The Strategies of Modern Science Development

The Strategies

of Modern Science

Development

XV International

scientific–practical conference

Proceedings

North Charleston, USA

16-17 May 2018

CreateSpace North Charleston, SC, USA

2018

2

Scientific Publishing Center «Discovery»

otkritieinfo.ru

The Strategies of Modern Science Development: Proceedings of the XV

International scientific–practical conference. North Charleston, USA, May

16-17, 2018. - North Charleston: CreateSpace, 2018. - 174 p.

The materials of the conference have presented the results of the latest

research in various fields of science. The collection is of interest to

researchers, graduate students, doctoral candidates, teachers, students - for

anyone interested in the latest trends of the world of science.

ISBN-13: 978-1721112807

ISBN-10: 1721112804

Your book has been assigned a CreateSpace ISBN

@ Authors, 2018

@Scientific Publishing Center «Discovery», 2018

3

CONTENT

SECTION I. Physical sciences

Chirkov A.A., Kirillina E.V.

USE OF INTERACTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR TEACHING PHYSICS .............. 8

Maksimov N. N., Kirillina E.V.

AUTOMATION IN THE LABVIEW ENVIRONMENT .......................................... 11

Nikitina E.P.

STATISTICS CONFIRMS THE NON-RANDOMNESS OF EVENTS

IN THE LIFE OF PEOPLE AND STATES ............................................................. 13

Petrova S.I., Kirillina E.V.

VARIATIONS OF NATURAL CONSTANT ELECTRIC FIELDS

IN THE UPPER LAYER OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE ......................................... 26

Semenov N.M., Kirillina E.V.

THE USE OF WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR SATELLITE IMAGES ................. 29

Stepanova S. D., Kirillina E. V.

SIMULATION OF A FLAT PLATE IN A VISCOUS MEDIUM ............................ 32

Tokusarov D.I., Kirillina E.V.

REVIEW OF THE METHODS OF CREATING A BOLOMETER BASED

ON GRAPHENE ......................................................................................................... 35

Ustinov M. E., Kirillina E.V.

REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH: VEGETATION .................................... 37

I. I. Varlamov, E.V. Kirillina

REVIEW OF ARTICLES ON THE STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION

OF ELECTRON TEMPERATURE IN THE HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE .... 40

Zaharkina E.I., Kirillina E.V.

SYNTHESIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOS2 BY THE CVD METHOD ........... 42

SECTION II. Information Technology

Gostischev M. M.

USING GIS IN CREATING ELECTRONIC ANALOGS

OF CAPTCHA BUILDING CODE OF CALCULATED CHARACTERISTICS .... 45

4

Kochneva A. A., Grigoryev M. A.

METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE QUALITY

OF DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS ........................................................................... 48

SECTION III. Earth Science

Gaidukova E.V., Alexandrov A.I.,

Mezenin E.S.

FRACTAL DIAGNOSTICS OF SERIES OF VELOCITIES

OF RIVER FLOWS .................................................................................................... 51

Nikiforova L.V., Kirillina E.V.

STUDIES THE JIGGING PROCESS ........................................................................ 58

SECTION IV. Forestry

Kolominova M.V.

FOREST CONDITION AND TECHNOLOGIES OF REFORESTATION

IN THE KOMI REPUBLIC ........................................................................................ 61

SECTION V. Engineering

Alexeev P. P., Kirillina E. V.

REVIEW OF THE APPLICATION AND IMPROVEMENT

OF MICROSTRIP LINES .......................................................................................... 65

Anempodistova L. G. , Grigoryev А. V., Kirillina E. V.

FRACTURE PROCESS OF STRUCTURE MEMBERS

FOR TRANSPORT SYSTEMS OPERATING IN HOSTILE NORTH

AND ARCTIC EVIRONMENT ................................................................................. 69

Buharcev A., Chupin S.

IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANICAL AND PERFORMANCE

CHARACTERISTICS OF SHELL ROCK CUTTING TOOLS

BY GIVING SUBMICRON STRUCTURE TO THEIR BODY ............................... 72

Filipov V., Renskov A

INVESTIGATION OF INFLUENCE MECHANICAL AND

THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT TO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

AND WEAR RATE OF STEELS .............................................................................. 74

Kochneva A. A., Goluntsov A. S., Shakirova Yu. A.

WAYS OF DEVELOPING A COORDINATE BASIS FOR THE STAGES

OF ROADWAY DESIGN .......................................................................................... 76

Savvinov N.N., Kirillina E.V.

WIRELESS CHARGING FOR MICROCONTROLLERS ....................................... 81

5

SECTION VI. Historical Sciences

Shutyomova N. A.

HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE FUTURE ........................................................... 83

SECTION VII. Economics

Abramovich T. I.

RELATIONSHIP MARKETING AS THE CONCEPT

OF CUSTOMER INTERACTION ............................................................................. 88

Aleksandrova M.A., Tabunkova M.P.

ON BUSINESS PROMOTION MANAGEMENT IN CONDITIONS

OF ADVERTISING MARKET DEVELOPMENT ................................................... 91

Bakirova A.A., Saifullina L.D.

MICROLEARNING – TEACH YOUR EMPLOYESS IN A NEW WAY .............. 93

Khakimova M.F., Solehzoda A.A., Fasehzoda I.

COMPERATIVE ANALYSIS OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY

AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN .................................................................... 95

Legchilina E. Yu.

PROBLEMS OF ACCOUNTING AND ESTIMATION

OF INTELLECTUAL-CREATIVE RESOURCES IN SOCIAL-LABOR

RELATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF INNOVATIVE ECONOMY ............... 102

Voroninskaya Ya.G., Urvantsev A.M.

POTENTIAL OF THE ASSOCIATE PETROLEUM GAS PROCESSING

IN RUSSIA .............................................................................................................. 105

SECTION VIII. Philology

Leskova O.V.

TOPOS OF THE VOLOGDA REGION IN REMINISCENCES

OF P. V. ZASODIMSKY ........................................................................................ 108

Pudikova G. N.

COMPOSITION, LANGUAGE STRUCTURE AND LANGUAGE MEANS

OF EXPRESSION IN LETTERS OF GUARANTEE IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN

AND PORTUGUESE .............................................................................................. 112

6

SECTION IX. Educational Sciences

Golub V. V.

MODELING INNOVATIONORIENTED SPACE

OF CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION ........................................... 120

Kolomiets E. V.

PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF THE TEACHER

IN THE CONDITIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT

OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION ...................................................................... 124

Kotelnikova L.I., Kirillina E.

ASTRONOMY AT SCHOOL AS INCREASE

IN SCIENTIFIC LITERACY AT STUDENTS ...................................................... 128

Kudrin D.M., Kirillina E.V.

THE USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

(ICT) IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS ........................................................... 130

Neimokhov M.V., Kirillina E.V.

DEVELOPING CREATIVE ABILITIES OF STUDENTS .................................... 132

Sedalisheva E.U., Kirillina E.V.

MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING OUTCOMES .................................................. 135

Stepanova I.I., Kirillina E.V.

FORMING A SYNERGISTIC TYPE OF THINKING IN STUDENTS ................ 137

Tarasova N.M., Kirillina E.V.

EXPERIMENTAL INQUIRY AS A TOOL FOR RAISING STUDENTS’

INTEREST IN LEARNING PHYSICS ................................................................... 139

Varneva M., Atanasova A., Kovachev Yo., Moskova M.

OPINION OF DENTAL MECHANICS STUDENTS IN BULGARIA

ABOUT THE ORGANISATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

OF PRE-GRADUATE PRACTICE ......................................................................... 143

Vladimirov E. V., Korsukov A. V., Yankin D. O.

LEARNING THE BASICS OF PROGRAMMING IN VBA EXCEL ................... 152

SECTION X. Psychological science

Ponikarova V.N.

COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF THE STUDY

OF TEACHERS PROFESSIONAL PREPAREDNESS ......................................... 154

7

SECTION XI. Social sciences

Atanasova A.

THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION WITHIN DENTAL TEAMS

IN PROVIDING HEALTH CARE .......................................................................... 162

SECTION XII. Cultural Studies

Latipkhonova M. O.

ART MANAGEMENT AS A YOUNG FIELD OF STUDY: CONTENT

AND MAIN FUNCTIONS ...................................................................................... 168

SECTION XIII. Ecology

Kutliyarov D.N., Kutliyarov A.N., Tuleuzhanov B.B.

CONTAMINATION OF THE OIL REFINERIES

IN THE UFA RIVER WATER WHITE .................................................................. 171

8

SECTION I. Physical sciences

Chirkov A.A., Kirillina E.V. North–Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

USE OF INTERACTIVE TECHNOLOGIES

FOR TEACHING PHYSICS

Communication between professors and as an important human

interaction is critical [1] and it influences the quality of interaction and

component of learning [2]. Two additional challenges faculty face are

keeping the students’ attention and obtaining useful feedback on the

students’ reaction to the class material. One technological tool for

professors to enhance communication in order to improve attention,

feedback, and interaction with students when they are presenting

material is Interactive Technology (also called audience-response

systems) [3].

The Interactive Technology described in this paper involves the

use of individual response pads that students would utilize in class to

answer questions posted via PowerPoint. There is a wireless response

system (hooked up to a professor’s laptop computer or to a desktop

computer in the classroom) that gives the professor immediate feedback

from every student in the class. Each student would have an individual

response pad that looks similar to a TV remote control device; the

individual response pads would be numbered with each student having

one response pad that they would use for the entire semester. The

software creates an electronic code that it assigns to both a keypad and a

keypad user’s profile. This information is merged and can be exported

to a database or spreadsheet.

• If the student does not have the textbook and access code,

he/she can’t get into the system. The student will not get credit for

participation till he/she is in the system. If the student misses class,

shows up late, or leaves early, he/she is not in the system for those

questions missed and will not get credit for those questions for

participation. The professor takes attendance at the start and end of

class. If the student loses his/her keypad (clicker), he/she will not get

credit for participation for the classes he/she did not have the clicker for

and will have to buy a new keypad.

• While some of the questions are opinion questions with no

one right answer, other questions deal specifically with the content and

there is only one right answer. To get the credit for these questions, the

9

student must get these questions right. In order to do this, the student

will need to read the assigned chapter and PowerPoint notes before class

and pay attention in class.

• There is a limited time to answer the CPS questions. Each

student needs to be prepared to click his/her response quickly. All work

for the course is to be done an individual basis.

• Some of the CPS questions require further class

participation then just clicking an answer. These will be noted by

asking the student to click A if he/she wishes to participate and B if

he/she does not want to participate. If the student clicks A and then is

unprepared to participate when called on, he/she will not get credit for

that question.

• The student can check his/her daily participation grade

online and the professor recommends the students do this on a weekly

basis. It is the student’s responsibility to check this and to make sure

he/she is getting the proper credit for his/her responses. If the student

feels that he/she is not getting the proper credit, he/she needs to

document this concern in writing within one week of the day he/she

feels he/she did not get proper credit. [4]

Kurdziel (2005) decided to utilize the technology in the following

ways. First, the author created opinion questions (in which any answer

was correct) to introduce the topics. Having students see the histogram

of how everyone responded in their class to the question was extremely

helpful in discussing a topic. For example, to illustrate the power of

word-of-mouth in trying a new product, the author asked students what

made them try a new food product; when they saw that the majority of

them did so because they heard about it from family and friends rather

then through sampling, coupons, or advertising, the concept was more

vivid to them.

Second, he created open-ended questions (click A, the correct

answer, if the student wanted to participate and B if the student did not).

Those students who click A would then be selected at random to

participate (the technology has a means to randomly select students). It

needs to be noted though, that random function will select any student

from random (not just those who clicked A). The students figured that

out quickly when students who were absent were being selected at

random; however, knowing that their name could flash on the screen

and everyone in the class would know they were absent may have

helped improve attendance.

Finally, the author created multiple choice questions to measure

the students’ knowledge of the material. The author created one

10

question for each objective in the chapter and after discussing the

objective, posted that question. Only those students who got the

question right, got the credit for it. If too few students answered

correctly, the author knew she had to go back and reinforce the material

before moving on to the next objective. The author made the questions

difficult enough that the students would have to both read the material

and pay attention in class to answer it easily. These questions were then

included on the exams so there was an incentive for the students to

make sure they learned it. For those objective questions that less then

half the class got correct, the author had follow up questions ready to

reassess learning after additional explanation (these extra questions

were not included on the exam). The author found that when students

visually saw that they got the question wrong, they were much more

vocal in trying to understand why it was wrong then when they just

discussed sample questions verbally. In the author’s opinion, she would

much rather have these discussions before an exam, rather than students

fighting for points after an exam [5].

Interactive Technology can be a positive change in the classroom

that can enhance communication for both the professor and the students

through increased interaction. “Besides encouraging participation and

interaction with audience members, they also provide presenters with

instantaneous, high-quality feedback, which can then be used to

improve the informational value of almost any session” [6].

References 1. Stiefelhagen, R., X. Chen, and J. Yang (2005). Capturing

Interactions in Meetings with Omnidirectional Cameras, International Journal

of Distance Education Technologies 3 (3), 34;

2. Karakaya, F., T.L. Ainscough, and J. Chopoorian (2001), The

Effects of Class Size and Learning Style on Student Performance In A

Multimedia-Based Marketing Course, Journal of Marketing Education 23 (2);

3. Terreri, A. and T. Simons (2005), What Are They Thinking?

Presenta ns 19 (2);

4. Terreri, A. and T. Simons (2005). What Are They Thinking?

Presentations 19 (2), 36;

5. Kurdziel, J. (2005), Engaging Students in Large Lectures Using a

Classroom Response System (accessed June 27, 2005);

6. Merritt, M. (2000), What are they thinking. Presentations 14 (4), 86.

11

1Maksimov N. N.,

2Kirillina E.V.

1graduate student 1 course, physic-technical Institute,

department of Radio-physics 2Associate professor, candidate of pedagogical sciences

North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

AUTOMATION IN THE LABVIEW ENVIRONMENT

National Instrument LabVIEW is a graphical programming

language that has its roots in automation control and data acquisition. Its

graphical representation, similar to a process flow diagram was created

to provide an intuitive programming environment for scientists and

engineers. This language has become a general medium for the last 20

years. LabVIEW has several key features, which make it a good choice

in an automation of the environment.

Modern analytical instruments controlled by computer

workstations equipped with LabVIEW have been used to enhance the

investigative nature of a student's laboratory experience at Carleton. The

overall aim of this continuing project has been to provide students with

user-friendly analytical tools that will improve their ability to quickly

perform chemical analyses, in turn leaving more laboratory time for

experimental design and open-ended investigation. They have found

that LabVIEW can be used as a central laboratory software system that

can be customized by the instructor to fit specific experimental needs

and programmed by students with minimal training. In lower-division

courses, such as introductory chemistry and sophomore analytical

chemistry, intuitive LabVIEW VI's have been designed by the

instructors to run specific instrumental tasks for the students. The time

saved by providing students with intuitive LabVIEW VI's to control

their intruments has generated more lab time for open-ended

investigation [1].

Smart home is a house that uses information technology to

monitor the environment, control the electric appliance and

communicates with the outer world. Smart home is a complex

technology, at the same time it is developing. A smart home automation

system has been developed to automatically achieve some activities

performed frequently in daily life to obtain more comfortable and easier

life environment. A sample house environment monitor and control

system that is one branch of the Smart home is addressed in the research

by Ralph L. The system is based on the LabVIEW software and can act

as a security guard of the home. The system can monitor the

12

temperature, humidity, lighting, fire & burglar alarm, gas density of the

house and have infrared sensor to guarantees the family security. The

system also has internet connection to monitorand control the house

equipment's from anywhere in the world. This paper presents the

hardware implementation of a multiplatform control system for house

automation using LabVIEW. This system belongs to a domain usually

named smart house systems. The approach combines hardware and

software technologies. Test results of the system have shown that it can

be easily used for the smart home automation applications [2].

Development and integration of a LabVIEW-based modular

architecture for automated execution of electrochemical catalyst testing.

Ioannis Katsounaros describes a system for conducting

electrochemical testing of a catalyst, where all hardware components are

monitored simultaneously using a single software application based on

LabVIEW. The software that developed by them can be operated in

both manual mode for exploratory investigations and automatic mode

for routine measurements, by using predefined execution procedures.

The latter enables the execution of high-throughput or combinatorial

investigations, which decrease substantially the time and cost for

catalyst testing. The software was constructed using a modular

architecture which simplifies the modification or extension of the

system, depending on future needs. The system was tested by

performing stability tests of commercial fuel cell electrocatalysts, and

the advantages of the developed system are discussed [3].

The present trend for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

(CMOS) chip designs is smaller in size and power consumption with

multifunction. This results the difficulty for the testing engineer,

especially for small amount production without an automatic probe

station, to complete such task. In order to reduce the workload of the

engineer, improve the testing efficiency and accuracy, a LabVIEW

based automatic test system for such CMOS chip has been designed in

this paper. The details of the overall system which includes the setup of

the testing by using a PXI (PCI extensions for instrumentation) system

with Data Acquisition (DAQ) and Source Measure Units (SMUs)

module, and the LabVIEW based automatic testing program has been

introduced in this paper. The testing results have shown that this system

is able to improve the testing efficiency with great accuracy, at the same

time to evaluate the testing results in real-time. Due to the software is

built on different modules, and it is therefore easy to be extended for

different applications [4].

13

Cytokinetics has built and maintains an automation software

infrastructure using NI LabVIEW. The language has proven to be a

powerful tool to create both rapid prototype applications as well as an

entire framework for system integration and process execution.

LabVIEW’s roots in measurement instrumentation and seamless

network communication protocols have allowed systems to be deployed

containing multiple control computers linked only via the network. The

language continues to evolve and improve as a general purpose

programming language and develop a broad user base.

References 1. Steven M. Drew. Integration of National Instruments' LabVIEW

Software into the Chemistry Curriculum/ Steven M. Drew, Vol. 73, Nº

12 (December), 1996, págs.

2. Ralph L. Smart House: the Coming Revolution in Housing/ Ralph L,

Smith Columbia, MD: GP Publishing, 1988.

3. Ioannis Katsounaros. Development and integration of a LabVIEW-

based modular architecture for automated execution of electrochemical

catalyst testing/ Ioannis Katsounaros, Sebastian O. Klemm- Jan 11th

2011 Review of Scientific Instruments volume 82 issue.

4. Baker. Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation, Third Edition./ Baker,

R. Jacob-2010 Third Edition Wiley-IEEE.

Nikitina E.P. Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, PhD in Astrology,

Lomonosov Moscow State University, [email protected]

STATISTICS CONFIRMS THE NON-RANDOMNESS OF EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF PEOPLE AND STATES

The topic of nonrandomness of time intervals of important events

in human life and the model of their connection with sites of the planets

of the Solar System was proposed by the author for the first time in [1,

2], where its working capacity is shown, and also on the published

biographies of B. L. Pasternak [4] and M. A. Bulgakov [3].

Initially created in [1] database of 1838 events that occurred in

199 well-known personalities (see Table 1), it was constantly

replenished in the study of events of the state level, such as:

14

- plane crash [5,8],

- presidential elections [7,8],

- in the topic «Citizen and power» [9].

Thus, the database volume increased 4-fold, which makes the

results of data analysis more reliable. Table 1

List of participants in the experiment in the database [1] for planets stationary

at the date of birth [1]

Mercury

Venus

Mars

Jupiter

Uranus

Pluto

Carpenter D. Margitte R. RuPaul A. Andreev D. Troppmann J. Darmer J.

Dietrich O. Bilan D. Afonin V. Barabashev I. Author Author

Hopper D. Borman M. Bachinsky G. Brodsky V. Alekseeva M. Andreev D.

Almodovar P. Brezhnev L. Volochkova

A.

Bulach V. Andreev D. Bolshova A.

Baldwin A. Bush D. Danilko V. Gulegina M. Beatrice

Yorkks.

Weller M.

Brodsky L. Voroshilov V. D'Arc J. Efremov O. Brodsky V. Efremov O.

Bulgakov M. Gergiev V. Dontsova D. Zavorotnuk A. Bulgakov M. Clooney D.

Vavilov N. Gulegina M. Zhigunov S. Castro F. Clooney D. Rybnikov N.

Gilyarov A. Dontsova D. Zabolotsky

N.

Clooney D. Rybnikov N. Winton N.

Devyatkov V. Efremov O. Zellweger R. Moore D. Tavener D. Fedorova O.

Demjanjuk I. Zellweger R. Ionova N. Nikitina A. Winton N. Hvorostovsky

D.

Dibrov D. Karelin A. Kutsenko G. Nicholson D. Tsiskaridze

N.

Tsiskaridze N.

Domnina O. Carreras H. Muldashev E. Ovcharova V. Charskaya I. Tskhovrebova L.

Dybina N. Castro F. Moore D. Putin V. Charskaya I.

Evtushenko E. Kasumov B. Nevsky A. Razlutsky A. Neptune

Elizabeth II Clooney D. Nemoliaeva

S.

Sutherland D.

Chiron

Eremenko N. Kura H. Nicholson D. Skoptsov V. Author

Ivanov V. Lanovoi V. Novikov I. Winton N. Andreev D. Aizenshpis Yu.

Clinton H. Mata H. Ovdeenko E. Kharlamenkov

A.

Brodsky V. Andreev D.

Kristi A. Moore D. Prokhorov

M.

Hvorostovsky

D.

Weller M. Andrianova Z.

Naimark I. Mysina O. Rybnikov N. Khoruzheva

V.

Efremov O. Arntgolts O.

Nikitina A. Niro R. de Sartre J.-P. Hussein S. Rybnikov N. Barabasheva

Yu.

Novodvorskaya

V.

Novikov I. Safin M. Shelest O. Tavener D. Bundchen P.

Preston K. Rubin A. Semchev A. Affleck B. Winton N. Zorina E.

15

Rajneesh Skotsyk A. Skulachev V.

Tskhovrebova

L.

Cutcher E.

Razlutsky A. Stewart P. Smirnova A. Saturn Chubais A. Clooney D.

Sagawa I. Tukhmanov

D.

Tyler D.

Louis XVI

Simenon D. Fernish D. Tarantino K. Author Menshikov O.

Solzhenitsyn

A.

Hepborn O. Tashkova T. Andreev D.

Mikeshina N.

Stravinsky I. Holmes K. Khazanov G. Brodsky V. Nativ N

Stewart P. Tsiskaridze

N.

Hussein S. Bulgakov M.

Nikitin E.

Tanich M. Tskhovrebova

L.

Chavez W. Clooney D.

Nikitina A.

Travolta D. Chaplin C. Chekhova A. Nativ N Okhlobystin I.

Fonda J. Shell M. Tavener D. Roosevelt T.

Kharlamenkova

N.

Ernst K. Fedorova O.

Rourke M.

Kharlamenkova

O.

Etush V. Hvorostovsky

D.

Safronova S.

Kharlamenkov

P.

Tskhovrebova

L.

Skoptsov V.

Hopper D. Chubais A. Skotsyk A.

Hussein S. Tavener D.

Tskhovrebova

L.

Kharlamenkova

N.

Charskaya I.

Hvorostovsky

D.

Chernomyrdin

V.

Tsiskaridze N.

Chkalov V. Charskaya I.

Elton D. Chubais A.

Affleck B.

So the library of famous personalities has also increased. In Fig.

1-9 we can see the usual dependence of the number of events from their

distance to station of planets: congestion near the parking lot and

gradual decrease to several units near the stationary orb (-60 ', +60')

[1,2]. Counting is carried out by dates in biographies [3-4, 10-16] from

the Internet.

16

Fig.1. Distribution of Bulgakov M.A. events [3]

Fig.2. Distribution of Lermontov

M.Yu. events [11]

17

Fig.3. Distribution of Mayakovsky V.V. events [12].

Fig.4. Distribution of Mozart V.A.

events. [13]

Fig.5. Distribution of Orlova L.P. events. [14]

18

Fig.6. Distribution of Pasternak B.L.

events. [4].

Fig.7. Distribution of Tyutchev F.I. events. [15]

Fig.8. Distribution of Pushkin A.S. events. [16]

19

Fig.9. Distribution of Trump D.D. events. [7].

Table 2 includes the events found by all sources in the study of the

topic. Table 2

The distributions of the number of events in the interval (-75, + 75)

for all sources of research

The centers of intervals

of longitudes, min. -60 -30 0 30 60 ∑

Mercury, [1], Appendix 3 4 15 37 7 6 69

Mercury, [1], Appendix 8 21 24 95 35 22 197

Orlova L.P. [14] 1 2 4 1 0 8

Pasternak B.L. [4] 0 5 9 0 2 16

∑ events on Mercury 26 46 145 43 30 290

Venus, [1], Appendix 3 2 2 14 4 2 24

Venus, [1], Appendix 8 16 21 66 26 16 145

∑ events on Venus 18 23 80 30 18 169

Mars, [1], Appendix 3 2 4 20 5 2 33

Mars, [1], Appendix 8 13 27 70 26 7 143

Mozart V.A. [13] 1 1 3 1 0 6

∑ events on Mars 16 32 93 32 9 182

Jupiter, [1], Appendix 3 1 14 27 11 5 58

Jupiter, [1], Appendix 8 18 28 74 20 15 155

Mozart V.A. [13] 1 4 9 1 0 15

Trump D.D. [7] 4 19 39 14 8 84

∑ events on Jupiter 24 65 149 46 28 312

20

Saturn, [1], Appendix 3 4 8 28 5 4 49

Saturn, [1], Appendix 8 16 41 103 32 8 200

Saturn in the station of planets

on the date of birth [9] of:

martyrs for the faith, 16 37 57 29 11 150

dissidents in the USSR and

Russia, 1 1 4 2 0 8

Decembrists and in the Bolotnaja

Square case 0 2 3 4 0 9

∑ on Saturn in the station

of planets on the birthday 17 40 64 35 11 167

Saturn in the station of planets

in the events of [9] of:



Russia, 4 3 11 3 0 21



∑ on Saturn in the station

of planets in the events 12 20 83 35 10 160

Lermontov M.Yu. [11] 10 16 61 27 18 132

Mayakovsky V.V. [12] 2 5 19 6 7 39

Pasternak B. L. [4] 2 7 23 8 2 42

∑ events on Saturn 63 137 381 148 60 789

Uranus, [1], Appendix 3 2 8 20 7 2 39

Uranium, [1], Appendix 8 14 31 89 41 8 183

Total number of accidents [5,6] 77 123 346 128 63 737

Total number of passengers with

stationary Uranus in birthday [5,6] 29 28 97 25 20 199

Mayakovsky V.V. [12] 4 3 20 8 3 38

Orlova L.P. [14] 2 5 17 0 3 27

Pasternak B.L. [4] 4 11 29 12 4 60

Tyutchev F.I. [15] 11 22 40 17 14 104

Pushkin A.S. [16] 3 0 21 13 5 42

∑ events on Uranus 146 231 679 251 122 1429

Neptune, [1], Appendix 3 10 22 67 21 7 127

Neptune, [1], Appendix 8 9 33 74 29 13 158

Lermontov M.Yu. [11] 22 30 102 28 25 207

Mayakovsky V.V. [12] 3 7 33 7 6 56

Orlova L.P. [14] 2 8 16 8 2 36

21

Pasternak B.L. [4] 5 11 36 9 5 66

Pushkin A.S. [16] 5 1 31 14 3 54

Trump D.D. [7] 14 54 140 49 14 271

∑ events on Neptune 70 166 499 165 75 975

Pluto, [1], Appendix 3 5 25 109 26 8 173

Pluto, [1], Appendix 8 8 26 91 19 10 154

Pluto in the station of planets

on the date of birth [9] of:



Russia, 3 10 23 8 5 49



∑ Pluto in the station of planets

on the birthday 70 174 440 187 64 935

Pluto in the station of planets

in the events of [9] of:



Russia, 6 11 21 11 2 51



∑ by Pluto in the station

of planets in events 35 88 199 74 37 433

Lermontov M.Yu. [11] 32 46 112 42 24 256

Mayakovsky V.V. [12] 12 7 58 19 4 100

Mozart V.A. [13] 3 3 25 13 1 45

Orlova L.P. [14] 3 7 32 12 1 55

Pasternak B.L. [4] 10 19 31 21 2 83

Tyutchev F.I. [15] 11 38 77 36 16 178

Pushkin A.S. [16] 5 22 28 11 7 73

Trump D.D. [7] 18 52 119 36 21 246

∑ Pluto events 212 507 1321 496 195 2731

Chiron, [1], Appendix 3 2 9 27 14 0 52

Chiron, [1], appendix 8 18 32 76 25 19 170

Lermontov M.Yu. [11] 9 28 73 21 11 142

Pasternak B.L. [4] 3 5 21 2 3 34

Pushkin A.S. [16] 3 11 19 8 3 44

Trump D.D. [7] 17 30 100 35 21 203

∑ events for Chiron 52 115 316 105 57 645

22

Table 3 summarizes all the sums of events for the planets from

Table 2 and is shown in Fig. 10.

Table 3

Total for all sources distribution of the number of events for the planets

The centers of intervals

of longitudes, min. -60 -30 0 30 60 ∑

Mercury 26 46 145 43 30 290

Venus 18 23 80 30 18 169

Mars 16 32 93 32 9 182

Jupiter 24 65 149 46 28 312

Saturn 63 137 381 148 60 789

Uranus 146 231 679 251 122 1429

Neptune 70 166 499 165 75 975

Pluto 212 507 1321 496 195 2731

Chiron 52 115 316 105 57 645

∑ 627 1322 3663 1316 594 7522

Fig.10. The total number of events for each planet

Table 4 shows the frequencies of events falling into intervals.

Table 4

The empirical frequencies of the distribution of events along the intervals

of the partition

The centers of intervals of

longitudes, min. -60 -30 0 30 60 ∑

Mercury 0,09 0,16 0,5 0,15 0,1 1

Venus 0,11 0,14 0,47 0,18 0,11 1,01

Mars 0,09 0,18 0,51 0,18 0,05 1,01

Jupiter 0,08 0,21 0,48 0,15 0,09 1,01

Saturn 0,08 0,17 0,48 0,19 0,08 1

Uranus 0,1 0,16 0,48 0,18 0,09 1,01

Neptune 0,07 0,17 0,51 0,17 0,08 1

Pluto 0,08 0,19 0,48 0,18 0,07 1

Chiron 0,08 0,18 0,49 0,16 0,09 1

Total 0,08 0,18 0,49 0,17 0,08 1

Figure 11. The empirical densities of the distribution of the number of events

for each planet and the total

The result is simply fantastic: all the empirical distribution

densities of nine planets practically coincide. But we collected 7522 (a

very large number) of the event, from different situations, times,

centuries, planets, people, from different parts of the globe!

Naturally the desire to obtain confirmation of the result by

methods of mathematical statistics. We use the method of testing chi-

square hypotheses (for k independent samples) to test the null

24

hypothesis of coincidence with distributions over r classes against the

alternative of the difference in distributions. In our case, k = 9 is the

number of planets, and r = 5 is the number of partition intervals.

Statistics of the criterion

r

i

k

j ij

ijij

E

EQ

1 1

2

2)(

has a distribution

2

)1)(1( rk , where ijQ - the observed number of events in the i-th row and

the j-th column of the matrix in Table 3, and ijE - the expected number

if the null hypothesis is true. And the number of degrees of freedom (к-

1)х( r-1) = 8х4=32. The sample value of the statistics of the criterion is

33.57, but the table value at the significance level α = 0.05 is equal to

42. Hence our sample data do not contradict the null hypothesis: the

theoretical distributions of the number of events for all nine planets are

the same, which allows us to combine them all into one - the total (Fig.

12).

Fig.12. Total distribution and its components by planets.

And to say that there is one heavenly mechanism for all people

(for all nine planets that have parking in the directory), when the

planet approaches the station of planets, it organizes the

circumstances, the performers, the place for the event, and the time

interval for it! This is also true for state-level events.

And what models of the results could atheists suggest?

25

Literature

1. Nikitina E.P. Stationary planets in the natal horoscope and in transit

(statistical analysis of astrological data). M., School of Scientific

Astrology, 2015, 95 C. (there are 16 major libraries in Russia). (In

Russian)

2. Nikitina E.P. Astrology as a science. Statistical analysis of astrological

data. The priorities of the world science: experiments and scientific

debate. Proceedings of the VIII International scientific conference.

North Charleston, SC, USA, 17-18 June 2015. CreateSpace North

Charleston, 2015, Section XXI. Cultural Studies, p.194-198. (In

Russian)

otkritieinfo.ru/d/669057/d/sbornikprioritety8-2.docx#_Toc424313059

3. Nikitina E.P. A new method in predictive astrology. Proceedings of the

IX International Conference. Prospects for modernizing modern

science, Moscow, 29-30.09 2015, p.72-76. esa-conference.ru/wp-

content/uploads/files/pdf/Nikitina-Elena-Petrovna.pdf (In Russian)

4. Nikitina E.P. The astronomical mechanism for creating intervals of

events in human life. Priorities of world science: experiment and

scientific discussion. Materials XI International Scientific Conference.

Section I. Physical sciences. June 15-16, 2016. North Charleston, SC,

USA, CreateSpace, p. 6-15. (In Russian)

otkritieinfo.ru/d/669057/d/sbornik_prioritety_11_0.pdf

5. Nikitina E.P. Significance of Uranus stations in air travels. The

strategies of modern science development. Proceedings of the XI

International scientific-practical conference, CreateSpace, North

Charleston, SC, USA, 12-13.10 2016, p.7-13.

otkritieinfo.ru/d/669057/d/sbornik_strategii_11.pdf

6. Nikitina E.P. The importance of Uranus stations in air travel. Results.

Fundamental and applied science: the main results of 2016. Materials

of the II Annual International Scientific Conference St. Petersburg,

Russia - North Charleston, South Carolina, USA, December 15-16,

2016, p. 6-12. (In Russian)

otkritieinfo.ru/d/669057/d/sbornik_fund_2.pdf

7. Nikitina E.P. Donald Trump is a man of the year 2016 and Chiron.

Priorities of world science: experiment and scientific discussion.

Materials of the 13th International Scientific Conference. Section I.

Physical sciences. February 14-15, 2017. North Charleston, SC, USA,

CreateSpace, p.6-11. (In Russian)

otkritieinfo.ru/d/669057/d/sbornik_prior_13.pdf

8. Nikitina E.P. Significance of stations in presidential election games.

The strategies of modern science development. Proceedings of the XII

International scientific-practical conference, CreateSpace, North

Charleston, SC, USA, April 4-5, 2017, p. 7-14.

otkritieinfo.ru/d/669057/d/sbornik_ispravl_strategii_12.pdf

26

9. Nikitina E.P. Astronomical basis of state regulation of the topic

«Citizen and power». A collection of materials of the V International

Scientific and Practical Conference «The latest research in modern

science: experience, traditions and innovations», June 20-21, 2017, St.

Petersburg, Russia. CreateSpace, North Charleston, South Carolina,

USA, 2017. Р. 9-17. (In Russian)

otkritieinfo.ru/d/669057/d/sbornik_noveyshiye_5.pdf

10. Biography of Bulgakov M.A. (In Russian)

bulgakov.org.ua/bulgakov.php?section=hronologiya_jizni&lang=ru

11. Biography of Lermontov M.Yu. (In Russian)

www.kostyor.ru/biography/?n=38

12. Biography of Mayakovsky V.V. (In Russian)

magazines.russ.ru/zerkalo/2003/21/lo18

13. Biography of Mozart V.A. (In Russian) mozart.belcanto.ru/date.html

14. Biography of Orlova L.P. (In Russian) www.e-

reading.club/chapter.php/1037105/17/Golikova_-

_Lyubov_Orlova.html

15. Biography of Tyutchev F.I. (In Russian) ftutchev.ru/hrono.html

16. Biography of Pushkin A.S. (In Russian)

pushkin.ellink.ru/pushkin/push3.asp

1Petrova S.I.,

2Kirillina E.V.

1graduate student;

2associate professor, candidate of pedagogical sciences,

M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk

VARIATIONS OF NATURAL CONSTANT ELECTRIC FIELDS

IN THE UPPER LAYER OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE

The alternating magnetic field of ionospheric currents, together

with the alternating magnetic field of the Earth, creates natural

permanent and variable electric fields in the earth's surface. As a result

of the existence of these fields, telluric currents arise geomagnetic ally

induced currents (GIC) through conductor networks, such as power

grids and gas and oil pipelines. To investigate the flow of GIC in a

given system, we need to understand how the geoelectric field responds

to a geomagnetic disturbance. However, the geoelectric field is sensitive

to variations in the Earth's resistivity [1].

