Erika Gal ANTAEUS 27 (2004) 273-2X6

THE NEOLITHIC AVIFAUNA OF HUNGARY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

Archaeo-ornithology is a special field within arehaeo-zoology. It ofTers information both on the composition of the avian assemblages and fauna of the settlements. Various aspects of arehaeo-ornithology also contribute to the environmental reconstruction and seasonality of the inhabited sites. I An interesting subject within this speciallield is the study of worked bird bones that provides information concerning the usc of bird bones as raw materials for diJTerent instruments (e.g. flutes and pipes) and objects (tools. amulets. ete.).~

In the past. some archaeologists did not pay much attention to small bones in the excavated materials. thus contributing to the loss of fish-. bird and herpetological remains. This attitude lortunately has changed and recently in many excavations the bones are collected not only using hand-collected methods but using flotation. and wet as well as dry sieving. The identification of avian remains requires at least a basic comparative bird bone collection. specialization in bird osteology. taphonomy and taxonomy. and a certain skill in biology. Therefore many bird bone materials still lay in deposits ofdilferent museums and institutions being labelled only as '"Aves indeterminated".

Data concerning the Neolithic bird remains ft)LlI1d in archaeological contexts in Hungary and !tml1er Yugoslavia were summarized by S(l11dor Blik(inyi. Denes J{lI1ossy and Anneke T. Clason.' Other publications also listed bird bone materials and species beside the mammalian assemblages.~ A few Neolithic bird remains were noted by Istvan Vl)rlis) as well. The subft)ssil avifaunas in Romania were studied and published by Tiberiu Jurcs(lk. Eugen Kessler and Erika G(ll.h Some recently ft)LlI1d remains have been identilied. while others needed revision. The aim of this paper is to give a general overview about the Neolithic avif~lLlna of the Carpathian Basin including the latest and yet unpublished results.

Results

Twenty !tlLlr Neolithic deposits of 21 localities furnished bird bones in Hungary (fig. I). The assemblages richest in bird remains and in recognized species were found at Kl)rl)s culture set tlements (Toh!e I). AIthough the greatest num ber 0 I' bird bones (607) was ft)Und at site Endrbd 119. only 10"0 of the material was identifiable.7 The recently excavated site Ecscgfalva 23 yielded an outstandingly well preserved bird bone material by 276 remains

I ,I. ,'vloml"s Mil/Ii::: Ornithu<irehaeology: the \ al'iollS ~ S. Ihikiill\'i: Die ti'lihalluviale WlrbeliL'rr~lune

aspects ur the el,lssiticatiun or bird remains rrom Ungarns (Vom \eolithikllm his zur La Tene 7.eit). archaeological sites, ;\rchaeot~lllna 2 ( 199]) Act,IArchHlIng II (1959) ]9-102: Biik()lIri 199],

1 1]: /1. 1:'asl!JiII//: The potenti'il or bird remains ILJX.

for environmental reconstruction. International 'I. /'(iriis.· Animal husbandry and hunting in the Journal ofOsteoarehaeulogy 7 (I 997) ~22 ~29: \1iddle Neolithic settlemcnt at TisLavasv~lri­0. S"rj"a//lso//, Birds: a seasonal resource. De,ikhalmi diilll (LipPcl' Tisza I·cgion). JAM L, I':nvironmental Archaeology] (I 99Xj 2J ]], ]6 (199~) 167 IX~: Idelll. Dc\adnya Barcci

2 L H \'((11 1/ ij"!!.uurd""-Bak!i,,r The selection uf bird Kishalom kora neolitikus ,\lIatcsllntleletei. [Parly bones for arteHlCt production at Dutch \eolithic sites, neolithic animal bunes Ii'om Dcva\<\nya - BalTci International Journa I of Osteoarehaeology 7 ( 1997) Kishalom] CommArchliung (1997)] I 37.

]]9 ]45: /:", G,il: New data to the bird hone artd~lcts h T '/lIrC\·,ik - F I\essler: [voluria avit~llInl'i pc Ii'om Hungary and Romania. in: H, Luik - A. Choykc tcritoriul ROImlniei ([). Crisia 16 (19X6) 577-615:

C. Batey- L. Lougas (cds): From hoo\es to homs. L. I\"ssle," Preze11\a Galinaceelor (Ord. Ci'lllit'JrlllCS. hom mollusc to mammoth: manufacturc and use CI. A\'Csl printrc resturile scheletice eoleelate din of hone at1cfaets from Prehistoric times to prcsent. situri ,lrheoiligicc de pc teritoriul Rom,lniei. AetaMN Rcst.'arch in1l1 ancient times no. 15. Muinasaja teadus. 26-.0(l ( I 9X9-!LJLJ3) 205 - 220: Kessler - G,i! 1997:

Tal11l1 (in press), Kessler G,il 199R.

3 B(jkihlri ,hillOS\l' 19(,5, B,J'kiiJl\'i 1974, 337-·B6: c B,)kiilll'i 199]. 19X.

JUIIO.I'.ll'1985: Clasoll IYsn.

