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OPEN DOOR For those who eater and those who leave

THE MAGAZINE OF THE SWINBURNE TECHNICAL COLLEGE

NUMBER FOURTEEN OCTOBER, 1933

THE OPEN DOOR The Magazine of

The Swinburne Technical College Hawthorn, Victoria

"Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, but wise men use them."

Off ice-Bearers of the College: Patroness: Mrs. Swinburne.

President: Cr. G. W . Simpson.

Vice-President: T. W . Rust, Esq.

Hon. Treasurer: H. R. Hamer, Esq.

Registrar : S. V. Robertson

Director - - - - F. W. Green, B.Sc, Whit. Ex., Assoc. M. Inst. C.E.

PRINCIPAL D E P A R T M E N T S :

Engineering: The Director. Graphic and Applied Art: S. W . Tompkini.

Carpentry and Joinery: A. McK. Cousland. Domestic Arts: Miss M. G. Kirkhope.

Plumbing and Sanitary Engineering: C. H. Wright. Architecture: W . G. Brodie, A.R.V.I.A.

Girls' Junior Technical School: Miss H. F. Gilpin. Boys' Junior Technical School: T. White.

STUDENT ASSOCIATIONS:

Hon. Sec, Old Engineering Swinburnians: E. Mars ton, Swinburne Technical College.

Hon. Sec, Old Swinburne Collegians, J. Mainsbridge, 6 Kingsley Street, Camberwell

Hon. Sees. Old Girls' Club: Jessie Anderson, Swinburne Tech., A m y Brearley, High St., South Camberwell

Hon. Sees. Art Clubs: Betty Barnett, Anne Picken, Art School.

COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT, "THE OPEN DOOR."

Editor and Manager: H. Brunskill.

Mrs. Clark, E. Edwards, S. W . Tompkins, A . Gree.i.

Acting Hon. Treasurer: E. Edwards. Sales : Miss Ander.'or.

Organisers: H: Brunskill, N. Lewes, E. Marston.

Published in June and October 1/- per copy

Contributory matter should be in the hands of the Editor one month prior to date of publication.

Contributions may bear a "nom-de-plume," but the actual name of the contributor must be disclosed

Page 2 T H E O P E N D O O R

PREVENTING WASTED LIVES By G. R. GILES, B.Sc, Dip. Ed.,

Vocational Guidance Officer, Educational department.

W e would all agree that a true answer to thp poet's prayer— ''0 would some power th' giftie gie us To see oorsels as ithers see us"

would help greatly in our dealings with one another. But other people's opinions of our «vx>rth and even our own opinions of our capacities may lead to conclusions very far from the truth. For example, Mr. Jones may think that his son, Tommy, is a genius with tools, and therefore should be a carpenter. Mirs. Jones is sure that T o m m y should be a doctor, because she wants him to earn a high salary, while T o m m y himself says he would like to be a bank clerk, or a teacher, because they work short hours. Which of the three widely different careers would be the best for Tom? The rapidly developing science of vocational guidance can provide the answer. By means of his tests and examinations,

his questions and enquiries, the vocational counsellor can say for which, if any, of these varied callings T o m Jones has the best natural endowments, and quite possibly may suggest some occupation not previously thought of, as giving him the best promise of ultimate success. The adviser can say to which school T o m m y should go, what sub­jects he should take up, and how long he should remain at school. Later, he can bring him into touch with those men and women whose further advice and assistance will be of use when the time comes to leave school, and if a position is not immediately available, can help him to fill in his time profitably until the right job is found. And what is done for T o m Jones can be done for every boy and girl. All this help is not given at one interview.

The advice and assistance are spread over a period of years. Vocational guidance is not like the sudden service of the first aid man, it is more like the regular overhaul given by the family doctor. Guidance is a continuous process, reaching high peaks before each important decision in school and occupational life—before changing schools, after examina­tions, before choosing subjects or careers,

before leaving school, before getting work and so on.

This ambitious program is the ideal towards which the Victorian vocational guidance service is advancing. W e have not yet reached the stage where we can infallibly point out the best type of career for each boy and girl, and have not yet been able to give expert advice to every child. To do this requires expensive equipment and a staff of highly trained counsellors who are not at present available. But in spite of these limitations, and the difficult times through which we have been passing, a satisfactory start has been made. The vocational guidance activities in Vic­

torian schools commence towards the end of Grade VI by attempting to ensure that every boy and girl is directed towards the right type of school for further study. Information concerning the schools provided by the Department is sent home in a supplement to the School Paper and parents are asked to enlighten the child's teacher concerning their plans for Billy or Mary. Schools then arrange for a special meeting of parents of the boys and girls in the higher grades, at which the educational system is outlined and individual advice given by the teachers and vocational guidance workers. Last year, I addressed meetings of this kind in 60 metropolitan schools, and made recommendations, in con­junction with the teachers, concerning 6256 boys and girls, and discussed with 1300 parents their plans for their children. In a number of instances, children with certain physical defects that would hamper them in their chosen career were found. Each child's problem was considered by the school doctors who arranged for a special medical examina­tion, after which a satisfactory solution of the difficulties was obtained.

Schools that I was unable to visit in many instances arranged similar meetings, or sent home their suggestions to the parents and invited them to the school to discuss their problems with the teachers. In the suburbs in which vocational guidance bureaus are at ™ ° ™ — Caulfield, Northcote, Preston and Williamstown—parents visited the officers at the bureaus and received helpful advice and assistance.

After the change-over has been made, and during the next two years, the course of study provides that information concerning the

THE OPEN DOOR Page 3

great world of work shall be given. Some schools arrange for a fortnightly talk on occupation; others see that this topic is dealt with in form assemblies, or in regular class lessons. In addition, the School Paper for Grades VII and VIII contains information and advice to those about to leave school. The scheme also provides that advice before

leaving school and recommendations as to further education on reaching the Merit or Junior Technical Certificate examination are to be given by the teachers in the school or by the bureau officers. At Caulfield, for instance, every one of the 750 boys and girls in their eighth school year were advised and helped. Some went to higher schools, some were out of work and for these special classes were arranged, and others went to positions they had either found for themselves or had found for them. As a result of the help and advice, every child reaching school leaving age in that suburb in 1932 was either at school or at suitable work. I have pointed out the above limitations of

the scheme, and realising these, the Vocational Guidance Association of Victoria has co­operated with the Victorian Council for Mental Hygiene in the establishment of a Centre where guidance may be given by trained workers. This Centre, which is situated in Old Scotch College Buildings, Parliament Place, Melbourne, C.2. (Phone M1375) has had a considerable measure of success in the short time that has elapsed since its opening. The staff can help parents in the solution of the many problems that affect growing boys and girls. They can suggest with a considerable degree of cer­tainty the best type of work for a lad to take up, help in the selection of suitable subjects, can tell why a child has difficulties at school and what to do to overcome them, and so on. Alk these and many other questions have been satisfactorily answered in over 100 different cases. The services of the Centre are available to all boys and girls, and parents wishing to obtain the best advice on their child's future are recommended to communi­cate with the Centre. The actual finding of jobs for boys is done

largely through the office of the Boys' Employment Movement, 177 Collins Street (C.3246), which deals with lads between the ages of 14 and 19. Appropriate advice and heln was given last year to over 5000 boys and positions found for nearly 2000. An average of 150 boys are sent to suitable employment each month. I see that my space has been filled. There

is much that I can still say about this extension of the Education Department's services to the boys and girls, and possibly there are some who would like further information. If that is so, do not hesitate to get in touch with me.

^^^EDITORIAL

This is the column reserved for the editor and his editorial. Here in this secluded spot he may hold forth, propound, explain, beseech, decry and what not to his heart's content. In writing an editorial, an otherwise harmless editor has to assume the wisdom of Solon, the porteousness of an oracle and the general demeanour of the fabled frog if he is to try and persuade his reader (or readers) that his is the word that sways the minds of men. Such a one can be pictured, tongue in cheek, straw in his hair, stuffing his ears with cotton wool, preparatory to "roaring like a sucking dove." Why, oh why? I ventured to express my

doubting revolt at such numbo jumbo to a friend of mine—a real editor. He froze my plaint in its beginning. "My dear fellow" —or words to that effect—"it's part of your job. It is always done, you know." That is it. It is always done. And what

is always done, is always done. It must be. It is bound, hidebound, by custom, sacred custom. It is traditional. Oh noble tradition bolstering up the weak and restraining the strong. How we worship tradition. It was traditional among the Romans to make cheese (or butter, it matters not) of their excess milk. The Helvetians refused to accept this tradition. So the mighty Caesar must needs try and teach them at the point of sword and javelin. What greater cause of dissension can you find, than tradition. But I must take hold of myself or I may

need cotton wool in my ears. Nevertheless, having come so far I am tempted to linger on this subject of tradition. What is tradition? Apparently, in its

essence, it is something handed down from one generation to another. By word of mouth, mark you, as being too serious to commit to writing: whispered in secret as a rite, as a ceremony, or maybe a taboo. You will have it, that it is wisdom of the past in concise form. H'm! It is traditional to give little children toy soldiers to play with. Is there anything wise in that? It is traditional to set boy against boy, class against class, in a spirit of competition. (My dear sir, comnetition is most stimulating—brings out the best in one!!) Yes, quite so. I suppose Newton and Shakespeare and Einstein were produced in that way. The last war certainly was. Leaving the plane of heroics, however, and

coming down to the everyday annoyances of

Page 4 THE OPEN DOOR

life, it is traditional to start morning school at 9 a.m. and evening school at 7.30 p.m. Why? Is there something peculiarly

appropriate about these times? Did our forebears discover these times through much thought and research, to be the most suitable times for commencing the formal training of young and immature minds? Or did they order these times in a spirit of general cussedness? It is unfortunate that we are not able to tell. It may be just part of the inherent qualities that go to make our wondeiful empire—like our system of weights and measures. A French cynic once declared that a nation which could think of and perpetuate such a system of measure­ments was predestined to greatness. In other words, having mastered them, we can overcome anything or anybody! Although my editorial may seem to be

finished now, I cannot stop; for I have not come to the point round which the whole idea revolves. That is, have W E a tradition here?—for

when I declaim against the foolishness of tradition, I do so because most tradition is foolish. Yet, there are traditions, high in ideal and calling out the very best in us: ennobling in their aim, and rooted in all that is good and worth while. You can all think of one such, at least. So I say, have we a tradition. If we have, does it ring true, or is it just a collection of accidental customs? Let me take you back* to the first issue of

this magazine wherein Mr. Frank Tate, sometime Director of Education, wrote some thoughts on Inspiration. There, referring to this College, he emphasizes service and leadership. Going on, he says: "All the "technical knowledge and all the technical "skill gained, all the character and leadership "developed, are to issue in efficient work.. .in "service.. .If the woild recognises a Swin-"burne engineer- or a Swinburne plumber, or "a Swinburne carpenter, not only by his "technical ability, but by the spirit of "service in which he works, the College will "be satisfied.. .It has already made a fine "tradition for itself." That was in 1928. W e are still living in

the shadow of that tradition, or does that suggest we are now trailing behind it. It is a _ worthy tradition—disinterested service and inspirational in work—hallowed by the examples of our founder and his wife. Let us ever warm our hearts therefore,

before the fires of this ideal, never inflating our currency by debasing our coinage. :o: The attention of students leaving the College is drawn to the leading article by Mr. G. R. Giles, vocational guidance officer of the Education Department. Mr. Giles wisVs us to emphasise that the Association and Movement for which he acts are supple­

mentary to and in no way encroaching upon the very useful and important work rendered by this and other colleges in finding openings for young people. It is very necessary that young people firstly should be soundly trained, and secondly be placed in positions with some future ahead of them. And for these reasons readers will understand that the Association referred to discourages boys from leaving an unfinished course of study to take up temporary and "blind alley" occupations. Mr. Giles, incidentally, obtained his technical education here.

IMPORTANT NOTICE.

To all contributors— Much as we dislike the idea, it has to be

done. So here goes. Those connected with the set-up and

printing of this magazine are just ordinary human beings with no particular knowledge of heiroglyphics. They consequently find it difficult to transcribe mutilated "copy." The editorial staff, moreover, does not feel it to be its duty to re-write such offerings. No one section is free from this defect: and to cur mind it suggests a lack of anprec"ation of the fact that there is a certain amount of honour in being a contributor. In future, therefore, if contributors wish their Ms. to be accepted, they must ensure that it is legible.

S NOTES BY THE DIRECTOR. Changes in the College Council: The Council meeting held on the 3rd August

proved to be a most interesting one, because at this meeting Cr. G. W . Simpson was unanimously elected President of the Institu­tion, and Mr. T. Rust Vice-President. A few days later Cr. Simpson was re-elected for the third time as Mayor of Hawthorn. Cr. Simpson received the hearty congratulations of his colleagues on the Council and also those of heads of departments at a meeting held a few days after the Council meeting. All who have the welfare of the Institution at heart are very pleased at the election of Cr. Simpson, because they feel that, in the new President, the Institution has a man whose heart and soul are wrapped up in the welfare and advancement of the College, and since his election he has already demonstrated this in several ways. Cr. Simpson has been one of the representatives of the Municipality of Hawthorn upon the College Council since September, 1923, and for the last two years has occupied the position of Vice-President. Cr. A. E. Vine has been elected by the

Municipality of Camberwell, vice Cr. MlcCamish, who recently resigned, and he took his seat at the Council meeting held on 6th July.

THE OPEN DOOR Page 5

Changesi in the Staff: Many old students will be interested to

learn of the resignation of Miss A. Tallent from the position of instructress in charge of the cookery centre at the College, which position she so ably filled for about twenty years. The lunches provided under her charge were a feature of our school life. Miss Tallent is taking a rest after her long and active work at the Institution, and she has the best wishes of all of us for her future welfare. Her place has been filled by the appointment of Miss E. Edmondson, who comes to us from Balwyn.

Mr. Craig, our former Registrar, having resigned, his place has been filled by the appointment of Mr. S. V. Robertson, who comes to us from the Caulfield Technical School. Mr. Robertson earned a high reputation for his work at Caulfield, and it is hoped he may have a very happy period of useful service in front of him at the College. Mention was made in the last number of

the "Open Door" of the resignation of Miss Hosking owing to marriage, and readers will be interested to learn that she has gone to live at Clunes. Her place has been taken by the appointment of Miss M. E. Jones. A commencement has recently been made with evening classes in Welding for the benefit of advanced students in the Plumbing Department. The class is under the able guidance of Mr. I. Lewis, and judging by the progress already made, the innovation pro­mises to be a great success. Miss M. Kirkhope has left England on her

return to Australia, and hopes to be back again in November. During her absence she has suffered a great bereavement in the death of her mother, and the sympathy of the members of the staff go out to her 'in her great loss.

ENGINEERING SCHOOL Nota Bene.

E. C. Souter, lately Chemistry Assistant, is a member of the Chemistry staff of the Commonwealth Bureau of Science and Industry. R. Macdonald, 1931-3, is an assistant in

the Physics Laboratory Munitions Supply, Maribyrnong. R. Begg, O.E.S., is away in Kalgoorlie,

W.A., carrying out work on the design of a new treatment plant for the Great Boulder Mine. W e owe an apology to Mr. Harvison for

incorrectly reporting him in our last issue

as Harbison. W e do not know this Harbison person: he may be quite estimable, but he had no business here. So we trust this will put matters "au fait."

THE MID-YEAR FUNCTION.

The Mid-Year Function, alias the Annual Reunion—that is to say, the annual get-together of "those who are" and the "those who were," of the Engineering School, took place in the Social Hall on Thursday, August 24. The setting aside of the last Thursday of the second term for this purpose is now such an established routine that the origin of the gathering is becoming lost in antiquity. Away back in the last year of the war, a

few bright spirits of the third year hatched the idea of a "beano" and brought it to fruition in the Common Room, inviting the fellows who had finished \jn the previous year to come along. A sprightly evening was spent, during which the first farce was put over by S. O. Bertram and Neville Anderson. Each succeeding year followed its predecessor's example, the Common Room got too small and Room One was used. In 1922 the show was held in the Hawthorn

Town Hall, and the O.E.S., which had come into being the previous year, were the guests of the "present" students. The old boys had by now so grown in numbers that the financial burden was considered too great. So the O.E.S. put forward the idea of becoming paying guests, which is still the arrangement. As the students of the school became

eligible for Diplomas, and the Sports activities became extended, this existing function became the obvious Presentation Night, and dignity has been lent the occasion by the presence of distinguished guests. Members of the O.E.S. have always

attended with the expectation of being enter­tained, and it must be said that the exuber­ance of the bright spirits down the years has seldom allowed them to be disappointed. Students who fulfill their obligations may always claim their privileges with little risk of being denied. One of these, is an occasion to be frank: and refreshingly humorous frankness can be very enjoyable. The 1933 function was an undoubted

success in spite of the lantern, and Slipper Daly, Maddison, M u m Roberts, Clyne, Bees-ton and the rest added their quota to the tradition of the past before a record atten­dance. No one who was present could resist the spirit of the evening or doubt that there was something in being an Engineering Swinburnian.

