, Young Soo

Chung

Dong-A University, Busan, Saha-gu, Republic of Korea

Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) crystal protein genes encode insecticidal δ-endotoxins that are widely used for the

development of insect-resistant crops. Common soybean is a crop of economic and nutritious importance in

many parts of the world. Korea soybean variety Kwangan was transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)

crystal protein genes. These genes were transformed into Kwangan using highly efficient soybean

transformation system. Transgenic plants with Bt crystal protein genes were confirmed for gene

introduction and their expression using PCR, real-time PCR, RT-PCR. Currently, the confirmation of stable

gene introduction with Bt genes is also performing by southern blot analysis, physiology test, franking

sequence analysis and agronomic characters are investigating.


405

0406

AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED SOYBEAN TRANSFORMATION WITH GENE TARGET

FOR SMV RESISTANCE AND DROUGHT TOLERANCE

Hye Jeong Kim, Jung Hun Pak, Mi Jin Kim, Ha Neui Hong, Nguyen Thi Quyen, Young Soo

Chung, Jung Kwan Lee

Dong-A university, Busan, Saha-gu, Republic of Korea

Korean soybean variety Kwangan was transformed with coat protein (CP), helper component-proteinase

(HC-Pro), and ABRE binding factor 3 (ABF3) genes using highly efficient soybean transformation system.

Among these genes, CP and HC-Pro were transformed using RNAi technology. Transgenic plants with CP

were confirmed for gene introduction and their expression using PCR, real-time PCR, RT-PCR, Southern

blot, and Northern blot. To investigate the response of viral infection with CP, T1 plants were inoculated with

SMV-infected leaves and confirmed the existence of mosaic symptom in both leaves and seeds. Two

transgenic lines with CP were highly resistant to SMV with clear leaves and seeds while SMV-susceptible

lines showed mosaic symptom with seed mottling. The transcript levels of T1 plants with CP were also

determined by northern blot, suggesting that SMV-resistant T1 plants did not show viral RNA expression

whereas SMV-susceptible T1 plants showed viral RNA expression. Currently, the response of viral infection

with HC-Pro is investigating to produce SMV-resistant soybean transgenic plants, and the physiological

experiment with ABF3 is also carrying out to produce drought-tolerant soybean transgenic plants.


406

0407

INTRODUCTION OF ORE7 GENE FROM ARABIDOPSIS INTO SOYBEAN POSITIVELY

AFFECTS AGRONOMICAL TRAITS

Hye Jin Kim, Jung Hun Pak, Hye Jeong Kim, Ha Neui Hong, Nguyen Thi Quyen, Mi Jin Kim,

Young Soo Chung


Korean soybean variety Kwangan was transformed with ORE7 gene using highly efficient soybean

transformation system. The gene is known to exhibit a delayed leaf senescence phenotype in Arabidopsis.

To confirm phenotypic characterization of leaf senescence for non-transgenic (NT) and transgenic plants,

we transplanted T1 transgenic lines 7, 9, 14, and 15 together with two negative controls (NT and EV) in

greenhouse. As a result, line 15 showed dramatic phenotypic characterization of yield increase and

senescence delay. In addition, to investigate the agriculture traits for transgenic plants with leaf senescence

delaying, T2 transgenic lines and two negative controls were transplanted on GMO fields in Ochang and

harvested T3 seeds (2010). Most transgenic lines showed higher total seed weigh than NT. Especially, total

seed weight of line 15 was increased by about 180% and 120% compared with the NT and EV,

respectively. Therefore, we carried out the second field experiments with T3 transgenic line 15 and NT in

Ochang (2011). A total of 117 transgenic plants were divided into two groups, senescence delaying (64 out

of 117 plants) and increased yield (53 out of 117 plants), by transcript level of ORE7 gene. Interestingly,

among increased yield plants, total seed weight of each 7 plants were increased by more than 200%

compared with NT.


407

0408

IDENTIFICATION OF WIDE DISPARITY IN 5S RIBOSOMAL DNA REPEAT UNIT FROM

MISCELLANEOUS GRAINS CROP

Won Tae Kim, Hye Jeong Kim, Mi Jin Kim, Ha Neui Hong, Nguyen Thi Quyen, Young Soo

Chung, Hong Kyu Choi, Ho Won Jung, Jung Hun Pak


This study was designed to characterize the 5S ribosomal DNA repeat unit and to evaluate its phylogenetic

informativeness in Sorghum bicolor, Panicum miliaceum, Setaria italica and Phaseolus angularis. The

repeat unit was PCR amplified and several products cloned and sequenced. Each of Panicum miliaceum

and Setaria italica and Phaseolus angularis the spacer region was 269 to 344 bp and 306 to 351 bp and

316 to 337 bp in length the ends contained elements showing similarity with upstream and downstream

sequences involved in transcription. But we do not find different region from the spacer region of Sorghum

bicolor. In the Phylogenetic trees the sequences grouped by two and three well supported clades. The

topology obtained was in accordance with miscellaneous grain crop evolutionary relationships inferred from

previous phylogenetic studies.

Key words ; Phylogenetic relationship, Sorghum bicolor, Panicum miliaceum, Setaria italica, Phaseolus

angularis, 5S ribosomal DNA


408

0409

THE EFFECT OF LIGHT CONDITIONS AND FE HOMEOSTASIS ON CHLOROPLAST

DEVELOPMENT IN ARABIDOPSIS YELLOWISH MUTANT

Ji Young Hwang1, Sang Eun Jun1, Gyung-Tae Kim1, Aruna Jo2

1Dong-A university, Busan, Saha-gu, Republic of Korea, 2Korea Forest Service Government, Daejeon,

Republic of Korea

Leaves sensitively respond to light and nutrients absorbed from leaves and roots during plant life time.

Therefore, light and nutrients function as cues for plant development including chlorophyll synthesis, vein

organization, and leaf development. Leaf veins function as vessels to transport nutrients absorbed from

roots and produced in leaves to other organs and tissues. Among nutrients absorbed from soil and

transported to leaves, the lack of Fe cause defects of chlorophyll synthesis, showing chlorosis. Therefore,

Fe is kept the balance under the control of organ-specific genes and disruption of Fe homeostasis by

disorder of Fe absorbance, storage, and transport causes defects in chloroplast synthesis. We investigated

effects of Fe and light on chloroplast development in leaves using Arabidopsis mutant, which has yellowish

phenotype around leaf veins. This mutant appeared less chlorophyll contents around neighboring cells of

veins, indicating that chloroplast development might be controlled differently regulated by tissue specificity.

We carried out phenotypic, physiological, and molecular analyses about Arabidopsis mutant grown under

various light and Fe conditions. Taken together, we guessed that a novel factor on control of light and Fe

homeostasis take crucial roles in chloroplast development in the neighboring cells of leaf veins.

Key words : Arabidopsis mutant, Fe homeostasis, leaf vein, light


409

0410

DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC) OF ZATARIA

MULTIFLORA BOISS. ESSENTIAL OIL AND LYSOZIM ON LISTERIA

MONOCYTOGENES

Ali Misaghi1, Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti1, Ali Khanjari 1, Hosseinzadeh A2, Mohajerfar T1

1- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran,Tehran, Iran; 2- Department of

Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Application of natural compounds , including essential oils (EOs) and lysozyme is an effective method against growth

of bacterial pathogens in foods. Humans are frequently exposed to L. monocytogenes, and high numbers may be

ingested during consumption of certain types of food. Fish products, cheese and salads, were the products that were

most heavily contaminated with this organism.

In this study the effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss, and lysozyme on a food-borne pathogen, L. monocytogenes , was

evaluated, individually and in combination , using macrodilution and microdilution broth methods. The minimum

inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Z. multiflora Boiss EO was estimated 0.04 using macro and microdilution.

Lysozyme at the highest concentration( 1000 µg/ ml) was not effective in inhibition of bacterial growth and no MIC

value obtained. combination of EO and lysozyme decreased the MIC value and the results of growth curve analysis

showed that combination was effective in increasing the lag phase and this effect is of importance in food

microbiology .

In conclusion , Z.multiflora Boiss and lysozyme showed to be effective against bacterial growth and its potential

application in food systems may be suggested.

Key words: lysozym , Z.multiflora, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), L.monocytogenes


410

0411

ALGAE OF FRESH WATER BODIES FROM MAHARASHTRA, INDIA” S.D. Pingle K.J. Somaiya College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Mohinirajnagar, Kopargaon Affiliated To University of Pune, (Maharashtra),

All though fresh algae of fresh water bodies are studied by number of workers but no one had studied the most of region of Pune and Ahmednagar Districts i.e. western ghat region ( Sahyadri Ranges) from this region number of rivers originates and flows through these districts those are Mula, Mutha, Pavana, Bhama, Bhima, Indrayani, Meena, Kukadi, Ghod, Pravara etc. are the rivers located in these districts and which are the tributaries of Krishna and Godawari. Numbers of dams are constructed for irrigation, drinking and industrial purpose on the tributaries. Fresh water algae were collected from Pashan lake, Khadakwasala lake, Ram river, Mutha river, Mula river, Katraj lake, Lakaki pond, Kirkee pond, Garden ponds, Streams from Lonawala Khandala, KT weirs on rivers - Bhama, Bhima, Indrayani, Meena, Kukadi, Ghod, located in the Pune and Mula and Pravara rivers in Ahmednagar districts.

All these water bodies support algal growth and play a vital role in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore floristic

survey of algae (collection, identification and documentation) was undertaken, with intention to explore

most of the fresh water bodies in these districts. And over all fresh water algae encountered were about

433 species belonging to Chlorophya: 02 classes, 10 Orders, 27 Families, 80 Genera and 210 species.

Members of Euglenophyta: 01 class, 01 Order, 01 Families, 06 Genera and 31 species, Members of

Chrysophyta: 03 class, 09 Order, 18 Families, 32 Genera and 61 species, Pyrophyta: 01 Class, 2 orders, 4

families and 7 Forms , Cyanophyta :119 forms belonging to single class 4 orders ,11 families and 27

Genera Similarly members of Rhodophyta are 5 species belonging to 1 class and 1 sub class 2 Orders , 2

families and 03Genera

Key Worlds: Fresh water, Algae, Maharashtra, India


411

0412

ESTIMATION OF ROOT COHESION FOR DESERT SHRUB SPECIES IN SEMI-ARID

AND ARID ECOSYSTEM AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR STREAMBANK REVEGETATION

Kumud Acharya1, Yiping Li2, Achyut Adhikari1

1Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangshu, China

Quantifying mechanical properties of native riparian vegetation for streambank stability has remained a

critical need of riparian revegetation efforts in arid and semi-arid regions. In the present study we estimated

root cohesion for four representative native desert shrub species: Artiplex lentiformis (Torr.) S.Watson,

Lycium andersonii A. Gray, Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville, and Allenrolfea occidentalis (S.Watson) Kuntze

to understand their suitability in streambank stabilization in the framework of a revegetation campaign. Field

experiments were conducted to measure root length, root length density, root area ratio, and root tensile

strength. Root area ratio estimates showed that on average plant roots occupy 0.46 % of the area under

the crown of the selected species. The root tensile strength (Tr) was greatest for L. tridentata followed by L.

andersonii, A. lentiformis, and A. occidentalis. The root cohesion values could be used to rank the species

according to their potential for shallow bank slope stabilization in riparian ecosystems of a desert

environment. The maximum root cohesion in the present study was estimated for A. lentiformis followed by

L. andersonii, L. tridentata, and A. occidentalis. The higher root cohesion associated with A. lentiformis and

L. andersonii implies that these species are a good choice for revegetation purpose in order to strengthen

the topsoil zone through root reinforcement.


412

0413

GERMINATION STUDIES OF LITSEA CUBEBA (LOUR.) PERSOON: A USEFUL PLANT

FROM SARAWAK

M.Y.L. Lim, Aloysius K.P. Sim, Naming M. and Manurung R.

Sarawak Biodiversity Centre, KM 20 Jalan Borneo Heights, Semengoh, Locked Bag No. 3032, 93990 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. is a small tree well known for its lemony essential oil extracted mainly from its

fruits and leaves. L. cubeba occurs naturally in Hill Mixed Dipterocarp Forest areas of around 500 m to

1200 m altitude in Sarawak as well as Eastern and Southeast Asia particularly in China and Indonesia.

Study by the Sarawak Biodiversity Centre showed that the Sarawak L. cubeba oil contains citronellal, an

anti-microbial agent against certain bacteria and fungi, as its primary component, suggesting that there is a

potential prospect for personal care products market of Sarawak. Thus, it is of interest to look into the

potential and feasibility of developing this species as an industrial new crop or forest by-product for

Sarawak. Large quantity of planting stock is required in establishing large planted area of L. cubeba for

essential oil extraction. Seed is the most economical form of planting stock, however, L. cubeba seeds are

slow in germination. This experiment on conventional seed germination was carried out to investigate the

germination of Sarawak L. cubeba seed in lowland region (<10 m altitude). Three different treatments to

accelerate germination of maroon- and dark-colour seed were carried out. i.e. (i) heat treatment, (ii) air dry

treatment and (iii) chemical treatments to break seed dormancy and study its effect on the germination rate.

The pericarps of fruits collected from the high land area were removed and soaked in hot water of various

temparature for 18 hours or air dried for various period of time or treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or

sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in various concentrations. The seeds were then buried 1 cm deep in moist sand

for germination. Result showed the heat treatment at 40°C is the optimum temperature to enhance the

germination rates of both maroon and dark seeds. For the air dry treaments, the dark seeds can germinate

faster after being air dried for 48 hours, however, this treatment was not effective for maroon seeds. The

maroon seeds treated with 5% and 10% H2O2 indicated the fastest germination rate among the various

H2O2 treatments, however, H2O2 did not work effectively on dark seeds. NaOH treatment of dark seeds in

different concentrations was found not significantly effective on the germination rate. The experiment on

maroon seeds treated with NaOH is yet to be carried out. Results showed germination of L. cubeba seeds

could be accelerated by scarification. These findings suggest that seed can be used as the planting stock

for launching large cropped area.

Key words: Seed treatment, altitude, germination rate, essential oil


413

0414

A DUAL DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM FOR THE PIERCE’S DISEASE OF GRAPEVINE USING

MULTIPLEX REAL TIME PCR TECHNOLOGY

Myung Hwan Kim, Chaeyoung Lee, Jinwoo Lee, Jiwon Lee, Hongkyu Choi

Dong-A University, Busan, Saga-gu, Republic of Korea

Pierce’s disease (PD), caused by Xylella fastidiosa, represents one of the most damaging diseases of

cultivated grape. Management of PD in the vineyard often relies on the removal of infected individuals,

which otherwise serve as a source of inoculum for nearby healthy vines. Effective implementation of such

control measures requires early diagnosis. Here, we report a biomarker system that simultaneously

monitors Xylella-induced plant transcripts as well as Xylella ribosomal (r)RNA. Plant biomarker genes were

derived from a combination of in silico analysis of grape expressed sequence tags and validation by means

of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Four genes upregulated upon PD infection

were individually multiplexed with an X. fastidiosa marker rRNA and scored using either real-time RT-PCR

or gel-based conventional RT-PCR techniques. The system was sufficiently sensitive to detect both host

gene transcript and pathogen rRNA in asymptomatic infected plants. Moreover, these plant biomarker

genes were not induced by water deficit, which is a component of PD development. Such biomarker genes

could have utility for disease control by aiding early detection and as a screening tool in breeding programs.


414

0415

GENOME-WIDE GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN RESPONSE TO PIERCE’S

DISEASE AND WATER DEFICIT

Jiwon Lee, Myung Hwan Kim, Chaeyoung Lee, HongKyu Choi


Susceptible Vitis vinifera responds to Xylella infection with a massive redirection of gene transcription. This

transcriptional response is characterized by increased transcripts for phenlypropanoid and flavonoid

biosynthesis, ethylene production, adaptation to oxidative stress, and homologs of pathogenesis related

(PR) proteins, and decreased transcripts for genes related to photosynthesis. In addition, the results

suggest that susceptible genotypes respond to Xylella infection by induction of limited, but inadequate,

defense response. We also compared the transcriptional and physiological response of plants treated by

pathogen infection, low or moderate water deficit, or a combination of pathogen infection and water deficit.

Although the transcriptional response of plants to Xylella infection was distinct from the response of healthy

plants to moderate water stress, we observed synergy between water stress and disease, such that water

stressed plants exhibit a stronger transcriptional response to the pathogen. This interaction was mirrored

at the physiological level for aspects of water relations and photosynthesis, and in terms of the severity of

disease symptoms and pathogen colonization, providing a molecular correlation of the classical concept

with the disease triangle.


415

0416

CONSTRUCTION OF GENETIC MAP OF MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA AND ANALYSIS OF CO-LINEAR GENOMIC RELATIONSHIP WITH M. SATIVA

Chaeyoung Lee, Daejin Hyung, Dongwoon Yu, Jinhyun Kim, Hongkyu Choi


A core genetic map of the legume Medicago truncatula has been established by analyzing the segregation of 288 sequence-characterized genetic markers in an F2 population composed of 93 individuals. These molecular markers correspond to 141 ESTs, 80 BAC end sequence-tags, and 67 resistance gene analogs, covering 513 cM. In the case of EST-based markers we used an intron-targeted marker strategy, with primers designed to anneal in conserved exon regions and amplify across intron regions. Polymorphisms were significantly more frequent in intron vs exon regions, thus providing an efficient mechanism to map transcribed genes. Genetic and cytogenetic analysis produced eight well-resolved linkage groups, which have been previously correlated with eight chromosomes by means of FISH with mapped BAC clones. We anticipated that mapping of conserved coding regions would have utility for comparative mapping among legumes; thus 60 of the EST-based primer pairs were designed to amplify orthologous sequences across a range of legume species. As an initial test of this strategy, we used primers designed against M. truncatula exon sequences to rapidly map genes in Medicago sativa. The resulting comparative map, which includes 68 bridging markers, indicates that the two Medicago genomes are highly similar, and establishes the basis for a “Medicago” composite map.


416

0417

CROSS-SPECIES PCR GENE AMPLIFICATION AND PREDICTION OF PRE-MRNA SPLICING SIGNALS IN LEGUMES



For purposes of studying intron structures and predicting consensus splice motifs, a total of 102 legume species were used to isolate introns across the family. Of 196 gene-targeted PCR primer pairs, we successfully amplified 118 intron-containing genes (60.2%) and obtained a total of 1,870 introns with an average size of 143 nucleotides. Species-based compilation of 5’- and 3’-splicing motifs showed lineage-specific conservation in each splicing motif. Compilation of the entire intron set permitted prediction of the consensus sequences of splicing signal motifs in legumes, AYGWGTABABGH and TVNC/TAGGHTV for the 5’- and 3’-splicing motifs, respectively. Interestingly, these consensus motifs are very similar to the corresponding splicing signals of two model systems, Arabidopsis and rice. This result is suggestive of conservation of pre-mRNA splicing mechanisms in higher plants. Multiple alignments of CALTL introns demonstrated that the region from the branch point to 3’ splice site was relatively more conserved than the region from5’ splice site to the branch point. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that each of three splicing motifs, 5’-splice sites, 3’-splice sits, and branch site, was relevant to evolutionary divergence of species and phylogenetically informative, suggesting that splice signal sequences would be useful as a potential tool for the molecular phylogenetic analysis.


417

0418

CROSS-FAMILY TRANSLATION OF GENOMIC INFORMATION FOR THE ABIOTIC STRESS-RELATED GENES BETWEEN ARABIDOPSIS AND MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA



Cross-species translation of genomic information may play a pivotal role in applying biological knowledge gained from one species to other genomes. Abiotic stress-responsive genes in Arabidopsis have been translated to a legume model system, Medicago truncatula. A total of 1,370 Arabidopsis genes were identified by searching TAIR database, expression profiling data and literatures. For purposes of cross-genome identification of orthologous genes, tBlastX or BlastP were employed between these two model systems. Candidate genes potentially associated with abiotic stress responses were classified into 18 functional criteria and corresponding genomic locations were analyzed by Circos program. To do this, user-friendly bioinformatic analysis platform was established. In order to discover abiotic stress-associated genes, gene network and/or interactome analyses were conducted using a combination of AraNet web-based platform and CytoScape program. As a result, we could identify 240 key genes that appeared to play an important role within central gene networks. We anticipate that these genes may impact molecular breeding programs by developing them into genetic markers and discovering trait-associated nucleotide variations.


418

0419

XLG2 PROMOTES FLORAL TRANSITION THROUGH ACTIVATION OF RTV1 DNA

BINDING ACTIVITY

Jaebok Heo, Minji Hong


Heterotrimeric G proteins, consisting of Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits, play important roles in plant development

and cell signaling. In Arabidopsis, in addition to one prototypical G protein a subunit gene, GPA1, there are

three extra-large G proteins, XLG1, XLG2, and XLG3 of largely unknown function. Yeast two-hybrid library

screening and in vitro protein pull-down assays revealed that XLG2 interacts with the nuclear protein

RELATED TO VERNALIZATION1 (RTV1). A mutant XLG2 that lacks GTP binding does not interact with

RTV1, suggesting the dependence of this protein interaction on the G-protein cycle. Electrophoretic mobility

shift assays show that RTV1 binds to DNA in vitro in a non-sequence specific manner and that GTP-bound

XLG2 promotes the DNA binding activity of RTV1. Overexpression of RTV1 results in early flowering.