27

Magnetic storms are closely related to solar corpuscular radiation

and correlate with solar flares. Magnetic storms are often repeated with

a 27-day period of rotation of the Sun around the axis for the earth

observer. Magnetic storms are accompanied by changes in the

ionosphere, the occurrence of interference and currents in the main

objects.


with the alternating field of the earth, create a potential difference in the

earth's surface, which leads to the appearance of induced currents in the

main objects, for example, in the transmission line [2]. It was noted that

electric fields > 10 V/m are excited at auroral latitudes during magnetic

storms and sub-storms, and the intensity of the GIT reaches hundreds of

amperes. Variations of the magnetic field with dB/dt > 40 NT / C led to

disturbances in the Scandinavian power grids. Induced currents cause

saturation, overheating and even damage to high-voltage transformers at

electrical substations [3].

In medium and low latitudes, the influence of gets on

technological systems is also possible. Although the largest magnetic

disturbances on the earth's surface are created by an auroral electro jet,

small-scale ionospheric current structures make a significant

contribution to the rapid changes in the geoelectric field essential to the

excitation of the GIT.

Variations of the geomagnetic field cannot be considered due

only to fluctuations in the intensity of the Aurora West-East electro jet.

The characteristic of variations of geomagnetic field in the auroral

latitudes is compared with the real measured values of gets in the lap of

the Kola Peninsula and Karelia. Consideration of the temporal variation

of the vector of geomagnetic disturbances shows that the geomagnetic

field changes not only in magnitude but also in direction. The

contribution of SC events and sub-brown activity to the increase in the

value of gets was found. Comparison of the variation of the GIT with

the variations of the derivative of the horizontal component of the

geomagnetic field at the nearby Lovozero station (67.97 s., 35.08 VD)

shows that the correlation coefficient between the variation of GIT and

dX/dt is 0.72, and between GIT and dY/dt is -0.29 for the time interval

06.00–10.00 UT. The current jump at the VKH station reached 70 A.

the large-Scale structure of ionospheric currents at auroral latitudes is

determined by the East-West electrojet, which is manifested in the

predominance Of x-components of magnetic disturbances. On the scale

of the length of the transmission line, equivalent ionospheric currents

and the geomagnetic disturbances created by them experience strong

28

variations in the direction. GIT observed in both the East-West and

North-South directions. Gist pose a danger to the electrically conductive

power systems extended in all directions. Temporal evolution of the

meridional profile of magnetic perturbations. To get a picture of the

dynamics of geomagnetic disturbances and ionospheric currents along

the meridional profile, the time-shifted perturbation vectors were

calculated [4]. The perturbation of the magnetic field at a particular

point is related to the equivalent ionospheric current above it: b =

(2n/c)[J×n], where n is the normal to the plane. In another form it is

presented as {Jx, Jy} = (C/2n){by,–bx}. Vector J is rotated by π / 2 with

respect to b.

The most developed model of GIT is the model. This model

makes it possible to calculate the GIT from large-scale sources

(magnetosphere ring current) at mid-latitudes (<55°). The calculated

peak values of the GIT are ~50 mV / km for the storm c DST ~ 300 NT.

At high latitudes, intense disturbances are created by localized and

dynamic sub-bureaus processes. So, >80% spectral power of the

geomagnetic field variations at auroral latitudes is concentrated at time

scales <8 min [9 data Analysis of the Kola power network revealed that

the bursts of GIT appears mostly at night when the auroral subburaj [5].

Conclusion


with the alternating magnetic field of the Earth, create natural quasi-

constant and variable electric fields in the earth's surface, which leads to

the appearance of induced currents in the main objects. It is expected to

use experimental data on the study variables of the natural potentials

that occur in the earth's surface in calm conditions and during

geomagnetic disturbances. The technique of the study is to identify

seasonal, daily and fast variations of geomagnetic field and compare

them with the values of natural potentials. The study of the type of

dependence and quantitative parameters of the relationship between the

values of fast variations of the geomagnetic field and natural potentials.

References

1. Botke H.A. The relation of magnetic micropulsations to electric-

current and space-charge systems in lower ionosphere. J. Geophys.

Res., 1962, 66D. N4

2. Boteler D. H., Pirjola R. J., Nevanlinna H. The effects of geomagnetic

disturbances on electrical systems at the Earth’s surface //

Adv. Space. Res. 22. 1998. 17

29

3. Kelly G. S. Understanding GIC in the UK and French High Voltage

Transmission Systems During Severe Magnetic Storms / G. S. Kelly

[et al.] // Space Weather. 2016. 14

4. Friis-Christensen.E.,McHenry

M.A., Clauer C.R., Vennerstroem S. Ionospheric traveling convection

vortices observed near the polar cleft: A triggered response to sudden

changes in the solar wind // Geophys. Res. Lett. 1988. V. 15. P. 253–

256.

1. Wintoff et al.,

2005 Wintoft P., Wik M., Lundstedt H., Eliasson L. Predictions of

local ground geomagnetic feld fluctuations during the 7–

10 November 2004 events studied with solar wind driven models // An

n. Geophys. 2005. V. 23. P. 3095–3101.

1Semenov N.M.,

2Kirillina E.V

1student;

2associate Professor, candidate of pedagogical sciences

North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K Ammosov

Yakutsk, Russian Federation

THE USE OF WAVELET TRANSFORM

FOR SATELLITE IMAGES

Introduction

Currently, satellite imagery is used in many applications such as

Geosciences, astronomy and geographic information systems. One of

the most important factors of image quality is its resolution. Image

interpolation is a well-known method of increasing the resolution of a

digital image. Space agencies are actively building up huge image

databases. The peculiarity of these databases is that they consist of

images with different but known resolution. This scheme is based on a

simplified model of satellite imaging and uses continuous wavelet

decompositions. In this paper we review the researches about the theory

of wavelet transform.

The Theory of Wavelet Transform

A Wavelet transform is basically necessary for analyze

nonstationary signals, i.e., the frequency characteristic of which varies

in time. The Fourier transform is not suitable for non-stationary signals

30

to make it clearer. For a brief reminder, let me give the following

example. Suppose we have two different signals. Which have the same

spectral components with one major difference. One of the signals has

four frequency components at all times, and the other has the same four

frequency components at different times. Fourier transform of both

signals will be the same. Although these two signals are completely

different, their (magnitude) feet are the same. It tells us that we can not

use Fourier transform for nonstationary signals. Although a discretized

continuous wavelet transform enables computers to compute a

continuous wavelet transform, it is not a true discrete transform. [4].

Indexing of Satellite Images with Different Resolutions

by Wavelet Features

This section presents a simplified model of satellite imagery. [1].

The digital image of the resolution r is obtained from the continuous

function f (representing the studied scene) through an optical device and

a digital captor. Ignoring contrast changes and quantization, the effect of

the visualization device can be modeled as follows: fr = ΠSr(G∗f) + n,

where G is the convolution kernel, Sr F Z2 sampling grid with

resolution r, PSr Dirac comb on Sr and n noise. Below we consider the

influence of the absorption model on the wavelet coefficients fr. It`s a

result of the research assumed that G is an isotropic Gaussian kernel,

thus ignoring the specifics of satellite optics, real reaction of the rotor

and motion blur.

Increasing the Resolution of Satellite Images

Using Complex Wavelet Transform

In their study Hasan D and Gholamreza A, propose a method for

increasing the resolution of satellite images based on the interpolation of

high-frequency subzone images obtained using a double tree complex

wavelet transform (DT-CWT Dual-tree complex wavelet transform).

DT-CWT is used to decompose a low-resolution input satellite image

into different sub-bands. The proposed technique is compared with

traditional and modern methods of increasing the resolution of the

image. These methods are as follows: 1) Interpolation methods, namely

nearest interpolation, bilinear interpolation and bicubic interpolation; 2)

Wavelet-zero fill; 3) Gain single-frame resolution Irani and Peleg,

which uses four low-resolution images generated by rotation and

translation from the low-resolution input image. According to the results

of the study, the proposed technique is superior to the above-mentioned

modern and conventional methods of increasing the resolution of the

image. The main reason for the increase in resolution can be attributed

31

to the directional selectivity of CWT, where high-frequency sub-bands

in 6 different directions contribute to the sharpness of high-frequency

components, such as edges.

Relative Radiometric Correction of Multi-Temporal Satellite

Images Using Fourier and Wavelet Transform

The paper by Seema Gore, B. Udhav, B. proposes new approaches

to radiometric correction of multi-temporal satellite images using

wavelet analysis and Fourier transform. [4]. The results obtained are

compared with conventional methods of normalization of the regression

without changes (NC) and the histogram corresponding to the spatial

domain. Radiometric correction of remote sensing data typically

involves the processing of digital images to improve the accuracy of

brightness values. The primary purpose of radiometric corrections is to

reduce the impact of errors or inconsistencies in image brightness values

that can limit the ability to interpret or quantify and analyze remotely

sensed digital images. There are several levels of radiometric correction.

The first converts the DNs to radiance at sensor and requires

information about the sensor calibration. Secondly, the transformation

of at-sensor radiation into radiation on the earth's surface. The wavelets

developed in the theory of signal processing to help model the

variability of the time signal which represents details of the signal

alternatively, a convenient temporal and Fourier descriptions.

Conclusion

Further calculation of the correlation in the frequency domain

using fast Fourier transform is more efficient than in the spatial domain.

Speeds up the normalization procedure. This does not require both earth

and water in the satellite image while the NC method requires both.

Comparison of histograms is a simple procedure of image processing

for the radiometric improvement. But it is useful to compare the image

data of the same scene obtained on different dates with slightly different

sun angles or atmospheric effects. In addition, because all pixels are

used for normalization, the accuracy of geometric registration affects the

normalized accuracy of the image. Visual inspection shows good result

with this technique.

References

1. Hasan D. Increase the Resolution of Satellite Images Using

Complex Wavelet Transform / D. Hasan, A. Gholamreza, - 2010.

32

2. Seema Gore B. Radiometric Correction of Satellite Images Using

Fourier and Wavelet Transforms / B. Seema Gore, B. Udhav. -

2010.

3. Ben L. Indexing of Satellite Images with Different Resolutions by

Wavelet Features / L. Ben, A. François, G. Yann. – 2008.

http://www.academia.edu/13565081/Indexing_of_Satellite_Image

s_With_Different_Resolutions_by_Wavelet_Features.

4. Robi, P. The Wavelet Tutorial Second Edition Part I / P. Robi. –

2010. http://web.iitd.ac.in/~sumeet/WaveletTutorial.pdf

1Stepanova S. D.,

2Kirillina E. V.

1graduate student;

2associate professor, candidate of pedagogical sciences

North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk

SIMULATION OF A FLAT PLATE IN A VISCOUS MEDIUM

The development of a two-dimensional viscous incompressible

flow generated from an infinitely thin flat plate pulsed or uniformly

accelerated perpendicular to the free flow is studied computationally.

An adaptive numerical scheme based on vortex methods is used to

integrate the vorticity-velocity formulation of the Navier-Stokes

equations. For a uniformly accelerated plate, the simulation captures the

development of a number of vorticity centers along the primary

separating shear layer. This phenomenon was observed in experimental

studies, but models were not predicted by the residual [1]. This

simulation suggests that this Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is due to the

interaction of the primary and secondary turbulence near the ends of the

plate and depends on the acceleration of the plate.

Numerical methods are used to study the steady two-dimensional

motion of a viscous incompressible fluid past a flat plate of finite width

at zero incidence on a uniform flow. Prior to the application of

numerical methods, control partial differential equations for the flow

and vorticity function are reduced by adapting the methods commonly

used to solve the linearized Oseen equations. In the example consider

the full range of Reynolds number R from the infinitely small to the

infinitely big [2]. All results are intended to represent solutions of the

complete Navier-Stokes equations of motion, although in practice

approximations are inevitable. This is mainly due to the need to limit the

volume of calculations. In the absence of thermal interaction it is

http://www.academia.edu/13565081/Indexing_of_Satellite_Images_With_Different_Resolutions_by_Wavelet_Features

http://www.academia.edu/13565081/Indexing_of_Satellite_Images_With_Different_Resolutions_by_Wavelet_Features

http://web.iitd.ac.in/~sumeet/WaveletTutorial.pdf

33

necessary to solve the continuity and momentum equation for obtaining

pressure and velocity fields.

Laminar and turbulent shear: in the absence of thermal interaction,

continuity and momentum must be solved equation for obtaining

pressure and velocity fields. If the density and viscosity liquids are

considered to be constant, then the equations take the following form

[3];

Continuity:

Momentum:

This equation holds for both laminar and turbulent flows and

requires a solution subjected to no-slip condition on the wall with

known inlet/outlet conditions. In the case of laminar flows, there are no

random fluctuations and the terms shear stress associated with the

conditions the velocity gradients, such as,

and

in the x-

direction. For turbulent flows, velocity and pressure change rapidly

randomly as the function of space and time, as shown in the figure

(Average and fluctuating turbulent velocity and pressure).

The nonstationary laminar flow of the boundary layer induced by

the pulsed motion of a semi-infinite flat plate along its length is

investigated. It is established that, unlike Stewartson's conclusion (1951,

1960), the solution of power series is possible with the use of "correctly

stretched" variables in the analysis. The small-time solution, developed

by degrees of time, shows a smooth transition from the initial Rayleigh

flow to the finite Blasius flow without essential singularity and,

moreover, its validity extends over the entire time domain. However, the

series solution, designed for large times, seems divergent and simply

asymptotic. There is no proof of the existence of an important feature in

the solution as described by Stewartson [4].

34

The results of the experimental study of the CAA are presented-

the interaction of the cylinder with the thermal and dynamic boundary

layers on the plate under different boundary conditions. The object of

the study is the structure of thermal and dynamic boundary layers

developing on a flat plate, and the change of this structure in the

interaction of the boundary layer with the trace of the cylinder at

different distances between the plate and the cylinder.

Flat plate. The boundary layer arising from the non-gradient flow

of a flat plate in the longitudinal direction has a simple structure and is

well studied. The average flow in the boundary layer can be judged by

the distribution of velocities, and the heat transfer — by temperature

profiles. The combined measurement of velocity and temperature

distribution in a liquid or gas flow makes it possible to quantify and

compare the heat exchange in different regions of the boundary layer,

including the viscous sublayer in turbulent flow. To solve the problem,

the measurement of profiles of velocity and temperature near the wall

was carried out. The quantitative analysis is based on these profile

measurements.

In conclusion, the studies performed should be continued, as some

of the results obtained are of a qualitative nature (velocity fields in the

separation zone), in addition, the experimental technique used has not

allowed to determine the laminar sublayer, pulsation structure and

correlation characteristics of the studied flows, which significantly

reduces the value of the results obtained. The use of vortex zones for the

intensification of heat exchange in channels and the boundary layer is

usually associated with the periodic location on the surface of the

turbulence - tori (protrusions or depressions), so it is important to know

how the shape, size and mutual arrangement of the turbulators affect the

structure of the flow. The obtained results will expand the understanding

of the physical nature of the processes under consideration and can

serve as a basis for the development of analytical methods for solving

such flows[5].

References

1. Koumoutsakos P. Simulations of the Viscous Flow Normal to an

Impulsively Started and Uniformly Accelerated Flat Plate / P.

Koumoutsakos, D. Shiels // Journal of Fluid Mechanics – 1996 – P. 177-

227.

2. Dennis D. The Steady Flow of a Viscous Fluid Past a Flat Plate / D.

Dennis, N. Captaine, F. Arias, J. Dunwoody, D. N. Allen, G. Southwell

35

// The Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 24, Issue 3 – 2006 – P. 577-

595.

3. Viscous Incompressible Flow (Fundamental Aspects) // NPTEL –

Mechanical – Principle of Fluid Dynamics, Joint initiative of IITs and

IISc – P. 72.

4. Tokuda N. On the Impulsive Motion of a Flat Plate in a Viscous Fluid

// Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 33, Issue 4 – 2006 – P. 657-672.

5. Afanasiev V. N. Cylinder in Boundary Layer Flat Plate / V. N.

Afanasiev, S. A. Burtsev, K. S. Egorov, A. Yu. Kulagin // Bulletin of

MSTU. H. U. Bauman. Multiseries TV movie "Engineering" № 2 –

2011 – P. 3-22.

D.I. Tokusarov, E.V. Kirillina North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

REVIEW OF THE METHODS

OF CREATING A BOLOMETER BASED ON GRAPHENE

In this paper we overview four methods of creating a bolometer

based on graphene. It is assumed that the characteristic structure and

characteristics of electron transfer of graphene can also become the

basis for a new generation of high-performance devices operating in the

terahertz electromagnetic spectrum range. Unfortunately, due to the low

absorption of light, the photosensitivity of photodetectors based on

graphene is usually low, only a few milliamps per watt. Yubing Wang,

et al studied [1], the dominant photoresponse mechanism which was

attributed to the bolometric effect caused by photons. Theoretical

calculation showed that the bolometric photoresonance was 4.6 A · W-

1. The absorption coefficient of the device was estimated as 0.27 dB ·

μm-1.

The second method [2] uses the promising properties of graphene,

including its low heat capacity, weak electron-phonon coupling, and

small resistance, for the development of bolometers based on cryogenic

graphene, which are of particular interest and importance for

understanding, and also for the use of internal properties graphene. It

summarizes the main theoretical and experimental developments,

including the mechanism of phonon cooling and its dependence on

temperature, doping and disorder, as well as experimental approaches to

36

the implementation of bolometric detectors. The final performance of an

ideal graphene bolometer is also estimated as a power detector and a

single-photon detector if superconducting contacts are used.

The third method [3] implies the use of reduced graphene oxide

films that contain the corresponding defects and residual oxygen groups.

Thus, experiments on photoresponse resistance and annealing based on

medium-infrared radiation were carried out on reduced graphene oxide

films. The maximum photocurrent of 75 μA was observed at room

temperature, in which the effect of the bolometer predominated, at

which the resistance increased. The electrons localized in the states of

defects and the remaining oxygen groups were thermally excited into

the conduction band to form a photocurrent.

The fourth method [4] presents a new, simple way to create a

light-absorbing carbon material for optical devices. To create such a

material, a simple method of laser microstructuring of graphene oxide is

used. The developed method makes it possible to carry out a controlled

process of microstructure graphene oxide. Absorption values of more

than 98% in the visible and more than 90% in the infrared range have

been achieved. In addition, the thermal properties of the films are

studied, such as the temperature dependence and the thermal response of

the samples. The barometer operates at room temperature using an

incandescent lamp as a light source.

Graphene has great potential to revolutionize electronics and

photonics worlds in the next decade. It is then quite fitting that scientists

are now pinning great hopes on this material as a new low cost solid-

state technology that would finally allow full tackling of the THz

portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Based on these methods, it is

possible to increase efficiency, reduce the cost of creating a bolometer,

increase the surface area of graphene oxide and high conductivity, can

further increase the sensitivity of the sensor structure by at least 10

times, due to an increase in the contribution to conductivity and

structure control.

References

1. Y. Wang. Bolometric effect in a waveguide-integrated graphene

photodetector. 2016.

2. X. Du. Graphene-based Bolometers. 2014.

3. H. Liang. Mid-infrared response of reduced graphene oxide and its

high-temperature coefficient of resistance. 2014.

4. S. Evlashin. Controllable Laser Reduction of Graphene Oxide Films

for Photoelectronic Applications. 2016.

37

Ustinov M. E., Kirillina E.V. M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH: VEGETATION

Introduction

In this paper we analyze the researches on the plant cover by V.H.

Durán Zuazo, J.R. Francia Martínez, A. Martínez Raya; J. Otterman, P.

D. Lowman, V. V. Salomonson; D. Mengistu; Y. Xie1, Z. Sha and M.

Yu China [1;2;3;4].

Soil loss and surface runoff patterns over a four-year period

(1997–2000) [1] were studied in erosion plots from three hillslopes

under different vegetative covers (Rosmarinus officinalis, Triticum

aestivum and natural spontaneous vegetation)in Lanjaron (Alpujarras)

on the south flank in the Sierra Nevada of southeast Spain. According to

the results the vegetative covers of Rosmarinus officinalis and natural

spontaneous vegetation reduced the soil losses by 99 and 98%, wither

spectto the Triticum aestivum, and the runoff losses by 94 and 96%,

respectively. Also, the Rosmarinus officinalis and natural-spontaneous

plants influenced infiltration by intercepting much of the rainfall water

respect to the Triticum aestivum. Monitoring allowed more direct

linkages to be made between management practices and their impacts

on runoff and soil erosion, thereby enabling to identify problems and

take appropriate preventive measures to improve the management

practices [1].

The paper by J. Otterman, P. D. Lowman, V. V. Salomonson, the

techniques and recent results of orbital remote sensing, with emphasis

on Laadsat and Skylab imagery. Landsat (formerly ERTS) uses

electronic sensors (scanners and television) for repetitive observations

with moderate ground resolution. The Skylab flights used a wider range

of electro-optical sensors and returned film cameras with moderate and

high ground resolution. Data from these programs have been used

successfully in many fields. For mineral resources, satellite observations

have proven valuable in geologic mapping and in exploration for metal,

oil, and gas deposits, generally as a guide for other (conventional)

techniques. Water resource monitoring with satellite data has included

hydrologic mapping, soil moisture studies, and snow surveys. Marine

resources have been studied, with applications in the fishing industry

and in ocean transportation, Agricultural applications, benefiting from

the repetitive coverage possible with satellites, have been especially

promising. Crop inventories are being conducted, as well as inventories

38

of timber and rangeland. Overgrazing has been monitored in several

areas. Finally, environmental quality has also proven susceptible to

orbital remote sensing; several types of water pollution have been

successfully monitored. The effects of mining and other activities on the

land can also be studied. The future of orbital remote sensing in global

monitoring of the Earth's resources seems assured. However, efforts to

extend spectral range, increase resolution, and solve cloud-cover

problems must be continued. Broad applications of computer analysis

techniques are vital to haxtdle the immense amount of information

produced by satellite sensors [2].

The study by D. Mengistu demonstrates a 30-year multi-temporal

variations in vegetation cover changes as a means of filling the

vegetation knowledge gap in the humid tropical forests of southeastern

Nigeria. Landsats 4TM, 5TM and 7ETM+ data-sets were accessed and

analysed using the Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithm to

discriminate and geovisualize the spatiotemporal variations in the

general vegetation and other land cover types, from 1984 to 2014. This

was supported with detailed field surveys in dry and rainy seasons of

2011 and 2014 to ascertain the status of wide-ranging vegetation cover

stands. A 44% vegetation decline was recorded given the reduction in

dense vegetation spatial extent from 330.63 km2 in 1984 to 170.87 km2

in 2014. Sparse vegetation equally increased in spatial extent by 25%

from 2014. The reduction in vegetation cover was found to have been

replaced by increase in other land cover types—residential (18.97 km2)

and industrial areas (39.87 km2). Suggesting that, heterogeneity in the

spatial distribution of land resources, in addition to weak concerns

towards preserving the accruing benefits of vegetation resources

attracted anthropogenic phenomenon (e.g. urbanization) to vegetated

[3].

Mapping vegetation through remotely sensed images involves

various considerations, processes and techniques. Increasing availability

of remotely sensed images due to the rapid advancement of remote

sensing technology expands the horizon of our choices of imagery

sources [4]. Various sources of imagery are known for their differences

in spectral, spatial, radioactive and temporal characteristics and thus are

suitable for different purposes of vegetation mapping. Generally, it

needs to develop a vegetation classification at first for classifying and

mapping vegetation cover from remote sensed images either at a

community level or species level. Then, correlations of the vegetation

types (communities or species) within this classification system with

discernible spectral characteristics of remote sensed imagery have to be

39

identified. These spectral classes of the imagery are finally translated

into the vegetation types in the image interpretation process, which is

also called image processing. This paper presents an overview of how to

use remote sensing imagery to classify and map vegetation cover [4].

Conclusion

Monitoring of water and land objects enters a revolutionary age

with the rise of ubiquitous remote sensing and public access. Earth

monitoring satellites permit detailed, descriptive, quantitative, holistic,

standardized, global evaluation of the state of the Earth skin in a manner

that our actual Earthen civilization has never been able to before.

References

1. V.H. Durán Zuazo, J.R. Francia Martínez, A. Martínez Raya. Impact

of Vegetative Cover on Runoff and Soil Erosion at Hillslope Scale in

Lanjaron, Spain. Published March 2004.

1. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FB%3AENVR.000004634

5.44569.35

2. J. Otterman, P. D. Lowman, V. V. Salomonson. Surveying earth

resources by remote sensing from satellites. Published April 1976.

3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01454194

4. D. Mengistu. Remote sensing of vegetation cover changes in the humid

tropical rainforests of Southeastern Nigeria (1984–2014). Published:

22 March 2017.

5. https://www.cogentoa.com/article/10.1080/23312041.2017.1307566

5. Y. Xie1, Z. Sha, M. Yu. Remote sensing imagery invegetation

mapping: a review. Published June 2010.

6. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11273-009-9169-z

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01454194

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11273-009-9169-z

40

I. I. Varlamov, E.V. Kirillina North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

REVIEW OF ARTICLES ON THE STUDY

OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRON TEMPERATURE

IN THE HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE

In this paper we will review the researchers by M. David, R.W.

Schunk, J.J. Sojka (2011) in ‘The effect of downward electron heat flow

and electron cooling processes in the high-latitude ionosphere’, G. W.

Prolss (2006) in ‘Subauroral electron temperature enhancement in the

nighttime ionosphere’, W. Kofman and V. B. Wickwar (1984) and R.

W. Schunk, J. J. Sojka, M.D. Bowline (1986) in ‘Theoretical Study of

the Electron Temperature in the, High-Latitude Ionosphere for Solar

Maximum and Winter Conditions’. The heat transfer effect from the

ring current causes a significant increase in the electron temperature of

the upper ionosphere in the nightside subauroral region. The authors aim

to explain the changing nature of electron temperature enhancement by

using ISIS 2 and DE 2 satellites data and they are trying to explore what

is the reason of this enhancement by making simulations, solving three-

dimensional heat equations and modeling situations using specially

designed program code of heat transfer from the upper ionosphere.

However, as a result of the highly technical nature of its analysis and

somewhat abstract implications, these researches would perhaps only be

of interest to relevant experts in cosmological theory and

thermodynamical processes.

After a detailed background review of temperature enhancement

itself and the numerous studies of it, the authors turn their attention to

the main focus of the study: an original quantitative analysis of electron

concentrations and temperature dependence on concentration. In this

study, the ISIS 2 and DE-2 data sets prepared by the NASA National

Space Science Data Center [Koffman W., 1984]. Using a variety of

statistical methods, the author demonstrates a number of interesting

findings. They improved high-latitude ionospheric model by including

the electron energy equation so that they could study the electron

temperature behavior at F region altitudes. The adopted energy equation

takes into account thermal conduction, thermoelectric transport, heating

due to photoelectrons and auroral electrons, Joule heating, thermal

coupling to the ions, and both elastic and inelastic cooling to the

neutrals. During the years, Schunk and developed a comprehensive

model of the convecting high-latitude ionosphere in order to determine

the extent to which various chemical and transport processes affect the

41

ion temperature, ion composition, and electron density at F-region

altitudes [Schunk, 1986]. A frequency analysis showed that temperature

enhancement often seen at nightside of Earth in subauroral ionosphere

in places where the electron concentration was very low [Prolss, 2006].

A model situations show how electron temperature increase when the

heat flux transfering from high ionosphere. While these findings are

certainly of interest, the author’s somewhat overbearing attention to

detail in outlining the minutiae of their study was exacting almost to the

point of distraction.

In conclusion, the analyzed researches provide a

comprehensive review of past research of temperature enhancement and

presents interesting findings from the authors own thorough study of the

changing nature of electron concentration and temperature. They

summarized that a downward electron heat flow into the F-region

occured in the polar region because of the interaction of the escaping

polar wind electrons with the overlaying polar rain, squall and drizzle

[David*, 2011]. But relevance of this comprehensive and contemporary

study is therefore somewhat compromised by its relatively restricted

accessibility.

References 1. Prolss G.W. «Subauroral electron temperature enhancement in

the nighttime ionosphere»/ G.W. Prolss/ 24, 1871–1885, 2006, Ann.

Geophys /Bologna Italy: - 9.08.2006

2. David*, М., Schunk R.W., Sojka J.J. «The effect of downward

electron heat flowand electron cooling processes in the high-latitude

ionosphere»/M. Davidn, R.W. Schunk, J.J. Sojka/ 73 (2011) 2399–2409

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics / United States: -

1.09.2011

3. Schunk, R.W., Sojka, J.J., Bowline, M.D., 1986. Theoretical

study of the electron temperature in the high-latitude ionosphere for solar

maximum and winter conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research 91,

12041.

4. Kofman, W., and V. B. Wickwar (1984), Very high electron

temperatures in the daytime F region at Sondrestrom, Geophys. Res. Lett.,

11(9), 919–922, doi:10.1029/GL011i009p00919.

42

Zaharkina E.I., Kirillina E.V. North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

SYNTHESIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOS2 BY THE CVD

METHOD

After the discovery of graphene, great progress has been made in

obtaining other two-dimensional (2D) materials. Today, among these

materials, the class of transition metal dichalcogenides, in particular

molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), is of great interest. Monolayer

molybdenum disulphide is a direct-gap semiconductor with unique

optical, electrophysical and mechanical properties, which is ideal for

thin-film electronics and optoelectronics. Several methods for the

synthesis of two-dimensional molybdenum disulphide have been studied

at present. Among all the methods, chemical vapor deposition has

shown a huge potential for development of this direction.

For researchers, an important task is to develop optimal conditions

for the growth of two-dimensional and homogeneous monolayer sheets

over large areas. M. Chhowalla and H. Shin present the main

experiment on the synthesis of two-dimensional MoS2 [1]. In this

article, they describe how the tunable electronic 2D structure makes

them attractive for a variety of applications. These materials were

investigated as chemically active electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution

and hydrosulfurization, as well as electrically active materials in opto-

electronics. Their morphologies and properties are also useful for

energy storage applications, such as electrodes for Li-ion batteries and

supercapacitors.

High-quality centimeter-scale continuous monolayer MoS2 with

control over lattice orientation were obtained and investigated by

D.Dumcenco and D.Ovchinnikov [2]. This structure was obtained by

chemical vapor deposition in a three-zone furnace using atomically

smooth surfaces of sapphire as the growth substrate. Powders of trioxide

molybdenum and sulfur were used as precursors. The large-area MoS2

is formed from merging single-crystalline domains with the majority of

them having the same lattice orientation. The experimental results of

optical and electrophysical measurements showed a high degree of

uniformity of the grown monolayer film in comparison with other

production methods. The proposed growth method involving the use of

atomically smooth sapphire substrates could pave the way for large area

growth of MoS2 with high optical and electrical quality, allowing its use

in future electronic and optoelectronic devices.

43

S. Kataria and S. Wagner carried out the synthesis of MoS2 by

chemical vapor deposition (CVD) over a wide range of deposition

temperatures from 600° C to 1000° C [3]. They presented experimental

and theoretical studies of the optical properties of MoS2 monolayer

grown at different temperatures. Also, the influence of the deposition

temperature on the growth of MoS2 was investigated.

Monolayer MoS2 films were deposited using the precursors

MoO3 and S in a CVD reactor consisting of two chambers with quartz

tubes. The substrate was silicon with an oxide layer of SiO2. The

substrates were placed face down over the ceramic crucible containing

the precursor MoO3, and located in the center of the furnace. Compared

to other researches the powder S in this experiment was in another

chamber at a temperature of about 150° C using an autonomous heating

device. This was done to ensure that the content of S was the same

throughout all the experiments. The synthesis was carried out for 10

minutes at atmospheric pressure with a constant flow of argon (Ar) at a

rate of 20 cm2/min. After precipitation, the furnace was cooled naturally

to room temperature under a constant flow of Ar.

As a result of the study, they observed inhomogeneities in the

optical properties of single-crystal MoS2 grains. They explain this by

Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence studies, where it is clearly

shown that the nature-induced strain is the main source of various

optical properties. This work explains the change in the energy of the

band gap of the MoS2 monolayer obtained by CVD as a function of the

deposition temperature. The methodology has general applicability for

modeling and predicting the effect of growth conditions on deformation

in 2D materials.

Growing a two-dimensional MoS2 large area provides

opportunities for wide range of applications. Turkish scholars A. Özden

and F. Ay [4] obtained monolayer triangles MoS2 with large lateral

dimensions. They conducted a study of the growth of the MoS2

monolayer using CVD, investigating the effect of the configuration of

the growth zone and precursors.

To identify the optimal method for obtaining larger domains, they

changed the positions of the substrates relative to the precursors MoO3

and S under identical growth conditions. To identify the influence of the

arrangement of substrates on the kinetics of the formation of two-

dimensional MoS2, various types of substrate holders were used:

cylinders and half-cylinders. They detected the influence of the ratio of

precursors on the size, shape and homogeneity of the synthesized

domains of MoS2. As a result, they obtained monolayer triangles with a

44

side length of 90 μm and circles with a diameter of 500 μm and

continuous films with an area of 850μm x 1 cm.

The great progress that has been observed recently in the synthesis

and study of two-dimensional materials reflects the great possibilities

and prospects for the development of this direction. The materials

obtained demonstrate unexpected and interesting properties, the

possibilities of a new design of instrument structures and significantly

expand the prospects of their application. Further progress of this

direction is based, on the one hand, on the development of new, and

more complex and interesting structures, and on the other hand, on the

development of methods for obtaining such materials. In general, as

follows from the material in the paper, progress is currently being made

in obtaining a new two-dimensional semiconductor material and

developing this direction.

Reference

1. Manish Chhowalla, Hyeon Suk Shin. The chemistry of two-

dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets,

Nature Chem. 2013,V. 5

2. Dumitru Dumcenco and Dmitry Ovchinnikov. Large-Area Epitaxial

Monolayer MoS2 , ACS Nano, 2015, 9 (4), pp 4611–4620

3. Satender Kataria, Stefan Wagner. Growth-Induced Strain in Chemical

Vapor Deposited Monolayer MoS2: Experimental and Theoretical

Investigation, Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 1700031

4. Ayberk Özden, Feridun Ay. CVD growth of monolayer MoS2: Role of

growth zone configuration and precursors ratio, Japanese Journal of

Applied Physics 56, 06GG05 (2017).

45

SECTION II. Information Technology

Gostischev Maxim Mikhailovich A student at the Mining Faculty of the St. Petersburg Mining University,

Saint Petersburg, Russia

USING GIS IN CREATING ELECTRONIC ANALOGS OF CAPTCHA

BUILDING CODE OF CALCULATED CHARACTERISTICS

Currently, to justify the design of new enterprises, as well as for

the expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing

enterprises, for all types of construction and engineering protection of

territories, there is a Code of Regulations establishing general

provisions and requirements for the organization and procedure for

carrying out engineering hydrological calculations to determine

hydrological characteristics (CD 33-101-2003). However, this system of

documents is not accompanied by computed hydrological maps. In the

absence or inadequacy of hydrological information, specialists refer to

the maps of isolines of hydrological quantities published more than 20

years ago (Building code 2.01.14-83). The maps of computed

hydrological characteristics were made in traditional manual form and

they are therefore inconvenient both for the removal of necessary data

(errors in interpolation) and for subsequent work with them (manual

input into processing programs). In this paper we describe the

advantages of using GIS technologies in the creation and subsequent

operation of electronic analogues of BC (building code) cards with the

example of the spatial distribution of the runoff module and the

coefficient of variation.

The advantages of using GIS technologies in the creation and

subsequent operation of electronic analogues of BC cards are

considered, for example, the distribution of the drain module and the

coefficient of variation. Mathematical algorithms of work with

geoinformation, possibilities of functional analysis of distribution,

interrelations and tendencies of spatially-distributed characteristics are

described.

The initial information for the calculations was data on the rate of

the runoff module (m1) and the coefficient of variation (Cv), processed

with a resolution of 1 ° latitude and longitude for the territory of the

European part of Russia. In the ARCVIEW GIS program, a linear theme

of the hydrographic ETR system was created, the attribution table

46

includes data on the type and water content of river objects, the length

of both main rivers and tributaries is calculated (Fig. 1).

Fig.1 Distribution of the flow module over the territory of the ETR

On the modulus of the run, a GRID theme has been created, with a

13 km interpolation step and a fixed radius. The deterministic method of

weighted distances (IDW) is chosen as the method of interpolation, and

the field of the river network is classified by the degree of increase [1].

In the same way, we obtained a vector-by-pixel image for the coefficient

of variation.