274 FRli<-A GAL

fig. I. Neolithic localities and cultures yielding bird hone remains in the Carpathian Basin I. Halalons/clllcs-Haglldoillb (II). D!.I'(·: 2. Hc'rcttYI'lll.l Edu-llerp:dy (II). lie: :;, Ll'scglil!\ a 2.' (II), i<-,

-\, Lmlriid h (II). i\LPC: 1':ndrliJ 3') (II). K: Indriid 119 (II). K::\ !-oIY{ls-S/illllcg (II), i\[ PC:

h. (iy:i1ar0! (II), k 7. Kiskiirc-(i:11 ( II). I: ~. i<-lilclck-Ilus/:'Irsalok (II). K: :\ L1'C: 9, :Vlarus Iclc-I'ana (II). "-:

10, Ncs/1ll0Iy-Ickcrcs pal:lk (II): M/s: II. (b/cntiv:in ( IIS/as/igl,t) (II), V: 12. l'olll:v-/r:l\ IY{lk (II J. M/s:

U, Riis/kc-lll<.I\{lr(II). "-: 1-\. S/ajol-I'clslil(ild (1I'.i<-, I:', S/cg\:'II'-lil/kii\cs (II), I: I(). S/crcncs-laktal(illh:'11

(I I I, I: 17, Smlnok-S/anda (II). i<-: 1~, Tis/:lpo/g:'lr-Csils/.ha 1"111 ( II). ( \11: 19. Tis/a\a Ik-N0gycsl hat:ir (III.

i\ LPC: 20, lis/a\aS\ {lri-Ik:lkhaI111l dii Ili (II J, :\ LI'C: Ils/:1\ as\ :in-Kcrl's/t lid (II), i\ LI'C: 21. I)0\a\ :inya-I~:lrcL'i

Kish:l!OIll (II), KP: 22, lJngurcasca C:I\ c (R). P: 23, CladO\ a (R I, N: 2-\. h)Cnl (R), MN: 2';. P:lrta (R). V:

21>, Salea (R). N: 27. Suplacu dc Harc[1l1 (R),I\: 2~, Turl'nl-S[IIH.lulc~ti(R),:\: 29.Z[\lI:1n (R), N: .,0. Llldas­

Hud/s;'lk (S), K:,I, Nos/a (iyiing\part (S). K: .,2. 1':ldina (S). SC: 33, Stare'C\o (S), sc. SillcTal

,lhhnTiul;{)IIS, II: Ilullgary. R: ROlllallia, S: SC'I"bia: DLI'C: DUIl:lI1tllli Linc'ar I'olkrv Culturc,

II: llerpaly cullurc, "-: Kiiriis culturc. ,\U'(': i\11(i1dJ [,lllc:lr l'ot!L'ry Vulturc', I: lis/a culturc,

:V1Zs: Musil' llo!L' 7scli/ culturc, V: Vine'a l'ldturc, ('sll: (\lls/halolll llel'p{dy culturc"

1': Pc'trc~ti culturc': N: Ncollthic,l\l~: \1lddlc NcolithlC: SC: Sl:lrcc\() Cri~

related to 65 individuals and 43 identifiable species.~ The All'iHdi Linear Pottery Culture (ALPC) Endr()d 6 furnished the best represented assemblage among the 15 Middle- and Late Neolithic sites (ToMe .f).

Fcwcr Neolithic settlements with bird bone assemblages arc known in Serbia and in Romania (fig. I). Thc Starccvo Cri~ sitc Starce\o<) and thc K()r()s culture Ludas-8ud;:s{tk 10

yielded considerable avian materials in Serbia. Among the Transyhanian localitics, Vinca culture Parta 11 and thc Petrqti - Linear Band Culture Ungureasca Cave l :::' provided significant assemblages (Toh/e 2).

Thc richest Neolithic avifaunas are known from thc 23 Hungarian scttlemcnts by 76 bird taxa. 61 of which were recognized to spccies level. The total number of bird bone remains is 1109. The Karas culturc settlcments yiclded 1053 boncs of which 74 taxa were idcntified. while the Middle- and Late Neolithic sites furnishcd only 56 bird remains and 25 taxa. The four Serbian sitcs yielded 113 remains in aiL and 28 bird taxa with 22 species were rccognized. In Romania, 9 settlemcnts yieldcd 8 I bird bone remains and 3 Itaxa. n of them being identified to species level (Toh/e 2).

x Glil ;/7 IW"I', h, II f\",\la CliI19()7,1-\2,

" Classo/7 I 981i. I' "'essit'/' C,il 19()8.

III Bijk,'irI1'i 19 7-/. -\36.

A II the species n summarizes their ecolo

Discussion Archaeornithological s species were known in Recently the number 0

The distribution ( and within thc periods ( remains and taxa whill point view Early Neoli richest t~\ltna.

In Neolithic avi dominate, This phenOl excavation methods a prey to taphonomic 10 are usually more easi time and energy invc~

such as the frequenC) fowling, etc. would al

From a taxonOlT and Charadrii forme Cirui formes) and pen more diurnal birds ( were reported amonl (( 'orocios gorm/lIs)

ha ve rarely been fOUl Water fowl (sw

Different dabbling ( and geese (AI/ser) \\

ol/ser) were found a most hunted aquatic This latter species y Ecsegfalva 23. Am( Spoonbill (P/oto/eo

large group of terre~

Vultures were repo found in 9 sites. Thi the Neolithic to 8n and Ludas-Budzsa~

number of sett1cm( hunted in 10 sites (

Among passt (Orio/lls orio/lIs), (

remains of small b (Romania) (Tob/e.