Combined overexpression of XLG2 and RTV1 enhances this early flowering phenotype, and elevates

expression of the floral pathway integrator genes, FT and SOC1, but does not repress expression of the

floral repressor, FLC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that XLG2 increases RTV1 binding to

FT and SOC1 promoters. Thus, a Ca2+-dependent Gprotein, XLG2, promotes RTV1 DNA binding activity

for a subset of floral integrator genes, and contributes to floral transition.


419

0420

COORDINATION OF VERNALIZATION MEDIATED EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF FLC

BY LONG NONCODING RNA IN ARABIDOPSIS

Jaebok Heo, Minji Hong


In a model plant species Arabidopsis, prolonged exposure to low temperature during the winter season is

necessary to acquire the competence to flower in the following spring. This process, known as

vernalization, is an epigenetic change in which a mitotically stable change of the developmental potential of

the meristem (competence to flower) is maintained even in the absence of the inducing signal (prolonged

cold exposure). Vernalization results in stable epigenetic repression of a potent floral repressor,

FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Increased enrichment of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) and

trimethylated Histone H3 Lys 27 (H3K27me3) at FLC chromatin is necessary for the stable maintenance of

FLC repression by vernalization. Recent recognition of long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in vernalization

response indicates that long ncRNAs are evolutionarily conserved components for PRC2-mediated

repression in eukaryotes.


420

0421

GENOME-WIDE ANALYSES OF HEAT SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GENE FAMILY IN GLYCINE MAX

Kyung-Mi Kim, Eunsook Chung, Kenneth Ryan Schraufnagle, Jae-Hong Lee, Hyun-A So,

Jae-Sung Kwak, Hyo Young Kim, Hyung-In Moon, and Jai-Heon Lee

BK21 Center for Silver-Bio Industrialization, Dong-A University

Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) are the major heat shock factors regulating the heat stress response. They participate in regulating the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), which are critical in the protection against stress damage and many other important biological processes. In this study, a genome-wide analysis was carried out to identify all HSFs soybean genes. Twenty six nonredundant HSF genes (GmHsf) were identified in the latest soybean genome sequence. Chromosomal location, protein domain and motif organization of GmHsfs were analyzed in soybean genome. The phylogenetic relationships, gene duplications and expression profiles of GmHsf genes were also presented in this study. According to their structural features, the predicted members were divided into the previously defined classes A–C, as described in Arabidopsis. Using RT-PCR, the expression patterns of 26 GmHsf genes were investigated under heat stress. The data revealed that these genes presented different expression levels in response to heat stress conditions. Real-time (q)RT-PCR was performed to investigate transcript levels of five GmHsfs in response to multiple abiotic stresses. Differential expression of five GmHsfs implies their role during abiotic stresses. Subcellular localization using GFP-fusion protein demonstrated that GmHsf12 and GmHsf34 were restricted to the nucleus and GmHsf28 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm in plant. The results provide a fundamental clue for understanding of the complexity of the soybean HSF gene family and cloning specific function genes in further studies and applications. Keywords; Glycine max, heat shock transcription factor, soybean


421

0422

MOLECULAR CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOYBEAN TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVED IN ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE Kenneth Ryan Schraufnagle, Eunsook Chung, Kyung-Mi Kim, Selvam Ayarpadikannan,

Jae-Hong Lee, Jae-Sung Kwak, Hyo Young Kim, Hyung-In Moon, and Jai-Heon Lee


We have examined RNA expression of soybean transcription factors (GmTF) under the abiotic stress conditions such as low temperature, high salinity, drought stress and ABA application. GmTFs include WRKY, NAC and zinc finger proteins. GmTF genes induced by abiotic stress were selected and further characterized. The full-length cDNA of GmTFs were isolated and used for overexpression vector construct and other molecular characterization. In order to understand their function in relation to abiotic stress tolerance, we have generated overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the transgene were tested if they show difference in tolerance to osmotic stress compared to the wild-type plants. We will further discuss about the roles of GmTFs on signal transduction pathway during abiotic stresses in plant. Keywords; Glycine max, overexpression, soybean, transcription factor, transgenic plant


422

0423

JNP3, TRADITIONAL MEDICINE, SUPPRESSES PMA-INDUCED METASTASIS VIA

MAPK AND NF-KB SIGNALING PATHWAY IN MCF-7 CELLS

Jae-Sung Kwak, Hyo Young Kim, Hai Yang Yu, Kyung-Mi Kim, Eunsook Chung, Jae-Hong Lee, Hyun-A So, Kenneth Ryan Schraufnagle, Jai-Heon Lee, and Hyung-In Moon


The purpose of this study to examined the inhibitory effect of JNP3, a new compound, which is isolated

from a traditional Chinese formulation, on MMP-9 expression and determine possible mechanism by which

JNP3 suppresses the expression of MMP-9 during invasion and metastasis of human breast carcinoma

cells, We examined the protein expression and transcription of MMP-9 and possible signaling pathway

induced by PMA in MCF-7 cells. In the present study, JNP3 was examined for its potentials on PMA-

induced MMP-9 expression in MCF-7 cells with detailed molecular mechanisms. Here we provide evidence

showing that JNP3 suppresses PMA-induced MMP-9 expression by blocking the NF-kB activation via

JNK/ERK signaling pathway and the suppression of MMP-9 expression is correlated well the inhibition of

cell invasion by JNP3. These results indicate that JNP3 can be a potential anti-metastatic and anti-invasive

agent. This useful effect may lead to future clinical research on the anti-cancer properties of JNP3.

Keywords; anti-cancer, human breast carcinoma cells, JNK/ERK signaling pathway, JNP3, MCF-7 cells,

MMP-9, NF-kB


423

0424

OLEIFOLIOSIDES B MEDIATES AUTOPHAGY AND APOPTOSIS IN CASPASE-INDEPENDENT PATHWAY IN A549 CELLS

Hyo Young Kim, Hai Yang Yu, Hyung-In Moon, Kyung-Mi Kim, Eunsook Chung, Selvam Ayarpadikannan, Jae-Hong Lee, Jae-Sung Kwak, Kenneth Ryan Schraufnagle, and Jai-Heon Lee

BK21 Center for Silver-Bio Industrialization, Dong-A University The purpose of this study to investigate human cancer cell death mechanism, we isolated a compound from Dendropanax Morbifera Leveille (oleifoliosides B), and evaluated oleifoliosides B for their inhibitory effects of A549 cells. We further insight into the mechanism of oleifoliosides B-induced autophagy and apoptosis. We also assessed that the relationship between BafilomycinA1, a inhibitor of autophagy and oleifoliosides B-mediated apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, we also investigate that oleifoliosides B inhibited survival signaling pathways such as Akt and Nrf2 in A549 cells. In the present study, we isolated a bioactive agent, oleifoliosides B, and demonstrated that this compound induced apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro. Here, we showed that oleifoliosides B induced autophagy at early time as evidenced the conversion of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-I) to LC3-II in A549 human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy with bafilomycin A1 decreased apoptotic cell death, suggesting that the autophagy caused by oleifoliosides B played a not protective role and promoted apoptotic cell death. Additional studies revealed that oleifoliosides B inhibited survival signaling pathways such as Akt and Nrf2 in A549 cells. Treatment with oleifoliosides B also reduced the expression of anti-apoptotic survive in and cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). Taken together, these results indicated that the autophagy induced by oleifoliosides B promote apoptosis, implying that oleifoliosides B has significant potential as a chemotherapeutic enhancer.

Keywords; A549, apoptosis, autophagy, cell death, lung carcinoma cells, oleifoliosides B


424

0425

MP-2 IS INVOLVED IN CASPASE-INDEPENDENT MITOCHONDRIA APOPTOSIS IN

HELA CELLS

Jae-Hong Lee, Hyo Young Kim, Jae-Sung Kwak, Hai Yang Yu, Kyung-Mi Kim, Eunsook

Chung, Selvam Ayarpadikannan, Hyun-A So, Kenneth Ryan Schraufnagle, Jai-Heon Lee,

and Hyung-In Moon


In an effort to develop new anti-cancer bioactive agents, we isolated a compound from Dendropanax

Morbifera Leveille (MP-2), and evaluated MP-2 for their inhibitory effects of human epithelial cancer cells.

We used HeLa cells to gain further insight into the mechanism of MP-2-induced anti-proliferative action and

apoptosis. We also assessed the effects of sub-G1-phase DNA content, DNA fragmentation and

appearance of apoptotic bodies that treatment with MP-2. Furthermore, apoptosis-inducing factor and

endonuclease G were determined by western blot analysis and Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy.

In the present study, we used HeLa cells to gain further insight into the mechanism of MP-2-induced anti-

proliferative action and apoptosis in a time-dependent manner in human epithelial cancer cells. We

demonstrated that treatment with MP-2 increased sub-G1-phase DNA content, DNA fragmentation and

appearance of apoptotic bodies in a time-dependent manner. MP-2 induced apoptosis appeared to be

correlated with the modulation of death receptor, IAP member, Bcl-2 family proteins and activation of

caspases, which resulted in the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Furthermore, MP-2 induced

apoptosis via mitochondria with the release of apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G in a time

dependent. In summary, our results indicate that treatment with MP-2 may be a safe strategy for treatment

of resistant epithelial cancer.

Keywords; anti-cancer bioactive agents, Dendropanax Morbifera Leveille, epithelial cancer, HeLa cells, MP-

2 induced apoptosis


425

0426

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES OF NOVEL GENES FROM A SALT-TREATED HALOPHYTE, SUAEDA ASPARAGOIDES

Kyung-Mi Kim, Eunsook Chung, Kenneth Ryan Schraufnagle, Jae-Sung Kwak, Hyo Young Kim, Hyung-In Moon, and Jai-Heon Lee BK21 Center for Silver-Bio Industrialization, Dong-A University Salinity stress severely affects plant growth and development causing crop loss worldwide. Suaeda asparagoides is a salt-marsh euhalophyte widely distributed in southwestern foreshore of Korea. To isolate salt tolerance genes from S. asparagoides, we constructed a cDNA library from leaf tissues of S. asparagoides that was treated with 200 mM NaCl. A total of 1,056 clones were randomly selected for EST sequencing, and 932 of them produced readable sequence. By sequence analysis, we identified 538 unigenes and registered each in National Center for Biotechnology Information. The 80 salt stress related genes were selected to study their differential expression. Reverse Transcriptase-PCR and Northern blot analysis revealed that 23 genes were differentially expressed under the high salinity stress conditions in S. asparagoides. They are functionally diverse including transport, signal transduction, transcription factor, metabolism and stress associated protein, and unknown function. Among them dehydrin (SaDhn) and RNA binding protein (SaRBP1) were examined for their abiotic stress tolerance in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Yeast overexpressing SaDhn and SaRBP1 showed enhanced tolerance to osmotic, freezing and heat shock stresses. This study provides the evidence that SaRBP1 and SaDhn from S.asparagoides exert abiotic stress tolerance in yeast. Information of salt stress related genes from S. asparagoides will contribute for the accumulating genetic resources to improve osmotic tolerance in plants. Keywords; abiotic stress, halophyte, overexpression, Suaeda asparagoides, tolerance


426

0427

THE REGULATION OF CELL DIVISION IN SHOOT MERISTEM FOR PROPER

ORGANOGENESIS

Sang Eun Jun, Ji Young Hwang, Lina Li, Duong Huyen Trang, Gyung-Tae Kim


During whole plant lifetime, shoot apical meristem (SAM) regenerates stem cells for maintenance

indeterminate manner and providing cells to produce organs by accurately regulated cell proliferation. It

was reported that several gene networks including WUSCHEL-CLAVATA (CLV) pathway regulate the

maintenance of stem cell and organ formation. To investigate the roles of cell division at the initiation of

organ formation in SAM, we characterized transgenic plants ectopic expressing Kip-related protein (KRP)

which is cell division inhibitor, under the promoter of CLV3. The limited inhibition of cell division in the

domain of CLV3 caused reduction of whole plant and organ size, and defective structures in SAM and

leaves. Based on these results, we will discuss about the pattern of cell division in the central zone of SAM

and its influence on SAM structure and organ morphogenesis.

Key words : Arabidopsis, cell division, CLV3, KRP, Shoot apical meristem


427

0428

MUNGBEAN UBIQUITIN CONJUGATING ENZYME E2 CONFERS OSMOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN ARABIDOPSIS

Kenneth Ryan Schraufnagle, Kyung-Mi Kim, Selvam Ayarpadikannan, Jae-Sung Kwak, Hyo

Young Kim, Hyung-In Moon, and Jai-Heon Lee


A low temperature-inducible cDNA designated as VrUBC1 from mungbean (Vigna radiata) was isolated by subtractive hybridization method. By rapid amplification of cDNA end technique, the full-length cDNA of VrUBC1 was obtained. The full-length cDNA of VrUBC1 contains an open reading frame of 444 nucleotides in length and capable of specifying a 16.5-kDa protein of 148 amino acids (aa) with an isoelectric point of 7.72. VrUBC1 mRNA was induced by NaCl and ABA, but not by wounding and low temperature stress. It was shown that VrUBC1-GFP was localized to the cytoplasm in tobacco cell. To examine the function of VrUBC1, VrUBC1 was expressed in Escherichia coli as His-fusion protein. Purified VrUBC1-His recombinant protein was shown to have ubiquitination activity in vitro. For the in vivo functional analysis of VrUBC1, VrUBC1 was expressed in yeast ubc4/5 double mutant. Stress tolerance was tested in the VrUBC1 overexpressing Arabidopsis transgenic plants. We propose that VrUBC1 play an important role in protein degradation processes during abiotic stress in plants.

Keywords; abiotic stress, Arabidopsis, low temperature, mungbean, overexpression, transgenic plant,

ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2


428

0429

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TYPE III DNAJ-LIKE PROTEINS FROM

ARABIDOPSIS

Hyo-Young Kim, Eunsook Chung, Kyung-Mi Kim, Kenneth Ryan Schraufnagle, Selvam

Ayarpadikannan, Jae-Sung Kwak, Jae-Hong Lee, Hyung-In Moon, and Jai-Heon Lee


Arabidopsis atDjC53 and atDjC32 gene DnaJ-like protein homologous to DnaJ-like protein was

characterized for the functional analysis of DnaJ-like protein. It was shown that atDjC53 and atDjC32 RNA

expression is induced by heat shock stress and atDjC53- and atDjC32-GFP was targeted to the nucleus of

protoplasts. The atDjC53 and atDjC32 promoter (1 kb) was isolated and fused to the GUS reporter gene to

investigate gene regulation of atDjC53 and atDjC32 specific to heat shock stress or to developmental organ

in the transgenic lines. Overexpression construct was employed to generate atDjC53 and atDjC32 knock-

out plants for the study of their function. Molecular function of atDjC53 and atDjC32 is discussed in relation

to heat shock and also developmental stages in Arabidopsis.

Keywords; Arabidopsis, atDjC, DnaJ, heat shock, overexpression, transgenic plant


429

0430

POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION OF NITRIC OXIDE⁄CYCLIC GUANOSINE

MONOPHOSPHATE⁄PROTEIN KINASE C/ ATP-SENSITIVE K+ CHANNELS PATHWAY

IN THE ANTINOCICEPTION OF METHANOLIC CRUDE EXTRACT OF ACMELLA

ULIGINOSA (SW.) CASS.

Hui Ming Ong1, Roslan Sulaiman Mohd.1, Daud Ahmad Israf1, Enoch Kumar Perimal1,

Tengku Azam Shah Tengku Mohamad1, Akira Ahmad1, Siti Nurulhuda Mastuki1,2

1Department of Biomedical Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, 2Institute of

Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

The present study examined the potential antinociceptive activity of Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass.

methanolic crude extract (MEAU) in ICR mice by using chemical models. The possible mechanisms of its

antinociception through nitric oxide-cGMP-PKC pathways were studied. The antinociceptive activity of

MEAU in the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test was significantly attenuated by i.p. pre-

treatment of mice with L-arginine, the substrate for nitric oxide synthase and ODQ (1H-

[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one), the selective soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, as well as

glibenclamide, the ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibitor. Besides, MEAU also produced dose-dependent

inhibition of licking response caused by intraplantar injection of PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate), a

protein kinase C activator (PKC). Altogether, these results suggest that the NO⁄cGMP⁄PKC⁄ATP-sensitive

K+ channel pathway was possibly participated in the antinociceptive activity induced by MEAU.


430

0431

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CICHORIUM INTYBUS

SEEDS

Rizwan Ahmad1, Mohd Mujeeb2, Vidhu Aeri2, Wasim Ahmad Siddique2

1Vivek college of Pharmacy, Bijnor up, India, 2Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

Reacting active species induced oxidative damage of cellular tissue cause to many human diseases like

cancer, cardiovascular disease, nephropathy and aging. Naturally occurring antioxidant supplements from

plants are vital to counter the oxidative damage in cells. Recently, attention has focused on phytochemicals

as new sources of natural antioxidants. In the present study methanolic extract of Cichorium intybus seed

(Fam.: Asteraceae) was investigated for its antioxidant property using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

(DPPH) method. IC50 was calculated. Data obtained revealed that methanolic extract has potent

antioxidant activity (IC50: 59 g/ml). Ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole, (BHA) were used as

reference standard.


431

0432

HYPOTHESIS OF THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF VALERIANA OFFICINALIS AND MELISSA OFFICINALIS IN THE TREATMENT OF SLEEP DISORDERS

Valeria Lucini1, Silvana Dugnani1, Alberto Vignutelli2, Valter Gianesello2, Francesco Scaglione1

1University of Milan, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Traenslational Medicine, Milan, Italy, 2Ginsana SA, Medical affairs, Bioggio, Switzerland

Insomnia is one of the most common complaints among adults. Numerous surveys conducted in countries around the world report that approximately 30% to 40% of adults have problems initiating or maintaining sleep. The extract of the root of Valeriana officinalis (Valerian) has been widely used to treat sleeping disorders in Europe for decades. Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) leaf extract has been proposed as a remedy for sleep disturbances related to restlessness and irritability.

Previous studies reported that Valerian and Lemon balm interfere in the excitatory glutamate-mediated neurotransmission and in the brain levels of GABA by inhibiting the GABA transaminase (GABA-T). In this study possible effects of standardized extracts of Valerian or Lemon balm alone, or in combination, on glutamate-mediated neurotransmission and on GABA-T inhibition were assessed in mice cortical brains.

The effects on glutamate transmission were shown by using receptor-binding competition assays containing cerebral cortex synaptic membranes. The reaction was initiated by the addition of tissue (100 μg protein) to tubes containing different ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) and metabotropic glutamate (mGluR) ligands and Glutamic acid. The GABA-T bioassay was performed in vitro mice brain homogenate to determine a possible inhibitory effect of plant extracts. Valerian extract decreased significantly (p<0.001) the glutamate binding on the kainate iGluR. This effect was not seen with NMDA or AMPA receptors. NMDA, AMPA and kainate binding was not affected by Lemon balm extract. Regarding Group II mGluR, Valerian extract shows a marked decrease in the binding while Lemon balm extracts do not show any effect.

The GABA-T bioassay demonstrates that the Lemon balm extract exerts inhibitory activity of about 50% at a concentration of 10 mcg / ml and reaches 70% at a concentration of 100 mcg / ml. The extract of Valerian alone shows a lower inhibitory activity on the GABA-T, but in the combination the inhibitory effect increases by 20% the effect of Lemon balm. These results demonstrate that Valeriana officinalis and Melissa officinalis act on two factors involved in sleep disorders. Valerian, acting mainly as an agonist on presynaptic receptors mGluR, reduces the release of glutamate, which has an excitatory effect; on the other hand, Lemon balm, by mainly inhibiting GABA-T increases the availability of GABA in the synaptic space with an effect favoring sleep. In conclusion, this study allows us to hypothesize that the combination of the two extracts produces a kind of functional synergism very useful in the treatment of sleep disorders. Key-words: Valeriana officinalis, Melissa officinalis, GABA, Glutamate, sleep disorders


432

0433

ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF PYGEUM

AFRICANUM AND URTICA EXTRACTS COMPARED TO FINASTERIDE® ON HUMAN

CULTURED PROSTATIC FRIBROBLASTS

Silvana Dugnani1, Valeria Lucini1, Alberto Vignutelli2, Valter Gianesello2, Francesco

Scaglione1

1Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 2Ginsana SA, Medical Affairs, Bioggio, Switzerland

Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is an extremely common disorder in men which is closely related to ageing. Phytotherapy is one of the current medical therapies in treating mild-to-moderate LUTS associated with BPH. Recently, phytotherapy is considered an interesting approach by the BPH management with application in Europe and in America. The mechanism of action of herbal medicinal products is, however, often not fully elucidated.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities on fibroblasts collected from Human Prostate of Pygeum africanum bark extract (PY102) Urtica root extract (UR102) and its combination (Prostatonin®). The experiments compare the abilities of the two extracts alone, or in combination, to inhibit the proliferative effect of Human Fibroblast Growth Factor (HFGF basic) that induce a considerable increase in proliferation of human prostatic fibroblasts. This effect was compared with the synthetic drug Finasteride®.

Similarly the effect of both extracts and the combination on the levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12 induced by LPS was evaluated and compared to Finasteride®.

