Trade Connections between Asia Minor and the Western Pontic Area in the 4th Century CE. Some...

Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods

In Memory of Professor Heinz Heinen

PONTICA ET MEDITERRANEA

Vol. III

Editorial Board:Victor Cojocaru (editor-in-chief)

Glenn Bugh, Altay Coşkun, Mădălina Dana, Cristian Găzdac, Alexander Falileyev, and Joachim Hupe

Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic

and Roman Periods

Editors:Victor Cojocaru, Altay Coşkun, Mădălina Dana

Mega Publishing HouseCluj‑Napoca

2014

The Proceedings of the International Symposium organized by the Iaşi Branch of the Romanian Academy, the Museum of National History and Archaeology Constanţa, the Research Project ‘Amici Populi Romani’ (Trier – Waterloo ON), and the Cultural Complex ‘Callatis’ Mangalia (Constanţa, July 8–12, 2013), supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS –

UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0054

DTP and cover: Francisc Baja

Cover photo:Map of the Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemy,

following a 15th‑century manuscript

© Editors, 2014

Editura Mega | www.edituramega.roe‑mail: [email protected]

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a RomânieiInterconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods / ed.: Victor Cojocaru, altay Coşkun, Mădălina Dana. ‑ Cluj‑Napoca : Mega, 2014 Bibliogr. Index ISBN 978‑606‑543‑526‑1

I. Cojocaru, Victor (ed.)II. Coşkun, altay (ed.)III. Dana, Mădălina (ed.)

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Contents – Inhalt – Table des matières

Preface 9Note on Abbreviations 17Contributors 19

Altay CoşkunInterconnectivity – In honorem & in memoriam Heinz Heinen (1941–2013) With a Complete Bibliography of His Scholarly Publications 25

Victor CojocaruDie Beziehungen der nordpontischen Griechen zu den außerpontischen Regionen und Dynastien, einschließlich der römischen Hegemonialmacht: Historiographische Übersicht 73

PoNtICA & MICRo‑ASIAtICA

Alexandru AvramLa mer Noire et la Méditerranée: quelques aspects concernant la mobilité des personnes 99

Mădălina DanaD’Héraclée à trapézonte: cités pontiques ou micrasiatiques? 133

Bülent ÖztürkSome observations on tianoi Abroad and the External Relations of tieion / tios (Eastern Bithynia) 155

Adrian RobuByzance et Chalcédoine à l’époque hellénistique: entre alliances et rivalités 187

Thibaut CastelliL’interconnexion des réseaux économiques: les échanges entre le nord‑ouest du Pont‑Euxin et Rhodes à l’époque hellénistique 207

Sergej Ušakov, Sergej BočarovChersonesos taurike und die Ägäis im 5.–3. Jahrhundert v. Chr.: Neue archäologische Fundkomplexe 229

Florina Panait BîrzescuWandering Cult Images between the Aegean and the Black Sea Cities in Hellenistic and Roman times: from Dionysos Kathegemon to Dionysos Karpophoros 251

Iulian BîrzescuSome Remarks on Hellenistic terracotta offerings in the Western Pontic Sanctuaries 269

Johannes NolléAppearance and Non‑Appearance of Indigenous Cultural Elements on the Coins of Asia Minor and thrace 281

Costel Chiriac, Lucian Munteanutrade Connections between Asia Minor and the Western Pontic Area in the 4th Century CE. Some Sphragistic Considerations 299

SELEuCIDICA & MItHRIDAtICA

David Engels„Je veux être calife à la place du calife“? Überlegungen zur Funktion der titel „Großkönig“ und „König der Könige“ vom 3. zum 1. Jh. v. Chr. 333

Mustafa H. SayarLysimacheia. Eine hellenistische Hauptstadt zwischen zwei Kontinenten und zwei Meeren: Ein ort der Interkonnektivität 363

Glenn R. BughMithridates the Great and the Freedom of the Greeks 383

Marie-Astrid BuelensA Matter of Names: King Mithridates VI and the oracle of Hystaspes 397

PoNtICA RoMANA

Maria Bărbulescu, Livia BuzoianuL’espace ouest‑pontique sous l’empereur tibère à la lumière d’un décret inédit découvert en Dobroudja 415

David BraundNero’s Amber‑Expedition in Context: Connectivity between the Baltic, Black Sea, Adriatic and India from Herodotus to the Roman Empire 435

Florian Matei-Popescuthe Horothesia of Dionysopolis and the Integration of the Western Pontic Greek Cities in the Roman Empire 457

Ligia RuscuBecoming Roman? Shifting Identities in the Western Pontic Greek Cities 473

Ioan PisoLe siège du gouverneur de Mésie inférieure 489

Marta Oller GuzmánRecherches sur la prosopographie des magistrats d’olbia du Pont d’après les inscriptions pour Achille Pontarchès 505

Costel Chiriac, Sever-Petru BoțanRoman Glass Vessels in the Western Pontic Area (1st–3rd Centuries CE). General Remarks 525

Giorgio RizzoPontus and Rome: trade in the Imperial Period 555

MICRo‑ASIAtICA RoMANA

Federico Russothe Function of the trojan Myth in Early Roman Expansionism in Greece and Asia Minor 581

Hale Güneythe Economic Activities of Roman Nicomedia and Connectivity between the Propontic and the Pontic World 605

Michael A. SpeidelConnecting Cappadocia. the Contribution of the Roman Imperial Army 625

Filiz Dönmez-Öztürk (†)Erste Ergebnisse epigraphischer Feldforschungen in Bithynien (Göynük und Mudurnu) 641

Indices 663

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Trade Connections between Asia Minor and the Western Pontic Area in the 4th Century CE. Some Sphragistic Considerations*

Costel Chiriac, Lucian Munteanu

Ancient lead sealings are a category of artifacts that has not yet received the scholarly attention it deserves. The earliest works on ancient lead

sealings date back to the 17th century.1 Published a century later, the book of F. Ficoroni is the first comprehensive study, based on an important number of documents. We owe the author the generic name of tesserae, that has remained in use to this day despite its misleading nature.2 Among the works published in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries,3 M. I. Rostovtzeff’s contributions are most remarkable for laying the foun‑dations of the scientific research on Roman lead sealings.4

During the last decades, the study of Roman lead sealings was very much advanced thanks to the various artifacts preserved in public and private collections or found in different Roman sites.5 unfortunately, most of them are brief studies scattered in various publications and, most often, they come down to simple descriptions of objects.6 An outstanding contri‑bution to the field has been made by M. Still, the author of a (yet unpub‑lished) Ph.D. thesis written at the Institute of Archaeology at University * This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS – uEFISCDI, project number PN‑II‑ID‑PCE‑2011‑3‑0054. the authors would like to thank Ms. Natalia Midvichi for the English translation of the text.1 Pignoria 1613; Tomasini 1647; Möbius 1688.2 Ficoroni 1740.3 Garrucci 1847; Dumont 1870; Scholz 1894; Dissard 1905. An ample chronicle of these pioneering works on Roman lead sealings see at Turcan 1987: 7–9. 4 Rostovtsew 1897; Rostowzew 1902; Rostowzew 1903; Rostovtsew – Prou 1900.5 We have selected some of the most relevant studies: Cüppers 1974; Dembski 1975; Vons 1980; Mrozewicz 1981; Gerassimova‑Tomova 1992; Gerassimova‑Tomova 1994; Turcan 1987; Frere 1990; Tóth 1991; Still 1994a; Still 1994b; Ilkić 2006; Gülbay – Kireç 2008. References on some of these works see at Still 1993: 403–405.6 Still 1993: 403.