Page 6 THE OPEN DOOR

Presentations. Diplomas:—K. A. Carrington, E. M. Clyne,

H. W. McGown. Course Certificates :—W. F. Birch, T.

Ti£Li*ks

O.E.S.'Medals:—E. R. Clarke (scholarship); G. Packe (athletics). Fitting and Turning Prizes:—A. W . Harper,

J. R. Axford. Sports Trophies, Championship:—G. Packe. Handicap Events:—L. Wyatt, 100 yds.;

R. Rolland, 200 and 440 yds.; E. Madsen, one mile; J. Barrett, high jump; C. Ledgerd, long jump; V. M. Jones, weight putt; J. Buchan, novelty. S O.E.S. NOTES. The second dance for the year, held on Saturday, September 23rd, drew a crowd sufficiently large to make the hall cosily full, and with Ron Leslie and his Melodists in good form, a most enjoyable evening was spent. A visit has been arranged for Friday,

October 27th, to the Transmitting Station, 3DB, which should prove very interesting. The Thirteenth Annual Dinner in the

second week of November is bound to be the usual "Night of the Year."

Have you heard of the idiot who shot the Dead Sea?

SOCIAL GOSSIP, O.E.S. To B. Stohr—a daughter. To R. Minchinton—one set.

Sfi HIKING CLUB.

Despite the fact that the majority of our junior members this year are 'evincing a marked preference for hiking after golf-balls, a branch of the sport for which our club does not cataer, the organized hikes continue to attract fair attendance. . On July 15 last a party left Swinburne by motor van for Upper Macedon, and arrived there in due course. The side track to the Hump proved rather a strenuous climb for some of us, but all eventually reached the shelter of the hut and partook of light refresh­ments over a smoking fire. A mist which was hanging round the mountain, completely shut out the fine view from the look-out, and was also largely responsible for the party taking a wrong turning on the descent to the Hanging Rock. Thfe was unfortunate, for one section of the track we followed proved to be a quagmire of such sticky propensities that some of us were shoeless and sockless when we emerged on terra firma.

But the end of the tramp was now in sight, and soon the party were once more aboard the van, which eventually delivered us to our respective homes, tired and dirty but much refreshed in spirit. tfi MICRO-PHOTOGRAPHS OF SOUND

TRAILS. Most people, in our present scientific age, are aware that sound consists of waves of pressure in our atmosphere, that such are caused by the vibration of some agent such as a piano string or a bell, and that these waves are recognized by the response of the ear to them. The ear not only recognizes the presence of sound but also distinguti-hes between waves of different frequencies, giving the sense of "pitch," on which is based music. The pitch of any sound is determined by the number of waves arriving at the ear per second, and each of the notes of our scales has a certain frequency. JFor extmple the "middle C" of a piano has a frequency of 256, or thereabouts, the "A string" of a violin 435 and so on. These sound waves possess sufficient energy

to cause light objects to vibrate in response, and on this principle is based the recording of gramaphone music. In the most common form a disc of wax is rotated at constant speed under a needle which, if left undis­turbed, would cut a smooth spiral groove in it. Attached to this needle is a flexible diaphragm perpendicular to the surface of the disc, and on this are made to impinge the sound waves, thus causing minute vibrations of the needle in exact response to the sound waves. The actual trail of the needle then consists of a series of waves about its normal track, and these waves "record" the sounds. When copies of such records are run under

a similar needle and diaphragm this latter is made to vibrate in a manner exactly similar to that of the recording diaphragm, and so the original sounds are "reproduced." In the modern gramophone the disc is

moving with an average velocity of about 25 inches per second, which means that for a sound of frequency 500 there would be 20 waves per inch of groove. Obviously, then, for a visual inspection some form of micro­scope is required. The grooves, too, are spaced about l/100th of an inch apart and the amplitude of the waves can hardly exceed half this figure. However, with a microscope of power 20 or so, a most interesting study can be made of sound as it looks," especially in the case of the modern loud records where amplitudes are much greater than formerly used. To demonstrate the results obtainable a series of photographs of typical views has been ob­tained, and is presented herewith, with some

THE OPEN DOOR Page 7

notes on the salient features. As the method used is available for the photographing of any small objects a brief description is given of the apparatus used. (See fig 1).

First the microscope, having a power of about 20, was adapted for resting directly on the records by removing everything below the stage, and covering the latter, with velvet. In this form it could be used for searching over the surface of records for interesting spots. The only essential for such (visual

Fig. 1.

inspection was found to be a fairly strong illumination across the grooves. For photo­graphing the views a plate type camera, hav­ing double extension bellows, had its whole lens assembly removed and the eye piece of the microscope substituted, suitable clamping devices being used inside and outside the lens board to ensure rigidity and light-tight­ness. A bright illuminant (a 60 watt lamp) was provided, and by racking out the camera to its full extension, and adjusting the micro­scope just outside its focus it was found possible to obtain an image on the ground glass. By adjustment of the camera exten­sion this image could be made to fill the plate, and then focussed by the normal microscope adjustment. Using the 60 watt lamp at a distance of 4 inches from the record, it was found possible to obtain satisfactory negatives on average speed plates (H. and D 246) with exposures of 3 minutes. In the case of the examples exhibited, con­

siderable pains were taken to determine exactly the note being photographed, the machine being stopped in the middle of the note, and the pitch of this latter being deter­mined by comparison with a piano. To provide a convenient scale for measur­

ing the final prints the first photograph taken was of a measuring rule graduated in 64ths of an inch. The result, shown in fig. 2, may be used for measuring up any of the other prints as all are to the same scale.

Fig. 3 shows typical Melba notes, smooth

Fig. 2. Fig. 5. Fig. 8.

Fig. 3. Fig. 6. Fig. 9.

Fig. 4. Fig Fig. 10.

Page 8 THE OPEN DOOR

and without observable "overtones," resemb­ling flute tones when heard. The example shows a transition from "f" to "e," the straight groove in the centre showing the clean cut break empjoyjed. The frequency of these notes can be measured, using the scale provided and proves to be about 705 and 625, which agrees well with the theoretical values of these notes. Decided wearing is shown on some of the grooves, and the record sounds slightly rough at this point.

Fig. 4 provides a marked contrast, showing approximately the same note "e," sung by a tenor. The fundamental waves have the same frequency, but superimposed on them, are a series of overtones giving the particular "timbre" to this voice. The measured fre­quency of the fundamental is found to be 675, and of the overtones 2,700. These latter thus constitute the double octave above the fundamental.

Fig. 5 shows a typical top note of Caruso, a transition from "b" to "a," the actual break being marked again by the straight groove in the centre. In this case it is very difficult to distinguish any fundamental wave, the note being all overtones. However, a careful examination shows that each fifth wave is slightly larger than the others. The observed frequency of these overtones is 2,300, or two and a half times the frequency of the actual note being produced. Such anomalies are to be noted in the case of several of Caruso's forced notes.

Fig. 6 illustrates notes by Peter Dawson, the peculiar bracket of overtones appearing on each second fundamental being of interest. Such groups are of frequent occurence in vocal music, and appear to be a characteristic of the pronunciation of words. As an example of the very wide departure from simple waves observed in orchestral recordings, Fig. 7 shows heavy work, mostly bass, from the Philadelphia Orchestra. In such recordings, particularly with bass notes, the amplitudes become very large, and these sometimes prove too 'heavy going" for the needle, as shown in Fig. 8 where the needle has carved a new groove straight across the large wave. Such effects show as white marks on the record, and it is remarkable that even where present in large numbers they show themselves as little more that a certain "roughness" in the reproduction. Where such large amplitudes occur in neighbouring grooves there is very real risk of the two merging into one, and the record continuing to play the same line over and over, until helped on. Fig. 9 shows two grooves approaching dangerously close. A very casual inspection of the various

prints will reveal that the grooves are not spaced the same distance apart in all cases, and Fig. 10 provides an outstanding example of wide spacing. Whether the recording companies are working on the principle of using the whole available surface of the

record to the best advantage, or whether the idea is to persuade "canny" buyers that they are obtaining their money's worth, the fact remains that the value of a record can certainly noot be judged by the amount of the surface utilized. In connection with all these prints it should

be noted that there is included a length of approximately 3/16ths of an inch of 6 or 7 successive grooves, so that, necessarily some only of the infinite varieties of waves occuring are pictured. The reader is advised to set up a microscope in the manner suggested, and to search over a few modern records to obtain a practival idea of what complicated sounds really look like.

-—G. H. Nicholls, Senr. Instructor, Electrical Engineering.

A MIXED PIE.

Some while ago a scientist found his son playing with a pie—a mud pie. He examined it biologically, with suitable precautions, being a scientist. He fourtd it to contain the following germs or bacilli:— Diptheria, 1.800,000; Measles, 2,450.000;

Small Pox, 900,000: Lockjaw, 3,600,000; Dysentery. 900.000: Pneumonia, 500,000, and Tuberculosis, 600,000. Now whilst this is awe inspiring it is unsat­

isfactory and unscientific. The report does not mention the size or condition of the pie; whether it could "walk," whether there was anything else there beside germs and so forth. So many germs in one pie hardly leaves room for much mud, does it? For those who play with mud however,

it is consoling to know that this pie was discovered in America. Also, I think there must be safety in numbers. Don't you? —A.E.B.

W WROUGHT IRON.

IVAN LEWIS. Instructor In Charge of Blacksmithing Dept. txold is for the mistress—Silver for the maid, Copper for the craftsman, cunning at his trade.

<"§°?dr said the Baron sitting in his hall, But Iron, Cold Iron, is the mas+er of them all.

—Rudyard Kipling. The art of working iron dates back thou­

sands of years and is without doubt one of the oldest of the crafts. Mention is made oi the smith as a worker in iron in the Old Testament, the welding of iron was known to these ancients as early as 600 B.C., the articles made being weapons of war, armour and crude farming implements. It was not until the 10th century that iron

THE OPEN DOOR Page 9

work made by the smith was used for architectural and domestic purposes in the form of door fittings, wall anchors, lamps and brackets, door knockers, etc., and when it is realised that the only appliances available were the hammer and the anvil and that every piece of metal had to be wrought by the smith himself it is remarkable that ^such things were produced at all, even though they were perhaps small compared to present day standards.

In the 12th century wrought iron work was of great importance, some fine work being produced in the shape of hinges and scrolls for church doors, the hinges for hanging the doors and the scrolls spreading all over the doors to hold the narrow boards together and to furnish the decoration, the scrolls being made from separate pieces and then welded together to form a solid hinge. The method of making a permanent joint by rivetting the separate parts together was also adopted, the bars being flattened at the ends to form a representation of foliage or suitable designs cut to shape.

The twisting of the bars to form spirals was also used in the design of railings and gates for parks.

Following the inventions of Watt early in the 19th century the demand for wrought iron work increased, and when Nasmith invented the steam hammer in 1839, it was possible to make large forgings by building up large blooms or sections of wrought iron by weld­ing and then forging to the shape required.

Towards the end of this century the demand was for something stronger than wrought iron and steel was introduced, the mild or softer grades of steel taking the place of wrought iron in industry, the latter being now used to a very limited extent. Although this has changed the methods of working the metal, the principles remain the same, for where there was more welding done when working wrought iron,,tthe same article in steel Would be made from one solid piece,

The requirements of the automobile have made it necessary to have a steel of great strength and toughness, certain elements being introduced into the steel to give it these properties; these steels are called alloy steels. A forging made of any of these alloy steels is first broken down or rough forged to shape and then placed in dies which have the exact impression of the finished forging cut or sunk in them. These dies are fixed in a drop hammer and the process is called drop forging.

M a n has always found pleasure in expres­sing himself by producing with his hands some article which has a character different from the mass produced article, where each one is an exact reproduction of the first. Although the mass produced article m a y be p°rfect in detail it lacks the beauty and indi­viduality of the one made by hand.

The usual idea is that the smith makes iron red hot and hammers it into shape; this m a y be partly true, but in working the hot metal the success achieved depends upon applying correctly the various methods and operations and a knowledge of the properties that the metal possesses. It also requires a certain imagination, that is, he must visualise the result of the operation before it is carried out.

The distinction between the blacksmith's art and almost every other is that whatever he intends to do he must do quickly. H e must always keep in mind>that very apt quotation: "Strike while the iron is hot."

It is quite easy to bend a piece of iron, but to have the bend in the right place is a little more difficult, and as the section or size increases so does the difficulty. Again, to point a piece of hot metal is very simple, but to have the point regular and the correct length requires some skill and judgment.

W h o has not been fascinated to see two pieces of iron being welded together at the forge. This does not consist of only getting the pieces hot, but in getting them both to the correct heat at the same instant, this heat being judged by the smith, according to whether it is wrought iron or mild steel that is being welded, and then when the pieces of metal reach their most plastic condition with­drawing them from the fire and hammering them togther. It looks easy, but there is a catch, and that is where the art of the craft lies. tfi THE CORROSION OF METALS.

Compiled by H. Brunskill (Continued from June Issue).

The previous section contained an all too brief statement of main causes of corrosion; together with a resume of the modern practice for correcting and obviating it. In this section an attempt is made to give the reader some idea of local difficulties and the means adopted to combat them. The matter sub­mitted is substantially notes provided by the Victorian Railways Laboratory, ,the G.P.O. Research Laboratory and Messrs. R. Werner & Co. Thus the reader is provided with essential

information regarding boiler house practice, ice and cool store plant and electric cable and traction.

1. Boiler Troubles. Our two principal corrosion problems are

the locomotive boiler and the locomotive tender. The corroding fluid in each case is water

and although the conditions of temperature and pressure are not comparable, it is prac­tically certain that the prime cause is the same.

Page 10 THE OPEN DOOR

In the Victorian Railways Laboratory, experiments have been carried out with the aid of a small experimental boiler; in this pieces of steel have been kept partly immersed for considerable periods with the steam pressure at 200 lbs. per square inch. Loco­motive waters from various parts of the State and sea water have been used in different experiments. With each water two tests were run, the first with cold water fed into the boiler and the second with boiling water fed into the boiler. At periods of one week, the steel samples

were taken out, wiped clean and weighed. It was found that with cold water the loss

was considerable and progressive, whilst with boiling water the loss was practically nil. From laboratory experiment to the realm

of locomotive running is perhaps a big jump and one might be pardoned for asking the question, is boiler corrosion the same, no matter what the service conditions may be? The answer to this is no. So long as dissolved oxygen goes into the boiler with the feed water, other variables act as accelerators in the corrosion of the boiler. Thus in districts where the water is highly

charged with such a salt as magnesium chloride, corrosion is rapid, or again stresses, m°chanical and thermal, and therefore re­sulting strains, are greater in some boilers than others with the consequence that cor­rosion is accelerated. With correct diagnosis it might be natural

to assume that the treatment of the case would be simple, but this is unfortunately "not so, and much of the medicine so far has been applied to effects and not the prime cause. With the supply of water to tender tanks

it is obviously not practicable to boil and even if it were the resolution of atmospheric oxygen would be difficult to prevent. The effective removal of dissolved oxygen by chemical methods has been carefully con­sidered, but so far no suitable process has been evolved.

Coating the inside of tender tanks with anti-corrosive compounds is being tried, but this partly defeated by erosion reulting from surging of the water in the tank. The modern construction method of electric

welding as against rivetting will doubtless increase the life of tenders by eliminating lapped joints and sealing confined spaces; electric welding of tender tanks is now established practice. The use of thicker plates, copper steel and

pure iron in the construction of tenders is being tried and cnns^orable improvement is expected in consequence. Thus, whilst the treatment of the corrosive

probl°m in tenders may be considered as deplirg with effects, the use of modern methods of construction and ; materials together with the application of suitable anti-

corrosive compounds will undoubtedly give increased life and reduced maintenance.

De-aeration of feed water to stationery boilers in order to reduce corrosion is now a well established practice, and at the present time locomotive feed water heaters, which also efficiently de-aerate, are being developed; with the introduction of these coupled with feed water pumps instead of injectors for introducirg water into the boiler it is hoped that locomotive boiler corrosion will be largely minimised.

In the meantime every means of preventing the ingress of atmospheric oxygen into boilers is beirg attempted; one such is the provision of stop valves on the injector overflow through which air used to be drawn into the boiler, but is now largely prevented by the stop valve.

In pddition boiler parts which gave con­siderable corrosion trouble are being made from corrosion resisting materials; an example of this is the crown stays which support the top of the firebox to the outer wrapper plate. These are subject to very rapid stress corrosion, but by the use of wrought iron, stainless steel and chromium plated steel, considerable improvement has resulted. The following gives some experiences on

the corrosion of metals under different con­ditions of service. The examples quoted are ascribed to one particular factor, which was that case, but it must be remembered that in considered to be the predominating feature in every case of corrosion a number of other factors are also present. 1. Accelerated Corrosion Due to Unequal

Stressing of Material. At Newport Power House cases of over-

expansion of boiler and superheater tubes into the headers have led to severe corrosion of the tubrs at the expanded ends. Greater care in the expansion of tubes has eliminated this source of trouble. 2. Electrolytic Corrosion.