The results show that Pygeum has a significant antiproliferative effect (p<0.05 vs control). The effect of Urtica compared to Pygeum is clearly lower, but the Urtica-Pygeum combination shows a more pronounced effect than Pygeum alone (p<0.001 vs control). The combination has, therefore, at least a cumulative effect. Although Finasteride®, as expected, shows a significant antiproliferative effect (p<0.01 vs control), it is interesting that the Urtica-Pygeum combination shows a tendency towards a higher inhibitory effect than Finasteride®, especially at lower concentrations.

The results on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6; IL-8; IL-12) show that Finasteride® does not have any significant effect. On the other hand, both herbal extracts show inhibitory effects vs controls, with varying degrees (p<0.05 to p<0.001). The combination of the two extracts demonstrates always a significant stronger inhibition than the extracts alone.

In this study on the treatment of in vitro cultured human prostatic fibroblast with Pygeum, Finasteride® and Urtica, this last extract inhibited cell proliferation induced by HFGF to a lesser extent. The combination Pygeum-Urtica shows predominantly the most remarkable effect. Regarding anti-inflammatory properties, Urtica extract shows a stronger effect than Pygeum, meanwhile Finasteride® has no effect and the combination of Pygeum-Urtica shows in general a stronger anti-inflammatory effect.

Key-words: Urtica, Pygeum, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative


433

0434

ANTIDIABETIC PROPERTY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF

VERNONIA AMYGDALINA.

Nurhazirah Zainul Azlan, Yusmazura Zakaria, Nik Fakhuruddin Nik Hassan

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Vernonia amygdalina is a member of Asteraceae family that has been used as traditional herb in treating

various infection and diseases. This study aim to determine the phytochemical characterization of

V.amygdalina in treating diabetes mellitus. First test is the phytochemical screening test using standard

procedure to identify constituents as described by Sofowara (1993), Trease and Evans (1989) and

Harborne (1973). This test used the crude extract of V.amygdalina which dried in oven at 55°C ± 1°C for

72 hours and then it is observed that V.amygdalina contained flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and tannins.

Later, V.amygdalina was extracted to water extract and ethanol extract. 25g of dried crush V.amygdalina

were extracted in 250 ml of water at 60° C ± 1°C for 72 hours for water extract. While for ethanol extract,

25g of dried crush V.amygdalina was placed in cellulose timble and Soxhlet extractor was set up at 50°C

for 48 hours with 250ml of 80% ethanol as solvent. Both of the extracts were analyzed by FTIR

spectroscopy and its spectra recorded. Those two extracts show similar spectra. Absorption peak was

observed at 3373 – 3346cm-1 which assigned to O-H stretching vibrations of phenols. The presence of

sharp peak at 1650 – 1417cm-1 are attributed to C=O stretching vibrations in carbonyl groups. This peak

characterized the high content of terpenoids and flavonoids. There is also sharp peak in between 2925 –

2854cm-1 that shows C-H and C-H stretching vibrations of methoxy compounds. Ester carbonyl was further

proven to be present by absorption peak at 1266 – 1163cm-1. The peaks at 1650 and 1326cm-1 were due to

the Amide I and Amide III respectively. The peak at 1637cm-1 in broad band of Amide I is due to the

presence of amino acid Arginine (Arg) as a result of –CN3H5+ stretching asymmetrical vibration.

Phytochemical constituents found in V.amygdalina based on these two tests may play a role in insulin

production, stimulation and release of pancreatic islets from the beta-cells. Tannin and flavonoids

glycosides of V.amygdalina may also act as alpha glucosidase inhibitor which contributed to the

hypoglycaemic effect of the plant. Phenols inhibit alpha-amylase, sucrase, as well as the action of sodium

glucose-transporter 1 (GLUT-1) of the intestinal brush border, thus it is antidiabetic action. Therefore, the

phytochemical constituents of V.amygdalina do able in treating diabetes mellitus. Further study will be

carried out in-vitro screening assay such as MTT assay and insulin secretion assay, as well as in-vivo study

to test acute oral toxicity study and the antidiabetic effect of V.amygdalina towards animals.

Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Vernonia amygdalina, phytochemical test, FTIR spectroscopy.


434

0435

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS LEAVES ON BLOOD

GLUCOSE LEVELS AND BODY WEIGHT CHANGES IN ALLOXAN- INDUCED

DIABETIC RATS

Sreenath Pillai, Gurudayal Ram

SHIATS, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most recognized and clinically significant disorders of the endocrine system.

It is characterized by the disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and an abnormal

response to the glucose load. Feeding with aqueous extract of leaves of Catharanthus roseus commonly

called as sadafuli in alloxan- induced diabetic rats significantly (P< 0.001) decreased blood glucose levels

and significant (P< 0.01) increase in body weight changes were observed. In non- diabetic rats, the

experimental sadafuli leaves did not cause any hypoglycaemia effect and no significant body weight

changes were found indicating that Catharanthus roseus has antidiabetic activity.

Keywords: Catharanthus roseus, Diabetis mellitus, Alloxan, Blood Glucose level, Body weight.


435

0436

DNA Barcoding of Philippine Orchids

Glenn Oyong, Esperanza Maribel Agoo

De La Salle University, Manila, The Philippines

DNA barcoding is a technique that uses DNA sequence data for species-level identification, interspecific

and intraspecific variation analysis and population genetic studies. The DNA barcodes determined by the

Consortium of the Barcode of Life (CBOL) to be the most effective in achieving these goals in plants are the

plastid genes namely trnH-psbA, rbcL, matK, accD, rpoB,rpoc1, and trnL(UAA)-trnF(GAA).

The goal of this barcoding project is to test the genes, trnH-psbA, rbcL, and matK, in identification and

describing variation in some Philippine noteworthy indigenous plant groups such as Philippine orchids. The

orchidaceous flora of the Philippines consists of 1,142 species and varieties in 152 genera. Its significance

is highlighted by the occurrence of endemic monotypic genera namely Schuitemania, Santotomasia,

Samarorchis, Ceratocentron, Megalotus, and Phragmorchis. Many of the orchid species in the country are

indiscriminately collected in the wild, illegally traded in the domestic and international market which has led

to the endangerment of the species of which at least 20 species are now included in the IUCN List of

Threatened Species.

DNA are extracted and processed using standard protocol set by the CBOL. The DNA are then kept in a

cold storage facility in the DLSU-CENSER laboratory. Voucher specimens are also collected and are now

deposited in the DLSU-Manila Herbarium. A living collection of the plants is also maintained. Plant

identification is confirmed by orchid specialists at the Philippine National Herbarium, Royal Botanic

Gardens in Kew, National Herbarium of the Netherlands, and University of Copenhagen.

Results of the study show that based on the criteria which includes robustness in PCR amplification and

sequence alignment, sequence length, ability to identify or define interspecific sequence differences, ability

to distinguish intraspecific sequence differences, and nucleotide diversity or divergence using Jukes and

Cantor, Fu and Li’s and Tajima’s Tests, rbcL and matK are the more useful barcodes in orchids. These

candidate barcodes can successfully discriminate new species in the Eria s.l., Dendrobium, Dendrochilum,

and Bulbophyllum.

Key words : Barcoding, Philippines, DNA, identification, orchids


436

0437

MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF STACHYDEAE (LAMIACEAE, LAMIOIDEAE)

Yasaman Salmaki1,2, Shahin Zarre1, Olof Ryding3, Charlotte Lindqvist4, Christian Bräuchler2,

Günther Heubl2, Mika Bendiksby5

1Department of Plant Science, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Tehran,

Iran, 2Biodiversity Research - Systematic Botany, Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität

München, München, Bayern, Germany, 3Botanical Garden & Museum, Natural History Museum of

Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4Department of Biological Sciences,

University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, United States Minor Outlying Islands, 56National Centre for

Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Although the tribe Stachydeae (Lamioideae) is considered to be monophyletic, relationships within the tribe

are poorly understood as complex and possibly homoplasious morphological characters make genera

difficult to delimit. This study represents the first comprehensive phylogenetic investigation of tribe

Stachydeae. The phylogeny of Stachydeae was inferred using DNA sequence data from four regions

(plastid: trnL intron, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer, rps16 intron; nuclear: ribosomal ITS). Using maximum

parsimony (MP) and Bayesian analysis phylogenetic reconstructions based on nuclear and chloroplast

sequence data were incongruent consequently the data were analyzed separately. Both the current

phylogenetic here and the phylogenies presented previously suggest that the lamioid genera Prasium,

Phlomidoschema, Sideritis, Thuspeinanta, Chamaesphacos, Hypogomphia and temperate East Asian

Suzukia along with the Hawaiian endemic mints (Haplostachys, Phyllostegia and Stenogyne) are

phylogenetically nested within Stachys. Although in the analyses of combined plastid data, three well

supported crown groups identified previously are maintained, the ITS phylogenetic trees contains two

weakly supported clades. In contrast to cpDNA data, ITS data were generally in accord with morphology

and other evidence and were therefore assumed to reflect the true phylogeny. This variation in topology

may be caused either by past hybridization events or extensive incomplete lineage sorting, or likely some

combination of these phenomena. In the plastid phylogeny, most monophyletic clades are restricted to a

particular geographic region, while most major clades in the nuclear phylogeny comprise morphologically

similar species. The observation that relationships seen in plastid data, which reflect maternal inheritance

(and local seed dispersal), correlate with geographic proximity, while those seen in nuclear data correlate

more with morphological resemblance. Thus, using both nuclear and plastid sequences to address that

Stachys is not monophyletic based on both plastid and nuclear DNA data and there is evidence of

hybridization due to nuclear and plastid data yield incongruent topologies. In the present study, we

recognize several strongly supported subclades based on both chloroplast and nuclear sequences.

Members of these subclades share several ecological, biogeographical and morphological traits. A formal

and modern subgeneric classification of Stachys is still pending further phylogenetic and taxonomic studies.


437

0438

INHIBITION OF QUORUM-SENSING CONTROLLED VIRULENCE FACTOR

EXPRESSION IN STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS BY BERBERIS VULGARIS L. VAR.

ASPERMA AND MOLECULAR SCREENING OF ITS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

POTENTIAL

Iman Adib Majlesi1, Glenn Oyong2, Blesilda Formantes1

1College of Dentistry, University of the East, Manila, The Philippines, 2De La Salle University, Manila, The

Philippines

Quorum sensing (QS) is a phenomenon described with accumulation of acyl-homoserine lactones enabling

autoinduction by critical number of bacterial cells to express associated virulence factors in effectively

accomplishing biochemical pathways important for survival within the host. With the rapid emergence of

antibiotic resistance, alternative medicine is in search for novel antimicrobial compounds most especially of

plant origin. Presently, popular endemic plant species in Iran have limited information with regard to

potential applications in dentistry particularly on dental pathogens. Unique in the world, the berries of

Iranian seedless barberry, Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma, are not only used as food additive but with

recorded history of ancient medical applications.

The goal of this study is to investigate the QS inhibition (QSI) capability of B. vulgaricus L. var. asperma

berry extracts on Streptococcus mutans, the main etiologic agent of dental caries and acute periodontitis.

Preliminary QSI screening revealed the methanol extract capable of inhibiting violacein production in

Chomobacterium violaceum by standard disk diffusion assay without affecting its growth. The extract

showed significant dissolution of biofilm production in S. mutans via modified SYPRO Ruby fluorescence

staining protocol. QPCR of glucosyl transferase virulence gene expression, involved in biofilm

pathogenesis, was significantly down-regulated to undetectable signals even from the lowest amplification

threshold. The extract also significantly inhibited expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines from

lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage in vitro as evidenced by down-regulation of interleukin 1- and

tumor necrosis factor- genes by QPCR. Finally, based on PrestoBlue cytotoxicity assay using primary

cultures of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts, no significant cytotoxic levels were observed compared

to unexposed cells based on calculated cytotoxicity index.

These results indicate that B. vulgaris L. var. asperma fruit has QSI activity against S. mutans and has anti-

inflammatory properties which can be used as potential biocompatible alternative or in combination with

oral prophylaxis agents against dental caries and acute periodontitis.

Key words : Berberis vulgaris, S. mutans, anti-quorum sensing, anti-inflammatory


438

0439

ESTABLISHMENT OF AXENIC CULTURE FROM FIELD-GROWN MATERIAL OF

AGLAIA STELLATOPILOSA

Johari Suria, Tiong Chia Yeo, Manurung Rita

Sarawak Biodiversity Centre, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

Aglaia stellatopilosa Pannell (Meliaceae) is an endemic species in Borneo, Malaysia. This species was

reported to produce an anticancer compound called silvestrol which currently being evaluated in preclinical

stage. Clonal propagation via micropropagation of this species is of great importance for mass propagation

in an effort to supply plant raw materials for extraction of silvestrol and conservation. Surface sterilization

was carried out using shoot tip explants collected from field-grown plants for the production of axenic and

viable culture. In plant in vitro culture, contamination typically is a major problem when field-grown material

is used and this needs to be tackled. This research is aimed at developing an optimum surface sterilization

protocol for micropropagation of A. stellatopilosa. Effects of fungicide spray before collection of explants

and effects of washing in hand wash, biocide-antioxidant solution or the combination of both prior to surface

sterilization by commercial bleach were carried out. In this study, surface sterilization was performed using

Clorox (commercial brand) at 20% with some drops of Tween 20. Sterilized explants were inoculated onto

Mc Cown Woody Plant Medium (WPM) medium to evaluate the effect of treatments which were imposed.

Record was taken in the third week on the healthy and viable cultures, non growing cultures and infected

cultures.

Keywords: axenic, viable, fungicide, hand wash, biocide-antioxidant


439

0440

EFFECT OF SEED TREATMENT IN CONTROLLING SEED BORNE FUNGI OF SESAME

(SESAMUM INDICUM)

Iyabode Kehinde

Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world and it is gaining

significance in the Nigerian agriculture because of the economic importance of the seeds in the world

market. It is grown primarily for its seed which is rich in oil (50-53%), protein (17-19%) and carbohydrate

(16-18%). The production of sesame in Nigeria like any other part of the world Is limited by many biotic

factors such as pest infestation and diseases. The use of chemicals as seed treatment is one of the

effective options however, this has not been optimized by poor resource farmers due to the high cost,

environmental and health hazards. It is therefore important to find safe and cheap alternatives to improve

the seed quality and health for increased crop production. The experiment was undertaken to study the

efficacy of various concentrations (1:0, 1:1, and 1:2) and two soaking times (30mins and 1h) of four plant

extracts from garlic, neem, ginger and onion bulb and a fungicide (team) on seed borne fungi associated

with twelve sesame cultivars viz Ciano 27, NCRIBEN 01M, NCRIBEN 02M, NCRIBEN 03M, Camerron

white, Ciano 16, Pachyqueno, Yobechambaba, 530-6-1, adaquavari, E8 and PBTil. All treatments

significantly reduced the overall seed borne fungal infection when compared with untreated seeds and

particularly on fungi viz: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceous, Penicillium sp. and

Fusarium solani. Team completely (100%) reduced the seed borne infection of the fungal organisms found

associated with sesame seed varieties however, neem extract at different concentrations (1:0, 1:1 and 1:2

used for 30 mins and Ih) compared well with the fungicide. The extract (neem) significantly (p<0.05)

reduced seed infection (>90%) and enhanced seed germination and seedling emergence. Ginger and

onion bulb enhanced germination but gave relatively low (50-80%) control of seed borne-fungal infection at

the different concentrations. These plant extracts are promising for the protection of sesame seeds against

seed borne fungi thus providing healthy seeds as planting materials.

Keywords: Sesame, seed-borne fungi, plant extract, fungal infection, seed treatment


440

0441

THE EFFECT OF SALT STRESS AND AUXIN ON GROWTH AND OXALIC ACID LEVEL

IN SPINACH (AMARANTHUS TRICOLOR L.) LEAF

Dewi Kusumawati, Kumala Dewi

Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, DIY, Indonesia

Spinach leaf (Amaranthus tricolor L.) normaly posseses a high level of nutrient, however it also contains

oxalic acid as antinutrient. Oxalic acid can bind with Calcium (Ca) ion to form calcium oxalate crystals and

this has a potential to form renal stones in human body. This experiment was aimed to evaluate the effect

of salt stress and auxin on growth, content of ascorbic acid, and density of calcium oxalate crystals in

spinach leaves. The salts stress is considereds able to increase the activity of ascorbate oxidase, whereas

application of auxin is assumed able to increase the activity of ascorbate peroxidase. Both enzymes are

used for degradation of ascorbic acid as a precursor of oxalic acid formed in spinach leaves.

The spinach seeds were germinated in a polybag containing top soil and compost (3:1, v/v) as growth

media. After the seedlings grown, six plants were kept in each polybag. The experiment was designed as

4x4 factorial, in which the first factor is NaCl application with concentration of 0 ppm; 0,1 ppm; 1 ppm; and

10 ppm. The second factor is application of auxin with concentrations of 0 ppm; 0,1 ppm; 1 ppm; and 10

ppm. NaCl application was conducted on day 10 and 20, whereas auxin was applied at day 5 and 15. Five

replicates were used per each treatment combination and all plants were watered regularly. The growth

parameters observed were plant height, leaf number, fresh and dry weight, ascorbic acid level, soluble

oxalate level, and density of calcium oxalate crystals in leaf. The data were analyzed using Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) with P = 5% and continued with DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test).

The results showed that application of NaCl and auxin did not cause any significant difference in

vegetative growth (plant height, leaf number, fresh and dry weight) compared to control. Combination of

treatments which can decreased the ascorbic acid (vitamin C) level as well as soluble oxalate level

significantly at P = 5% were NaCl and IAA treatment with concentration of 0,1 ppm or1 ppm. Combination

of treatments that can significantly lowered the density of calcium oxalate crystals compared to control were

NaCl and IAA treatment with concentration of 0,1 ppm to10 ppm.

Keyword : spinach, oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, salt stress, auxin


441

0442

EFFECTS OF OILS EXTRACTED FROM ZATARIA MULTIFLORA BOISS AND

GERANIUM PELARGONIUM ROSEUM ON MYCELIAL GROWTH AND PRODUCTION

OF AFLATOXINS BY TOXIGENIC ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS

Ramak yahyaraeyat1, Alireza Khosravi1, Negin Noori2

1Mycology research center,Departement of Microbiology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of

Tehran, Tehran, Iran, 2Departement of food hygiene,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran,

Tehran, Iran

Many essential oils (EOs) have been reported as effective inhibitors of fungal growth and aflatoxin

production.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of (Eos) extracted from Zararia

multiflora(Z.multiflora) and Geranium pelargonium (G.pelargonium) on growth and aflatoxin production of

toxigenic Aspergillus parasiticus (A.parasiticus) ATCC 56775 . Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and

minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of the EOs were determined. The strain was cultured in yeast

extract sucrose broth (YES) medium treated with different concentration of EOs and maintained at 25 ºC.

Mycelial dry weight as well as Aflatoxins B1,B2, G1,G2 and total amounts were measured at five-day-old

and nine-day-old cultures using HPLC technique.

The results showed that treatments of Z.multiflora EO (100ppm) significantly reduced both mycelial dry

weight(62.91%) and aflatoxin production (74.97%) on the day 5 and there were not significant reduction in

mycelial dry weight (6.52%) but toxin production was significantly increased on the day 9(1904%).

Treatments of G.pelargonium EO (200ppm) decreased Mycelial dry weight (43.25%) and increased

aflatoxin production (39.39%) on the day 5 and There were not significant reduction in mycelial dry weight

and toxin production on the day 9. Treatments of G.pelargonium EO (400ppm) decreased Mycelial dry

weight (97.2%) and aflatoxin production (99.9%) on the day 5 and mycelial dry weight decreased (62.1%)

and aflatoxin production significantly increased (150%) on the day 9. It was observed that the rate of toxin

production is not always dependent on fungal growth and fungi can produce more amounts of toxin in

adverse growth conditions. It seems that the extent of inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production

was dependent on the concentration of essential oils used as well as specific time of using them.

Key words: Zataria multiflora, Aspergillus parasiticus, Geranium pelargonium, aflatoxin.


442

0443

HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION AND FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES OF POLYGONUM MINUS NEROL DEHYDROGENASE

Tan Cheng Seng1,2, Maizom Hasan1, Ismanizan Ismail1,2 and Zamri Zainal1.2

1Institute of System Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor. 2 School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor.

Citral is the starting material of many high commercial value terpene members, e.g.

monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes. This has increased the interest of researchers to

study the enzymes involve in citral production. Nerol dehydrogenase, an enzyme responsible for

citral biosynthesis, was subjected to the attempt of gene isolation and characterization. A cDNA

encoding nerol dehydrogenase was isolated from the leaves of Polygonum minus, designated

NeDH. The full-length cDNA of P. minus NeDH was 1480bp with an 1101bp open reading frame

(ORF) that corresponded to 366 deduced amino acid residues. The transcript level of NeDH was

detected highest in roots, which is 10-fold and 15-fold higher than the leaves and stems,

respectively as examined by qRT-PCR. P. minus NeDH shared high sequence identity (>70%)

with other plant alcohol dehydrogenases. In silico analysis showed that NeDH belongs to medium

chain dehydrogenase/reductase (MDR) superfamily, which consists of Gro-ES like and Rossmann

fold domains. Recombinant NeDH was expressed by bacterial host E. coli Rosetta-gami (DE3)

using expression vector pET-28b(+). Recombinant NeDH required NADP+ to oxidize nerol into

neral, while NAD+ was an ineffective coenzyme. Recombinant NeDH activity was optimum at pH

10.0 and 50 ˚C. Recombinant NeDH showed the highest relative activity on nerol, followed by

geraniol, cumic alcohol, cinnamyl alcohol and (s)-perillyl alcohol. The Km values for nerol and

geraniol were 1.8 mM and 48.5 mM, respectively.

