Towards a Critical Race Theory of Information

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Towards a Critical Race Theory of Information Syed Mustafa Ali Computing Department The Open University (UK) [email protected] 4 th ICTs and Society Conference, Uppsala University, 24 May 2012

Transcript of Towards a Critical Race Theory of Information

Towards a Critical Race Theory of Information

Syed Mustafa AliComputing DepartmentThe Open University (UK)

[email protected]

4th ICTs and Society Conference, Uppsala University, 2‐4 May 2012

Motivation

Questions

• What is the nature (root, foundation) of the world system?– Capitalism?– Neo‐liberalism?– or something else?

• What is the nature of ICT?• How should we think about the relationship between the world system and ICT?– Critical theory– or something else?

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Outline

I. Critical Theories of Information– Lash (2002)

– Fuchs (2009)

II. Critical Race Theory (CRT)

III. CRT Critique of Critical Theories of Information

IV. Critical Race Theory of Information

V. Further Work

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Presenter
Presentation Notes
From (1) critical theory of information to (2) critical race theory to (3) a critical race theory critique of critical theory of information to (4) a critical race theory of information

Critical Theories of Information – I

• Critique of Information (Lash 2002)– Informational capitalism (IC)

– Power (intellectual property)

– Inequality• From exploitation (production) to exclusion (consumption)

– Immanent Dialectics • Fusion of matter and idea in information

• Informational order as all‐encompassing (“Enframing”)– Loss of inside/outside distinction

» Q: Is there a top‐side / underside distinction?

• Subversion of IC through play (ludic opposition) 5

Presenter
Presentation Notes
CRITICAL PRECEDENTS: Feenberg, A. (1993) Critical Theory of Technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lash, S. (2002) Critique of Information. London: SAGE Press. Lash, S. (2006) Dialectic of Information? A response to Taylor. Information, Communication & Society 9 (5): pp.572-581. “The dialectic is always a move from concrete to abstract, from substance to form, indeed from ontology to epistemology.” (p.580) Thus, dialectic moves in the direction of abstract / formal epistemology, i.e. disembodiment and lack of situatedness.

Critical Theories of Information – II

• Critical Theory of Information (Fuchs 2009)– DEFINITION: “an endeavour that focuses ontologically on the analysis of information in the context of domination, asymmetrical power relations, exploitation, oppression, and control by employing epistemologically all theoretical and/or empirical means necessary for doing so in order to contribute at the praxeological level to the establishment of a participatory, co‐operative society.”

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Presenter
Presentation Notes
Fuchs, C. (2009) Towards a Critical Theory of Information. tripleC 7 (2) : 243-292; Fuchs, C. (2008) Internet and Society: Social Theory in the Information Age. New York: Routledge; Fuchs, C. (2006) The Self-Organization of Social Movements. Systemic Practice and Action Research 19 (1) : pp. 101-137; Fuchs, C. and Hofkirchner, W. (2005) The Dialectic of Bottom-Up- and Top-Down-Emergence in Social Systems. tripleC 3 (2) : pp. 28-50; Fuchs, C. (2004) The Political System as a Self-Organizing Information System. In Trappl, R. (Ed.) Cybernetics and Systems 2004, Vol. 1. Vienna: Austrian Society for Cybernetic Studies, pp. 353-358; Fuchs, C. (2003) The Self-Organization of Matter. Nature, Society, and Thought 16 (3) : pp. 281-313; Fuchs, C. (2003) Dialectical Philosophy and Self-Organisation. In Arshinov, V. and Fuchs C. (Eds.) Causality, Emergence, Self-Organisation. Moskau: Russian Academy of Sciences, pp. 195-244.

Critical Theories of Information – III

• Critical theory (2.0) is necessarily– Historical (or dialectical)– Materialistic

• Matter as dynamic, eternal (uncreatable, indestructible) , processual (material event monism)

– "Matter is the totality of objects that constitute reality and is itself constituted in space and time by an interconnected totality of bodies that react to one another (motion)...“

• Matter develops higher levels of organisation⇒ structural hierarchies

– Anti‐capitalist (Marxist class‐struggle)

• Foundational Issues– Relation between base and superstructure– Relation between immanence and transcendence– Ideology critique (i.e. critique of society) 7

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Taylor, P.A. (2009) Critical theory 2.0 and im/materiality: the bug in the machinic flows. Interactions: Studies in Communication and Culture 1 (1) : pp.91-110.