The binding of raster and vector data was carried out using the

ImageWarp extension, additionally connected to ARCVIEW, as a

separate module. In both projects, the data is projected into the

coordinate system "Pulkovo 1942" (Projection: Transeverse Mercator;

Spheroid: Krasovsky) [2]. The use of geoinformation systems in this

aspect allows:

- To create a specialized project using both raster and vector data

models;

- To represent a data set in the form of a thematic map

demonstrating the features of spatial variability of characteristics;

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # #

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# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # #

#

#

# #

#

M o s c o w

M u r m a n s k

A s t r a k h a n S t a v r o p o l

S t . P e t e r s b u r g

# E v _ m 1 _ c v . d b f

S u r f a c e f r o m

E v _ m 1 _ c v . d b f 0 - 4

4 - 1 0 1 0 - 1 4

1 4 - 1 8

1 8 - 2 2

2 2 - 2 6 2 6 - 3 2

4 5 . 8 8 9 - 5 2 . 4 4 4

5 2 . 4 4 4 - 5 9

N o D a t a

E v _ r i v e r e . s h p C o n t o u r s

o f S u r f a c e f r o m

E v _ m 1 _ c v . d b f # C i t y . d b f

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 K i l o m e t e r s

М о у л ь

с т о

4 5 ° 4 5 °

5 5 ° 5 5 °

6 5 ° 6 5 ° 5 ° 1 5 °

2 5 °

2 5 °

3 5 °

3 5 °

4 5 °

4 5 °

5 5 °

5 5 °

6 5 °

6 5 °

7 5 °

7 5 °

8 5 °

8 5 °

Module of the run

47

- To analyze the distribution, relationships and trends of spatial

characteristics for the selected territory, using deterministic and

geostatistical methods of interpolation;

- To edit received attribute tables, build queries on them and present

statistical characteristics in a user-friendly form.

GIS makes possible not only to quickly and accurately perform

the cartometric work and various kinds of calculations, but also to

exclude random measurement errors in their implementation, to present

the results in a visual and easily perceived cartographic form. In 2008,

for the first time at the level of the resolution of the Government of the

Russian Federation, it was determined that it was necessary to present

not only text but also graphic parts in the project documentation. The

advantage of using geoinformation technologies for creating a digital

cartographic basis in normative and technical documentation is that

along with a powerful graphics platform, GIS have mathematical

algorithms for processing geoinformation and a rich arsenal of

functional analysis and data synthesis capabilities to support decision

making in various fields of activity.

Literature

1. Spatial-temporal fluctuations in the flow of the USSR rivers / Ed.

Rozhdestvensky A. V. L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1988. 376 p.

2. Michael Zeiler Modeling our world. ESRI Guide to Geodatabase

Design, 254 pages, Copyright 1999 ESRI.

48

Kochneva Alina Alexandrovna assistant of the Informatics and Computer Technologies Department

Grigoryev Maxim Andreevich student of group ST-16

FGBOU VO «Saint - Petersburg Mining University»

METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE QUALITY

OF DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS

When creating digital relief models (DTM), the main factor is the

evaluation of the accuracy of the models obtained.

In this study, it is proposed to evaluate the accuracy of digital

terrain models by comparing the VLAN data with the tacheometric

survey data that is taken as reference.

At statistical estimation of accuracy of heights of air laser

scanning the software product of GIS ArcGIS was used. Tachometric

survey was performed by the electronic total station Sokkia SET

530RK3.

As the analyzed site, a plot of 15,000 m2 was chosen in a forested,

hilly terrain with an inclination angle of about 40.

For the comparative analysis, the following initial data were

taken:

- an array of points of laser reflections, which corresponds to the

class "earth";

- pickets of tachometric survey, obtained for a scale of 1: 1000,

with a relief section of 0.5 m. The number of pickets is 52.

In the analysis of the data, the design coordinate system was used.

A comparative analysis of the digital terrain model was carried out,

which was based on pickets of tachometric survey (it was taken as a

reference one) and DEM was created using the Delaunay triangulation

algorithm, as well as a digital terrain model obtained from air laser

scanning (VLS) data. Created DEM (TIN models) were converted into

GRID-rasters (GRID-surfaces) for the convenience of comparing the

two rasters.

Analyzing two maps, we can conclude that there is a slight

difference, in Figure 2 (the relief obtained by tacheometric survey), the

relief is smoothed. It is necessary to reveal the magnitude of the

divergence of the elevations of the digital relief model obtained from the

data of tacheometric survey and the digital relief model obtained from

the data of air laser scanning.

49

Scale of heights, m.

Figure 1- Relief obtained from VLAN

data

Figure 2 - Relief obtained from

tacheometric survey data

A comparison of two DTMs was performed in the ArcGis GIS

software product [4] using a regular grid of square cells with a side

length of 0.5 m. In the grid nodes, calculated points were obtained.

Elevation marks were taken from these two analyzed DEMs and the

difference in altitude difference (ΔH) was calculated.

The final result is shown in Figure 3, in the form of a diagram:

63.8% - from 0.15 to 0.19 m; 19.2% - from 0.10 - 0.15 m, 9.0% -

less than 0.10 m. It should be noted that the largest and the smallest

values have different signs. It is worth noting that 8.0% of the total

number have a discrepancy of more than 0.19 m.

Figure 3 - Diagram of distribution of height differences ΔH

50

It can be concluded that the accuracy of the DTM creation from

the VLAN data for a scale of 1: 1000 is sufficient. The test site was

taken in a forested, hilly terrain with an inclination angle of about 40.

The maximum permissible error in surveying the relief, according to the

standards, is 0.19 m [1,2,3].

Figure 4 - Altitude difference ΔH, which exceeds the regulatory tolerance

on specially designated control plots

Therefore, based on the analysis, it is recommended to select the

areas located on the terrain with the greatest angles of inclination, as

well as areas with technogenic character of the terrain, as the sites for

monitoring the VL data. In addition, digital terrain models created from

VLAN data for man-made terrain, ie for surface forms that arise as a

result of human production activities - excavations, embankments,

dumps, should be specified by tacheometric survey.

References

1. Instruction on topographic survey in scales 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 1000,

1: 500: [SCIEN-02-033-82: introduced 01.01.1983]. - M.: Nedra, 1985.

- 151 p.

2. Instruction on photogrammetric work during the creation digital maps

and plans: [SCNP (SSTA) -02-036-02: introduced on 01.08.2002]. -

М.: ЦНИИГАиК, 2002. - 100 c.

3. Instructions for the development of shooting evidence and surveying

the situation and terrain with the use of global navigation satellite

51

systems GLONASS and GPS: [SCNP (ONTA) -02-262-02: introduced

01.03.2002]. - M.: Roskartografiya, 2002. - 56 p.

4. GIS ArcGis user manual.

SECTION III. Earth Science

1Gaidukova

E.V.,

2Alexandrov A.I.,

3Mezenin E.S.

1PhD in Engineering, Associate professor;

2,3graduate students;

Department of Hydrophysics and Hydrological Forecasts,

Russian State Hydrometeorological University (RSHU),

Saint-Petersburg, Russia

FRACTAL DIAGNOSTICS OF SERIES OF VELOCITIES

OF RIVER FLOWS

Introduction

In the middle of the twentieth century phenomenon of low-

frequency velocity fluctuations in free flows was discovered. The period

of these fluctuations is within the range from several minutes to dozens

of minutes, depending on hydraulic characteristics of the flow in line of

measurement [1]. Regularity of the onset of low-frequency velocity

fluctuations in rivers, which explain their phenomenon, was determined

over 30 years ago. In a concise way, the essence of the discovered

regularity lies in the fact that periodic low-frequency velocity

fluctuations are solutions of the modified system of Saint-Venant

equations [2, 3]. Modification of the system comes down to the fact that

hydraulic resistance coefficient (or Chezy’s velocity factor C

associated with it) stops being treated as prescribed parameter and is

considered as equivalent variable together with mean velocity in section

U and depth h, that is the number of considered phase variables

increase.

It was shown that resistance coefficient depends on acceleration

(dU/dt) and frequency (). Consideration of this circumstance results in

the fact that instead of classical Saint-Venant equations expanded model

of unsteady motion is obtained [3]:

52

;112

gih

U

x

hg

x

UU

t

U

;0

x

hU

x

Uh

t

h

,2

C

g

xU

t

where g is free fall acceleration; – relaxation parameter.

On the other side, the majority of modern methods of hydraulic

forecasting of water regime are also based on application of system of

Saint-Venant equations, which is simplified up to the potential models

for application (see, for example, [4]). In the course of this approach it

is critical to know the exact number of variables in forecast equation,

which would give a reliable description of processes taking place on

certain stations or reaches of the river.

The goal of the research, considered in this article, is in definition

of the number in series of measured flow velocities, in other words it is

in fractal diagnostics of series of flow velocities. The results of

diagnostics must justify optimum number of phase variables in

modern/simplified system of Saint-Venant equations.

This research continues the attempts to evaluate fractal

dimensionalities of series of flow velocities according to natural data.

Series of velocities have been previously diagnosed on the river Tvertsa

and series of velocities, obtained from the experiments on hydraulic

flumes [5].

Materials and Methods

Series of measured velocities of the river Strelka flow were

chosen as the object of research. The velocity was measured on three

reaches, which are distinguished from each other by the relation of

bottom slope and water surface: reach 1 (fig. 1, b), reach 2 with

narrowing of the stream bed (fig. 1, c) and reach 3 with river bend (fig.

1, d). It was expected that slopes were equal on reach 1; bottom slope

was bigger than the slope of the water surface on reach 2 and bottom

slope was less than surface slope on reach 3. Measurements of velocity

had being made with hydrometric flow meter GR-99 for two hours.

Velocity pulsation was registered each second with the help of special

equipment.

53

a b c d

Figure 1. Satellite image of the river Strelka (a), where

flow velocities were measured on various reaches:

b) straight, c) narrow, b) with bend.

Series of velocities were averaged with the interval of one minute

up to 9 minutes with the purpose of accounting in case of further

determination of fractal dimensionality of possible period of low-

frequency of velocity.

Fractal dimensionality was considered in details in the sources [6,

7] according to the procedure.

Evaluation method of correlation dimensionality forms the basis

of fractal diagnostics, which characterizes fractality of the series.

According to time series, in this case, series of number of rotation

of the meter was taken as interval v, dependencies with successive time

shifts are built τ: ...),2(),(),( tvtvtv . These dependencies are

presented in the form of matrices, according to which correlation

integral C is calculated, taking into account selected measure r (С(r)).

Log-log plots, where fractal dimensionality d is characterized by

stabilized slope of lines end (see fig. 2), are built according to calculated

correlation integrals and measures for successive shifts. According to

values of these lines slope saturation curve is built, from which the

value of fractal and correlation dimensionality is taken ( rrCd ln/)(ln

). Then upward rounding of the obtained dimensionality is made and the

number of variables in mathematical model is obtained.

54

Figure 2. Algorithm of fractal dimensionality.

Results

Fractal diagnostics for averaged series for 1 minute, 2 minutes and

so on up to 9 minutes was carried out.

Figure 3 shows examples of obtained saturation curves. Some

saturation curves didn’t go to the right line, in other words, stabilizing

part of the curve was not observed. Similar cases can be related to

wrong selection of number of shifts and measures r [8].

The results of calculation of correlation dimensionalities of the

series of averaged flow velocities are shown in tables 1–3. In the

presented tables “no” means that saturation curve didn’t go to the right

line. Dashes in the tables mean that calculations with such parameters

were not made.

Interesting results were obtained for the straight reach of the river:

the less is averaging of velocity pulsation, the bigger number of

variables is required for speed velocity modeling is required. It was

determined, that velocity feels bigger number of “neighbors” in the

system of “flow”. It is probably the velocity itself, depth and bed

resistance. Such situation goes on up to 6 minutes. What is more, at the

fifth minute we can observe the way the system changes its

dimensionalities, sometimes it’s 0.72 or 1 precisely (this is a very rare

lnr ln

C(r

)

d

v(t+)

v(t)

f.d.

55

fractal dimensionality – 1 precisely), in some cases it is 1.33. The results

are unstable.

a b

c d

Figure 3. Examples of saturation curves.

Table 1. Fractal dimensionality with equal averaging and various

parameters of calculation for the straight reach of the river

Averaging

–r

2

[m.]

3

[m.]

4

[m.]

5

[m.]

6

[m.]

7

[m.]

8

[m.]

9

[m.]

3–3 no no 0.98 0.72 0.60 0.86 0.54 0.74

3–4 no no – 1.21 – – no –

4–3 – 1.27 1.01 1.00 0.64 0.82 0.57 0.75

5–3 no – 1.03 1.15 – – – –

6–3 no 1.40 – – – – – –

4–4 no – 1.22 1.33 no – – –

5–4 2.36 1.51 1.48 – – – – –

6–4 2.51 1.53 – – – – – –

7–3 – 1.43 – – – – – –

Number of

variables 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

56

Table 2. Fractal dimensionalities with different averaging and different

parameters of calculation for the reach of the river with the island (bed

narrowing)

Averaging

–r

2

[m.]

3

[m.]

4

[m.]

5

[m.]

6

[m.]

7

[m.]

8

[m.]

9

[m.]

3–3 0.37 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.44 0.37 0.38 no

3–4 – – 0.40 – 0.36 0.31 – –

4–3 0.35 0.41 – 0.38 0.39 no 0.29 no

5–3 0.37 – 0.36 – 0.40 – no –

6–3 – 0.39 – – 0.40 – – –

4–4 0.40 – 0.35 0.33 no 0.32 – –

5–4 – – 0.40 – – – – –

8–3 0.61 – – – – – – –

3–5 – – – – no – – –

Number of

variables 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –

Table 3. Fractal dimensionalities with different averaging and different

parameters of calculation for the reach of the river with the bend

Averaging

–r

2

[m.]

3

[m.]

4

[m.]

5

[m.]

6

[m.]

7

[m.]

8

[m.]

9

[m.]

3–3 0.61 0.59 0.62 0.46 0.54 0.53 0.56 0.45

3–4 – 0.57 0.61 0.48 0.56 no 0.52 0.54

3–5 – – – – – – – 0.80

4–5 – – – – – – – 0.71

4–3 0.61 0.63 0.60 0.52 0.62 0.44 0.35 0.43

5–3 0.59 – – – 0.56 – – –

6–3 – 0.65 – – – – – –

4–4 0.62 0.57 0.62 – 0.55 – – –

5–4 – – – 0.30 – – – –

Number of

variables 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

For the area with bed narrowing (it is expected that slopes of

water surface and bottom are not equal) one phase variable was obtained

for any averaging. Fractal dimensionalities differ insignificantly.

57

For the reach with bend fractal dimensionality shows one variable.

Fractal dimensionalities differ from each other. Significant difference in

slopes of water surface and bend were not probably achieved.

Conclusions

In the course of the research it was expected that series of

velocities, obtained with different relation of bottom and water surface

slopes, will feel this difference with their fractal dimensionality. Indeed,

the difference in values of fractal dimensionalities can amount to more

than twofold, but it didn’t have any impact on the number of variables:

the number of variables is equal to one.

Therefore, it is shown by experiments that relation of slopes of

water surface and bottom may not be taken into consideration while

forecasting the elements of water regime, as it is done in practice, as

determination of slopes is a time-taking process with inaccurate results

[9, 10].

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the grant issued by the Ministry of

Education and Science of the Russian Federation under the state

contract No. 5.6293.2017/8.9 “Sensitivity of the long-term river runoff

and major water-dependent sectors of the economy to climate change”.

References

1. Kovalenko V. V. Novyye yavleniya i zakonomernosti formirovaniya

rechnogo stoka. [New phenomena and patterns of formation of river flow] /

V. V. Kovalenko. – St. Petersburg: ed. RSHU, 2013. – 172 p. [in Russian]

2. Kovalenko V. V. Izmereniye i raschet kharakteristik

neustanovivshikhsya rechnykh potokov. [Measurement and calculation of

characteristics of unsteady river flows] / V. V. Kovalenko. – L .:

Gidrometeoizdat, 1984. – 160 p. [in Russian]

3. Kovalenko V. V. Zakonomernaya svyaz' mezhdu parametrami

nizkochastotnykh kolebaniy skorosti otkrytykh potokov i gidravlicheskimi

kharakteristikami rusla potoka. [The natural connection between the

parameters of low-frequency oscillations of the velocity of open flows and

the hydraulic characteristics of the flow channel] / V. V. Kovalenko //

Diploma No. 441 for the discovery. Scientific discoveries // Collection of

brief descriptions. 2013. – Moscow: RANS. – 48 p. [in Russian]

4. Georgievsky Yu. M. Gidrologicheskiye prognozy. [Hydrological

forecasts] Textbook / Yu. M. Georgievsky, S. V. Shanochkin. – St.

Petersburg: ed. RSHU, 2007. – 436 p. [in Russian]

5. Kovalenko V. V. Fraktal'noye diagnostirovaniye otkrytykh potokov.

[Fractal diagnosis of open flows] / V. V. Kovalenko, E. V. Gaidukova. / In

the book: Metamorfoz ponyatiy chastichno infinitnoy gidrologii v kontekste

destruktsii ontologii M. Khaydeggerom. [Metamorphosis of the concepts of

58

partially infinite hydrology in the context of the destruction of ontology by

M. Heidegger] – St. Petersburg: ed. RSHU, 2015. – Pp. 61–72. [in Russian]

6. Kovalenko V. V. Modelirovaniye gidrologicheskikh protsessov.

[Modeling of hydrological processes] Textbook / V. V. Kovalenko, N. V.

Viktorova, E. V. Gaidukova. – St. Petersburg: ed. RSHU, 2006. – 559 p. [in

Russian]

7. Gaidukova E. V. Fraktal'naya diagnostika v modelirovanii

gidrologicheskikh protsessov. [Fractal diagnostics in the modeling of

hydrological processes] / E. V. Gaidukova. – St. Petersburg: Asterion, 2017.

– 98 p.

Nikiforova L.V., Kirillina E.V. North-Eastern Federal University

STUDIES THE JIGGING PROCESS

Mineral processing is an important intermediate link between the

extraction of minerals and their use. When designing devices of mineral

processing, there are problems of a choice of parameters of devices,

which depend on physical processes. To describe the processes of

gravity enrichment a statistical approach, considering not only

deterministic mechanical processes but also stochastic.

A. Falconer reviewed various types of the main gravity separation

devices, both in the recent past and the present. The application of each

device is discussed in turn, with details of the variables involved and the

respective advantages and disadvantages of the separators, together with

explanatory diagrams illustrating the processes. The researcher

described and compared in simplified terms the principles, variables,

advantages and disadvantages of the majority of the gravity separation

devices available today.

Now one of widespread methods of gravitational enrichment is

jigging, essence of which consists in separation according granulated

mineral in the Earth’s gravitational field. The process of jigging is to

split the useful fraction by density or size. Most of the fundamental

aspects of jigging process remain the same, except for the dry concept,

which is incorporated to the system at a later stage [2]. Usually,

enrichment in a jig is described by means of the particle density as a

partition feature. However, the degree of particle loosening in the jig's

59

bed is influenced by, among others, the particle free settling velocity.

After some time of the pulsating movement duration, particle

segregation along the vertical axis according to the settling velocity will

occurs.

On the basis of heuristic considerations S. Hottovy develops a

physical model, a physical model of the partition function, where

interactions between particles in the working bed of the jig are taken

into account, is derived. It gives the reasons for the formation of the

particle dispersion mechanism around the equilibrium layers and the

accuracy of particle splitting into narrow fractions. These calculations

allowed for the analysis of causes of the process. The focus is more on

the fundamental aspect of namely, airflow rate and pulse rate, while

maintaining a range of particle sizes and inherent dispersion formation

taking place during the jigging process. Thereafter, the researchers

attempt to explain jigging by studying the motion of single particle and

the particle bed as a whole using a jigging motion. A few attempts have

been made to study the movement of particles as a whole bed. However,

Mayer explains that the purpose of the jig stroke is to create a fluid

motion, which causes the jig bed to loosen [3]. Upon loosening the bed,

potential energy reduction acts as the physical factor for producing a

stratified layer. This factor keeps particles segregated until the bed

reaches its lowest potential energy. Particles with different densities also

occupy various positions and produce the separation layer.

Application of the Fokker-Planck equation in solving stochastic

problems is considered in different researches [2, 4]. A characteristic

feature of partition in a jig is the free settling velocity. The particle

separation into elemental fractions (layers) occurs according to the

settling velocity. The pulsating movement of liquid is a mechanism

generating such partition. The movement of particles in the jig's bed is a

random process. The value of a random variable denoting a particle

location along the vertical axis in a non-stationary state is a function of

time. Particles move between each other under deterministic forces,

resulting from the pulsating movement, suffering collisions. These

interactions at the moment of collisions are the source of particle

dispersion around grouping center, being a function of time, because the

deterministic movement intensity is a function of time. If the pulsating

movement velocity was homogeneous in the whole volume of the jig's

working space and there were no interactions between particles, then in

a stationary condition, the state of ideal separation according to the

settling velocity would be achieved. However, this is not the case. Due

to the heterogeneity of the liquid velocity field in the vertical direction

60

of the jig's bed, the permeation of particles to layers improper to them

occurs. It can be, thus, said that two independent random processes

occur. One is connected to the heterogeneity of the liquid velocity field,

independent of time and the other connected to particles' collisions

during the deterministic particles movement with different properties to

their equilibrium layers, dependent on time. The latter movement is

described by the Fokker-Planck equation:

From stochastic differential equations a partial differential

equation can provide information about the probabilistic transition

function of the stochastic process. Knowledge of the transition function

gives information about the equilibrium distribution (if it exists) and

convergence to the equilibrium distribution. Over the years, the

technology has continuously developed and, as a result, various versions

of jig design have been produced. In the case of ideal separation of

minerals, partition into products is conducted according to a specific

partition feature which is, for instance, the density of raw material.

References

1. Falconer A., Gravity Separation: Old Technique/ New

Methods, Physical Separation in Science and Engineering, 2003, Vol.

12, No. 1, pp.31-48

2. Abd Aziz at el, Pneumatic jigging: Influence of operating

parameters on separation efficiency of solid waste materials, Waste

Management & Research 2017, Vol. 35(6) 647–655.

3. Surowiak A., Brozek M., A Physical Model Of Separation

Process By Means Of Jigs, Physicochemical Problems of Mineral

Processing, 52 (1), 2016, 228-243.

4. Hottovy S., The Fokker-Planck Equation, University of

Wisconsin, Department of Mathematics, Madison, Wis., USA, 2011.

61

SECTION IV. Forestry

Kolominova M.V. candidate of technical sciences, assistant professor

of Ukhta State Technical University, Ukhta, Russia

FOREST CONDITION AND TECHNOLOGIES

OF REFORESTATION IN THE KOMI REPUBLIC

The Komi Republic is the wooded region in the Russia. The area

of the forest reserves of the Komi Republic amounts to 36270,3

thousand hectars or 87,2% of the whole territorry of Komi. Depending

on the designated purpose they are divided into protected land –

14446,8 thousand hectares (39,8%) and exploitable land – 21815,5

thousand hectares (60,2%). The forests covering military land amount to

2656,7 thousand hectares. The estimated area of natural reserves is

2613,0 thousand hectares (including the National Park «Yugud Va» –

1891,7 thousand hectares and the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve – 721,3

thousand hectares), of urban forests – 6,2 thousand hectares and the

forests of other categories – 12,5 thousand hectares [1].

The Komi Republic possesses 240 specially protected natural

areas, including two territories of federal significance (the Pechora-Ilych

State Biosphere Nature Reserve and the National Park «Yugud Va»)

and 238 specially protected natural areas of regional significance (165

nature sanctuaries of different types and 73 natural monuments). The

whole area of specially protected natural areas (of federal and regional

significance) is estimated to be more than 6 mln ha, or approx 14,6% of

the whole territory of the Komi Republic.

In 1995 the territory of the National Park «Yugud Va» together

with the bordering Pechora-Ilych State Biosphere Nature Reserve and

its buffer zone were included into the UNESCO World Heritage list

under the common name «The Virgin Komi Forests».

The average percentage of forest land in the Republic is about

79%. The forested area is approx 30 mln ha, that’s about 3,5% of the

whole forested area of the Russian Federation and about 40% of forests

in the European North.

The bigger part of the Komi territory is covered by the stand of

firs – 54%. The second place is taken by pines – 25,2%. Cedar, Silver

fir and larch are spotted and are considered mainly as an accompanying

element.

62

As for the hard wood, birch covers 16,6%, while aspen – 2,1%. In

the understory of the river-valley there’s willow tree, mountain ash, bird

cherry tree and others.

The total number of timber resources (stand of timber per acre)

located on the forest reserve land is 2846,52 mln cu m, including

coniferous forests – 2356,81 mlm cu m (82,8%) and soft-wooded

broadleaved species – 489,7 mln cu m (17,2%).

The total number of exploitable land is 2054,23 mln cu m,

including coniferous forests – 1661,73 mln cu m and soft-wooded

broadleaved species – 392,5 mln cu m, the number of firs being 53,3%,

pine – 26,6%, birch – 14,6%, aspen – 4,5%.

Reforestation is essential item in logging operations. Annually

about 5 mln cubic meters are harvested in the Komi Republic. Logging

and reforestation are carried out at the same site practically

simaltenuously. It’s necessary not only to cut forest but to grow it as

well. According to Georgiy Fyodorovich Morozov, the founder of the

theory of forest management, felling and reforestation are synonyms.

That is why forestry specialists and those working in timber industry

should take all necessary measures aimed at reforestation in the shortest

possible time while carrying out cutting area operations. These and

many other peculiarities determine the choice of optimal timber

harvesting and reforestation technologies, the types of machinery and

mechanisms to be used, unit labour costs and all the expenses needed

for cutting area operations and for forest management work.

Reforestation becomes more and more relevant and important due

to global climate changes caused by the decrease of carbon dioxide

percentage in the atmosphere.

Reforestation (timber regeneration) is a process aimed at forming

a new forest generation either naturally or artificially by restoring all its

components, as well as their interconnections.

Reforestation operations are fulfilled according to the local

procedures in this sphere. The amount of reforestation work, its methods

and the types of species to be reproduced are defined by forestry

managements according to the Forest exploitation plan taking into

account the recent changes in forest fund.

Reforestation after clear-cutting is carried out by natural, artificial

and combined methods [2].

Natural reforestation is achieved by preserving viable forest

thinners and new growth not touching seed trees of chief species (with

or without soil treatment).

63

Some measures are taken to encourage natural reforestation, e.g.

those that contribute to the formation and preservation of new and

young forest.

The main methods of encouraging natural reforestation in addition

to preservation of new growth and keeping seed trees are as follows:

soil disturbance (the removal of ground vegetation that prevents seed

sprouting and seedling growth); the pre-drying of aspen; preliminary

thinning of the crown layer of the felled stands around the crowns of

future seedling trees; felling of the undergrowth that prevents

reforestation; felling of new growth of low-value species which do not

conform to a certain site, as well as felling of unpromising new growth

(unviable, very damaged); fencing of felling sites; cleaning of felling

areas from felling residue.

While preparing felling fund, special areas are marked, those on

which natural reforestation can be fulfilled by assistance measures.

Assistance measures, aimed at natural reforestation, and which consist

of seed trees preservation, loosening and slash-disposal fire, are not

effective on fresh clear-cut areas of fertile soils (spruce groves near the

brook, wood sorrel spruce forest and composite spruce forest, sorrel

pinery, grass pine forest, composite pinery), on cutting areas with wet,

very podzolized, sandy, sabulous, imperfectly drained soils (polytric

pine forest), on imperfectly drained very podzolized loamy and clayey

soils (haircap-moss spruce forest), in bog moss pine forest without

forest dranaige, on the sites where deciduous forest stand is felled with

the introduction of conifer trees planned, in lichen pine stand in the

forest-steppe zone and in the zone of south taiga. Loosening is also

useless in case there is no seed harvest.

Artificial reforestation or artificially regenerated stands are used

in cases when forest renewal with economically valuable species can’t

be achieved naturally within 10 years after felling. Artificial

reforestation by creating artificial stands includes: cultivation of

planting material (gathering of conelets, extraction, sorting, storage and

pre-drying of seeds, their seeding in forest nurseries, seedling

production and others); soil cultivation by tillage plows, scarifiers, soil

disrupters, cultivators or rotary cutters, forest transplanting, care of

plantations.

Among the activities aimed at artificial forest regeneration the

first place belongs to the cultivation of planting material in forest

nurseries. But it’s also necessary to pay attention to the following

techniques of forest plantation development which are applied directly

on felling sites: stump removal, combing out of roots, area planning.

64

The removal of stumps on passage strips used by tillage

machinery and the reduction of stump height on the space between

strips necessary for tractors to pass by during agrotechnical tending are

rather expensive operations and should significantly raise the total cost

of forest cultures being created. However, it’s thanks to this fact that the

all-around mechanization of operations becomes possible which in its

turn significantly reduces manual labour costs and makes the whole

production cheaper. Besides, the survival ability of root-taking of forest

plantations, planted into a plow layer on an uprooted strip, is much

higher in comparison to that of plantations on a virgin soil or a plow

layer, created without uprooting the area. That is due to the fact that

grubbing-out slows down the ground cover spread. Plow layer creates

favourable conditions for the growth of seedlings, at the same time

preventing formation of carpet plants since the surface is covered with a

mineral horizon, and seedling roots are put deeper into a more nutrient-

rich soil layer. That is why the creation of forest cultures increases

expenses on planting material as well as the quantity of manual labor.

Modern grub pullers remove stumps by breaking roots with a

pushing force of tractors, simultenuously using vertical impulse, which

is created by hydraulic lift cylinders and dozer blade angling. When

grubbing, raking and transporting uprooted (or cut by a bush puller)

wood this machinery puts a considerable amount of soil (up to 300 tons

per hectare) into rollers and piles. Large amounts of soil are left on

stumps, thus making big understump holes. That’s why further area

planning is necessary.

The combined method of reforestation is a combination of natural

and artificial methods of reforestation and is used on the areas with

uneven allocating of viable new growth and conifer forest thinners.

As can be seen from the above, efficient methods of reforestation

allow to preserve forest environment on the felling area, to prevent

alternation of tree species with lower expenses in comparison to those

needed in the development of forest plantations, and to speed up the

cutting period, such methods are of great importance especially for the

northern regions of the Komi Republic.

References

1. The Komi Republic National Environmental report in 2016. – Syktyvkar,

2016. – http://www.agiks.ru/gd2016.php?cat=3.

2. Fundamentals of forest management and forest inventory / V.F. Kovyazin,

А.N. Martynov, Y.S. Melnikov, А.S. Аnikin, V.N. Minaev, N.V.

Belyaeva. – Saint-Petersburg: Publishing House "Lan", 2010. – 384 p.

http://www.agiks.ru/gd2016.php?cat=3

65

SECTION V. Engineering

1Alexeev P. P.,

2Kirillina E. V.

1master’s degree student,

2assistant professor

North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

REVIEW OF THE APPLICATION AND IMPROVEMENT

OF MICROSTRIP LINES

Introduction Before the developer of microwave filters, there is almost

always a task to provide the required frequency characteristics of the

device with the minimum possible dimensions of the filter. With a

significant circulation of the product, the manufacturability of the

production of filters is important (complexity of manufacture and

subsequent adjustment). Solving these problems in a complex, the

engineer often prefers the microstrip realization of the microwave filter.

In this paper, we examined 4 works with the applications and

improvements of microstrip lines.

First article is S. Ohshima’s “Comparison of power handling

capabilities of sliced and conventional microstrip line filters” [1]. In this

work, to increase power handling capabilities of high-temperature

superconducting bandpass filters, a sliced microstrip line was

developed. It does not concentrate as much current along the outer edge

as a conventional microstrip line. The work was designed by the

software package "Sonnet EM", the optimal filter sizes were chosen, the

current concentrations at the outer edge of the resonators were

experimentally compared. As a result, the sliced microstrip line had

66% less current concentration than the conventional microstrip line.

This result means that power handling capabilites of the filters on the

sliced microstrip lines is much higher.

Figure 1 shows that point is 19.0 dBm for the conventional filter

and 22.8 dBm for the sliced microstrip line filter. That is the sliced

microstrip line filter improves the output by about 3.8 dBm.

66

Figure 1. Power handling capabilities of sliced- and conventional microstrip

line filters made with Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide thin films (100nm

thickness) [2].

Second article is S. Ohshima’s “Improvement of power-handling

capability of superconducting filters using 3D-matrix microstrip lines”

[3]. In this work, to extend the range of application of superconducting

bandpass filters, a new microstrip line was developed using a 3D matrix.

The realization of the three-dimensional microstrip line will allow

reducing the current concentration at the outer edge of the resonator,

which increases power-handling capability of the filter. Filters were

modeled on three different microstrip lines: three-dimensional matrix,

layered-film and conventional. Virtual modeling was done on the

software package "Sonnet EM". The current concentrations at the outer

edge of the resonators were compared experimentally. The best results

were given by microstrip lines on three-dimensional matrices, power-

handling capability was 1.7 dB more than for a layered microstrip linear

filter.

Figure 2 shows the effective input power dependence on the

output power in the filters made of 3D matrix, layered-film, and

conventional microstrip lines. Electric power proofs for conventional

microstrip line filter is 21.2 dBm, for layered-film – 22.9 dBm and for

3-D matrix – 24.6 dBm. The power-handling in 60% depends on the

quality of the simulation, it is also necessary to select the optimal

thickness of the microstrip line in order to increase the power even

more.

67

Figure 2. Effective input power dependence on Pin-Pout of the filters [4].

Third article is L. Zhao’s “RF Pulse Signal Integrity Analysis for

Nonlinear Ended Microstrip Line Atom-Probe Tomography” [5]. We

will not get too hung up on this work, because it is another area of

science. But consider how they applied microstrip lines. Distortion of

the signal is largely due to the connection of the cryogenic chamber-

flange-subminiature version A (SMA) cable. Therefore, to avoid such a

problem, the end of the microstrip line has been replaced with

photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS), since optical

technology is better than simple electronic technologies.

Table. (a) Different parameters for Even order filter;

(b) Different parameters for Odd order filter [7].

(a)

(b)

68

Fourth article is Nandini Patel’s “Stepped Impedance Low Pass

Microstrip Line Filter” [6]. Work was done on the software package

Hyper Lynx 3D EM. Filters were calculated and measurements were

made. They noticed that as the order of the low pass microstrip line

filter increases a sharper cut-off is obtained.

Conclusions

An exclusive property of microwave circuits, distinguishing them

from low-frequency integrated circuits, is the use of microstrip lines as

the main elements of the circuit. Cellular communication requires large

peak power levels (up to thousands of watts) of transmitting base

stations. To achieve this goal, filters in the traditional design are not

suitable because of the limited transport current. In this connection,

articles were considered with possible variants of filter improvements

by modifying the microstrip lines. It has been experimentally proven

that they increase power-handling of filter. In another work, the design

of the filter was changed, which was added to the output PCSS. Which

allowed to work directly with coherent radiation. With each year the

range of application of microstrip lines extends.

References

[1]. S. Ohshima, M. Uno, Y. Endo, S. Takeuchi, S. Ono, A. Saito, N. Sekiya,

2010 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 234 042025.

[2]. S. Ohshima, M. Uno, Y. Endo, S. Takeuchi, S. Ono, A. Saito, N. Sekiya,

p. 4, fig. 4, 2010 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 234 042025.

[3]. S. Ohshima, S. Takahashi, M. Endo, A. Saito, 2014 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

507 042027

[4]. S. Ohshima, S. Takahashi, M. Endo, A. Saito, p. 3, fig. 3, 2014 J. Phys.:

Conf. Ser. 507 042027.

[5]. L. Zhao, A. Delamare, A. Normand, F. Delaroche, O. Latry, F. Vurpillot,

B. Ravelo, 2016 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 120 012006.

[6]. Nandini Patel, Nikunj Parikh, Pragya Katare, Ketan Kathal, Gaurav

Chaitanya, DOI 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2015.3513.

[7]. Nandini Patel, Nikunj Parikh, Pragya Katare, Ketan Kathal, Gaurav

Chaitanya, p. 45, tables 3-4, DOI 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2015.3513.

69

Anempodistova L. G. a, Grigoryev А. V.

b, Kirillina E. V.

c

aGraduate student, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk;

bSenior Researcher, Candidate of Technical Sciences, V. P. Larionov’s

Institute of Physical-Technical Problems of the North SB RAS, Yakutsk;

cAssociate Professor, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, North-Eastern

Federal University, Yakutsk

FRACTURE PROCESS OF STRUCTURE MEMBERS

FOR TRANSPORT SYSTEMS OPERATING

IN HOSTILE NORTH AND ARCTIC EVIRONMENT

Currently, there is an active development of the Arctic related to

the delivery of goods and increasing the flow of passengers using rail.