beside or the hand also performed. T

, ; P"",,.S{)II ('/ a/. 1977 I~ Uijkij/7I'i .. ,hillossr j

I.' ,hiIiOSW I ()85, 96·· 9 1(, ('Iasoll 1981i: "'"ss/, 17 .It ;/70ssr 1965, 96,

275

rpathian Basin Iva 23 (II), K;

I), ALPC;

1c:Ic-Pana (I J), K;

vly,ik (1/), MZs;

n:ncs-Tak ta I(ildv,ir

:gyesi h,ll,ir (IlL

Ikv,IV,'lIly ,I-Barn: i

5, Paqa (R), V;

), N: ](), Lud,IS­

:C Siner,li

( 'ulture,

culture,

1I1lure,

lottery Culture iddle- and Late

Serbia and in das-Budzsak I 0

,e.ll ities, Vinca

ded significant

~nts by 76 bird bone remains

'ere identified, taxa. The four

recognized. In ~ing identi fied

THE NEOLJTIJJC AVIFAUNA OF HUN(jARY

All the species mentioned in this article are included in a separate table that also summarizes their ecological characteristics and seasonality 13 (Table 3).

Discussion

Arehaeornithologieal studies have accelerated in the last four decades. While in 1965 only 17 species were known in the Neolithic of Hungary, 14 20 years later this number grew to 3~,15

Recently the number of bird identified taxa is 76. The distribution of bird bone assemblages is different both within the Carpathian Basin

and within the periods of the Neolithic. Some settlements yielded a remarkable number of avian remains and taxa while others furnished only a few bones and species. From a chronological

point view Early Neolithic sites provided the most abundant bird bone accumulations and 1he richest fauna.

[n Neolithic avian assemblages mainly the remains of middle to large sized birds dominate. This phenomenon may have at least three basic reasons: taphonomic explanations, excavation methods and economic interest of the ancient peoples, Smaller bones rather l~d I prey to taphonomic loss caused by predators and other pre-depositional factors. Larger bones arc usually more easily noted during the excavations with hand collecting methods. Finally, time and energy invested in (bird) hunting would target bigger prey animals. Other reasons, such as the frequency of and access to certain species in nesting or feeding place, seasonal fowling, etc. would also determine taxonomic composition.

From a taxonomical point of view, large and middle sized wading birds (Ciconiiformes and Charadriiformes), waterfowls (Anseriformes), terrestrial birds (Galliformes and Uruilormes) and perching birds (Passerilormes) arc numerous in Neolithic avifaunas. Many more diurnal birds of prey (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes) than owls (Strigiformes) were reported among the predators. Pigeon, e.g. Woodpigeon (Co!z1l7lhu flulll/lllms), Roller

(Corclcius garl'lli/ls) or woodpeckers, e.g. Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dclldmcofl/ls major)

have rarely been l()LInd.

Water fowl (swans, geese and ducks) arc outstandingly well presented within the fauna. Di ffcrent dabbling ducks (A I7US) and diving ducks (A) 'film ) were hunted. Swans (( \1;1711,1)

and geese (Al7scr) were also present at many localities. Remains of Greylag Goose (Al7s('/'

ansa) were found at 13 sites. Coot (Flllico afro) and Mallard (Anus /)I(/f\'r!J.mc!}(J,I) were the

most hunted aquatic birds; they have been reported from 10 and 9 settlements, respectively. This latter species yielded the most abundant accumulation (33 remains of 6 individuals) at Eesegfalva 23. Among wading birds large herons such as Grey Heron (Arc/cu cil/crcu) and Spoonbill (Plufulco Ietlcomdiu) were onen hunted at 7 and 6 sites, respectively. Within the large group of terrestrial birds White-tailed Eagle (f!uliuccfUS ulhicillu) was found at 7 sites. Vultures were reported only from Serbia and Romania. lh Black Grouse (Tcfroo fcfrix) was found in 9 sites. This species - as already pointed out by Janossy 17 - was living in plains from

the Neolithic to Bronze Age. lx Black Grouse seems to be especially frequent at Endrbd 119 and Ludas-Budzsilk. A marshland species Crane (GI'lIS gl'lls) was reported from the greatest number of settlements (14), and warm steppe species Great Bustard (Of is furdu) also was hunted in 10 sites (Tubles /-2, 4).

Among passerines, especially eorvids and larger songbirds such as Golden Oriole (Oriolu,I' oriol/ls), different thrushes (Turc/us) and Starling (Sflll'l/IIS vulguris) were found. The remains of small birds were abundant in the deposits of Eesegf~dva 23 and Ungureasea Cave (Romania) (Tobie /-2). [n the case of the recently excavated site Eesegf~llva 23 we know that

beside of the hand collecting methods flotation, and dry and wet sieving of the material were also performed. This kind of separation of the remains hom the sediment and other finds

[, f'efl'l'sol1l'f 01. 1977: CrulllP (edi J998. ] i' L, G,i! E. I-:L'.\.\/L'r: Encolithic hml rem~lins !i'om 14 BiJlUJllyi ­ ,h'llossr J965, 92. thc tell site of BL)rdu~al1l Pop ina (in press): F. C;,'/. 15 }Lil1o.I\\Y J985. 96--97. Bronze Age bird remains frum the Carpathian Basin 1(, Closol1 J980: Kcssler Glil J998­ (in prep.). 17 }LIIIOSIT J965, 96.