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College London: in this work, over 2000 lead sealings of different catego‑ries and provenience from within the Roman Empire are gathered, sys‑tematized and commented on.7

Many such objects come from Romania, especially from Dobruja, but they continue to be understudied. Among those scholars who dedi cated investigations to them or published lead sealings from various collections from Romania and from various Roman sites in Dobruja,8 we would like to mention in particular W. Knechtel,9 P. Diaconu,10 I. Barnea,11 V. Culică,12 and C. Chiriac.13

The first attempt at developing a typology of Roman lead sealings goes back to M. I. Rostovtzeff. He proposed a classification scheme based on their shapes, inscriptions and visual representations.14 these criteria were consequently used by almost all specialists.15 Based on the investi gation of a great amount of lead sealings, both published and unpublished, and on studies within the field of Roman history, the recent typological scheme conceived by M. Still is more complex and elaborated,16 but the same basic principles as established by Rostovtzeff have still been preserved.

the Roman lead sealings discovered in the West‑Pontic area do not, however, cover all the categories identified by M. Still. The most common type is the sealing stamped with a single matrix on one side, with different shapes (especially Still no. 5, 6 and 7), while the double‑sided sealings are quite rare (Still no. 2). Five groups may be also identified depending on the representation they bear: 1. imperial sealings; 2. civic and provincial sealings; 3. military sealings; 4. sealings with religious and mythological images; 5. miscellaneous sealings (anepigraphic or with various inscrip‑tions). the last two groups represent half of the Roman sealings discov‑ered in Dobruja; the other half is fairly evenly divided between imperial and civic lead sealings, while the military ones are very few.17

7 Still 1995.8 Munteanu 2005; Paraschiv‑Grigore 2009.9 Knechtel 1915.10 Diaconu 1963; Diaconu 1973.11 Barnea 1969b; Barnea 1972; Barnea 1975a; Barnea 1982; Barnea 1985a; Barnea 1985b; Barnea 1986; Barnea 1990a; Barnea 1990b; Barnea 1992; Barnea 1995; Barnea 1996; Barnea 1997.12 Culică 1971; Culică 1975; Culică 1976; Culică 1979.13 Chiriac – Ungureanu 2004; Chiriac 2011.14 Rostovtsew 1897: 468–470; Rostovtsew – Prou 1900: 7–9.15 With regards to our area, see the adjustment of Rostovtzeff’s typological scheme by V. Culică (Culică 1975: 225f., 236f., n. 61; Culică 1976: 116f.; Culică 1979: 145, n. 3).16 Still 1995: 35–50 and 53, fig. I.17 These preliminary classifications are hypothetical and have been based only on the study of pieces already published by the authors mentioned above (see n. 8–13); see also Still 1995: 179–181, fig. 19.

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our research has concentrated on the second group – civic and pro‑vincial sealings. this group comprises no less than 51 items18 that were engraved with names of cities or provinces of the Empire.19 In addition, there are nine other pieces (Cat. 52–59) possibly of the same type, but their classification remains uncertain. We may also take into consideration that some of the anepigraphic sealings, especially those showing figures from mythology, could actually be civic and bear the image of the tutelary deity of the city.20 All sealings mentioned here were discovered in the region of Dobruja and are kept in public collections from Romania (in Bucharest, Călărași, Constanţa, Tulcea) and Bulgaria (in Dobrich, Silistra). Most of them were already published, though we could include a number recently found lead sealings, which are presented here for the first time (Cat. 4, 8, 11/2, 16, 18, 19, 42/3, 45; pl. I.1–7; II.1–4).21

As to the shape, all our sealings conform with Still type no. 5 – one‑sided with swelling on the blank reverse, sometimes rising from a surroun ding flan. The swelling on the reverse can take many forms, including rounded, pointed, steep or shallow, since it is usually irregular.22 In general, the production of lead is quite easy, due to its physical‑chemical properties: its low melting point, malleability and easy perforation. Although the technique of producing these sealings must have been relatively simple and involving limited resources, it is difficult to reconstruct. According to V. Culică23 and M. Still,24 the sealings were made on the spot, directly on the fabric covering the packages. the molten lead was dripped on to the string to be sealed, and then was impressed with a matrix. this hypothesis is supported by the existence of pieces bearing the imprint of either the weave of a textile or the grain of wood on their reverse.25 We did not iden‑tify such examples inside our group and we believe that these impressions could have occurred after their production, during the transportation of merchandise.

As a direct result of careful analysis of the pieces, we would like to suggest an alternative manufacturing procedure. We assume that a small 18 See the catalog at the end of the paper.19 only the general references to similar leads (from Smyrna and Ephesos) discovered at tomis and, apparently, stored in the Collection of the Numismatic Cabinet of the Library of the Romanian Academy, see Barnea 1969b: 22, n. 5; Culică 1976: 119, n. 73.20 Still 1995: 91.21 We would like to thank to G. Atanasov (Silistra), I. Valeriev (Dobrich), I. Matei (Bucharest) and G. Nuțu (Tulcea) for the kindness with which they have provided us with these pieces and offered us information about their origin; the drawings were made by Mr. R. Ionescu, from the Institute of Archaeology of Iași.22 Still 1995: 42f.23 Culică 1975: 227–231.24 Still 1995: 43f. and 50f.25 Culică 1975: 230; Culică 1979: 146f., no. 135; Still 1995: 42–45 and 93.


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amount of molten lead was dripped into a mould, then a bronze wire was applied upon the rim of the mould, next a few drops of molten lead were added over the wire and, finally, the surface was stamped. The supposi‑tion that the lead was casted in two stages26 is supported by the existence of several pieces composed of two distinct parts. To further buttress this view, we refer to a particular sealing on which the separation line between the two parts is quite visible on the channel‑hole level (pl. II.5).

the moulds were presumably made of carved stone or clay. those made of clay were achieved by stamping the soft material with natural objects. E.g., two of the commercial sealings presented in our study seem to pre‑serve on their reverses the imprints of a walnut shell (pl. II.6) or a fruit ker‑nel (pl. II.7). In 2009, during the excavations in the settlement of Ulmetum (Pantelimon, Constanța county, Romania), four moulds of bronze were found, with rests of molted lead placed inside.27 We suppose they were used for casting a different category of sealings, probably imperial ones.

Due to the sloppy manufacturing, the sealings’ dimensions and weights are very different, even in the case of pieces that bear identical inscrip‑tions. the base diameter varies between 8 and 23 millimetres28 and the swelling’s height from 4 to 11 millimetres. their measured weights range between 1 and 9 grams, but most of them are concentrated between 4 and 6 grams, or very close to these values.