The negative climatic conditions significantly affect the operation of

many transport systems and equipment operating in low temperature

climates. Sharp temperature changes, peculiarities of transport

infrastructure can increase the number of accidents associated with the

processes of destruction of railway transport elements.

The task of forecasting the ultimate state and resource, as a whole

of complex technical systems, objects and structures, and their

individual elements remains the most actual at the moment in operation

in the extreme climatic conditions. When calculating the resource of

structures, the problem arises of describing the mechanical, physical-

chemical, and other processes that lead to the achievement of the

material state and the element of the construction of its limiting state.

Thus, when solving the problem of forecasting the limiting state and

resource of structures, an important point is the creation of a model

describing the process of destruction in a material, accumulation of

fatigue, corrosion, plastic and other types of damage in it.

In the theory of fracture, the most common is fatigue failure,

which occurs under cyclic loading, i.e. under the effect of repeated

application of repeatedly-variable loads. In this case, the cracks in the

material begin to develop long before the complete destruction (up to

the exhaustion of the bearing capacity of the part), regardless of whether

the plastic is fracture or brittle [1].

The destruction in the form of the separation of material into parts

by the mechanism of the development of cracks is the final stage, the

prerequisite of which is the change in the structure of the material in the

form of "loosening" and the formation of ruptures in the material. The

crack propagates through nonmetallic inclusions and grain boundaries

[2].

70

V. A. Kislik and T. V. Larin established that the contact strength

increases due to an increase in the carbon content and hardness of the

steel [3, 4]. L. K. Silkoks [5] identified that the material of the railway

wheels should have high strength and hardness characteristics in order

to provide the required resistance to contact-fatigue damage. However,

the increase in hardness, only by increasing the carbon content in the

material, leads to an improvement in the strength of the steel, but at the

same time the toughness and, as a consequence, the ductility of the

material decreases. Fractures of a brittle type are observed, therefore,

deformations of elastic and plastic character are practically absent and

the destruction of metal occurs in the form of dying [6, 7, 8].

Under certain conditions, chipping can lead to transverse cracks:

when the crack reaches a critical value (about 10 mm), its trailing edge

can spread deep into the rail and cause it to break [9].

According to the results of A. V. Grigoryev's tests, the KCV

impact strength at a test temperature of -60 ° C drops three-fold,

therefore, although the steel has high mechanical characteristics, when

the temperature is lowered, it is already below -20-30 ° C (and the

minimum recommended the temperature for this steel is -40 ° C), the

material undergoes a viscous-brittle transition, and the energy necessary

for its destruction significantly decreases. Consequently, the resistance

of the material to shock loads decreases, although the strength and

elongation, according to the static test data, are kept at a sufficiently

high level, and there is an accelerated accumulation of structural

damage caused by the localization of deformations and the formation of

microcracks [2].

The reaction of materials of transport systems operating under the

adverse conditions in the Arctic has been little studied. Nevertheless,

there are first results.

We believe that with the accumulation of a sufficient number of

the experiments conducted at plus and extremely low temperatures, it

will be possible to formulate a formula for the operability and fitness of

the elements of transport systems, in accordance with their materials.

Some approximate data are already known: the yield strength of

tests under conditions of low climatic temperatures increases and the

elongation falls (embrittlement), while the impact of thermal and shock

loads (hardening) also has an effect on the resistance of steel to

deformation at low climatic temperatures [10].

This will help to accurately calculate at what temperatures, with

what load capacity, how long a specific transport system will serve us, if

we take into account each and even an unimportant work session,

71

because each material friction affects the surface and integrity of the

material.

Reference:

1. Pisarenko G. S. Resistance of materials / G. S. Pisarenko, V. A.

Ogarev, A. L. Kvitka et al. - K .: High School., 1986 - 775 p.

2. Grigoriev A. V. Damage and service life of the locomotive wheel

bandage in conditions of low climatic temperatures / A. V. Grigoriev //

Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in specialty:

01.02.04 - Mechanics of deformable solids. - Yakutsk, 2015 - 125 p.

3. Kislik V. A. The choice of steel for wagon wheel sets. / V. A. Kislik,

A. I. Karmazin // Railway transport. - 1965. - № 8. - P. 24-25.

4. Larin T. V. Investigation of the mechanism of wear and tear, fatigue

dying, the formation of scrapes and covering on the rolling surface of

solid-rolled wheels. / T. V. Larin // Proceedings of VNIIZhT. - 1977 -

Issue 58 - P.51-68.

5. Silkok L. A. Effect of increasing the weight and speed of the train on

rolling stock / L. A. Silkoks. - Moscow: Transzheldorizdat, 1947. - 255

p.

6. Kogan A. Ya. Calculation of the nonstationary stress-strain state of a

rail joint. / A. Ya. Kogan, Yu. L. Peich. // Bulletin of VNIIZhT. 2002 -

No. 2 - P. 31-39.

7. Danilov V. N. Calculation of the rail thread in the joint area.

Proceedings of VNIIZhT. Issue. 70. / V.N. Danilov. - Moscow:

Transzheldorizdat, 1952. - 113 p.

8. Kogan A. Ya. Dynamics of the path and its interaction with the rolling

stock. / A. Ya. Kogan. - Moscow: Transport, 1997. - 326 p.

9. Hellan K. Introduction to fracture mechanics / McGraw-Hill. Inc. 302

p. 1984.

10. Grigoriev A. V. Mechanisms of damage accumulation and fracture of

the rim material of railway wheel when operating in the North / A. V.

Grigoriev, V. V. Lepov // Vestnik of the NEFU, volume 9, No. 1, 2012

– p. 79 – 84.

72

Andrei Buharcev Student, Saint Petersburg mining University

Stanislav Chupin (scientific advisor) PhD, assistant of Department descriptive geometry and graphics,

Saint Petersburg mining University

IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANICAL AND PERFORMANCE

CHARACTERISTICS OF SHELL ROCK CUTTING TOOLS BY GIVING SUBMICRON STRUCTURE TO THEIR BODY

Grain refinement is one of the most effective ways to improve the

full range of mechanical and performance properties of metallic

materials (hardness, strength, toughness, wear resistance, etc).

Existing methods of grinding (modification melts, re-

crystallization, grain recovery, metal forming) are limited to the

achievement of the grain size of several microns. Nowadays there are

new methods of grinding grain, allowing the material to give the nano

and submicrocrystalline structure such as powder technology, severe

plastic deformation, film technique [1].

For the production of large items which consist of small grains the

methods of severe plastic deformation (SPD) are used. This deformation

is torsion or equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). Method of

torsional strain is applied only for parts of small size (discs of 10-20 mm

and with thickness of 0.2-0.5 mm).

The ECAP method allows to grind grain in samples of 60 mm in

diameter and 200 mm long [2]. When implementing this method, the

metal blank is repeatedly pressed in a special matrix via two channels

with the same cross sections which intersect at the angle of 90 - 135 °, at

room or elevated temperatures depending on the deformability of the

material.

According to [3], the use of ECAP (550 ° C) leads to an increase

in hardness, yield strength and durability of steel of different grades (St.

3, 25G2S and 20GSF). For example, for 25G2S-steel the tensile strength

and yield strength increase in 1.2, 2 and 1.6 times respectively. The

authors [3] note that for a significant increase of these parameters only

two passes are sufficient as further passes have a small effect on the

change in parameters. As a result of ECAP grain is ground from 8

microns to 0.63 microns for steel 20GSF and from 12.6 microns to 0.81

microns for steel 20G2S

Information on the effect of ECAP on the wear resistance of

metallic materials is very limited. The conducted studies [4] for steel

09G2C have shown that the wear resistance of this material in sub

73

microcrystalline state is 30% higher than in the initial coarse state, and

micro hardness has increased by 50 – 70% as a result of ECAP.

In this paper we evaluate the possibility of applying the method of

equal-channel angular pressing to give the SMC structure to the body of

the tangential indexable cutter of the roadheaders and shearers.

The object of the study was 35HGSA steel which is commonly

used for the manufacture of the cutter body. Similar experiments for the

grain refinement were carried out with the samples of copper and

aluminum for comparison.

Giving SMC structure to the material samples was carried out in a

special snap consisting of a 45-steel matrix, with channels intersecting

at the angle of 135, and the instrumental steel punch.

Experiments were carried out on cylindrical specimens with a

diameter of 8 mm and a length of 25 mm using a hydraulic press with a

maximum force of 10 tons. Samples of aluminum were pressed in cold

condition, samples of copper and steel 35HGSA were pressed after

preheating to temperatures of 300 ° C and 570 ° C respectively, which is

20 - 30 ° lower than recrystallization temperature of the materials. The

pressing forces were the following: 1.7 tons for aluminum, 3.0 tons for

copper and 4.1 tons for steel.

In accordance with the first results of the experiments it was found

that ECAP increases hardness in all materials: by 17% for steel (after 1

pass, from 266 HB to 322 HB), by 30% for copper (after 2 passes, from

202 HB to 288 HB) and by 44% for aluminium (after 2 passes, from 70

HB to 124 HB). The comparison of material hardness before and after

ECAP is presented below.

Conclusions:

- the influence of grain size on the physical and mechanical

properties of metallic materials is analyzed;

- samples of 35HGSA steel, copper and aluminum with

improved hardness are obtained as a result of ECAP.

References

1. RA Andrievskiy Nanomaterials: Concept and Current Issues //

Russian Journal of Chemistry (Journal of the Russian Chemical Society.

Mendeleev), 2002, Vol XLVI, № 5. P.50-56.

2. RZ Valiev Nanostructured materials produced by severe plastic

deformation / RZ Valiev, IV Alexandrov Moscow: Logos, 2000. 272.

3. SV Dobatkin Warm and hot equal channel angular pressing of

low carbon steels / SV Dobatkin, PD Odessa, R. Pippala / / Metals, 2004, №

1, P.110-119.

74

4. SP Yakovlev, SN Maharov, MZ Borisova The structure,

properties and characteristics of the destruction of low-alloy steel in

submicrocrystalline state / SP Yakovlev, S. Maharov, MZ Borisova / /

Metals, 2006, № 4, p.71-78.

Filipov Vladislav student, Saint Petersburg Mining University

Renskov Artem student, Saint Petersburg Mining University

INVESTIGATION OF INFLUENCE MECHANICAL AND

THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT TO MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES AND WEAR RATE OF STEELS

It is well known that mechanical and thermomechanical treatment

are effective way to improve the strength and fatigue properties of

metals and alloys [1,2]. At the same time there are not so much

information about influence this processing to abrasive wear of metal

construction. Abrasive wear is the main cause of failure a rock-breaking

tools mining machines. The results experimental studies of influence the

mechanical (cold hardening) and the high-temperature

thermomechanical treatment to wear resistance of steel 110G13L

(Hadfield steel) and 30KhGSA are presented in article. These metals are

widely using in mining machinery manufacturing for producing rock-

breaking tools.

It is considered [1, 3] that steel 110G13L has a low wear

resistance at the only abrasion action of rocks but while a high loading

and impact action to the steel is making cold hardening in surface layer

and its wear resistance is improving. That is the reason to using this

steel as a main construction material for manufacturing a machine parts

where it has to work in abrasive condition with high loading and impact

action. Hadfield steel is using for producing frog and points railway and

tram lines, tracks of caterpillar machines, teeth of excavator bucket,

lining of ball mills, hammer and lining of mills and etc.

As practice shows, sometimes the steel 110G13L parts of machine

at high loading and impact action have an insufficient wear resistance.

Exploitation of ball mill with the same constructions was revealed that

service life of Hadfield steel lining in limestone is more than 10 years.

75

As a while as the service life in iron ore is less than 2 years, although in

both case lining is working in similar conditions.

In studies [4] was found that preliminary hardening of samples

with plastic deformation is not increasing wear resistance of steel

110G13L at the abrasive wear in rocks consisting of mineral

components with higher hardness than it steel. At the same time studies

about influence of the cold hardening Hadfield steel to the wear

resistance in soft rocks were not found.

There is a little information [5-9] about influence

thermomechanical treatment to abrasive wear resistance of metal. This

studies were conducted on chromium steels 45Kh, 45Kh3, 45Kh5. The

researches [5] found that the high-temperature thermomechanical

treatment and low-temperature tempering of chromium steel are giving

the same impact strength as in a chromium steel after hardening and

high-temperature tempering. But wear resistance of steel after

thermomechanical treatment is higher at 60% than this steel after

hardening.

Conclusion:

Investigation of influence mechanical and thermomechanical

treatment to mechanical properties and wear rate of metals requires an

additional experiments certain steels.

References

1. William D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering (Willey,

2014).

2. Bhadeshia H. K. D. H., Sir Robert Honeycomb, Steels: Microstructure

and properties (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006).

3. O. Yu. Elagina, Technological methods of improving the wear

resistance of machine parts (Moscow, 2009).

4. M. M. Khrushov, Friction, wear and micro-hardness materials: selected

works (to the 120th anniversary of the birth) (Moscow, 2012).

5. M. L. Bernshtejn, Thermomechanical treatment of metals and alloys

(Moscow, 1968).

6. A.I. Rudskoy Nanostructured metallic materials, Tsvetnye Metally,

Issue 4, pp. 22-29, 2014.

7. M. Karimi, A. Najafizadeh, A. Kermanpur, M. Eskandari Effect of

martensite to austenite reversion on the formation of nano/submicron

grained AISI 301 stainless steel, Materials Characterization, Vol. 60,

Issue 11, pp. 1220-1223, 2009.

8. W. Homberg, T. Rostek Thermo-mechanical hardening of ultra high-

strength steels, Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 549, pp. 133-140,

2013.

76

9. Ito, A. Shibata, N. Tsuji Thermomechanical Processing of Medium

Manganese Steels, Materials Science Forum, Vol. 879, pp. 90-94,

2017.

Kochneva Alina Aleksandrovna assistant professor at the Department of Computer Science

and Technologies

Goluntsov Andrey Sergeevich student, group CT-16

Shakirova Yuliya Arturovna student, group CT-16

Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education

Saint-Petersburg Mining University

WAYS OF DEVELOPING A COORDINATE BASIS

FOR THE STAGES OF ROADWAY DESIGN

Designing extended objects such as linear structures has always

been a labor-intensive process. It requires an accurate coordinate basis.

Efficient application of ALS is related to solving a range of tasks.

The main question is to design a digital terrain model containing a

minimum number of points of laser reflections (PLR) and accurately

representing the terrain configuration.

There are various classifications of terrain. Usually terrain is

classified according to the ground surface inclination. Pursuant to the

Instruction [1] according to the land forms the terrain may be divided

into the following groups: - flat terrain with inclination angles up to 20, -

hilly terrain with inclination angles up to 40, - rugged terrain with

inclination angles up to 60, - mountainous and piedmont terrain with

inclination angles more than 60. Airborne laser scanning data may be

considered as the initial data, and this is a huge data store. The

classification process includes allocation of the ground class which is

used for designing digital terrain models. The suggested method should

also be improved by reducing the number of PLRs of the ground class.

Models of various land forms were made with a different density

of points of laser reflections per 1 m2. Comparison of models with

different density of points of laser reflections per 1 m2

was performed

using a geoinformational software program ArcGis [2]. For that purpose

a regular grid was built and in the grid points the elevation was

77

calculated. In order to evaluate the obtained models with a different

number of points of laser reflections necessary for representing the

terrain configuration the heights of ‘sparse’ DTMs were subtracted from

the heights of the ‘dense’ DTM. Statistical analysis of errors and root-

mean-square errors (RMS) was carried out.

The tested area is represented by a region with an inclination

angle up to 40 and the surface area of 6124,17 m

2. The region is located

in the forest area.

The total number of points of laser reflections amounted to 64250,

thus 10.49 points per 1 m2. For the region the terrain modeling was

performed and the minimum number of PLR per 1 m2 was determined.

Table 1 – Number of PLR per 1 m

2 for different DTMs

Region 2

Region’s area, m2

6124,17

Compared areas Gr_ I

Gr_ 1

Gr_2 Gr_3 Gr_4

Number of PLR of the

ground class

12041 7224 6020 4013 3010

Percentage of PLR

scattering

40% 50% 67% 75%

Number of PLR per 1m2,

points per m2

1,97

1,18 0,66 0,49 0,39

Figures 1 – 2 show the examples of the digital terrain models

with different density of points of laser reflections.

Figure 1 – DTM designed

for the whole Ground class.

PLR – 1,97 points per m2

Figure 2 – DTM containing

0.49 points per m2

78

The compared GRID-surfaces with the pixel size of 1 m were

designed based on the nodes of polygon grids with the cell size of

0,10×0,10 m.

Table 2 – Data of statistical analysis of the compared surfaces for the fourth

tested (typical) region.

Hilly region

Region’s area, m2

6124,17

Compared surfaces Gr_ I/

Gr_1

Gr_ I/

Gr_2

Gr_I/

Gr_3

Gr_I/

Gr_4

Gr_I/

Gr_5

Number of PLR of

the ground class

12041 12041 12041 12041 12041

7224 6020 4013 3010 2408

Percentage of PLR

scattering, % 40% 50% 67% 75% 80%

Minimum error, m -0,12 -0,14 -0,17 -0,25 -0,25

Maximum error, m 0,14 0,16 0,16 0,19 0,20

RMS error, m 0,10 0,12 0,17 0,26 0,26

Table 2 gives the data of statistical analysis of the compared

digital terrain models.

As a result it appeared that for the hilly terrain with an inclination

angle about 40

the minimum number of PLR per 1 m2

amounts to 0.49

points per m2.

Figure 3 – Graph showing the dependence of the effect of the rated

inaccuracy of a laser scanner on the density of points of laser reflections

for different kinds of terrain with predominant inclination angles

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 20 40 60 80

Dependence of the effect of the rated inaccuracy of a laser scanner

on the density of points of laser reflections for different kinds of

terrain with predominant inclination angles

Percent, %

Incl

inat

ion a

ngle

of

the

terr

ain

, in

deg

rees

79

In figure 3 the y-axis is represented by the terrain inclination

angles, the x-axis – by the relative divergence between the required

density of PLR with account of effect of the rated inaccuracy of a laser

scanner and without regard to such inaccuracy. The graph shows the

correlation between the reduction of density of the points of laser

reflections and the increase of predominant inclination angles of the

terrain. Based on that it may be concluded that for the flat ground the

rated inaccuracy of the laser scanner plays a crucial part when it comes

to determination of the points of laser reflections per unit area.

However, in this case the density of the points of laser reflections

continues to grow with the increase of terrain inclination angle (figure

4).

Figure 4 – Graph showing the correlation between the density of points of

laser reflections and the predominant terrain inclination angles

The summary tables below show the results of the research

regarding different characteristics of terrain with predominant

inclination angles [1] with account of the rated inaccuracy of a laser

scanner (m = 0.1 m) and without regard to such inaccuracy.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4

Correlation between the difference in the density of points of

laser reflections and the predominant terrain inclination

angles

Number of points of laser reflections, in units

Incl

inat

ion a

ngle

of

the

terr

ain

,

in d

egre

es

80

Table 2 – Minimum number of PLR per 1 m2 for a hilly terrain

Characteristics

of terrain and

maximum

predominant

inclination

angles

Characteristics

of DTM

First

tested

region

Second

tested

region

Third

tested

region

Fourth

tested

region

Fifth

tested

region

Sixth

tested

region

Hilly terrain

with the

inclination

angles up to

40

without regard to

the rated

inaccuracy of a

laser scanner 0,49 0,48 0,47 0,46 0,48 0,49

Number of

points of laser

reflections per

1m2

with account of

the rated

inaccuracy of a

laser scanner

0,66 0,63 0,74 0,66 0,67 0,66

In conclusion, the statistical analysis of the results of modeling

- for a hilly terrain with the inclination angles up to 40

without regard to

the effect of the rated inaccuracy of a laser scanner – for the purposes of

designing a digital terrain model the minimum number of points of laser

reflections amounts to 0,48 points per m2. In consideration of the effect

of the rated inaccuracy of a laser scanner such number amounts to 0,67

points per m2.

References

1. Instruction on the topographical survey on the scale of 1:5000, 1:2000,

1:1000, 1:500: [GKINP-02-033-82: introduced on 01.01.1983]. Мoscow,

Nedra, 1985, 151 p. (in Russian)

2. User guide geoinformational software program ArcGIS. (in Russian)

81

1Savvinov N.N.,

2Kirillina E.V.

1Graduate student;

2Candidate of pedagogical sciences (Ph.D),

Associate Professor,

M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

WIRELESS CHARGING FOR MICROCONTROLLERS

Abstract: This paper presents the possibility of energy transfer at a

distance from the wireless transmitters in frequency 2.4 GHz. The reviewed

researches demonstrate that the transmission energy can be collected and

stored. This technology is ideally combined with charging the battery the

Internet of things. That allows them to work forever.

Key words: Energy Harvesting, RF energy, WLAN, Internet of Things

Our world is surrounded by technologies and this cannot but affect

us. Now everything is digitized. A growing number of "Internet of

things" devices is used to create better living conditions. That positively

affects our life. Now devices based on eight and thirty-two bit

microcontrollers are used more and more widely. Based on such

microcontrollers it is possible to create a set of devices that enter into

the concept of a “smart house”. On this rapid growth was influenced,

firstly, by an increase in the general level of knowledge in this area.

Secondly, with the advent of high-speed Internet, the general

availability of knowledge. And, thirdly, the low cost of

microcontrollers.

The main feature of microcontrollers is their low power

consumption. Moreover, due to modern optimization of firmware and

drivers, microcontrollers practically do not consume energy in idle time.

Less than 1 mA is required for them to maintain work mode. It opens up

many possibilities for power transfer. There are several inexhaustible

sources of energy, such as solar energy. But it has several

disadvantages: imperfect technology. Now the efficiency of energy

conversion maximum is 46%, which is very small.[5] Also, the cost of

solar panels is very high and it is not appropriate everywhere. Wind

energy is also not possible to use in windless places, which should be

taken into account when choosing the power supply for

microcontrollers.

The main advantage of modern microcontrollers is their

autonomy achieved by their low power consumption. Theoretically,

they can work virtually infinite. This fits very well with the concept of

the "Internet of things". In order to minimize the human factor and

through occasional cases of power failure, it is desirable to have a power

82

source with wireless charging.[1] Currently, lithium-ion or lithium-

polymer batteries are used, they are cheap, compact and their capacities

are sufficient for the operation of modern micro-controllers. In addition,

for charging you can use another inexhaustible energy of the 21st

century, namely radio waves. [4] They are so common that you can

apply in almost any conditions. Research by D. Bouchouicha, F.

Dupont, M. Latrach, L. Ventura shows that the ambient energy of

radiowaves can be collected. [4] The power is equal to 12 pW. This is

not enough for the operation of microcontrollers, but enough to charge

the batteries. Research show the possibility of transmitting energy at a

distance using radio waves of ultra-high frequency (UHF) and super

high frequency (SHF). For modern microcontrollers, 3.3 or 5 volts and

less than 30 mA is sufficient for operation. Devices "Internet of things"

contain an installed battery. Nevertheless, the operation period lasts

from a few days to several months. For completely autonomous work, it

will be necessary to use energy collectors (harvester) to charge the

batteries of the "Internet of things" devices. In addition, energy

collectors (harvesters) make possible to collect the energy of radio

waves. The transmitter can be any Wi-Fi router or antennas built on

UHF and SHF waves. [1]

In the research conducted by Syeda Wajiha Munir, Osama Amjad,

Engin Zeydan, and Ali Ozer Ercan it has been proven that it is possible

getting energy from the dual-band Wi-Fi router. They used the 4-stage

collectors (harvester). The transmitted energy is very small, about 200

mW. In this research is shown the possibility of energy transfer at a

distance has been justified. The scientists developed and present the

technology: power-over-Wi-Fi (PoWiFi). [1] This technology shows the

reality of energy transfer through Wi-Fi routers. They used 2 dBi Wi-Fi

antenna, which is attached to harvester. Using this device, they charge a

smart-tracker Jawbone UP24 in the vicinity of the PoWiFi router from a

no-charge state to 41% charged state in 2.5 hours. They also charged

devices such as battery-free camera, temperature sensor and battery.

Conclusion

PoWiFi technology is proposed to have a great future. "Internet of

things» devices are now widely used in everyday life and economy.

Now manufacturers are moving into the wireless future. The analyzed

researches proved the possibility of charging battery at a distance.

Unlimited conditions for creating devices for the "Internet of things"

and smart home, are created with PoWi-Fi technology.

83

References

1. Vamsi Talla, Bryce Kellogg, Benjamin Ransford, Saman Naderiparizi,

Shyamnath Gollakota and Joshua R. Smit. Powering the Next Billion

Devices with Wi-Fi. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 18 November 2015.

2. T. Ajmal, D. Jazani and B.Allen. Design of a compact RF energy

harvester for wireless sensor networks. ResearchGate, July 2012.

3. Syeda Wajiha Munir, Osama Amjad, Engin Zeydan, and Ali Ozer

Ercan. Optimization and Analysis of WLAN RF Energy Harvesting

System Architecture. Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS),

October 2016.

4. D. Bouchouicha, F. Dupont, M. Latrach, L.ventura. Ambient RF

Energy Harvesting. International Conference on Renewable Energies

and Power Quality, March 2010.

5. Thomas N. D. Tibbits, et al. New efficiency frontiers with wafer-

bonded multi-junction solar cells. 29th European PV Solar Energy

Conference and Exhibition, 22-26 September 2014.

SECTION VI. Historical Sciences

Shutyomova N. A. the author of dissertation of Kuban state university,

Krasnodar, Russia, [email protected]

HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE FUTURE

Abstract. Research allows to assert, that formation change in Russia

and in the world is inevitable. 1. Change of a formation of capitalism

(imperialism) – with replacement by one of socialism forms is inevitable.

Keywords: Russia, history, the world, the states

The study allows us to state that a formation change in Russia and

in the world is inevitable. 1. It is inevitable to change the formation of

capitalism (imperialism) - with a substitution for one of forms of

socialism.

Form. 1. If capitalism (imperialism), in a particular case - the US,

offers the world a globe with the domination of one country and the

other countries are slaves, then

2. Socialism (USSR-Russia) offers the globe with a round dance

(organized community) of equal states, without subordination.

84

- Under capitalism (imperialism), wars are inevitable.

1. In the transition to socialism (change of formation), states with

capitalist system will struggle with the countries of the future formation,

that is, war.

2. However, even under capitalism (imperialism), even if one

assumes the option with one country at the head (as proposed by the

US), the rise of another country of capitalism is inevitable, that is, war.

The option of long-term elevation of one country (for example,

the USA) is absolutely excluded under capitalism.

Attempts to present capitalism as the "end of history" are

untenable. Under the slave system in ancient Rome, for example, there

was a conviction that this variant of the development of society is the

best and final one.

With all the mistakes and outdated views of the classics of

socialist theory, many of provisions of this theory are relevant and true.

For example, the obsolete and insolvency measures listed in the

Manifesto of Marx and Engels ("4. Confiscation of property of all

emigrants and rebels ... establishment of industrial armies ... 10. Public

... education of all children ..." [2, p.47-48]. Practice has shown that

some children may die in the absence of their mother, when they are

brought up in kindergartens (Gladkov, "Cement").

- Change of formations. "The destruction of pre-existing property

relations is not something inherent exclusively to communism. All

property relations were subject to historical change, constant historical

changes. For example, the French revolution abolished feudal property,

replacing it with bourgeois property ... [2, p. 39-40].

- About freedom under capitalism. "Under freedom, within the

framework of present-day bourgeois production relations, we

understand freedom of trade, freedom of buying and selling ... Talks

about free trading, like all other lofty speeches of our bourgeois on

freedom, have general meaning only in relation to unfree trading ..." [2,

from. 42]; "... in bourgeois society, the past dominates the present, in the

communist society - the present over the past. In bourgeois society

capital has independence and individuality, whereas the working

individual is deprived of independence and impersonal. " - [2, p. 41]

- Internationalism under true socialism. "The fruits of the spiritual

activities of individual nations are becoming a common property.

National one-sidedness and limitation become more and more

impossible ... "[2, p. 29].

85

Classics of works on socialism gave an analysis, for example, of

the Paris Commune or the development of a theory about the five signs

of imperialism (for example, the export of capital).

Analysis of the development of socialism in the twentieth century.

allows us to identify new features of capitalism and the mistakes of the

USSR leadership.

- The further development of capitalism leads to a variety -

fascism, state nationalism (which was not developed by the classics of

the theory of socialism).

- It can take the form of neo-Nazism.

Consequently, the thesis of the inevitability of war under

capitalism (imperialism), even between the countries of capital for the

world domination of one state, remains relevant.

The building of the socialist society in the USSR for a long time

proves the inevitability of formations change.

Errors. During the construction of socialism, tactical errors were

observed. For example, the thesis about armed workers had to be

replaced by an army, specialists.

The construction of a new society surrounded by capitalist states,

the largest of which are striving for world domination, is a complicated

matter. War is also inevitable, (as was confirmed by the war of 1939-

1945).

When building socialism in the USSR - errors.

- Denial of previous history (tsarism) or in the subsequent -

history distortion. The creation of the Russian state by Russians (the

main national component of the state). Representation of the indigenous

people of Eurasia - Russians as a colonizers (by facts - the ancestors of

other peoples, portrayed as oppressed proletarians, were colonizers).

That is, information distortion.

- In Bulgaria Russians fought in 1878 (by nationality), the call of

"aliens" (other nationalities) was not carried out until 1914.

In 1941-1945 years all nationalities were at war (the call),

although Russians, as the main population of the country, were the

majority in the army. These facts were not emphasized in the USSR.

- White slaves were the proletarians (factory workers). The

enterprises were mostly Russian (by nationality). The creation of

factories and enterprises, for example, in the Baltic or Central Asia, did

not lead to the mass emergence of a national working class. At these

enterprises, the bulk of the workers were Russian workers sent to work.

Education was widely spread among the nationalities. Thus, the ground

was created for the future confrontation in case of influence from

86

abroad. Speeches in the Baltic States, for example, at the end of the

twentieth century, with the opposition of the working class turned out to

be, in the final analysis, a confrontation between the Russian

(proletariat) and the Baltic (mostly). That is, prerequisites were created

earlier. (Although in Romania force was used against Romanian miners

who supported N. Ceausescu, Ceausescu was killed).

- After 1945 - the inviolability of borders is necessary. Therefore,

it was impossible to include, for example, Bulgaria, in the USSR. The

mistake is the unification of Germany (change of borders).

- The policy of detente. The leadership of the USSR had to reckon

with the fact that under imperialism wars are inevitable. For example,

the US - the desire for hegemony (until the next capitalist country rises).

"... the growing tendency of monopoly capital to repressive and

authoritarian methods of domination ..." [1, p.749]

- A different approach to the end of the Cold War. In the USSR,

the end of the Cold War in documents is noted in 1969, in 1976. In the

West, the end of the Cold War is recorded with the collapse of the

USSR. "The transition from the Cold War ... to a relaxation of tensions

... negotiations on contentious issues ... peaceful cooperation ..." [1, p.

730]. Mistake: in theory, capitalist countries proceed from

confrontation; the transition to negotiations does not mean "peaceful

coexistence". This is theoretically impossible for capitalism.

Preservation of countries with socialist orientation after the

collapse of the USSR (for example, Cuba, Laos, China, Vietnam)

confirms the correctness of the thesis about the inevitable of formations

chang.

- In China, there is a danger of striving for domination in the

world (as in capitalist countries). The rise of another country will then

lead to war.

So, under socialism, i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m is necessary (which

is inherent in religions).

Mistakes of USSR separation.

- The CPSU was in power. The principle of democratic

centralism, the subordination of the minority to the majority allows it to

be used to conduct the necessary policy.

- The proletarian element in the party was replaced by peasant

(proprietary - Khrushchev, Gorbachev, Zyuganov, Grudinin).

- The division into national territories, the replacement of genuine

internationalism (with domestic nationalism) created the prerequisites

for the possibility of dividing the socialist state.

87

(Under capitalism, struggle with socialism is not so much

important as the struggle for territory (redivision of the world). "Neo-

fascist forces are becoming active ... Neofascism is linked with the

activities of imperialist intelligence services that organize reactionary

coups" [2, p.128]

"The modern CPSU is turning into a "fifth column", which prefers

fighting not with external capitalist countries, but with its own state.

CONCLUSIONS

Consequently, a revision of the principle of democratic centralism

is necessary; withdrawal from the harsh dominance of the CPSU; the

restoration of genuine internationalism (respect for a person, personality

on the basis of reciprocity).

- Under capitalism (imperialism), wars are inevitable

- The further development of capitalism leads to a variety -

fascism, state nationalism

- It can take the form of neo-Nazism.

- The building of the socialist society in the USSR for a long time

proves the inevitability of a formations change.

- The preservation of countries with socialist orientation after the

collapse of the USSR (for example, Cuba, Laos, China, Vietnam)

confirms the correctness of the thesis about the inevitable of a

formations change.

So, the conducted research allows to assert that the change of

formation in Russia and in the world is inevitable. - with the

replacement of one of forms of socialism.

Literature

1. History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. M.,

Politizdat, 1978. 792 p.

2. Reader on social science. M., Politizdat, 1974. 478 p.

88

SECTION VII. Economics

Abramovich Tatjana Igorevna Graduate student, Belorussian State Economic University

Relationship marketing as the concept of customer interaction

RELATIONSHIP MARKETING AS THE CONCEPT

OF CUSTOMER INTERACTION

One of the most promising ways to preserve the loyalty of

customers to a particular trademark is marketing relationships.

Products are becoming more standardized and services unified.

This leads to the formation of repetitive marketing solutions. This

situation can confirm the progressiveness of the idea of marketing

relations. Therefore, the only way to maintain customer loyalty is to

individualize relations with him, which is possible because of

developing long-term interaction of partners. In this context, relations

become the company's main resource including material, financial,

human and other resources. As a result of effective interaction

relationships become a product into which intellectual and information

resources are integrated. They are the main factors of successful and

long-term marketing relationships.

Relationship marketing is sometimes called customer relationship

management, customer relationship marketing or partnership marketing.

The purpose of using marketing is to maintain existing consumers, but

not to attract new ones. Sources of relationship marketing lie in the field

of industrial marketing, where an alternative approach to marketing is

considered. In 1983 a doctor, former president of the American

Marketing Association Leonard Berry, first mentioned this concept.

This was mentioned in the context of a new approach to marketing,

focused on longer-term interaction with consumers.In literature, the

concept of relationship marketing is treated differently. Some authors

define relationship marketing as a set of practical methods of retaining

consumers. Other authors consider marketing relationships as a result of

the ongoing development of marketing reflecting its current state, and is

the next step after the concept of socially-oriented marketing.

The marketing system of interaction includes the company and all

other groups interested in its work: consumers, employees, suppliers,

distributors, retailers, advertising agencies, university scientists and all

with whom the company established mutually beneficial business

relationships.

89

According to leading branding experts, relationship marketing is

first of all the creation of a strong trademark. This can be achieved

through effective combination of organization, systems and processes

that allows workers to understand the individual needs of customers

better and to organize a dialogue with each client on its specific needs.

The existence of detailed information about each customer also means

that they have all chances to find additional business opportunities with

existing customers and thereby attract additional income to the

company.

Relationship marketing offers a search for consumers who are not

so valuable to the company today, but can become valuable if the brand

makes a really good impression on them. From the economic point of

view, it is necessary to be guided principally by those buyers who bring

the greatest profit, but no others should ignore a good program of

marketing relations. Of course, the level of attention to less profitable

buyers can (and for this there are grounds) be slightly lower, but the

attitude towards them should not be worse. In fact, programs encourage

customers who are not very profitable buyers to move into segments

that are more profitable.

Marketing relationships provide the following benefits for the

company. First, it reduces the costs associated with attracting customers.

Secondly, the company gets an increase in the number and amount of

purchases, since regular customers increase costs at an increasing rate,

and the total profit exceeds the discounts of this category of consumers.

The loss of this segment is the loss of high profits. Third, relationship

marketing ensures the existence of a key consumer group that provides

companies with a market for testing new products or offers with less

risk, which leads to less uncertainty for the company as a whole.

Finally, the company becomes an obstacle to entry of competitors due to

the deduction of a stable customer base, and, in addition, a stable base

of satisfied customers is the key to retaining the company's personnel.