Keywords: Polygonum minus; NeDH; cDNA; prokaryotic expression; recombinant enzyme.


443

0444

THE OIL PALM STEAROYL-ACYL-CARRIER-PROTEIN DESATURASE PROMOTER DRIVES TRANSIENT GENE EXPRESSION IN TOMATO FRUITS AND IS AFFECTED BY GIBBERELLIC ACID

Siow Li Leong1,3, Ismanizan Ismail1,3, Rima Saed Taha1,3, Zamri Zainal1,3, Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah2,4

1School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. ;. 2Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. ;3Institute of System Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.;4Laboratory of Plantation Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor.

Stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein (ACP) desaturase gene plays an important role in oil palm mesocarp where

main substrate stearic acid is converted to oleic acid. The activity of the oil palm stearoyl-ACP desaturase

promoter (Des) was investigated using cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a heterologous system

and the uidA gene of Escherichia coli that encodes the enzyme β-glucuronidase (GUS) as the reporter

gene. Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens the promoter activity and the effects of gibberellic acid

treatment on promoter activation were evaluated. With histochemical assays, we detected GUS activity in

all of the agroinfiltrated tomato tissues. Fluorometric GUS assays indicated that the GUS activity was

markedly higher when regulated by the Des promoter constructs in comparison with the CaMV 35S

promoter. The analysis of 5’-deletion of the promoter indicated that the activity of a 802-bp region and a

590-bp region were approximately 1.3-fold and 1.2-fold stronger, respectively, than that of the full-length

Des promoter. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR results also showed that the 802-bp region

directed the highest level of uidA expression. The GUS activity of Des1-transformed tomato mesocarp was

induced by 1.7-fold, whereas the expression driven by the shortest promoter fragment of Des5 was

reduced by 1.9-fold following incubation with 10 μM gibberellic acid. These results suggest that gibberellic

acid-responsive elements reside within the region between nt -590 and nt -306 of the Des promoter, and

based on our 5’-deletion analysis, the cis-element(s) necessary for strong promoter activity is located within

the region from -803 to -306 from the transcriptional start site. The oil palm Des promoter was activated by

gibberellic acid and is potentially useful for engineering fruit-specific gene expression.


444

0445

USE OF PLANT EXTRACTS FOR SUBSTRATE STERILIZATION AND ITS EFFECT ON COMPETITOR MOULDS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS FLORIDA)

Mohan Kumar Biswas1, Sanjeev Prasad Kuiry2

1Department of plant Protection, PSB, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India, India, 2Department of Plant Pathology, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia,W.B., Mohanpur, Nadia, W.B., India

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) is popularly known as ‘dhingri’ in India, has attained popularity because of its ability to grow in a wide range of growing conditions, low cost of production and excellent in recycling of agricultural waste like paddy straw and wheat straw . India produces about 600 million tonnes of agricultural waste per annum and a major part of it is left out to decompose naturally or burnt in situ. The main obstacle for increased production in West Bengal,India , is frequent contamination of the mushroom growing beds with competitor moulds, diseases ,insects and nematodes.

To develop a suitable control measure for inhibiting the growth of fungal contaminants in mushroom beds , six different plant products i.e. Zingiber officinale (Ginger), Allium sativum (Garlic), Allium cepa (onion) all @ 4%, Azadirachta indica (neem seed oil) @ 0.05% , Eucalyptus hybrida and Lantana camera (leaf) both @ 4% were evaluated along with most popular chemical treatment (bavistin 75 ppm + formalin 500ppm) for substrates (paddy straw ) sterilization for cultivation of oyster mushroom(Pleurotus florida). In vitro evaluation was carried out using food poisoned technique .Chemical treatment (bavistin 75 ppm + formalin 500 ppm) was proved its superiority among all the treatments and gave highest biological efficiency of Pleurotus florida (120.50 %). Among the photo-extracts, Zingiber officinale was found to be excellent in controlling the growth of competitor mould fungi and exhibited 114% biological efficiency followed by Azadirachta indica (109.25% ) and Allium cepa (98.75% ) .The substrate treated with bavistin 75 ppm + formalin 500 ppm was taken minimum time (20days) for completing the spawn run and given highest average weight of sporophore (7.100 gm) followed by Zingiber officinale (22 days and 6.740 gm). In vitro evaluation was also indicated the supremacy of chemical treatment over the plant extracts tested, and found most effective in reducing the mycelium growth of four contaminants ( 61.80 to 70.67% ). Extract of Zingiber officinale was reported to be excellent in inhibiting the mycelium growth of Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger and Coprinus sp. but, observed less effective against Sclerotium rolfsii. While, Azadirachta indica seed oil was found very effective against the mycelium growth of Sclerotium rolfsii, Penicillium sp, and Coprinus sp. . However, extract of Allium cepa , Lantana camera, Eucalyptus hybrida and Allium sativum showed moderate effects on the mycelium growth of competitor molds . Phyto-extract of Zingiber officinale could be used as an alternate source for substrate sterilization which has the potentiality to suppress the mycelium growth of competitor moulds.

Key Words: Oyster mushroom ,Pleurotus florida, Plant-extracts, Competitors moulds, Substrate sterilization .


445

0446

EFFECT OF MICROBIAL INOCULATION AND WATER STRESS ON THE SEEDLING

HEALTH STATUS OF RAPHNUS SATIVUS L. LOCAL COMMERCIAL GERMPLASM OF

PAKISTAN.

Jahangir Khan, Wajeeha Tariq, Muhammad Atif, Umer Maqsood, Salik Nawaz Khan,

Muhammad Saleem Haider

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important commercial root vegetable, which is used worldwide. The

following study was conducted to determine the germination potential and seedlings health status after

giving the microbial inoculum. Sterilized sand and gravels were used to carry the experiments. The

germination data collected for the 5 days showed 87.75% germination of the seeds. The developing

seedlings were allowed to grow for about 15 days so that their resistance could be checked against

different treatments (T) of certain pathogenic inoculum which includes T1 (Pseudomonas syringeae), T2

(Xanthomonas compestris), T3 (T1+T2), T4 (Dreschlera biseptata), T5 (Fusarium oxysporum), T6 (T4+T5),

T7 (T1+T2+T4+T5), and T8 (control). The general trend of their health was decreasing as the time went on.

The seedlings’ response to fungal and bacterial inoculum was observed for 12 days after inoculation when

most of the seedlings died due to phytopathogens. Mortality was recorded 12 days after inoculation and

give the results as T1 (76.67%), T2 (80%), T3 (64.62%), T4 (85%), T5 (60%), T6 (73%), T7 (56%), T8

(15.67%). Water stress results in more severe damage to these seedlings such as 100% mortality in T1,

T6, T8 followed by T3 (87.50%), T2 (66.67%), T4 (60%), T5 (50%), T7 (42.86%).


446

0447

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF SUMMER SAVORY (SATUREJA

HORTENSIS L.) AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY COMPARED WITH AQUEOUS AND

ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS

Fahimeh Tooryan1, Abolfazl Kamkar2, Afshin Akhondzade Basti2

1University of Mazandaran, Amol, Mazandaran, Iran, 2University of Tehran, Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Reduce the detrimental effects of free radicals, in biological And food systems by antioxidants, is important,

thus providing antioxidant reserves that can be taken in community health and safety is necessary. In this

study, the antioxidant activity of Satureja hortensis L.(Summer Savory) was determined.

In this research, chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by GC/MS, then antioxidant

activities of the sample were determined by using 2, 2'- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ß -carotene-

linoleic acid assays .

A total of 32 compounds were identified in the essential oil and its main components were respectively:

Thymol, carvacrol and γ-Terpinene. IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity were 38/46 0/12, 37/73

0/17, 30/76 0/63 for water, methanol, and ethanol extracts, whereas it was 96/15 0/13 μg/ml for

essential Oil, respectively. In ß-carotene/ linoleic acid assay, exhibiting 80/3, 76/25, 74/3 and, 52/46 %

inhibition for water, ethanol and methanol extracts at concentration of 2 g/L, respectively. These

parameters in BHT were 4/9 1/9 μg/ml and 88/88%, respectively.

The results showed that, antioxidant activity of extracts in both methods was more than the essential oil.

Antioxidant activity of extracts were significantly higher than the essential oil (p<0.05). In general, BHT

showed greater antioxidant activity than extracts and essential oil.

Based on this finding, after additional tests, Satureja hortensis L. essential oil, water and alcoholic extracts

can be used as a cheap and easily accessible source of natural antioxidants in possible food supplement or

in pharmaceutical industry.


447

0448

THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF ZATARIA MULTIFLORA BOISS. ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST E.COLI O157: H7 IN MINCED BEEF MEAT DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE

Noori, N1., Rokni, N2.¸Akhondzadeh Basti, A2¸Misaghi, A , Yahyarayat, R4.

1- Assistant Professor of Department of Food Hygiene¸ Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ¸ University of Tehran; Professor of Department of Food Hygiene¸ Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ¸ University of Tehran

2- Associated Professor of Department of Food Hygiene¸ Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ¸ University of Tehran; 4- Assistant professor,Mycology Research Center, Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran

The antimicrobial effect of of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil at supplementation levels of (0,0.005 ,0.015,0. 03%),on E. Coli O157:H7 was examined in minced beef meat. All of the above concentrations showed acceptable organoleptic properties in minced beef. Eo at 0.03% possessed a strong antibacterial activity against E.Coli O157:H7 in minced beef.

The correlation coefficient of different concentrations of zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil with logarithm of the numbers of E. Coli O157:H7 was –0.701, –0.599 at 4 and 10°C respectively. It was found that effect of different concentrations of essential oil on growth rate of E. coli O157:H7 was statistically significant (p<0.01 ).

In this study, it was found that treatment of minced beef meat with different concentrations of essential oils showed an inhibitory activity against E. Coli O157:H7 during storage at 4°C,but not at 10°C(p< 0.01).According to present study, storage at a proper refrigerated storage like 4°C is suggested.

Key words: zatar zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil; E .coli O157:H7; Minced beef


448

0449

TREE FERN DIVERSITY, ETHNOBOTANY AND THEIR CONSERVATION IN CHHATTISHGARH

Shweta Singh & Rita Singh

Guru Gobind Singh University, University School Of Environment Management, Biosystematics Lab, 16 C Dwarka, New Delhi-110078

Diversity, ethnobotany and conservation status of tree-ferns of Bailadilla hills (Chhattishgarh) in Central India are discussed in this paper. The tree fern family ‘Cyatheaceae’ is represented by 17 taxa in India, out of which 3 species; viz. Alsophila gigantea Wall. ex Hook., and A. spinulosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Tryon. are reported from Central India. They are extremely rare. The virgin and untouched wild population of Tree ferns is occurring in the wet zone of montane forests area in Bailadilla hills (Chhattishgarh). They naturally grow along the edges of the water channels in humid situations. According to the local tribals of the area the Alsophila species are considered as a sign of good luck. The tribal communities living in dense forests are using these species as sacred ferns very commonly. They are traditionally using its plant parts like rhizome, pith, fronds and spores for the treatment of various diseases and earning money for their lively hood by selling it into the local market. These plants are extracting widely along with the rhizome, resulting rarity of the species from the forest area. Therefore it is essential to conserve these species before extinction by way of their cultivation and stopping wide extraction from the forest area. The present paper focuses on reviewing the diversity, ethnobotany and conservation status of the tree-ferns in Chhattishgarh providing conservation priorities and required further studies. Such study will provide a strong basis for preparing a conservation and management plan for tree-ferns in the country.

Key wards: Alsophila; Diversity, Traditional Uses; Conservation; Chhattishgarh; Central India


449

0450

PRODUCTION OF SOLVENT TOLERANT LIPASE FROM PSEUDOMONAS

AERUGINOSA AAU2 USING JATROPHA SEEDCAKE AND ITS APPLICATION IN

BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS AND PHORBOL ESTER DEGRADATION

Anjali Bose, Haresh Keharia

Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India

Jatropha seedcake (JSC) is generated as a major by-product during biodiesel production from Jatropha

seeds. In this study, JSC was assessed for its suitability as substrate for lipase production under

submerged fermentation (SmF). Pseudomonas aeruginosa AAU2 (JQ904623) isolated from dumped rotting

JSC was found to produce extracellular solvent tolerant lipase (0.432 U/mL). This lipase exhibited

maximum stability in iso-octane retaining about 96.4% activity for 48 h. The P. aeruginosa AAU2 yielded

maximum lipase 4.92 U/mL in an optimized medium containing 20 g JPC/L, 2.5 g potassium nitrate/L and

0.15% (v/v) Tween 80 after 60 h of inoculation at 30 ˚C. These results demonstrate viable approach for

utilization of this huge toxic biomass by SmF for the production of industrially important enzymes. Further,

the lipase was partially purified by 40% ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by gel permeation

chromatography. pH and temperature optima for the partially purified enzyme were 7.5 and 40 °C,

respectively. The values of Km and Vmax for pNPP hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by partially purified lipase

were found to be 0.1 mM and 40 µmoles/mg.min, respectively. This lipase preferred longer carbon chain

(C12-C18) fatty acid ester substrates over the shorter (C2-C10) ones. The metal ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ had

stimulatory effect on lipase activity, whereas Cu2+, Co2+ and Hg2+ strongly inhibited the enzyme activity.

EDTA and PMSF at 5 mM concentration significantly inhibited the lipase enzyme activity suggesting it to be

a metallo-, serine hydrolase. Non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100, Tween 80 and Tween 20 had stimulatory

effect on lipase activity. The enzyme exhibited significant stability in presence of commercial detergents

namely, Ezee® and Wheel®. Furthermore, the AAU2 lipase was found effective in production of biodiesel

from Jatropha oil. Additionally, the enzyme was also able to hydrolyzed 84.8% of commercially available

phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) within 3 h of incubation at 37 ˚C, suggesting its application

in detoxification of phorbol ester from JSC.


450

0451

QUANTIFICATION OF LITTER FALL AND ITS IMPACT ON NUTRIENT DYNAMICS AND

CLIMATE CHANGE IN AGRO FORESTRY PLANTATIONS

Backiyavathy Moolakurumbapalayam Ravalan, Divya M.P, Durairasu P.

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, India

A field experiment was conducted at FC & RI, Mettupalayam during 2011-12 to quantify the litter fall from

agro forestry plantations viz., Simarouba, Silver Oak and Eucalyptus during different seasons in a year

and also to study the effect of litter fall addition on nutrient dynamics and carbon storage in soil over years.

Litter fall from trees were collected at monthly intervals from September 2011 by tying the polythene

sheets of 200 gauge thickness around the trees to avoid the loss of litter. The litter were separated into

leaf and non-leaf (flowers, fruits, twigs, bark, etc.) and fresh weight and dry weight of the litter were

recorded in the field. Litter quantification of four different periods viz., Period I (September 2011 to November

2011), Period II (December 2011 to February 2012), Period III (March to May 2012) and Period IV (June to

August 2012) was done on a unit area basis (kg ha-1). The results revealed that maximum quantity of litter was

collected during Period II (Dec 2011 to Feb 2012) irrespective of the tree species when compared to other

seasons. Among the tree species, Simarouba registered the maximum litterfall (1134 kg ha-1) followed by

Eucalyptus (978 kg ha-1) and Silveroak (784 kg ha-1) during the Period II.The nutrient contents viz., nitrogen,

phosphorus and potassium were analysed in litter samples and the results showed that Simarouba recorded

the maximum N, P and K contents of 0.65, 0.34 and 1.47 per cent respectively. The soil samples were

collected and analysed for assessing the changes in soil fertility status over a period of nine years and the

results revealed that there was not much variation in pH and EC where as a remarkable improvement was

observed in available nutrient status and organic carbon content of the soil in all the tree species . This might be

attributed due to the fact that intercropping with agricultural crops, litter fall addition from food and tree crops

would have improved the soil fertility status.


451

0452

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND DNA FINGERPRINTING OF ABACA (MUSA TEXTILIS NEE)

GERMPLASM FROM THE PRIMARY CENTER OF ORIGIN USING SIMPLE SEQUENCE

REPEAT (SSR) MARKERS

Orlex Yllano1, Ma. Genaleen Diaz2, Antonio Lalusin3, Antonio Laurena3, Evelyn Mae

Tecson-Mendoza3

1Biology Department, College of Science and Technology, Adventist University of the Philippines, Silang,

Cavite, The Philippines, 2Institute of Biological Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the

Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna, The Philippines, 3Institute of Plant Breeding, Crop Science Cluster,

College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna, The Philippines.

This study represents the first genetic diversity survey of the abaca (Musa textilis Nee) germplasm in

Philippines using SSR markers. The Southeast Asia is the recognized Center of Origin of the genus Musa

and the Philippines possesses the most number of abaca cultivars and wild genotypes in the world. Abaca

is the most economically important fiber crop in the country with annual local and international markets

amounting to US $90 million. Currently, improper germplasm management and susceptibility of almost all

abaca genotypes to viral diseases have caused a decline in the diversity and an overall fiber productivity in

the country. In this study, a total of 152 accessions of abaca from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao,

Philippines were analyzed using SSRs to examine their genetic diversity and DNA fingerprints. Eight of 39

banana-based SSR primers were highly polymorphic, detecting 41 alleles with a mean of 4.5 alleles per

locus. Genetic diversity of abaca in three main islands was high (I = 0.67). Ninety-four (94) percent was

attributed to molecular variance within the population and only 6% of the molecular variance to variation

among populations. Phylogenetic analysis by UPGMA-SAHN revealed nine clusters with three big groups

and six small groups. Using a combination of SSR markers, the abaca accessions and closely related

species could be effectively distinguished. Our results provide the genetic evidence on the high diversity of

abaca in the Philippines using SSRs derived from closely-related species. These results provide useful

information for improving cultivated abaca germplasm, in situ conservation, molecular-based breeding, and

development of superior abaca cultivars.

Key Words: Musa germplasm, genetic diversity, molecular markers, conservation


452

0453

VARIATION IN FT GENES AND NETWORKS CONTROLLING REPRODUCTIVE ONSET Cetin Yuceer1 and Chuan-Yu Hsu1

1Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, USA Plants show remarkable differences in life-history traits, reflecting diverse developmental and adaptive strategies. For example, annual plants grow vegetatively at early developmental stages and then transition to the reproductive stage, followed by senescence in the same growing season. In contrast, after successive years of vegetative growth at early ages, woody perennial shoots at maturity begin repeated transitions between vegetative and reproductive growth intercalated with dormancy. Accordingly, woody perennials integrate reproductive onset, vegetative growth, and dormancy induction over a broad spectrum of climatic factors and seasons. However, the molecular basis of these integrated traits important for perennialism is largely unknown. Our data show that the functionally diverged paralogous genes FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FT1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T2(FT2) coordinate these traits in response to climatic factors in the model woody perennial poplar (Populus spp.). Reproductive onset is induced by FT1 in response to cold in winter, whereas vegetative growth and dormancy induction are controlled by FT2 in response to temperature, day length, and stress in the growing season and fall. The molecular networks of FT1 and FT2 have diverged and contain many duplicated genes originated from theeurosid and salicoid polyploidy events, indicating that gene duplication has played a profound role in adaptive evolution of life-history traits in poplar.Conversely, in the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the functionally redundantparalogous genes FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TWINSISTEROFFT (TSF) control only reproductive onset, suggesting that FTduplication has not resulted in obvious innovations. This presentation will focus on research findings that provide a framework for understanding how changes in FT genes and their molecular networks have contributed to variation in reproductive onset. Key words: Reproductive onset, FLOWERING LOCUS T, poplar.


453

0454

AN INSIGHT INTO THE BASIS OF RESISTANCE IN SORGHUM BICOLOR AGAINST COLLETOTRICHUM GRAMINICOLA. Waheed Akram1, Tehmina Anjum1, Aqeel Ahmad1,

1Institute of Agricultiral Sciences, lahore, Pakistan Following study was carried out to investigate biochemical, histological and molecular basis of resistance after a compatible and incompatible interaction between Sorghum verities and C. graminicola. In susceptible verity, pathogen invaded all types of tissues but in resistance verity pathogen invasion was redistricted. Localized cell death was obvious in cortical region of resistant verity that stopped further invasion of pathogen. Epidermis of susceptible verity ruptured shortly after pathogen inoculation and fungal bodies emerged out whereas in resistant verity a long delay was noted in occurrence of same event. A steep increase in total phenolics and enzymes related to phenylpropenoid pathway was observed after pathogen challenging in resistant verity as compared to susceptible one. Histochemical studies revealed heavy deposition of lignin, callose, suberin, phenolics and peroxidases in resistant verity. These enhanced depositions reduced the pathogen invasion in the host plant. In the same way RT-PCR analysis revealed significant higher expression levels of PR genes in resistant verity. This study represents nature of a resistant host defense mechanism against a virulent pathogen and facilitates us to integrate defense mechanism for development of resistant verities in future.