At Newport Power House superheater tubes have corroded badly at the intermediate supports. The corrosion has been traced to electrolytic action and has been eliminated by the insertion of insulation at the bolts of the supports. The origin of the current is not definitely known, but, as it appears to be too high for a galvanic action, it has been conclud-d that it originated from the passage of gas through the tubes.

3. Dissolved Oxygen. The effect of dissolved oxygen is found in

the main feed lines to the boilers. The feed water in this case is slightly acidic. The normal care for this form of corrosion is the de-aeration of the feed water, but w e have not had much experience with this form of pro­tection as yet.

THE OPEN DOOR Page 11

4. Trapped Oxygen or Air. The oxygen or air in this case is trapped

in the water and is seen in the form of bubbles. Corrosion from this source has been prevalent in the past in the condenser tubes at Newport Power House. Water sealing of all glands to prevent leakage of air into the condenser system has eliminated this trouble almost entirely, the tube failures falling almost immediately from about 2,000 per annum to about 50. 5. Chemical Constituents of the Water. This subject is too involved for a short

resume. The October issue of the Com­monwealth Engineer covers this phase fairly well for some local power house and readers are referred to the article in that magazine.

6. Different Metals in Contact. Modern practice in overhead contact wire

systems tends towards complete non ferrous construction. This is the ideal construction if the effects of corrosion are to be reduced to a minimum. Owing to the lack of strength or unreliability of non-ferrous alloys, cases do arise where it is preferable to adhere to the use of steel, particularly for small bolts. This necessitates the use of different metals in contact and unless a non-metallic coating is provided on the steel, corrosion of the steel is very rapid and troublesome where the steel is partially screened from observation. The best coating, although not entirely satisfac­tory, is produced from one of the patented phosphate processes.

Stainless steel, with high nickel and chromium content, appears to afford the ideal metals for such bolts, but at present prices it is not an economic proposition,

2. Preserving Refrigerator Coils. In this connection we have four types of

coil, (a) Air battery coils over which brine is

running, (b) Direct expansion coils, (c) Condenser coils over which water runs and (d) Ice tank coils submerged in brine. (a) Battery coils. Apparently the sole

causes of corrosion here are acidity of the brine and change in physical condition of brine; that is alteration in flow, rendering the coils sometimes wet and sometimes dry. The first can be corrected by lime or sili­

cate of soda and the second by continuously running the brine.

(b) With direct expansion coils exposed to the air, the condition of the air plus physical changes due to frost, are the con­tributory factors. Many engineers recom­mend periodical wiping with oiled rags. Ordinary lead base and bitumen base paints are of little use as coatings as the frost cracks them off. A n aluminium paint in gold size is however proving very satisfactory as it forms a thin, tough elastic cover.

(c) Condenser coils. Here, we have the wet and dry cycle and salts in the water to

contend with. With pure water these coils will last 25 years, but in works near the sea 8 to 10 years seems an average life without special precautions to treat the water. Hence it is concluded that soft cle--m water is of prime importance.

(d) With ice tank coils, those nearest the surface are most prone to corrosion. Whereas penetrating oil films and paint have been used with some degree of success combined with treatment of the water, it is strongly recom­mended that for pure water tanks as used in butter factories, both coils and tanks should be heavily galvanised. G.P.O. RESEARCH.

1. Corrosion of Lead. In and around the city of Melbourne most

ot the corrosion of iead pipe buried in the ground is due to electrolysis by traction cur­rents. The extent of the damage caused is being

reduced by:—:

(i.) Improving the insulation of the road beds used by the traction authorities.

(ii.) Reducing conductor resistance < •= of rail return by electrically bind- ^ ing consecutive rails. I f|

(iii.) Rearrangements of sub-stations. [ •g.jj (iv.) Use of negative feeders. SS (v.) Drainage bonds, 6" In a number of cases these drainage bonds

which are usually installed between the lead cables and the traction rails include a rectifier which permits the current on the cable sheath to be drained away. These drainage bonds are in general only installed after the other methods mentioned above have been exploited and further improvements along these lines found to be impracticable.

Most of the cables, particularly the larger ones, are laid in earthenware ducts but it was at one time the practice to lay small so-called lateral or branch cables direct in the soil. This method has not been followed for many years in any areas where there _ are electric traction systems. Cables laid direct in the soil are liable to chemical corrosion and are more subject to electrolysis troubles owing to the intimate relation of the lead with damp earth.

In country districts many small cables are laid direct in the soil unless tests have indi­cated that the surrounding soil on the route of the cable would be liable to cause chemical corrosion. Considering the mileage of cables so laid throughout Australia, the number of troubles due to chemical causes are really quite small. Where such trouble has been found it is

generally due to drainage contaminated with organic matter coming into contact with the sheathing. Renewals of the cable in such localities are always enclosed in piping or else the route is changed.

Page 12 THE OPEN DOOR

Several cases of corrosion of lead sheaths due to free lime and cement have also come under notice. To provide for this contingency the cement pipes which are largely used in the underground system are subjected to prolonged "curing" periods.

For several years now examinations have been proceeding of soils from many parts of Australia, with a view to ascertaining soluble salt content, p H value or hydrogen-ion con­tent and resistivity. The measurement of p H alone has not been found a satisfactory index of corrosiveness, although a p H 4.5 is thought to be dangerous.

A few cables have been laid, all of them many years ago, with the lead sheath covered with hessian soaked in an asphaltum com­pound. This type of covering in service does not appear to have any great advantage and the fact that it causes1 the cost of the cable to be increased, resulted in its abandonment.

In country districts where the cable is laid direct in the soil it is the practice to provide mechanic*'! protection for the cbl« bv m^nns of a plank above it. In some instances this wood planking has come in contact with the cable and acids from the wood have caused corrosion. Trouble has also been caused by insects such

as white ants, not only by boring through the shepth but m setting up chemical corrosion through their activities in the neighbourhood of the cables. Corrosion of Iron.

In seeking to obtain a reliable rust pre­ventative in the form of a paint, a number of samples of iron were subjected to weathering tests after they had been coated with several or" the commercial types of Sjust proofing paints available on the market. Of six of thesQ. five showed defects at the end of six months, the one proving most satisfactory being* composed of a colloidal solution of lead. Galvanized Iron.

Of the ironwork fittings on overhead con­struction such as spindles to support insu­lators, braces, and combiners for cross arms, most of the fittings are galvanized or metal sprayed although this is not universally true. Some of the more robust fittings such as combiners are dipped in a preservative com­pound and are not galvanized. Even these are galvanized for use in very humid and salty atmosphere as on the costal districts of Queensland. Corrosion of Copper.

Some experience has been obtained with corrosion of copper line wires. In all cases the wires have been near the sea coast and the corrosion product has been found to be a basic chlor'de of copper due to the action of common salt.

Tinned copper wire enclosed in a rubber tube and weatherproofed cotton braid has also

been subjected to corrosion. The effect appears to have soma connection with the tinning of the wire out this has not been definitely established.

References. Pollitt.—Cause and Prevention of Corrosion. Hedges.—Protective Films on Metals.

are very good for general reading. U. R. Evans.—Corrosion of Metals attempts

a fairly full "theoretical" examination of the subject.

Theory of Corrosion of Steel. Trans. from the Steel Institute, 1916.

Trans. A m . Inst.M.M. Eng., 1923, 1924. Trans. Faraday Society, Vol. 19, July 1923

(special articles). Report before 1924 meeting A m . Soc. of

Test Materials on Resistant Alloys. tfi

THE ART OF RHYMING).

This articfe, thank goodness, has nothing to do with engineering. Although, they tell me, they have rimers in some workshops. Fact is. being spring time, many people's thoughts naturally turn to poetry and such like. So I feel I am sure of readers if I give you a little help on the subject.

Let us dwell upon the charm of a spring day. With the thought of it in one's blood one could say:—

"Twas a day! A day of bliss, __ W h e n I took—the road with Sis." This is a perfect couplet. It involves one

idea, complete in itself, well rounded off:— a beautiful day, the open road, and blissful company.

Yes? You do not agree! A s how? You say, w h y take the road with Sis? In

any case can one take the road? If so, how does one take the road? N o w , now! and come, come, come! W e are

blithesome and aggressive this Spring day: ready to take anything—even Sis, as you might say. Besides, w e just have to rhyme with bliss. So whether Sis was on the road or not. it doesn't Teally matter, so long as we get the rhythm.

W e want the rhyme to go with a swing. You must admit that. Well now, just think of it again.

Wending the road, swinging along taking the road with Sis. I will admit—quite privately to you—it might be better to go without Sis. But it sounds nice, if you think about it. to link Sis and Bliss together. So, let us sink our feelings and take Sis.

She will be pleased, I'm sure. And after all. what's a brother for if he can't do a little thing like that occasionally?

What's that? You don't see where the bliss comes in. taking out Sis? But, you poor boob, you've just agreed w e must have

THE OPEN DOOR Page 13

Sis to rhyme with bliss. H o w can you have bliss without Sis?

I'm tired of the whole performance, I a m truly. So take her out yourself if you can make a better job of it. Poetry is wasted on you.

—E.D.2.

GEELONG CEMENT WORKS. On Wednesday, the 28th June, the Engin­

eering School had its annual visit to Geelong. This year w e visited the cement works.

Arriving there about half-past ten, w e were split into three parties and commenced our inspection. W e first visited three huge silos. In these

the cement is stored ready to be bagged, the bagging machinery being in a large room underneath. Each bag is opened, filled and sealed automatically at a rate of over two thousand bags a day. All machine belts in the building were treated wfEh a special paste to stop slipping, due to the cement in the air.

Leaving this building, w e looked into a valley and saw the cement works, huge silos capped with plumes of smoke, steam trains, a great pile of limestone, and even at that distance heard a noise like thunder.

O n the w a y down w e saw the coal pulveriser. It consisted of a large barrel revolved by a .five hundred horse-power electric motor. In the barrel were steel balls and lump coal. W h e n the coal came out it resembled face powder in texture.

In the valley w e saw the original works, now disused- They became inadequate for the demand, so the new works were con­structed.

Our guide conducted us to a small building at the foot of the dump. Truck loads of coarse limestone Went in at one end, and an endless belt, conveying powdered limestone, come out the other. Inside w e found a large crusher and a device which lifted the side of each truck and so let the limestone down a chute.

At the dump end of the conveying belt a large electric grab took five tons at a time and dropped it down one of ma n y funnels it was feeding.

These funnels supplied great revolving drums inside the silos. Each drum contains thirty tons of steel balls which grind the limestone to fine powder and also mix it with water. Coming out as a thick paste, it was run into a large, open pit and gently agitated to stop it from setting. It then passed up a gently sloped revolving, tube to the roof of a small building. From there, it falls down a tube heated by coal and forms small balls of solid cement.

These are ground up in another grinder and mixed with gypsum to retard the setting

of the cement. The finished powder is then sent up the hill into th^ storage silos by means of a draught tunnel.

A small steam train then took us to the quarry, a three miles run. The pit is two hundred feet deep and can extend on all sides, having a supply for a hundred years. The stone is blasted from the walls and then two steam shovels load it into trucks which travel down a tunnel a mile long. To keep the tunnel and quarry from flooding, a hundred and ninety thousand gallons of water are pumped an hour, necessitating the expenditure of a thousand pounds a month. The water is pumped up two hundred feet and carried away in concrete ducts. Time would not permit of any further

touring, so w e thanked our guides for their untiring explanations, boarded our vans, and so to the Gordon Institute.

In conclusion, all those present would take this opportunity of expressing their appreciation to Mr. Page for his kindness and consideration in his management of such an excellent trip.

"Second Year." tfi ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME.

The growth of electricity as applied to industry is phenomenal, but just as great in its sphere has been the extensive adoption of electricity in the home. Electric lighting and heating in the home

are so familiar to us now that even Dad has a hazy idea of the watts per candle power of the lamp in the garage, and Sis knows that if she spent one and three-quarter hours ironing her frocks a "unit" has been consumed. Ned has now been to the "Tech" long enough to know how to repair the flex without causing "shorts." Mother's pride is in the (so called) half watt lamp which enables her to have an indirect fitting in almost every room without Dad complaining of the lack of power as he sits reading by the radiator. Great as the number of electric appliances

has been in the past, it is only in recent years that the electric motor has found a place in the home and in the heart of Mother. W e must pay tribute to the electrical engineer for his success in lessening the drudgery of house work by means of the successful development of this small motor. The motor, which is generally attached to

vacuum cleaners, sewing and washing machines, fans, etc.—and also to the adding machine in the office—is known as the "Universal" motor. It is so called because it can be used equally well with alternating or direct current. The armature of this motor is the means

whereby rotation is given to the fan of the vacuum cleaner or the flywheel of the sewing

Page 14 THE OPEN DOOR

machine. W h e n having a tooth drilled pre­paratory to a filling, try and think of the motor with its armature faithfully carrying out its duty, and you will forget the dentist. Although these motors as a rule require little attention, a few useful hints m a y not be out of place—for Dad when Mother finds him the little job of finding out why the cleaner "sparkled" all the morning. Of course, if it hasn't been oiled since purchas­ing you can be sure that a little drop wouldn't do it any harm. Then the commutator may be dirty, and this can be cleaned by fine glass paper after removing the armature. While this latter is removed, attention should be given to the brushes, as they probably wear out first. If they are worn new ones should be purchased. Other repairs should be left to more expert hands.

The general advice is don't in any way play with electrical appliances or electricity. You cannot see it, and to feel it is generally disastrous.

O.H.M, (Engineering) tfi THE EFFECT OF WAR AND CONQUEST ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCHI­TECTURAL STYLES FROM THE EARLY

AGES UNTIL THE PRESENT TIME. By E. Hughes, A.R.A.I.A.

From the dim ages when man, in his primitive state, first erected crude defences at the entrance to his cave, to fortify him­self from the attacks of his fellow man, until the present time, when we are experiencing the aftermath of the greatest turmoil the world has ever seen, war and conquest have had a marked influence on the development of architecture. ' The first authentic information we have dates from the early Egyptian period. From that period we learn that during the

feign of Rameses II. the captives—who had been largely increased in number—were made to work on the buildings in the course of erection at that time, and it cannot be denied that without the employment of slave labour, such vast monuments as the Pyramids could never have been erected.

Again, the architecture of Egypt, as we shall see later,. was developed by the domination of conauering armies dating from B.C. 950. Beginning from that time Egypt has been invaded in turn by the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and finally by the Turks in the year A.D. 1517. The Grecian-Roman period is responsible

for the" erection of many temples, of which the Temple of Edfou. commenced in B.C. 237 is the best preserved example. This temple is interesting for the change

in the method of lighting from the clerestory as in the example of Thebes, to the lighting

by means of dwarf walls, as at Luxor and Philae.

Let us now pass to Western Asia, and seek the influences acting in the development of the Western Asiatic style. The Assyrians were a warlike race, and in

their conquests took many prisoners, who were at once put to work on raising huge mounds upon which their buildings were erected. It has been calculated by Rawlinson that

the erection of the great platform or mound at Koyunjik, upon which Nineveh stood, would require the united efforts of ten thousand men for twelve years—a stupendous task, which, without the aid of thousands of prisoners, would scarcely have been possible.

Next in order w e have the Persians, who, having no architecture of their own, pro­ceeded, when they had conquered the Assyrians, to adopt their style, as later the victorious Romans assimilated that of the Greeks. Greece w e find adopted much of her

decorative art from the preceding styles of Egypt and Western Asia. The records of the latter countries are, therefore, of extreme interest in enabling the evolution of architec­tural forms to be traced from the earliest periods.

The people of Greece, as well as being warriors, were great colonists, and as a result of a Government order about B.C. 700, ex­tended their provinces along the coast of Asia Minor and the shores of the Mediterr­anean. These colonists were often people of a

more energetic and go-ahead nature than the people of the mother country, and this explains the fact that many of the important buildings of Greek architecture are to be found in the Colonies of Sicily and Asia Minor. It will also be found that this con­nection with the East had some influence upon their architectural styles.

Again, the Persian Wars in the 5th, century B.C. had a marked effect on the development of Greek architecture. The first Persian invasion resulted in a victory for the Greeks at the Battle of Marathon, B.C. 490, and the second invasion by Xerxes terminated in the naval victory of Salamis B.C. 480.

National exultation caused by the defeat of the Persians is largely responsible for the fact that all the important temples now found in Greece were built in the fifty years which succeeded the battles of Salamis and Plataea.

After these wars the rapid growtn of Athens aroused the jealousy of the slower Spartans, and the Peloponnesian Wars fol­lowed, resulting in a victory for Sparta. ^Sparta in turn fell before the Macedonians,

who although then considered half barbarian, through the efforts of King Phillip and his son Alexander the Great, rose to a leading position in Greece.