Critical Theories of Information – IV

• Base‐Superstructure Relation1. Base

• Nature, technology, economy2. Superstructure

• Polity, culture(1) is necessary, but NOT sufficient for (2)

• Immanence‐Transcendence Relation– Distinction between appearance and essence– Societal existence as immanent under capitalism

• Competition– Societal essence as immanent transcendental

• Co‐operation8

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Cf. Fuchs (2009) base with that of Giddens, Bourdieu and Habermas

Critical Theories of Information – V

• Social Systems Theory– Non‐deterministic, non‐mechanistic actors producematerial structures which constrain actors

• Emergence– “Systemic contradictions [at one level] aggravate as a consequence of quantitative intensification such that a situation results where quantity turns to quality and the system sublates itself”

• Sublation (aufhebung) [Hegel]– systemic transformation

• Preservation (of lower‐level systemic qualities / properties)• Elimination (of lower‐level systemic qualities / properties)• Elevation (of system to higher‐level ⇒ new qualities / properties)

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Critical Theories of Information – VI

• Transnational network capitalism (or global IC)– Modern world phenomena as dynamic networked forms of organisation

– Unified – and unifying – logic of accumulation

• Inequality– Exploitation (production) and exclusion (consumption)

– Emancipation• Inclusion, social justice, participatory democracy (cooperation)

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Critical Theories of Information – VII

• Critique of Information(Lash 2002)– Emergence– Materialism– Networks– Self‐organisation– Non‐linearity– Complexity– Layering(hierarchy)

– Immanent dialectics

• Critical Theory of Information(Fuchs 2009)– Emergence– Materialism– Networks and systems– Self‐organisation– Non‐linearity– Complexity– Structuring(hierarchy)

– Immanent and transcendent dialectics

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Critical Theories of Information – VII

• Critique of Information(Lash 2002)– Emergence– Materialism– Networks– Self‐organisation– Non‐linearity– Complexity– Layering(hierarchy)

– Immanent dialectics

• Critical Theory of Information(Fuchs 2009)– Emergence– Materialism– Networks and systems– Self‐organisation– Non‐linearity– Complexity– Structuring(hierarchy)

– Immanent and transcendent dialectics

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Ontologically‐autopoieticNOT closed or autonomousDialectically‐materialisticScientific ⇒ atheistic

Critical Race Theory (CRT)

• DEFINITION– “Investigates the shifting meanings of race and how it works in society, and proposes interventions in the name of social justice” (Nakamura and Chow‐White 2012)

• Precedents– Roediger, Goldberg, Winant, Bonilla‐Silva, Zuberi (sociology)– Eze, Bernasconi, Taylor (philosophy)

• Decolonial Studies– Dussel, Quijano, Mignolo, Grosfoguel, Torres (anthropology)

• Decolonial Studies is NOT postcolonial studies

• Black Radicalism– Fanon (psychology)– Moore, Robinson, Mills (political philosophy)

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What is Race?

• Race as a shifting social construct / formation• Race as based on outer, physical characteristics...

– ...with implications for inner, essential qualities• Race as genealogically‐related to racism• Racism as prejudice and power• Racism as

– moral– attitudinal– intentional– volitional– cognitive

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individualistic

Critique of Individualist Approach

• Racism can exist in a purely structural (or pattern‐based) capacity, that is, in terms of differentially‐embedded power relations that are at least not explicitly intentional

• Patterns of discrimination and/or domination associated with racial difference should not be understood as the exceptional behaviour of individuals deviating from a social norm, but rather, as providing the basis of a global socio‐political system – white supremacy

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Racism as System

• Racism – or global white supremacy – is a political system, a particular power structureof formal or informal rule, socioeconomic privilege, and norms for the differentialdistribution of material wealth and opportunities, benefits and burdens, rights and duties

Charles W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997)16

Presenter
Presentation Notes
NB: Decolonial critics, such as Grosfoguel (2010), describe the system of global white supremacy as a “colonial power matrix” in which “the idea of race and racism becomes the organizing principle that structures all of the multiple hierarchies of the world-system.” (p.71) SOURCE: Grosfoguel, R. (2010) The Epistemic Decolonial Turn: Beyond political-economy paradigms. In Mignolo, W.D. & Escobar, A. (Eds.) Globalization and The Decolonial Option (pp.65-77). New York: Routledge.

The Racial Contract – I

• Formal and / or informal agreements (“contracts”) made by those who self‐classify as white to– classify others as non‐white, and– differentially privilege and empower whites relative to non‐whites

• All whites are beneficiaries of the Racial Contract, though some whites are not signatories.