The consumer also gets a number of benefits through relationship

marketing. On the one hand, close interaction with the company brings

psychological benefits (the consumer communicates with regular

employees, he should not get used to new people every time) and social

benefits (establishing friendly relations with the staff). On the other

hand, interaction with the company also gives economic benefits

(obtaining discounts, prizes, etc.). And thanks to long-term cooperation,

the supplier can adapt the product to a specific customer.

Relationship marketing has a three-level structure and four

dimensions:

90

- Obligations: two or more parties must guarantee each other the

development of long-term contacts, mutual interests must coincide;

- responsiveness: the ability to see the situation from the outside;

- reciprocity: any long-term relations between the parties allow

part of the concessions, benefit to others in exchange for the same

arrangement;

- trust: reflects the degree of confidence of one party in honesty

and decency; in the long run, is the main element in the relationship for

many years.

The basis of relationship marketing is the management of a

dynamic network of internal and external relations. The first relates to

the relationship in the organization, the second refers to relations with

suppliers, stakeholders, surroundings and even competitors.

The goal of relationship marketing is to create an effective

marketing system for interaction.

The main principles of relationship marketing are:

- Creation of real superiority of own offer. The existence of

perfect goods or services is necessary, but insufficient condition for

ensuring real superiority over competitors. An advantage is needed in

the "supply" process, which is achieved by the company's ongoing work

on customer research and sensitive response to changes in their

requirements. During everyday activities to study the client and his

requirements, the focus shifts from what we "offer", on "how we

propose", focusing on the process of supply.

- Identification and targeting of key clients and creation of an

individual approach to each client. Marketing of relationships is

completely connected with the interaction of the company with each

consumer - with the creation of a classic mutually beneficial situation:

the company adds value to the daily life of a particular buyer, and in

return receives its loyalty.

Actually, the company must develop an individual approach to

each client. However, if the company seeks to satisfy all consumers, it

risks not being pleasant to anyone. Different clients have different

values for the company. According to Pareto's principle: "80% of buyers

bring up to 20% of income or 20% of customers bring 80% of profit.

Thus, an organization can and should work with all customers, but the

"special relationship" mode should be created only for key customers.

- increase customer loyalty. Companies need to treat their

customers as permanent assets and do everything possible to maintain

and increase the value of customers for the firm for the "period of their

life". The longer the client remains with the firm, the greater the return

91

in the relations of both parties: the client and organization requests are

more quickly satisfied.

Loyalty is a sense of customer attachment to the goods, services,

personnel, situation and traditions of the firm as a result of satisfying its

needs. But it is necessary to distinguish between false and true loyalty:

true loyalty is the client's voluntary attachment to the company for a

long period, and false loyalty is attachment to the firm, which is caused

by a lack of choice, and when a worthy alternative comes such

customers immediately leave for competitors.

The concept of relationship marketing allows you to "integrate"

the client into the scope of the organization. The company receives the

maximum possible information about customers and their requirements

and, based on this data, builds an organizational strategy that deals with

all aspects of its activities: production, marketing, sales, service and

information on the clients received through channels of marketing, sales

and service, and gives the employee of the company the information

necessary for better understanding of consumers and for effective

creation of relations with buyers and partners. It also allows you to

connect customers and employees of the organization, using numerous

information channels, including the Internet, telephone and fax, contact

at points of sale or through intermediaries. Companies can develop

already improved relationships with customers, gaining greater

advantage, reducing costs and improving business processes.

1Aleksandrova M.A.,

2Tabunkova M.P.

1Student;

2Candidate of economic Sciences, assistant professor

Kuban State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism

ON BUSINESS PROMOTION MANAGEMENT IN CONDITIONS

OF ADVERTISING MARKET DEVELOPMENT

The article presents advertising market research, its structure and

features of advertising management at enterprises. As a result of a

change in the structure of standard common advertising methods new

mechanisms must be developed allowing effective spending of

companies’ money.

92

The main objectives of ACAR are developing of adequate

conditions in commercial communications, representation and

protection of common and legal member’s interests of Association,

elaboration and introduction of standards of professional activities for

daily practice in advertising and commercial communications and

monitoring of their implementation, supporting the professional training

of human resources for advertising market, expert analysis of

advertising market status and investigates of commercial

communications growth.

According to experts of ACAR in cooperation with IAB Russia

studies were updated provided data on advertising market volumes. The

world advertising market has increased more than 100 fold in the

Internet during the period 2000-2006. While growth rate of advertising

market services is increasing 10 and 5 times on the radio and in the

media accordingly. The active growth of advertising market volume on

television has raised more than 20 times during 6 years. These facts

stem from the Internet popularizing among population. The growth rate

of advertising market is not as significant as according to the world data.

But statistic reflects the active involvement of the Internet advertising

into the standard methods which are using for commercial advertising

objectives. Namely, publicity in the Web has increased 38 times. The

fastest growth rate can be observed since 2010. Sharp increase in

popularization of this method of publicity necessitates the creation of

explicit since-based methodological foundation for the practical

application within the economic activity of Russian companies.

Influenced by development of this advertising method in Russia

specialists (smm-manager) that create develop effective advertising on

the Internet, have appeared on the labor market. According hh.ru

resource the number of vacant positions on the labor market in

Krasnodar is 44 specialists. A year before there was no need in these

professionals.

To sum up, we can see a clear tendency in the development and in

elaboration in advertising methods structure on the market of Russia

that involve changes in the labor market. As started above, necessity in

scientific developments to monitor this method in application of

enterprises demands further detailed development.

93

Bakirova A.A. The undergraduate student, 4th year, personnel management

Ufa State Aviation Technical University

Saifullina L.D. Candidate of economic sciences, associate professor

Ufa State Aviation Technical University

MICROLEARNING – TEACH YOUR EMPLOYESS IN A NEW WAY

An investment in knowledge always pays the best interest

Benjamin Franklin

Having analyzed the topic of teaching personnel in organizations,

we concluded that teaching employees is one of the most essential aims

of any enterprise policy. It is also a very interesting sphere of working

with the staff, because the properly built system of teaching develops

not only the work of an enterprise, but also has a great positive impact

on an employee’s career and even destiny. Personnel’s knowledge is of

great value and a key to success in the work of the whole company.

Let us have a look into the future and think about what kind of

employees will work in modern companies, what will motivate them

and what kind of goals and conditions they will require. In fact, the most

sought-after employees are young people, called ««generation Y» or

«millennials». What are they interested in? The answer is evident –

using the newest technologies and devices. In addition to that, they use

them both in their daily routine and professional experience.

«Generation Z» is going after millennials and these people are even

more bound to different technologies. Accordingly, our task is to create

and develop something new and interesting for such employees. It

should be something that might involve them in a working process and

improve their career way.

Nowadays the majority of specialists are convinced that a learning

curve with lectures and seminars is not of high priority or effective

anymore. Lectures, which are usually time-consuming (an average

lecture lasts for about an hour), are not convenient for people, for the

simple reason that it is rather challenging for them to stay focused on

the topic more than a quarter of an hour. Thus, it is necessary to provide

them with conditions, which will help learners pay attention to studying.

To ensure the development of a training system on the shop floor,

we suggest introducing microlearning into the teaching system.

Microlearning (mlearning) is a short-time course, which consists of

several lessons, each lasting for about 10-15 minutes. Furthermore,

employees can learn necessary information without leaving their

94

workplace in a very short time. At the end of the course it is advisable to

arrange a web interviewing of the personnel to work out how they

acquired the information.

There are many internet platforms, which are the «knowledge

store». They are websites, mobile apps etc., where employees have their

own accounts and take part in studying at their convenience. There are

many different platforms. They are attractive and convenient, which is a

necessary condition for young people. Firstly, these systems are mobile:

the access is available from different devices. There is also an option of

a group teaching. Co-workers may share their ideas, help each other,

see what others think and write. Secondly, platforms have a creative

design. It includes some interesting methods of motivation, such as

gamification of learning. If learners learn and pass the course, they can

score «points» and get rewards in the form of bonuses or certificates.

In case learners have questions or difficulties in understanding

something, we recommend introducing a mentor, who will help them to

overcome the difficulties and answer their questions. Simultaneously, if

a lector, who teaches in traditional way, is still important for the

company, the latter can appeal to microlearning as an additional

method.

In conclusion, we may say that teaching in a new way is becoming

more popular. Every day we make efforts to improve our life.

Improving the system of teaching the personnel should break new

ground because employees are getting used to operating mobile

technologies and apps. Moreover, it is impossible to imagine our life

without them. Developing an effective system of learning is likely to

contribute to the company’s perspective achievements and its public

image perfection.

95

1Khakimova M.F.,

2Solehzoda A.A.,

3Fasehzoda I.

1Associate Professor, Tajik National University, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

For correspondence: [email protected] 2Associate Professor, Tajik National University, Dushanbe, Tajikistan 3Associate Professor, Finance and Economic Institute of Tajikistan,

Dushanbe, Tajikistan

COMPERATIVE ANALYSIS OF MONETARY AND FISCAL

POLICY AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN

Abstract. This study investigates the comparative impact both fiscal

and monetary policy on economic growth in Tajikistan using annual time

series data from 2000 to 2014. The results of estimated ARMA model and

effect-size analysis suggests that both monetary and fiscal policy have

significant and positive effect on economic growth. The coefficient of

monetary policy is greater than fiscal policy which implies that monetary

policy has more concerned with economic growth than fiscal policy in

Tajikistan. The implication of the study is that the monetary policy is a major

instrument of economic development and policy makers should focus on it

than on fiscal to enhance economic growth. From the other hand, it should be

mentioned that fiscal policy could be more effective for enhancing economic

growth by improving tax mobilization and effective allocation of public.

However, the combination and harmonization of both monetary and fiscal

policy are highly recommended.

Key words: Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy, Economic Growth

Introduction

At the present stage of economic development of the Republic of

Tajikistan study of the effectiveness of macroeconomic policy for

stimulating sustainable economic development of the country is in great

practical importance. The problem of ensuring the stability and

creditability of the economic situation in the country is directly achieved

through monetary and fiscal policies as a key component of economic

growth.

However, necessary prerequisite for the successful functioning of

the economy is the existence of coordinated measures of monetary and

fiscal policies, while the lack of them leads to a weak economic growth

in the country. Although both of these policies are carried out by two

separate bodies, they are interrelated and, therefore, it is necessary to

carry out a coherent and sustainable mixed policy (Kvrgic, Colic and

Vujovic, 2011).

mailto:[email protected]

96

Fiscal policy is a policy of government regulation, primarily, of

aggregate demand. Economic regulation in this case takes place via the

impact on the value of the total costs. Namely, through the instruments

and measures of fiscal policy, the different countries influence on the

social and economic sides of the population life by affecting aggregate

demand and supply in an attempt to provide the conditions for full

employment and restraint inflation, thus promoting a policy of

sustainable trade balance and supporting sustainable economic

development. In addition, reasonable and sustainable fiscal stance

contributes to non-inflationary economic growth, low and stable levels

of fiscal deficit and public debt, reduce budget imbalances.

Monetary policy, in turn, represents one of the types of

stabilization or anticyclical policies aimed at smoothing economic

fluctuations. On the other hand, monetary policy more focused on

achieving price stability, therefore avoid high inflation, stable and

stimulating exchange rate resulting in a positive balance of payments

and a satisfactory level of employment. Monetary policy has an impact

on economic conjuncture affecting the aggregate demand. Here, the

object of regulation is money market and, first of all, the money supply.

Literature review

Significance of both monetary and fiscal policies in

macroeconomic stabilization, especially in developing countries is

undoubted.

In the scientific world there is opposite views about the

effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy on economic growth of the

country. Monetarists believe that monetary policy has a greater effect on

economic activity then fiscal one. The Keynesians, in turn, say the same

thing in relation to fiscal policy. As a rule, the growth of public

spending as well as expansionary monetary policy, leading to an

increase in investment by lowering interest rates and stimulating

economic growth (Rakic, Persic, and Radjenovic 2012, p. 395). As a

result, there are certain situations in which the most effective either

monetary or fiscal policy is.

Analysis of Tajikistan economic policy

Nevertheless, despite of the proven effectiveness of both policies

on economic activity in many countries, in respect of the Republic of

Tajikistan, both politics showed their insufficient or improper use.

Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the relative effectiveness of

monetary and fiscal policies in the Republic of Tajikistan Republic of

Tajikistan using regression analysis.

97

In modern conditions, development of effective economic policy

is many-sided and complex process, taking into account the degree of

development and features of the country. With regard to the Republic of

Tajikistan, since the beginning of independence in the country are

carried out violent reforms that have led to macroeconomic

stabilization. The next step in the country is to achieve sustainable

economic development.

Modern macroeconomic policy, which is carried out in the

transition countries, including the Republic of Tajikistan, primarily

based on the West economic doctrines and predominantly aimed at

achieving price stability, maintaining the exchange rate stability,

economic growth and full usage of resources (primarily solving

problems of cyclical unemployment). Wherein, monetary policy is

conducted under the scenario of the International Monetary Fund.

In Tajikistan monetary policy is implemented as an instrument by

which the National Bank of Tajikistan achieved certain parameters

oriented on economic growth and economic stability. First of all, this

relates to the fundamental objectives of monetary policy (stabilization of

the price level, achievement and maintenance of the purchasing power

of the national currency). It should be noted that in the Republic of

Tajikistan held a “tight” monetary policy. One of the important and key

intermediate target of monetary policy of the RT is the monetary base

(monetary aggregate M0 and required reserves).

It should be noted that at recent years the monetary policy of the

Republic of Tajikistan has a positive trend in the framework of priority

targets. Thus, the inflation rate fell from 26.3% in 1999 to 7.5% in 2014.

As for economic growth, GDP in 2000 amounted to 1806.77 million.

somoni, and in 2014, respectively - 45605.20 mln. somoni (see chart 1)1.

These parameters were achieved through the targeting of

monetary aggregates (growth of monetary base as an intermediate

target and reserve money as an operational target).

Another priority objective of monetary policy is to maintain the

NBT purchasing power of the currency. The main tool to achieve this is

operations on open market and currency interventions. However, as

experience shows, in real and monetary sector dominated liabilities in

foreign currency (predominantly US dollars), which in turn leads to

their sensitivity to exchange rate fluctuations. As a result, influence of

the national regulator on the development of the national economy

weakens. Sequence of the "tough policy", hold by NBT, may reduce the

1 www.nbt.tj Official site of NBT.

http://www.nbt.tj/

98

competitiveness of the real economy, and as a consequence, stimulate

an increase imports to the country.

Chart 1. Inflation and GDR rate

In recent years, in order to stimulate the real sector of economy

NBT began to decline refinancing rate (see chart 2). Required reserves

is also significantly reduced. Even so, these measures have had a little

impact on the real economy. This is due to the fact that their usage is

limited to the maintenance of normal liquidity in the monetary sector,

timely making payments including the outside world, activation of

conversion operations. This has a limited impact on the growth of

lending to the real sector of the economy.

Monetary policy is only one of the elements of macroeconomic

policy and affect only on production processes through the interest rate.

Another key component of the country's economic growth is the

fiscal policy pursued by the regulation of the economy through the

impact on the value of the total costs. The modern system of public

expenditure management is a well-tracked by a system of regulatory

standards. In a practice, it is much more complicated and problematic.

Analysis of the fiscal policy of the Republic of Tajikistan

showed that government expenditures constitute a significant part of

the total costs (see. Chart 3). These expenditures have a direct impact

on inflation since they can lead to inflation caused by excess demand

for goods and services and indirectly affect on budget deficit.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0,00

5000,00

10000,00

15000,00

20000,00

25000,00

30000,00

35000,00

40000,00

45000,00

50000,00

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

ВВП (млн.сомони) ИПЦ (%, 1999 - базовый год) GDP (mln.somoni) CPI (%)

99

Chart 2. The refinancing interest rate

and its impact on credit to the real economy

Chart 3. Share of public expenditures by sectors of economy

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

0

5

10

15

20

25

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

ставка рефинансирования

Выданные кредиты экономике (тыс. сомони)

refinancing interest rate

credits to real economy (thous. somoni)

Public Authority sector 25%

Education 19%

Healthcare 9%

Social insurance and protection

14%

Housing and Utility

Infrastructure 9%

Cultural and religious

arrangements, 5%

Fuel and energy complex,

1%

Agriculture, forestry, fishery

and hunting, 5%

Mining Industry and construction

2%

0%

Transport and communication

10%

Other economic activity and

services 1%

100

In addition, it should be noted that state budget highly depend

from the remittances transfers. Any negative fluctuation in the global

economy, particularly in Russia, will be significantly affect on Tajik

economy (Najmiddinov A.A., 2015). At the end of 2013 these transfers

amounted to 48.8% of the GDP of the Tajikistan. According to the

World Bank, Tajikistan take first place among the CIS countries and

Asia in ratio of remittances to GDP. This means that economic growth

of the Tajikistan half dependent on remittances, i.e. from the economic

situation of the Russian Federation.

Model Specification

Based on the above analysis of monetary and fiscal policies of the

Republic of Tajikistan, we carried out a regression analysis of the

monetary and fiscal policy impact on economic growth of the Republic

of Tajikistan. Generally regression model has following form:

(1.1)

In equation (3.1), the variable of money supply (MS) is used as a

constituent of monetary policy, public spending (Gex) as constituent of

fiscal policy. Partly εt - random term. The model is estimated using

annual data from 2000 to 2014.

Estimated Results

Estimated regression model has following results:

GDPPC = 7.22125684675*M2PC + 2.87427455038*EXPPC (1.2)

Testing model showed the best result and are fully consistent with

the theory.

Dependent Variable: GDPPC

Method: Two-Stage Least Squares

Date: 09/08/15 Time: 12:30

Sample: 2000 2014

Included observations: 15

Instrument specification: GDPPC M2PC EXPPC

Constant added to instrument list

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

M2PC 7.221257 1.134107 6.367353

0.0000

EXPPC 2.874275 1.591181 1.806378

0.0941

R-squared 0.963670 Mean dependent

var 2.285020

101

Adjusted R-squared 0.960875 S.D. dependent var

1.764850

S.E. of regression 0.349088 Sum squared resid

1.584211

Durbin-Watson stat 1.184716 Second-Stage SSR

1.584211

J-statistic 13.00000 Instrument rank 4

Prob(J-statistic) 0.001503

Chart 4. Schedule of the remains of regression model

In addition, we have calculated the effect-size of each policy on

economic growth. Based on our calculations, which are also consistent

with the regression analysis, on the economic growth in the Republic of

Tajikistan monetary policy has a greater influence then fiscal policy.

The percentage of monetary policy is a 51% impact on GDP, and fiscal

policy has 49% impact on GDP. This situation caused due to leakages

and improper usage of resources in fiscal channels.

Based on the conducted analysis, we can conclude that in order to

promote economic growth in the country the authorities should focus

more on monetary policy instruments rather than fiscal. Namely, the

NBT as the implementer of monetary policy should reduce reserve

requirements for commercial banks, interest rates on loans for the real

economy, and refinancing rate.

Fiscal policy should be more soundable. Nowadays implementing

tax policy in Tajikistan is not effective. The high tax burdance,

-.4

-.2

.0

.2

.4

.6

.8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

Residual Actual Fitted

102

imperfect tax administration negatively influence on small and medium

entrepreneurships. The discrepancy of public allocation leads to many

socio-economic problems in country.

Reference

1. Kvrgic, Colic и Vujovic, Tomo Vujovic. Importance of coordination of

the monetary and fiscal policies measurements. UDC 338.23:336.2/.7,

2011. – 30 p.

2. Milton Friedman. Quantitative theory of money. New York: Stockton

Press, 1987. – pp. 3-20

3. Kalle Kukk. Fiscal Policy Effects on Economic Growth: Short Run vs

Long Run. TTUWPE No 167. – 20 p.

4. Рахимов Р.К., Довгялло Я.П., Шарипов Б.М. Совершенствование

взаимодействия реального и денежного секторов экономики

Республики Таджикистан.//Вестник ТНУ. Серия экономических

наук. 2/3(165). Душанбе, 2015. – стр. 114.

5. Наджмиддинов А.А. О совершенствовании управления

государственных расходов.// Вестник ТНУ. Серия экономических

наук. 2/3(165). Душанбе, 2015. – стр. 60.

6. www.nbt.tj

7. www.stat.tj

UDK 330.331

E. Yu. Legchilina Ph.D. in Economics, assistant professor of Management and Marketing

Department at Omsk State University of Railway Transport

PROBLEMS OF ACCOUNTING AND ESTIMATION

OF INTELLECTUAL-CREATIVE RESOURCES IN SOCIAL-LABOR

RELATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF INNOVATIVE ECONOMY

Annotation. The article studies the problems of accounting and

estimation of intellectual and creative resources in social and labor relations

of innovative entrepreneurship, analyzes their current state, their role and

contribution to competitiveness and innovative development of organization.

Keywords: intellectual-creative resource, intellectual capital, creative

(productive) energy, social-labor relations, innovative economy.

http://www.nbt.tj/

http://www.stat.tj/

103

In the conditions of knowledge-based economy the urgency of

issues of effective human resource management in social and labor

relations in the conditions of innovative entrepreneurship, including

their accounting and assessment, is growing.

In our opinion, the most suitable approach to the conditions of a

modern innovative organization is the approach to the totality of

organization's employees as to its intellectual and creative resources,

which are one of the components of social and labor relations. In

general, resources are objects used in the production of goods or

services, which is necessary for the functioning of this process and that

ultimately plays its role in realization of any organization goals.

Considering the intellectual-creative resource of innovative

entrepreneurship as an economic one, it should be noted that the

composition, structure and effectiveness of involvement of this resource

in the production activity is determined by a special set of social and

labor relations, material and non-material factors and means, in

particular the accumulated information and knowledge management

systems that provide formation and actualization of company's ability to

master and comprehend its environment.

Intellectual and creative resource of innovative business

structures, involved in co-activities and acting as a value creation source

in an organization, forms the intellectual capital of the organization.

We stick to the point that intellectual-creative resource of the

organization is an accumulated part of creative energy of those

specialists who possess their own intellectual capital (which can either

become or not become an intellectual resource, and subsequently the

capital of organization). It should be noted that all groups of resources

in organization non contacting with intellectual-creative resources

become "frozen", "lifeless", that is, only a creative (productive)

component of intellectual resources is capable of ensuring the

achievement of the organization's goals.

At the present time, one of researching problems of social and

labor relations system in organization is accounting of intellectual and

creative resources, the formation and stimulation of their development

as well as protection of both the process of forming the intellectual,

creative economic products and the copyright of their authors.

O. N. Melnikov [2] classifies the intellectual and creative capital

of organization as "intellectual capital" as the fixed inalienable stock,

and creative (productive) actions, the synonym of which is the concept

of "creative energy of the individual", is classified as "operating" or

alienable, which and is offered by any person on the market for sale or

104

exchange. In principle, the division of capital into fixed and operating

capital is very important for innovative entrepreneurship in calculating

the need for initial capital, as well as in calculating the business value

estimation. Besides, the "entrepreneur" when planning the process of

realizing his idea (innovation) conducts a preliminary assessment of the

capital necessary for this purpose, including intellectual capital.

Each specialist of organization should be considered as an

intellectual carrier of creative energy, capable of achieving a specific

economic result when performing certain jobs in his workplace, which

in turn is a separate link or another unit of technological business chain.

Proceeding from this, it is proposed to estimate (consider) creative

(productive) energy (Кe), from the point of view of economic factor, as

the maximum changes (ΔN) that the employee makes to the products of

his labor, which he offers for sale as a result of his own mental efforts,

in minimum competitive time. The economic indicator of creative

energy depends on the indicator of rationality of the choice of the area

where creative energy proves itself and on the biosocial index.

Intellectual and creative resource of any organization, including the

innovative entrepreneurial structure, is characterized by increment in the

process of creative work. Therefore, the organization faces the need to

evaluate labor processes precisely in terms of the amount of existing and

newly created knowledge. This approach should reflect both the volume

of accumulated knowledge in the final product, and assess the

willingness of personnel to work in a knowledge-based economy, that

is, the generation of new knowledge.

Information tools for assessing the intellectual and creative

resources of organization can be motion study, evaluation of

employee's innovative activity, intellectual and creative maps that

determine the range of intellectual operations performed by the

employee.

The integrated system for evaluating intellectual and creative

resources reveals the presence of organization intellectual potential for

the implementation of the competitive tasks of innovative

entrepreneurial structure, the organization's ability to create new ideas

and solutions.

Solving the issues of creating special performing and developing

conditions for creative abilities of all employees and inactivating the

intellectual resource of organization, turning it into a source of

competitive advantage is necessary, first, to change the value system of

an innovative entrepreneurial structure, where the intellectual and

creative resource of organization should be the main value. If we

105

consider the value system of an enterprise from the point of view of

personnel management optimization, then, for example, the

requirements of discipline and order relate to a system of restrictions

within which any employee must act. At this approach the criterion of

optimality is the maximization of the use of staff’s creative abilities.

Creative abilities are the most important resource ensuring the

company's compliance with market requirements and achievements of

innovative development.

Bibliography

1. Litun O.N., S.S. Moiseenko Intellectual and Creative Resources as

Basis for Knowledge-based Economics

http://www.ozakaz.ru/index.php/home/81-intelectkreativ.

2. Melnikov O.N. Intellectual and Creative Resource Management for

knowledge-based industry. М.: «Creative Economics», 2010. 384p.

3. International Human Development Indicators - UNDP [E-source] //

Access mode: http://hdrstats.undp.org, free

Voroninskaya Ya.G. second year student,

department of oil and gas fields development and operation

Urvantsev A.M. second year student, department of heat and power engineering

Saint-Petersburg Mining University

POTENTIAL OF THE ASSOCIATE PETROLEUM GAS

PROCESSING IN RUSSIA

In an effort to increase the production of "light" oil, large Russian

oil companies, for many years, did not consider the possibility of

production diversification [4], for example, through the processing of

associated petroleum gas (APG). However, in recent years this situation

has changed due to the increasing attention of the Government of the

Russian Federation to the issues of anthropogenic impact of enterprises

on the environment and the development of oil and gas processing.

APG is a by-product of oil production. Due to its composition, it

is a popular raw material for petrochemical enterprises [2]. Other useful

applications of APG are injection into the reservoir for enhanced oil

http://www.ozakaz.ru/index.php/home/81-intelectkreativ

http://hdrstats.undp.org/

http://old.spmi.ru/en/node/6438


106

recovery and use as fuel for power plants. However, due to the

complexity of determining the most efficient way to use APG, it has

been more profitable to burn this energy source for many years.

Nevertheless, a certain shift occurred after the adoption of the RF

Government Order No. 7 of January 8, 2009 "On measures to stimulate

the reduction of air pollution by APG combustion products on flare

installations", according to which the allowable rate of associated gas

combustion should not exceed 5% [3]. In the future, certain provisions

of the Order were changed, tightened and refined. To date, for the

burning of 1 thousand m3 of APG, in excess of the established standard

of 5%, it is necessary to pay 25 times more than for the same amount of

APG within the standard. Despite this, the "environmental" aspect of the

APG combustion problem is not an effective incentive for companies

[1], as the amount of fines for burning is several orders of magnitude

lower than the cost of implementing recycling projects.

Today, it is possible to find some examples of APG processing

projects in Russia, which were used to assess total fines for flaring of

APG and valuation of products:

1. The project "South balykskoye processing plant" 2012, the

volume of the APG deliveries – 3 billion m3, fines for burning – 1,9992

bln RUB, revenues from sales of products – 2.05 billion RUB., the

capital cost is 2.4 billion.

1. The project "Nyagangazpererabotka" 2010, the volume of the

APG deliveries – 1,3 billion m3, fines for burning – 0,8663 bln RUB,

revenues from sales of products – 4,632 billion RUB.

1. The project "Yugragazpererabotka" 2010, the volume of the


revenues from sales of products – 4,632 billion RUB.

1. The project "Yuzhno-Priobskiy GPP" 2016, the volume of the


revenues from sales of products – 2,2659 billion RUB., the capital cost

is 14,7 billion.

1. The project "Gubkinskiy processing plant" 2005, the volume of

the APG deliveries – 1,5 billion m3, fines for burning – 0,9996 bln

RUB, revenues from sales of products – 0,66 billion RUB., the capital

cost is 0,63 billion.

These projects are characterized by relatively high financial

performance. This is partly due to the fact that about 90% of the

products are sold in foreign markets. In Russia, the demand for products

obtained from associated gas, is virtually absent. It should also be noted

that the fines calculated for the option of burning the entire volume of

107

APG (5% - standard combustion, 95% - excess) are significantly lower

than the capital costs of the projects. The analysis of the projects

implemented in Russia showed a positive financial result, despite the

fact that the payback period of such projects can be more than 7 years.

Taking this into account, the key barrier to the intensive development of

APG processing projects is the lack of an internal market for the final

products.

Acknowledgement

Thanks to the scientific supervisor, Ph. D., assistant of the

Department of Informatics and computer technologies Tsvetkov Pavel

Sergeevich for the formation of the report concept and the correction of

the text.

References 1. Kozlov A., Gutman S., Zaychenko I., Rytova E., Nijinskaya P.

(2015) Environmental management on the basis of Complex Regional

Indicators Concept: Case of the Murmansk region. IOP Conference Series:

Materials Science and Engineering, 91 (1) DOI: 10.1088/1757-

899X/91/1/012073

2. Nikolaichuk L. A., Tsvetkov P. S. Prospects of ecological

technologies development in the Russian oil industry//International Journal of

Applied Engineering Research. 2016. Vol. 11, № 7. P. 5271-5276.

3. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 08.01.2009 N

7 (ed. of 08.11.2012) "On measures for stimulation of reduction of pollution

of atmospheric air by products of burning of associated oil gas on flare

installations"

4. Tcvetkov P., Cherepovitsyn A. Prospects of CCS Projects

Implementation in Russia: Environmental Protection and Economic

Opportunities//Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2016. Vol. 17. Iss. 2. P.

24-32.

108

SECTION VIII. Philology

O.V. Leskova The Scientific Secretary

The Vologda State Museum-Preserve of History,

Architecture and Decorative Arts

TOPOS OF THE VOLOGDA REGION

IN REMINISCENCES OF P. V. ZASODIMSKY

The name of Pavel Vladimirovich Zasodimsky is closely

connected with the Vologda region. November 1, 1843 future writer and

publicist was born in Veliky Ustyug in a poor aristocratic family. Then

he moved with his parents and nanny to Nikolsk, "a small, deaf town,

lost in the middle of the forest" [3, p. 2], where he lived for nine years.

Despite his aristocratic ancestry, Zasodimsky was a free child, his

friends were peasant children. Young Pavel addicted to reading. He

writes in his memoirs: "I very soon coped with the alphabet, maybe

because I myself wanted to read it as soon as possible. I liked to look at

pictures in books, but in order to understand their meaning, I needed to

be able to read. And I quickly learned to read – and reading has become

my favorite occupation from a young age. I read a lot and

indiscriminately that I came across a hand" [3, p. 16]. At the age of 12,

the young Pavel was enrolled in an aristocratic boarding school at the

Vologda Gymnasium, from where he sometimes went on vacations to

Fominskoye village near Vologda, the family estate of his grandfather

PM Zasetsky.

Memoirs of P. Zasodimsky consist of two parts, entitled "My

wanderings" and "From memories". Both parts were published in the

printing house of T. Sytin in Moscow in 1908. In the title of the memoir,

the word "wanderings" is not accidental. For the author this is not so

much a movement in space as a search for the inner man. At the same

time, the local space, of course, occupies one of the main places in the

system of artistic coordinates of his memoirs.

The main literary topos that appears in the system of artistic

coordinates is the topos of the Vologda province, represented by several

localities - in part by Veliky Ustyug, more fully Nikolsky, Vologda and

Fominsky. In the definition of the literary topos we will rely on the

point of view of M. M. Bakhtin, who views topos as an integral part of

the chronotope, which in turn is understood as "an essential interrelation

of temporal and spatial relations artificially mastered in literature" [1, p.

234]. Bakhtin notes that the artistic space is connected with the

109

movements of time, plot, history. Indeed, this pattern can be traced in

Zasodimsky's memoirs: the specific place will always be for the author

with the events that took place there, with the destinies of the people

who lived there.

Epic works are characterized by fragmentation of the described

space. Artistic space is always conditional, therefore it is divided into

"abstract and concrete" [2, p. 185].

Memoirs, by virtue of their artistic-documentary genre, are

initially aligned with a specific space, which not only can determine the

specific depicted place, but also actively influence the meaning of the

events described. Zasodimsky's memoirs are about Vologda and the

province, about its specific locations (the Golden Anchor Hotel,

Sobornaya Gorka, the Noble Assembly, the Prilutskiy Monastery, the

Vologda Gymnasium, the Zaonikieff Desert, Fominskoye, Nikolsk,

Veliky Ustyug, Gryazovets, the Yug River, Dvinnitsa, Vologda and

others). These locations are original scenery for provincial life.

Zasodimsky gives a detailed account of the center of Vologda.

There are two facts for it: Vologda men's gymnasium was located

almost in the center of the provincial capital and P.V. Zasodimsky came

to Vologda in 1856 already at a conscious age and stayed here for 7

years. Here he spent his youth: "In February 1856, I enrolled as a self-

taught pupil in the so-called gentry boarding school, which was at the

Vologda gymnasium, and left it in June 1863, at the end of the

gymnasium course. Thus, my stay in this boarding school covers a

period of time of little more than seven years" [3, p. 61].

Moving to Vologda in his teenage years, Zasodimsky was afraid a

new turn of his life: "When my father was in the militia, our family

council decided that it was time for me to give to the gymnasium (I was

then 12 years old), and my mom went with me to Vologda. In the

gymnasium, when I parted, I cried bitterly and bitterly, hanging on my

mother's neck. Mother cried too. It was the first parting and my first

bitter tears, hot tears, from which my baby breasts ... "[3, p. 60]. The

author of the memoirs tells in detail about his gymnasium life,

emphasizing the building of the educational institution and the adjacent

territory – this can be explained by the relative closeness of the urban

space for pupils. The center of Vologda near Zasodimsky is a detailed

artistic image, based on descriptions built through the prism of the

author's vision. This provincial capital of the 50-60's. XIX century. In

the author's memoirs, portraits of the nobility and philistinism of

Vologda of this period are traced.

110

Memories as a genre help Zasodimsky to evaluate events

subjectively, and the author-narrator, whose figure is unifying for the

work, conducts an active dialogue with the reader, supplementing him

with descriptions and detailed portraits of citizens and historical figures.

The narrative of Vologda resembles a tour, during which the narrator

dwells in detail on the appearance of buildings, on the appearance of

people, and sometimes this is a complete panorama of the terrain. For

example, the detailed description in the memoirs has a place where the

Vologda gymnasium was located: "The builders of the gymnasium

originally wanted to give the building the look of the letter P, but, lack

of money or something else, did not finish the third side of the building,

and therefore instead of P, we got a somewhat wrong letter G. One side

of the gymnasium went out into the street, and the facade – to the

square, the so-called "parade ground" or "the ceremonial place", where

the soldier's training took place and where sometimes horses and cows

ate green muzzles. On the opposite side of the square, <...> stood (and

still stands) the governor's house and next to it a theological seminary.

From the third side of the square, there was once a guardhouse, but in

the sixties it was unnecessarily destroyed, and in its place a wooden

shed for the city theater was erected. The height of the building, the

large windows and the facade with columns made our gymnasium very

impressive. At the gymnasium was a fairly large, dense garden, which

was in the possession of the director, who, however, hardly used it" [3,

p. 61]. Zasodimsky reveals to the reader the views of Vologda – both

simple, unvarnished, and solemn, as, for example, on the eve of the

arrival of Emperor Alexander II in mid-June 1858: "The city was

magnificently illuminated; on the facade of the gymnasium a huge

banner with letters A and M was burning; around the parade-parade the

resin barrels were burning. But the illuminations burned in vain: the

Emperor did not come that evening" [3, p. 84].

In the description of Vologda, especially after the end of the

gymnasium, after traveling, the author lovingly calls the famous places

of the capital, supplying them with epithets or detailed descriptions,

therefore, the depicted space can be represented in the scheme of a real

city. In the memoirs describing childhood and adolescence, there is a

dynamics of descriptions, the reader follows the author-narrator and

sees the surrounding world through individual impressions and

experiences of the narrator: "I went around the fields, meadows and

wandered through the forest for a long time. Our forest was called

Anikievsky, after the name of the robber Anika. Five versts from our

homestead was the Zaanikievskaya Desert, and in the calm weather or

111

in the western wind we could hear the clang of monastery bells before

us" [3, p. 9].