THE OPEN DOOR Page 15

Alexander's conquests extended far and wide, and in the six years dating from B.C. 334 when he set out, he had taken Tyre, subdued the Persian Empire, and received the submission of Egypt, where he founded the famous city of Alexandria, to which he gave his name. His conquests later extended to Northern

India, and the effects of these were most important, as Hellenic civilisation was thus introduced far ana wide throughout Asia. After his death in B.C. 323, the Empire

was split up among his generals, but the Roman Invasion had started and extended until Greece became a Roman Province in B.C. 146. This is of great interest, as it was from

the Greeks that the Romans borrowed the trabeated system, while from the Etruscans they obtained the arch, the vault and the dome, and it was the combination of these that evolved the Roman style. Tracing the growth of the Roman Empire,

we find that the foundation of Rome is of uncertain date, but is generally believed to have been about B.C. 750. The Republic engaged in many wars. In

the outset they conquered several Etruscan cities, it being from this source, as already mentioned, that they borrowed the arch, the vault and the dome. It was not, however, until B.C. 343 that

the Roman conquest of Italy began, this being completed in about sixty years, and resulting in the domination of Rome over all other cities. From then we have the conquest of people

outside Italy. Pyrrhus. King of Epectus, being the first to be subdued. Next came the Punic Wars against

Carthage, which resulted in Sicily becoming a Roman Province. The second Punic War was against

Hannibal the Great., Carthaginian General, who entered Italy through Spain, defeating all the Roman armies and maintaining himself in Italy until forced to leave by an attack of the Romans on Carthage himself. The third Punic War ended in Carthage and

its Provinces becoming a 'Roman Province in Africa. At the same time, the conquest of Macedonia and Greece was effected, Greece becoming a Roman Province in B.C. 146. It can now be seen how the gradual

conquest of the surrounding countries, the absorbing of their idea of design and prin­ciples of construction, and the importation from the conquered countries of artists and artisans, led to the building UP of one of the greatest and most wonderful styles of architecture that the world has ever known. From Greece the Romans extended to

Western Asia, which became a province of the Empire in B.C. 133. With further conquests, the Empire

extended to Spain, Syria and Gaul, and finally to Britain, when Caesar crossed the English Channel in B.C. 55. The Romans being great builders, naturally

during this sweeping tide of conquest erected in all the invading countries monuments of architecture in many places, traces of which can be found to-day. After the death of Caesar and his nephew

Augustus Caesar, the Empire, with its architecture, fell into decay and it was not until the coming of Constantine that there was an architectural revival. Apart from the main influence of war and

conauest on the development of architecture in the Roman Empire, there were other minor. influences which can be directly attributed to war. For instance, there were the triumphal

arches and pillars of victory ' which were erected, to Emperors and Generals in honour of their victories. Principal among the triumphal arches is

the Arch of Titus, Rome, erected to commem­orate the capture of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. The Arch of Septimus Severus, Rome, built

to commemorate Parthian victories. The Arch of Constantine, Rome, built in

honour of Constantine's victory over Maxentius. There are also very many others through­

out Italy, and even outside Italy, such as the Arch at Orange, which is a very fine example. The best known Pillar of Victory is

Trajan's Column, which was erected in con­nection with his Basilica. Another Roman work worth noting as due

to these influences is the Temple of Mars, Ultor. which was erected in fulfilment of a vow made by Augustus before the Battle of Phillipi, in which he avenged the death of Caesar. The next period of architecture—the Early

Christian—is generally taken as lasting from Constantine to Gregory the Great, A.D. 300 to 604. The Teutonic invasion of" Italy com­menced about A.D. 376. and Teutonic settle­ments took place within the Empire about that time. The West Goths sacked Rome under Alaric

in A.D. 410, and the defeat of Attila, King of Huns, in the battle of Chalons, A.D. 451, aided in consolidating Christianity in Europe. During the reign of Gregory the Great, A.D. 590 to 604, Early Christian architecture, the latest phase of Roman art, ceased to exist, and for the next two centuries architecture was practically at a standstill in Europe when the old traditions of Rome were gradually thrown aside and Romanesque architecture was evolved. Before turning to Romanesque architecture

it is worth noting that on the removal of the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium, another style of architecture was

Page 16 THE OPEN DOOR

gradually evolved, known as the Byzantine style. It included buildings in Byzantium and others built under its influence in Ravenna, also in Greece, Russia and else­where. This style of architecture, which depends

mainly on the development of the dome, was induced by the adoption of circular and polygonal plans for churches, tombs, etc. The style also developed the constructional

use of the arch and column, the classic orders being dispensed with and the semi­circular arches made to rest directly on the columns designed for the purpose. As Freeman puts it—"the problem was to bring the arch and column into union, in other words to teach the column to support the arch." Saint Sophia, Constantinople, is the best example of this style of archil ectv.re. Passing on to Romanesque architecture we

find that this to • a certain extent was developed by a series of minor wars. Especially in Sicily this can be noticed, as

the island has been invaded from time t > time by different nations. Starting from A.D. 827 we have the landing

of the Mahommedans, who gradually over-ran the whole island. Then in 1061-1070 the Normans under Robert and Roger de Haute-ville conquered the island, and a. descendant of the latter was crowned at Palermo in. 1130. These changes from the Byzantine to the

Mahommedan domination, and from the latter to the Norman in the 11th century are traceable. Byzantine influence is shown in the plans of certain churches, as in the church of Martorana at Palermo, where a square space is covered by a dome supported on four freestanding columns. Mahommedan influence is evident, particularly in the decorative parts of the churches. .Monreale Cathedral, Sicily, is illustrative of

mixed Byzantine and Mahommedan influences. In plan it resembles a Roman Basilica with anses at the eastern end of the nave and aisles. The nave columns have well-carved capitals

of Byzantine form, supporting pointed arches which are square in section and not in recessed planes, as in northern work. The development of this style in Europe

was to a great extent due to the influence of Charlemagne, the first Frankish king, who became Emperor of the Roman Empire and ruled over Central Germany, Northern Gaul, Southern Gaul and Northern Italy. Through him the arts and civilisation of Western Europe were restored, and many important buildings were erected in his dominions. To England let us now turn. Probing

deep into her history we find that she has been built up to her present great state by a long series of invasions and conquests from the time of Julius Caesar's first expedition in B.C. 55.

The Romans did much to open up the country and advance civilisation by t building walls, villas and developing mines throughout the country. Also they erected basilicas, baths, markets, temples and villas as at Bath, Bignor in Sussex, Darenth in Kent, and Fifehead-Neville in Dorset. The remains of this period, however, con­

sist chiefly of castles, as at Colchester, York, Lincoln, Richborough and Burgh Castle, and numerous ruined villas. To keep consolidated their position in

England, the Romans found it necessary to build forts, these being erected by Agrieola from the Clyde to the Forth, about A.D. 81. It is also of interest to note that later in

A.D. 120 Hadrian constructed a wall from the Tyne to the Solway. So well were these walls constructed that remains are still to be found in this country to-day. When the Romans withdrew their forces

from England in A.D. 420, much of their work was destroyed by the barbarians who succeeded them, but the influence of their work was felt long after they had departed. Next, in A.D. 447, arrived the Anglo-

Saxons, but they, unfortunately, were ignorant of any. sort of art, and for a period the development of architecture was at a stand­still. Although little is known of this period, it is learned that a stone church was a great rarity, and apparently it was not until about A.D. 650 that tihe first ptone churches were built, and these, it has been suggested, were copies of earlier timber work. From then until the coming of King Alfred,

there were several . periods when church building flourished, and King Alfred himself erected and rebuilt many of the ruined cities and monasteries. Unfortunately, however, many of these seem to have been built in timber and covered with thatch. Advancing about 150* years from that time

we have the Norman invasion in 1066. This invasion caused a social and political revolu­tion subsequent upon which the manner and the government of the English were transformed—a 'military organisation of feudalism being introduced—this influencing the construction of strongholds throughout the land. W e would not ask for a better monument of this time than the Tower of London, which was one of the strongholds by which the invaders consolidated their position in the newly conquered country. At this time also, French traders came to reside in London, and brought with them many ideas. Later, similarly, the Crusadors, after their

conquest in Palestine, in which they brought about the contact of the East and the West, returned with new ideas, especially as to military construction, and to their influence certain floral decorations and details are attributed.

T H E O P E N D O O R Page 17

They also did much in the formation of the great universities. After further wars of more or less

importance, we reach the time when gun­powder was used in warfare, and this undoubtedly had a very marked effect on the architecture of that period, and was one of the causes of the ruin of feudalism. 'Against this new force of destruction the old strong­holds, which were impregnable against the bow and arrow, crumbled, and as a result houses were in future not constructed as fortresses and places of defence, but as places of residence. From this period the house of the present day was actually evolved. One of the earliest and best examples of this non-castellated type is Sutton Place, near Guildford.

Renaissance architecture then gradually began to develop, and was helped to a great extent by the visit of Henry VIII. to France in A.D. 1520. The King, together with the many knights in his train, returned imbued with this new style, then being practised in France.

After the. return, Giralmo de Trevigi was appointed Court Architect, and other foreign artists were encouraged, amongst w h o m was Hans Holbein, who, as well as being a painter, was an accomplished designer of goldsmiths' wojrk and woodwork.

Let us now turn to the aftermath of the last great war, and analyse the effect on the development of architecture of the present day. This is especially to be noticed in the

Colonies, where architecture has awakened from its dormant condition, and an element is pushing it forward on the right lines, and making the people begin at last to appreciate good architecture. Unfortunately, prior to the war, architec­

ture—in Australia for instance—was in a chaotic condition, that is, generally speaking. The reason fo'r this state of affairs was very apparent when the isolated position of the country is realised. To reach the continent or England, meant

at least five weeks' travel, as well as the expenditure of a considerable sum of money, and such expense at that time was not encouraged. Also, the student was not taught to realise the benefit that a visit to the older countries would be, not only to himself, but

' to the development of architecture in Aus­tralia generally. Therefore the student would follow more or

less in the footsteps of his master, copying any particular freaks that his master em­bodied in his work, and later, when in prac­tice, would erect some inept buildings which, in his ignorance and narrowness of vision, lie would consider perfect, but which really was, and very apparently so, to a judge of architecture, an eyespre.

In all fairness, however, to the colonial architects of pre-war days, it must be emphasised that the colonies are very young, and have therefore no old masterpieces such as may be found everywhere in England and on the continent. Also, in these outposts of the Empire, there were few possibilities of comparison such as are available to English, French and American students who, in a very short time can cross from one country to another and can readily learn more of the essentials of architecture from personal obser­vation and comparison of actual work, than the less fortunate student can ever hope to glean from books, though he may study laboriously for many years.

Thfe architectural revival as it m a y be termed was undoubtedly brought about by the contact of the architecture students of the . A.I.F. with the English architectural schools coupled with the fact that they were able to see the architecture of many countries.

To sum up, we can say that for us the war has had a marked effect, as it saved archi­tecture in Australia, and I daresay other colonies, from degeneration, and has given it that necessary fillip towards establishment on a sound basis. Although so far I have only touched on the

effects of the war on architecture in Australia, the same conditions and influences, although perhaps on a lesser scale, must have been felt all over the world, and the architectural revival, if we may call it such, must be the direct outcome of the transport of millions of men from country to country, and we can well assume that in years to come people will look back and class as a certain style, this present modern interpretation of the classics. Many monuments of this era will be left

all over the world to commemorate the victory and as memorials to the men who passed away. Many memorials are being erected, and a great majority of these fortunately are architecturally good. Again, the devasted areas have been re­

built, and in the rebuilding no doubt great improvements in the lay-out of some of the towns will be noticed.

Thus, we must confess that war, brutal though it may be, has the effect of bringing about an association of ideas, and the associa­tion of ideas means the advancement of architecture, as well as all other arts. And the effect on architecture is first

noticed, as in the hour of victory man out­wardly expresses his emotions by the erection of monuments in commemoration of men and deeds.

tfi FINANCE NOTE. A depression is a period during which

people do without things their parents never had.

Page 18 THE OPEN DOOR

RAILWAY TRACKS. Quite apart from mechanical wear, due to

traffic over it, a railroad is, like all other physical objects, subject to natural disin­tegrating influences, and were it not for constant repairs and renewals the usefulness of the track would in a very short time disappear. Though there is no definite data on the subject, authorities agree that a con­siderable part of the maintenance cost of a railroad is due to decay, which owing to climatic conditions, varies very considerably in different parts of the world. Warm moist conditions are the most favorable for the growth of bacteria and insect life so destruc­tive to timber, a material which forms so large a part of our railways. Another form of decay is "oxidation" or

rust. It attacks metals and is caused by the action of moisture in combination with carbonic acid. In course of time all material objects

generally lose their utility or usefulness by one of the following ways or a combination of them:— (a) By decay through chemical or organic

action. (b) By wear due chiefly to service con­

ditions. (c) By becoming obsolete. A railroad out of use and neglected

crumbles away in a comparatively brief period and under some conditions, decays very quickly. A railroad in use then necessarily means the employment of much labor in repairs and renewals to maintain it in a proper state of efficiency. The track is made up of the following com­

ponent parts:—(a) ballast, (b) sleepers, and (c) rails and fastenings. The essential functions of ballast are to

properly support and keep the track in line, and to distribute the load on the roadbed or formation. The typical classes of ballast which have been used on the Victorian Railways are: basalt, quartz, granite, sand­stone, limestone, gravel, ashes, and scoria. On main lines where trains run at a high speed and on suburban lines, especially where traffic is dense nothing but best ballast, such as basalt, is used. On branch lines, where speed is low and the service limitfd, and average rainfall light, ballast of a compara­tively low grade, such as gravel, may efficiently meet requirements. The sleepers support the rails properly;,

and provide a means of keeping them parallel to each other. Sleepers are 10 in. x 5 in. in cross section, 9 ft. long and are cut from the following hardwood timbers:—

Grey box, red ironbark, red gum, red box, yellow box, mahogany, yellow stringy bark, and messmate. The rails provide a means of carrying the

rolling stock, at the same time offering a

hard, durable, smooth, and unyielding surface so that the resistance to moving the load will be reduced to a minimum. They also, in conjunction with the flanges of the wheels direct the course of the vehicles. Rails are usually described in weight per lineal yard such as 60, 80, or 100 meaning 60 lb., 80 lb., or 100 lbs. per lineal yard. As service conditions determine the shape,

size and weight of the rail, it is clear that for all conditions of service, there can be no one wholly satisfactory rail. Despite won­derful improvements that have been made in rails both in quality and type the standard of today may within a comparatively brief period of time become obsolete. The rail ends are joined together by fish­

plates and fishbolts generally termed fasten­ings. Fishplates like rails have been and still are the subject of deep thought and experiment. There is a great deal more in the problem of a high class joint efficiency than appears on the surface. Varieties of fishplates too numerous to mention have been used and experts in all countries are still endeavouring to find a more satisfactory rail-joint. This article has, of necessity, been some­

what sketchy owing to space restriction, but the broad principles outlined are calculated to appeal to nearly everyone, and help them to understand more fully problems connected with construction and maintenance of rail­way tracks.

— H . W . Bragge. tfi IMPRESSIONS OF A SWINBURNIAN WHO

TRAVELLED TO SYDNEY. A wave of a green flag, the echo of a

chime whistle across the yards from "Plat­form 1" and the big "Pacific" with her string of cars took motion and rolled out from Spencer Street Station. The Sydney express left on time on

December 11, 1931. Probably a number of people noted this fact, not excduding the Victorian railways authorities, but very par­ticularly and with a certain thrill at what was to follow was it noted by a group of young manhood. Twenty-two prospective engineers from every Walk of Swinburne, accompanied by Mr. F. W. Green, director of their College, with Mr. Page, the ever persevering chief of the machine .shop in charge, were leaving Melbourne. Another "Sydney Trip" was begun. To pen their methodical movements in

detail would require an extra issue of the Open Door but let us, even if we are left behind a little, follow them as best we can Now we are on the Sydney express. <? lni\T,f if *? iJV Seymour 5a™g tea while b 301 has hers of water and coal, the while

THE OPEN DOOR Page 19

talking to 302, perhaps, in the yards. As night closes down on we hurry soon to be at Albury in the rush and bustle of train chang­ing and trying to watch the /temperature of 301 's main bearings being taken, while we rush and bustle. But it is not for long and ere long little is heard but the steady beat of 3667's exhaust and the regular rattle of the car wheels over railjoints for we are a little weary and with the lights low doze and sleep fitfully. Suddenly the night gives place to dawn—the dawn today followed shortly by breakfast at Moss Vale and the run into Sydney Central. Eleven !a.m., is it? Not too bad, only five minutes behind!

H o w welcome is a. hot bath after a long and grimey train trip?

N o w for some lunch and then out to the Bunnerong Power Station. "Bunnerong," the native for "wind," is it. Its not blowing much now any way. Here w e are put again. Seen a lot! Poor word lot is. Modern electrification is something to show progress at any rate. After tea we realize how fine a night it is and look forward all the more to the feddy trip to Manly. But soon we are back at the hotel and feeling that a very good start has been made, w e roll happily, if somewhat wearily, into bed.

Sunday is gratefully received as a day of rest and quiet but not idleness, for after lunch the underground to St. James station has arrived with us and now .the train is taking us out to Watson's Bay. Another beauty spot and now another and on to the ferry to Circular Quay, and across at Toronga Park, the Sydney Zoo claims its never ceasing toll of admiration. Coogee is the evening run and a very pleasant one and excellent prepa­ration for some supper and more bed. This promises to be the fullest week we

have ever had. Monday morning finds us at Cockatoo

Island Dockyards. What a feast for the eyes of an engineer, but we have over eaten in no time, short as the morning is. N o w after physical sustenance 'tis the Sydney Bridge itself we gaze upon. Yes, 53,000 tons of steel in all. Oh rivetts?' Not many. About four and a half million, and so the afternoon is passed, night is here and seeing a small example of Sydney's surf at Bondi, another day is gone.