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Presenter
Presentation Notes
Cf. Sartre, J-P. (1961) Preface to The Wretched of The Earth. New York: Grove Press, pp.7-31: “With us, to be a man is to be an accomplice of colonialism, since all of us, without exception, have profited by colonial exploitation.” (p.25)

The Racial Contract – II

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Networked Social Contract(Horizontal, Egalitarian)

Networked Racial Contract(Vertical, Oppressive)

The Racial Contract – III

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Weiß, A. (2010) Racist Symbolic Capital: A Bourdieuian Approach to the Analysis of Racism. In Wages of Whiteness & Racist Symbolic Capital. Wulf D. Hund, Jeremy Krikler, David Roediger (Eds.) Berlin: LIT Verlag, pp.37‐56.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Fuchs (2009) maintains that: “A capitalist system without patriarchy and racism is in principle imaginable, but not one without class ... Gender and race always have a class aspect, but class exploitation (frequently, but not always and not necessarily has aspects of patriarchy and racism” (p.274) This is ONLY true IF the world system is capitalist; it is false if the world system is, in fact, Racist (White Supremacist). For Fuchs, intra-nationally there are differences of ethnicity, whereas inter-nationally there are differences of ‘race’. Crucially, Fuchs considers race to be a "non-material human life condition", i.e. a CULTURAL issue.

The Racial Contract – IV

The Racial Contract is

• Political

• Moral

• Epistemological– Prescribes norms for cognition

– Motivates selection of facts

– Determines what counts as information...

... but also what counts as mis/disinformation20

Epistemology of Ignorance

• Construction of dysfunctional “colour‐blind” cognitive categories and classifications following the “signing” of the Racial Contract

• A particular pattern of localised and global cognitive dysfunctions (which are psychologically and socially functional) 

• White misunderstanding, misrepresentation, evasion, and self‐deception on matters related to race

Charles Mills, White Ignorance (2007)21

CRT Critique of Critical Theories of Information – I

• Dialectical philosophy (Hegel, Marx, Engels) foundationally incorporates racist elements

• Moore (1972), Eze (1997, 2008), Mills (1997), Bernasconi (2003), Tibebu (2011)

• Revisiting Marx (alá Fuchs) is problematic– NOT because of his overt racism, which Marxists would consider regrettable, yet historically‐contingent and peripheral to his philosophical project, but

– because Marxism is fundamentally Eurocentric in orientation, concealing its colonial underside

• Moore (1972), Robinson (1983), Mills (1997), Mignolo (2010)• Marxism as European universalism (Wallerstein 2005)

– E.g. Emancipation is NOT liberation (contra Fuchs)22

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Fuchs (2009) maintains that “redistribution must always be a foundation for recognition, whereas cultural recognition of different identities is not always a foundation for redistribution...” (p.275) This is problematic since as Mills has shown, redistribution requires PRIOR identification of WHO / WHAT is WORTH redistributing to, i.e. WHO / WHAT counts as a PERSON (i.e. political-economy of personhood). Bernasconi, R. (2003) Hegel's racism: A reply to McCarney. Radical Philosophy 119: 35–37; Eze, E.C. (1997) Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader. London: Blackwell; Eze, E.C. (2008) On Reason: Rationality in a World of Cultural Conflict and Racism. Durham: Duke University Press; Hoffheimer, M.H. (2005) Race and Law in Hegel's Philosophy of Religion. In Valls, A. (Ed.) Race and Racism in Modern Philosophy (pp.194‐216). Ithaca: Cornell University Press; Mignolo, W.D. (2010) De-Linking: The Rhetoric of Modernity, The Logic of Coloniality and the Grammar of De-Coloniality. In Mignolo, W.D. & Escobar, A. (Eds.) Globalization and The Decolonial Option (pp.303-368). New York: Routledge; Mills, C.W. (1997) The Racial Contract. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; Moore, C. (1972) Were Marx and Engels White Racists? The Prolet-Aryan Outlook of Marx and Engels. Chicago: Institute of Positive Education; Peterson, R.L. (2005) Marx, Race and The Political Problem of Identity. In Valls, A. (Ed.) Race and Racism in Modern Philosophy (pp.235‐254). Ithaca: Cornell University Press; Robinson, C.J. (1983) Black Marxism: The Making of The Black Radical Tradition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; Tibebu, T. (2011) Hegel and the Third World: The Making of Eurocentrism in World History. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press; Wallerstein, I. (2005) European Universalism: The Rhetoric of Power. New York: The New Press.