Later, after the gymnasium, the nature of the descriptions of

Zasodimsky is mostly static, eventful, descriptive. It seems that the

author-narrator freezes on the spot and describes the city in detail,

incidentally recalling the events with different sending in time. For

example, in the text "My Wanderings" there is a story about the

Vologda hotel "Golden Anchor" and a fire near it in the middle of

October 1891. In many descriptions there is an element of metaphorical,

mythological, legendary, but it is supported by specific signs and details

that allow you to find out the place or territory.

The author-narrator is associated with a certain type of people,

sometimes talking about the social group as a whole, sometimes –

specifically about a person. The chapter "In the gymnasium" is devoted

not only to the description of the educational process, the territory and

the building of the male gymnasium, but also to acquaintance with

individuals who had weight in the society – both in Vologda and in

Russia – In the 50-60's. XIX century. The detailed description of

Zasodimsky gives teachers of the gymnasium, among them the liberal

director Anikita Semyonovich Vlasov, the petty-demanding inspector

Dmitry Alekseevich Zyablov, the teacher of the French language Karl

Antonovich Blaise, the teacher of the Russian language Mikhail

Nikolaenko Nikolenko and others. A special place in the gallery of

personalities is Alexander II: "The personality of the late Emperor

Alexander II made a good impression on me. Neither in his appearance,

nor in conversion, nor in words did not feel anything such as to inspire

even the slightest fear. He spoke that hoarse voice that morning, but

there were soft notes in that voice. The grief and disappointment that

awaited him in the future did not yet have time to cloud his young face

in that hole, and his face that that distant June morning was just as clear

and bright as the light blue sky shining into the large windows of our

room ..." [3, p. 85]. In general, the attitude to the Tsarist dynasty in the

family of Zasodimsky was characterized by trembling and warmth: "In

our family memories, the personality of Alexander I and the prince,

Konstantin Pavlovich, have always been surrounded by some shining

halo" [3, p. 17].

From the estates of the Vologda province in his memoirs 1843 –

1892 P.V. Zasodimsky draws attention to the peasantry (before

gymnasium), philistinism and the nobility (gymnasium and later

periods). There were exclusively patriarchal manners in the family life

of the Vologda. The description of the culture and life of the Vologda

112

province is filled with historical anecdotes and local legends and

legends. Outside the provincial capital, the peasantry predominated,

with a characteristic way of village life typical of the Russian North.

In the guise of the Vologda province, P.V. Zasodimsky sees the

sincerity and purity of traditions, he writes about personalities in most

cases with special gentleness and warmth. The author of the memoirs

"From memories" and "My wanderings", having lived on the Vologda

land for childhood and adolescence, considers himself part of it,

identifies with this territory. The image of the Vologda province for PV

Zasodimsky is nostalgic and sincere.

Literature

1. Bakhtin MM Forms of time and chronotope in the novel / Bakhtin M.

Questions of literature and aesthetics. Studies of different years. M .:

Fiction, 1975.

2. Esin A.B. Time and space // Introduction to literary criticism:

Textbook / Ed. L.V. Chernets. – Moscow: Higher School, 2004.

3. Zasodimsky, P. V. From memories. – Moscow: Typography of T. ID

Sytin, 1908.

G. N. Pudikova Assistant of the Department of Russian Language №1 of the Russian

Language and General Education Department of the Peoples' Friendship

University, postgraduate student of the Department of General and Russian

Linguistics of the Philological Faculty of the Russian Peoples Friendship

University. Moscow, Russia, 117198, [email protected]

COMPOSITION, LANGUAGE STRUCTURE AND LANGUAGE

MEANS OF EXPRESSION IN LETTERS OF GUARANTEE IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND PORTUGUESE

Letters of guarantee aim to provide the recipient with a written

guarantee on the author's intentions or actions (the company sending the

letter) that affect their interests in one way or another. Most often letters

of guarantee are issued to confirm the payment. Letters of guarantee are

written in clear, precise and simple language since they should give

guarantees in the name and on behalf of the organization or an official.

The name of this document points to the functional purpose of the letter

mailto:[email protected]

113

of guarantee. In fact, it is advance liability of the author (the

organization sending the letter) to fulfill the terms of any contract pre-

agreed with the addressee (the organization receiving the letter). In most

cases, it refers to payment guarantees on goods supply. However,

business practice shows that guarantee letters are actually used in more

situations (the examples given below confirm this).

The structure of the guarantee letter mostly includes only one or

two paragraphs. The first briefly describes the circumstances that

prompted the author to provide the addressee with appropriate written

guarantees. The second states the essence of the guarantee commitments

using the standard wording.

The content of the letter of guarantee is succinct and very formal.

The text of the letter of guarantee and its composition structure combine

two cognitive-discursive components: universal (general) and specific

(individual).

The universal component is repeated in each letter of guarantee

(conditions, company details, guarantees, etc.), while the individual

component varies for each guarantee letter: it is different every time and

includes the names of the parties, contractors, time, and place.

The guarantee letter may possess both a deep (surface) structure

and a linear expression plane. This allows us to distinguish two

principles of the organization of the business text in the letter of

guarantee – the volumetric (the way universal categories of space, time,

actors and the author are expressed) and linear (the organization of the

text from beginning to the end with a sequential connection of its

components).

According to B.L. Gunnarsson, business economic texts with a

linear thematic structure belong to "English straight, one-perspective

type" [Gunnarsson B.L. 2000: 104]. In a single linear perspective, each

element in the text of the letter of guarantee located according to the

hierarchical principles of composition is in a discourse relationship with

other elements.

The content is characterized by specific linguistic elements which

reflect cognitive patterns:

114

Table 1

Compositional and structural model of the text of the guarantee letter

Sections General (universal)

component

Specific (individual) component

Hyperconcepts Hyperconcepts/Detalization

Into

du

ctio

n Preamble Name of the parties

Subject

Mai

n t

ext

Subject Object-descriptive

Аction-descriptive

Guarantees Insurance

Documents

Terms Terms

Price of the goods

Terms of Payment

Collisions Collisions

Guarantees

Sanctions and Reclamations

Force Majeure

Arbitration

Miscellaneous

Co

ncl

us

ion

Legal Addresses and

Signatures of the

Parties

Legal Addresses of the Parties

Signatures of the Parties

The model of collaboration, which is consistently reflected in the

relevant sections of the letter of guarantee, provides the necessary

information regarding the particular letter of guarantee. In case there is

cooperation with foreign partners, experts advise considering all the

experience that was previously accumulated regarding general terms and

typical regulations concerning their fulfillment. L.A. Manerko claims

that the knowledge obtained from linear texts helps to understand the

manifestations of the reality [Manerko 2002: 21].

The authors of the guarantee letter point out the facts that seem to

them particularly important in connection with their own vision of the

situation. The main points in the guarantee letter are considered in

specific sections, which determines the pragma-semantic organization

and prototypical structure of the text of the guarantee letter. In the

115

cognitive-communicative system of the text, each arrangement or

agreements correspond to certain super-phrasal unity (SU).

Marking the transition from the sentence to the text, each section

of the guarantee letter has certain properties – nomination, predication,

and modality. It is a composition and stylistic unit of the text of the

guarantee letter and it stands out clearly in the text as a new line or a

proper name. That is why the structural sections of the texts of the

guarantee letter should be considered as SUs. This division of the text

adds to its structure a certain subjective element.

SUs perform the following functions: establishing the contact,

informing, delegating tasks, and finishing the contact.

The introductory section consists of two separate compositional

and structural blocks which inform about starting communication of the

parties regarding the object of their common actions. The information

presented in the introductory section of the letter of guarantee is

important as, firstly, it expresses the concept idea of the letter of

guarantee in a brief form, denoting the objective presentation of the

facts, and secondly, the introductory section represents the subject

matter of the letter of guarantee, that is, indicates the consent on the

subject and object of the guarantee letter:

English To: Minister of Justice.

Russian To Director of OOO

"Professional Consulting Agency"

Andrei Aleksandrovich Polevoy

Portuguese A EMPRESA DE PLANEJAMETO E LOGISTICA S/A – EPL –

SBN QUADRA 02, LOTE 4, BLOCO P – CEP 70.040-020 - BRASILIA -

BRASÍLIA – DF.

Date:

As we can see, in these languages the main function of the

introductory part is to provide the addressee with a minimum

background knowledge necessary, which inevitably leads to differences

in contexts and in messages that are sent and obtained. In other words,

even in case of the universal and common code and the same conditions

116

of communication, communicating parties, the communicative act and

the speech act are never identical.

The information part is represented by SUs with different content.

In accordance with the subject of the guarantee and its arrangements, the

main body of the text contains information on the subject, guarantees,

terms, collisions and the like.

The main text of the letter of guarantee is the longest, especially in

Russian and Portuguese:

Russian OOO "Typhoon", acting as an inviting party for an invited foreign

citizen of Italy Robert Moraes, born 12 December 1975, passport YA

333555888, issued on 01 January 2001 (citizenship, surname, name,

patronymic (if any), date of birth, information about the identity

document) guarantees him the provision of material, medical and

housing assistance, namely, the company:

1. Shall provide him with accommodation at the address: (the

address is indicated where the invited foreign citizen (person without

citizenship) is to stay).

2. Shall provide for the period of his stay in the Russian

Federation medical insurance issued in accordance with the procedure

established by the legislation of the Russian Federation (unless

otherwise provided by an international treaty of the Russian

Federation) or to provide him with money, if necessary, to receive

medical assistance.

3. Shall provide the funds required to leave the Russian

Federation at the end of his stay in the Russian Federation.

Portuguese Pela presente Carta de Fiança, o

Banco.........................................................., com sede ........................,

CNPJ/MF nº ..........................., por si diretamente e seus sucessores, se

obriga perante a EMPRESA DE PLANEJAMETO E LOGISTICA S/A,

com sede em Brasília, Distrito Federal, CNPJ/MF nº 00352294/0001-

10, em caráter irrevogável e irretratável como fiador solidário e

principal pagador, com expressa renúncia aos benefícios estatuídos nos

artigos 827 e 835 do Código Civil Brasileiro, da firma

............................................................, com sede ............................,

CNPJ/MF nº ............................., da importância de R$

.................................., correspondente a 5% (cinco por cento) do valor

do Contrato decorrente da RDCNº 001/2013.

117

A presente fiança é prestada para o fim específico de garantir o

cumprimento, por parte de nossa Afiançada, das obrigações estipuladas

no Contrato antes referido, celebrado, por nossa Afiançada e a

EMPRESA DE PLANEJAMETO E LOGISTICA S/A – EPL.

Por força da presente fiança e em consonância com o Contrato

acima indicado, obriga-se este Banco a pagar a EMPRESA DE

PLANEJAMETO E LOGISTICA S/A – EPL, no prazo de 24 (vinte e

quatro) horas, contado do simples aviso que pela mesma lhe for dado,

até o limite do valor fixado acima, quaisquer importâncias cobertas por

esta fiança.

Esta Carta de Fiança, vigorará pelo prazo de ___ (___) meses

corridos, ou até a extinção de todas as obrigações assumidas por nossa

Afiançada mediante o referido Contrato.

Nenhuma objeção ou oposição da nossa Afiançada será admitida

ou invocada por este Banco para o fim de escusar do cumprimento da

obrigação assumida neste ato e por este Instrumento perante à

EMPRESA DE PLANEJAMENTO E LOGISTICA S/A – EPL.

Obriga-se este Banco, outrossim, pelo pagamento de quaisquer

despesas judiciais e/ou extrajudiciais, bem assim por honorários

advocatícios, na hipótese do EMPRESA DE PLANEJAMETO E

LOGISTICA S/A – EPL se ver compelido a ingressar em juízo para

demandar o cumprimento da obrigação a que se refere a presente

garantia.

English speakers state the main idea in the briefest manner:

English I will guarantee the following items regarding the above-

mentioned applicant’s entry into Japan:

1. Expenses for the applicant’s stay in Japan

2. Return travel expenses

3. Compliance with Japanese laws and regulations

I hereby declare that the above is true.

The compulsory formal composition components of English

letters are will guarantee, I hereby declare that, etc.

It is necessary to consider means that create the emphasis of the

text in the general architectonics of the guarantee letter. These, first and

foremost, include the beginning and the end of the letter of guarantee.

Unlike the main body of text, its initial and final sections are different as

information is presented in a brief manner. Since the parties of the

118

agreement are at the same time the authors and addressees of the text, it

is feasible to focus one's attention on important points by locating them

where they are particularly noticeable. The emphasis – the beginning of

the letter of guarantee – presents, as a rule, the concept-idea of the

guarantee letter, along with full details of the parties (legal addresses,

contact information, communication methods) which are given at the

end of the text.

The final part of the guarantee letter is primarily important due to

the fact that it closes the conceptual content system of the text and is a

component that denotes the completeness and integrity of the text of the

guarantee letter. It is important to know how the text is organized as,

first, the addressee can easily refer to any of its parts, and, second, the

co-authors can quickly create a text of another guarantee letter using this

as a template.

The final part of the guarantee letter contains reminders and

details of the parties:

Russian

* The guarantee letter is signed by the director or another

authorized representative of the Customer and is certified by the seal of

the organization sending the student for training. In the event that the

letter of guarantee is signed not by the director, but by another

authorized representative of the Customer, the authority of this person

should be confirmed with documents (or a copy of the document

confirming the authority).

** A letter of guarantee written in an improper manner, without

the organization's blue seal is not accepted. Students of this Customer

are not allowed to the training.

English

Guarantor:

Name: Nationality

Address in Japan: Tel:

Status of residence:

Occupation:

Relationship

Portuguese Declara, ainda, este Banco fiador, que a presente fiança está

devidamente contabilizada e que satisfaz às determinações do Banco

Central do Brasil e aos preceitos da legislação bancária aplicáveis e,

119

que, os signatários deste instrumento estão autorizados a prestar a

presente fiança. Declara, finalmente, que está autorizado pelo Banco

Central do Brasil a expedir Carta de Fiança e que o valor da presente

se contém dentro dos limites que lhe são autorizados pela referida

entidade federal.

A presente fiança foi emitida em 01 (uma) única via.

.................................... (.......), ....... de ....................de 200....

(seguem-se as assinaturas autorizadas, com firmas reconhecidas)

In case of violation of the established form, the text of the letter of

guarantee fails to produce the planned post communicative effect. The

ideas the parties have regarding the terms under which the agreement

will be concluded may change in the course of negotiations and text

communication, which confirms the assumption about the dynamic

nature of the model text which is adapted every time to numerous

interpretations during text creation [Dibrova 1996: 132]. However, all

modifications are limited to genre conventions and restrictions.

Text creation starts with the generalized invariant of the text of the

guarantee letter or its template which later becomes the plan for further

actions.

Specific items of the text are subject to agreement, therefore they

will be later discussed in correspondence or during face-to-face

negotiations. If co-authors of the letter of guarantee do not agree on all

its points, communication may fail.

The considered examples demonstrate that it is not possible to

omit any constituents of the text of the letter of guarantee since then the

parties will not negotiate and agree upon significant issues, and the

latter will not be included in the official and business document that

should regulate subsequent actions of communicants.

The final text of the letter of guarantee comes into effect only after

successful negotiations and consolidation of agreements between the

parties that have agreed on all sections and points. The above examples

confirm the close relationship between the genres of the guarantee letter

and negotiations. In this regard, we would like to point out the transition

from oral to written business discourse – from the genre of negotiations

to the genre of the guarantee letter, as well as the reverse process – from

the text of the guarantee letter to negotiations, that is, from written to

oral communication. The pragmatic aim of signing a guarantee letter

acts as a driver of two-way communication.

120

References

1. Gunnarsson B.L. (2000). Message structure in LSP texts. A socially

determined variation at different text levels. Proc. NORDTEXT symp.

Espoo (Finnland), 91-107.

2. Manerko L.A. (2002). Fundamentals of conceptual integration of

mental spaces. Text and discourse: Traditional and cognitive-

functional aspects of the study [Osnovy kontseptual'nogo

integrirovaniya mental'nykh prostranstv. Tekst i diskurs: traditsionnyy

i kognitivno-funktsional'nyy aspekty issledovaniya]. Ryazan:

Publishing House of Ryazan State Pedagogical University, 17-29.

3. Dibrova E.I. (1996). Communicative and cognitive model of text

generation. Report at the Fifth International Conference "Semantics of

Language Units" [Kommunikativno-kognitivnaya model'

tekstoporozhdeniya. Dokl. V mezhdunar. konf. “Semantika

yazykovykh yedinits”]. Moscow: Fizkul'tura, obrazovaniye i nauka,

130-137.

SECTION IX. Educational Sciences

Golub V. V. candidate of pedagogical Sciences, associate Professor

in fsbi «Russian state University of justice» (Rostov branch)

MODELING INNOVATIONORIENTED SPACE

OF CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

Annotation. The article reveals the General approaches of the author

to the modeling and creation of innovation - oriented space of continuous

professional education. The General direction of space creation is modeling

and realization of innovative component of educational programs, their

integration (continuity) of content and development of educational and

research activities of students. The author shows that the integrative and

systematic approach combined with the General innovative orientation of the

content forms the innovative thinking of the student, new knowledge and

provides training of the innovatively thinking specialist prepared for

innovative professional activity.

Key words: innovative orientation, integration, educational space,

pedagogical modeling, innovative technologies.

121

The consistent development of the Russian Federal state

educational standards represents a qualitatively new stage in the

evolution of methods of designing and normalizing the content of

education. The primary trend of their development is the expansion of

opportunities for an integrative approach, the construction of the

variable content of vocational education, the expansion of the powers of

educational organizations in the development of the content of

education and the organization of an innovation-oriented space of

continuous vocational education. As a result, the student has the

opportunity to choose the model of vocational education, and the

teacher gets a certain freedom in the choice of methods, forms and

means of formation of innovative ability of students to act on the basis

of constant choice and ability to optimally and professionally get out of

risky situations. In General, conditions are being created for modeling

and creating a space for continuing professional education.

The practice of creating a space of continuous professional

education in a multilevel University by the author has shown the

necessity of having an internal innovation environment, innovative

content of the implemented areas of professional education and the use

of innovative technologies for its implementation. At the same time, the

most important factors in the effectiveness of the created educational

space were organizational innovations and the activity of their

implementation; meaningful innovations and their variable saturation;

innovative orientation of educational program and methodical material

together with innovative potential of entrants and students, innovative

competence of scientific and pedagogical personnel, educational and

material base and optimally used pedagogical and interactive

technologies.

The main pedagogical condition for the effectiveness of the

created space is content, saturation and innovative orientation. The

optimal alignment of the structure of continuous maintenance was

carried out by the author on the basis of the theory of vocational

training, a systematic approach, the component composition of the

system of activity and the regularity of systemogenesis, where the

development of the student's abilities was carried out through the

integration of functional and operational mechanisms. The General

direction of modeling, creation and development of the space of

continuous professional education was modeling and implementation of

the innovative component of educational programs, their integration

(continuity) of the content and development of educational and research

activities of students.

122

The implementation of the successive (integrated) content of

continuing professional education was provided by holistic educational

and methodological complexes, successive technologies of its

implementation, stable motivation of students to obtain continuing

professional education.

The main principles of the integrative approach to the

development of the content of continuing professional education were

continuity, integrity, continuity, innovation, scientific, fundamental,

practical orientation. Modeling of integrative content within the

framework of the space of continuous professional education was based

on identifying and combining the integrated and interdisciplinary

content of the mastered standards of professional education. The

educational and professional programs of continuous training were

based on system increase of level of theoretical and practical training of

students at each mastered consistently or in parallel level.

The introduction of integrated courses of natural Sciences,

Humanities, social Sciences led to the receipt of holistic General

humanitarian and natural science knowledge. Systematic information,

status, facts patterns of individual subjects develop into an

interdisciplinary, interdependent and integrated knowledge, which are

more necessary in their professional activities. The integrative and

systematic approach combined with the General innovative orientation

of the content formed the innovative thinking of the student, new

knowledge and provided training of the innovatively thinking specialist

prepared for innovative professional activity

Modeling of the integrative content and its innovative orientation

was carried out by the author in stages from identification of

possibilities of the integrated educational software to its development

and experimental approbation. On the basis of experience of integration

of the contents received in the course of innovative activity, the author

defines the following General algorithm of modeling of the integrative

contents of space:

- choice of structure and purpose of content integration;

- preliminary examination of the possibility of integration

depending on the volume of cycles and disciplines in them and making

a decision on the feasibility of integration;

- svot - analysis of the content of integrated curricula and

programs, identification of common cycles and disciplines,

determination of reference points of differentiation and development of

a structural model of an integrated curriculum and/or curriculum.

123

-experimental and experimental realization of integrative

educational and program materials;

- expansion of the field of innovation, monitoring and examination

of the results and making decisions on the use of materials developed in

the innovative mode.

This algorithm was tested by the author in the development of

successive (integrated) curricula of multi-level universities, integrated

curriculum of parallel training of students in single-profile specialties of

the College and University, and multi-profile ( technical and

humanitarian).

Educational activity was carried out on the basis of orientation on

preparation of the student for research (innovative) activity, building of

successive educational process with self-reflection of the student. The

student chose his / her own style of teaching, ways of presentation of his

/ her results, evaluation and self-evaluation of the results of educational

and professional creativity. The construction of the educational process

as a successor, continuous and innovative, contributed to the

reorientation of the traditional space of vocational training of students in

the innovation-oriented space of continuing professional education.

For the purpose of forming and consistent development of

research competences for ensuring readiness of students for innovative

activity the author has developed a complex of scientific-theoretical and

educational-methodical materials – the Concept of formation and

development of research competences of students of College, the

author's educational program including thematic and lecture contents

and technologies of its realization presented by the author in appendices

to the dissertation. In addition, in co-authorship developed successive

teaching AIDS «Fundamentals of educational research activities of

students» (2013), «Fundamentals of research activities of students»

(2016), a set of control assessment tools. In the process of research

within the framework of innovative projects the author has implemented

these materials, based on the maximum saturation of creative situations

and training sessions, contributing to the solution of blocks of research

tasks. Results of approbation of author's materials during three streams

of training showed that at the beginning of development 30% of College

students and 20% of high school students coped with creative tasks. As

a result of experimental testing within the innovation-oriented space of

higher education institutions 52% of College students and 74% of

University students conducted independent research.

124

Literature

1. Blinov V. I. Conceptual bases of development of Federal state

educational standards of primary and secondary professional education of

new generation. - Moscow: FIRO, 2007. - 23 p.

2. Golub V. V. Bases of research activity of students: the educational

and methodical manual /Golub V. V. Golub E. V. Golub L. V. Ivanova I. V//

The third edition revised and supplemented. -Rostov n/D:AcademLit.-2017.-

242с

3. Golub V. V. Some aspects of modeling of innovation-oriented space

of professional educational institution // Scientific journal «Society:

sociology, psychology, pedagogics». -2017. - No. 8.-P. 103-108

4. Safontsev S. A. Socio-pedagogical design of educational process / S.

A. Safontsev, N. U. Safontseva. - Rostov n/D.: RO IPK and PRO, 2010. - 150

p.

5. Tkachenko E. V. Continuing professional education of Russia:

problems and prospects//Russian and foreign pedagogics.-2015. - N. 3(24).-

P.11-23.

Kolomiets E. V. candidate of pedagogical Sciences, teacher of State educational institution

of professionall education in Rostov Region

«Don Teachers’ TRAINING College»

PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF THE TEACHER

IN THE CONDITIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT

OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

Annotation. The author presents the essence of innovative competence

of the teacher in the conditions of continuous professional education. The

constituent elements of the formation of the developing paradigm of

education of continuing professional education is a new pedagogical

thinking, which is based on a qualitatively different system of values.

Keywords: innovative competence, continuous education, educational

function, innovation

The system of continuing professional education, being essentially

innovative, with a certain restructuring, can ensure the innovative

development of society, provided the preservation of humanistic

traditions of national education and evaluation of the quality of

125

education from the perspective of its humanity. This criterion

corresponds to the concept of personality-oriented education, based on

humanistic philosophy, psychology and pedagogics, comprehending the

process of turning education to a person, personality, putting at the

center of the educational system personality, providing comfortable,

conflict-free and safe conditions for its development, implementation of

its natural potentials. Sources and components of changing educational

paradigm and formation of continuous professional education are social

transformations and the new pedagogical thinking as it has in the basis

qualitatively other system of values focused on development and full

disclosure of the personality. This causes fundamental changes in the

content of education and in the technologies of the educational process.

New pedagogical approaches, new methodological thinking and

tools of the teacher are used in the innovative development of

professional education. The peculiarity of the present time is the

changing view on social functions of a person and increased self-worth

of students. In conditions of continuing professional education, the

function of pedagogical support and assistance to the student from the

teacher training, coaching, cooperation increases.. The result of the

implementation of this function is a graduate of a vocational school - a

competent professional, creative personality, ready for the challenges of

the time and able to establish a humanistic style of relations in

professional activities.

The analysis of the level of readiness of the graduate of the

pedagogical College and the pedagogical University to pedagogical

activity in the conditions of continuous professional education shows

the lack of orientation to the innovative readiness of the student. This

fact actualized scientific searches of the author in this direction which

are carried out within more than ten years. The obtained results revealed

the need to create a model of professional and pedagogical competence

of the teacher, training students in the conditions of continuing

professional education. The author refers to the peculiarities of

pedagogical activity in the conditions of continuous professional

education:

1. the situation of permanent uncertainty, ambiguity and related

improvisation;

2. holistic nature of pedagogical activity, based on an integrative

approach to training;

3. the unity of the professional and personal beginning, when the

meaning of the actual professional activity to the maximum extent

126

coincides with the purpose of self - realization, self-realization of the

student;

4. actualization of the implementation of compensatory

capabilities of the student, which ensures the receipt of significant

results of his / her professional training.

Professional and pedagogical activity is modeled as a source of

development of the student, mastering skills of self-development,

formation of innovative readiness for future professional activity. The

teacher acts as a subject of educational activity, which is organized as:

a. activities that provide freedom of choice of methods for solving

professional and educational problems at various levels of continuing

professional education;

b. joint productive activity of the teacher and student, mutually

enriching them;

c. activity in which reflection of the teacher and the student is

carried out, stimulating statement of the joint purposes and searches of

ways of their realization;

d. perfection of individual style of activity of the teacher and

future style of professional activity of the student;

e. creative activity focused on the development of teacher and

student forecasts and scenarios of their professional life in the future.

The model of renewal of professional and pedagogical

competence of a teacher is a sequence of qualitative reconstructions in

professional consciousness and activity, in the image of professional

Self, in reflection, functions and technologies of their use. The initial

base of the conceptual bases of professional and pedagogical

competence of the teacher conducting educational activity in the space

of continuous professional training of specialists is understood as the

teacher having own conceptual position and system of the principles of

innovative professional and pedagogical activity in the conditions of

continuity of education.

Innovative professional and pedagogical competence means a

certain degree of mastering pedagogical experience, General and

pedagogical culture, improvement of educational and scientific activity

of the teacher. In the process of scientific research, the author relied on

the research devoted to certain aspects of professional and pedagogical

culture: the concept of cultural foundations of the content of education

(I. Lerner, M. N. Skatkin); aspects of methodological culture (E. V.

Bondarevskaya, V. A. Slastenin, A. E. Tamarin, V. V. Kraevsky); moral

and aesthetic (E. A. Grishin, N. B. Krylov, D. S. Yakovlev),

127

communication (A. V. Mudrik, V. A. Kan-Kalik), technology (M.

Levin), spiritual (N.E. Surkova), physical (M. Y. Vilensky) culture.

In the concept of innovative professional and pedagogical concept

the author takes into account the changes in learning technologies,

updating the content, changes in the personality of the student, the

dynamic development of information and innovation society. The author

takes into account the fact that at present the concept of information

culture is rapidly changing, innovation-oriented society is formed, the

requirements to the level of professional and information competence of

specialists are qualitatively changing. The main methods of teachers '

activity are system diagnostics of results, training of understanding of

future professional activity, creation of psychological situations,

individual work.

We emphasize the teacher's ability to realize the developing

function of continuous education, which implies the professional and

personal development of the student, shift the emphasis from the

transfer of normative knowledge to the development of the ability to

independently build their own activities. At the same time, the theory of

personal orientation of education is considered by the author as a

creative development of the concept of a holistic approach in the

direction of technologization of pedagogical activity, and the task of

forming the personal experience of the student as a system-forming task

of the teacher.

The General principles are the principles of integration,

innovation, reflexivity, integrativeness and projectivity, United by the

idea of professional and personal self-development of the student, his

becoming an innovatively-oriented and fundamentally prepared subject

of professional activity. At the same time, continuity and dialectical

integrity of innovation-oriented learning are fundamental.

Literature

1. Buylo-Kolomiets E. V., Pedagogical conditions of formation of

professional and cultural competence of students / Monograph.-

Rostov-n/Donu: «AcademLit», 2010. - 212 c.

2. Golub V. V. Innovations in professional and pedagogical

activity//Proceedings of the international forum «National innovation

system and state innovation policy in the CIS countries».-Rostov-na -

Donu: Izd-vo Academic. - 2010. - P. 349-352.

3. Khutorskoy A.V. Pedagogical Innovatika. - Moscow: publishing center

«Academy», 2005. - 256 p.

128

Kotelnikova L.I., Kirillina E. North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

ASTRONOMY AT SCHOOL AS INCREASE

IN SCIENTIFIC LITERACY AT STUDENTS

The order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian

Federation No. 506 "About modification of the federal component of the

state educational standards of the general, main general and secondary

(full) general education approved by the order of the Ministry of

Education of the Russian Federation of March 5, 2004 No. 1089" was

signed on June 7, 2017. This order makes changes to the part II of the

federal component "Secondary (Full) General Education" concerning

return to an obligatory part of the curriculum of the subject

"Astronomy" [5].

For the purpose of advance of cognitive interests and hobby for

science of students at schools astronomy is taught as an obligatory

subject. To achieve the goal, pupils need to create the complete idea of a

structure and evolution of the Universe reflecting a modern

astronomical picture of the world.

Using Schneps metod, J. P. Adams and T.E. Slater interviewed 23

adults who were receiving the diplomas from Harvard University [1].

Results of the poll showed that 2 of 23 could explain why it is hot in the

summer than in the winter, the Earth distance from the Sun was the

most quoted cause. The second poll, has led to the other scientists to the

fact that from 49 respondents 42 didn't managed to answer the

astronomical phenomena [1]. The main astronomical knowledge is the

most important component of scientific outlook and culture of students.

For elimination of this problem in the world community astronomy have

been implemented as a subject into the school curriculum. It is stated in

the paper «The public interest in astronomy seems to have grown since

the upsurge of media reports of the different satellites and shuttles

taking part in space research» by R.Trumper [3].

The world community makes huge effort for promoting of science

about the Universe. To increase the quality, the Israeli education system

accepted constructivist approach training of astronomy at schools.

Carrying out this course for the experimental class showed successful

results. In this system mathematics, science and technology are the part

of the general education necessary for every person.. Authors don't

claim that everyone is to become a scientist, but for community people

with scientific abilities are necessary [2].

129

The effective ways of teaching with science were stated in the

paper by Y. Yair, Y. Schur and R.A. Mintz. They describe about the

approach were teaching astronomy is directed to the visual images and

simulations of the planetary objects by means of observation in the new

environment. Introduction of the new technologies (3D animation,

virtual reality) considerably increases possibilities of visualization

which a teacher can use for modelling the actual flights on a landscape

of other planets and to study them as though observing from the

spaceship in the orbit. Pupils learn the geological and atmospheric

processes, discuss the astronomical phenomena [4].

We believe, first of all, it is necessary to strive that knowledge

about astronomy should be presented correctly at school (science,

natural study, nature environment). Carrying out intersubject integration

of subjects (natural sciences, geography, physics, etc.) and reaching

metasubject results are the requirement of the new standard. Besides, it

is necessary to develop school activities: excursions in observatory,

planetarium, mass astronomical observations for school students. With

introduction astronomy in Russian secondary educational institutions,

astronomical education of school students will gain the special

importance.

References

1. J.P. Adams, T.F. Slater. Astronomy in the National Science Education

Standards. Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 48, 2000, p. 39

2. R. Trumper. Teaching future teachers basic astronomy concepts – Sun-

Earth-Moon relative movements – at a time of reform in science

education. Research in Science & Technological Education Vol. 24,

No. 1, May 2006, pp. 85–109

3. R. Trumper. Teaching Future Teachers Basic Astronomy Concepts—

Seasonal Changes—at a Time of Reform in Science Education. Journal

of research in science teaching vol. 43, no. 9, 2006, pp. 879–906

4. Yair Y., Schur Y., Mintz R., 2003, A “Thinking Journey” to the

Planets Using Scientific Visualization Technologies: Implications to

Astronomy Education. Journal of Science Education and Technology,

Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2003

5. The order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian

Federation of June 7, 2017 No. 506 "About modification of the federal

component of the state educational standards of the primary general,

main general and secondary (full) general education approved by the

order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of March

5, 2004 No. 1089"

130

Kudrin D.M., Kirillina E.V North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

THE USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGIES (ICT) IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

N. Coutts, M. Simpson and R. Drinkwater found out that the

modern society information processes are one of the most important

components of human life and society [3]. The development of the

global process of Informatization of society leads to the formation of not

only a new information environment people, but also a new,

informational way of life and professional activity. Informatization is an

important mechanism of reforming the educational system aimed at

improving the quality, accessibility and effectiveness of education. «The

use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the

educational process is an urgent problem of modern school education.

Today, almost every teacher in any school discipline can prepare and

conduct a lesson using ICT. Lesson using ICT is a visual, colorful,

informative, interactive, saves time teacher and student, allows the

student to work at their own pace, allows the teacher to work with the

student differentiated and individually, makes it possible to quickly

monitor and evaluate the results of training…»[3].

S. Noor-Ul-Amin "An Effective use of ICT for Education and

Learning by Drawing on Worldwide Knowledge, Research, and

Experience: ICT as a Change Agent for Education" found out that when

the using Internet technologies there is an opportunity to:

• to develop skills of working with information;

* introduce students to a variety of ways of presenting material

and visual design of thoughts;

* learn how to find information in different sources;

* use of automated search systems;

* allocate in information the main and secondary; to organize,

systematize;

* develop students ' critical thinking;

* develop self-education skills;

* creation of own information prototypes and products.

The computer telecommunications is a live information space in

which all people have the same access to the information resources.

Nowadays schools successfully use the Internet in distance learning of

teachers and students [2].

131

In contrast, in their paper S. Hennessy, B. Onguko, et al explain

how to use ICT in teaching various subjects of the school course is

impossible without a sufficient technical basis, appropriate software and

connection to the Internet and sufficient skill to operate the teacher's

computer[1].

The role of telecommunications is very important for distance

education, in the process of participation in which there is a productive

cognitive activity of children.

P. Pale states that the educational process at the present stage

should ensure the formation of a creative personality ready to work on

the wide dissemination and implementation in all areas of ICT.

Elements of distance learning are becaming a part of the educational

process and increasingly used. The ICT tools are provide students with a

variety of knowledge in the field of computer science, but also develop

the creative abilities of the students, research skills. Moreover, the

possibility of telecommunication access to world information resources

effectively affects the personal perception of the world[4].

Independence of students when working in the Internet (search for

information, implementation of projects, participation in remote

competitions, competitions) allows us to consider the global computer

network Internet as a tool of knowledge and self-development, which, in

turn, contributes to the manifestation of social activity of the student

To sum up, the General information culture of society is

inextricably linked to the effectiveness of ICT in school education. The

use of the Internet by the teacher poses a number of tasks, their solution

depends on the effective interaction of a number of subjects of science

and practice: the creators of educational portals and educational

programs, methodologists and teachers for the organization of

educational activities in the information society.

References

1. Sara Hennessy, Brown Onguko, David Harrison, Enos Kiforo Ang’ondi,

Susan Namalefe, Azra Naseem and Leonard Wamakote «Developing the Use

of Information and Communication Technology to Enhance Teaching and

Learning in East African Schools: Review of the Literature» (2010).

2. Syed Noor-Ul-Amin «An Effective use of ICT for Education and Learning

by Drawing on Worldwide Knowledge, Research, and Experience: ICT as a

Change Agent for Education» (2014).

3. Norman Coutts , Mary Simpson & Ruth Drinkwater «Using information

and communications technology in learning and teaching: a framework for

reflection, planning and evaluation in school development» (2009).