Through Everleigh railway workshops in one Tuesday morning takes a little breath away but bearing up the ferry "Estelle" has launched us among the soap at Lever Bros, but how afternoons slip b" and in seemingly po time we are at the pictures, putting an end to another very full day with pleasant thoughts of dreamless slumbers. Again a chime whistle has sounded and the

8.15 a.m. is whistling us to the Blue moun­tains. Lovely! Such a peaceful spot full of the beauty of glimpses of misty blue and

showery waterfalls. But all too soon w e are speeding back to board the S.S. "Hunter," which, while we sleep, will transport us to Newcastle and now having awakened to yet another warm sunny day we are ready to see an we can of the great Newcastle steel works. The sparks fly, the molten steel flows on

its way to the ladles, and a blast furnace has been "tapped." Smoke and little puffing engines, a great deep breathing air pump with a 22 foot diameter fly wheel for the blast furnaces and now lunch in the "works" dining hall. Storage furnaces, open hearth fur­naces, rolling mills and a "Brunell" test. N o w they are past, and the cool blue water of the excellent Newcastle baths refreshes us before another evening meal. The pictures have finished in good time, letting us in lefisurely manner make ready for another sleeping voyage, back to Sydney. But we must have tired you with this great

fast movement so after rteturning to thra hotel we shall go for a quiet ferny trip to picturesque Lane Cove up the bay. W e will have time to do one more Httle rush if we wish to buy anything this afternoon before we board the last train of our trip.

Once more we doze and sleep fitfully; another change at Albury. Somewhat tired and somewhat late we reach Melbourne, but it is nothing. What a trip we look back upon. The promise has been kept. The fullest

week we have ever spent is passed. R. Rolland.

tfi DEXTRITIS.

I am an unfortunate. I have ideas: ideas which get me into embarrasing predicaments. For they generally concern affairs which are wrong, patently wrong and for which I have the notion, the notion for putting right-Interfering busybody I have been called

but that only increases my zeal for righting the wrong. After a particularly unfortunate affair in

which my motives were quite misunderstood, I was having a chat with the doctor who was patching me up and, at his suggestion I let him overhaul me. When the ordeal was through, he assured me that there was nothing radically wrong, but that I was subject to intermittent dextritis. This obscure affliction he said, was much more common among the intelligentsia than was imagined, and was peculiarily prevalent among teachers, prea­chers and tired parents. (I am none of these by the way). He suggested, as K have sufficient means to idle when I will, that, when the invidious urge to proselytise the world or person appeared imminent, I should take to my room and bed and stay there until the fever abated. Unfortunately he forgot that

Page 20 THE OPEN DOOR

the hand can transmit the urge as well as i,'« mouth. And here I am self confined. But I have

discovered a great wrong which I must right. It is a well known wrong. The railways do not pay. It is not for me to argue whether they

should or should not pay. The fact remains —they (lo not pay. And knowing tlhati, I immediately know—to my way of thinking— how to right that. How to make them pay. I have several ideas on the matter. All possible, all sure of achieving the object. The trouble with the railway people is at

least two fold. They dont understand human nature and they don't know the first thing about selling. Firstly, why dont the railways pay—

because people dont use them. W h y not? Because they don't have to. Now what is the good sticking up the caption "Help Us to Help You." Who wants helping ? W e dont. W e want making. Does the Water Board say "helpus" when

it supplies water. Not a bit of it. They say we are deputed by providence to supply you with water which you are going to pay for whether you. use it or not. W e have to pay rates and we have to pay taxes. W e are even forced to get buried and married. And what we need, is forcing to buy railway travel. The modus operandi is quite simple. Get

the government to pass a small amending Railway act at the end of the session. This act will make it incumbent upon every wage earner to buy railway travel. It will further enact that a roster of householders in each street or district be enforced to see that the act' is observed by being responsible for collecting the used tickets. And put the beggars in prison if they fail in their tasks! What is the public for anyway. As a sop

to them offer a small rebate in income tax to those who buy railway travel in excess of their quota. Having satisfactorily estab­lished an immediate means at no cost what­ever, of booming railway business, I will now turn to my secoond thought—wrong sales­manship. Now what is the usual idea in business

other than railway travel. Why, attract custom of course and make it easy to buy. Not so on the railways. If I am having a party next week I ring the caterers and tell them about it, now, when I think of it. Next week the goods come; I pay and the party is a success. Not so, the railways. If I think I would like to go to Buffalo for Christmas I must save up a shilling here and two shillings there. Between now and then I may go and get engaged: and she may vote for a motor trip in the hills near by. The railways then, don't get my money. Now on the other hand if, on getting my smokes I

see an alluring, screed re Buffalo in the shop window with devastating remark that I can buy my holiday travel in instalments right where I am shopping—why the railways will probably get my money every time. Why not? The Railway motto should be: We'll Help You to Help Us.

—O.D.E.

ART SCHOOL NOTES A R T S C H O O L NOTES.

By Nancy M. Lewes.

In this issue, the Art School is continuing the policy of publishing information of prac­tical value to students. In this connection are included in the following order, passages from critics, teachers and artists, a second article on Blocks and Stipple's by Mr. Jordan, one sheet of trade names and marks for the benefit of present and practising students, a further list of painters and their dates con­tributed by Miss Hardess— and some quota­tions for the use of students studying lettering. The excellent response of students to the new policy resulted in a record subscription list for the last issue of "The Open Door." This is very gratifying. When the sales justify it, there will be a move to obtain added space in our magazine for the Art Department. With additional space it will be possible to publish students' work, to give ample room to practising students, and to publish illustrations of methods of working and of the work of masters. On this occasion, wa have reproduced a lino cut by Alan Money (Third Year Day). This print has been taken from the block cut by him, Also, are included reproductions of prize winning designs for Wiltshire's Black and White Competition. Students, tell all the past students you meet and your friends about this, as we have no other means of making our magazine known.

* * * Swinburne Art Department has lived UP to its reputation for winning Art Competition?. The following are our students' results:— Badge Design Competition for the Geelong

High School: First Prize: Equal, Harold* Gee, Alan

Money, Margaret Teale. Highly commended: D. E. Eager, Eric

Garrett, R. L. Thompson.

T H E O P E N D O O R Page 21

Illuminating Engineers Society of Australia, Badge Competition:

First Prize: D. Rogerson. (Work exhibited and prize presented ^t

the Radio Show, T o w n Hall Melbourne.) The Advertising Art Ball Competition: First Prize: J. Elder. Second Prize: J. Shannon. Third Prize: C. Donaldson. Consolation Prizes: J. Elder, R. Colley, A.

Donnellan, K. Howe, J. Biddlecombe, P. Chester.

(Display of Swinburne work only in "Argus" window, Collins Street.) Third Annual Buffalo Chalet Ball Show

Card Competition: Third Prize: Joyce Shannon. Wiltshire's 1933 Poster Competition:

First Prize: Kejth Howe, w h o was also first in the Royal Show Section.

Second Prize, equal: S. Davidson, w h o was also first in the D e Soto Car section.

Second Prize, equal: A. Money, w h o was also first in the Healing Radio section.

McAlpin's Flour Section: First Place: C. Donaldson.

Vacuum Oil Section: First Place: H. Bamford.

States Savings Bank Section: Second Place: M. Wookey.

D e Soto Section: Equal Second: B. Barnett.

Wiltshire's Section: Third Place: J. Shannon.

Wiltshire's Black and White Competition: First: J. Carroll. Second: N. Rogers. Third: A. Donnellan.

(Wiltshire's Competition work was displayed at the Art Centre and prizes were presented

by the Director of Education.) Animal W e e k Competition:

First: R. Colley. Second: C. Donaldson. Third: N. Grant. (Posters exhibited at N e w m a n Gallery.)

tfi PASSAGES FROM SELECTED WORKS.

In order to encourage students in their researches into the opinions of critics, teachers and artists, we have included the following passages from selected works. W e are not aware that any reasonable

objection can be raised to the reprinting of excerpts in this form for educational pur­poses. If we are infringing any copyright, such is not our intention. W e use these opinions of great men with

humblest acknowledgments. Note:—The' name of the author, book and

publisher is given when necessary.

I wish we could see—I wish we could ever hope to see—the time when all external obstacles to the progress of art were removed; but as to the internal difficulties, however they may fret us, I am afraid we must, and ought to, consider them as our very best friends. They put me in mind of an anecdote of two highwaymen, which, as it is short, I shall take the liberty of introducing:—"Two highwaymen passing once by a gibbet, one of them, with an ill-boding sigh, exclaimed, 'What a fine profession ours would be if there were no gibbets!' '0, you blockhead,' says the other, 'how much you are mistaken! Gibbets are the making of us; for if there had been no gibbets, everyone would be a highwayman."' And so it is in art: difficul­ties serve to keep out unqualified and un­worthy competitors; if there were no difficul­ties, every one would be a painter. —The Lectures of John Opie. "Lectures on Painting by the Royal Aca­

demicians." London: Henry C. Bohn, 1848. * * *

The imitation of nature is scarcely the object of art, but rather its means of attain­ing its object; for it is to be hoped that few schools of art would rest satisfied with the accomplishment of a skilful and illusive imitation only. The object of art is pleasure, instruction, and improvement. —Ralpth N. Wornum. In notes by Editor of "Lectures on Painting

by the Royal Academicians." London: Henry C. Bohn, 1848.

* * * To make the display of the nude an essential of high art is approximating the absurd, as it amounts, except on rare occasions, to rendering high art impossible. In accordance with this view, the elevated and the beautiful can seldom be united with the probable, for how few passages in history will admit of the introduction of the naked figure, and yet how vast is the field of history wherein to display the moral and the beautiful. The skilful arrangement of drapery involves as much taste and judgment as the proper management of the nude, and the draped figure may be represented as beautiful and as dignified as the undraped. A skilful arrange­ment of drapery does not consist in displaying the exact form of the nude, as if the drapery were a iwet sheet, or blown1 against the person by the wind, but in showing the exact position and proportion of the covered, though not concealed parts.... A well-draped figure implies a thorough

understanding of the nude in, the artist. —Ralpth N. Wornum. In notes by Editor of "Lectures on Paint­

ing by the Royal Academicians." London: Henry C. Bohn, 1848.

Page 22 THE OPEN DOOR

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To me, at all events, painting seems to be half an alien among the fine arts. Its creden­tials, of course, are sounder than those of acting, but they are surely not as sound as those of music, poetry, drama, sculpture and architecture. The trouble with painting is that it lacks movement, which is to say, the chief function of life. The best a painter can hope to accomplish is to give the mood of an instant, the momentary aspect of some­thing. If he suggests actual movement he must do it by palpable tricks, all of which belong to craftsmanship rather than to art. The work that he produces is comparable to a single chord in music, without preparation or resolution. It may be beautiful, but its beauty plainly does not belong to the highest order Sculpture is in measurably better case,

The spectator viewing a fine statue, does not see something dead, embalmed and fixed in a frame; he sees something that moves as he moves. A fine statue, in other words, is not one statue, but hundreds, perhaps even thousands Painters, like barbers, are able to talk while

they are at work, and so they commonly gabble about their art a great! deal more than other artists, and the world, in consequence, has come to assume that it is very complex, and full of subtleties. This is not true. Most of its co-called subtleties are manufac­tured by painters who cannot paint. The genuinely first-rate painters of the world have little toi say about the technique of their art, and seem to be unaware that it is difficult. Go back to Leonardo's notes and sketches; you will find him a great deal more interested in anatomy than in painting. In fact painting was a sort of afterthought with him; he was primarily an engineer, and the engineering that fascinated him most was that of the human body.

Mencken. "Selected Prejudices." London: Jonathan

Cape. * * *

Let it be the happiness of the student that this is the fact, that the acquisition of_ art requires much time and great labour; this it is that will secure to themselves all that is valuable in their art, free from the invasions of vain people of rank and fortune, who, though they may be inclined to dabble, and may sometimes obtain medals and little dis­tinctions from other societies, yet will never bestow the necessary labour in the previous studies, which only can enable them ultimately to produce what is worthy of the art. Devote yourselves, then, generously to an honourable procedure, with a hearty contempt for all low cunning and short cuts Go home from the academy, light your lamps, and exercise yourselves in the creative power of

your art, with Homer, with Livy, and all the great characters, ancient and modern, for your companions and counsellors. — T h e Lectures of, James Barry. "Lectures on Painting by the Royal

Academicians." London: Henry "C, Bohn, 1848.

* * *

Perhaps the earliest aesthetic judgment which Western Europe contains..... is in the Homeric, description of the metal-working deity's, craftsmanship in the shield of Achilles. He (the craftsman) has made upon it the representation of a deep fallow field with the ploughmen driving their furrows on it; and the poet observes, "And behind the plough the earth went black, and looked like ploughed ground, though it was made of gold; that was a very miracle of his craft."

N o w what was the miracle here, that made Homer cry out at it with delight ? ...

Surely the miracle lies in what Homer accents when he says "Though it was made of gold." It lies here; that without the heavy matter and whole natural procees of the reality, man's mind possesses a magic by which it can extract the soul of the actual thing or event, and confer it on any medium which is convenient to him, the wall of a cave, or a plate of gold, or a scrap of paper ..... That is to say, what matters is not the thing, but the appearance which you can carry off, and deal with apart from it, and re-create. And the real sting of even the crudest glorification of copying is this wonder that you can carry off with you a thing's soul, and leave its body behind. —Bernard Bosanquet. "Three Lectures on Aesthetic."

* * * Art is a representation of life, modified by the personality of the artist, for the pur­pose of, modifying other personalities, inciting them to changes of feeling, belief and action.

Great art is produced when propaganda of vitality and importance is put across with technical competence in ternts of the art selected. The bulk of the great artists of any time

are men in harmony with the spirit of that time, and identified with the powers pre­vailing.

Art is play, having for its purpose the development of human faculties, and experi­ment with the possibilities of life. Art is play, to the extent that it is instinc­

tive; it is propaganda when it becomes mature and conscious. The artist is a social product, his

psychology and that of his art works being determined by the economic forces prevailing in his time.

Page 24 THE OPEN DOOR

The established artist of any period is a man in sympathy with the ruling classes of that period, and voicing their interests and ideals. —Upton Sinclair, "Mammonart."

tfi

QUOTATIONS.

The following selected quotations for the use of students practising lettering is a con­tinuation of the series in our last isue. "Take what you want," said God. "Take

it—and pay for it." —Spanish proverb.

Art, he (Shaw) infers, is an escape from boredom. But art is not an escape; it is a way of life, probably the only way. A painter paints only in order to see. If

he could learn to see in a better way than by painting he would stop painting and pursue the better way.

—From the Bulletin.

For God's sake let us be men, not monkeys minding machines or sitting with our tails curled while the machine amuses us, the radio, or film or gramophone.

D. H. Lawrence.

tfi

"YOUNG AND OLD." When all the world is young, lad, And all the trees are green;

And every goose a swan, lad, And every lass a queen;

Then hey for boot and horse, lad, And round the world away;

Young blood must have its course, lad, And every dog his day.

When all the world is old, lad, And all the trees are brown;

And all the sport is stale, lad, And all the wheels run down;

Creep home, and take your place there, The spent and maimed among;

God grant you find one face there You loved when all was young.

—'Charles Kingsley.

Youth's the season made for joys, Love is then a duty,

She alone who that employs, Well deserves her beauty.

Let's be gay While we may,

Beauty's a flower, despis'd in decay, Youth's the season made for joys.

Let us drink and sport to-day, Ours is not to-morrow;

Love with youth flies swift away, Age is nought but sorrow.

Dance and sing, Time's on the wing,

Life never knows the return of Spring. —Walter Gay.

tfi

PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR C O M M E R C I A L ILLUSTRATION.

By A. H. Jordan, Senior Instructor, Art Department.

In the previous article on drawing for reproduction, I described the difference between the half-tone and line block, briefly outlining the medium used in each case for the preparation of the drawing. In regard to half-tone drawings little more

need be said, except that the most valuable knowledge of all will be gained by a close study of the reproduction of your work. The line block is more generally used for

the following reasons:— (a) adaptability to printing on almost any

surface. (b) good results on low grade paper. (c) comparative cheapness of making block. (d) greater strength and speed in pre­

paration of drawing. On examination of a line block it will be

noticed that all masses lines, etc., are in strong relief, permitting the printing on various types of papers, boards or covers, some of which are often heavily embossed or grained. Printing on the latter requires a much heavier impression by the machine to overcome the rough surface. This would be unsuitable for a half-tone block on account of the delicacy of the etching. At present our daily press uses a very

superior paper to that of former years, which enables the half-tone and line blocks to be used with equal success. There are still many country papers, journals, catalogues, etc., that are printed on low-grade paper and in most cases a half-tone block would have to be specially made to suit the particular grade of paper, thus adding considerably to the cost. Being drawn in black and white with pen

or brush, the line block permits of great strength m design, also speed in execution. I feel that it has been necessary to go into

further details concerning the uses and advantages of the line block before touching on the u:e and application of stipples or screens.