All the pieces we have collected in the attached catalogue, civic and provincial, are epigraphic. the civic lead sealings bear only inscriptions with Greek letters representing the names of the towns, often depicted in a quadratum incusum. In most cases, the legend is described in two lines (sometimes separated by a horizontal line) and only in a few cases it appears in three, even four lines, or just in a single line. only on some of the pieces that we consider uncertain the inscription is depicted as mono‑grams (Cat. 52–54). Apart from these exceptional cases, one may notice the relative similarity of the design of the matrices used.29 Along with the Greek inscription, some of the provincial sealings from Pamphylia bear the representation of a lion (Cat. 44), a female bust in a chiton secured by a ‘Zwiebelknopffibel’ (Cat. 46)30 and a female figure with specific attributes (Cat. 47–49). only one of the sealings shows the name of the same prov‑ince in Latin (Cat. 50).26 A similar hypothesis is shared by V. Culică (Culică 1975: 229f.).27 Information offered by C. Băjenaru (Constanța) whom we would also want to thank.28 these wide variations could also be explained by the fact that in many publications it is not specified whether it is the size of the entire base or just of the sealing mark.29 Still 1995: 95.30 This kind of ‘Cross-like brooches’ / ‘Zwiebelknopffiebeln’ is very common in the 4th

century CE; it appears on an image depicted in a grave from Durostorum, dated to the same period; see the recent discussion at Nuțu – Chiriac 2012: 199–201.


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The Greek legend of the sealings appears in at least two different gram‑matical cases. In some of them, the name of the city is in the nomina tive singular, while on others the genitive plural of the ethnic is used. How‑ever, for the most part, abbreviations are used, so that it is difficult to iden‑tify the correct case. Following M. Still’s model,31 we have the legends as follows:

a. Nominative singular: ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΙC (Cat. 26); ΠΑΜΦΥΛΑ (Cat. 45); ΠΑΜΦΥΛΙΑC (Cat. 46); CΥΟΝYC (Cat. 55); ΤΡΑΛΙC (Cat. 42/3); ΥΠΑΙΠΑ (Cat. 14–16);

b. Nominative singular or abbreviated genitive plural: ΚΛΑΖΟΜΗ (Cat. 19); ΚΟΛΟΗ (Cat. 20); ΜΑΓΝΗΤ/ΜE (Cat. 24); ΡΝΑ/CΜΥ (inverted lines) (Cat. 38–41); CΜΥΡΝΑ (Cat. 28–37); ΤΗΡΕΙΗ (Cat. 56);

c. Genitive plural: ΕΦΕCΙ (Cat. 5–8); ΕΦΕCΙΩΝ (Cat. 9–13); ΚΟΛΟΗΝΩ (Cat. 21/2); ΛΑΟΔΙΚΕΩΝ (Cat. 23); ΠΑΜΦΥΛΩΝ (Cat. 47–49); ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΩΝ (Cat. 27); ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝ (Cat. 17/8).

d. Abbreviated nominative singular or genitive plural: ΑΔΡΑ (Cat. 1); ΑΝΤΑ (Cat. 2); ΑC (Cat. 3); ΔΙΟCΙΕΡΙ (Cat. 4); ΜΕΑΝΤΕΡ (Cat. 25); ΠΑΜΦΥ (Cat. 44).

one may notice some similarities between these legends and those engraved on the coins minted in monetary workshops which operated in most of the same urban centres. Especially in Roman times, the most com‑mon form used on coins was the genitive plural, referring to the people of the city, while other forms occurred only rarely.32 As far as sealings are concerned, besides the fully inscribing the city’s ethnic, the abbreviation of the cities’ names was common and diversified. Possible explanations for this may be the short period of their manufacturing, the lack of interest in details or the small writing surface of sealings.

Particular features of the inscriptions can differ also for the same city of origin, not only regarding the grammatical forms and abbreviations which we have just discussed, but also in respect of the shape (lunate or angular), size or position of the letters. This said, the number of sealings that bear nearly identical inscriptions is still surprisingly high, and such cases convey the impression that they were produced with the same dies,33 probably in a short time.

31 Still 1995: 91f.32 For the coin legends of these towns, the following references continue to be useful: Bmc Mysia: 2–7 (Adramytteion); 110–167 (Pergamon); Bmc troas: 33–35 (Antandros) and 36–39 (Assos); Bmc Lydia: 74–78 (Dios Hieron); 108–121 (Hypaipa); 326–362 (tralleis); Bmc Ionia: 47–115 (Ephesos); 17–35 (Klazomenai); 158–174 (Magnesia); 175–182 (Metropolis); 237–308 (Smyrna); Bmc Phrygia: 278–330 (Laodikeia); Bmc Lycia: 140 and 162 (Pamphylia).33 V. Culică is the first who identified the use of common dies in the cast of the civic sealings from Sucidava (Culică 1975: 244, 246, 255; Culică 1976: 118f. and 121; Culică 1979: 147); see also Still 1995: 95.


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Based on the legends, we were able to identify the names of the fol‑lowing cities from Asia Minor (pl. IV): Adramytteion (Mysia),34 Antan dros (troas),35 Assos (troas),36 Dios Hieron (Lydia),37 Ephesos (Ionia),38 Hypaipa (Lydia),39 Klazomenai (Ionia),40 Koloe (Lydia),41 Laodikeia (Phrygia),42 Magnesia (Ionia),43 Maiandroupolis (Ionia),44 Metropolis (Ionia),45 Per‑gamon (Mysia),46 Smyrna (Ionia),47 tralleis (Lydia)48 and Pamphylia (region)49. other two possible centres whose names appear on the sealings might been Sionia (Ionia/Mysia [?])50 and thyaira (Ionia/Lydia [?])51. As for the lead sealings we were unable to identify, they might be bearing names of yet unidentified cities or hitherto unknown versions of toponyms.

At least 17 cities from Asia Minor, along with Pamphylia province are represented by the sealings recorded in our catalogue. Most of these com‑mercial centres belong to the historical regions located mainly on the west‑ern coast of Asia Minor. the majority of the lead sealings come from cities of Ionia (especially from Smyrna, Ephesos) and Lydia (Hypaipa, Koloe) (pl. III.1).

Almost all sealings studied so far were discovered inside Roman sites from Dobruja or in their vicinity (pl. V): Altinum (Oltina, Constanța county, Romania) (Cat. 46), Cius (Gârliciu, Constanța county, Roma‑nia) (Cat. 35), Durostorum (Silistra, Bulgaria) (Cat. 8, 11–13), Halmyris

34 Hirschfeld 1893: 404; Schwertheim 1996a: 127f.; Batlas: 843, map 56 D2 (Adramyttium); for other presumed identifications, based on a distinct interpretation of the legend, see Still 1995: 330.35 Hirschfeld 1894: 2346; Schwertheim 1996b: 724; Batlas: 844, map 56 D2; for a different interpretation of the inscription, see Culică 1975: 132; Culică 1979: 148.36 Bürchner 1896: 1748; Schwertheim 1997: 112f.; Batlas: 844, map 56 C3.37 Bürchner 1903: 1083f.; Batlas: 845, map 56, G5.38 Bürchner 1905; Wirbelauer – Höcker 1997; Batlas: 941, map 61 E2 (Ephesus).39 Bürchner 1914: 195f.; Batlas: 847, map 56 F5.40 Bürchner 1921a; Ziegler – Engelmann 1999; Batlas: 848, map 56 D5.41 Bürchner 1921b; Batlas: 848, map 56 G5.42 Ruge 1924; Olshausen 1999: 1132f.; Batlas: 1001, map 65 B2 (Laodicea ad Lycum); for other presumed locations of this city, see Culică 1975: 131 and Still 1995: 323.43 Bürchner 1928a: 471f.; Blümel 1999; Batlas: 944, map 61 F2 (Magnesia ad Maeandrum); for another possible identification, see Culică 1976: 131.44 Bürchner 1928b; Batlas: 944, map 61 E2 (Maiandros/Maiandroupolis [?]).45 Keil 1932; Meriç 2000; Batlas: 849, map 56 E5; for other presumed locations of this city, see Barnea 1969b: 25.46 Zschietzschmann 1937; Radt [et al.] 2000; Batlas: 851, map 56 E3 (Pergamum).47 Bürchner 1927; Petzl – Berger 2001; Batlas: 852, map 56 E5.48 Ruge 1937; Kaletsch 2002: 750f.; Batlas: 947, map 61 F2 (tralles).49 Ruge 1949; Martini 2000: 216–219. 50 Ruge 1927; for a different decoding of the legend, see Still 1995: 544.51 Meriç [et al.] 1979; Batlas: 947, map 61 F1. However, we should also mention I. Barnea (Barnea 1992, 284f.), who rather identifies the name of the city as Tereia (Mysia) (see Ruge 1934).