4. Predrag Pale «Objectives of ICT Use in Education» (2014).

132

Neimokhov M.V., Kirillina E.V. North–Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

DEVELOPING CREATIVE ABILITIES OF STUDENTS

Creativity is a complex aspect of human brain. The scientific

program of training in educational institutions is considered as the

subject capable to promote improvement of quality of students' creative

thinking. The main problem of thinking creatively is that students are

shy and afraid of showing their creativity or do not want to explain their

own thoughts. In their article, H.Aktamis and O.Ergin formulated a

concept of creativity, creative teaching, strategies of teaching, training

scientific creativity and the impact of universities on students' creativity

[1]. Moreover, there are suggestions which demonstrate how to change

teaching methods and to see where it leads.

Creativity is very important for human, but people have different

level of ability to think creatively. It is important to understand the basic

methods of creative thought. The researchers believe that creative

learning strategies can help students generate something new.

Moreover, using actual methods in the development of creative ideas,

students can develop their existing talent and always think about how to

develop their talents and abilities in the best way. Creative thinking is an

important aspect of developing new knowledge.

Teamwork as one of the methods of thinking is considered as E.

McFadzean underlines brain storming from a creative approach from a

variety of existing methods [2]. The purpose of the article is to study

the problem of creative thinking. He develops a structure that will allow

the team to achieve that each member participated directly in

brainstorming. In addition, the article discusses the selecting of a

particular method. Special attention is focused on teamwork, only

during interaction of participants of group new interesting ideas will be

born, but at the same time there should be no criticism at the initial stage

as it slows down process of development of new ideas. The team leader

is not opposed to members of the group in order to maintain the rhythm

of interaction between them. The main advantage of this method is that

it suggests rationalizing over new ideas to solve certain problems. As a

result, the three categories of paradigm are proposed by the author take

place.

One method, known as heuristic ideation, encourages participants

to force together two unrelated concepts to discover novel relationships,

a modern version of Koestler's bisociation (Koestler, 1964). On the

133

website of the Center for Development and Learning, Robert Sternberg

and Wendy M. Williams offer 24 “tips” for teachers wishing to promote

creativity in their students [3].

The main purpose of science education is teaching students to

creatively solve problems. But the problem is that the methods to

develop students' creative thinking are not widespread and very rarely

used. The correlation between creativity and cognitive skills is explored.

In addition, the methods of evaluation and some teaching strategies to

improve solving creative problems at schools are descripted. Teaching

to support of students' creativity requires research based teaching, which

include clear strategies to encourage cognitive skills. Also, the author

suggests that teachers must remind and demonstrate to students how to

be creative [3].

One of the main aspects being discussed is different definitions of

“scientific creativity”. Each variation has its own aims and aspects. So,

P.M.Kind and V.Kind mentions that the frame of “teaching creativity”

consists of creative teaching, art and science and, inquiry science. The

other frame, teaching about scientific creativity focuses more distinctly

on one aim-to help students understand how science researchers work

creatively to develop new theories. The third frame is developing

students’ scientific creativity. In this case, author explores how school

science may develop students' scientific creativity. Moreover,

psychometric and cognitive approaches and imagination determine that

scientific creativity can be taught [4].

The other definition, teaching about scientific creativity focuses

more distinctly on one aim-to help students understand how science

researchers work creatively to develop new theories. The third frame is

developing students’ scientific creativity. In this case they explore how

school science may develop students' scientific creativity. Moreover,

psychometric and cognitive approaches and imagination determine that

scientific creativity can be taught.

Efforts to define creativity in psychological terms go back to J. P.

Guilford (Guilford, 1950 ) and E. P. Torrance (Torrance, 1974), both of

whom recognized that underlying the construct were other cognitive

variables such as ideational fluency, originality of ideas, and sensitivity

to missing elements. Many researches since then have extended the

argument that a creative act is not a singular event but a process, an

interplay among several interactive cognitive and affective elements. In

this view, the creative act has two phases, a generative and an

exploratory or evaluative phase [4].

134

The possibility of teaching for creative problem solving gained

credence in the 1960s with the studies of Jerome Bruner, who argued

that children should be encouraged to “treat a task as a problem for

which one invents an answer, rather than finding one out there in a book

or on the blackboard”[5]. Since that time, educators and psychologists

have devised programs of instruction designed to promote creativity and

inventiveness in virtually every student population: pre–K, elementary,

high school, and college, as well as in disadvantaged students, athletes,

and students in a variety of specific disciplines (for review, see Scott et

al., 2004 ). Smith (1998) identified 172 instructional approaches that

have been applied at one time or another to develop divergent thinking

skills.

Conclusion

In conclusion here, students can be encouraged explicitly to build

on the ideas of others and to think flexibly. Would brainstorming

enhance students' divergent thinking or creative abilities as measured by

TTCT items or an originality rubric? Many studies have demonstrated

that group interactions such as brainstorming, under the right conditions,

can indeed enhance creativity (Paulus and Nijstad, 200; Scott et al.,

2004), but there is little information from an undergraduate science

classroom setting.

References

1. Hilal Aktamis and Omer Ergin. The Effect of Scientific Process

Skills Education on Students' Scientific Creativity, 2008

2. Elspeth McFadzean. Techniques to enhance creative thinking, 2002

3. Robert L. De Haan. Teaching Creativity and Inventive Problem

Solving in Science, 2009

4. Per Morten Kind, Vanessa Kind. Creativity in Science Education:

Perspectives and Challenges for Developing School Science, 2007

5. J.Bruno. The growth of the mind, 1965

135

Sedalisheva E.U., Kirillina E.V. North-Eastern Federal University

MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Education is something that will always be relevant for the whole

life of humankind, and therefore, in accordance with the development of

society, changes in the socio-cultural situation, the modernization of

education is necessary. Moreover, to change something you need to

know what to study, how to study our younger generation. In addition,

to do this, we have to manage our learning opportunities, and analyze

the results of training.

What is learning? Learning is the result of training, available to

date stock of knowledge, and established methods and techniques of

their acquisition. Requirements to results-mandatory component of all

types of General education programs. They include three groups of

outcomes – personal, meta-subject (or intransitive) subject [4].

Give and see what research will introduce other researchers to

control the result of outcomes.

V. Antriman presents the results of the research conducted in 464

secondary schools in the Philippines and 767 physics teachers. The

study is aimed at assessing the state of physical education and

identifying problems that require improvement. The results showed that

physics teachers have a shortage of academic qualifications, a low level

of participation in continuing professional education, as well as a low

level of participation in relevant seminars, conferences and training

events. Indicators of the academic environment showed that the number

of classes of physics per teacher is manageable, but individual classes

are great. Moreover, the results showed limited educational materials

and technologies, but access to the library and the Internet is favorable

[1].

Because of the indicators, the author concludes that much work

remains to be done to significantly improve physical education in the

Philippines. To strengthen the teaching of physics it is necessary to

solve problems with improving the quality of teachers and improving

the educational infrastructure in the classroom.

R. Bazhenov, et al undertook the study on monitoring the quality

of education: problems and prospects [2]. Their aim was to study the

structure of the quality of education. The research was dismantled in the

stages and conducted among students: preparatory, sociological

methods, analysis and conclusions.

136

In their article, the authors consider the monitoring is an integral

system of interrelated components, which would allow to identify the

problems of its organization and implementation; as well as to define

possible prospects of its development. In addition, monitoring in

education is a complex system of continuous monitoring, assessment

and prediction of changes in the educational environment and its

individual components, the influence of external and internal influences.

The researchers analyzed the use of monitoring methods,

identified problems arising in the organization and monitoring of the

quality of education from the point of view of students and teachers. In

addition, we concluded that the methods of monitoring, when used

effectively, are able to realize the possibility of making adequate and

timely adjustments in accordance with the dynamic state of the

environment, as well as to continue the research.

N.A Adzharuddin, L.H Ling discuss the Learning Management

System (LMS) among students [3]. The authors conducted a study on

the use of the Internet network, how it affects learning, the impact of the

use of the Internet to search for information. In addition, they concluded

that the Internet portal has to be a place where students can surely look

for and receive information on the courses, and to provide accuracy and

reliability of information. LMS will help lecturers to provide their

training materials as well as interactive features such as discussion

topics, shared files and forums. Universities should provide proper

training and guidance to students and faculty using LMS, and have a

team that is on call at any time to solve any problems that may arise.

In conclusion, that researcher to be faced with various problems in

order to control the result of training. Each researcher has his own

method of solving the tasks assigned to him. Researchers give an

analysis of the studied material, from which we will base our research.

References

1. Antriman V. The Condition of Secondary School Physics Education in the

Philippines: Recent Developments and Remaining Challenges for

Substantive Improvements. Australian Educational Researcher, v34 n1 p33-

54 Apr 2007.

2. Ruslan Bazhenov, Natalia Bazhenova, Liliia Khilchenko, Marina

Romanovab. Components of Education Quality Monitoring: Problems and

Prospects. Worldwide trends in the development of education and academic

research, 15 - 18 June 2015.

3. Adzharuddin N.A, Ling L.H. Learning Management System (LMS) among

University Students: Does It Work? International Journal of e-Education, e-

Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. 3, No. 3, June 2013.

137

4.https://infourok.ru/statya_formulirovanie_rezultatov_obuchennosti_v_ramk

ah_standartov_novogo_pokoleniya-581424.htm

Stepanova I.I., Kirillina E.V. North–Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

FORMING A SYNERGISTIC TYPE OF THINKING IN STUDENTS

Currently according to the requirements of the Federal state

educational standard (FSES) physical education is aimed at the

formation of competencies that can be achieved through the

development of the personality of students [1]. The purpose of physical

education is the formation of the physical worldview of students, which

is non-linear and multidirectional, stochastic, depending on many

factors. One of the ways to achieve it this is the formation of a

synergetic style of thinking in the student, that is, the entire learning

process is aimed at" self-development" of students.

The scientists consider the problem of education and suggest ways

to solve them [1]. Their purpose is to change the educational approach

to students to obtain a new generation of specialists, as our life is

developing very quickly. This process is non-linear and multi-

directional, stochastic, depending on many factors. To achieve this goal,

the authors consider a synergetic approach. They conducted a number of

studies to achieve the goals and objectives: literature analysis; study and

generalization of mass and advanced pedagogical experience in

humanitarian education of University students; design and testing

interdisciplinary modules based on synergetic principles of self-

organization and self-change and covering a set of substantive,

technological and device-based criteria; problem solving; business

games; statistical and analytical processing of experimental data; Delphi

method. Thus, the authors came to the conclusion that synergetic style

of thinking is a self – organizing system, the structural components of

which are the needs, motives and goals of activity.

In order to be competitive internationally nowadays, itis not

enough to have high skills and knowledge, but it is also necessary to

have a high creative potential. To solve this problem, A.M Daud., Jizah

Omar, Punia Turiman and Kamisah Osman propose to change the

program of the educational process, namely to develop students from a

young age creative thinking[2]. If earlier, it was believed that creativity

138

is a gift of God, now there are other views on creativity. According to

the researehers, creativity is in every child, we only need to find an

approach and develop by providing opportunities to engage in activities

conducive to creativity. The authors present many examples and

methods of development of creative thinking, namely the introduction

of the educational process synergetic approach.

G. E Klavdiya, L.N Evgeni, A.A Azanova, G.N Nurullina, V.I

Bogdanova, A.K Shaikhlislamov, I.V Lebedeva, and E.R Khairullina

consider study and synergy as a whole. In their paper, the authors

propose to improve the education system in Russia [3]. In order to

obtain specialists by the predominance of synergetic type of thinking,

i.e. specialists, contributing to transform knowledge into competence

with high intellectual abilities.

The authors consider the students of Humanities and their attitude

to research.

In the course of experimental work in higher educational

institutions, the authors used the following studies: 1) Restructuring of

curricula; 2) Package of research competencies of implementation

models based on synergetic principle; 3) Didactic material.

As a result of their investigation, I. Aboimova, A. Kulagina, V.

Trofimov, M. Shcherbakova and S. Yakovleva, make the conclusion

that strengthening the role of synergy in the educational process is able

to reveal the creative potential of students.

Another study about synergetics in education confirms the

importance and necessity of pedagogical support for the development

and promotion of creativity among students studying design [4].

According to the authors, a special approach is to be used for the

development of creative abilities of students need a special approach.

Creativity is a hidden ability that can manifest itself in certain

conditions. To solve this problem, the authors propose the following

methods:

1) Creation of certain pedagogical conditions, including self-

realization of the teacher and her purposeful participation in the change

of the student, in the development of his work; 2) The autonomy of

students; 3) The teacher together with the student should develop.

Teacher self-development is an important process of personal and

professional development. Helps understand student.

The outcome of the research is that this model of education allows

to take into account the relationship of the components of pedagogical

support, including to determine the functions of the subjects of value

educational process.

139

In conclusion, we note that synergetics, which has become the

triumph of human thought of the twentieth century, should find a

worthy place in modern education. The realization of synergetic ideas in

the educational process is not just another "trendy" approach to

education, but an important condition for updating the content of

modern education taking into account the realities of today's,

unpredictably rapidly developing world.

References

1. Larisa I.T. Sokolova E.E., Limarova E.V., Ivanova L.N., Fedorova S.N.,

Oshaev A.G., Chernov S.A. and Khairullina E.R. The Synergetic Approach

to Liberal Education of the University Students. MCSER Publishing, Rome-

Itali, 2015.

2. Daud A.M., Jizah Omar, Punia Turiman and Kamisah Osman. Creativity

in Science Education. UKM Teaching and Learning Congress 2011.

3. Klavdiya G.E., Evgeni L.N., Azanova A.A., Nurullina G.N., Bogdanova

V.I., Shaikhlislamov A.K., Lebedeva I.V., Khairullina and E.R.Upgrading.

Educational Quality through Synergy of Teaching and Research.

International Review of Management and Marketing, 2016.

4. Aboimova I., Kulagina A., Trofimov V., Shcherbakova M., Yakovleva S.

A Pedagogical support model for creativity promotion in design students.

Jurnal of Entrepreneurship Educational, 2017.

Tarasova N.M. Teacher of physics of Technical lyceum, Yakutsk, Russia

Kirillina E.V. North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia

EXPERIMENTAL INQUIRY AS A TOOL FOR RAISING

STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN LEARNING PHYSICS

Nowadays cognitive jobs are highly demanded in Russia therefore

students’ interest in receiving technical education is raised. Multi-

disciplinary classes with advanced physics study are opened to achieve

this goal. By using various methods of education it is possible to reach

high standards in physics education. But in our opinion the most

effective one is students’ experimental inquiry.

140

Experimental inquiry is an integral part of physics education. It

plays several didactic roles, for example, it helps to keep students’

interest toward subject high, it activates their attention on the lessons, it

promotes polytechnic education and also it generates skills of

unsupervised work.

Physics experimental inquiry should be short timing-wise, easy to

perform and should lead to better understanding and exercising certain

study material. Physics experimental inquiry allows applying practical

and theoretical knowledge and skills. Commonly students actively

participate in solving tasks. Experimental inquiries help to develop

ability to observe, compare, systematize, summarize, analyze and make

conclusions. Experience shows that such approach in physics teaching is

more effective than answers to the questions or text-book quiz solution.

Research made by Necati Hırça (Turkey), Eva Trnova, Josef Trna

(Czech Republic), Carl J.Wenning (USA), Huang-Yao Hong (Taiwan)

showed that these scientists presume that the experimental approach is

the most effective method in physics courses.

Necati Hırça (Turkey) mentioned the problem of high price of

school laboratory physics equipment. As a solution he suggests to use

simple equipment instead of expensive one in schools’ physics study

rooms. “…many valuable data collection science experiments can be

performed using simple set-ups or low cost materials that can be found

readily and assembled very easily. Besides, these experiments do not

necessarily need special equipment.” [4] Necati Hırça suggests using

simple equipment in several laboratory classes. Such problem also

exists in many village schools of Russia and many teachers also use

during their lessons simple equipment which allows them partially

replace missing one.

However, the problem of studying physics without experimental

approach resides not only in lack of equipment but also in lack of

teachers’ desire to use laboratory equipment which they have because of

their failure to comprehend the content and nature of physics’ processes.

Carl J. Wenning also touched this problem. In reality both present

physics teachers and also teacher candidates (students of university

graduating courses) should have full understanding of experimental

inquiry because effective use of scientific research is one of the

characteristics of outstanding teachers of science. Teacher providing

inquiry during his lessons develops in his students scientific research

skills. The greatest achievements in physics would not be made without

experimental inquiry. Author’s opinion: «Unfortunately, not all teacher

candidates learn how to conduct inquiry and not all science teachers use

141

inquiry in an effective fashion. Some in-service science teachers don’t

employ it at all; others know it but don’t know how to teach it. Among

these reasons is that science teachers themselves often do not possess a

holistic understanding of the scientific endeavor. This likely stems from

the nature of traditional science teaching at the college and university

levels that commonly uses a didactic — teaching-by-telling —

approach. Many introductory courses rely on the use of equations to

guide instruction at the cost of conceptual understanding. To many

students, physics at the introductory level seems to be best characterized

by the phrase «the search for the proper equation» [1]. Same problem

exists in Russia. In some teacher education programs little attention is

given to how the processes of scientific inquiry should be taught and

acquired. It is often assumed by physicists and physics teacher educators

that once teacher candidates graduate from institutions of higher

learning they understand how to conduct scientific inquiry and can

effectively pass on appropriate knowledge and skills to their students.

This is most often not the case. In most of cases it is considered that by

asking questions or by demonstrating experiment in front of all students

it is possible to lead student to knowledge and to reach proper

understanding of physics. But knowledge possession and its application

in every day life possible if student could find it by himself, in other

words, students can comprehend the nature of physics’ process if they

come to knowledge by their own experience – by their own scientific

inquiry. Scientific inquiry refers to the diverse ways in which scientists

study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence

derived from their work. Inquiry also refers to the activities of students

in which they develop knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas,

as well as an understanding of how scientists study the natural world.

Eva Trnova, Josef Trna also consider that the cause of students’

low interest to science lays in uncreative lessons at schools. Some

universities in Europe are reporting a halving in the number of students

enrolled in physics since 1995. The way science is taught in schools is

considered one of the main causes. In this context it is necessary to

think how to change teaching methods and increase students’ motivation

for science. Not only facts should be taught to students, it is necessary to

push them to understand and explain what they study.

In order to increase students’ motivation to study science,

particularly physics, need to apply experimental inquiry to the process

of learning. Experimental inquiry is necessary in two cases:

142

- when it is necessary to introduce to students physics

phenomena and conditions which serve as a starting point for

main physics laws formulation by their discoverers;

- when teacher shows set-up and concept of action of measuring

instruments which are based on various physics phenomena.

Such tasks allow students to develop and realize their creativity

which are rarely used in other types of learning activity.

In most cases physics inquiries push students to continuous

studying of this theme on their own. They can find necessary

information not only in Internet but also in study-books and in various

popular science literatures. In order to evaluate, control and consolidate

students’ self-study I dedicate one lesson for students’ reports on current

topic. Many of the students share what they have learnt by themselves in

addition to teacher’s given information. Sometimes students show

solving of interesting quizzes, telling about famous scientists’

biographies and about how and on what circumstances currently

learning law or phenomenon was discovered. All these factors generate

more interest in further exploration of current topic and physics itself.

Literature

1. Carl J. Wenning Experimental inquiry in introductory physics courses

//

http://www2.phy.ilstu.edu/pte/publications/exp_inq_intro_courses.pdf

2. Eva Trnova, Josef Trna HANDS-ON EXPERIMENTAL

ACTIVITIES IN INQUIRY- BASED SCIENCE EDUCATION //

https://is.muni.cz/repo/950858/Hands-

on_experimental_activities_in_inquiry-

based_science_education_phyvhway.pdf

3. Huang-Yao Hong and Xiaodong Lin-Siegler How Learning About

Scientists' Struggles Influences Students' Interest and Learning in

Physics // http://www.bu.edu/hps-scied/files/2012/11/Lin-Siegler-HPS-

Learning-About-Scientists-Struggles-Influences-Students-Interest-and-

Learning-in-Physics.pdf

4. Necati Hırça The Influence of Hands on Physics Experiments on

Scientific Process Skills According to Prospective Teachers’

Experiences // http://aile.dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/62713

http://www2.phy.ilstu.edu/pte/publications/exp_inq_intro_courses.pdf

https://is.muni.cz/repo/950858/Hands-on_experimental_activities_in_inquiry-based_science_education_phyvhway.pdf



http://www.bu.edu/hps-scied/files/2012/11/Lin-Siegler-HPS-Learning-About-Scientists-Struggles-Influences-Students-Interest-and-Learning-in-Physics.pdf



http://aile.dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/62713

143

Mihaela Varneva Associate Professor and MD, Dental Medicine Faculty,

Medical University Varna

Ani Atanasova PhD Lecturer, Medical College, Medical University Varna

Yordan Kovachev Senior Lecturer, Medical College, Medical University Plovdiv

Mila Moskova Lecturer, Medical College, Medical University Sofia

OPINION OF DENTAL MECHANICS STUDENTS IN BULGARIA

ABOUT THE ORGANISATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

OF PRE-GRADUATE PRACTICE

Abstract. Students in Dental Mechanics acquire a Professional

Bachelor Degree after a three-year educational programme in the medical

colleges in Varna, Sofia and Plovdiv. During the pre-graduate internship

programmes students are exposed to real working environment conditions

and deal with clinical models with the help of a mentor. The aim of the

present report is to investigate the opinion the students in Dental Mechanics

in Bulgaria and study their opinion of the organisation and implementation of

the internship. The results allow us to conclude that the majority of the

respondents are satisfied with the structure and the ways of conducting of the

internship because they have an opportunity not only to independently

acquire knowledge and experience but also to improve their skills and

competences which make them more competitive in the labour market.

Keywords: students, Dental Mechanics specialty, pre-graduate

internship, organisation and implementation, research

Introduction: Over the last decades professions in the field of

Health Care have been significantly improved. One of the main

prerequisites for the change is the harmonization of the educational

standards with the European Standards and Directives [8,14]. Ensuring a

modern education is inconceivable without proper and up-to-date

theoretical and practical educational methods. The market for medical

and health care professionals is open and competitive – without any

restrictions on the free movement of human capital, especially within

the European Union [7].

The pre-graduate internship is a basic educational form of

organisation and management of the activity in the universities. It is a

crucial part of the learning process as it stimulates students to rethink

the practical applicability of the lecture material and to assimilate the

developed and acquired practical knowledge and skills. The pre-

144

graduate practice stimulates and ensures the formation of abilities and

skills for practical activity, independent clinical thinking and creative

expression of the student's personality [16].

According to V. Nisheva the state pre-graduate internship creates

the opportunity for a final strengthening of the acquired skills and

habits. This is a training time which allows the trainees to work

independently and develop personal interest. The most significant

strategy for the planning, organization and conduct of the internship is

related to the definition of clear indicators and criteria for the evaluation

of the practical training and professional competence of the student [9,

13].

The practical training in Dental Mechanics is a leading sphere and

includes exercises, training practice and pre-graduate internship. The

horarium is determined by Uniform State Requirements [13]. The pre-

graduate internship is held for 600 academic hours [4, 5, 6, 11] and is

done during the sixth semester according to the educational schedule [1,

2, 3] in independent dental laboratories or medicotechnical laboratories

subordinate to dental centres which meet the requirements for

educational bases. The educational process is conducted by a mentor in

an independent medicotechnical dental laboratory and is supervised by a

lecturer from the Medical College. During the internship students are

exposed to an optimal working environment based on the working hours

of the laboratories. Students interact with various positive and negative

factors – personnel, patients, mentor, lecturer, etc. The pre-graduate

practice is the necessary bond between theoretical and practical

education. Following the logical consistency of the acquired skills and

knowledge in the special educational disciplines, the training stimulates

the development of clinical thinking and adequate professional

behaviour of the future dental mechanic specialists. These factors will

enable students to form a positive professional attitude and easily adapt

to the diverse working processes in the dental mechanics laboratories

[12, 13]. The admission to the laboratory is accompanied by a letter to

the manager and a student work diary for the pre-graduate practice. The

student works according to the working hours of the laboratory and the

manager regularly fills in the work diary log certifying the authenticity

with a signature.

Special attention in the methodology of practical training of

medical specialists is paid to the control and evaluation of acquired

knowledge, skills and habits [10,15]. Students attend three colloquiums

(dental prostheses for the restoration of dental crown defects, non-

removable dental prostheses for the restoration of dental defects and

145

removable dental prostheses for the restoration of dental line defects)

and then write a course assignment which is submitted on the second

colloquium.

Aim: To investigate the opinion of the students studying Dental

Mechanics in Bulgaria about the organisation and conduct of pre-

graduate internship.

Materials and methods: To achieve the goal we used a

sociological method based on a survey carried out in March and April

2018 at the medical colleges in Varna, Plovdiv and Sofia where students

in Dental Mechanics are trained. To present the results we used a

graphical and comparative analysis.

The subject of study consists of 106 third-year Dental Mechanics

students from the three medical colleges in Bulgaria – they comprise

92.17 % of the students in the 6th semester.

Results and feedback: A considerable part of the students are

satisfied with the

length of the pre-graduate practice – Medical College Varna

(96,29%), Medical College Plovdiv (86,21%) and Medical College

Sofia (76,00%) (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Student approval of the length of the pre-graduate practice

The opinion of the students is formed by the great number of

practical classes dedicated to the special subjects during the previous

semesters and the professionalism of teachers and mentors during the

internship. The results show that a form of disapproval was registered

among the students of Medical College Plovdiv (13.79%) and those in

Medical College Sofia (4%). Some of the respondents who showed

disapproval or partial satisfaction recommend a two-semester pre-

graduate practice. We assume that their opinion was influenced by a

desire for a change of the Educational Qualification Degree. We

146

witnessed a similar situation in the practice programmes for Midwifery

and Medical Nursing in 2007 – in these spheres internships take one

year. The organization of pre-graduate practice depends on the number

of lecturers and mentors who participate in student training and

education (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Student satisfaction with the organisation and conduct

of pre-graduate practice

Exposing students to real working environment and the skills they

acquired give the mentors the right to delegate certain rights to the

trainees and enable them perform certain manipulations related to the

technological processes of forming dental prostheses. This is definitely

stimulating for the students and they feel successful and satisfied with

their education. Dissatisfaction was registered among students from

Medical College Plovdiv (10.34%) and Medical College Sofia (6.90%).

We would advise our colleagues to study the essence of the problem and

apply different strategies to eliminate it.

We asked our respondents whether they are given an opportunity

for independent practical work under the supervision of a mentor in a

dental medico technical laboratory (Figure 3). Students from the

Medical College in Varna confirm with certainty (100%) that they are

given the possibility for independent student work.

147

Figure 3. Possibility for independent student work under the supervision

of a mentor

A smaller proportion of the students trained at Medical College in

Plovdiv (72.41%) pointed that they are able to work independently

under the supervision of a mentor, while just 44% of students from

Medical College in Sofia stated that they are given the opportunity for

such independent practice is dental medico technical laboratory. There

is a minority among students from the Medical Colleges in Sofia and

Plovdiv who claim they are not always given this opportunity.

The majority of the students do their pre-graduate internship in the

same laboratory where they completed the regular student practice

during the semesters, so they are familiar with the place, colleagues and

working environment. These students demonstrated and improved their

skills and competences and represent part of the team. Their attitude is

illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Student satisfaction with the team work

during the pre-graduate practice

148

Most of the mentors and trainers responsible for pre-graduate

practice in medico technical dental laboratories in Varna and Plovdiv

and more than the half of the colleagues in Sofia treat the trainees with

the expected respect and managed to make them feel real team

members. Results from the investigation show that ther are students who

definitely refuse to have felt as real team members ( Medical College

Sofia – 8%, Medical College Plovdiv – 10.34%) and some who felt

team members up to a point (Medical College Sofia – 32%, Medical

College Plovdiv – 10.34%). Good relations within the team are a

prerequisite for a better quality of education and training and student

eagerness to practice the profession in the future. There might be certain

ways to improve the organisation of the pre-graduate practice and more

specifically to adequately direct and help students in their choice of a

laboratory for the internship.

The main aim of the training during the pre-graduate practice is to

form and imrove the acquired professional skills and competences

which is a precondition for successful professional realisation. It was a

major task for us to investigate the opinion of the students and to find

out whether the main goal of the pre-graduate internship is fulfilled

(Figure 5).

Figure 5. Improvement of the professional skills and competences

of the students during the pre-graduate practice

It has been estimated that the greater proportion of the respondents

managed to improve their professional skills and competences. All

students in Varna are unanimous and state that the pre-graduate

internship has contributed to the improvement of their knowledge and

skills. Results from the respondents show a negative or a medium

149

attitude among students: students from Medical College Plovdiv (6.9%)

and Medical College Sofia (8%) believe pre-graduate practice did not

improve their skills; students from Medical College Plovdiv (10.34%)

and Medical College Sofia (36%) think pre-graduate practice partially

helped their skills. Their dissatisfaction must be analyzed, so it will

become clear whether: students did not show the necessary diligence

and interest; whether lecturers and mentors did not pay the necessary

attention to the preparation of the students; whether students are prone

to too much self-criticism and are not satisfied with their results;

whether the expectations of the students are too high and do not

correspond to their personal level of knowledge – new technologies

require initial accumulation of skills, competences and experience

which enable their further professional development in the sphere of

Dental Mechanics.

We asked students to make recommendations for improving the

organisation and conduct of pre-graduate internship. The majority of the

recommendations come from students in Varna who are the most

satisfied with their pre-graduate practice.

A few of them think some changes need to be applied to the

organisation and they have mentioned the following:

- the length of the pre-graduate practice to be increased to two

semesters;

- pre-graduate practice to be done in more than one laboratory in order

to enrich the skills and knowledge;

- more attention and guidance to be given by the mentors;

- mentors to be paid;

- the accent to be put on work with new technologies in dental

prostheses formation.

Our opinion is that the first recommendation is pertinent and

shows the willingness to a longer educational process which will lead to

an increase of the skills and professional skills as well as to a change in

Unified State Requirements, the curricula, the educational programmes

and the qualification of “Professional Bachelor” to “Bachelor”.

The second recommendation is difficult to implement due to

the lack of dental laboratories which meet the requirements for the

conduct of the pre-graduate practice. Many of the dental laboratories

around the country are not big enough and cannot hold a couple of

trainees simultaneously.

The third recommendation is registered among a very small group

of the respondents, so it should be isolated to the knowledge of the

150

Dental Mechanics mentors at the medical colleges in Varna, Plovdiv ad

Sofia.

It was interesting for us to analyze the fourth recommendation

because mentorship is a voluntary act and students visit dental

laboratories whose managers declared a free participation in the training

process.

The fifth recommendation mentioned by the students from the

Medical University in Sofia, who are partially satisfied with the

organisation and conduct of the pre-graduate practice, is feasible if the

length of the practice is increased and there is an adequate choice of

dental laboratories. The period of training in Dental Mechanics creates

basic skills and habits and sets a foundation which will favour the future

accomplishments of professionals in Dental Mechanics.

The results of the present survey allow us to make the following

conclusions:

1. The greater part of the respondents are satisfied with the

organization and conduct of the pre-graduate practice which

indicates a right choice of laboratories and mentors. (Medical

College Varna – 100%, Medical College Plovdiv – 89.66% and

Medical College Sofia – 64%).

2. It has been established that a small percentage of the respondents

are dissatisfied with the length of the pre-graduate practice.

According to them the length of the internship should be increased

to two semesters which requires a change in the Unified State

Requirements, the educational planning and curricula and the

training programmes and will transform the degree from

Professional Bachelor to Bachelor.

3. It has been found out that the majority of the respondents

managed to improve their professional skills and competences

(Medical College Varna – 100%, Medical College Plovdiv –

82.76% and Medical College Sofia – 56%) which is a prerequisite

for a successful future realization in Dental Mechanics.

References

1. Curriculum for pre-graduate practice in Dental Mechanics at Medical

College Varna


College Plovdiv


College Sofia

4. Educational planning for Dental Mechanics at Medical College Varna

151

5. Educational planning for Dental Mechanics at Medical College

Plovdiv

6. Educational planning for Dental Mechanics at Medical College Sofia

7. Ivanov, K., Contemporary medical education in Bulgaria must meet

the requirements of the world technological progress and the

necessities of the community, Trud Newspaper,

https://trud.bg/author/krasimir-ivanov/, published 31.01.2018

8. Milcheva, H., Teneva, P., An Outlook on the Education of Medical

Laboratories Personnel – History, Tendencies, Perspectives, Collection

of Jubilee Scientific Conference Papers for International Teachers,

Students and Healthcare Professionals, Publisher “Коtа”, Stara Zagora,

2016, 11-14

9. Nisheva, V., Medical Pedagogy, Publisher “Viziya”, Pleven, 2002, 151

10. Paskaleva, R., Independent Work of Students in Rehabilitation

Disciplines during Pre-graduate Practice, Varna Medical Forum,

Volume 1, Issue 1, Medical University Varna, 2012, 57-60

11. Unified State Requirements for Education in Dental Mechanics, the

State Newspaper, issue 87 – 07.10.2008

12. Varneva, M., Educational Practice – Basic Element in Practical

Training of Students in Dental Mechanics at Varna Medical College,

“Sestrinsko Delo” Magazine, Issue 3-4, 2011, 11-13

13. Varneva, М., Retrospection, Analysis and Socio-psychological

Problems during Education and Realization of Professinal Bachelors in

Dental Mechanics, Dissertation work, Medical University Varna, 2013

14. Yordanova, М., Formation of Professional Competence in Students at

Medical Colleges, Scientific works of Rousse University, Volume 49,

Serie 6.2, 2010, 69-73

15. Zheleva, Е., Methodology of Practical Training for Medical

Specialists, Gabrovo, ”ЕКS-Press”, 2007, 154

16. Zheleva, Е., Practical Training for University Medical Specialists,

Scientific works of Rousse University, Volume 51, Serie 8.3, 2012,

143-146.

https://trud.bg/author/krasimir-ivanov/

152

Vladimirov E. V., Korsukov A. V., Yankin D. O. first year students, department of oil and gas fields development and

operation, «Saint-Petersburg Mining University»

LEARNING THE BASICS OF PROGRAMMING IN VBA EXCEL

At present, bachelors and specialists of higher educational

institutions in the process of performing course, research and final

qualifying works, as well as in the subsequent professional activities

regularly analyze and process a large amount of information [1]. Almost

90% of this kind of work is carried out with the help of Microsoft Office

software and at the same time, the effective use of Excel and Word

applications becomes particularly relevant. To optimize such permanent

activity allows the built-in various Microsoft Office programming

system VBA (Visual Basic for Applications). VBA interacts with all

Office applications, and also provides basic skills and abilities for

creating Windows administration scripts, for creating Web pages

(VBScript in Internet Explorer), for creating web applications ASP, for

use in DTS packages and tasks on MS SQL Server, for creating server

scripts Exchange Server [2].

Despite the fact that it is very fast and easy to create programs on

VBA, undergraduate students have some difficulties when working with

mathematical functions and operations, as it is required to combine two

new skills at the same time: programming and the work of more

complex calculations[3].

In order to improve understanding of the automation process,

students were asked to write a program for calculating net income,

depreciation and property tax. The task contained only formulas with

explanations, the interface and algorithm in the form of a flowchart were

developed independently. The choice of the task is due to the visibility

of the application of programming skills in any field of knowledge, the

content of simple computational expressions and the fact that it is

necessary to use many types of data, functions and procedures. Also, the

solution of problems of this type forms the ability of students to choose

and apply mathematical and computer methods, communication tools

and information technology, depending on the goals.

For fig. 1 shows the appearance of the program when you run the

Microsoft office Excel file. As can be seen from the figure the students

have mastered the data entry cell and create a active button (ActiveX

control) to run.



153

Figure 1. The program's appearance and shape.

Were used in the calculations of various mathematical

expressions, for example, to output the net income (NI) investment

project aimed at saving the operational cost formula was used:

NI Eм t Eexc t Eman t Ework t Eа t

1 r t

T

t 0

Кt Нpr t Нhm t

1 r t

Аt

1 r t

T

t 0

T

t 0

savings (increase) material costs (raw materials,

materials, fuel, electricity, spare parts, works and services of industrial

character executed by third-party organizations) in the t-th year, million

rubles (calculated as the difference between the material costs before the

project and after the project implementation years). To implement the

calculation of the NI students used one-dimensional arrays, the

summation of the data in the cells, the output of the intermediate and

final results as in the cell, and in the mode dialog box. The students

analyzed in detail the work with the user form (UserForm), interface

elements, organized the work of the CheckBox object and the

conditional transition operator If.

Not complex arithmetic operations allowed to check the

calculations in the code manually and to correct the work of commands

and operators, to optimize the program code, thereby to fix the syntax of

the language and understanding of the calculated parameters.