CRT Critique of Critical Theories of Information – II

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modernity postmodernity→

coloniality postcoloniality→

Eurocentric Logic

decoloniality

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Lash (2002): “There is no outside to informational capitalism” (immanent Eurocentric postmodernity); however, there remains a postcolonial underside to postmodernity Coloniality = patterns of power (knowledge, classification etc) Eurocentric logic = re-organization / re-formation

CRT Critique of Critical Theories of Information – III

• Emancipation (Fuchs 2009)– Inclusion / assimilation– From Eurocentrism to polycentrism

• Eurocentric critique of Eurocentrism (postmodernity)• Ego‐politics (abstract / neutral / colour‐blind)

• Liberation (Mignolo 2010)– De‐linking / non‐assimilation– From coloniality to de‐colonial pluriversality

• Border logics of transmodernity• Geo‐politics / body‐politics (situated / embodied ⇒ raced)

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Presenter
Presentation Notes
De-linking as political, economic AND epistemic

CRT Critique of Critical Theories of Information – IV

• Systems theory, cybernetics, chaos theory, complexity theory, network theory etc– These ‘sciences’ are NOT neutral – Eurocentric genealogy– “Scientific” rebranding of dialectical materialism

• Mask / conceal the ideological nature of dialectical materialism– Is Marxism 2.0 a case of “old wine in a new (non‐linear) bottle”?

• Self‐organisation– Focus on self‐organisation (autopoiesis) masks simultaneous other‐organisation (allopoiesis)

• The ‘other’ is conceived as coupled environment, i.e. resource– Does the self‐other distinction mask an ‘us’‐’them’ distinction?– Does autopoiesismask Europoiesis? Is autopoiesis colonial?

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Presenter
Presentation Notes
See Race after The Internet edited by Lisa Nakamura & Peter A. Chow-White (NY: Routledge 2012) on the co-production of race and computing starting from the post-war U.S. Period; Constructing a Social Science for Postwar America by Steve Joshua Heims (Cambridge: MIT Press 1991); Imaginary Futures: From Thinking Machines to the Global Village by Richard Barbrook (London: Pluto Press 2007); Silicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life in a Digital World by Stefan Helmreich (Cambridge: MIT Press 2000); Escobar, A. (1996) Welcome to Cyberia: Notes on the Anthropology of Cyberspace. In Sardar, Z. And Ravetz, J.R. (Eds.) Cyberfutures: Culture and Politics on the Information Superhighway (pp.111-137). London: Pluto Press.

CRT Critique of Critical Theories of Information – V

• Emergent materialism – I– Does NOT – cannot – solve the “hard” / category problem

• Dialectical emergent materialist approaches are “magical”– brain states : mental states :: molecular behaviour : liquidity

• Need for alternative metaphysics– E.g. panexperientialism – “mind‐dust”? (Van Cleve 1990)

• Emergent materialism – II– Racism and emergent materialism meet at the site of stratification / hierarchy since both conceptualise the latter in colour‐blind / neutral terms

• Is Fuchs’ proposal – and Hofkirchner’s UTI – yet another Eurocentric “Great Chain of Being”?

– WHO gets to identify / specify an “epoch’s inherent and dynamically developing potentials” (Fuchs 2009, p.259)?

Hegel’s “Law” ofThe Transformation  of Quantity into Quality

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Presenter
Presentation Notes
POINT 1: Fuchs (following Marx and Engels) maintains that matter produces consciousness as a form / organisation; material reality causes sensations / emotions/ experiences; consciousness is an activity of the thinking brain; cognition involves the production of a creative reflection (or image) of an object, where reflections are structural / organisational changes in a material system. Fuchs (2008, pp.18-19) cites Hegel’s use of water as an example for the transition from quantity to quality. Hegel (and Engels) claims that under certain conditions, water undergoes qualitative changes, i.e. from ice to water and/or from water to steam. However, it is important to appreciate that these are changes in (third-person) qualities perceptible by a (first-person) consciousness. In this connection, Raymond Tallis (1999) argues that the emergent materialist homology (proposed by philosopher John Searle) - brain states : mental states :: molecular behaviour : liquidity - is problematic since the two terms on the RHS are on the same side of the mind-matter divide, i.e. BOTH ontologically-objective (intrinsic properties) or BOTH ontologically-subjective (secondary qualities). In fact, the situation is worse since this also applies to brain states. A similar critique may be made of Hegel/Fuchs’ attempt to argue that the emergence of mind from brain is analogous to the emergence of ice/steam from water. A structural (spatial, formal) subject-object / self-other distinction is NOT equivalent to an experiential subject-object / self-other distinction. Structural internality is not inner experience. Fuchs maintains that “new qualities of the whole are solely constituted by interactions of its parts." However, what is the nature (or ontology) of an interaction? NB: Fuchs invokes Prigogine and Stengers in support of Hegel, Marx and Engels, yet fails to mention their support for a Whiteheadian concept of process that is non-materialistic. SOURCE: Tallis, R. (1999) On The Edge of Certainty: Philosophical Explorations. London: Macmillan. POINT 2: Marx: “Man is the highest essence of man.” But WHO gets to define the essence of man? Under the Racial Contract, not all humans are men (i.e. political-economy of personhood) "There is no automatic historical development [i.e. fatalistic determinism is false]." However, "dialectical thinking assumes an immanent hierarchy in nature and evolutionary leaps."