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(Murighiol, Tulcea county, Romania) (Cat. 43), Ibida (Slava Rusă, Tulcea county, Romania) (Cat. 16), Noviodunum (Isaccea, tulcea county, Roma‑nia) (Cat. 3, 27, 57/8), Sucidava (Izvoarele, Constanța county, Romania) (Cat. 1–2, 4–7, 10, 14/5, 17–19, 23/4, 30–34, 37–42, 44, 47–50, 52–55, 59) and Tomis (Constanţa, Constanța county, Romania) (Cat. 9, 20–22, 25/6, 28/9, 36, 51, 56). Most of them are located on the Lower Danube and concentrate around the Sucidava area; only one sealing was found inside the province and a few others on the Black Sea coast (pl. III.2). unfortunately, except from one (from Halmyris), they are all stray finds and cannot be linked to any archaeological context.

Within the Roman world, the West Pontic area revealed an unusually high number of Micro‑Asian civic and provincial sealings of varied ori‑gins. Such pieces were found in a smaller amount outside this area, mostly in the interior of the Balkans, in the province of thracia, on sites such as Arzus (Kalugerovo, Bulgaria),52 Cabyle (Jambol, Bulgaria),53 translitis (Dimitrov grad [?], Bulgaria)54 and Kocherinovo (Bulgaria)55. As we move away from this area, their presence becomes sporadic, being discovered exceptionally in Moesia Inferior – Novae (Svishtov, Bulgaria),56 Panno‑nia Superior – Siscia (Sisak, Croatia),57 Gallia Lugdunensis – Lugdunum (Lyon, France),58 Gallia Belgica – Augusta treverorum (trier, Germany)59 and Britannia – Ickham (England)60. Some of the cities’ and provinces’ names attested on the sealings discovered outside the West Pontic area do not appear in our Catalogue. We note, however, the same predominance

52 Apollonia (Mysia [?]) – 1 pc. (Gerassimova‑Tomova 1994: 379, no. 23); Apollonia (Pisidia [?]) – 1 pc. (Gerassimova‑Tomova 1994: 380, no. 25; Still 1995: 334, no. 0373); Cyme (Aeolia) – 1 pc. (Still 1995: 335, no. 0376); Ephesos (Ionia) – 2 pcs. (Gerassimova‑Tomova 1994: 378, nos. 17/8; Still 1995: 335, nos. 0374/5); Hypaipa (Lydia) – 1 pcs. (Gerassimova‑Tomova 1994: 379, no. 24; Still 1995: 339, no. 0387); Pergamon (Mysia) – 2 pcs. (Gerassimova‑Tomova 1994: 379, nos. 21/2; Still 1995: 335f., nos. 0377/8); Smyrna (Ionia) – 6 pcs. (Gerassimova‑Tomova 1994: 378, nos. 19–20; Still 1994a: figs. 3.14–19; Still 1994b: 391, nos. 6–7; 395, figs. 6–7; Still 1995: 336–338, nos. 0380–0385).53 Ephesos (Ionia) – 2 pcs. (Gerasimov 1974: 318f.; Gerassimova‑Tomova 1982: 144, no. 6; fig. II.11; Still 1995: 333f., nos. 0369/70); Hypaipa (Lydia) (?) – 1 pc. (Gerassimova‑Tomova 1982: 144f., no. 7; fig. II.12; Still 1995: 472, no. 1724); Pontus (region) – 1 pc. (Still 1995: 317, no. 320).54 Ephesos (Ionia) – 2 pcs. (Still 1995: 334, nos. 0371/2).55 Apollonia (Pisidia [?]) – 1 pc. (Still 1995: 338f., no. 0386).56 Magnesia (Ionia) – 1 pc. (Mrozewicz 1981: 82, no. 18, fig. 18; Still 1995: 326f., no. 0351).57 Klazomenai (Ionia) (?) – 1 pc. (koščević 2000: 95; 97, no. 1; 99, t. 1.1).58 Smyrna (Ionia) – 1 pc. (Dissard 1905: 33, no. 172; Still 1995: 320f., no. 0331); Pamphylia (region) – 1 pc. (Dissard 1905: 114f., no. 703; pl. VII.703; Still 1995: 3315, no. 0315A).59 Ephesos (Ionia) – 1 pc. (Cüppers 1974: 170, no. 39; Still 1995: 318, no. 0328); tavia (Galatia) (?) – 1 pc. (Binsfeld 1988: pl. 1.3; Still 1995: 320, no. 0329).60 Smyrna (Ionia) – 1 pc. (Goodburn [et al.] 1979: 352, no. 33e, fig. 26.e; Frere 1990: 95, no. 2411.41, fig. 41; Still 1994a: fig. 3.1; Still 1995: 318, no. 0325).


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of the Ionian centres, such as Smyrna or Ephesos, on the sealings found in different parts of the Roman Empire.

Such lead sealings have not been reported, according to our informa‑tion, in areas such as Northern Pontus Euxinus – Crimea. the areas where they were found largely overlaps with the region marked by the pres‑ence and the military actions of the Roman army in the Balkans and in the Lower Danube during the Gothic War lead by the Roman emperor Valens between 366–369 CE (Amm.Marc. 27.5).61 This war affected mostly the provinces of Moesia Secunda and Scythia Minor, both belonging to the Diocese of thrace (pl. VI).62 the emperor’s headquarter was in Marciano‑polis (Devnya, Bulgaria) and his military actions took place particularly in the area of Danube fords near the cities of Durostorum, Carsium (Hârșova, Constanța county, Romania) and Noviodunum.63

As is well known, Valens and Athanaric, the leader of the Goths across the Danube (judex potentissimus), signed a peace treaty which was favour‑able to the Romans and also acceptable to the Goths in Noviodunum in the year 369 CE. on this occasion, the two contracting parties opened two border market places that were located – according to the majority opin‑ion, in Noviodunum and Constantiniana – Sucidava (?).64

these lead sealings were intended for goods which were part of the pro‑visioning system of the military troops stationed along the Danube river and probably constituted the contribution of the cities in the provinces of Asia Minor, being controlled by an imperial customs and administra‑tive system similar to the former Quadragesima portuum Asiae, whose head‑quarters was located in Ephesos.65 In C. Boon’s opinion, a customs system was reopened in the province of Asia most probably during the reign of Julian the Apostate, and headquartered in the same Ionian city. Conse‑quently, this might explain the presence of the sealings from Ephesos and Smyrna in places like Sucidava or Augusta treverorum.66 According to M. Still, who commented on the various proposals and explanations for using these sealings, it is possible that the wares on which these commer‑cial civic sealings were applied were generally goods intended for mili‑tary supplies, with no connection to any special event. the same author points out S. Mitchell’s opinion, according to which the state was the one

61 Suceveanu – Barnea 1991: 164–167; Seager 1999: 599–604; Lenski 2002: 127–143; Kulikowski 2007: 115–118.62 Zahariade 2006: 39–43.63 Suceveanu – Barnea 1991: 164f.; Lenski 2002: 127–133.64 Suceveanu – Barnea 1991: 165; Seager 1999: 600f.; Lenski 2002: 134–137.65 For the customs districts of Asia Minor during the Principat, see Laet 1949: 273–281; Mitchell 2008: 195–197; Rathbone 2008: 274; Rowe 2008: 248–250.66 Boon 1991: 318f.