454

0455

PR-PROTEIN GENE CREATES RESISTANCE IN PLANTS THROUGH SECONDARY

CELL WALL DEVELOPMENT

Muhammad Farooq Hussain Munis

Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes play major role in plant defense against different pathogens. We

have over-expressed a PR-gene (thaumatin-like gene) of cotton which showed its contribution in secondary

cell wall synthesis. Cumulative experiments on cotton and tobacco revealed a pleiotropic effect of this gene

in plant defense and cotton fiber development. In this experiment, Southern blotting verified the presence of

the transgene and higher expression levels of GbTLP1 in transgenic plants were revealed by reverse-

transcription and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. Transgenic plants with

constitutively higher expression of the GbTLP1 showed enhanced resistance against Verticillium dahlia.

Similarly, the detailed study of different fiber development stages also verified the role of GbTLP1 gene in

secondary cell wall development. Overexpression of GbTLP1 did not affect plant growth. This pleiotropic

effect of GbTLP1 gene has given us insight to the plant defense mechanism.


455

0456

COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF PLANTS USED IN CANCER AND LEUKEMIA BY COMMUNITIES OF MIRPUR DIVISION (AZAD KASHMIR), PAKISTAN

Muhammad Ishtiaq1, Mehwish Maqbool1, Amin Shah2, Aimen Imtiaz1,

1.Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Bhimber Campus, Bhimber, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan; 2. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

The research work was conducted in the selected areas of Division Mirpur in years 2010 and 2011. The study was focused on the collection and analysis of plants used in cancer and leukemia by communities of Mirpur Division, Azad Kashmir. An extensive ethnopharmaceutical survey was carried out during the years and samples were collected. These districts were selected on the basis of diverse cultural, indigenous and traditional knowledge of local people. 50 plants of 25 families were recorded from three distinct districts. An ethnomedicinal data were obtained through open-ended and closed-ended interviews aided with questionnaire sheet for tabulation. The indigenous knowledge about flora being used in cancer/tumor was known from traditional hakims, old people and experienced villagers irrespective of gender. During this survey 50 informants (age <40 years) were selected from each of District Bhimber, District Mirpur and District Kotli. It was found that different parts of the plants e.g., roots, seeds, flowers, bark and leaves were used in the form of decoction, extracts, pulp, latex, infusion, powder and mixture for the treatment of cancer and leukemia in local therapeutics. Most of the people indicated that herbal therapy is the best one because it is the cheapest medicine having no side effects as compared to radiotherapy and allopathic medicines. Mixture, decoction, extraction and powdered forms are mostly used among the old people of selected areas for cancer treatment. After applying fidelity level (F.L.) on the collected data the results showed that Lycium vulgare Dunal. (Sumbal), Solanum surattense Burm. (Mohkri), Azadirachta indica (L.) Adelb. (Neem), Catharenthus roseus (L.) G. Don. (Sada bahaar) and Acacia Arabica Lam. (Kikar) had been used frequently by the common rural dwellers as well as by herbalists and hakims of the study area. Informant Consensus Factor (I.C.F.) was calculated for cancer and leukemia to identify the agreement (reliability of informations) for the informants on the reported cure by the plants. Furthermore, to check validity of the ethnomedicinal knowledge about the flora mentioned cross reference method was employed. A phytochemical analysis was conducted to check chemical constituents in some plants and these bioconstituents were compared with allopathic literature for confirmation that these plants do have effects for the said diseases. Ricinus communis L. (Hernoli), Emblica officinalis Gaerth. (Amla), Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. (Sada bahaar), Lycium vulgare Dunal. (Sumbal) and Punica granatum L. (Anaar) were analysed and regarded as plants with potent chemical constituents having anti-cancer effects in harmony with authentic scientific research. The affluence of tribal knowledge on anti-cancer plants also points to a great potential for further research of pharmacological investigations to fight against several diseases including cancer. Key words: Ethnomedicines; Cancer; Leukemia; Mirpur; Azad Kashmir; Phytochemical analysis


456

0457

EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON PLANTS AND ITS STUDY BY MORPHOMETRIC AND

ANATOMICAL APPROACHES

Muhammad Ishtiaq, Syed Attique Hussain, Zaheer Ahmed, Tanveer Hussain

Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Bhimber Campus, Bhimber, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

The impact of Pollution on plants was studied by comparative analysis from areas of dense population and

industrial centers such as Gujrat, and less dense area like Bhimber and Samahni. The study was compiled

by using morphometric and anatomical approaches. It was shown that Gujrat flora was affected much more

than its contrast habitat of Bhimber. The former was heavily affected due to rich population and much

number of industries and huge traffic which is the main sources of air pollution. It damaged the crop, plant

tissue and effects on morphology of plants found in Gujrat and causing serious economic loss. The plants

of Bhimber and Samahni are not affected by pollution but some plants near industries and on the main road

showed miner effect. The average rain fall of Gujrat is 67cm and av. temperature in summer is 45C.The

morphometric and anatomic features of the two contrasting sites were collected and investigated by visual

aid, stereomicroscope and digital Cannon microscope. It was observed that plant samples from Gujrat

showed smaller leaf volume air space system in comparison to the Bhimber and Samahni. The

morphometric assessment revealed that difference between Gujrat and Bhimber plants leaf chloroplast leaf

size and root size was variable due to pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone, cause

direct damage to leaves of crop plants and trees when they enter leaf. Chronic exposure of leaves and

needles to air pollutants can also break down the waxy coating that helps prevent excessive water loss and

damage from diseases, pests and drought. The most prominent effect of pollution is shown in Gujrat than

Bhimber and Samahni. The anatomical and morphological study has shown the significance difference

between plants of this region especially those affected by pollution.

Key words: Pollution; Gujrat; Bhimber; Plants; Anatomy; Morphometric; Samahni


457

0458

2-DE PROTOCOL OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION FOR PROTEOME ANALYSIS OF

GENUS CLEMATIS TAXA (RANUNCULACEAE)

Ishtiaq Muhammad1, Hussian Tanveer1, Mehwish Maqbool1, Yi Wang2,

1Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Bhimber Campus,, Bhimber, Azad

Kashmir, Pakistan, 2Institute of Chinese Medicines, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University,,

Hangzhou,, China

An approach was conducted to optimize two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) method for leaf proteome analysis of genus Clematis species, as a molecular approach to explore its taxonomy and differentially expressed genome patterns. During establishment and optimization of protocol we extracted proteins by three extraction protocols, viz: phenol-SDS (PS) method, TCA/acetone (TA) method and lysis buffer (LB) method, and PS was the best one with 2.35±0.05 µg protein yield. For protein solubilization two lysis buffers (LB-1 & LB-2) were prepared, used and comparatively LB1 depicted better resolution. Proteins were by quantified by the Bio-Rad protein assay (Hercules, CA, USA) with bovine serum albumin as standard and purified by 2-D clean-up Kit (Amersham Biosciences). 2-DE analysis was conducted on pH 3~10, non-linear gradient strips (24cm) as first step, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) on 13% polyacrylamide gels as the second phase. For spot visualization gels were stained for with silver stain. The gels were scanned using Powerlook 2100XL scanner and gel images were analyzed by ImageMaster 2-D Platinum software. Validation of experiment was performed by measuring analytical variance (AV) and biological variance (BV) for replicate spots. AV was calculated for 60 protein spots present in three replicate 2-DE gels of the same protein extract and BV was determined for the same protein spots from independent tissue extracts corresponding to leaves from different plants, or the same tree at different orientations or sampling times during a day. Values of 26% for the analytical variance and 58.6% for the biological variance among independent sampled species were obtained. This provided a threshold values for the evaluation of protein expression changes in comparative proteomic investigations with this species. Some spots were selected and subjected to liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for identification purpose. Due to absence of Clematis DNA or protein sequences databases, FASTA and BLAST similarity searches were performed against other plant species databases were used for protein identification. The significance of 2-DE proteome analysis in predicting evolutionary trend of Clematis (liana) species and its potential significance in taxonomic identification for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) pharmacopeia is described.

Key words: Proteomics; Leaf proteome; Traditional Chinese medicines; Clematis chinensis; Two-dimensional

electrophoresis; LC-MS; Quality control


458

0459

ECO-EDUCATION COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST THROUGH AGROFORESTRY IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

Cindhy Ade Hapsari1, Achmad Solikin2, Aulia Rakhman3

1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural

University; 2Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University; 3Department

of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University; Jln. Kamper, IPB Dramaga

Campuss, Bogor, 16680, West Java, Indonesia

Environmental education, particularly forestry needs to be taught and applied early. One easy way to do

that is through eco-education through agroforestry. Agroforestry is an integrated system of using the

interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and livestock. It combines agricultural and

forestry technologies in achieving Sustainable Forest Management. This study aims to educate primary

school students about the role of agroforestry to embody Sustainable Forest Management and implement

agroforestry on abandoned land. The research was conducted in SD N 2 Jambu, Jepara, Central Java. The

scope of this study is limited to know the advantages of that eco-education toward Sustainable Forest

Management. Data were colected by field observation, literature study, and interview. The program is

carried out regularly with intensive study of agroforestry systems. The first material is in the form of the

introduction of agroforestry systems theoretically. Then, the system is implemented in the abandoned lands

around SD N 2 Jambu. In practice, this system requires the application of intensive silviculture techniques

in realizing the ultimate goal. In the practice field, tree planting can be done with silviculture technique in

the form of heteroculture to address pest problems. In addition, heteroculture plantation will provide

benefits for biodiversity enhancement than in monoculture. Planted trees, among them: Swietenia

mahagoni, Paraserianthes falcataria, Tectona grandis, Anthochepalus cadamba, Acacia mangium, and

Mangifera indica. The results showed that 15 students are very excited to learn and implement this

program. Meanwhile, the real implementation of this systems in the field is able to provide benefits in a

aspects of social, economic, and ecological. These benefits are in accordance with the principles of

Sustainable Forest Management. Social benefits of the program is 100% of respondents stated that the

system is very suitable to be applied on abandoned land. The economic benefits include increased

productivity of agriculture and forestry. While the ecological benefits, the program is able to realize the

sustainability of forest ecosystems and environment.

Key words: Eco-education, Agroforestry, Sustainasifble Forest Management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry


459

0460

ETHNOMEDICINAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF SOME MEMBERS OF FILICALES FROM CENTRAL INDIA

Shweta Singh & Rita Singh

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, University School of Environment Management, Dwarka 16 C, New Delhi-110078, India

The present study deals with the ethnomedicinal uses and preliminary phytochemical studies on 10 members of order Filicales. The study was carried out on the materials collected from Pachmarhi Hills, Central India in 2011. The local people were frequently used these plants in traditional medicine e.g. Actiniopteris radicata (Sw.) Link and Adiantum philippense L. in respiratory disorders; Alsophila gigantea Wall. ex Hook. and Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. in dermatological disorders; Blechnum orientale L. and Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Smith in gastrointestinal disorders; Thylepteris paracitica (L.) Tardieu and Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E. P. St. John in rheumatism and arthritis and Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw. and Parahemionitis cordata (Roxb. ex Hook. & Grev.) Fraser-Jenk. in gynaecological disorders. In the present study, all the ten plant species belonging to seven families were studied ethnomedicinally and screened the secondary metabolites which showed the varied degree of phyto-constituents present. The presence or absence of the phyto-constituents depended upon the solvent medium used for extraction and the physiological property of individual taxa. The qualitative assessment concluded that these 10 plants extracts may be used as broad-spectrum antimicrobial, bioactive agent. Further studies and research are in progress to isolate and characterize the active principals responsible for bio-efficacy and bioactivity. Key words: Ethnomedicinal pteridophytes; Chemical assessment; Central India


460

0461

INHIBITION OF HIV-1 REPLICATION BY MENTHA PIPERITA AND THEIR

METABOLOMICS BY GC/MS.

Mudassar Shahid1,2, Sayeed Ahmad2,3, Mohammad Misbah1, Mohammad Husain1,3

1Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India, 2Bioactive

Natural Product Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi,

India, 3Nephrology Laboratory, Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Great Neck, New York, USA

HIV/AIDS is a global debilitating disease, causing high morbidity and mortality. Though the treatment of

HIV-infected people with the administration of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has declined the death rate,

current FDA approved drugs have severe side effect, and become ineffective due to development of drug

resistance in a long tenure. Efforts are being made to explore new and better therapeutic agents including

alternative medicine based on herbal origin. The herbal plant from lamiaceae family Mentha piperita being

valuable medicinal plant was selected to study its anti-HIV activity. Methanolic extract of Mentha piperita

was prepared, dried and dissolved in DMSO. Various concentrations of extracts were prepared using RPMI

media. MT-2 and NOMI cell lines were used to test the anti-HIV activity of the plant extracts using

Syncytium assay, Reverse Transcriptase assay, p24 ELISA safety of the drug was determined by cell

cytotoxicity assay. The extracts did not show any cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 50 µg/ml. The

inhibitory concentration IC50 of Mentha piperita in NOMI and MT-2 cells was obtained as 92.44 and 68.83

respectively, this was determined by Dose Response Curve. Mentha piperita is potent inhibitor of HIV-1

replication and is safe in Human T lymphocyte cells. However the principle compound responsible for their


461

0462

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO BEGOMOVIRUSES INFECTING

MADAGASCAR PERIWINKLE (CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS) FROM PAKISTAN

Muhammad Shafiq, Muhammad Ilyas, Muhammad Saleem Haider, Kiran Nawaz, Ahmad Ali

Shahid

Institute of Agricultural Sciences University of the Punjab New campus, Lahore, Pakistan

Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) is an ornamental plant, it is famous for its medicinal value.

Its alkaloids are known for anti cancerous properties and this plant is studied mainly for its alkaloids. Here

this plant has been studied for its viral diseases. Complete DNA sequences of two begomoviruses infecting

C. roseus originating from Pakistan are determined. The sequence of one begomovirus (clone KN4) shows

the highest level of nucleotide sequence identity (86.5%) to an unpublished virus Chili leaf curl India virus

(ChiLCIV) and then 84.4% identity to Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCV) and thus represents a new species for

which the name Catharanthus yellow mosaic virus (CYMV) is proposed. The sequence of other

begomovirus (clone KN6) shows the highest level of sequence identity (95.9% to 99%) to a newly reported

virus from India, Papaya leaf crumple virus (PaLCrV). Sequence analysis shows that KN4 and KN6 are

recombinants of Pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PedLCV) and Croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CrYVMV).


462

0463

CONSERVATION OF A THREATENED MEDICINAL TREE LITSEA GLUTINOSA THROUGH SUSTAINABLE BARK HARVESTING Ashok K. Pandey and Vijayalakshmi Ojha Tropical Forest Research Institute, P.O. RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur- 482 021 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Robinson is an important medicinal tree belonging to family Lauraceae. It is

found mostly in the semi-deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra

(Western Ghats) and north eastern India. All parts (stem, bark and leaves) of the tree are useful but bark is

most popular among various ethnic groups in India. The traditional practitioners residing in the vicinity of

forests use the stem bark and leaf extracts for relieving pain, arousing sexual power, wound healing, joint

pain, sprains, diarrhea and dysentery. Besides medicinal uses the bark also has industrial application as a

binding agent in incense making industries. The large scale industrial use has resulted in alarming decline

in population, putting it under threatened category. To conserve this precious species, studies were

conducted in Chhattisgarh to standardize sustainable harvesting practices of L. glutinosa bark. Trees of

different girth sizes (20-100 cm) were selected for laying out the experiments. The bark was harvested by

putting different blaze/ strips (1/4th and 1/3th of the girth of trees). The bark samples were analyzed for

tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and mucilage content. Regular observations were recorded on bark

recovery. The study suggests that ¼th of tree trunk bark should be extracted by making blaze on the trees

having GBH > 40 cm. However, in younger trees having GBH < 30 cm, the bark should be extracted by

making vertical alternate or opposite strips. Only outer and middle bark should be extracted leaving inner

bark for regeneration. Bark re-growth was completely achieved in 18 months in younger trees having GBH

<30 cm and in 24 months in trees having GBH >60 cm. Thus, sustainable bark harvesting can be done

after every two years by removing opposite quarters of trunk bark. All trees in an area should not be

harvested at a time, only 30-40% trees should be harvested as its population reduced enormously. There is

urgent need to conserve this threatened species. The population of this valuable tree can also be

maintained by enrichment through plantations or by incorporating in agro-forestry.

Keywords: Sustainability, Non destructive harvesting, Litsea glutinosa, Chhattisgarh


463

0464

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HENNA COLORING ADDITIVES ON FEMALE EXPERIMENTAL MICE

Haneen N. Almughrabi, Sourour A. Almehdi & Mukhtar R. Haman

Pharmacognosy Dep. School of Pharmacy, Tripoli, University Tripoli – Libya

Henna has been used since ancient times due to its coloring features, traditional and medical uses.Over the time, henna has gained a special place as part of wedding ceremonies and for body painting or temporary tattoo. As a result of the growing interest, many of the henna coloring additives like Saratiya, Mahalabiya and Sheih, have been frequently used to improve staining colors and for beautiful appearance.

In this project we studied adverse effects of these oils in accordance with women's complaint in particular in terms of their effects on pregnancy, liver and kidney functions, also their histopathlolgical changes.

Henna paste made by mixing henna powder with enough volume of distilled water, the paste divided to four equal portions, quantity of one battle ( 15ml ) of each oil added as well as 15 ml of distilled water added to the paste, the mixture kept for 2hrs covered in warm place.Extracts made by adding 25ml distilled water to form suspension, each portion filtered in a separate conical flask. Extracts of oils with henna injected to female pregnant mice by daily dose 1 ml for 5 days subcutaneously, the liver and kidney organs were collected, also blood samples and sent for the purpose of the study.

In addition to microscopical comparison of marketed henna with each other and with original henna.

The resulted showed that the aqueous extract of L. inermis alone or with oil have not effected on pregnancy. But there are some histopathological changes on liver and kidney organs which might not revealed 100% to those extracts.

Marketed henna are not pure, it might be adulterated or contaminated with other types of plants or substances.


464

0465

BIOASSAYS TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMAL NUTRITIONAL CONDITION FOR THE GROWTH OF SALVINIA MINIMA Danilo Sinhei Iha; Marcela Bianchessi Cunha-Santino; Irineu Bianchini Jr. UFSCar – Universidade Federal de São Carlos The degree which the macrophytes influence the aquatic system is proportional to the biomass, depending on the species of plants and physical and chemical factors of the environment. Different species of plant need distinct amounts of nutrients for their maximum growth rate. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of the nutrient of the Hoagland medium for the growth of Salvinia minima under controlled conditions of temperature and photoperiod. The experiment was conducted between the months of May and August 2011. Individuals of Salvinia minima were selected based on the size and similar stage of development. The aquatic plants were collected in Botanical Garden of Botany Department (UFSCar, 21°59'17"S and 47°53'2"W). The Salvinia minima is a floating aquatic pteridophyte. The branches consist of two opposite floating leaves, joined by a central stem (rhizome). The third leaf submerged is modified, forming a root. Organisms belonging to this genus present a rapid growth and are found in various parts of the world (TRYON and TRYON, 1982). The S. minima were incubated for 60 days in PVC containers containing 1 L of Hoagland solution. The treatments tested the following concentration of Hoagland solution: 1%, 5%, 20% and 40% (HOAGLAND and ARNOLD, 1950). The solutions were replaced every 2 days. The containers were placed in incubation chambers with constant temperature (20°C) and a photoperiod of 12 h under light and 12 h under dark. To determine the growth of individuals, the leaves areas were measured every 4 days, using photographic images and the software Spring. To determine the growth coefficient, the leaves areas values and the incubation time were used to fit the sigmoid growth curve. Considering the experimental design selected for this study, the 10% Hoagland solution was adequate to acquire a 97% of the maximum growth coefficient of Salvinia minima incubated at 20°C under a 2 days residence time and a photoperiod of 12 h light/12h dark. Knowing the optimal concentrations of nutrients for the constructive metabolism of these organisms, deficit of macro and micronutrients could be avoided to interfere on the growth rates, especially when macrophytes are used as test organisms in toxicity experiments.


465

0466

MICROPROPAGATION OF CORYMBIA HYBRID FRI-14 (C. TORELLIANA MUELL X C.