Pana (n= 15)

\1al"Oskk-Pana (n20)

Lndriid II'} (n 20)

276 ERIKA GAL

Ludas-Budz

Riis/kc-Lud

f\,1aroskk-P

Fndriid

EcscgJah

100""

D Aquatic IJ Womkd IIclland 0 Opcn licld • (inl\" • Woodland

fig. 2. Proportion of bird species representing different ecotypes at the most represented settlements (n=number of species recognized)

always results in a higher proportion of small bones. The Petre~ti culture level of Ungureasca Cave yielded large bird species (e.g. Greylag Goose, Crane and Great Bustard) suggesting human interest in the economic value of the prey, but also some birds of prey and passerines. Concerning the settlemcnt type, the faunal composition and the habitat of the recognized birds we may assume that diffcrent predators also may have contributed to the subfossil accumulation 0 I' th is cave. Il}

The great number of wild fowl, aquatic- and wading birds must be in relation with the habitats around the Neolithic settlements. Majority of the sites arc close to large rivers (e.g. Danube and Tisza) and their branches. The ecological significance of bird species indicate at least periodically tlooded areas surrounded by swamps, reed bcds and humid meadows. Many of the recognized species live in or close to waters. and make their nests on tloating vegetal rcmains or in the reed bed.2o Wooded wetlands such as gallery Il)JTStS, where large wading birds and other arboreal species nest also had to be around many localities. Although thc number or identitied species and thus the share of the ditTcrent ecotypes arc not always proportional inthc studied settlemcnts, one can notice the bigger ratio of aquatic species at site Maroslele-Pana, and the abundance of the arboreal species in wetland at R()szke-Uldv~u' (fig. .?). Open lield birds attached either to humid meadows or steppe and crops arc generally well presented, in some localities (e.g. Roszke-Uldv,ir and Ecsegfalva 23), however. are recognized in smaller numbers by 20-30'Y.J. Forest species living in or at the edge of woodlands were ll111nd at Parta (Romania) and Ecsegfalva 23 in greater number (fig. .?).

Studying the seasonality of the best represented Neolithic sites on the basis of bird species. one may notice that the seasonal presence of birds varies at in different sites. Resident species that are common all year round and summer visitors that come in the breeding season usually predominate. The only exception is site Maroslele-Pana where t~lcultative over wintering species were in the biggest proportion (fig. 3). This group of birds includes migratory species that may stay during the cold season if the winter is mild and food is available.

Certain passage speeies also may remain during the winters. Blaek-throated Di vel' ((;m 'io

orerico) identified from Kl)telck-HusZ<irsarok21 was observed in Hungary between October and April. 22 Bean Goose (Anser/cl!Jo!i,,) known from Endrod 119,2, Szolnok-Szanda2-+ and

I'! Kess/er - C;,i/ / <)<)S. 22 Pelel'\()11 el ,,/. / <) r, .,0. 211 Pelersoll et ,,/. /<)-7: CrUillp It,d) 199:-\. 2.; B()kijll\i /1.)1.)2. 19:-\.

01 .l,iIlO.ISl' / f),'';.' , 71. 2~,leill(),',I\'/<)S.'. 73.

fig. 3. SI

Padina (Serbia),2 Pana, ()szentivan: over winter betw( recognized from winter in Novem Padina and Parta occur in late autt ducks) and vagra 3). Winter visitol 23 yielded GOOSe while Endrod III

We have to data and recent consideration thl elimatie eonditic are secn only dLII breed in this reg it also used to bI

Conclusions Ki)ri)s culture aJ

Hungary and in the earlier and I tendency in hun to a sudden dis

2' C!"SSO/l /9/'10. 2', ,leiIlO.I'SI' /9/'15. 7 2? ['elerso/l el 0/. / 2S (i,i/ (ill/,rep.)

2') .l,illossr / <)85. 7 'II Bijkijllri /974,-+ 'I Peterso/l el ,,/. I

277 THE NEOLITIIIC AVIFAU:\A OF HUNGARY

~

-.. ~

IOO"n

at the most xi)

level of Ungureasea Bustard) sugge~ting

)rey and passerines. t of the recogn ized cd to the subfossil

in relation with the to larne rivers (e n

b • "b"

species indicate at ill meadows. Many on floating vegetal : large wading birds lLIgh the num ber 0 r prorortiona I in the Ie Maroslele-Pana, jig. ':). Open field well presented, in

Jgnized in smaller (ere found at Parta

sis of bird species, '. Resident species ng season usually Ie over wintering migratory species )Ie.

ated Di vel' (Govia

between October lok-Szanda24 and

I'ana(n 15)

1.1Idas-BlIdzs<il-.. (n= 15)

Riiszl-..L'-Luddr (n 14)

Marm;kk-Pana (n 20)

Indriid 119 (n 20)

40'!" ()O" " RO"" 100""

.1{csidclll D SlIllllllcl' \ isitor .I'assagL· \\'inlcring Facliitali\ c 1)\ L'r\\ inlcring • Vagr~1I1t

fig. 3. Seasonal presence ofditfcrent bird species at the most represented settlements (n=number of species recognized)

Padina (Serbia),25 and White-li'onted Goose (A. alhiji'Ol/s) from Endr()d 119. Marosle1c­Pana. Oszentivan2h and Foeni (Romania) pass through Hungary in large numbers but onen over winter between October-November and March April.27 Tuned Duck (Arlln'aji/ligllla)

recognized from EcsegLllva 23,2X Rihzke-Llldvar29 and Ludas-Budzs{lk 30 also may over winter in November-April." Vagrant species Shclduck (Tadoma ladoma) identified from Padina and Parta.:;:' and Herring Gull (Lams mgel/lallls) known hom Maroslelc-Pana may occur in late autumn-early winter.3~ Common spring- and autumn passage species (mainly ducks) and vagrants generally were I'ound in small numbers in the Neolithic avifaunas (fig. 3). Winter visitors were identified in small number from Neolithic settlements. EcsegLllv<1 23 yielded Goosander (Me/glls me/gal/ser). Parta furnished Bral/la SjJ. indet. and Goosander, while Endrod 119 provided Siavonian Grebe (PodicejJs w/rillls).

