Tondano pronominal clitics: Philippine-type or Indonesian-type?

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The Thirteenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics

18-23 July 2015

Timothy Brickell (CRLD - La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia). Email:

[email protected]

Tondano pronominal clitics: Philippine-type or Indonesian-type?

Abstract: Western Austronesian languages are commonly categorised as either Philippine-

type or Indonesian-type, with each attested in different geographic areas. While

distinguishing between them is not always straightforward, there are a number of structural

features which have been used to categorise each type.

One broad generalisation used to differentiate these two types relates to the placement and

category of bound personal pronominals. More specifically, whether pronouns are enclitics

which are positioned in relation to an initial element of a clause, or whether they are

proclitics and prefixes which are orientated in relation to the verb. Languages in Taiwan, the

Philippines, and North Sulawesi (Philippine-type) are often thought of as having second

position (2P) or Wackernagel enclitics (Billings & Kaufman 2004), while those in Central

Sulawesi and further south (Indonesian-type) are more likely to have preposed, verb adjacent

pronominals in the form of proclitics or prefixes (Ross 2002: 52; Zobel 2002: 421). This

diagnostic offers a rough overview of the two types of pronominal placement, although it

should be noted that there are exceptions.

This presentation examines the status of pronominal clitics in Tondano, a Philippine-type

language of North Sulawesi. Firstly, I will provide an overview of pronominals from a

number of Philippine-type and Indonesian type- languages, before comparing these to the

features displayed by Tondano pronominal clitics. While it could be expected that Tondano

pronouns display a 2P system, this is not the case. Instead, the Tondano personal pronouns

appear to display a unique pattern of pronominal placement, especially for a Philippine-type

language.

Copyright Timothy C. Brickell 2015

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Presentation Handout:

1) Geography and genetic lineage

The Minahasa regency is located in the northern tip of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Figure 1.1: Map of Sulawesi (Nation master 2012)

The Toulour dialect of Tondano (the other dialects are labelled as Kakas and Rembokan) is

primarily spoken around Tondano township and lake Tondano, and also in various villages

between the lake and the east coast.


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Figure 1.2: Map of Minahasa region of North Sulawesi (North Sulawesi 2012)

The Tondano speech area is adjacent to the traditional speech communities of other

indigenous languages (all endangered) from the Minahasan/North/Northeast branch.

Figure 1.3: Pre-Christian language and ethnic boundaries (Henley 1993:95)


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Tondano belongs to Northeast branch of the Minahasan group, which in turn is one of the

‘micro-groups’ of the Philippine subgroup of WMP (Blust 2013:740).

Figure 1.4: Proto-Minahasan language group (Sneddon 1978:9)

Proto-Minahasan

(Proto) North Minahasan

(Proto) Northeast

Tondano (TDN) Tonsea (TSE) Tombulu (TBL) Tontemboan (TTB) Tonsawang (TSW)

Figure 1.5: Sulawesi microgroups (Mead 2013:141)


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2) Typological information

Tondano has the following typological features:

It is a Philippine-type language as per descriptions in Ross (2002:20), Himmelmann

(2005:112), Arka & Ross (2005:7), and Blust (2013:55).

It has a symmetrical voice system as per Himmelmann (2005:112-13) and Foley

(2008:43).

It is morphologically agglutinative with the following morphological elements

attested: roots, stems, proclitics, enclitics, prefixes, infixes, circumfixes, and suffixes.

There is a lack of strong lexical subcategorisation of content words. Often the same

lexical root may have different syntactic functions at a clausal level (i.e. nominal

lexical roots may have a verbal function and vice versa).

There are two tenses (past and non-past), two aspects (perfect and imperfect), and two

moods (realis and irrealis).

GRs in any clause revolve around the argument which is the syntactic pivot (as per

Dixon 1979 and Foley 2007:389, 2008:42). This argument has unique features such as

being: co-referent with voice marking, a launcher of floating quantifiers, co-

referenced by external topics, and the only argument extracted through question

formation.

GRs of clausal arguments are identified via features such as: word order, bound

pronominal type, and whether or not they are co-referent with voice marking.

Verbal morphology is complex with various combinations of voice marking, verbal

affixation, and TAM marking occurring on verbal stems.

Basic clause types are differentiated as verbal (intransitive and transitive) and non-

verbal (equational and existential).

3) Verbal morphology and voice marking

The Tondano voice marking affixes are outlined in Table 1.1.