CITRIODORA HOOK) AND ITS INTERACTION WITH LACCARIA LACCATA UNDER IN-

VITRO CONDITION

Ajeet Kaur, Ajay Thakur, J.M.S. Chauhan, Anju Pandey

Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Corymbia is credited with high growth rate and multiple uses and is planted to meet the ever increasing

demand for timber. The Corymbia hybrid selected for the study, also known as FRI-14, has displayed about

two times height, girth and collar diameter as compared to its parents. Micropropagation has been a

powerful tool for the multiplication of such hybrids by maintaining their hybrid vigour. To reduce mortality

and release the stress upon transplantation as well as to provide fast growth, establishment of

ectomycorrhizae on micropropagated plantlets is suggested as these help in nutrients uptake and reduce

environmental stresses. Therefore, the present work was undertaken with the objective of studying

interaction of Laccaria laccata, an ectomycorrhizal fungus, with micropropagated plantlet of FRI-14 under

in-vitro conditions. Nodal segments containing axillary buds from newly developed fresh shoots of FRI-14

were taken and treated with 1% carbendazim (50% WP) for 10 minutes followed by surface sterilization

using 0.1% mercuric chloride for 2 minutes. The explants were incubated in Murashige and Skoog (MS)

medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, BAP (2 mg/l) and NAA (1 mg/l) for axillary bud induction and

shoot initiation. Shoot multiplication was achieved in the same medium and regular subculturing was

carried out on MS with BAP (1 mg/l). After 4-6 subculturing sufficient juvenility was achieved and thereafter

half strength MS medium devoid of plant growth regulators was used to get elongated shoots to induce

rooting. Best rooting was observed in half strength MS medium supplemented with IBA (0.1 mg/l). Laccaria

laccata was multiplied using Modified Melin Norkrans (MMN) medium and inoculated into rooted plantlets in

vermiculite having MMN/ MS medium or in soil under in-vitro conditions. Plantlets died within 1 and 2

months of inoculation in vermiculite and soil respectively. This may be attributed to the ready availability of

nitrogen and phosphorus in MMN and MS media and more competency of the fungus in retrieving these

nutrients as compared to the plantlet. This was not the case with soil, where plants lived longer and this

may be a useful medium for integrating ectomycorrhizal symbiosis.

Key Words: MMN medium, MS medium, ectomycorrhiza, transplantation, symbiosis.


466

0467

MANAGEMENT OF SOILBORNE PLANT PATHOGENS USING BIOPESTICIDES

H.B. Singh and B.K.Sarma

Department of Mycology & Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,

Varanasi-221005 (India)

We have initiated research work on various aspects of biological control, using fungal antagonists, particularly Trichoderma spp. A large number of strains were isolated from disease suppressive soils and extreme agricultural conditions viz. salt tolerant soils, alkaline/acidic soils, etc. These isolates were screened for their disease control potential by subjecting them to soil-borne plant pathogens viz., Fusarium Pythium, Phytophthora, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, Rhizoctonia, etc. under in vitro conditions. A large number of agricultural wastes were screened for mass production of effective Trichoderma strains for use under field conditions. The maximum colony forming units and shelf of Trichoderma spp. were observed in wheat bran and bajra grains. So far, 30 effective strains have been selected. Some of these strains are highly antagonistic to majority of soil borne fungal pathogens, whereas others are specific to only a narrow range of pathogenic fungi. Some have high growth promoter ability but no antagonism and some have both the capabilities.

While working on more than 345 strains of Trichoderma and 70 strains of Pseudomonas, 33 strains of Bacillus isolated from different habitats, we have documented the biocontrol ability of these organisms not only at laboratory level but also at field level as well as up to the extent of commercialization. We also noticed that several strain increase the size and numbers of deep roots quite below the soil surface. Our recent interests warrant the use of secondary metabolites as potential biopesticidal as well as biofungicidal agents. In our recent observations, we have noticed the enhancement of antioxidant and free redical scavenging properties in the agricultural crops (vegetables, fruits, pulses etc.) treated with Trichoderma. These Trichoderma-treated crops are free from pesticidal contaminations, organic and safer for human consumption. Maximum colony forming units and shelf life of Trichoderma was observed in wheat bran and bajra grains. For effective production of inoculum at farmer's level, cow dung inoculation technique has been standardized and transferred to farmers. Our work on a novel Trichoderma viride strain with enhanced fungicidal, abiotic stress tolerance with growth promotion property is an outstanding one among the fungal bioinoculants. Key words : Biopesticides, soil borne plant pathogens, commercialization


467

0468

ENVIRONMENT AND WATER TREATMENT N.Ben Tahar, H.Mimoun & S.Khelassi 1M'Hamed Bougara University-FS, Boumerdès, Algeria It is often said that water is not necessary to life ... "Water is simply life". Three quarters of the earth's surface is covered by water. These figures are impressive, but compared to the amazing photographs that come from space, they have little effect. They reveal a beautiful blue planet, bathing in water, partly hidden in a veil of clouds. It is from these waters is that life emerged. As as living bodies were transformed into structures more complex and sophisticated, they left the marine environment to reach the earth, drawing water most of their physical constitution. On the ground water that's life.

Water is also critical in manufacturing processes in any industry. Water use in a production unit has been greatly reduced by cutting waste and by technological advances. The restrictions go beyond just saving water they require for recycling in the circuits and fire service and water for extra cooling.

In most processes, the water can act either as reactive as a solvent or as an agent used to carry cold or heat. In each specific case of use it is essential to know the water quality. Indeed the natural water that is to say the water in the rough may contain harmful substances which could have adverse consequences on equipment or chemical reactions. So we must recognize all these substances to adjust their content in the water before assigning it to a particular purpose.

The legislation also imposes constraints on the content of water discharged into carbon compounds and suspended solids. There are also standard on nitrogen excretion. Subsequently, the water having participated in any manufacturing process must be either recycled or released into the wild. But this water may contain pollutants, so harmful, which may render it unusable without prior treatment or dangerous for the environment. Water should be purified as for recycling for the waste.


468

0469

Diversity of Aquatic Fungi in Relation to Environmental Conditions in Bhadra River,

Karnataka, India

Raja Naika, Prasad. D, Chandrashekar, M. B., Ashok Chittaragi and Nagaraj, K. Department of Applied Botany, School of Biological Science, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta – 577 451, Shimoga Dist, Karnataka State, India. The present investigation was carried out to study the impact of environmental conditions on diversity of aquatic fungi. Bhadra river water was assessed for the physico-chemical factors of the water, with respect to seasonal variations with reference to aquatic fungal diversity. The river water was assessed at 6 different study stations with study period from April, 2009 to March, 2011. During the study, a total of 12 aquatic fungal species belonging to class Chytridiomycetes, Oomycetes, and Phycomycetes were isolated and identified. Maximum fungal distribution was recorded during the monsoon period followed by pre-monsoon period in all the six stations. But comparatively less percentage of fungal incidences was recorded during post monsoon period. The present investigation revealed that, the difference in the percent occurrence and distribution of aquatic fungi in periodically proved to depend on the physico-chemical factors of the water and also on seasonal variations.

Key words: Bhadra river, aquatic fungi, physiochemical factors seasonal variations.


469

0470

SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOTRIANGLES USING BARK POWDER EXTRACT OF

TERMINALIA ARJUNA

VK Gautam1, Nidhi Gautam2

1DDUC, Delhi University, Delhi, India, 2Daulat Ram College, Delhi University, Delhi, India

Nanostructures of metals have unusual physicochemical and biological activities compared to their bulk

parent materials. In recent years, colloidal gold nanoparticles have been the subject of interest in areas of

biosensors fabrications, materials science, biotechnology, and organic chemistry for their function as

molecular markers, diagnostic imaging, and organic catalysis . Thus in recent years a number of physical,

chemical and biological techniques have been applied for the development of metal nanoparticles (NP).The

bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Whight and Arnot, a deciduous tree of Combretaceae family, has been

widely used since Vedic period for the treatment of various heart diseases.

We here disclose a green methodology for the synthesis of stable Au nanotriangles (AuTs) without using

any stabilizing or reducing agent. This synthesis can be performed in a very short time. Further, particle

size control can be readily achieved by altering the quantity of the extract. Different instrumental techniques

were applied to characterize the synthesized AuTs using such as UV–vis spectrophotometry, TEM and

XRD. The synthesized NPs were mostly Triangular in shapes with an average size of 10±3 nm. In the

present paper details of various procedures and techniques would be discussed.

Key Words: Terminalia arjuna, NPS, TEM, XRD, AuTs


470

0471

HARDENING AND IN VIVO TRANSFER OF IN VITRO REGENERATED PLANTS OF

ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS L.

Nidhi Gautam1, VK Gautam2

1Daulat Ram College, Delhi University, Delhi, India, 2DDUC, Delhi University, Delhi, India

Antirrhinum majus L. belongs to family Scrophulariaceae and is commonly known as snapdragon. The

plant is suitable material for studying functions of jumping genes. It grows during the spring season in Delhi.

We have developed a protocol for its multiplication by repeated sub culturing of callus masses. The most

suitable medium for multiple shoots and roots formation was NB medium containing either BA or 2,4-D.

Numerous globular embryos formed directly on anther surface after 12 weeks of culture on NB containing

1mg/l 2,4-D. The multiple roots developed from callus masses on NB +1 mg/l 2,4-D medium during

repeated subcultures. Multiple shoots developed during subculture of callus masses on NB basal medium

alone or containing BA at 1mg/l concentration. The plants were hardened using various methods first in

culture room and then in glasshouse. The selection of particular hardening protocol was necessary for the

survival of plants in the field. Ultimately, plants were transferred to the field where they grew profusely and

produced shoots and flowers. The flowers were of different colours. The results of various experiments

would be discussed.

Key Words: Antirrhinum majus L., embryos, in vivo, in vitro.


471

0472

ENRICHING BIODIVERSITY THROUGH NON-MULBERRY SERICULTURE IN KARNATAKA H. L. Ramesh, V. N. Yogananda Murthy1 and Munirajappa2

Department of Sericulture, V.V. Pura Science College, Bangalore . 560 004; 1Department of Life Sciences, Ganga Kaveri Institute of Science and Management, Rajajinagar, Bangalore . 560 010; 2 Department of Sericulture/ Life Science, Bangalore University, Bangalore . 560 056 Non mulberry sericulture opens up new vistas of technology to make it sustainable to fetch prosperity at all levels. It can be accommodated to exploit forest and wasteland based industry for employment generation, ecological improvement and invigorating the rural economy. The role of nonmulberry sericulture and industrial development in India is noteworthy. Karnataka is blessed with salubrious climatic conditions required for propagation of nonmulberry food plants and rearing also embraces large forest area whose produce is a good source of revenue. In recent years, biodiversity in the state is fast depleting due to deforestation, mining and dwindling climatic conditions. These consequences detract from the gains of development and worsen the standard of living of the poor who are directly dependent on the natural resources. Non.mulberry sericulture is another important sector in silk industry where the production of raw silk is not fully exploited to the maximum extent in Karnataka. Tasar, Eri and Muga together constitute the major sector of nonmulberry sericulture and availability of food plants of Tasar and Eri silkworms in Karnataka are abundant. These food plants not only enrich the biodiversity and balance of nature but also increases economic standards of rural folk. Hence, there is a vast scope for expansion of nonmulberry sericulture industry in Karnataka for generating self employment for the tribal and rural mass and maximizing nonmulberry silk production which can generate impressive foreign exchange.


472

0473

SEED MORPHOLOGY AND GERMINATION PATTERN OF SOME MEMBERS OF

INDIAN SAPINDACEAE IN RELATION TO TAXONOMY

Biswajit Roy, N. D. Paria

University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Morphological and topographical characters of plant organs such as shape, size and surface features have

been useful weapons in identifying and classifying the species. Different intraspecific rearrangement for

Sapindaceae has been proposed based on some evidence from DNA sequence data, pollen morphological

data, wood anatomical data and chemotaxonomic consideration. In an attempt to assess such

rearrangement of taxa, seed morphology and germination patterns of Indian Sapindaceae were studied in

view of their taxonomic interest and providing support thereof. The Sapindaceae are a polythetic family with

135 genera and ca. 1500 species widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, especially well

represented in tropical SE Asia (18 genera and 37 species in India). Some macro- and micro-morphological

characters of seeds such as seed size, shape, colour, surface ornamentation; and hilum shape, size,

position as well as epigeal and hypogeal germination patterns have been used for this study. Eighteen

species belonging to 12 genera of Sapindaceae were collected from different parts of India. Voucher

specimens of each sample were preserved for references as herbarium sheets. The morphology of the

seeds was studied using a zoom binocular light microscope and scanning electron microscope.

Photomicrographs were taken under different magnifications. Macro- and micro-morphological studies of

seeds of these species showed some characters, which support the identification of the genera and their

species. This has been further resolved through preparation of phenogram which also exhibits the affinity

among the investigated members of Sapindaceae based on seed morphological diversity and germination

patterns. The data generated in this study can be correlated with other botanical disciplines.

Keywords: Seed morphology, Germination patterns, Sapindaceae, Phenogram


473

0474

INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF AYURVEDIC DRUG CEPHALANDRA INDICA’S EXTRACT

ON HIV-1 REPLICATION

Mudassar Shahid1,2, Mohammad Misbah1, Sayeed Ahmad2,3, Praveen Singhal3, Mohammad

Husain1,3

1Moelucar Virology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India, 2Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India, 3Nephrology Laboratory, Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Great Neck, New York, India Introduction : The use of Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicines is an integral part of Indian –subcontinent, its modernization and validation with the recent scientific methods is currently being encouraged to bring it to mainstream drug therapy. Since the medicinal plants are very diverse and abundantly available natural compounds isolated from them is valuable source of many current drug therapy including antibiotics, tuberculosis and cancer. Many researchers have made efforts to isolated and classify natural compounds isolated from herbal drugs with potent anti-HIV activity. We selected Cephalandra indica to evaluate its efficacy against HIV-1. Cephalandra indica is a perennial creeping herb with long tapering tuberous roots and deep green leaves used in Alternative system of medicine to cure diabetes mellitus, bloody dysentery and skin diseases. Methodology : Methanolic extract of Cephalandra indica was prepared, dried and dissolved in DMSO. Various concentrations of extracts were prepared using RPMI media. MT-2 and NOMI cell lines were used to test the anti-HIV activity of the plant extracts using Reverse Transcriptase assay, p24 ELISA. Safety of the drug was determined by cell cytotoxicity assay. Result :The extracts did not show any cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 100 µg/ml. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Cephalandra indica in NOMI and MT-2 cells was obtained as 68.97 and 70.72 µg/ml respectively as determined by Dose Response Curve. Comparative data to control AZT and C. indica showed high inhibition of HIV replication in both the NOMI and MT-2 cells. Conclusion : Cephalandra indica was found as potent inhibitor of HIV-1 replication and safe for Human T lymphocyte cells. However, the principle compound responsible for their activity needs to be isolated and tested.


474

0475

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TINOSPORA

CORDIFOLIA (WILLD.) MIERS LEAVES AND ITS CALLUS

Nazeerullah Khan1, Tamboli Ennus2, Vijay Kumar Sharma1, Ram Kumar Roy1

1Dr. K.N.Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Modinagar (U.P.), India, 2Faculty of

Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (family: Menispermaceae) is well-known for its versatile biological

properties and has been extensively subjected by numerous researchers for its phyto-chemical evaluation

to exploit its therapeutic potential to its maximum. Efforts have also been aimed to enhance the yield of

secondary metabolites from the plant for obvious benefits. Plant tissue culture is one such technique which

has been frequently employed to serve the purpose. In the present study, a comparative assessment has

been carried out by subjecting leaves obtained from Tinospora cordifolia and its callus to the preliminary

phytochemical as well as microbial evaluation. The MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D + 6-BA + IBA (0.5

ppm each) was found to be the best combination for the initiation and development of the callus on leaf

explants. At 2 mg and 4 mg concentration of callus extract, inhibition was obtained for both the organisms.

However, equal concentration of leaf extract showed inhibition of E. coli only.

Key-Words: Tinospora cordifolia, Callus, Antibacterial activity


475

0476

ROLES AND MECHANISMS OF CALCIUM SIGNALLING IN PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL

RESPONSES

Takuya Furuichi

Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Land plants show a variety of behaviors and plasticities in response to environmental stresses such as

drought, salinity, and attack by pathogens or insects. When plant cells are exposed to environmental

stresses or perceive internal signal molecules involved in growth and development, ion channels are

transiently activated to convert these stimuli into intracellular signals.

Among the ions taken up by plant cells, Ca2+ plays an essential role as an intracellular second messenger.

The transient or sustained increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c), termed Ca2+-signaling are

the key step for intracellular signal transduction and environmental responses in plants. Using a transgenic

Arabidopsis plants and tobacco suspension cultured cells expressing aequorin, a Ca2+-reporting

photoprotein, we clarified the molecular mechanisms of Ca2+-signaling in response to sugar, volatiles,

pathogen, pathogen, gravity and so on. Our results strongly suggest that Ca2+-signaling interplay with ROS-

signaling, generation and increases in cytoplasmic ROS concentration ([ROS]c) in volatiles- and pathogen-

induced events. Number of recent studies strongly suggested that such interplay, termed ‘Ca2+-ROS

network’ play key roles plant environmental studies. Mechanisms for the promotion of Ca2+-signaling and

Ca2+-ROS network, and the advanced techniques to investigate cytoplasmic Ca2+ and ROS concentration

in real-time will be shown and discussed.


476

0477

STANDARDIZATION AND HPTLC FINGERPRINTING OF NOTHAPODYTES NIMMONIANA LEAF COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF INDIA.

Nazeerullah Khan1, Vijay Kumar Sharma1, Ennus Tamboli2, Sunil Kumar1, Ram Kumar

Roy1,

Dr. K.N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Modinagar (U.P.), India, 2Faculty of Pharmacy,


In recent times, systematic standardization of herbal plants has become preferred area of research for

pharmacognists due to immense yet unexplored therapeutic potential of herbal plants. Nothapodytes nimmoniana is

one such plant which has potential to be used as most promising anticancer drugs of the twenty first century

producing highest concentration of camptothecin . It is an important medicinal plant used in various types of cancer,

HIV infection , anaemia and malaria . Nothapodytes nimmoniana is also reported to have antibacterial , antifungal

and anti- inflammatory activities. Present paper encompasses the establishment of various parameters such as

morphological and microscopic characters, extractive value, ash value, foreign organic matter HPTLC fingerprinting

and phytochemical screening have been determined leading to the standardization of leaves of Nothapodytes

nimmoniana. The herbal plant was collected from different geographical regions of India namely Kerala,

Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamilnadu to make the research findings more rational and meaningful. The present

research work may help to establish the authenticity of drug, differentiate the drug from other camptothecin

containing species and determining the pharmacopoeial standards for this species.

Key-Words : Nothapodytes nimmoniana, Standardization, Phytochemical, HPTLC Fingerprinting


477

0478

THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF NATURAL UNIFLORAL HONEYS FROM FLORA

OF AN EAST COASTAL DISTRICT OF INDIA

Debasis Upadhyay1,2, Swapan Bhattacharya3, Subir Bera2

1Department of Botany, Budge Budge College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, 2Palaeobotany-Palynology

Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, 3Department of

Microbiology, Moulana Azad College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Melissopalynological analysis of twenty nine natural honey samples collected from Kendraparha, one of the

east coastal districts of India shows that twenty one samples were of unifloral and eight samples were of

multifloral type. It was also confirmed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The unifloral samples

belonged to the species Borassus flabellifer Mimosa pudica, Brassica nigra Pongamia pinnata Phoenix

padulosa, Eucalyptus globulus, Derris indica, Syzygium cumini, Cocos nucifera and Cleome viscosa. These

unifloral samples were then tested by Agar Diffusion Assay for their antibacterial activities which were

correlated with the floral source of the honeys. To compare the therapeutic potential of these honey

samples two reference antibiotics Methicillin for the test organism Staphylococcus aureus and Tetracycline

for the test organism Escherichia coli were also used. Sixteen samples showed notable inhibitory property

but twelve samples derived from the plants Mimosa pudica, Phoenix padulosa, Eucalyptus globulus,

Syzygium cumini, Cocos nucifera and Cleome viscosa exhibited exceptional antibacterial activity with

inhibition zone diameter ranging from 24 mm to 43 mm which were often more than the antibiotic

concentrations 10μg ml-1 and 25μg ml-1. This study concludes that this area of India has potential for bee-

keeping industry and there is scope for these bee-keepers to share in the profitable medicinal honey

market because these natural honeys are potent therapeutically.


478

0479

STUDIES OF SOME ISOLATED ROT-CAUSING MYCOFLORA OF YAMS (DIOSCOREA

SPP.) .

Akin Olagoke Ogunleye1,2, Oyeronke T. Arowolo1

1Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, 2University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

This study was carried out on the storage rot of yam tubers Dioscorea spp in Ibadan,Nigeria. The

Dioscorea spp examined were Dioscorea rotundata (white yam) and Dioscorea alata (water yam) which

were the common species available at the time of study. The study area was visited six times in three

months for collection of rotted yams which were selected randomly at a particular barn. The symptoms of

the diseases were described and their associated organisms isolated and identified. The diseases include

dry rot and soft rot which accounted for 54.22% and 45.78% of post-harvest diseases of the yams

respectively. Out of 60 yam samples examined 52 yam samples had fungi isolates. The fungi isolated

include Aspergillus niger, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus

flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus lilacinum, Penicillium sp, Pythium sp., Sclerotium rolfsii,

Alloymyces arbuscula and Rhodotorula sp. The fungal isolates had the following percentage frequencies of

occurrences respectively: 19.29%, 12.14%, 14.29%, 12.85%, 13.57% ,2.14%, 2.86%, 6.43%, 3.57%,

7.86%, 3.57%, and 1.43%. Pathogenicity test carried out confirmed the following organisms as the

pathological agents of the yam rot: Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger, Sclerotum rolfsii, Rhizopus

stolonifer, Alloymyces arbuscular, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxin

levels of all Aspergillus isolates were determined. The potential hazards posed by the aflatoxins are

discussed.


479

0480

MEDICINAL PLANTS DIVERSITY IN NASIK DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Karanda R.V. and Kshirsagar S.R.