307

organi zing this military supply since, due to the customs duties, it could not be left to the initiative of private traders.67

From M. Still’s point of view, this explains the similarity in shape and design of the matrices used in various other cities such as those presen ted, in our case, in the table accompanying the map showing the spread of the sealings68 (pl. IV). this means that a unique sealing system was adopted for the goods intended to provision the army on the Danube shores, and that this was placed under the administrative control of Ephesos. We can thus understand why the sealings of some cities inside Asia Minor appear along with those of the major centres on the Ionian coast. We must admit, however, that the presence of a relatively large number of civic and pro‑vincial commercial sealings seems to be due to the war of Valens with the Goths, which triggered a high demand of products necessary for provi‑sioning the army, a demand that was fulfilled by the contributions of the cities of Asia Minor. Hence, in all likelihood, the time period in which these sealings were used was very short, about four or five years, although a somewhat longer use, possibly until the disaster at Hadrianopolis in 378 CE, cannot be excluded.69

Besides, also some sealings with typically palaeo‑Christian repre‑sentations were discovered in Dobruja (in Durostorum, Noviodunum and Sucidava). they were found in the same regions as the civic com‑mercial sealings which are the main subject of our paper.70 these lead sealings of Christian character must be linked to the religious commu‑nities in the major religious centres (Ephesos, Smyrna etc.). However, almost all cities that are included in the list of the civic sealings that we have presented above are mentioned in Notitiae Episcopatuum as episco‑pal centres, too.71 Above all, we must further consider the Christian mis‑sionary activities in the lands inhabited by the Goths north of the Dan‑ube, for they were substantial enough to induce Athanaric to perceive the early Christian communities in his kingdom as a threat, and thus to persecute them.72

the system of sealings and routing applied to the goods from Asia Minor destined to provisioning the army on the Danube was probably

67 Mitchell 1983: 137–145; Still 1995: 89 and 94.68 Still 1995: 93f.69 Diaconu 1973: 639; Zahariade 1988: 172f.; Suceveanu – Barnea 1991: 241; Lenski 2002: 136.70 For discoveries of Christian character in Scythia Minor, see Diaconu 1963: 546–550; Diaconu 1973; Barnea 1968; Barnea 1975b; Culică 1976: 127–133; Suceveanu – Barnea 1991: 285–295; Zugravu 2007; Oppermann 2010; Chiriac 2011.71 For the eparchy of Asia, see Darrouzès 1981: 206f. (Notitia I); 219 (Notitia II); 233 (Notitia III); 252 (Notitia IV).72 Lenski 2002: 116–127; Heather – Matthews 2004: 47–144; Kulikowski 2007: 107–111.


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controlled by the Comes Sacrarum Largitionum.73 this seems to be implied by the responsibility for the Comites commerciorum (geographically organ‑ised in dioceses [Not.Dign. Or. 13.6.8]), who were in charge of supervising trade activities on the ground, possibly also with the populations across the Danube.74 the according products and goods were transported both by sea and by land along the main roads which linked Constantinople to the Danube regions. In this regard, the recent bronze moulds for manufac‑turing lead sealings, discovered in a fortress at ulmetum, central Dobruja, can be regarded as a proof for the existence of mansiones on the imperial road between Marcianopolis and Noviodunum (pl. VI).

In conclusion, we believe that commercial lead sealings bearing the names of cities and provinces in Asia Minor are evidence for a long‑dis‑tance trade that was under strict control of the Roman state: goods were delivered from the relatively peaceful and prosperous area to the Dan‑ube region, in order to supply the Roman army, in particular during the Gothic war under the emperor Valens. Possibly, some of these goods were also traded on the two market places opened in Noviodunum and Suci‑dava, after the peace with the Goths of 369 CE. We hope that our future studies may contribute to further clarifying this complex case of intercon‑nection between western Asia Minor and the Danube region in the Later Roman Empire.

73 Zahariade 1988: 159–161 and 170f.; Zahariade 2006: 141f.; Suceveanu – Barnea 1991: 238f.; Still 1995: 95.74 Zahariade 1988: 160f. and 170–173; Zahariade 2006: 141f. and 150–154; Suceveanu – Barnea 1991: 237f.


309

CAtALoGuE **

A. Civic sealings

Adramytteion (Mysia)

1. a. Type I; ΑΔΡ/Α;b. 5.04 g; 8 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 255, no. 126; 256, pl. XI.126; 260, pl. XV.126; Culică 1976: pl. X.126; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 330, no. 0361.

Antandros (Troas)

2. a. Type I; ΑΝ/ΤΑ;b. 5.72 g; 6x7 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 255, no. 117; 254, pl. X.117; 260, pl. XV.117; Culică 1976: pl. X.117; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 330, no. 0362.

Assos (Troas)

3. a. Type I; ΑC;b. 3.41 g; 16 mm; c. Noviodunum; EMRIt inv. no. 38560; d. Barnea 1995: 101f, no. 6; Barnea 1997: 354.

Dios Hieron (Lydia)

4. a. Type I; ΔΙΟC/ΙΕΡΙ;b. 5.74 g; 15x17 mm;c. Sucidava area (between Izvoarele and Dunăreni, Constanța county, Roma‑nia); MNHAC (coll. I. Matei) inv. no. 82.297;d. unpublished (inf. I. Matei, Bucarest) (pl. I.1).

** Explanations to the Catalogue: a. type and legend; b. weight and diameter; c. finding place and keeping place (EMRIt – Eco‑Museum Research Institute tulcea [Romania]; IAIB – Institute of Archaeology Bucharest [Romania]; LDMC – Lower Danube Museum Călărași [Romania]; MNHAC – Museum of National History and Archaeology Constanţa [Romania]; NHMR – National History Museum of Romania [Bucharest, Romania]; NCLRA – Numis‑matic Cabinet of the Library of the Romanian Academy [Bucharest, Romania]; RHMD – Regional History Museum Dobrich [Bulgaria]; RHMS – Regional History Museum Silistra [Bulgaria]); d. bibliography. We used the following abbreviations: coll. – collection; g – grams; inf. – information; inv. no. – inventory number; mm – millimetres; S – section.


310

Ephesos (Ionia)

5. a. Type Ia; ΕΦΕ/CΙ;b. 6.77 g; 10x11 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 246, no. 58; 245, pl. V.58; 258, pl. XIII.58; Culică 1976: 119f., 131; pl. V.58; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 322, no. 0334.