We have to mention that the study of birds' seasonality is based both on palaeontological data and recent ornithological evidence. In the case of this latter, one has to take into consideration the changes in bird migrations due to the recently alternating ecological and climatic conditions, and birds' adaptation to human environments. 34 Although swans lately are seen only during the winter in Hungary, according to ornithological evidence they used to breed in this region until the 20th century. Crane recently is considered a passage species but it also used to breed in Hungary.J5

Conclusions

Karas culture and generally Neolithic settlements are rich in avian remains and taxa both in HungalY and in the Carpathian Basin. The representation of sites with bird bones and taxa in the earlier and later periods is significantly weaker (fig. 4). Although a generally decreasing tendency in hunting can be observed after the Ncolithic, we can not attribute the gap in fowling to a sudden disinterest of people in bird hunting. It is very likely that different cxcavation

25 Classo/7 1980. 32 r:. "·,'\.\/er E. G,il 1997. 142. 26 kmOS\T 1985. 71. .;3 Petel'so/l c/ 01. 1977.60; 145. 27 Peterso/1 e/ 01. 1977. 55 57. ;~ F. G,;I: Adaptation oj' diffcrcnt bird specics \0

2~ Gal (i/1 prep.) human environmcnts. in: J. Laszlovszky - P. Szab,) 29 },i/7ossr 1985. 72. (cds): People ~md "Jaturc in historical pcrspective. 30 B(lkll/1ri 1974.436. Budapest 2003. 120 13R. 3I Pe/erso/l et 01. 1977. 67. 35 P"t"rSO/1 et al. 1977. J07.

27X ERIKA GAL

60

..j.O

20

o l'v1esnl ilhic

SilL'

fig. 4. Bird bone representation in the different archaeological periods within the Carpathian Basin

methods, bird bone scparation and selective identificat of the remains gave rise to such an uneven distribution of results.

The numerous aquatic and wetland birds recognized from the settlements rclkct the characteristic environment around Neolithic sites. The inhabitants lived near wetlands but also close to grazing grounds and scarce forests where exploitation of water- and woodland resources, as well as animal keeping was possible. The mosaic-like environment that must have had a specific role in the adaptation of Neolithic people in the Carpathian BasinJ () can be evidenced on the basis of bird bunas as well.

Birds WCIT usually hunted in the breeding season when the diversity of avif~lLIna is the greatest and both the adult birds and eggs were easily exploited. Some winter visitor species and the large number of resident- and possible over wintering birds do not exclude all year habitation at eertain sites. On the other hand, the diverse avifaunas poor in remains and individuals do not indicatc long-lasting settlements.

The bird bone assemblages usually do not indicate any system in Cowling, this probably being an opportunistic and mainly seasonal occupation like fishing and shellfish-collecting. Although certain species (e.g. Mallard, White-tailed Eagle, Crane or Great Bustard) were 01len hunted in the Neolithic, we may state that bird hunting had an opportunistic character, and people did not focus to any species in particular. On the other hand, the abundancc of wing bones in the particularly rich assemblage from Ecsegfalva 23 suggests a kind of intcrcst in some speeies.J7 Thus we may assume that the captured or hunted birds must have had a well defined - usually economic or trophy - value 3x

16 P. Siilllegi this volume Silndulqli) and Prof. A. Whittle ([csegt~llva 2,'). 17 F. GlI! (i/1 !m'!)) Dr. Laszlo Bartosiewicz provided the avian remains 1X] am grateful to the next colleagues who invited !i'0l11 site Endr6d 6 being e.\cavated by Dr. Dl'ncs

me to work on the bird bnne remains li'om the Jankovich. I thank Mr. M. Gaspank for the access exeavatinns having lead: Ms. Diana Bindea to the recent bird bone collection of the Hungarian (Ungureasca Cave and nlll<ln). Dr. Georgcta [I Susi 1\atural History \1useum. Erika Gal currently is (Foeni and Parja). Dr. Viktoria Kiss (Balatonszemes being emp]nyed by the Hungarian project N ROC;

- Bagodomb). Dr. Z,Jia Maxim (Sincrai. Tureni 24X/20lE

Biikii/1.1'i !9 74

Biiki;Il\'i !99J

Biikii/1.1'i .f<I/lOSS\· !965

('!ilSO/l !9S()

('rUI/If! !'NS

.hl/10SS.I' !9S5

1\ ess!er (i,l! !9')7

f'-ess!er Ci'I! !99S

!'l'Il'I'SO/1 l'I u!.