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Table 1.1: Voice affixes

Voice marking encoded: Form:

ACTOR VOICE: <um>

PATIENT VOICE: -en

LOCATIVE VOICE: -an

CONVEYANCE VOICE: i-1

Verbal stems contain voice marking which co-occurs with primary verbal affixation. The

verbal affixes pa-/peN- (DYNAMIC), ka- (POTENTIVE), and ka- (STATIVE) are sometimes zero

marked. The following table displays the interactions between voice marking and DYNAMIC

verbal affixation within verbal stems.

Table 1.2: DYNAMIC verbal stems

DYNAMIC affix: Voice affix: Resulting form of verb:

pa-/peN- AV: <um> ma-/meN- [LEXICAL ROOT]

Ø- <um> [LEXICAL ROOT]

pa-/peN- PV: -en pa-/peN- [LEXICAL ROOT] -en

Ø- [LEXICAL ROOT] -en

pa-/peN- LV: -an pa-/peN- [LEXICAL ROOT] -an

Ø- [LEXICAL ROOT] -an

pa-/peN- CV: i- (i)pa-/peN- [LEXICAL ROOT]

Ø- (i-)[LEXICAL ROOT]

4) Personal pronominal paradigms

Tondano has both independent and bound personal pronominals. Bound pronominals are

restricted to expressing arguments with specific GRs while independent forms are more

flexible in this regard.

1 The CV prefix i- has been lost in almost all environments. Despite this, the function it encodes and the instances where it is part of a verbal

stem are unambiguous.


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Table 1.3: Personal pronouns

Free form (PIV, NPIV.UN, OBL) Proclitic (PIV) Enclitic (NPIV.A)

1st sing. niaku ku= =ku

2nd

sing. niko ko= =(m)u

3rd

sing. nisia ~sia (s)i= =na

1st pl. (IN) nikita ~ kita ta= =ta

1st pl. (EX) nikèy kèy= =(m)èy

2nd

pl. nikow kow= =(m)iu

3rd

pl. nisèa ~sèa (s)è= =nèa

5) Language examples

All Tondano language data were collected on fieldwork trips during PhD candidature

between March 2011- March 2015. The Tondano data corpus is currently being further

annotated using the GRAID annotation system of Haig & Schnell (2014), and will soon be

archived at Univerzität zu Köln as part of the Multi-CAST (Multilingual Corpus of Annotated

Spoken Texts) archive within the Clarin-D initiative (https://lac.uni-koeln.de/en/multicast/).


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ABBREVIATIONS OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS

1 first person OBL oblique

2 second person PF patient focus

3 third person PFV perfective

ABS absolutive PIV pivot

ACC accusative PL plural

AN animate PN proper noun

AV actor voice POSS possessor

CPL completive PROX proximate

CV conveyance voice PSR possessor

DYN dynamic PST past tense

DIR directional PV patient voice

DIST distal RDP reduplication

EX exclusive TR transitive

FUT future

GEN genitive

IN inclusive

INAN inanimate

INCPL incompletive

INTR intransitive

IPFV imperfective

IRR irrealis

LOC locative

LV locative voice

MED medial

NEG negator

NOM nominative

NVOL non-volitional

NPIV.A non-pivot Actor

NR nominaliser

NRF non-referential


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Austronesian voice systems: some new empirical studies. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 1-15.

Billings, L., & Kaufman, D. 2004. Towards a typology of Austronesian pronominal clitics. In

Paul Law (ed.). Proceedings of AFLA 11 [the 11th meeting of the Austronesian Formal

Linguistics Association (ZAS Papers in Linguistics 34). Berlin: Zentrum für Allgemeine

Sprachwissenschaft.15-29.

Blust, R. 2013. The Austronesian languages. Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access

Monographs < http://pacling.anu.edu.au/materials/Blust2013Austronesian.pdf> (accessed

July 31, 2013).

Dixon, R.M.W. 1979. Ergativity. Language 55: 59-138.

Foley, W. 2007. A typology of information packaging in a clause. In T. Shopen (ed.),

Language typology and syntactic description Volume I: Clause structure. Cambridge:

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Foley, W. 2008. The place of Philippine languages in a typology of voice systems. In P.

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California: CSLI Publications, 22-44.

Haig, G and Schnell, S. 2014. Annotations using GRAID (Grammatical Relations and

Animacy in Discourse. Unpublished transcript.

Henley, D. 1993. Nationalism and regionalism in colonial Indonesia: The case of Minahasa'.

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Himmelmann, N. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: typological

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Ross, M. 2002. The history and transitivity of western Austronesian voice and voice marking.

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Tondano pronominal clitics: Philippine-type or Indonesian-type?

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