Stipples or Screens. The use of stipples or screens has become

very popular in recent years—possibly this is only a fashion brought about by the type

THE OPEN DOOR Page 25

PROCESS ENGRAVERS

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Page 26 THE OPEN DOOR

of drawing now in demand, where the use of simple flat planes take the place of pen technique—often very beautiful, but not always justified. As there is no continuous blending of

colour from light to dark, as in half tones, the blending effect from one tone to another is obtained by the spacing of the white or black lines, dots, etc. Many methods are used, such as cross-hatching, spatter, dry brush, while good results are obtained on grained papers by using litho or any suitable black pencil and mechanical stipples as applied by the artist on the actual drawing or, as most commonly practiced, by leaving it to the engraver, who etches it on the plate according to instructions from the artist. Stipple Charts.

Process engravers will supply charts with almost endless varieties of stipples, which can be used separately or in combination, each one bearing a reference number. Type of Drawing Suitable.

Mechanical stipples do not combine well with certain types of drawings. The types containing pure line or a combination of line and solid black are usually the most success­ful. It will be realised that on account of the mechanical nature of the stipple it seldom "ties up" with a drawing containing technique executed with the pen. One could not imagine Norman Lindsay, for instance, employing stipple No. — for the coat of one of his subjects, amongst such beautiful pen technique, but how well* they combine with the simple type of drawing executed by such an artist as L. Fellows. ' Indicating One Stipple Only.

If your drawing is to contain one stipple only, the usual practice is to fill in the spaces that are to be stippled with a light blue wash or blue pencil (blue will not photo­graph) and specify the number desired. More than One. Should more than one be used, the safest

method is to attach a piece of transparent paper large enough to cover the drawing, then each * set of shapes can be coloured, then numbered from the chart—thus all parts coloured, say red use No. 2, blue No. 4, green No. 6, and so on. I hope you will never use so many stipples on a drawing that you will have to invent a new colour. Negative Stipples. The preceeding remarks also apply in the

use and application of "negative" stipples, except that the patterns are white, not black as in the case of "positives." It will be readily seen that to place a transparent sheet containing a white pattern over white space will produce nothing, but placed over black will have the effect of "graying"

according to the screen used. The finished effect is similar to the positive, but greater density can be obtained. Certain newspapers prohibit drawings containing large black masses, and the use of negative stipple is a valuable aid in reducing these, yet retaining the general character of the drawing. Stipples Applied to Drawing.

On many occasions it is desirable for the artist to combine the stipple with the actual drawing by means of prepared sheets known as Hutchinson's Shading sheets. These sheets contain a good range of patterns which are printed on a thin transparent gelatine sheet which is partly cut to the desired shape and by a special adhesive is attached to the drawing. This method enables you to see exactly how the finished job will look (allowance being made for reduction) and selecting a suitable pattern. By scraping with a soft wooden stylo the pattern can be removed without difficulty. Wade Transfers.

A third method of transferring the stipple from sheets is known as "Wade Transfers." The patterns are printed on waxed sheets foy a specially prepared non-drying ink and when placed face down on a drawing the parts requiring the stipple are rubbed down with a soft pencil or suitable instrument which causes the ink to transfer to the paper. While this method is treacherous for working a large area, it has special advantages for smaller surfaces, such as fashion plate work. Use Where Suitable Only.

A suitable drawing can be made very effective with the judicious use of stipples, but nothing looks more tiresome and mechanical than a drawing which has been overdone. Do not be like the housewife who has invested in a tin of aluminium paint and paints everything before her, regardless of their "special textures," just to finish up the tin. Owing to the generosity of Messrs. Prebble

& James, process engravers, of 109 Flinders Lane, Melbourne, we have been able to reproduce a good range of stipples which should prove valuable for future reference. Space does not allow for the reproduction of the complete chart, but those more generally used have been selected. A variety of pleasing effects can be obtained by crossing or combining two or more stipples. On the left and right sides of the chart will be seen the "dot" and "line" stipples respectively, the two at the top in both cases are positives. The remainder are used as negatives and are placed over solid black to reduce its density when required. The two centre groups show a good variety used largely for representinff textures on various materials, etc. Those on the left are negatives, and on the rio-ht positives. s

T H E O P E N D O O R Page 27

PHILIPS >

REG. TRADE MARK MADE IN AUSTRALIA

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WMMW AND

These Trade Marks and Trade Names have been specially collected as ready reference for students practising as commercial artists.

Page 28 THE OPEN DOOR

WORLD FAMOUS ARTISTS. Part 2.

FRENCH AND DUTCH. Compiled by Catherine Hardess.

French. Fouquet 1461-1485 Cousin 1500-1589 Vouet 1590-1649 Poussin 1594-1665 Lorrain 1600-1682 Le Sueur 1616-1655 Bourdon . . 1616-1671 Lebrun 1619-1690 Watteau 1684-1721 Chardin 1699-1779 Boucher 1703-1770 Greuze 1725-1805 Fragonard 1732-1806 J. C. David 1748-1825 Ingres 1780-1867 Corot 1796-1875 Delacroix 1798-1863 Rousseau 1812-1867 Millet 1814-1875 Messonier 1815-1891 Daubigny 1817-1878 Harpignies 1819-1916 Courbet ,. .. .. 1819-1878 Rosa Bonheur 1822-1899 Gerome 1824-1904 Bouguereau . . 1824-1905 Chavannes 1824-1898 Henner 1829-1875 Pissarro 1830-1903 Manet 1832-1883 Degas 1834-1917 Legros 1836-1911 Fantin-Latour A 1836-1904 Monet 1840-1926 Renoir 1841-1917 Cezanne .. 1841-1909 Regnault 1754-1829 Gauguin 1839-1906 Seurat .. 1859-1891 Dutch. Ouwater 1450-1480 H°em=kerch ... 1498-1574 Goltzius 1̂ 58-1616 HPIS 1584-1666 Van der Neer 1603-1677 Rembrandt 1606-1669 Terborch .. 1617-1681 Berghem 1620-1683 Steen 1626-1679 Hooch .. .. 1630-1677 Vermeer 1632-1675 Hobbema 1637-1709 Vfr. der1 Hevden 1637-1712 Philip van Dyck 1680-1753 Jongkind 1819-1891 Israels 3839-1917 W, Maris . . 1844-1910 M. Maris 1835-1917 Part 3 (next issue)—Spanish and British.

FIRST YEAR NOTES. Our little band are now well on the way

to the completion of the most vital year of our course. The year in which a good foundation—the root of all success—is made firm by the enthusiasm and careful work of the student, combined with the never-tiring co-operation of the teachers. Not long ago a very domesticated memory

drawing lesson was interrupted by an announcement that as many as were able were asked to attend the exhibition of the Animal Week posters. Forthwith brooms and dust­pans were forgotten for a few minutes of ardent business transactions, namely the borrowing and lending of money to secure fares into the city. Eventually we arrived at Newman's, where

the posters were exhibited, and during our careful scrutiny a photograph was taken by a press photographer. Many of our little band were included. A very warm morning heralded in the

annual advent of the Swinburne sports. Many of our class arrived with all kinds of curious shaped parcels, containing the articles neces­sary for some of the events in which they had entered. Little Marna Fitchett was one of the successful runners, and we wish to congratulate her. The Arts Ball and several hikes should

have helped the advanced students to become more familiar with us, but we are afraid the hungry members of our class who fancied pomegranates at the completion of a whole­some lunch have damped their knowledge. But, of course, they realise we are only children, and we would be very funny children if we were perfect.

—Monica Noon. tfi

SECOND YEAR NOTES. Well, here we are again—unlike stockings,

the "seconds" are far superior to the "firsts." Our instructors certainly intend us to be well equipped before we leave these friendly portals, to go out into the large world of letters. The latest art they have been endeavouring

to teach us to acquire is that of spitting— splattering (in polite circles). The main implements required to perform this nasty little trick are a small bristly tooth brush (Coles 3d., baby variety preferred), a stout chip of daddy's old block on the wood-heap, some dark semi liquid substance, known as Indian ink, and much wealth in the form of pennies, shillings, two shilling pieces, and any other weighty coin. No one having less than a dozen of each can ever hope to acquire this delicate art. The best effects are obtained by completely obliterating the piece of board on which vou wish to work with paper and pennies and

THE OPEN DOOR Page 29

after having inked the toothbrush, drawing the stout chip with a jerky movement over the bristly hairs. The result is rather terrifying and no one is allowed to swear more than twenty times at once, not even when after a large blot has landed on the most prominent part, one of his elders remarks: "I could see that was going to happen."

Some of our work in other branches is not even good enough to pass on to our worst enemies, but "a man's reach must exceed his grasp, or what" is art metal work for?" (with apologies to Browning).

After all this, however, there still stands a little art student at the lowest rung of the ladder of fame, hoping some day his highest hopes m a y be realized.

—J.E.S. tfi

THIRD YEAR NOTES. The many and varied pursuits of the Third

Years would, no doubt, make interesting reading, but unfortunately the Magazine is just going to press and time is limited. The end of the year is getting uncomfort­

ably close, bringing with it examinations, and then I suppose an uneasy out-of-work feeling. Several of our prominent members, however, appear to have landed good jobs, so we do not worry but just sing our troubles out the door—they generally happen to collide with Mr. Calcutt as he enters, in a very annoying manner. However, we find it cheers him up and he enjoys our company all the rest of the afternoon. Some of us had no time to do a Wiltshire's competition poster, but the efforts of the others, coupled with those of the other years', made one of the best exhibitions we have had at Swinburne. The dance, which was definitely our affair

this year, went off with its usual swing and was quite successful. W e decided that the posters of film stars painted for decoration̂ might give people the impression that they were a guessing competition, so most of them were conspicuously labelled. If, however, employers would grab at our work with the same enthusiasm and determination after we leave, as several people did our posters, our successful future would be assured. W e all look forward to the week-end, so

that we can do our "weakly" sketches, and freouentlv Third Years may be seen indus­triously hunting for fowls and tip-up drays and interesting relics of the past. FOURTH YEAR NOTES. Since the last issue of the Magazine, the

Fourth Year spread its fame abroad in the commercial art world, thus upholding the reputation of Swinburne. At present an

exhibition of posters from all over the Com­monwealth is being displayed at Wiltshire's, and in this, Swinburne takes a prominent part. In the Advertising Arts Ball Poster Competition, Jean Elder was successful in gaining the first prize and a consolation prize for the two designs she submitted, Joyce Shannon the second prize, and Joan Biddle­combe a consolation prize. Joyce also gained a third prize for her Buffalo Chalet Ball poster. A design for a blotter to advertise the new process sign for the silk screen people was won by Betty Barnett. Margaret Teale and Harold Gee both submitted success­ful competition designs of badges for the Geelong High School. Betty and Joyce have been commissioned

to model the City of Melbourne Coat of Arms, to be cast in bronze and presented to the Town Hall. There was great consternation the other day when the easel collapsed under the weight of their responsibilities. They had difficulty in obtaining referenee matter as the badge is not registered and no two copies are identical. With these successes it might be thought

that the students who have attained their fourth year have acquired an unbearable air of smugness and complacency, but to most of us has come the realization that art requires more than technical skill. Art demands thought. Art is a language: w e must have something to say. In the Life Class w e are finding that while we can rely on all that we have learned to be able to construct and reproduce, af? makes a demand on more than drawing capacity. It challenges our thought and creative powers. W e were compared, the other day, to a group of excited children, swinging sky-high on a maypole and refusing to pause for breath. W e want to play "Allegro" all the time without realizing the value of the "Largo." It certainly is a state through which we have been passing, but some of us, at least, realize the necessity of coming to earth to add more extensive knowledge to the designs w e have created up in the skies. As Keats says: "An extensive knowledge takes away the heat and fever. The difference of high sensations with and without knowledge appears to m e thus: in the latter case we are falling continually ten thousand fathoms deep and being blown up again, without wings and with all the horror of a bare-shouldered creature; in the former case our shoulders are fledged and w e go through the same air and space without fear."

As a little relaxation from this strenuous pursuit of knowledge, w e had a very enjoy­able social evening in our studios, in the form of a picture night and a Frankfurt supper, during this term. W e should like to thank Alan Money for the excellent filming of the pictures. W e hope to have more such entertainments.

Page 30 THE OPEN DOOR

Socrates questioned people and found that they, while far from wise, were ignorant of their lack of wisdom, and he concluded that he was wiser than the rest of the world to this extent—that he was aware of his ignorance, for being aware of it he set out to question everything in pursuit of the real truth.

— M . Grove. tfi

EVENING STUDENTS' NOTES. Opinions in this troubled world differ.

Some say genius is the art of taking pains, whilst the doctor says genius is the art of easing pains. We of the evening art combine the two. By dint of 10% inspiration and 90% perspiration we take pains to produce work that will not be painful to look at. Under the advice and constructive criticism

of the head of the art department (Mr. Tompkins) we are able to avoid many of the rocks on the long road to art, and the invigorating influence that Miss Hardess exerts upon us in our life studies makes form easier to discern. So well have we been piloted along the

road to achievement that mention of the progress of the following should inspire other students to "do likewise." Joe Lobacher's name appears on the wall

"outside" the lift in Newspaper House, pro­claiming the fact that he is on the ''inside" of Samson Clark (Price Berry's) doing lay-outs and line work for sales campaigns. Vernon Davidson is with Patterson Shugg executing work in colour and black and white. The circulation of the "Herald" and

"Weekly Times" is increasing and we mention the fact that Constance Titherly is an artist on the staff. Arthur Trumble reaches great heights with

the Richardson Advertising Service (he is over 6 feet) doing lay-outs and line work. R. Courtis, whose field covers etching, historic costume and black and white has executed cover designs for a Mission journal. A. Austin has been able to wet his appetite by the sale of a black and white design for "Old Court" whisky. John Evans has left us to sail the seas to

the Ord Country to further his studies at Slade. The Misses Witt and Ravensdale," we are led to believe, are experimenting with a new medium containing seccotine, as their quick sketches are so lively that they might jump off the paper. Lyle Pugsley finds relaxation from drawing in prospecting. He would be glad if the fossickers who purloined his smock, inartistically engraved Lyle on the back, would return same. Freda is wrestling with the faun, and according to Thompson and his satelite, the faun is winning. And still we strive to improve the power of the mind to distinguish the good, bad and indifferent, knowing that the cultivation of

this power will invigorate and perfect the intellectual sense which is supplied by know­ledge and judgment, that it will accordingly be perfect and exquisite as our knowledge of the essential qualities is accurate and exten­sive and our judgment in its application sound.

—A.C.A. tfi

ART STUDENTS' DANCE. The art students held their annual dance

this year at "The Australia," Collins Street, on July 27th, the secretaries being Miss Claire Biggs and Miss Bettye Cohen. As usual, this very bright event was looked forward to and was enjoyed to the utmost. The walls were adorned with amusing

posters caricaturing various film stars. These posters were executed by the Third Year students. The prize for a statue dance was won by Miss Jean Elder and partner.

— B . Cohen tfi

IMMORALITY. It is only immoral To be dead, alive

— D . H. Lawrence.

^ W 'v̂ 5P0RTING.

HEH

THE COLLEGE SPORTS MEETING. This annual event was held in glorious

Spring weather on Friday, October 6th, on the Hawthorn oval. An innovation which considerably added to the smoothness of running of events and enabled everyone to know what was going on was a loud speaker and accessories. For this we were indebted to the zeal of Mr. George, who furthermore tickled our fancy with melodic rhapsody "over the air" at intervals during the after­noon. Mr. A. Green was the official announcer, which duty he carried out in the most "approved manner." Following are the results. The track was

very heavy after the recent rains. Girls' J.T.S. 50 yds. Obstacle—1. Hibbs, 2. G. White, 3. N.

Clydesdale. 75 yds. Junior (10J sees.)—1. A. Bennett,

2. J. Exell, 3. N. Clydesdale. 75 yds. Senior (10 3/16 sees.)—1 O

McKenzie, 2. M. Mills, 3. L. Kirk.

THE OPEN DOOR Page 31

50 yds. Egg and Spoon—1. L. Kirk, 2. J. Neilsen, 3. J. Exell.

50 yds. Sack Race—1. N. Clydesdale, 2. O. McKenzie, 3. M. Brown.

50 vds. Skipping (7 sees.)—1. N. Clydesdale, ' 2. M. Mills, 3. J. Warren.

Basket Ball Passing—1. Macpherson House, 2. Swinburne House.

Overhead Ball—1. Swinburne House, 2. Macpherson House.

Basket Ball Goal Throwing—Swinburne House 6, Macpherson House 3.

Hockey Dribbling—1. M. Mills, 2. J. Evans, 3. A. Bennett.

Total Points—Swinburne House 50, Mac­pherson House 46.