279 THE NEOLITHIC AVIFAUNA OF HUNGARY

-l !

eriods within

gave rise to such an

ttlements reflect the d ncar wetlands but vater- and woodland vironll1ent that must thian Basin3h can be

ly oJ'avil:lUna is the linter visitor species not exclude all year oor in remains and

wling, this probably shell fish-collecting. Bustard) were of1en listie character, and abundance of wing I kind of interest in ust have had a well

little (Ecsegt'<Jlva 23). ;ded the avian rcmains IV,lted by Dr. Denes iparik tClr thc acccss ion of the HUllgarian :a G,il currently is rian project NRDG

B(jk(jnyi 1974

B(jkihlyi 199:3

Biikiil/l'i .I';I/OS,IT 1965

Clason 1981i

Craml,I998

G,il (il/lwcl'.)

}(inO,I'SI' 1985

Kessler (i,il 1997

Kessler (i,il 1998

Petersol/ et ,,/.

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S. Biik(jl/l'i: Ili,tory of domestic mammals in Ccntral and Eastcrn Europc.

Budapest 197.:1.

S. Biikiimi: Early Ncolithic vertcbratc fauna ofEndrtid 119. In: S. Biikiinyi

(cd.): Cultural and Landscape Change, in South- Ea,t Hungary. I. Rcport,

on thc Gyomaendrtid Project. Archaeolingua ( 19(2) 195 2')9.

S. Biikiilll"i - D. ./iil/oss\': SLllbfossLilis vadmadar Iclctck Magyarnr'/'·Igon.

(Subfm,i1e Wildvogclfundc aus Ungarn). Vcrtcbrata Hungarica 7 (19IJ5)

X5 99.

.1. T Clason: Padina and Starccvo: gamc. ti,h and cattlc. Palawhisltlria 22

( 19XO) 142 173.

S. Cralll!' (cd): Thc completc bird, ofthc We,tcrn Palcarctic on CD-ROM.

OxlcJr(i 199X.

E. (i,il- Bird rcmaln,. in: A. Whitllc (cd.): Thc learly Ncolithic on thc (ircat

Ilungarian Plain: iIl\L"tigation, of thc Kiirii> culturc ,itc tlf Ec,cgl~llva 2\,

Co. Bekc,. VA II.

n. .I,il/OS,IT Wildvogclrc,te au, arch;iologi,chcn (ir,lbungen in I Jngarn

(Neolithieum bi, Mitlelalterl. Fragmcnta Mincr'llogica ct Palacontologica

12(19X5)IJ710J.

1:·.l\essle,. I:'. (i,il: The fo"il and ,ubfo"il bird rcm,lin, li'Olll Banal. AnB

.\ (1997) 141 144.

I:'.l\essler I:'. (i,il: Re,turi Ic),ilc ~i ,ublc);iI!e de pfl,flri in ,iturilc palcolitice

~i ncolitice din Cheilc Tur/ii ~i Chcilc Turcnilor (.Iudclul Cluj). Angv,tia\

(199X) 9 12.

R. T Pelersol/ G. MOIlI//!i,,./ 1'.1. IJ !lollolII: l:unJpa nl'lllarai.ll~inb of

I;uropc I. Budapc,t 1977.

S)kTic:-. Lc:-.cgLlI\ (\ ~_~ Endrlid 3l) I'ndr<'c! II e) De\" \ ,\11\ a· Rlr,'c' i G\ ,dare! Klite kk·llll,nir,arok \lan"kk·Pan'l Rli,zkc·Lil,h'rr SzajlJl·Fcl'lifilld SZOlllllk,S/anda

(;IIl';lllfrcl;t't!

/in-lt.l·h'/JI/!,\ l'IIIIColli\

/\hl;np,\ ('l'i.\IOII/\ :i I !'nt!ict'jJ\ (I. 11111';111.\

I)huluc!"o("orar ('ur!Jo

1)('/n'(IIII/\ (}//(}I '1·(llitlll.\

FJu/ullrll.\ \It)II/r/\

\H"lit'(wln- 1l.1"cI;(·O/"tl\

Fgrcl/U glll':L'I/U

r'grd/u ul!JiI ; I

.lnlct!c;II('/nt -I ;

.1/"(1('11 IJ/fljJlllnl ~ I

(';('rllI;l( (I I/;,<",:,I'({

('i('l'/I;d (I (';('fI/ltd

II/uld/t'o ICIII 0/0(/('0 ~ I

('j'.'..!,ll/{\ ulo/

IlIs('/ lo/'uli\

/11,\(-'( tdhilrflll\

/1/\('1 (/. Oll\t'!" -I ;

,I fI.\t 'I' SI'

.. Iuu,\ II 1!('lll'/iJlJe'

.II/u\ (I. \//'('Ih'/-;/ (, .1

.1I/u\o"('('C({ ~ I

. 11/0\ rllll\ '1'11\ Il( I,u\ 1_' h

1//0,\ 1111 ill II/II 1 I

.11111\ (I/UTIIlI( '( 111111 h ~

.lllil\ rI (II/h'il/d

.11/(1\ (Iffl 'l"rl/Il 'I lull I I ,/\/'('d/d I I

111(1\ II). II'

1\·lh.1"o 1('l"illo 1 I

/\'lhI"1I111F()( iI 1-'

krill'll IIII(~III" ; I

.1.1"llIl"d /c,.illo II/ligula I

.lrrhwel' ill,!,'r I

.\lng/!\ I I. IJ/('I):'lllht'!" I

Ill\cl'ilorJlIn tlldCI ~I

Iluliuct'f//\ ol!J/( IlliI

( 'In 'I t('{If" ,'..!.olli( 1/\

('in'lI\ l!('I"II,'..:,il1fl\{/\

I b.:~cgfal\ a ~.'SpecIe,

' I

., 1

'J .~

; , ., I

I I ., ;