6. a. Type Ia; ΕΦΕ/C[Ι];b. 5.09 g;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 246, no. 59; 245, pl. V.59; 258, pl. XIII.59; Culică 1976: 119f., 131; pl. V.59; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 322, no. 0335.

7. a. Type Ib; ΕΦΕ/CΙ;b. 4.46 g;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 246, no. 60; 245, pl. V.60; 258, pl. XIII.60; Culică 1976: 119f., 131; pl. V.60; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 322, no. 0336.

8. a. Type Ib; ΕΦΕ/CΙ;b. 3,80 g; 16x19 mm;c. Durostorum; RHMS;d. unpublished (inf. I. Valeriev, Dobrich and G. Atanasov, Silistra) (pl. I.2).

9. a. Type IIa; ΕΦΕ/CΙΩΝ;b. 15x18 mm;c. Tomis (?); NCLRA (coll. M. C. Șuțu);d. Barnea 1969b: 25, no. 7, fig. 1.7; Barnea 1972: 253f., fig. 2.3; Barnea 1982: 202; Barnea 1985a: 241; Barnea 1985b: 298; Barnea 1986: 121; Barnea 1997: 354; Culică 1976: 119f.; Still 1995: 327f., no. 0353.

10. a. Type IIb; ΕΦΕ/CΙΩΝ;b. 4.84 g; 10x12 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Diaconu 1973: fig. 3.7; Culică 1975: 246, no. 57; 245, pl. V.57; 258, pl. XIII.57; Culică 1976: 119f., 131; pl. V.57; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 321f., no. 0333.

11. a. Type IIc; [Ε]ΦΕ/CΙΩΝ;b. 5.45 g; 17x19 mm;c. Durostorum; RHMS;d. unpublished (inf. I. Valeriev, Dobrich and G. Atanasov, Silistra) (pl. I.3).

12. a. Type II(?); ΕΦ[Ε]/CΙ[ΩΝ];b. 8.30 g; 20x21 mm;c. Durostorum; RHMS;d. unpublished (inf. I. Valeriev, Dobrich and G. Atanasov, Silistra) (pl. I.4).


311

13. a. Type I(?)/II(?); ΕΦ[Ε]/[C]Ι[...];b. 15 mm;c. Durostorum; NHMR;d. Barnea 1982: 202, no. 2; 205, pl. 1.2; Curta 2002: 25, no. 70.

Hypaipa (Lydia)

14. a. Type I; ΥΠΑ/ΙΠΑ;b. 3.30 g; 10x12 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 244, no. 46; 243, pl. IV.46; 258, pl. XIII.46; Culică 1976: 121, 131; pl. IV.46; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 326, no. 0348.

15. a. Type I; ΥΠ[Α]/[Ι]ΠΑ;b. 4.10 g; 10x12 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 244, no. 48; 243, pl. IV.48; 258, pl. XIII.48; Culică 1976: 121, 131; pl. IV.48; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 326, no. 0349.

16. a. Type I; ΥΠΑ/ΙΠΑ;b. 7.69 g; 15x19 mm;c. Ibida; EMRIt (coll. I. Matei);d. unpublished (inf. I. Matei, Bucarest) (pl. I.5).

17. a. Type II; ΥΠΑ/ΙΠΗΝ;b. 4.42 g; 10x11 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 244, no. 47; 243, pl. IV.47; 258, pl. XIII.47; Culică 1976: 121, 131; pl. IV.47; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 326, no. 0350.

18. a. Type II; ΥΠΑ/[Ι]ΠΗΝ;b. 6.05 g; 15x17 mm;c. Sucidava area (between Izvoarele and Dunăreni); MNHAC (coll. I. Matei) inv. no. 82. 298;d. unpublished (inf. I. Matei, Bucarest) (pl. I.6).

Klazomenai (Ionia)

19. a. Type I; ΚΛΑ[Ζ]/ΟΜ[Η];b. 5.17 g; 15x19 mm;c. Sucidava area (between Izvoarele and Dunăreni); MNHAC (coll. I. Matei) inv. no. 82.299;d. unpublished (inf. I. Matei, Bucarest) (pl. I.7).

Koloe (Lydia)

20. a. Type I; ΚΟΛ/ΟΗ;b. 18 mm;


312

c. Tomis (?); NCLRA (coll. M. C. Șuțu);d. Barnea 1969b: 24f., no. 6, fig. 1.6; Barnea 1972: 253f., fig. 2.4; Barnea 1985a: 241; Barnea 1985b: 298; Barnea 1986: 121; Barnea 1997: 354; Still 1995: 328, no. 0354.

21. a. Type II; ΚΟΛΟ/ΗΝΩ;b. 16 mm;c. Tomis (?); NCLRA (coll. M. C. Șuțu);d. Barnea 1969b: 24, no. 4, fig. 1.4; Barnea 1972: 253; Barnea 1985a: 241; Bar‑nea 1985b: 298; Barnea 1986: 121; Barnea 1997: 354; Still 1995: 328, no. 0355.

22. a. Type II; ΚΟΛΟ/ΗΝ[Ω];b. 17x22 mm;c. Tomis (?); NCLRA (coll. M. C. Șuțu);d. Barnea 1969b: 24, no. 5, fig. 1.5; Barnea 1972: 253; Barnea 1985a: 241; Bar‑nea 1985b: 298; Barnea 1986: 121; Barnea 1997: 354; Still 1995: 328, no. 0356.

Laodikeia (Phrygia)

23. a. Type I; ΛΑΟ/ΔΙΚΕ/ΩΝ;b. 2.75 g; 12 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 246, no. 62; 247, pl. VI.62; 259, pl. XIV.62; Culică 1976: 131; pl. VI.62; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 323, no. 0337.

Magnesia (Ionia)

24. a. Type I; ΜΑΓ/ΝΗΤ/M/E;b. 4.58 g; 9x13 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 246, no. 61; 247, pl. VI.61; 259, pl. XIV.61; Culică 1976: 131; pl. VI.61; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 323, no. 0338.

Maiandroupolis (Ionia)

25. a. Type I; ΜΕ/ΑΝ/ΤΕΡ;b. 16x20 mm;c. Tomis; NHMR (coll. M. C. Șuțu) inv. no. 34/43;d. Barnea 1992: 284, no. 3.

Metropolis (Ionia)

26. a. Type I; ΜΗΤΡ/ΟΠΟ/ΛΙC;b. 14 mm;c. Tomis (?); NCLRA (coll. M. C. Șuțu);d. Barnea 1969b: 25f., no. 8, fig. 1.8; Barnea 1972: 253; Barnea 1985a: 241; Bar‑nea 1985b: 298; Barnea 1986: 121; Barnea 1997: 354; Still 1995: 328f., no. 0357.


313

Pergamon (Mysia)

27. a. Type I; ΠΕΡ/ΓΑΜΗ/ΝΩΝ;b. 14 mm;c. Noviodunum; MNHAC; d. Barnea 1985a: 240f., no. 4; 238, pl. I.4; Barnea 1986: 121, no. 4; pl. I.4; Barnea 1990a: 155; Barnea 1997: 354; Curta 2002: 25, no. 68.

Smyrna (Ionia)

28. a. Type Ia; CΜΥ/ΡΝΑ;b. 17x20 mm;c. Tomis (?); NCLRA (coll. M. C. Șuțu);d. Barnea 1969b: 23f., no. 1, fig. 1.1; Barnea 1972: 253f., fig. 2.2; Barnea 1985a: 241; Barnea 1985b: 298; Barnea 1986: 121; Barnea 1997: 354; Culică 1976: 118f.; Still 1994a: fig. 3.11; Still 1995: 329, no. 0358.