Uttamrao Patil Arts and Science College Dahivel- 424304, Tal. Sakri, Dist. Dhule; PG Department of Botany, S.S.V.P.S.L.K. Dr. P. R. Ghogrey Science College, Dhule-424005, Maharashtra, India

Present paper communicates diversity, threats, ecology and medicinal value of important medicinal plants occurs in the area under study. Paper will also focus on first hand information collected from tribals residing in the forest areas of the district.

Nasik district is located between latitudes 19° 35’ and 20° 50’ and longitudes 73° 30’ and 74° 55’and extends over an area of 15,582 sq. km. Nasik districts is bounded on the north-west by the Dangs districts of Gujarat. The western part of the district is rugged as it includes the Western Ghats (one of the biodiversity hotspot among mega biodiversity hotspots in the world). The peaks like Kalsubai (tallest mountain peak in Maharashtra and height is about 1846m above m.s.l.) and Trimbak (1294m above m.s.l.).

There are about thirteen revenue talukas (tehsils) in the district. In present study we have surveyed the areas like mulher fort (Satana taluka), saptashringi hills, markandeya hills (Kalwan taluka) and surrounds for collection and study of medicinal plants with reference to habitat, possible threats, and causes of rarity, ecology and medicinal importance.

In the district, at some locations, medicinal plants diversity is very rich but by over exploitation for various purposes’ many species are going to be a category of rare, endangered even some species are under a serious threat of extinction.

We have studied following plant species during field survey are:

Amorphophallus bulbifer, Gloriosa superba, Solanum verbascifolium, Hemidesmus indicus, Curcuma inodora, Wrightia arborea, Enicostemma littorale, Leptadenia reticulata,Woodfordia fruticosa, Anisomeles indica, Orthosiphon pallidus, Dalbergia latifolia, Cassia occidentalis, Holoptelea integrifolia, Bombax ceiba, Colebrookia oppositifolia,Cryptolepis buchanani, Xeromphis spinosa, Carvia callosa, Pogostemon purpurascence, Striga gesneriodes,Thunbergia spp., Erythrina suberosa, Diospyros melanoxylon, Crotalaria orixensis, Tylophora indica (T. ashthmatica), Ampelocissus latifolia, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea belophylla,Dioscorea oppositifolia, Chlorophytum spp., Paraecaryum corymbosum, Smithia purpurea, Smithia lutea, Clitorea biflora, Curcuma inodora, Flacourtia latifolia, Oroxylum indicum, Arisaema spp., Carissa congesta, Helicteres isora, Ventilago deticulata, Dioscorea hispida, Plumbago zeylanica, Sterculia urens,Haldina cordifolia.

In the full paper of poster presentation in the conference color photo plates will be provided to depict the clarity of the species in nature and its ecological associations.

Key words: Biodiversity; survey and documentation; medicinal plants; Nasik district; Maharashtra, India


480

0481

GASTRO PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF LIBYAN CISTUS SESSILOURS PLANT

Sami G.Alsabri1, Marwa I. Meshri1, Salah B. Mohamed1, Nouri B.Rmeli2, khaled M. Aburas1, Mohamed A. Ebsaim, Khowla A. Allahresh1 and Abdul Gbaj3

1.National Medical Research Center, Natural Products Department, Zawia, Libya.; 2. Tripoli University, Faculty of pharmacy, Department of Natural Products, Tripoli, Libya.; 3. Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Tripoli University, Tripoli. Libya.

Background: there are many treatments for gastric ulcer but there is not any cost-effective treatment that meets all needed goals. Therefore, there has been significant interest to find a suitable treatment from natural product sources. Cistus sessilours is one of Libyan medicinal plants distributed in western mountain region of Libya. This study was carried out to evaluate its gastroprotective activity.

Methods: The methanolic extract of Cistus sessilours was studied to evaluate its gastroprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties. The gastroprotective activity was evaluated by using ethanol induced ulcer models (1); efficacy was assessed by determination mean ulcer size, ulcer number, ulcer index, %protective. Ranitidine was used as standard. The antioxidant property was evaluated using DPPH assay (2) and Quercetin as stander. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by using agar well diffusion method (3) against strains of Staphylococcus aurous, Proteus vulgaris and Candida albicans in comparing with Ceftroxon and Amphoteracin B as positive controls.

Results: the plant extract showed a significant antioxidant activity (27.54µg/ml) comparing with Quercetin (8µg/ml). The extract exhibited a good antimicrobial activity against strains of Staphylococcus aurous (21mm), Proteus vulgaris (25mm ) and Candida albicans (20 mm) in comparing with Ceftroxon and Amphoteracin B. Oral administration of methanolic extract (500 mg/kg) significantly protected against gastric lesions by 66.66% and45.97% (250mg/kg) in comparing with as ranitidine stander 71.26% (50mg/kg). Acute toxicity study of the extract didn’t show any deaths in experimental mice with different doses (up to 5000mg/kg).

Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Cistus sessilours showed a good gastroprotective, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Keywords: ethanol induced ulcer models, Cistus sessilours, antioxidant, antimicrobial, gastroprotective activity.


481

0482

PROMOTE CROP OF AMARANTH (AMANTHUS HYPOCHONDRIACUS L.) FOR INCLUSION IN THE HUMAN DIET IN CUAPIAXTLA, TLAXCALA, MÉXICO. José Sergio Barrales Domínguez1 1 Cultivos Básicos, Departamento de Fitotecnia. Chapingo. Chapingo, Mexico. CP 56230; Cuapiaxtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico is located 18 º 19 'north latitude and 97 º 37' west longitude, and 2240 m. Agriculture is mainly based on corn (Zea mays L.), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) that are used as food, along with other plants in a small proportion collection and seasonal fruits such as chokecherry and hawthorn. Malnutrition in the population is little evidence in child development and adult obesity, a situation aggravated because they incorporate in their diet based agro-industrial products of dyes and artificial preservatives. Amaranth is a plant that provides protein, iron, calcium and other minerals that could reduce the problems of malnutrition, which in 1986 began the introduction of this species with the aim of incorporating between the cultures of this community and use it as food. During the first five years, surviving plants showed little agronomic virtues, but using mass selection breeding, each cycle populations were achieved better prospects for cultivation. In this region each year, frosts, drought and hail from having the assurance in production, where amaranth has demonstrated the capacity to regenerate damage caused by these adverse factors, the issue giving rise to inflorescences axillary branches. Reported yields have ranged from 0.0 kg ha-1 (years 2000 and 2011) to 2,259 kg ha-1 (year 2000). Between 1989 and 2008 with 169 to 577 mm of rainfall during the biological cycle, were planted between 1 and 30 ha, but in the last three years the area has increased until to 400 ha, by an economic advantage over other crops. The inclusion of amaranth as food among the population has not been fully achieved, but progress is being made consistently. However, if achieved the permanence of this species in agriculture ensures their preservation, since amaranth was a very important crop in ancient times it was almost lost because in Mexico, a country with 23 million hectares devoted to agriculture with annual crops are planted only about 3000 ha with amaranth. Keywords. Amaranth, Food, child malnutrition.


482

0483

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF APPLE (MALUS X DOMESTICA BORKH.) ROOTSTOCK MALLING7 WITH CHITINASE GENE

Manju Modgil1, Parul Sharma1,

1Department of Biotechnology ,Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal

Pradesh, India

Using genetic modification, characteristics of a rootstock like resistance to soil borne diseases can be

improved resulting in a substantial increase in yield. As most of the apple rootstocks are susceptible to

white root rot caused by Dematophora necatrix Hartig, and to confer fungal resistance to commercially

important apple rootstock Malling7, genetic transformation studies using rice chitinase gene were carried

out successfully. In regeneration experiments, leaf and internodal segments resulted in 24.37% and

60.58% shoot regeneration respectively. Transformation of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) rootstock M7

was carried with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring the transforming vector pCAMBAR

chi11 containing the chitinase gene (chi11) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and phosphinothricin

acetyl transferase (bar) genes. Putative transformants were selected on shoot regeneration medium

containing 5 mg l-1 hygromycin and 500 mg l-1 cefotaxime. A total of 26 putative transgenic shoots were

obtained which further multiplied as separate lines and rooted on root induction medium containing

antibiotics. Some shoots could not survive on shoot multiplication medium and turned brown. Rest of the

shoots were subjected to PCR analysis to confirm the integration of chi11 gene. Two transgenic lines were

confirmed by yielding 237 bp and 584 bp amplified products after their amplification with chitinase gene

specific primers. The transformants also tested positive in slot blot when probed with chitinase gene probe.


483

0484

EFFICACIES OF BOTANICALS AGAINST SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM THE

CAUSAL AGENT OF MUSTARD SCLEROTINIA ROT

Godara, S. L., Gangopadhyay, S. and Mool Chand

Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, S K Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner-334006 .Rajasthan, India. Email: [email protected]

Effect of five selected plant extracts viz., Aloe vera, Calotropis procera, Eucalyptus globulus, Azadirachta indica seed kernel and A. indica leaf extracts prepared in distilled water, acetone and methanol on mycelial growth, sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was studied. These plant extracts prepared in distilled water, acetone or methanol significantly inhibited mycelial growth, sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The present study showed that the A. indica seed kernel extract prepared in distilled water, acetone and methanol was most inhibitory to mycelial growth, sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Maximum inhibition of sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum were observed in A. Indica seed kernel extract (10%). The inhibition of growth and conidial germination of the fungus increased with the increase in concentration of the test extracts prepared in all the three solvents. A.indica seed kernel and C. procera leaf extracts were inhibitorier to fungus than the other three extracts. Aloe vera was found least effective in checking the mycelial growth of the fungus. Two sprays of aqueous extracts (10%) of A. indica seed kernel, C. procera and A. indica leaf extracts provided better control of Sclerotinia rot and also enhanced seed yield in mustard.


484

0485

CO-INOCULATION OF VICIA FABA PLANTS WITH NODULE BACTERIA AND PLANT

GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR) ENHANCES THEIR

PHYTOBIOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL FOR OILY DESERT SOIL

Narjes Dashti

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University

Vicia faba plants are recommended as tools for the phytoremediation of oily desert areas for several

reasons. These plants can grow in poor soils and tolerate crude oil concentrations up to 10%, w/w (Radwan

et al., 1998). Further, nodule bacteria associated with their roots enrich the rhizosphere with fixed nitrogen,

which is essential for microbial hydrocarbon utilization (Atlas, 1981; Leahy and Colwell, 1990).

Evident rhizospheric bacteria, collectively called plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), mainly

pseudomonads, were found to enhance the growth and yield of both legume and nonlegume plants

(Vincent, 1970; Kloepper et al., 1980a, 1980b; Poloneko et al., 1987).

The major objective of this paper is to prove whether coinoculation of V. faba plant roots in oily sand with

nodule bacteria and PGPR enhances the phytoremediation potential of this plant for oily soil through

improving plant growth and nitrogen fixation


485

0486

TEMPERATURE AND GROWTH OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. ALBEDINIS, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF DATE PALM (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA L.) VASCULAR WILT. THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE OCCURRENCE AND SPREAD OF THE DISEASE.

Arbadi Ratiba1, Kadi Hanifi Halima1, Rahmania Fatma1,

1University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria

The date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. is the most important plant at economic, social and cultural levels, in the desert areas where it is adapted and permits the existence of oasis, haven of peace and life for humans, animals and plants. Among the numerous diseases which affect it, the most dangerous one is the vascular wilt, locally called “bayoud”, which already destroyed millions of trees in Morocco and in Algeria. It is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, belonging to the Fungi Imperfecti group. The conditions of the emergence and spread of Fusarium wilt of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), are not yet known. We analyzed climatic series over several decades and investigated the conditions that prevailed when new outbreaks of bayoud occurred. Complete climatic series available for certain areas of our country allowed to conclude that, in Algeria, there is a climate change which results in a rise in temperature. This work shows that periods of frost precede the disease outbreak. In the present work, we also study the parasite growth by subjecting it, during different times, to the temperature corresponding to the frost and then after, to that corresponding to its optimal development (28 °C). The results obtained clearly reveal that long stays in frost followed by its transfer to its optimal growth temperature, make the pathogen develops better. This work has allowed us to make correlations between cause and effect.


486

0487

STUDY ON GENETIC DIVERSITY AND RELATIONSHIPS IN PIPER LONGUM GERMPLASM USING RAPD, SSR AND SNP MOLECULAR MARKERS B K Chikkaswamy1, S Manjunath1, 1Sigma Bioscience, Bangalore, India


487

0488

A CLINICAL STUDY TO OBSERVE THE EFFECT OF PANCHAVALKALA RASAKRIYA

IN GHEE BASE IN ACUTE INFECTED WOUND HEALING

Karandugoda K.K.I.E., Perera B.S.R., Pushpakumara A.A.J.

Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Minor injuries are a common occurrence in day to day life. If not given proper attention they tend to get

infected giving rise to inflamed, painful conditions which might complicate with bacterial influence. Such

wounds, though not critical, needs immediate care to heal without leading to infection. Sushrutha Samhitha

which is an ancient Ayurvedic text which mainly deals with surgical aspect of diseases suggests a formula

which is said to possess the ability in enhancing healing while reducing inflammation in infected wounds.

Assuming that the formula could stimulate reduction of inflammation in acute infected wounds, to observe

its effect, a clinical trial was carried out on 40 randomly selected chronic wound patients from the Gampaha

Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Teaching Hospital. Minor acute wounds with infection and inflammatory signs

located in the limbs were considered. Selected patients were divided into two groups and the test group

was treated with Panchavalkala Rasakriya in Ghee Base. The test group was treated with ghee which is

the base of the tested preparation. Both groups were given a common set of internal medicine. The number

of days for the signs of inflammation to reduce or disappear was considered. It was seen that all wounds

relieved of signs of inflammarion within 8 days in the test group. It was concluded that Panchavalkala

Rasakriya has the ability of reducing and curing inflammation in acute infected wounds approximately

within a week in the sample group and it is a potential antiseptic drug to heal acute infected wounds and

prevent infection.


488

0489

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF MAHONIA PICNOPHYLLA

Dr.Y.P.Kohli, Dr.Amarnath,

Swadeshi-Vigyan-sansthanam (Vigyan-Bharati), Gorakhpur-parichhetra; BRD PG College

,Deoria) ,Vice-President, SVP (V.B.), Gorakhpur Mahanagar

Mahonia picnophylla , a shrub found in the jungle-surroundings of Ziro-valley(6000' altitude) is known as Ta-aming in Apatani-tribe of Arunachal Pradesh(NEFA) , N.E.India. Its roots were used as a yellow dye for cotton-fibers. Its berries ,popular for the pleasant-taste ,are considered as diuretic and demulcent in dysentery. After soxhletation of its powdered stems and roots, accompanied by c.c ,tlc ,spectral studies ,it was found to possess alkaloids , berberine and jatrorrhizine. Berberine is reported to be antidiarrheal , antiflamatory , anticonvulsant and berberine-sulphate as antitumor. Jatrorrhizine has been found to be CNS-stimulant as well hypotensive Key-words: IKS of tribes , alkaloids-extraction ,analytical/spectral techniques ,future-utilization


489

0490

HERBAL PLANTS USED IN FOLK REMEDIES BY TRIBAL COMMUNITIES OF

RAJASTHAN DESERT

B.B.S. Kapoor

Herbal Research Laboratory, P.G. Department of Botany, Dungar College, Bikaner- 334001, India

Since ancient time mankind has used herbal plants to cure diseases and relieve physical and mental sufferings and his understanding of herbal drugs is very innovative and critical. Ever since the WHO gave recognition to traditional and folk medicines in 1976, worldwide export has been increased manifolds.

North-western part of Rajasthan state constitutes desert which covers most part of the Indian desert i.e. 62 percent. It is situated in the north-west part of the India between 23.3o and 30.12o north latitudes and 69.3o and 76o eastern longitudes. It spreads over 12 out of 33 districts namely Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Churu, Nagaur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Pali and Jalor.

Rajasthan desert is a potential source of herbal plants, covers most of the north-western part of Rajasthan state. This region exhibits a great variety of geology, physiography, climate, edaphic and biotic conditions and represents diversity of herbal plants, which occurs on a wide range of habitat. Many of these herbal plants are used for folk remedies by local people and tribal communities.

Rajasthan includes 12.44% of tribal population of the total population .The major tribes are Bhils, Garasia, Saharia, Meena, Damor, Patelia, kanjar, gadolia luhar etc. These tribes still prefer traditional medicines for their household remedies.

The commonly used herbal medicines by these tribes mostly belong to family Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Balanitaceae, Bignoniaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Capparidaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae, Molluginaceae, Moraceae, Rutaceae, Salvadoraceae, Solanaceae and Zygophyllaceae.

The herbal plants of this region have been proved their medicinal utility especially in skin, stomach, respiratory, urinary and sexual disorders.

The species like Gwarpatha ( Aloe vera ), Tumba ( Citrullus colocynthis ), Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera ), Babool ( Acacia nilotica ), Aak ( Calotropis procera ), Jaal ( Salvadora persica ), Adusa ( Adhatoda vasica ). Hingota (Balanites aegyptica ), Kair ( Capparis deciduas ), Datura ( Datura stramonium ), Kantkari ( Solanum surattense ), Sharpunkha ( Tephrosia purpurea ), Rohira ( Tecomella undulata ), Khejri ( Prosopis cineraria ), Shankhpushpi ( Convolvulus microphyllus ), Gokharu ( Tribulus terrestris ), Jharberi ( ziziphus nummularia ), Doodheli ( Euphorbia hirta ), Chamghas ( Corchorus depressus ) etc. are potential herbal plants of the region.

Thus, traditional herbal medicines are the application of indigenous beliefs, knowledge, skills and folk treatment practices, which plays a very significant role in the present pharmaceutical world.

In view of aforesaid the focus will be on their uses in folk medicines.

Key words : Herbal Plants, Folk Remedies, Tribal Communities, Rajasthan Desert


490

0491.

ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS ORIGINATING FROM PLANTS: INTRIGUING Q AND A

V. K. Bhasin

Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, INDIA

History of drug resistance in malaria shows that any synthetic anti-malarial deployed en masse as an oral therapy

had soon fallen to resistance. However, drugs procured from plants namely Quinine (Q) and Artemisinin (A) have

retained their antimalarial activity for centuries. The age old qinghaosu (or artemisinin) has been in use for fever

resolving in China for over 2000 years and quinine has recorded history of over 360 years. Why drugs from these

natural sources survived for so long whereas most synthetic drugs failed soon after the launch? The research paper

will address these intriguing questions based on our experimental observations on resistant and sensitive strains of

human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum studies in vitro.


491

0492.

BIODIVETRSITY AND ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF PLANTS IN INDIAN THAR

DESERT

Sher Mohammed and Pawan K. Kasera

Department of Botany, Govt. Lohia (PG) College, Churu 331 001 (Raj.), Indi; Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, Jai Nairan Vyas University, Jodhpur 342 001, India

Among the world’s twelve mega-diversity nations, India is an important nation comprising almost all the climatic conditions and ecological zones found in different parts of the world. The Rajasthan desert, i.e. Thar desert is among the ecologically important regions of India in the diversity of its biological species. The western Indian Thar desert represents a characteristic environment where plants have adapted to arid hostile conditions. Scanty water with erratic rainfall and high temperature has marked effects on the vegetation, but still several plant species are found here, which thrive well despite the inhospitable conditions. The different plant species, which are common in arid environs includes: Aerva persica, Achyranthes aspera, Cleome viscosa, Corchorus depressus, C. tridens, Crotalaria burhia, Heliotropium spp., Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Tephrosia purpurea, Erianthus munja, Prosopis cineraria, Calotropis procera, Tecomella undulata, Ziziphus spp., Citrullus colocynthis, Capparis decidua, Balanities aegytiaca, Maytenus emarginata, Opuntia dillenii, Parkinsonia aculeate, Salvadora oleoides, S. persica, Tamarix spp. Clerodendrum phlomidis, Farsetia hamiltonii, Lycium barbarum, etc. Among grasses, Aristida funiculata, Bracharia ramosa, Cenchrus spp., Chloris virgata, Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium spp., Desmostachya bipinnata, Dicanthium annulatum, Digitaria ascendense, Eleusine compressa, Eragrostis spp., Panicum spp., Tetrapogon tenela, Tragus racemosus, etc. During rainy season a large number of weeds also make their appearance through seeds/underground vegetative parts. Exotic plants like Verbesina enceliodis and Parthenium hysterophorus are very much disturbing the natural biodiversity of Indian desert. Typical desert plants produce different seeds generally after spring season as well as in summer months. As the climate of Indian desert is hostile to plant life, those possessing special adaptations are sustained. In Indian arid zone, water is the master-limiting factor in determining the vegetation pattern of this region. The growth and development of the plants are handicapped by prolonged rainless periods, which threaten plant life with desiccation and complete destruction. Yet, this region sustains large plant diversity. In context of the Indian desert the conservation of biodiversity is essential not only to maintain the most fragile ecological processes and life-support system but also to ensure the sustainable utilization of the species as well as the ecosystem. Plant species such as Aerva persica, Calligonum polygonoides, Capparis decidua, Prosopis cineraria, Salvadora spp., Tecomella undulata, etc. are best suited and adapted in Rajasthan desert. These plant species constitute an important component of the desert ecosystem. These plant species are best suited for conservation and stabilization of dune and also to maintain the native biodiversity as well as balancing the desert ecosystem.