; ., I I .' I

' ;

I I ' ;

; , , I

I I

I I

I ~ '.1 '.) I ~

' I

' (,

' 1

!-.l1lln,d 3l) I l.ndwd Ill) D~\ (1\ <'111: a-13an,:cl Ci\ ,ilaret

I I

I I

Klitekk·llll,zilr,ar"k

1 I 3

] I

I I

1

-I"

-I"

I I

I I

\ l"r,deIe·P"n"

I I

h 'J

-I" ~ 'J

; "

II .,

; "

I I

; .,

I I ; .,

Rii'/ke-Lild\ ,ir

I I

I I

I I

I I

S/aJlJ]·Febiifiild

I

I I

; ",

X '!

I I

S70lnlJk,Slallda

I L'/fCII.\ "/), iI/tid 'I 11

.--It'CI/>ilt'I" gCllri/i.\ I I I

1\

II

I

Blileo !JIIlC() I I

Ilicr{{(lc!lIS 1)(!I1/Wfl!S I I

Tetro() lelr;x 2 1 I Jradix pen/;x 1 I

1 I l"

I ! J

i

"..J oc o

[T1 7J

7' );>

C: );>, r

A.l'!h.1"(( fllll~l;lIl(/

Al"!'."',.!"rinu fllli.c:lI!u ,1.l'ill'!Jlp illi!"/

.l/ngll,\ (/' Il7CI:!!.lllnl'l"

An.\'cri/iJ/"II/('I i/7<!"{

Huliu""!II.\' "!ili,,i!!,/ (';r('(/('/II,\ go/lieu\

Circus (/L'rllgillr)SIII,'

~ Species

('in. 'liS .'/) indcl.

.-lcClj'ihT gCl1lill,

Nllh'(} hUleu

lIit'!'//(ft'!lI.\ /h'IlI/U!I!,

Ji.'/rtlll Il'Il'i.\

('c"di, !','/'(!i, !JO {":lIJ1d !}(){":'Ullil

(;/111111111" ('/I!()J"O!JlI,\

Flflit"(! 1!lru

(IUI\ ,"-!,IU,

/; '!I"ur It '!I"U\

(),i,\ 11/1'1./11

,)'{ 'II//)/hl\ j"fl,\/it'()!I/

l.ill1u,\i/ /iJllo.\u

1.1f/·II'" 1/ {f/:'.!,l'l7!tI!I{\

('o/lfl/lhu !hlil/II//ll!\

,)'ll'ir ollfco

('(}/"(l( Il{\ .'.!.,ill"I"It!lf\

I h'!u!n·(JIJlI.\ !Jlui()!"

lIulfdu (II'1'CI1\/\

li{l"dll,\ /I}{'I"If!if

Tun!lIs I"iSCf1'(}l"lt\

liln!fls .\IJ

. k,.o('{'IJ!/o!lI\ .\!i.

(;Url"lI!lf\ g!Ul1difJ"ill,\

rIco Ii/CU

('(}ITIf.\ C/. !UI,'.!.,I!l','.!.,/f\

('OITIf.\ (f (,(){Ol/('

('OITIf.\ jJ"lfgi!cglf\ (. ((,/'Olft

('O/TIf\ \p.

.)"1111"111/,\ I'ff(t!.ifl·i\

;>0.\\'('1' dU"!C\"/li'{{\

1:'llIh(,l'i~idift' II,dd.

j>a\\cl"iIIJl"llin illt/t'l

./1'('\ IIIdcl

'["1,,1'

~ I

I I

I I

I I ~ I '.J

ECSL'gLtI\"<-l '.~

1 I

] I

] I

] I

' I

I I

I I

I I

l-l ~

~-1 -1

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I

I

J

1 I

(1 ::.:

, , 5h '.J

::':7h h-l

!

I .:2 ')! I ! I ]

II I

!

1 ,

II I I ..., .,

D0\ '-1\ ~·IIlY~I-(iarc~..'jEndrt)d _-:;9 Gy<.llarCl Kt)lL'kk-llusz:i.rsarok !\Llroskk-Pan<.l I R()szk('-Lll(h-~lr 1 Szajo!-Fd,,()f(ild I SZl)tnok-SzandaLmln\d I I C) t I

1 I " 1

" I ; , 'l h 1 1

1-1" "

I I , I

I I

, ,~-l:, .J

~~ -l::;; '.) h(l~ h~ ' , ~(J I ~ -1' .~~ '.J

Table I. List of idcntiticd bird \a\a from the Karas culture settlements in Hungary

I I

1 "

~.')

I I

-J :r: r.­Z r.­o r -J :r: !J ;v <':

;;: C Z ;v o r.­:r: c z c:J ;V

:<

[-J :x:',­

_ Speci~s I St~rceYo-Cn~ I , ,-r .