29. a. Type Ia; CΜΥ/ΡΝΑ;b. 17x20 mm;c. Tomis (?); NCLRA (coll. M. C. Șuțu);d. Barnea 1969b: 23f., no. 2, fig. 1.2; Barnea 1972: 253f., fig. 2.1; Barnea 1985a: 241; Barnea 1985b: 298; Barnea 1986: 121; Barnea 1997: 354; Culică 1976: 118f.; Still 1994a: fig. 3.12; Still 1995: 329, no. 0359.

30. a. Type Ia; CΜΥ/ΡΝΑ;b. 6.58 g; 12x13 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 244, no. 49; 245, pl. V.49; 258, pl. XIII.49; Culică 1976: 118f., 131; pl. V.49; Culică 1979: 148; fig 5; Still 1994a: fig. 3.2; Still 1995: 323f., no. 0339.

31. a. Type Ia; CΜΥ/ΡΝ[Α];b. 4.46 g; 13 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 244, no. 50; 245, pl. V.50; 258, pl. XIII.50; Culică 1976: 118f., 131; pl. V.50; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1994a: fig. 3.3; Still 1995: 324, no. 0340.

32. a. Type Ia; [C]ΜΥ/ΡΝΑ;b. 4.07 g; 12x13 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 244, no. 52; 245, pl. V.52; 258, pl. XIII.52; Culică 1976: 118f., 131; pl. V.52; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1994a: fig. 3.5; Still 1995: 324, no. 0342.

33. a. Type Ia; CΜΥ/Ρ[ΝΑ];b. 7.48 g;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 244, no. 53; 245, pl. V.53; 258, pl. XIII.53; Culică 1976: 118f., 131; pl. V.53; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1994a: fig. 3.6; Still 1995: 324f., no. 0343.


314

34. a. Type Ia; [C]ΜΥ/Ρ[Ν]Α;b. 5.87 g; 13 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 255, no. 116; 254, pl. X.116; 260, pl. XV.116; Culică 1976: 118f., 131; pl. X.16; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1994a: fig. 3.7; Still 1995: 325, no. 0344.

35. a. Type Ia; CΜΥ/ΡΝΑ;b. 8.36 g; 17x22 mm;c. Cius; MNHAC (coll. I. Matei) inv. no. 82.300;d. Chiriac – Ungureanu 2004: 236–238, fig. 4a-b (pl. II.1, 6).

36. a. Type Ib; [C]ΜΥ/ΡΝΑ;b. 17x20 mm;c. Tomis (?); NCLRA (coll. M. C. Șuțu);d. Barnea 1969b: 23f., no. 3, fig. 1.3; Barnea 1972: 253; Barnea 1985a: 241; Bar‑nea 1985b: 298; Barnea 1986: 121; Barnea 1997: 354; Culică 1976: 118f.; Still 1994a: fig. 3.13; Still 1995: 329, no. 0360.

37. a. Type Ic; [CΜΥ]/ΡΝΑ;b. 6.79 g; 12x13 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 244, no. 51; 245, pl. V.51; 258, pl. XIII.51; Culică 1976: 118f., 131; pl. V.51; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1994a: fig. 3.4; Still 1995: 324, no. 0341.

38. a. Type II; [Ρ]ΝΑ/CΜ[Υ];b. 2.75 g; 12x13 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 244, no. 54; 245, pl. V.54; 258, pl. XIII.54; Culică 1976: 118f., 131; pl. V.54; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1994a: fig. 3.8; Still 1995: 325, no. 0345.

39. a. Type II; [Ρ]Ν[Α]/CΜΥ;b. 1.93 g;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 244, no. 55; 245, pl. V.55; 258, pl. XIII.55; Culică 1976: 118f., 131; pl. V.55; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1994a: fig. 3.9; Still 1995: 325, no. 0346.

40. a. Type II; ΡΝΑ/CΜΥ;b. 2.07 g;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 244, no. 56; 245, pl. V.56; 258, pl. XIII.56; Culică 1976: 118f., 131; pl. V.56; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1994a: fig. 3.10; Still 1995: 325f., no. 0347.

41. a. Type II; [Ρ]ΝΑ/[C]ΜΥ;b. 13 mm;c. Sucidava (?); IAIB (coll. D. A. Sturdza) inv. no. 568/362;d. Barnea 1996: 215f., no. 2; 217, fig. 1.2.


315

Tralleis (Lydia)

42. a. Type I; ΤΡΑ/ΛΙC;b. 5.80 g; 15x17 mm;c. Halmyris; found in 2001, in the civilian settlement, S1, passim; EMRIT;d. Unpublished (inf. G. Nuțu, Tulcea) (pl. II.2, 7).

43. a. Type II; ΤΡΑ/ΛΙC;b. 6.80 g; 14x15 mm;c. Sucidava area (between Izvoarele and Dunăreni); MNHAC (coll. I. Matei) inv. no. 82.301;d. unpublished (inf. I. Matei, Bucarest) (pl. II.3).

B. Provincial sealings

Pamphylia (region)

44. a. Type I; ΠΑΜΦΥ, lion walking right;b. 5.15 g; 13x14 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică) inv. no. 19880;d. Culică 1975: 251, no. 85; 250, pl. VIII.85; 259, pl. XIV.85; Culică 1976: pl. VIII.85; Culică 1979: fig. 5; Barnea 1990b: 317; Still 1995: 544, no. 1596.

45. a. Type II; ΠΑΜΦΥΛ•Α•;b. 5.47 g; 16 mm;c. Southern Dobruja (Bulgaria); RHMD;d. unpublished (inf. I. Valeriev, Dobrich) (pl. II.4).

46. a. Type III; ΠΑΜΦΥ – ΛΙΑC, female bust turned to the right, in a chiton, secu‑red by a ‘Zwiebelknopffibel’ on her right shoulder;

b. 13 mm;c. Altinum; NHMR (coll. P. Papahagi) inv. no. 48/38;d. Barnea 1990b: 317, no. 3; 318, pl. I.3.

47. a. Type IV; [ΠΑΜ] – ΦΥΛΩΝ, female figure standing front, holding cornuco‑piae (?) in left hand and patera (?) in right hand;

b. 4.45 g; 12x13 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică) inv. no. 19833;d. Culică 1975: 241, no. 28; 240, pl. III.28; 257, pl. XII.28; Culică 1976: 121; pl. III.28; Culică 1979: 147; fig. 5; Barnea 1990b: 317; Still 1995: 316, no. 0317.

48. a. Type IV; ΠΑΜ – [ΦΥΛ]ΩΝ, female figure standing front, holding cornuco‑piae (?) in left hand and patera (?) in right hand;

b. 3.20 g; 12x13 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică) inv. no. 19834;d. Culică 1975: 241, no. 29; 240, pl. III.29; 257, pl. XII.29; Culică 1976: 121; pl. III.29; Culică 1979: 147; fig. 5; Barnea 1990b: 317; Still 1995: 316, no. 0318.


316

49. a. Type IV; ΠΑΜ – ΦΥΛΩΝ, female figure standing front, holding cornuco‑piae (?) in left hand and patera (?) in right hand;

b. 3.82 g; 12x13 mm;c. Sucidava; LDMC;d. Culică 1979: 147, no. 139; fig. 1.139; fig. 2.139; fig. 3.139; fig. 5; Still 1995: 316f., no. 0319.