Boys' J.T.S. 100 yds.— Under 13—1. Wilson and Thorley, 3. Marks. Under 14—Robbins, Vean, Newport. Under 15—Schultz, Brown, Coutts. Over 15—Jackson, Symonds, Tutton. 75 yds.— Under 13—Marks, Thorley, Wilson. Under 14—Eagle, Edwards, Barnes. Under 15—Lambert, Taylor, Gay. Over 15—Des Renauds, Rentoul, Bailey. High Jump— Under 13—Woffinden. Patterson (4 ft.) Under 14—Robbins, White, Bishop (4 ft.) Under 15—Brown and Coutts (4 ft. 4 in.) Over 15—Symons, Sutton. Jackson (4 ft. 8 in.) Slow Bicycle Race—Wilkinson. Sack Roce—H. Rogers. Egg and Spoon—McWhinney. 440 yds.— Under 14—Robbins, Venn, Bishop. Under 15—Schultz, Brown, Edwards. Over 15—Jackson, Symonds, Tutton. Siamese Race—Cowland and Eagle. 220 yds.— Under 14—Robbins, Bishop, Campbell. Under 15—Schultz, Brown, Coutts. Over_ 15—Jackson, Symonds, Tutton. Long Jump— Under 13—Cook, Moon, Patterson. Under 14—Venn, B'shop, Campbell. Under 15—Brown, Coutts.. Haywood. Over 15—Symonds, Jackson, Tutton. House Points. Hentv 811, Hume 67J. Flinders 62 1/3, Latrobe 421, Collins 39 5/6, Batman 36 1/3. Champions. Under 13—Wilson. Under 14—Robbins. Under 15—Brown. Under 16—Symonds. Over 16—Jackson. Senior Events.

Art School. 100 yds.—1. Marna Fitchett, 2. Betty Small,

3. Jessica Walton.

Putting Contest—1. Edna Kelsey, 2. Olive Briggs, 3. Shirley Bednall.

Washing Day Race—1. Marna Fitchett, 2. Margaret Teale, 3. Margaret Wookey.

Flower Pot Race—1. Margaret Teale, 2. Margaret Wookey, 3. Joyce Salthouse.

Engineering School. Handicaps— 100 yds.—Neale, Wyatt, Mitchell. High Jump—Ryan and Allan (equal), Barrett. 220 yds.—Beeston, Mitchell, Ashton. 440 yds.—Hubbard, Donaldson, E. Murray. Obstacle Race—E. Murray. Long Jump—Barrett & Ryan (equal), Mitchell. One Mile—E. Murray, Daly, Neve. Weight Putt—Maddison. Championship Events— 100 yds.—Hubbard. Donaldson, Barrett. High Jump—Barrett. 220 yds.—Hubbard. Donaldson. 440 yds.—Hubbard. Donaldson, Barrett. Long Jump—Barrett. Donaldson, Hubbard. 880 yds.—Hubbard. Donaldson, Barrett. One Mile—Hubbard, Donaldson. Championship Points.

Hubbard 26 Donaldson 18 Barrett 13

tfi COMBINED SPORTS MEETING RESULTS.

Bendigo, October 20th. "Herald" Shield— Hubbard-2nd in 440 open, 2nd in 880 under 18. Donaldson—1st in 440 under 18. Wvatt—3rd in 100 under 18. Barrett—3rd in 120 hurdles, open. "Sporting Globe" Cup— Under 16—Symonds 3rd. in high jump; T.

Robbins 3rd in long jump. Under 15—Schultz 3rd in 440 yds. Under 14—A. Robbins 1st in high jump (rec.)

Ireland 2nd. in 220. Under 13—Woffindpn 2nd in high jump. Eltham Cup—W.M.C. "Herald" Shield—W.M.C. "Sporting Globe" Cup—South Melbourne. Philip Joseph Cup—Prahran. Cup for Marching—Bendigo School of Mines. tfi

SPORTING NOTES—GIRLS' SCHOOL. BASKET BALL. Senior Games.

Working Men's College v. Swinburne— Our first match played on our own ground

resulted in a definite win for us and inspired the team with confidence to meet the more experienced schools later. Our choice of Olive McKenzie as captain

P a g e 32 THE OPEN DOOR

and centre proved very successful, as through­out the season her enthusiasm never waned and her fine play and good sportsmanship had a marked influence on her team and opponents in every game played. Working Men's College—5 goals Swinburne—15 goals—2 points. Brighton Z v. Swinburne— Brighton Z also came to us and a very

fine game resulted in a win for Swinburne by 2 goals. Brighton Z—14 goals. Swinburne—16 goals—2 points. Brighton A v. Swinburne— In this game, played at Brighton, our

gpalers seemed to have stage fright. The play was keen and swift throughout, but the ball wouldn't slip_ through the ring for us. Nevertheless, we had a happy match, which after all is what we want. Brighton A—25 goals. Swinburne—6 goals. Box Hill A v. Swinburne— In this match we were again in form and

returned home victorious with a score of 22 goals to 11 goals. Prahran v. Swinburne This was quite the hardest game we played

and every girl deserves credit for her untiring efforts. Up to this, game both teams had lost only one match, hence the keen competition. Results were— Prahran—18 goals. Swinburne—22 goals. Sunshine v. Swinburne— The team felt glad to have this game on

the home ground and carried the day with Swinburne 24 goals and Sunshine 17 goals. Box Hill Z v. Swinburne— . Our final game played at home gave the victory to Box Hill Z, a splendid team which remained unbeaten throughout the season. The match resulted with Box Hill Z 27 goals and Swinburne 8 goals. We finished the competition equal with

Prahran as runners up to Box Hill Z. Team.

Olive McKenzie—Captain Centre. Margaret Mills—1st Goal. Defence. Winifred Clisby—2nd Goal, Defence. Thelma. Linton—Attack Wing. Jean Warren—Defence Wing. Edna Cross—1st Goaler. Lyla Kirk—2nd Goaler. Edith Gasson, Culmer Adams and Doris Marshall were emergencies who played during the season. tfi BASKET BALL—JUNIOR GAMES. We played six matches during the season, under the captaincy of Shirley Anderson, our promising goal thrower.

We were fortunate in having four games on our own ground. Our only defeat was by Brighton A, who

were successful in every game of the season, and we had a thrilling drawn game against Box Hill A. As the majority of the team will be here

next season, we anticipate having an excellent senior team. Games throughout resulted as follows:—

Sunshine 10 goals v. Swinburne 16 goals. Brighton A 24 goals v. Swinburne 12 goals. Box Hill Z 17 goals v. Swinburne 20 goals. Brighton Z 6 goals v. Swinburne 21 goals. Prahran 4 goals v. Swinburne 19 goals. Box Hill A 12 goals v. Swinburne 12 goals. Team. Shirley Anderson—Captain—1st Goaler. Florence Clisly—2nd Goaler. Edith Russell—Attack Wing. Nancy Clydesdale—Centre. Ruth Edmonds—Defence Wing. Phyllis Miller—1st Goal Defence. Laurie Sinclair—2nd Goal Defence. Tessie Dickinson and Jean McLachlan were emergencies who played during the season. tfi

TENNIS. Tennis this year was taken for the first

time as a competitive sport, and although we did not meet with much success, some interesting games were contested. Our team was handicapped by inexperience, and the inability to secure all members of the chosen team. With the improvement of young players we are hoping for better results next year. Out of the six matches played we were successful in winning one, defeating Sunshine 9-1, 9-3, and received a walk-over from Working Men's College. The team was chosen from the following

girls:—Joyce Timms. Hilda Purnell, Kathleen Hunt. Joy Ellis, Betty Hunter and Jean Gilmore. tfi HOCKEY. We launched into hockey this year with

fair results, considering our lack of know­ledge of the game. The girls showed keen interest so that in

the six games played we secured one victory and had two drawn matches. Team. Shirley Walker (Captain), Janet Evans,

Joyce Exell, Gladys Grant, Valma McPherson, Gladys Wood, Amy Bennett, Jean Neilson, Florence Hewett, Mary Brown, Doreen Capeness.

THE- OPEN DOOR Page 33

BOYS' J.T.S.

FOOTBALL CHATTER. In the last issue we indicated that our

prospects for 1933 were not bright. . W e are now able to state that with the material in hand a keen, vigorous team was welded together and although finishing behind W.M.C. after the home-and-home matches had been played, Swinburne faced the final series with some confidence. Wet conditions seemed to favour us in the final game and we won very easily. The challenge game, played at South Melbourne, indicated that we were stronger under any conditions, and the premiership was won tor our School.

Seven years ago, Swinburne won the premiership, and three members of that team nave since played League football. It will be interesting to see how many of the 1933 team will reach that standard. Backs—Brown, Frazer, Butterworth. Half Backs—Swindon, Courtney, Fricke. Centres—Robbins, Symonds, Murphy. Half Forwards—P. McCracken, Skilbeck,

Quinton. Forwards—Sharpe, Dixon, Kennedy. Rucks—Schultz, G. McCracken. Rover—Ireland. As a reward, the members of the team and

some members of the staff were taken on an "educational" motor trip to Yallourn.

- 1*1? \ mJk W\ lil 1 ^'iQnli IH iMi

•-' M.

OUR FOOTBALL TEAM iBOY'S J.T.S.)

H O U S E COMPETITIONS. Since the last issue, the football competition

has been completed with the following results: Flinders 20 points Latrobe 14 Batman .... 12 Henty 6 Collins 4 Hume 4

Flinders, therefore, are the holders of the football pennant until next year.

Cricket has taken the place of football, and the second round of matches begun. Up to date Collins is still leading, but is being closely challenged by Flinders. Athletics. The following boys represented the College

at the Annual Combined Athletic meeting,

held at Bendigo on Friday, October 20th. "Sporting Globe" C u p -Under 13—G. Thorley and H. Woffinden. Under 14—A. Robbins and R. Ireland. Under 15—A. E. Schultz and N. Coutts. Under 16—D. Symonds and Robbins. "Herald" Shield-Under 18—Wyatt, Donaldson and Hubbard. Open—Beeston, Hubbard, Murray, Barrett

and Cunningham. Cricket Progress Points.

Collins 18 points Flinders 18 Henty 14 Latrobe .. .. 14 Batman 12 Hume . 8

There are 3 more matches to be played.

Page 34 THE OPEN DOOR

Progress Score for Second Term.

The points scored for progress at the second term examination are as follows—

Flinders 30 points Henty 17 Hume 15 Collins 14 Latrobe 9 Batman 6

Boanas Cup Competition.

The scores for the above cup up to the week ending 13/10/33—

Flinders 291 points Henty 239 Hume 221 Latrobe . 203 Collins 175 Batman 152

SENIOR CRICKET TEAM

FOOTBALL NOTES, 1933.

Once again the football season is over, and although this year's team has not been as good as in previous years, we have done very well. "Snowy" Finch, our usual coach, was unable

to train us this year owing to business reasons, but "Boysey" Marshall, our popular and versatile captain, kindly agreed to take on the combined duties of captain, coach, trainer, fluent orator and sundry other offices. I'm quite sure that our successes this year were due to his untiring interest and determination, and to his instructive little talks to us. As usual, the Geelong trip was voted the

best for the year. After a delayed start,

things" flew fast and furious to Geelong, where we alighted at the Cement Works. This educational visit was very instructive and interesting, and all due praise must be given to Mr. Page for his usual foresight in arranging these excursions for us. « A.lth,°"Sh m a n y of the team looked quite pale, black looks were cast at one another

when we journeyed to the quarry by the Wet Bound Express. Though we did not win the football match

m the afternoon, our failure was attributed to some of the boys being off colour. After the match, we adjourned to the Hostel, where the Geelong team entertained us with their usual friendly hospitality. At 8 p.m. we left the Institute, and strange

to say, took four hours to arrive back at

THE OPEN DOOR Page 35

Glenferrie, this delay being due to one of the buses "flatly" refusing to leave the precincts of the Footscray Alps. However, it was a very enjoyable day, and we look forward to next year's trip, hoping this time to join the queue at Mr. Clapp's office. Here are the results in brief: Swinburne v Footscray Tech., win. Swinburne v St. Patrick's C.B., win. U.H.S. (9.9) v Swinburne (10.10), win. Swinburne (5.8.) v M.H.S. (15.12), lost. M.H.S. (11.27) v Swinburne (5.11), lost. Swinburne (8.14) v Melb. Grammar (7.3),

win. Kilmore C.B. (14.7) v Swinburne (1.4), lost. Swinburne (19.12) v Xavier College (4.0),

win. Geelong I. of T. (17.13) v Swinburne (1.8),

lost. Wesley College (10.14) v Swinburne (10.21),

win. Xavier (4.8) v Swinburne (7.18), win. Swinburne (5.12) v Wesley (8.8), lost. U.H.S. (11.11) v Swinburne (11.9), lost. Melb. Gram. (7.11) v Swinburne (2.11),

lost. Swinburne (10.9) v Geelong (14.15), lost. Matches played, 15; won 7; lost 8.

— W . Mitchell.

OLD COLLEGIANS.

After a period, during which no meetings were held, the Association of Old Collegians has been revived this year. Two very successful functions have been

held. A Theatre Party at the State Theatre on

August 17 was much enjoyed by Past and Present Students and their friends. The reserved seats in the Dress Circle were well patronized and an excellent programme was arranged especially for their entertainment. On Saturday evening October 14, a Social

and Dance was held in the College Hall. About 60 Members and their Friends met and enjoyed a programme of music and dancing. Mr. R. Bourne and Mr. R. Leslie, both old students, entertained an appreciative audience with musical items, which, with dancing and an excellent supper provided by Mrs. Myers, contributed to a most delightful evening. W e hope now the Ice is broken again there

will be many future gatherings where past

students may meet and renew acquaintance­ship. The Annual Meeting will be held in February, 1934. Watch for the announce­ment.

tfi

FOR THOSE WHO LEAVE. It seems to me that it would be appropriate

for our magazine to have something to say to those students who are considering the possibility of obtaining employment at the close of the school year. In the first place I would advise every boy

in the Junior School to make a great effort to complete the second year course and obtain the Junior Technical Certificate. This quali­fication has now displaced the Merit Certifi­cate for the purpose of employment in industrial pursuits. The student, whose age will allow him, will

also find himself in a far stronger position to make future advancement if he remains at school and completes the third year course to Intermediate Technical Certificate standard. This year gives a splendid grounding upon which future technical education, is built. Every student is expected to seek employ­

ment for himself but the school endeavours to find suitable positions for those who have not been placed. It is a mistake to leave school ostensibly to look for work. Boys who do this are seldom successful and frequently return downhearted and disap­pointed at their failure. Employers desire their boys fresh from school. At Swinburne we are fortunate in being able to place every boy who has won our confidence by his honesty and attention to duty. I would advise every second year boy to return to school in 1934 and continue his studies until suitable work is found for him. Of 104 boys who enrolled for the third year in February last, we have now only 40 at school. The others have obtained positions through the sehool or their own efforts, and are continuing their education in the evening. Having completed the third year in the

Junior School the possibility of a Senior Day course should not be lost sight of. This may be taken in the Engineering, Carpentry or Applied Art Schools. For those who leave, the various evening

classes are open, and continued study in special subjects, helpful in the particular line of industrial work in which the boy is employed in the day time, can be undertaken. If you wish to be successful, much study

after leaving the Junior School is necessary, and the best time to do it, is while the facul­ties are clear and responsive. Do not stop your schooling because you have found a position. Carry on in the evening, and by patience and perseverance, lay such a founda­tion of knowledge that you will be ready to

Page 36 THE OPEN DOOR

grasp the opportunity for advancement when it arises, for as Shakespeare said: "There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries."

tfi -"Magister."

DAD'S DAY-OFF.

One morning Dad woke early, and feeling energetic decided to light the fire and prepare the breakfast. He should have stayed in bed! Chopping wood is my permanent job and I know the tricks our axe can play. Dad knows more about them now. His first attempt resulted in burying the axe nearly up to the eye in a heavy box-block. After negotiating this difficulty, he next missed his block altogether and nearly lost several toes. At this stage, he called me from the blankets and decided he would attend to the stove. M u m has always lit this stove and has

made light of it, but some how the kindling would not catph this morning and Dad's violent antics while blowing vigorously had an unfortunate climax. He cleaned not only the stove but portion of the chimney, for several pounds of light soot became detached and most of it Dad collected. Taking a strategic view from one angle he decided that he must clean the chimney after break­fast. He collected reinforcements, a broom and a

long stick and he proceeded methodically. He well remembered that earlier lump of soot that caught him at a disadvantage. First the broom went gingerly up the chimney. Then the stick was lashed on and progress was quietly made towards the blue sky. All of a sudden the gear broke and down came the harvest. One ounce of soot! Thus tempted, Dad enlarged his plant and confidently explored the upper regions. The return was much more than he, or us, expected. The top of the stove was soon far too small to hold it all and soon the shower edged off the mountain there, and collected on the hearth. Much of it in playful mood floated all through the house until everything gave silent testimony of Dad's talents. Silently we all gathered about the front­

line, for we knew Dad. To our surprise, a very meek parent quietly enquired: "Can't some of you do something instead of standing about?" Mum's soothing reply that soot was the best thing out for pansies seemed to ease the tension a little. Reference to the garden reminded Dad that he had not cut the back lawn for quite a while, and soon we were all at our accustomed tasks, each trying to forget the tragedy caused by our over-energetic parent.