Question

• In his post to [email protected]‐and‐society.netdated 2/03/12, Jonathan Beller maintains that– “Just as [Aimé] Césaire saw the European metropoles as the product of third world labor, we are all products of the global south. It is internal to our being. How does one inventory those relations and produce them as formations of solidarity rather than as disavowed residuum?”

• Accept that ‘capitalism’ is a Eurocentric abstraction masking systemic racism (white supremacy) through the operation of an “epistemology of ignorance”

• Shift from Critical Theory of ICT to Critical Race Theory of ICT27

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In his post to [email protected] titled “What is Critical Media and Communication Studies Today?” (14/02/12), Fuchs maintains that “what happened in much of recent Cultural Studies is that the category of class was dropped, which implied a reformist cultural politics that no longer wanted to abolish capitalism and substituted class analysis by identity politics instead of complementing the two”. This binary opposition between radical class politics and reformist cultural/identity politics operates within a Eurocentric frame which excludes the possibility of a radical identity politics committed to the abolition of White Supremacy (Racism). [Mills talks about this in terms of a political economy of personhood.)

Critical Race Theory of Information

i. Post‐materialistic metaphysicsii. Centrality of race (i.e. primary contradiction)

• PRECEDENTS– Nakamura (2004), Chun (2009), Nakamura and Chow‐White (2011)

• LIMITATIONS– Race is NOT understood in systemic terms, i.e. as global white supremacy (Ali Forthcoming)

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Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sardar, Z. (1996) alt.civilizations.faq: Cyberspace as the Darker Side of the West. In Sardar, Z. And Ravetz, J.R. (Eds.) Cyberfutures: Culture and Politics on the Information Superhighway (pp.14-41). London: Pluto Press; Nakamura, L. (2004) Interrogating the Digital Divide: The Political Economy of Race and Commerce in New Media. In Howard, P.N. and Jones, S. (Eds.) Society Online: The Internet in Context (pp.71-83). London: SAGE; Chun, W.H.K. (2009) Introduction: Race and/as Technology; or How to Do Things to Race. Camera Obscura 70, 24 (1): 7-35. [“Mass media are technologies of racialization”; “Race as we know it is an ‘algorithm’ inherited from the age of Enlightenment”]; Nakamura, L. (2011) Introduction – Race and Digital Technology: Code, the Color Line, and the Information Society. In Nakamura, L. and Chow-White, P.A. (Eds.) Race after The Internet (pp.1-18). New York: Routledge.

Further Work

• Feenberg (2012) claims that the internet facilitates– Communicative reciprocity– Small‐group empowerment

• However, Shirky (2003) argues that social (computing) networks evidence power law distributions, and De Leon (2007) claims that such networks are segregated– To what extent are existing power relations – specifically, racial stratification – in both the private (government, corporate) and public (civic) spheres responsible for the production of (alleged) power law distributions?

– Does the ostensibly ‘scientific’ discourse on complexity and self‐organising systems – which makes reference to power laws –mask the operation of these power relations?

• Bureaucratic/corporate gatekeeping and civic gatekeeping• Racial contract masked by social contract 29

Presenter
Presentation Notes
De Leon, C. (2007) The Segregated Blogosphere. http://colorlines.com/archives/2007/03/the_segregated_blogosphere.html; Feenberg, A. (2012) Toward a Critical Theory of the Internet. In (Re)Inventing the Internet: Critical Case Studies. Andrew Feenberg and Norm Friesen (Eds.) Rotterdam: Sense; Shirky, C. (2003) Power laws, Weblogs, and Inequality. http://www.shirky.com/writings/powerlaw_weblog.html.