50. a. Type V; PAM/FY/L[IA], palm branch in left field;b. 4.51 g; 12 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică) inv. no. 19891;d. Culică 1975: 253, no. 104; 252, pl. IX.104; 260, pl. XV.104; Culică 1976: pl. IX.104; Culică 1979: fig. 5; Barnea 1990: 317; Still 1995: 315f., no. 0316.

51. a. Unspecified type;c. Tomis; NHMR (coll. Șt. Nicolae) inv. 131106;d. Barnea 1990b: 317.

C. Uncertain civic sealings

Hypaipa (Lydia)

52. a. Type III; [Υ]ΠΑ (the last two letters in monogram);b. 4.90 g; 9x10 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 246, no. 64; 247, pl. VI.64; 259, pl. XIV.64; Culică 1976: pl. VI.64; Still 1995: 542, no. 1588.

Metropolis (Ionia)

53. a. Type IIa; ΜΕΤΡΟ[...] (all the letters in monogram);b. 1.76 g; 8x10 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 246, no. 66; 247, pl. VI.66; 259, pl. XIV.66; Culică 1976: pl. VI.66; Still 1995: 546, no. 1604.

54. a. Type IIb; ΜΕΤΡΟ[...] (all the letters in monogram);b. 1.55 g; 8x9 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);d. Culică 1975: 246, no. 68; 247, pl. VI.68; 259, pl. XIV.68; Culică 1976: pl. VI.68; Still 1995: 546, no. 1605.

Sionia (Ionia/Mysia [?])

55. a. CΥΟΝ/ΥC;b. 4.26 g; 10 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC (coll. V. Culică);


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d. Culică 1975: 246, no. 63; 247, pl. VI.63; 259, pl. XIV.63; Culică 1976: 131; pl. VI.63; Culică 1979: 148; fig. 5; Still 1995: 544, no. 1596A.

Thyaira (Ionia/Lydia [?])/Tereia (Mysia)

56. a. Type I; ΤΗΡ/[ΕΙ]Η;b. 15x23 mm;c. Tomis; NHMR (coll. M. C. Șuțu) inv. no. 34/117;d. Barnea 1992: 284f., no. 4.

D. Unidentified civic sealings

57. a. ΚIΡIΛ[...] (?);b. 21 mm;c. Noviodunum; MNHAC;d. Barnea 1975: 159a, no. 1; fig. 1.1; Barnea 1985b, 301; Barnea 1990a: 155; Bar‑nea 1997: 354; Curta 2002: 24, no. 62.

58. a. EKR (?)/NIC;b. 4.16 g; 17 mm;c. Noviodunum; NHMR;d. Paraschiv‑Grigore 2009: 303, no. 1; 307, fig. 1.

59. a. [...] ΚΤ (?);b. 9x11 mm;c. Sucidava; MNHAC;d. unpublished (inf. I. Matei, Bucarest).

Costel Chiriac Lucian MunteanuInstitute of Archaeology Institute of ArchaeologyIaşi, Romania Iaşi, [email protected] [email protected]


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Abstract: the topic of our study is the civic and provincial lead sealings found in the West Pontic area. We succeeded to record at least 59 such artefacts (some of them presented for the first time in our paper), bearing inscriptions with names of the towns and provinces they originated from. Almost all sealings presented were discovered inside Roman sites from Dobruja or in their vicinity, most of them located on the Lower Danube and only a few on the Black Sea coast. Based on the sealings’ legends, we were able to identify the names of at least 17 cities located mainly on the western coast of Asia Minor, especially from Ionia (Smyrna, Ephesos) and Lydia (Hypaipa, Koloe), and of Pamphylia. We believe that the commer‑cial sealings discovered in the Lower Danube area attest to the trading of goods imported from Asia Minor, in order to maintain the logistics of the Roman army stationed along the Danube during the Gothic war under the emperor Valens (366–369 CE).

Résumé: Notre étude concerne les sceaux civiques et provinciaux trouvés dans la région ouest‑pontique. Nous avons enregistré au moins 59 arté‑facts, dont quelques‑uns inédits, sur lesquels sont inscrits les noms des cités et des provinces de provenance. Presque tous les sceaux présentés ont été découverts à l’intérieur des sites romains de Dobroudja ou dans leur proximité, la plupart d’entre eux étant localisés sur le Danube inférieur et seulement quelques‑uns sur la côte occidentale de la Mer Noire. Grâce aux inscriptions présentes sur ces objets, nous avons pu identifier au moins dix‑sept cités, situées principalement sur la côte ouest de l’Asie Mineure, notamment en Ionie (Smyrne, Éphèse), en Lydie (Hypaipa, Koloè) et en Pamphylie. Nous pensons que les sceaux commerciaux découverts dans la région du bas Danube sont une preuve des échanges entre cette région et l’Asie Mineure, qui visait à assurer l’approvisionnement de l’armée


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romaine stationnée sous l’empereur Valens (366–369 ap. J.‑C.) au long du fleuve, pendant la guerre contre les Goths.

Zusammenfassung: Das thema unserer Studie bilden die städtischen und provinzialen Bleisiegel aus dem westlichen Schwarzmeerraum. Es ist uns gelungen, mindestens 59 dieser Artefakte zu erfassen, die Inschriften mit den Namen ihrer Herkunftsstädte oder ‑provinzen tragen (manche von ihnen werden hier zum ersten Mal dokumentiert). Fast alle entdeckten Siegel wurden innerhalb römischer orte der Dobrudscha oder in deren nächster umgebung gefunden, viele von ihnen an der unteren Donau und nur wenige an der Schwarzmeerküste. Anhand der Siegel‑Legenden konn‑ten wir die Namen von mindestens 17 Städten identifi zieren, die vor allem an der westlichen Küste Kleinasiens liegen, insbesondere Ionien (Smyrna, Ephesos) und Lydien (Hypaipa, Koloe) sowie Pamphylien. Wir glauben, dass die Handelssiegel von der unteren Donau Zeugnisse für den Import von Waren aus Kleinasien sind, welche der Versorgung der römischen Armee an der Donau während des Gothen krieges unter dem Kaiser Valens dienten (366–369 n. Chr.).


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Pl. I. Civic and provincial sealings found in the West Pontic area: 1. Dios Hieron (Cat. 4); 2–4. Ephesos (Cat. 8, 11–12); 5–6. Hypaipa (Cat. 16, 18); 7. Klazomenai (Cat. 19).

1

65

43

2

7


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Pl. II. Civic and provincial sealings found in the West Pontic area: 1. Smyrna (Cat. 35); 2–3. tralleis (Cat. 42–43); 4. Pamphylia (Cat. 45); 5–7. Reverse swelling

of the commercial sealings (unpublished; Cat. 35, 42).

1

65

43

2

7


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1

2

Pl. III. 1. the origin of the civic and provincial sealings found in the West Pontic area (%); 2. The civic and provincial sealings’ fi ndspots in the West Pontic area (%).


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Pl. IV. Map of trade connections between Asia Minor and the West Pontic area in the 4th cent. CE.


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Pl. V. Map of Dobruja’s sites with civic and provincial sealings.


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Pl. VI. the archaeological map of Romanian Dobruja in the 4th cent. CE (adapted after Aricescu 1977).

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