J.P.

H U R R I C A N E HITTING. Few House Matches prove interesting these

days, for as time is limited, the matches generally are drawn. A recent game between Batman and Hume showed how victories may be won, and lost. Two diminutive batsmen, Gay and Cunnington collared the bowling early and Batman's score mounted to 69 in spite of "body-line" tactics by Jackson, des Renaudes and Morgan. At this score Batman declared, leaving the

opposition but thirty minutes to bat. Sfabb, as vice-captain, tried to talk them out; Watkins tried slows; Giles used guile. Boundary hits became common-place as the minutes passed and Batman supporters thought how stupid -their captain was >ffco declare as he had done. The score book shows that Hume compiled

88 runs in thirty minutes, losing but four wickets, and they should have won the match. But through time lost in chasing the ball after lusty hits by the Hume henchmen, it appears that only five overs were bowled. So next day a deputation waited on Solomon, and the mathematicians of Batman showed that you cannot score 88 runs from five overs when many of the deliveries were wides. After much mediation a verdict for the appelants was given and the game was drawn like all the other games had been."

—Observer. tfi

A MUG ON DAIRYING. One of the most important primary indus­

tries at the present time is the dairying in­dustry. Unlike wl^eat and sheep farming, where there is a decided "slack" season, dairy farming continues throughout the complete year with monotonous regularity. There are many species of dairy cattle and

naturally different types are suitable for different conditions and uses. The farmer, who raises cows for butter fat

which is used in the manufacture of butter, will choose a type of cow which produces a comparatively small quantity of milk of very rich cream percentage. The general type of cow used for this purpose is the Jersey. Some times a cross between Jersey and Ayr­shire is used to advantage in harsh weather

• conditions. The Jersey is a rather small cow ranging from black to cream in colour, the horns tending to meet in a horizontal position between the eyes. Many people think that because the Jersey

bud is small in stature, it should be quiet and docile, but this is a fallacy, as he is the most treacherous and ferocious of all the dairy cattle when aroused. Unlike the bull the jersey cow is docile and quiet and may be handled without fear, except in extreme cases. Milk used for the daily supply of a com­

munity need not be of such a high cream

THE OPEN DOOR Page 37

test so the Jersey is not commonly used for this purpose. Ayrshire cattle are used extensively for this purpose and they fiill the "bill" to a very high degree of efficiency, as the produce is a milk of high cream test, and large quantities of it. They are some­what larger than the Jersey and stand up to severe weather conditions very well. They are red with black patches on the body and a black and white face with the horns curving gracefully upwards. The male of this species is not so treacherous as the Jersey but the cow is not so tractable as the Jersey cow. The Shorthorns have the same qualities as

the Ayrshire but are slightly larger in build but not so attractive to look upon. Red and roan are the main colours, which are dis­tributed over the complete body. Shorthorns are also bred for beef.

Similarly, as in other animals, diseases and complaints affect the cattle. There are many forms and types of disease and sickness, but space and other factors will not permit a complete description of many. A very common form of disease is mammitis which is prevalent in many dairy herds in Victoria. As yet no effective cure has been commer­cially marketed to deal with this disease. It affects the milk ducts and udder or milk bag. The milk is turned watery with thick clots which interrupt the flow of milk.

A disease called woody tongue is prevalent in some districts. It affects the jaw which, as the disease progresses, decomposes. This disease is caused by the action of a minute type of fungus which grows in the grass. On first sign of this disease any cattle affected must be isolated and means taken to prevent the spreading of this disease.

—"Cocky." tfi

VERY SPECIAL. For many years scientists have been un­

able to break up the atom but now a very efficient way has been found. Send it by rail marked "fragile." tfi TRAVELLING COMPANIONS. I woke as the train pulled up with a jerk.

It was still dark outside but inside, a small light illuminated the compartment and through the thick haze of pipe and cigarette smoke, I observed my companions. Besides me was a large talkative man who knew everybody and everything—and was imposing his knowledge on two unfortunate individuals sitting opposite us. He was properly wound up and it was apparent that the two unfortunates were bored. He never let up for one minute, except when he relit a foul smelling pipe which had seen much better days. Just then the train moved slowly off and I quietly fell asleep again.

Some hours later, I awoke with a strong stinging in my nose and throat. Opening one eye I was surprised to see so much haze. It was impossible to see across the compartment. Above the noise of the train, I heard the same monotonous voice talking on politics— he was still going! The small light of the compartment was hardly visible now and my companions were invisible. Suddenly a match was struck and with its flare I saw the talkative one relighting his foul pipe. Also in its monentary flare I saw the two "listeners," fast asleep, leaning on one another. The bore apparently did not notice this and after belching more foul fumes into the already chocked compartment started to express his views on how the railways should be run. Now the match was out the com­partment was nearly pitch dark. I made a movement towards the window to let out the suffocating atmosphere but had not gone very far when my talkative neighbour noticing me awake started to tell me how bad it was to sleep in trains with strangers. I tried to speak but my stinging throat nearly choked me. Eventually I was able to get the window open and very soon the compartment was clearing rapidly. It seemed as though the heavy air had sent the two unfortunates to sleep because as it cleared they awoke and were greeted by our still wound-up companion, giving his opinion on brands of tobacco. This really surprised me, because by the smell of his pipe it smelt as though he smoked tea leaves or pine needles. The compartment was fairly clear now and

after putting down the window I prepared for another snooze. With detailed views on horses and trainers ringing in my ears, I once more fell asleep. I had not been asleep long when I was awakened by loud noises of exertion, and looking up saw our unpopular companion getting) life suitcases from the rack in preparation for leaving us. The train stopped and amid sighs of relief our friend left us saying: "Well, good night gentlemen, and thank you very much for entertaining me."

—W.P. tfi

SHIP AHOY! Cannon's Creek is typical of all Western

Port inlets, with vast, low-lying mud-flats at low tide and innumerable streams at high water. I have a clear picture of these mud­flats! Late one evening our motor launch was left stranded on one of the many mud-banks and the only remedy was to put out in a dinghy and tighten the mooring lines. Impgine this job, hauling in slimy ropes, with the wind and sleet nearly cutting you in two. At last the ropes were taut and we clambered to the side of the boat thin*n<r of the comfortable beds awaicmg u* at home. But to our dismay, when we reached the side

Page 38 THE OPEN DOOR

we found that the dinghy had already left, returning homewards without our aid. Tides run at about nine knots hereabouts. Being stranded in the middle of the channel

on such a night did not appeal to us so we tried what lusty shouts would produce. At last our efforts were rewarded and a well-known amateur fisherman from John Street, Hawthorn, braved the tide and bitter elements and came to our aid.

The moon having risen sufficiently for us to see quite a distance ahead, w e borrowed our rescuer's craft and pulled down stream in pursuit of the dinghy. At last, about two miles down, we came upon the miscreant gaily bobbing amid the mangroves. Then followed a stiff pull upstream, lugging the wayward boat. All fishermen have experienced this pleasure

and it is sufficient to say that w e reached home looking like Volga boatmen after a hard day's work.

— H a r m o h . tfi

SARAWAK. Sarawak is an independent kingdom in

Borneo, ruled over by one white man who became ruler under romantic circumstances. Arriving at Sarawak by chance, he sided with the native ruler during a revolution and later became his adviser. H e continued to live there and on the death of his patron, he resumed control of the territory. There are numerous tribes in Sarawak but

three will be enough to describe. There are also a few Chinamen and Malays who remain near the coast. Of the tribes the Dyak is perhaps the most intelligent. These natives smelt their own steel, which is of very high quality, by means of two bamboo cylinders fitted with pistons having the effect of a bellows blowing into a fire which is about six inches below the ground level. Their swords have a twist in the blade like that of an aeroplane propeller, so that anyone un­skilled in their use is liable to inflict a wound on himself and not the intended victim. The men's loin cloths are made by stripping the bark from a tree and soaking it in water and beating it. The women wear morning and evening dresses. The morning dress is of a white strong material. The evening dress is worked in a beautiful pattern by elaborate means. Their hats are conical and are woven from a creeper called rattan.

All the Dyaks in the locality live in one house which is nearly a quarter of a mile long and eighty feet high. It is divided into two portions—one in which cooking is done. The other is for sleeping in and im­portant festivals. The pigs and poultry are kept under the house and they make a terrible noise. Heads are hung on rafters in the ceiling. The rest of the houti? makes a loft for food.

Other people are the Muruts, a filthy, neglected race. These people's children are made drunk before they are one, and their stomachs are long and distorted. They build no houses and grow no crops. Lastly, we have the Halabit, an intelligent man, but he is rather treacherous. Their customs are not much different from those of the Dyak.

—J.D. tfi

THE AUSTRALIAN BOUNDARY RIDER. The boundary rider rises with the sun. He

prepares his horse and sets out to inspect the sheep and land of which he is an overseer. The busiest season of his work occurs in

the early Spring, when the sheep begin to have lambs. If the season is dry, the sheep become exhausted and, lying down to rest, cannot rise again. The danger of this is that the sheep cannot eat and become easy prey for an eagle or crow. The boundary rider has to help these sheep on to their feet, and it sometimes requires great patience because after once on its feet it might walk a few yards and fall again. The boundary rider has also to cope with

the blowfly which lives on the sheep and in time will kill it. Footrot is another of the ailments of the sheep and it results in the foot of the sheep falling away and ultimately the sheep's death. Of course the boundary rider has to count

the sheep and direct them to the best pasture and see that all the fences are in order. The life of the boundary rider is a very

tedious job and although a rough fellow usually, he has a great love for all animals.

TO CONTRIBUTORS IN THE GIRLS' SCHOOL.

Dear girls:—Many of you, I am sorry to say are going to be disappointed this time. I have had to "cut" severely to make room for some important articles for the "grown­ups."' You will excuse me this once I am sure. Give me something really good next time, won't you, so that I simply cannot refuse you.

* * * ON CHRISTMAS EVE. When Christmas Eve comes round children

of other lands have different ideas of how to receive their X m a s goods. Most children

THE OPEN DOOR Page 39

hang up their stocking somewhere where Father Christmas can see them easily. Boys and girls in Spain, however, hide

their shoes and expect the kindly old gentle­man to find them. No doubt they are careful not to hide them too cleverly, for Father Christmas always seems to know where they are, and then he fills each one with sweets. Belgian children have a different way for

they expect St. Nicholas and his reindeer. So they . fill their shoes with food for the reindeer and in the morning the food is gone and the shoes are full of sweets.

—D.C., A.2. * * *

SUNSET IN THE BUSH. The first scene of the play opens on a peace­

ful, uninhabited part of the bush. In the background, the sun, amid a glorious setting of fiery red clouds, is sinking over the tops of the trees. Shafts of light in the shape of wonderful shadows, play amongst the grass. A tiny path glitters like so much gold in the receding sunlight. The leaves of the shrubs glow gaudily and it seems they are on fire. Slowly the sun sinks, and, as it recedes, the sky is lit up in the most wonderful shades of red and gold. At last the fiery ball slips below the horizon and is lost to sight. The leaves and the path lose their golden beauty and gradually change to black shapes in the oncoming darkness, and soon a velvety black­ness andt a deathly stilness settle over the bush while a slight breeze whispers the secrets of Nature to those who can understand them. —Norma Read, Form A.

* * * "DID YOU KNOW?"

That door's bolt, butterflies, kitchen's sink, music stands, marble busts, hall's stand, grass slopes, water-falls, jam rolls, moonlight walks, window's pane, time flies.

—Constance Daley. * * *

THE FLAGS. The Union Jack! The Australian Flag!

What two words hold more beauty than these? The ideals of an Empire. The Union Jack flies over many foreign towns and countries. It stands for peace, unity, strength. St. George's cross stands for victory over self. In olden days in England the soldiers went to battle, shouting, "St. George for Merrie England." St. Andrew means Courageous. St. Patrick was the patron saint of Ireland. The Australian Flag has the Union Jack

in one corner to show that it belongs to England, and the Southern Cross for Aus­tralia. The Federation Star is to show the union of the States.

—"Oakie."

IN T H E POURING RAIN.

Shirley Anderson. Splash, splash, How the big drops dash. Hold the umbrella with might and main; Run, run,

Oh, it is fun, Going to school through the driving rain. Soon soon, 'Twill be afternoon; School will be over, then, home again; Play, play,

All the rest of the day, Happy as birds in the pouring rain.

* * *

THE DAFFODILS.

Have you ever visited the daffodil farm at Boronia? You haven't! Well, you've missed a treat. It was in anticipation of this outing, that we hoped for fine weather. Our hopes were realised, for the next day

was almost perfect, when the sun broke through the clouds in all its splendour. As we drove along, with the cool air fanning

our faces, and the blue sky above dotted here and there with little white clouds, we realized how wonderful Nature's hand really is. W e saw many picturesque sights as we passed through Bayswater and Mitcham. Here and there we passed little clusters of heath. The wattles, in full bloom, looked just like big, yellow bushes. Then, as we rounded a bend in the road,

what a sight met our eyes! In front of us lay a long stretch of yellow, which, as we drew closer, proved to be daffodils. As I looked at them I remembered Words­

worth's amazing inspiration on gazing at a similar scene, and his glorious poem, "Daffodils." This was certainly a pic­turesque sight with the Dandenong Ranges as a background. Captain Chandler owns this farm and each

year when the daffodils bloom, it is open for inspection by the public. The small fee charged is given to aid charity. Next time you have an opportunity, visit

this place, and I am sure you will enjoy it. The golden daffodils with the wattle and gum trees around them are a beautiful sight.

— B . Watson, Bill. * * * A QUEENSLAND BEAUTY SPOT. The Glass House Mountains in Queensland

are several peculiarly shaped hills, visible to the left of the railway, 44 miles north of Brisbane. It is interesting to recall that Captain Cook

when sailing round the Queensland coast on his voyage of discovery, dropped anchor in Moreton Bay, and from there sighted these

Page 40 THE OPEN D O O R

well known landmarks. His own record reads: "These hills lie but a little way inland and not very far from each other; they are remarkable for the singular form of their elevation, which very much resembles a glasshouse, and for which reason I called them 'The Glass Houses.'" Glass House Mountains is one of the places

recommended as a very pleasant one-day trip, for visitors to Brisbane. There are refresh­ment rooms at the top of the highest moun­tain, which is very convenient, and adds to the pleasure of the trip.

—Janet Evans, B.l. * * *

AN AMUSING INCIDENT. One day when we were out walking we

saw a lady with three parcels, one big and two smaller ones. Suddenly she put the big one down on the footpath and walked on with the two smaller ones for about 12 yards. Then she put them down and walked back and picked up the big parcel. This she carried about 12 yards in front of the smaller parcels, and so she walked to the end of the street with her parcels.

— G . Wood.

M HOMECRAFT

H O W TO M A K E —

A Tidy Way With Stockings. One way of keeping your room neat is by

using a ring for your stockings. It hangs just inside your wardrobe, and is made from one portion of an embroidery frame. This, incidentally, gives you a chance of making one for your best friend for a birthday gift, because you must buy a complete frame, which consists of two loops. Bind one loop with ribbon and sew a length

across the frame from top to bottom, dividing the frame into two scetions. Use the first section for all stockings to be attended to, and the other section for those which are ready to use. You've no idea how it will help you when you are in a hurry, and how much neater your room will look.

—Minnie Crook, Form A.l.

Orange Baskets. If you happen to be decorating your party

table with Iceland poppies, try making for a sweet, orange baskets; not only will you find them delicious, but they will tone with the floral scheme. Take a number of large oranges, cut neatly

into the shape of a basket with a handle, and remove the quarters. Make a mixture of finely sliced bananas, chopped pineapple, stoned raisins, preserved cherries, nuts, passion fruit, and orange. Squeeze sufficient orange juice to moisten, and fill up each basket. Put a spoonful of whipped, sweetened cream on each, and arrange on a pretty dish.

—Betty Gilmore. A Bread Board. I am a piece of a tree and I am going to

tell you the way in which m y life, was spent. I was sent to a factory to be made into

something useful, maybe a part of an arm­chair or a side-board. I was put into a machine which turned me

round very quickly and when I came out lo! I was a bread-board. Then I was packed in a box with some more of m y kind and taken to a large shop in the city. W e remained there* for 2 months, then one day a man came and took me for a long journey to a small house. An old lady came along and removed the paper from me. At once some ragged girls and boys crowded round to examine me. I was used for many years until there were

many pieces hacked out of my face. Now I have been thrown on the wood heap. Here comes the old man with an axe. I

suppose this is the end of me. Goodbye! —Grace Taylor.

H O T STUFF. It was on shipboard—A wireless message

from the owners: "Move Heaven and earth to reach Melbourne by Thursday." Wireless back: Can do nothing on these

line:, am raising hell."

+ SOME MORE HOWLERS. Charles I. was going to marry the Infant

of Spain. He went to see her, and Shake­speare says he never smiled again.

+ One side of a penny has on it a lady with a bicycle. She is called Ruby Tanyer.

34 LONSDALE

STREET

MELBOURW

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