Thus, students were able to master the basic commands and

programming skills in VBA. In the process of working on the code of

the program required consultations of teachers of the Department of

154

Economics, which also contributed to the improvement of

interdisciplinary communication and communication skills. After

implementation of the program, students took the initiative in

automating other laboratory work and course projects.

Acknowledgement

Thanks to the scientific supervisor, Ph. D., assistant of the

Department of Informatics and computer technologies Vodkailo

Ekaterina Gabrielovna for the formation of the report concept and the

correction of the text.

References

1. E. N. Malysheva, G. F. Leonidova, V. V. Zileva. Problems and

ways to improve the efficiency of independent work of students in

the acquisition of knowledge and skills in the field of

programming // Bulletin of the Kemerovo state University of

culture and arts, 2009. p. 144-148.

2. L. D. Sleptsova. VBA programming in Microsoft Office 2007. -

M.: Dialectics, 2007.

3. E. A. Borisova. From the experience of learning programming in

the classroom in computer science in the economic University / /

Problems and prospects of education: materials international.

scientific. Conf. (Perm, April 2011).Vol. II. - Perm: Mercury,

2011. p. 45-47.

SECTION X. Psychological science

V.N. Ponikarova Associate Professor, Candidate of Psychological Sciences,

Cherepovets State University

COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF TEACHERS

PROFESSIONAL PREPAREDNESS

Modern education emphasizes the role of teachers and educators

whose work determines the effectiveness of ongoing social reforms.

This necessitates a qualitative change in the training of future specialists

in the field of inclusive education. The traditionally adopted system of

education is being transformed, and this manifests itself in increasing

155

the range and improving the quality of educational services, in

particular, for persons with disabilities (health limitations) and special

educational needs. All this explains higher requirements the teacher

should meet. At the same time, it is crucial to consider the social

importance of this profession and the significance of professional

preparedness in the field of inclusive education.

This experimental study aims to reveal the specifics of

professional preparedness of teachers in the field of inclusive education

[3].

The experiment was conducted between 2010 and 2013.

More than 1500 people took part in the ascertaining stage of the

experiment (teachers of inclusive, general and specialized educational

institutions of the North-West Federal District of the Russian

Federation); the control group included 96 of them, with the express

diagnostics conducted in this group. The following objectives were set

in this research:

– to develop a diagnostic program for studying teachers

preparedness for implementing inclusive education;

– to describe the organization and procedure of the experiment

aimed at studying teachers preparedness for implementing inclusive

education;

– to reveal the specifics of teachers preparedness for

implementing inclusive education;

– to evaluate the informational value of the results obtained

concerning the personal resources of teachers which determine their

preparedness for implementing inclusive education;

– to develop the content and to test the methodology of express

diagnostics which would enable to rapidly evaluate teachers

preparedness for implementing inclusive education.

In accordance with the stated objectives, we developed a

procedure for the detailed study of teachers preparedness for

implementing inclusive education. We conditionally singled out four

diagnostic blocks for studying the preparedness in the contexts of

personality development, and these are value-motivational, cognitive,

operational-activity and affective contexts. Their short description in

comparison with the express diagnostics is presented in Table 1.

156

Table 1

Description of the diagnostic blocks for studying the components

of the preparedness for implementing inclusive education

Research

objectives Detailed diagnostics Express diagnostics

Value-motivational context

includes the personal value of educational activity in inclusive education, conscious

choice and developed motivation that manifests itself as an explicit and stable

orientation of the person's interests and needs to use their professional interests and

values.

To identify the

leading

professionally

significant

qualities of the

teacher in

inclusive

education.

The questionnaire "Your

attitude to inclusive education"

The questionnaire "Causes of

organizational difficulties in

inclusive education" (according

to A.M. Gendin, A.A.

Dmitriev, M.I. Sergeev, L.I.

Dmitrieva).

The questionnaire " Causes of

professional difficulties in

inclusive education" (according

to A.M. Gendin, A.A.

Dmitriev, M.I. Sergeev, L.I.

Dmitrieva), etc.

Association experiment

The questionnaire "Your

attitude to inclusive

education".

Cognitive context

implies the mastery of general theoretical and applied pedagogical knowledge about

the nature of inclusive education, options for its implementation, pedagogical tools

for managing learning and extracurricular activities (teaching methods and

techniques).

To identify the

leading causes of

organizational

and professional

difficulties in

inclusive

education.

Questionnaire "Assessment of

professionally significant

qualities" (according to T.P.

Zinchenko).

"Self-actualization test".

Test "The level of subjective

control."

Questionnaire "Awareness of

the choice of the pedagogical

system", etc.

Self-diagnostics of

professionally important

qualities (PIQ) of a teacher in

inclusive education.

Operational-activity context

involves actualization of all the knowledge, skills, and their application to solving

specific pedagogical tasks and their transformation into work methods.

157

To identify the

features of

professional

conduct and

attitude toward

professional

activities.

Questionnaire "Detecting

strategies for coping with

stress".

Determining individual coping

strategies (according to E.

Heim).

Questionnaire "Cognitive and

behavioral coping strategies"

(I.G. Sizova,

S.I. Filippchenkova), etc.

Questionnaire "Specifics of

overcoming organizational

and professional difficulties

in inclusive education".

Affective context

these are feelings, emotions, experiences driven by a problem-based situation; the

ability to control the experiences related to its effective resolution by the teacher in


To identify the

level and features

of a person's

emotional

burnout.

The method by O.S. Kopina,

E.A. Suslova and E.V. Zaikin

"The way you feel" (L.

Reader's scale of psychosocial

stress).

Self-assessment of

psychosomatic symptoms of

emotional stress (according to

T.A. Nemchin).

The MBI "burning out"

questionnaire (according to

C. Maslach and S. Jackson,

adaped by N.E. Vodopyanova),

etc.

Questionnaire "Risk factors

in professional activities in

inclusive education".

Questionnaire "Specifics of

professional burnout".

It should be noted that singling out these contexts of personal

development is fairly conditional since personality should not be seen as

the sum of individual qualities, but a qualitatively new whole [2].

According to the aggregate of diagnostic indicators, we could

identify the following levels of preparedness: optimal, advanced,

satisfactory, and critical. Let us describe each of them.

The optimal level of preparedness for teaching in inclusive

education implies successful performance of professional duties and full

mastery of professionally important qualities along with creative

thinking. Another feature is well-developed professionally important

qualities of a teacher in inclusive education. Such person prefers

productive coping strategies in professional situations of inclusive

education and demonstrates a high level of frustration tolerance.

158

The advanced level of preparedness for teaching in inclusive

education is related to adequate performance of professional duties.

Professionally important qualities are mastered at a level sufficient for

professional activities, but do not permit creative rethinking and

development. This person prefers productive and conditionally

productive coping strategies related to professional situations of a

teacher in inclusive education. The level of frustration tolerance is

average, accompanied with developing signs of emotional and

professional burnout.

Satisfactory level of preparedness for teaching in inclusive

education implies that a person experiences difficulties in fulfilling

professional duties. The mastery of professionally important qualities is

insufficient for work, along with the person's inability of rethinking and

development. The person prefers conditionally productive coping

strategies in professional situations of the teacher in inclusive education.

Frustration tolerance is average and low, and there are symptoms of

emotional and professional burnout.

The critical level of preparedness for teaching in inclusive

education denotes the initial stage of the formation of professionally

important qualities. Disadaptive behavior hinders effective functioning

of the teacher in the conditions of inclusive education. Frustration

tolerance is mainly low, with evident symptoms of emotional and

professional burnout [2].

Considering the findings of the experiment and the feedback from

teachers and specialists working with persons with health limitations

and special educational needs, we developed and adjusted the content of

express diagnostics, and after that, tested it (see Table 3).

The educational experiment was carried out in the form of

psychological and pedagogical support of teachers and specialists

working with persons with health limitations and special educational

needs. The content of express diagnostics was used as the basis for

introducing the concept of "timely (express) support". This implies the

possibility to provide immediate psychological assistance to teachers

and professionals working with persons with health limitations and

special educational needs during one (or several) events. In our opinion,

workshops conducted in educational institutions are the most effective

in this case [1, 4].

The content of workshops aimed at forming professional

preparedness for implementing inclusive education is presented in Table

2.

159

Table 2

Formation of professional preparedness for implementing inclusive

education

Context of personal

development

Educational module Possible content

Value-motivational

context

Express diagnostics:

Association experiment

The questionnaire

"Your attitude to


Workshop

"Phenomenology of

preparedness for


Formation

(development, mastery)

of ideas concerning the

phenomenon of

inclusive education,

persons with health

limitations and special

educational needs,

teachers and specialists

work with.

Cognitive context


Self-diagnostics of

professionally important

qualities (PIQ) of a

teacher of inclusive

education.

Workshop

"Professionally

Important Qualities

(PIQ) of Teachers and

Specialists in Inclusive

Education".

Learning about the

specifics of

pedagogical,

psychological and

social activities of


in inclusive learning

environment. The

concept of PIQ of a

teacher in inclusive

education.

Operational and activity

context


Questionnaire

"Specifics of

overcoming

organizational and

professional difficulties


Workshop

"Developing a

productive professional

coping behavior of


of inclusive education".

The concept of "coping

behavior". Specific

features of problem-

based tasks in the work

of teachers and

specialists of inclusive

education. Coping

typology.

Affective context


Questionnaire "Risk

factors in professional

activities in inclusive

education"

Questionnaire "Features

of professional

burnout".

Workshop

"Prevention of

professional burnout of



Etiology, pathogenesis

and clinical picture of

professional burnout of


of inclusive education.

Prevention of

professional burnout

and professional

deformation.

160

All contexts. Business simulation

game.

Formation of the

complex of integrated

professional

competences.

Increasing one's ability

to reflectively assess,

organize and implement

practical methods of


The content aspect of "Express support" is presented in the

workbook which facilitates the development and/or adjustment of the

personal contexts of teachers and specialists working with persons with

health limitations and special educational needs.

The structure of the workshop includes a welcoming speech, a

practical task, a mini-lecture, some more practical tasks, exercises,

feedback, and closing of the meeting. The mini-lecture, for example,

considers the features of inclusive education and briefly presents its

history, main directions, methodological basis, positive and negative

aspects, problems of modern inclusive education, etc. Tasks are selected

in such a way that teachers can practice the theoretical knowledge

obtained. The content of the workshop may include the diagnostics of

teachers, homework, and creative tasks.

The practical focus of the workshops implies that participants

will create a portfolio that includes a number of tasks, exercises, and

diagnostic techniques. These workshops are held as a series of several

sessions, which allows participants to collect useful material that

summarizes the knowledge and skills gained [5].

The control experiment was conducted during the years of 2016-

2017. The experimental group consisted of 500 teachers and specialists

of inclusive education who had taken part in all stages of the

educational experiment. The control group included 96 teachers and

specialists.

The results of analysis of detailed and express diagnostics and

their comparison using the chi-square test are presented in Table 3.

The analysis of the obtained results shows that during the

ascertaining experiment, significant statistical differences between the

experimental and control group data were obtained for the cognitive and

operational-activity contexts of the teacher's personality development.

The remaining data are within the margin of error.

161

Table 3

The comparative analysis of the results for detailed and express diagnostics

Contexts of teacher's

personality development

Statistical significance

Ascertaining experiment Control experiment

Value-motivational

context

χ2 = 11.8 is significant

for ρ ≤ 0, 05

χ2 = 4.23 is not

significant

Cognitive context χ2 = 21.5 is significant

for ρ ≤ 0, 01

χ2 = 7.19 is not

significant

Operational-activity

context

χ2 = 14.37 is significant

for ρ ≤ 0, 01

χ2 = 2.03 is not

significant

Affective context χ2 = 4.19 is not

significant

χ2 = 1.78 is not

significant

The data of the control experiment make it possible to conclude

that the data of express diagnostics differ slightly from the data of the

detailed study of teachers professional preparedness for implementing


Thus, we can conclude that the express diagnostics developed by

us has proved its validity and reliability. It can be used as a sensitive and

valid instrument to research pressing issues in this area.

References

1. Antonova L.A. (2017). Developing the methodological support for

specialists training in inclusive education. Author's abstract of the thesis of

the master of education [Proyektirovaniye razrabotki metodicheskogo

obespecheniya podgotovki spetsialistov inklyuzivnogo obrazovaniya.

Avtoreferat dissertatsii magistra pedagogiki]. Cherepovets.

2. Ponikarova V.N. (2013). Diagnostics of preparedness for teaching in

integrated/inclusive education. Bulletin of Cherepovets State University:

Scientific Journal 4(51) Vol. 1. Engineering. Economic Sciences.

Philological Sciences. Pedagogical Sciences. Art History. Psychological

Sciences 130-133. [Diagnostika gotovnosti k osushchestvleniyu

pedagogicheskoy deyatel'nosti v integrirovannom/inklyuzivnom obrazovanii.

Vestnik Cherepovetskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta: Nauchnyy zhurnal.

No 4 (51) T. 1 Tekhnicheskiye nauki. Ekonomicheskiye nauki.

Filologicheskiye nauki. Pedagogicheskiye nauki. Iskusstvovedeniye.

Psikhologicheskiye nauki 130-133].

3. Ponikarova V.N. (2013). The concept of psychological support of a

multilevel process of staff training in inclusive education. Bulletin of

Cherepovets State University: Scientific Journal. 4(52) Vol. 2. Engineering.

Economic Sciences. Philological Sciences. Pedagogical Sciences. Art

History. Psychological Sciences 125-128 [Kontseptsiya psikhologicheskogo

162

soprovozhdeniya mnogourovnevogo protsessa podgotovki kadrov dlya

inklyuzivnogo obrazovaniya. Vestnik Cherepovetskogo gosudarstvennogo

universiteta: Nauchnyy zhurnal. No. 4 (52) T. 2 Tekhnicheskiye nauki.

Ekonomicheskiye nauki. Filologicheskiye nauki. Pedagogicheskiye nauki.

Iskusstvovedeniye. Psikhologicheskiye nauki 125-128]. 4. Ponikarova V.N.,

Khimich A.S. (2018). Supporting learners in inclusive education: A model

for developing communicative competence of older preschoolers with a

developmental delay: Monograph. Kursk: Publishing House of ZAO

"Universitetskaya kniga", 39-43 [Soprovozhdeniye sub'yektov inklyuzivnogo

obrazovaniya: model' formirovaniya kommunikativnoy kompetentnosti u

detey starshego doshkol'nogo vozrasta s zaderzhkoy psikhicheskogo

razvitiya].

5. Denisova O.A., Gudina T.V., Lehanova O.L., Ponikarova V.N., Bukina

I.A., Antonova L.A. (2016). The role of regional higher education institutions

in creating conditions for people with disabilities in inclusive educational

environment of the Russian Federation. Indian Journal of Science and

Technology. Vol 9(37), October. DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i37/102171

SECTION XI. Social sciences

Atanasova Ani PhD Student, Lecturer, Medical College, Specialty «Dental Mechanic»,

Medical University «Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov», Varna, Bulgaria

THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION WITHIN DENTAL TEAMS

IN PROVIDING HEALTH CARE

Abstract: To establish and maintain good relations, the successful

communication, the feedback, the mutually beneficial information, the

understanding and the positive feelings should be emphasized. The dental

team is represented by the doctor of dental medicine, the dental technician

and the dental assistant and this team of specialists take care of the patients’

dental health by creating the following: dental prostheses which are meant to

repair dental teeth line defects; orthodontic apparatuses for dental teeth line

defects corrections and brackets for dental teeth line stabilization. The aim of

the present research is to investigate the role of communication between the

members of the dental laboratory and the doctors of dental medicine. The

sociological method of anonymous surveying has been applied for the

purpose of the research. The subject of the study are 250 people from the

cities of Varna, Dobrich and Burgas and they are divided in the following

http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst%2F2016%2Fv9i37%2F102171

163

way: 58 managers of dental mechanics laboratories, 126 dental mechanics

specialists (staff) and 66 doctors of dental medicine. The survey data is

represented with the help of SPSS v. 20 and the results are presented and

interpreted using graphical, variational and comparative analysis. It has been

established that according to dentists (95,45%) and managers of dental

laboratories (93,10%) the main role of communication is related to the

improvement of the working process. According to dental technicians

communication is equally important for improving the quality of work

(91,27%) and creating a better working atmosphere (91,27%). In conclusion,

it can be said that communication between team members is a significant

base for creativity, solidarity and improvement of the quality and results of

the working process. Clear and precise communication based on mutual

respect and attention to the work of each team member is the essence of

quality health care services, satisfaction with the perfectly organized work

and successful long-term functioning of the team.

Key words: communication, dental team, health care, research

Introduction: According to Katrova the team is a functionally

structured group of professionally trained people with strictly defined

roles who perform specific complementary activities to achieve

common goals [6,10].

The dental technician does not always work in an own dental

technical - medical laboratory. Sometimes the dental technician is the

head of a team of dental technicians and has leading functions among a

larger group as a supervisor of the team work. [1,8,11]. Communication

between the supervisor and the team members is a significant base for

unity, creativity and enables feedback on professional communication

[2, p.303].

The dentist, the dental technician and the dental assistant represent

a team of specialists who take care of the patients’ dental health by

creating the following: dental prostheses which are meant to repair

dental teeth line defects; orthodontic apparatuses for dental teeth line

defects corrections and brackets for dental teeth line stabilization [3,12].

The doctor of dental medicine is the team leader and has the obligation

to monitor the performance of the tasks and the responsibilities of each

member of the team. The overall patient care and the general impression

of the patient after the treatment depend not only on the dentist, but also

on the work and participation of each member of the team [3,10].

The dental technician follows the instructions of the doctor of

dental medicine and performs independent responsible tasks related to

the planning and production of dental prostheses, orthodontic

164

apparatuses, brackets and other activities form the dental mechanics

practice [9,10].

Communication between the dental practitioner and dental

technician during the construction of dental prostheses has been

described by Lynch and co-authors, who report that good

communication is essential for the quality of the final products [4].

Insufficient communication between a dentist and a dental technician is

a well-known and universal problem [10,9]. The health care activity in

dental treatment is performed in private practice by a dental team [10,3].

A study by Varneva conducted in 2008, which involves 28 dental

practitioners working on the territory of Varna, shows that they give a

recommendation for work improvement based on better dentist – dental

mechanic relations which will benefit and feedback [10].

Teamwork communication is an important tool for achieving unity

and creativity and improving the quality of the results of the work

process [2]. In order to establish and maintain good relations, it is

necessary to emphasize the successful communication, the feedback, the

mutually useful information, the understanding and the positive feelings

[5,6,7].

Aim of the investigation: To study the role of the communication

between the members of the dental mechanics laboratory and the

doctors of dental medicine.

Materials and methods: A sociological method based on three

anonymous survey questionnaires for the different groups of

respondents has been used. The subject of the study are 250 people from

Varna, Dobrich and Burgas divided in the following way: 58 managers

of dental mechanics laboratories, 126 dental technicians (staff) and 66

doctors of dental medicine. The results are processed with SPSS v. 20

and data is represented by graphical, variational and comparative

analysis.

Results and feedback: The respondents have been questioned

whether they feel as a part of the dental team. All of them have given a

positive answer (dentists 100%, managers 100%, dental technicians

100%). Good feedback from the doctor of dental medicine and team

work in general are of great importance to the success of the private

practice of the dental technician. Good communication between the

members of the dental laboratory and the dental offices is essential for

the optimization of the work process and the final product. The precise

formation of the dental structure and the satisfaction of the patient

depend not only on the professional competencies of the individual team

165

members, but also on the exchange of thoughts, ideas and preferences of

each person involved in the process.

The surveyed groups indicate the following ways of

communication – telephone communication, direct contact, the Internet

– which contributes to a faster and more precise formation of the dental

construction, orthodontic apparatus or bracket.

We analyzed the answers of the respondents about the impact of

communication on the achievement of certain results. The opinion of the

respondents according to the role they have in the dental team is

presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Influence of communication for the function of the team

93,10%

86,21%

82,76%

87,93%

62,07%

82,76%

91,38%

89,68%

71,43%

69,05%

91,27%

43,65%

76,98%

91,27%

95,45%

86,36%

87,88%

78,79%

62,12%

89,39%

89,39%

0,00% 20,00% 40,00% 60,00% 80,00% 100,00% 120,00%

Work process

optimization

Conflict prevention

Problem identification

Better work environment

Decrease of staff

turnover

More successful practice

Improvement of work

quality

dentists dental mechanics managers

166

A significant difference in the opinion of the surveyed about the

impact of communication on the achievement of better results in the

activity of the dental mechanics laboratory has not been indicated.

According to managers, dental technicians and dental

practitioners, communication has the key role for: the optimization of

the working process (managers – 93,10%, dental technicians – 89,68%

and doctors of dental medicine – 95,45%), improving the quality of

work (managers – 91,38%, dental technicians – 91,27% and doctors in

dental medicine – 89,39%) and a better working atmosphere which has

a positive influence on the success of the team.

It is interesting to mention that all the three groups have indicated

that the communication does not affect the decrease of staff turnover in

the dental mechanics laboratories (managers – 62,07%, dental

technicians – 43,65%, doctors of dental medicine – 62,12%), which we

disagree with. The lack of communication makes the team members feel

uncomfortable and misunderstood. Tension, reluctance to work and

decline in the quality of health services occur as a result. We support the

opinion of respondents who say that good communication leads to the

identification of the problem (managers – 82,76% and dentists –

87,88%) and conflict prevention (managers – 86,21% and doctors of

dental medicine - 86, 36%). Although to a lesser extent, a large number

of dental technicians also support the views of the other two groups

(identification of the problem – 69,05% and conflict prevention –

71,43%).

Conclusion: The data processing, the results of the study and their

analysis give us the reason to state that, according to a very large part of

dental practitioners (95,45%) and managers (93,10%) the main role of

communication is to optimize the working process, while for dental

technicians it is equally important both for improving the quality of

work (91,27%) and for creating a better working atmosphere (91,27%).

Clear and precise communication based on mutual respect and

attention to the work of each team member is the essence of quality

health care services, satisfaction with the perfectly organized work and

successful long-term functioning of the team.

References

1. Аtanasova, А., Toncheva, S., Varneva, M., The Necessity of

Additional Training in Health Care Management for Managers of

Dental Mechanics laboratories. Health Care, Issue 1, 2016, p. 34-39

2. Iliev, Y., Human Resources Management. Publisher “Abagar”, Veliko

Tarnovo, 2005

167

3. Katrova, L., Public Dental Health. Dental Profession. Dental Practice.

WINI 1837, Sofia, 2011, p. 217-225

4. Lynch C D, Allen, P F. A survey of chrome-cobalt RPD design in

Ireland. Int J Prosthodont 2003; 16: р. 362–364

5. Lynch C D, Allen P F. Quality of communication between dental

practitioners and dental technicians for fi xed prosthodontics in Ireland.

J Oral Rehabil 2005; 32: р. 901–905

6. McGarry T J, Jacobsen T E. The professions of dentistry and dental

laboratory technology: improving the Interface. J Am Dent Assoc

2004; 135: р. 220–226

7. Meads G, Ashcroft J, Barr H, Scott R, Wild A. UK Centre for the

Advancement of Interprofessional Education (ed). The case for

interprofessional collaboration. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005

8. Milev, M., Analysis of Work Quality in Dental Technician – Dentist

Interaction. Health Economics and Management, Issue 3, (57), 2015, p.

3 – 6

9. Qualification Characteristics for “Dental Mechanic” Specialty for

University

Dental Mechanics Education of Educational Qualification Degree

“Professional Bachelor in Dental Mechanics” at Varna Medical

College

10. Varneva, М., Communication and team work for dentists and dental

technicians. “Sestrinsko Delo” Magazine, Issue 2/2012, p. 3-5

11. Varneva, M., Velikova, V., Marketing and Management in Dental

Mechanics Practice. Health Care Economics and Management, Issue

1(51), Publisher “Steno”, Varna 2014, p. 33 – 37

12. Varneva, М., Retrospection, Analysis and Socio-psychological

Problems during Education and Realization of Professional Bachelors

in Dental Mechanics. Dissertation work, Medical University Varna,

2013

168

SECTION XII. Cultural Studies

Latipkhonova Muyassar Olimkhonovna First Year Master of Uzbekistan State Institute of Arts and Culture,

Tashkent, Uzbekistan

ART MANAGEMENT AS A YOUNG FIELD OF STUDY:

CONTENT AND MAIN FUNCTIONS

In Eastern sources said that the theoretical basis of management is

closely related to all spheres of society: public policy, economics,

finance and management are treated as management arts. And in the

west management was formed as an independent branch in the XIX

century. If earlier the management, first of all, was connected with the

economy, at present it takes place practically in all spheres of the life

activity of society (business, politics, science, education, art and culture,

etc.). The concept of culture in this paper is considered from two points.

Firstly, in a broad sense, as a way of being a human being as a social

being, as a system of generation, preservation and translation beyond

genetically inherited social experience. Secondly, in the narrow

"sectoral" sense, as a specific sphere of society's life (the sphere of

culture), which includes the preservation and use of cultural historical

heritage (museum, library and archive business, national and local

traditions, holidays, etc.). , art education and children's creativity, art,

creative (mainly artistic) activities, performance, concert activity, leisure

and entertainment, amateur, ethnographic arts and crafts, as well as

activities providing them (cultural economics, law, finance,

management, information, training and retraining of the professional

environment, the development of material and technical base, and so on.

n.) [5].

At present, management has become an integral part of the

activities of sociocultural institutions, which, together with state, private

institutions and the whole society, have plunged into market relations,

which present absolutely new and rigid requirements for activity and

management at all levels. Today, state cultural institutions, although

they continue to be financed from the budget, nevertheless they are

forced to "fit" into market relations - to look for ways to earn money,

attract sponsors, investors. This means that sociocultural activity can not

develop successfully without professional, competent management and

regulation, which requires the development of new ways of training

university students and the most effective teaching technologies [2].In

169

the last decades of XX - beg. XXI centuries.requirements to

professional activity and responsibility for social results in the field of

management in the field of culture and art have increased. It is no

accident, in the studies of modern scientists, art management is seen as a

kind of management culture inherent in a developed humanistic

civilization [1].One of the most urgent is the problem of training future

specialists in the field of culture and art in the context of integration into

the world's general educational space based on art-management

technologies [2].

Art management is often understood as artistic management, that

is, "professional management of the process of creating artistic values

(material and spiritual), promotion of cultural services, the results of

creative activity of authors, directors, performers and organizational

efforts of the organization's staff (production center, firm)" [4]It is no

coincidence that foreign scientists (F. Colbert, I. Evrar, etc.), with the

advent of art management, associate the birth of a new scientific

discipline, calling it "the science of the third millennium" [3].Art

management has its own specifics. To orient in its essence and content,

we consider in this concept two components: "art" (English art) and

"management" (English management). The English word "art" and

various derivatives from it ("art critic", "art dealer", "art manager", "art

design", "art market") is often used by domestic specialists in social and

cultural activities. Art, as a special system in the context of culture,

occupies a central position and is the link between the utilitarian-

practical and spiritual-theoretical types of relations. On the one hand, it

borders on science, philosophy, religion, morality; forms of social

consciousness, and through the aesthetic content mediates, "removes"

their problems in themselves through an artistic-figurative form. On the

other hand, art is associated with the products of a person's material

activity, contributes to them aesthetic-spiritual content that has a

relatively independent meaning, however, subordinate, ultimately, to the

functional and constructive, practical purpose of things.

Speaking about management in the cultural and leisure industry,

we affirm that we can not limit ourselves to the assertion that it is

characterized by the same features as for the management of another

area of the economy. The use of art management technologies in the

cultural and leisure industry has its own specifics, since the cultural and

recreational product exists both materially and materially (books, CDs,

movies - on the one hand, and a performance, a concert, a thematic

program and so on - on the other). Cultural and recreational industry

involves the creation and mass replication of cultural and leisure and

170

entertainment products and services. Its main components are:

entertainment industry, Internet industry, tourism, model, gallery and

exhibition, music and show business (including circuses), the industry

of audio and video products, sports and entertainment business (sports,

recreational camps, ski resorts , recreation centers, etc.) and sports and

entertainment industry, gaming, educational industries (additional

training courses, etc.), the park industry, television and radio industry.

Cultural and recreational industry is a modern system of production,

distribution and sale of cultural and leisure and entertainment products

and services. In many countries - Japan, the USA, England, Germany,

Spain, Holland, Italy, Russia, France, etc. - there are branched cultural

and leisure industries. Satisfaction with the quality of organization of

their leisure, accessibility of various entertainments and forms of leisure

is for man not only an indicator of his social status, but also an indicator

of the development of the country's economy as a whole and the socio-

cultural sector in particular. Art-manager has a fairly wide field of

activity, because the artistic and creative product is very much

imaginative. Under it, you can understand the production of a variety of

show programs, concerts, festivals, contests, club venues, the

organization of fashion shows, exhibitions of art works, the production

of film, audio and video products and others [2]

Bibliography

1. Alekseevsky V.S. Sociocultural concept of the general theory of

management // Management in Russia and abroad. № 2. М.: 2004.- page 24

2. Bahova N.A. Lecture notes on the discipline "Art Management",

Krasnoyarsk, 2010. - 4-5,9, 13 pages.

3. Colbert F. Art-management - the science of the third millennium /

F.Kolber, I.Evrar // Art-management. - M., 2002 - № 3. – page 3.

4. NovikovaG.N. Technologies of art management: a textbook. -

Moscow: MGUKI, 2006. – page 22.

5. Tulchinsky GL, Shekova E.L. Management in the field of culture:

Textbook. 4 th ed., Rev. and add. - St. Petersburg: publishing house PLANET

OF MUSIC, 2009 - 7-8 pages.

171

SECTION XII. Ecology

Kutliyarov D.N., Kutliyarov A.N., Tuleuzhanov B.B. Authors' personal details

Kutliyarov D.N. candidate of technical Sciences, associate Professor,

Deputy Dean on educational work of faculty of environmental management

and construction, Bashkir state agrarian University.

Kutliyarov A.N. candidate of economic Sciences, associate Professor,

Deputy Dean for academic Affairs, Bashkir state agrarian University.

Tuleuzhanov B.B. student of Bashkir state agrarian University.

CONTAMINATION OF THE OIL REFINERIES

IN THE UFA RIVER WATER WHITE

Annotation. The article deals with the topical issue of the negative

impact of the oil refining enterprises of Ufa on the state of natural waters.

The degree of impact of oil refineries wastewater on water quality in the

Belaya river is analyzed.

Keywords: pollution, waste water, oil, permissible concentration,

surface water, waste, treatment, water use.

Petrochemical and oil refineries are the largest sources of

environmental pollution [1]. Due to the fact that water is used for

technological oil refining, petrochemical and oil refineries are located

near water bodies. Therefore, they are the main pollutants of water

resources. For example, in the Republic of Bashkortostan more than

80% of pollutants enter water bodies with waste water of chemical and

petrochemical enterprises. The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the

main oil producing regions of the country.

The capital of the Republic - the city of Ufa is a major industrial

center. In 2017, it accounts for about 56% of all products manufactured

in the Republic and 19% of the total emissions of the entire oil refining

industry in Russia. The city has 132 large and medium-sized enterprises

and more than 4 thousand manufacturers of small and medium-sized

businesses. In Ufa are concentrated largest enterprises of fuel and

energy complex, including three oil refineries belonging to the company

"Bashneft" (Ufa refinery, novoufimsky refinery, Ufaneftekhim.

The city of Ufa is located on the banks of the Belaya river at the

confluence of the Ufa and Dema rivers. The length of the river Belaya-

1430 km, catchment area-142 thousand km2. The catchment area of

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Belaya river is 72.2% of the territory of the Republic. Up to 82% of the

annual Republican runoff is formed in the basin of this river.

Industrial and municipal enterprises of Ufa, as well as large cities

Sterlitamak, Salavat, have an intense load on water bodies, primarily the

Belaya river. They account for up to 76% of the volume of water

allocated in the Republic (table 1).

Table 1. Load on water bodies in large cities

City

Fresh water taken, million m3 The dumped sewage,

million m3

volume % of the total

national

volume

volume % of the total

national

volume

Salavat 70,45 7,8 39,99 6,7

Sterlitamak 116,85 13,0 97,81 16,4

Ufa 366,93 40,8 316,57 53,0

On the territory of Ufa in the surface discharge 53% effluent and

12.4% of the mass of pollutants in the whole country.

The criterion for assessing water pollution in the process of oil

extraction and refining is the excess of background values and

maximum permissible concentration (MPC) on the content of chlorine

ions, petroleum products, micro-components. Pollutants become

dangerous if they are leaking from sewage or waste into groundwater

and into drinking water sources.

Runoff entering surface waters contain gasoline, kerosene, fuel

and lubricating oils, benzene, acids, fatty acids, phenols, glycerides,

steroids, pesticides and ORGANOMETALLIC compounds. These

compounds account for about 90% and higher of the total amount of all

organic impurities. Light oil products (for example, gasoline) form

emulsions with water, heavy oil products (mineral oils and lubricants)

fall to the bottom of reservoirs and accumulate in bottom sediments. Oil

pollution from various sources in natural waters tends to dissipate and

migrate, which can pose a threat to large-scale pollution.

The main cause of pollution of water bodies by oil refineries is

that treatment facilities do not provide normative wastewater treatment

due to backward technology and equipment wear and operation with

deviation from the design schemes.

The quality of surface water bodies in the Republic of

Bashkortostan is monitored, among other things, by the state institution

"Bashkir territorial administration for Hydrometeorology and

environmental monitoring" ("Bashkir UGMS"). The institution carries

173

out monitoring of surface waters and bottom sediments; assessing the

impact of sewage industrial water users on water quality of water

bodies; carries out the control of discharges of enterprises, poison

control wastewater and surface waters, control of sources of industrial

emissions. Thus, according to the state report on the state of natural

resources and the environment of the Republic of Bashkortostan in

2016, the water quality of Belaya river in the area of Ufa was observed

in 4 stages, which were influenced by wastewater discharges of Ufa

enterprises. The maximum permissible concentration in water of the

White river above and below the city of Ufa (village Chesnokovka, the

village tugay), river Shugurovka, river Rush, river Dema was observed

for metals (copper, zinc, manganese) and sulphates. Analysis of the

annual average concentrations of the above ingredients in five years

showed: zinc content is stable at 2 MPC, copper concentrations range

from 3 to 8 MPC, manganese from 1 to 8 MPC. The sutoloka river has a

stable high level of manganese up to 13 MPC. The highest

concentrations of sulphates in the river deme, and the river Hustle (2-4

MPC).

To improve the quality of wastewater treatment discharged into

the Belaya river, oil refineries invest large sums of money. Thus, from

2013 to 2015, Bashneft upgraded a single complex of biological

treatment facilities at the sites of the Bashneft-Ufaneftekhim branch. In

order to eliminate the risk of untreated wastewater entering the river

during emergency depressurization of pipelines at the Ufa and Novo-

Ufa oil refineries, reconstruction of the system of collection and

pumping of industrial wastewater was started, dismantling and removal

of the old sewage collector on the right Bank of the Belaya river beyond

the water protection zone.

To reduce the negative impact of oil refineries on water bodies

near the city of Ufa is necessary:

- to carry out regular monitoring of the condition of surface and

underground waters in the areas of oil and gas production and oil

refining by creation of constantly operating check points;

- apply the modernized specialized treatment facilities in which,

quality of sewage treatment to normative requirements is reached;

- re-use and recycling water, reducing discharges to water bodies;

introduction of the system of incentives in the taxation of oil

refineries, carrying out systematic work on ensuring ecological safety in

areas of operation and investing funds for the construction of sewage

treatment plants.

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References

1. State report on the state of natural resources and the environment of the

Republic of Bashkortostan in 2016 [Electronic resource] - URL:

https://ecology.bashkortostan.ru/presscenter/lectures/26/

2. The results of the industrial complex in 2017. [Electronic resource]-

URL: http://old.ufacity.info/scope/811/#descr

3. Kutliyarov Damir, Kutliyarov Amir Cleaning oil sludge [Text] // Oil

and gas. 2016. No. 6 (96). C. 93-98.

4. Kutliyarov Damir, Assessment and integrated development of

catchment river Tanalyk of the Republic of Bashkortostan [Text] // the

dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of candidate of

technical science Moscow state University of environmental

engineering. Ufa, 2009.

5. Kutliyarov Damir, Kutliyarov Amir Analysis of the laundering of oil

sludge from oil [Text] // Petroleum engineering. 2012. T. 10. No. 1. C.

109-11

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