Key Words: Biodiversity, Indian Thar desert, Ecological adaptations, Arid environs, Hostile climate.


492

0493.

ANATOMY STUDY OF TRAGANUM NUDATUM AND TAMARIX APHYLLA OF GABER

OWAN LAKE.

Abobaker Abrahem Mohamed Saad

Sebha University, Faculty of Science, Botany department.

Section form stem of two plants were used to study their internal structure. Those plants belongs to families

of chenopodiaceae and Tamariacaceae respectively. In Tamarix aphylla thick walled cells with dense

cytoplasm were seen in the epidermis, small parenchyma cells were arranged in few layers with big cell in

the center, xylem and phloem cells were also seen.

In the case of Traganum nudatum, small long cells of parenchyma were seen in epidermis. Iso diametric

cells contain cytoplasm and crystal of calcium oxalate were also seen. Square shaped cells were scattered

through the sections in groups or individual. Collenchyma cells were present in the stems of studied plant.

Key word: Stem, Tamarix aphylla, Traganum nudatum ,parenchyma.


493

0494

EFFICACIES OF BOTANICALS AGAINST SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM THE CAUSAL AGENT OF MUSTARD SCLEROTINIA ROT

Godara , S. L., Gangopadhyay, S. and Mool Chand

Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, S K Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner-334001 .Rajasthan, India.

Effect of five selected plant extracts viz., Aloe vera, Calotropis procera, Eucalyptus globulus, Azadirachta indica seed kernel and A. indica leaf extracts prepared in distilled water, acetone and methanol on mycelial growth, sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was studied. These plant extracts prepared in distilled water, acetone or methanol significantly inhibited mycelial growth, sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The present study showed that the A. indica seed kernel extract prepared in distilled water, acetone and methanol was most inhibitory to mycelial growth, sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Maximum inhibition of sclerotia formation and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum were observed in A. Indica seed kernel extract (10%). The inhibition of growth and conidial germination of the fungus increased with the increase in concentration of the test extracts prepared in all the three solvents. A.indica seed kernel and C. procera leaf extracts were inhibitorier to fungus than the other three extracts. Aloe vera was found least effective in checking the mycelial growth of the fungus. Two sprays of aqueous extracts (10%) of A. indica seed kernel, C. procera and A. indica leaf extracts provided better control of Sclerotinia rot and also enhanced seed yield in mustard.


494

0495.

JASMONATE INDUCE THE ACCUMULATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ISOPRENOIDS IN CANNABIS SATIVA

Hakimeh Mansouri, Fatemeh Salari

Department of Biology, Faculty Science, Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran

We investigated the effect of jasmonate on plastidial terpenoids on Cannabis sativa at vegetative stage. We used jasmonate solutions with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 100 µM concentration for treating of plants. Plant treated with Jasmonate showed an increase in chlorophyll a content in comparison with control plants. However chlorophyll b content only increased in 5 µM jasmonate treatment. Also carotenoid content increased in all treated plants but there was no significant difference between various concentration of jasmonate. The amount of α-tocopherol enhanced in plants treated with 10 and 100 µM jasmonate. Treatment with 1 and 5 µM jasmonate caused a considerable increase in tetrahydrocannabinol. 5 µM jasmonate solution was more effective in this regards. Cannabidiol content decreased in all plants treated with jasmonate. These results showed that jasmonate encourage the accumulation of primary and secondary isoprenoids in chloroplasts.


495

0496.

RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF URBAN SOLID WASTE IN CANAL WATER AND ITS IMPACT

ON SOIL PRODUCTIVITY AND MICROBIAL HEALTH.

Salik Nawaz Khan1, Justina Jane Tahira1 ,M. Farooq2, Sumera Naz3 and M. Nawaz

Choudhry3

1. Institute of Agricultural Sciences , University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore, PakistanPO Box 54590; 2. Directorate of Land Reclamation, Mughalpura Lahore, Pakistan; 3. College of Earth and Environmental sciences , University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam, Campus Lahore, Pakistan

Canal water is most reliable source of irrigation in Pakistan that ensures sustainability of soil productivity in

agriculture. While passing through the urban and peri-urban areas canal water becomes polluted due to

mismanagement and malpractices by the general masses. Major sources of pollution are garbage i.e. kitchen and

food wastes, rubbish materials like paper, rag, glass bottles, metallic cans, plastics, fibers, residues from home fuels,

street sweeping, building debris, rubbles and abandoned vehicles is added in the canal. The other matter added is

religious matter as Quranic destroyed pages and waste flowers presented at different occasions. Washing and

throwing of chemical bags, jars and containers is a matter of concerns for water pollution. The present study high

lights the impact intensity of pollution caused by solid waste in BRB canal on chemical productivity. Canal water

analysis made at pollution intake points showed the presence of residual and microbial contaminants which add

toxicity. The test parameters were prevalence and intensity of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi having impact on

Triticumaestivum, Zeamayz, Dilbergiasissooand vegetables (Spinaciaoleracea and Brassica oleracea) plant health.

The chemical analysis was made in accordance with Punjabgovt agriculture department standards. The detailed

chemical and microbial analysis of water and soil micro and micro nutrient test i.e. Na++, K+, Ca++, Mg++ , S++ , Co-3

and HCo-3 exhibited the ratio of calcium, sodium and potassium exceeding to minimum tolerance limit that favored

microbial population count consisting on Xanthomonasnematophilis, MorganellaspAcinetobactersp , Hafniasp,

Aminobactersp, bacteria and Aspergilusniger , mucor. Penicillium, aspergillusflavaus, sterile mycelium and Fusarium

oxysporium fungal species. The cumulative effect of chemical and microbial contamination resulted in poor plant

stand when seeded in canal water contaminated soils.

Key words: Water pollution , solid waste, soil microbiology , water contaminants


496

0497

STUDY EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVEL OF PHOSPHOROUS AND ZINC ON QUALITY

AND QUANTITIES OF YIELD ON SUGARCANE VARIETY CP69-1062 IN SECOND

RATOON ON KHOUZESTAN PROVINCE

Shahram Hooshmand1 Shapoor Lorzadeh2 & Amir Ayneband3

1-Division of Agronomy, Sugarcane & By-product Development Company, Salman Farsi Unit, Ahwaz, Iran,

[email protected] Tel: +98 916 614 5964; 2- Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Unit,

Shoushtar, Iran; 3-Department of Agronomy, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran

Experiments were conducted at Salman Farsi Agro-industry to evaluate effects of fertilizers on biological

characteristics of sugarcane variety CP69-1062. Different levels of phosphorous contain four levels P1=0,

P2=100, P3=150 and P4=200 Kg per hectare and different levels of zinc contain Zn1=0 and Zn2=50 Kg per

hectare in rationing operation were given to the field. Characteristics include quantitative (cane height,

tilling, stem thickness, number of nodes and length and dry weight) and qualitative characteristics (sucrose

yield, purity and percentage of sucrose) were measured. Results of this study showed that the most

number of stems in surface unit was related to care without zinc with the average of 17.7 and least care of

zinc sulfate fertilizer with the average of 15.3 stems in surface unit and also 150 Kg triple super phosphate

with the average of 17.49 stems in surface unit and least number of stems allocated itself with the average

of 12.03 least number of stems in surface unit with the average of 93.4 tons per hectare. At all using

phosphorous fertilizers depend on soil testing and use of zinc fertilizers is proposed to use on soils without

this element and it is recommended.

Key word: Phosphorous fertilizers, Zinc fertilizers, Sugarcane, Ratooning


497

0498

ETHYLAMINE INDUCED TALL MUTANTS IN JUTE (CORCHORUS OLITORIUS L.VARIETY JRO-632)

P.K.Ghosh1 and A.Chatterjee

1. CSB, CSR&TI, Berhampore-742101, Murshidabad, W.B.; Centre of Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome

Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta,35,Ballygunge Circular Road,Calcutta-700047.West Bengal.

Presoaked seeds of jute (Corchorus olitorius L. Variety JRO-632) were treated with 1% Ethyl amine for 24 hours. Tall

mutants were screened in M3 in contrast to the normal plants. Tall mutants otherwise looked normal excepting the

nature of palmate leaf habit. A number of yield component growth parameters were recorded like plant height, basal

diameter, plant spread, root length, pod per plant, seeds per pod, pod length/ breadth ratio, number of primary

branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, leaf angle, branching angle, first flowering date, 100%

flowering date, total duration, % of pollen sterility and weight of 100 seeds which were found to vary from the control

plant. Chromosome analysis revealed a number of aberrations like stickiness, fragmentation, clumping, polyploidy,

and laggard and bridge formation etc. at very low frequency. This tall mutant plant gives more fiber yield than the

control plants with superior quality.

Key words: Ethyl amine, Corchorus olitorius L., Tall mutant,24 hours, chromosome, concentration 1%


498

0499

INDUCED CRUMPLE LEAF MUTANT IN JUTE (CORCHORUS OLITORIUS L.VARIETY-JRO-632) P.K.Ghosh1 and A.Chatterjee

Centre of Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta,35,Ballygunge Circular Road,Calcutta-700019; 1. CSB, CSR7TI, Berhampore-742101, Murshidabad,West Bengal. Presoaked seeds of jute (Corchorus olitorius L.Variety JRO-632) were treated with 2% Ethylamine (EA) for 6 hours. Crumple leaf mutants were screened in M3 in contrast to the normal looking fruit plants. A number of yield component parameters were recorded including plant height, basal diameter, plant spread, root length, pod per plant, seeds per pod, pod length/breadth ratio, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, leaf angle, branching angle, first flowering date, 100% flowering date, total duration, percentage of pollen sterility, and weight of 100 seeds which were found to vary from the control plant. Chromosome analysis revealed aberrations like stickiness, fragmentation, polyploidy, clumping, laggard and bridge formation etc.Multiple cropping has been possible with the availability of irrigation water and a number of early maturing varieties have introduced in case of various other crops. There should be a suitable crumple leaf mutants of jute also to be best fitted in the multiple cropping patterns. With this objective in view the work on induction of mutation with chemical mutagen Ethylamine (EA) was initiated. Key words: Corchorus olitorius L., chromosome, crumple leaf mutants, Ethylamine, 6 hours. concentration 2%.


499

0500

ETHYLMETHANE SULPHONATE INDUCED BUSHY HEAD MUTANTS IN JUTE

(CORCHORUS OLITORIUS L.VARIETY JRO-632)

P.K.Ghosh1 and A.Chatterjee

Centre of Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of

Calcutta,35,Ballygunge Circular Road,Calcutta-700047.; 1. CSB, CSR&TI, Berhampore-742101, W.B.

Presoaked seeds of jute (Corchorus olitorius L. Variety JRO-632) were treated with 2% Ethylmethane Sulphonate (EMS) for 24 hours. Bushy head mutants were screened in M3 in contrast to the normal plants. Bushy head mutants otherwise looked normal excepting the nature of tall habit. A number of yield component growth parameters were recorded like plant height, basal diameter, plant spread, root length, pod per plant, seeds per pod, pod length/ breadth ratio, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, leaf angle, branching angle, first flowering date, 100% flowering date, total duration, % of pollen sterility and weight of 100 seeds which were found to vary from the control plant. Chromosome analysis revealed a number of aberrations like stickiness, fragmentation, clumping, polyploidy, and laggard and bridge formation etc. at very low frequency. These early flowering mutant plants gives more fiber yield than the control plants with superior quality. Multiple cropping has been possible with the availability of irrigation water and a number of early maturing varieties have introduced in case of various other crops. There should be a suitable bushy head variety of jute also to be best fitted in the multiple cropping patterns. With this objective in view the work on induction of mutation with chemical mutagen Ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS) was initiated.

Key words: Ethylmethane Sulphonate (EMS), Corchorus olitorius L., Bushy head Mutant, 24 hours,

chromosome. concentration 2%


500

0501

CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE: AN OPTION TO ENHANCE POLLINATORS AND SUSTAINABILITY

Neelam Chaudhary, Y S Saharawat1 and V Sivaram

CIMMYT-India, NASC. Complex, DPS. Marg, New Delhi-110012 (India) ; IRRI-India, NASC. Complex, DPS. Marg, New Delhi-110012 (India); Department of Botany, Bangalore University, Bangalore- 560056 (India) ; 1Current Address -Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa New Delhi 110012 India

Pollinators provide an essential ecosystem service that contributes to the maintenance of biodiversity and ensures the survival of plant species including crop plants. Furthermore, the reproductive success in plants is often pollinator limited. Most of the vegetable crops are cross-pollinated i.e. the flowers of these crops need conspecific foreign pollen for pollination and seed set. Insect pollinators set a greater proportion of early flowers of the crop and increase quality and quantity of the seed yield. Heat, soil moisture/ water availability to the plants during drought periods are some major factors that decide the number of pollinators in the crop.

“Conservation agriculture is a technology for maintaining soil quality, retaining soil moisture for longer period, reduces irrigation need of the fields optimises pesticide & fertiliser use and moreover helps in creating the natural habitats for the pollinators and natural enemies.” Conservation technologies collectively helps in reducing the use of pesticides and fertilisers, better crop growth, and most important good population of pollinators and natural enemies in the fields.


501

0502

CALLOSE: DISTRIBUTION, CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, BIOSYNTHESIS AND ROLE IN

REPRODUCTION

S.V.S. Chauhan

Academy of Life Sciences, 8/13 I Kaushalpur Bye Pass Road, Agra-282005

Callose (cal·lose -kal′ōs′) is wide spread as an important cell wall constituent in a wide variety of plants. It is a plant

polysaccharide present in the form of polymer of β-1, 3-glucan linkages with some β-1, 6-branches and it is different

from cellulose. Callose has been reported on algae; in the trumpet, the Laminariaceae; in stem hairs of species of

Borago, Vitis, Geranium and of Osmunda and Blechnum; in Cuscuta haustoria and in penetrated host cells; in root

hairs; in cystoliths in species of the Urticaceae, Moaraceae, and Ulmaceae; in pollen-mother cell walls and

parenchyma cells in irregular accumulations in an apparently unorganized manner, often result of parasitic attack; in

pits of young tracheids; in laticifers of Allium cepa and Hevea brasilliensis; in the endodermis of Equisetaceae and

Filicineae; and in pollen grains, pollen tube walls and as plugs in pollen tubes. A substance having the properties of

callose was demonstrated under certain conditions in the pits of parenchyma cells.

Callase is synthesized during a variety of processes in plant development and/or in response to multiple biotic and

abiotic stresses. It is now generally believed that callose is synthesized by a class of enzymes, termed callose

synthases and that it is degraded by β-1, 3-glucanases. Molecular and genetic studies in Arabidopsis have been

used to identify a set of genes that are involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of callose. The Arabidopsis

genome contains 12 callose synthase (CalS) genes, also known as glucan synthase-like (GSL) genes which encode

the catalytic subunit of callose synthesis.

A special callose wall around the zygote functions to preserve the genetic isolation of this cell from maternal and

endosperm tissues of different genotype. The callose wall is also surrounding the generative cell in a transitory

manner, which breaks down and the generative and vegetative cells are separated by membranes of these cells.

Callose is a multiple player in plant growth and development and plays an essential role during pollen development,

exine formation, pollen germination, pollen tube growth, fertilization, plasmodesmetal regulation and cell plate

formation. The most important function of callose is the formation of exine. Absence or premature dissolution or

persistence (lack of dissolution) of callose surrounding the pollen mother cells (PMCs) leads to pollen sterility.

Callose surrounding the PMCs provides a template or mould for the formation of the species-specific exine

sculpturing pattern. In several species exhibiting sporophytic self-incompatibility, there is complete inhibition of pollen

germination on the stigmatic surface. The inhibition or rejection is caused by the deposition of callose in the germ-

pore or at the tip of the pollen tube. The stigmatic papillae also produce a lenticular plug of callose at their tips.

Abnormalities in pistil development causing low seed-set are known to be due to abnormal patterns of callose

deposition.

In the present paper an attempt has been made to highlight the callose distribution, chemical nature, biosynthesis

with special reference to the role it plays in various reproductive processes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide


502

0503

ROLE OF REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

S.V.S. Chauhan

Academy of Life Sciences, 8/13 I Kaushalpur Bye Pass Road, Agra-282005, India

Life on Earth faces a crisis of historical and planetary proportions. Unsustainable consumption in many northern

countries and crushing poverty in the tropics are destroying wild nature. Extinction is the gravest aspect of the

biodiversity crisis: it is irreversible. While extinction is a natural process, human impacts have elevated the rate of

extinction by at least a thousand, possibly several thousand, times the natural rate. Mass extinctions of this

magnitude have only occurred five times in the history of our planet; the last brought the end of the dinosaur age. In a

world where conservation budgets are insufficient given the number of species threatened with extinction, identifying

conservation priorities is crucial. British ecologist Norman Myers defined the biodiversity hotspot concept in 1988 to

address the dilemma that conservationists face: what areas are the most immediately important for conserving

biodiversity?

The biodiversity hotspots hold especially high numbers of endemic species, yet their combined area of remaining

habitat covers only 2.3 percent of the Earth's land surface. Each hotspot faces extreme threats and has already lost

at least 70 percent of its original natural vegetation. Over 50 percent of the world’s plant species and 42 percent of all

terrestrial vertebrate species are endemic to the 34 biodiversity hotspots. The megadiverse countries are a group of

countries that harbor the majority of the Earth's species and are therefore considered extremely biodiverse.

Conservation International identified 17 megadiverse countries in 1998. All are located in, or partially in, the tropics.

These are Australia, Brazil, China, Columbia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Indonesia, Madagascar,

Malaysia, Papua New Guniea, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, United States and Venezula.

The bio wealth is under unprecedented environmental threat due to habitat loss, fragmentation, over exploitation,

invasion of exotics, pollution and climate change. Reproductive biology plays an important role in biodiversity

conservation. It provides information on life forms, rate of flowering, type of breeding system, plant-pollinator

interaction, fruit and seed output, seed germination, seedling establishment, overall fitness and survival of the

species. This is largely because, the evolutionary success and survival of plants and angiosperms in particular is

largely determined by the efficacy of their reproductive performance. Plants have evolved a wide range of

reproductive strategies to optimize their fitness. Understanding the details of reproduction in plants has been a

fascination area of multidisciplinary research with immense value not only for extending the frontiers of fundamental

knowledge but also for genetic improvement of plants and optimal utilization and conservation. Owing to the

increasing and immediate concern for augmenting food supply, knowledge on reproductive biology bas been utilized

for herbaceous crops. Trees have been neglected and they have not received the attention they deserve due to

difficulties in conducting researches. This is largely because of their large size, prolonged juvenility, long life cycles,

in frequent flowering and inaccessible flowers, trees present numerous problems to researchers for studying various

aspects e.g. selection of plus trees, breeding, progeny testing and selection of elites. The investigations on

reproductive biology of tree species require more time and effort as compared to herbaceous species. Reproductive

biology plays an important role in both in situ and ex situ conservation of biodiversity.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiverse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_International

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics


503

0504

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF PULICAT LAKE- ANDHRA PRADESH S.K.M.BASHA NBKR Medicinal Plant Research Centre, Vidyanagar – 524413, SPSR, Nellore (Dt), A.P, INDIA Pulicat Lake is the second largest brackish water lagoon after Chilika Lake of Orissa along the east coast of India. Estuaries and lagoons have brackish water which shows high biological productivity than fresh or sea water. Hence it has wide range of aquatic, terrestrial flora and fauna. The World Wide Fund for Nature declared it as a protected area. Present study aims to explore the flora and fauna of the lagoon along with the various threats for its eco-degradation which helps to plan necessary conservation methods. Key words: Biodiversity – Pulicat Lake – Threats – Conservation


504

0505

A CLINICAL STUDY TO OBSERVE THE EFFECT OF PANCHAVALKALA RASAKRIYA

IN GHEE BASE IN ACUTE INFECTED WOUND HEALING

Karandugoda K.K.I.E., Perera B.S.R., Pushpakumara A.A.J

Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Minor injuries are a common occurrence in day to day life. If not given proper attention they tend to get

infected giving rise to inflamed, painful conditions which might complicate with bacterial influence. Such

wounds, though not critical, needs immediate care to heal without leading to infection. Sushrutha Samhitha

which is an ancient Ayurvedic text which mainly deals with surgical aspect of diseases suggests a formula

which is said to possess the ability in enhancing healing while reducing inflammation in infected wounds.

Assuming that the formula could stimulate reduction of inflammation in acute infected wounds, to observe

its effect, a clinical trial was carried out on 40 randomly selected chronic wound patients from the Gampaha

Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Teaching Hospital. Minor acute wounds with infection and inflammatory signs

located in the limbs were considered. Selected patients were divided into two groups and the test group

was treated with Panchavalkala Rasakriya in Ghee Base. The test group was treated with ghee which is

the base of the tested preparation. Both groups were given a common set of internal medicine. The number

of days for the signs of inflammation to reduce or disappear was considered. It was seen that all wounds

relieved of signs of inflammarion within 8 days in the test group. It was concluded that Panchavalkala

Rasakriya has the ability of reducing and curing inflammation in acute infected wounds approximately

within a week in the sample group and it is a potential antiseptic drug to heal acute infected wounds and

prevent infection.

Transformation of tobacco with DehE gene from Rhizobium sp.

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