P"dma(SI StarCC\l1(S)--------1 .' l Podicc!is crrS/Il/IiS II ,Podi",!" al'; ICJU{'/lil I I

1, P!Iil!lIcm,':mlx :lIl'ho I

1 Pclc{II/l1JI o/locmlll!"s 1 I

I P"!"clln,,sll'

1 ·/nicil !ml'!'''I','1I

P!II/II!CII !""comdill

(:I'gnlls Cl'glllfS I J ," (\gl/IIS O!Ol'

3 ').J/ls'T/llhll!is

A17,\"(',. tilh{li'(111.\

.3 .)/111.\'cr ({lIser

AJJscr.\p

/jml//illp

{adorllo lodol'no 1 I

·1/111.1' !J!lIll'ih1'llc!lo.1

.,I/lIlS c( clr!h'II/1l 1 J

.Inlls S!'.

,Il'/lira 1l1nh'(/

,11'I!ll·II./II!ig"!1I

....1r/ClgllS (I. l1lCn..!,Ollser

WIJ'",·S!). I I

GII'\ /"!""s

q'lhIL'l/fsAcg,pilf\ C;.IF' I I

Aq"i!1I c!lnS(/clOS

.J"lIi!1I cI(1IIg{lil)()!J}(IJ·,11" i \

I 1 I I

'lIslI!hici!!" I 1 I I IL-

Swrcc\ o-Cri~Species

Padina (S) Swrce\o (S)

Accipifel' gemilis

I Telrau lell'ix

Kurus

Luda,- NosLa­I'd 'k S ('" S >u zsa' (. J Jyongyp<Irt ( )

I I

0 .)

-

Yinca

P"rta(R)

I 1

Pctle)tl -_L~C\llddk '\co!nhlc Neolilhic

Ln~ulec1'L.1 - T ' " Suplaeu de C~ R FocIlIIR) Cl<Ido\c1(Rl Salca(R) S\I1crcu(Rl1 1B . I'

.j\ C ( ) t--­ __ ----t--' arcau ( ,)

1 I -r 1

I I [ I

Turcni-S' d I 'R'

an II qtl () R ()

I ~

I

1 I 'I

2 .1

I I I

\

o ') I I

2 I

I J l) '? 2 I

L) ')

2

1 I

" 'J

rn

I~ >c:>, r

I I I I

II I

II'~ I~l I ~---- -- -- - ­

\liddle :\eolitillc\'inca l Petre~ti - LI3C

I

II :\eolithic

Salea IR) Sin~rai IR) SupJaeu de Turcni -

Bareau (R) Sandule~ti (R)

J 1

\

11

\

3/2

\

\

ZauanKljr(is (RlLngureasca

:\osza- Foeni IR) CI<IdOla IRILudas- Partal R ) Ca\e (R)Gybngypart IS I Budzsak IS)

2 1 3 1 19 'J

" I \ " I

/111/1'/(.)' sp. I I11 I

G,ps/ilh'IIS I I 11

Gvpaerl/,\/AegtpilisiGlps 1'1

, Aquila chnsaeros

3 1 Aquila claugalpomarina I I IAquila sp, I I

Haliaeerus albicilla Ii]I ] ]

I--~---~~.--'" J Species Starccvo-Cri~

Padina (S) Starccyo (S)

K(')rOs

Ludas- Nosza­Bud,,,ik (S) Gy,;ngypart (S I

Vinca

Parta (Rl

I Pclre:;ai - LBC

UngllrL'a~Cl

e\\C (R)

t\1iddlc ~eoli(hic

Fucni (RI CladO\ a (R) Salea (RI

Neolirhic

Sinerai (R) Suplacu de Barcau (R)

I Tureni -S;jndulqti (R) I Z;i~')l!1

/lccijJilcr gCI1/ili.\ I I

]('/ru() Iclri.r t'! " .~ 1 ' I I I -'2

Pcn/ir pen/ix

Galli/imll"s illdel.

FIf!icu (llru I I

o "

o I

I I

Grits gr"s ...., ') oS 'J I I I I I

Of is /01'(10 h ') .~~ oj o " I I I I

/VlIll/CIlillS (!li/I/U/If.\ I I

('olulllho Ii<i/lllllhlls I I

Bulw hul}() I I

Srrir oIuco I I

/1 s;o./1(IIJl/Jll'/ls I I I I

limlus /,ilari' I I

Tun Ius /,lii/lllllclo"

Pic(/ /);('(/ o "

I I

o I

('orl'lf.\ (j. ji"lIgi!egus

Cor\'II,'l(j. ('orolle I I 2 I

Cor,,",\' /}/oncc!lIfo o I o I

]'ussl'rij()r/J/cs inc/l"

An>s inc/el. I I

I I

7 ,) 3 " I I

Tolal 77 ')') ') X2 '.) o " .~() '? ~() 'j I X',' I .) I I I I I I '"' .. ')J. ~ I I

j IT! Z IT! 0 r -I::r: !J

~ "T1;» C Z ;» 0 "T1

::r: ~ CJ ;» ;0

-<

,-'ex

Table 2, List of identified bird taxa from ?\leolithic sites in Serbia and in Transyhania (abbreviations: S=Serbia, R=Romania) '''''

Species English l"ame EClltype Scasllnality Mllnths flllld t.J X +­

(j(/l'i" "rclic" Black-thr""lc'd Di\ er Aquatic PCbsagL' \\illlL'l' \ ;silllr X-I\' Carn;\ lln""

Ti.lcln'h"li!liI'I'II/icullil Littk Grehe Aquatic SUml11L'r \isitllr Occasiunal \\ intL'l' \ isi!llr III-X Carni\ llnlll'

Pot/in'I).\' cr;S!dfJ/.\, (jrcat Crested (jrcbc Aquatil' Summc-r \ i~ltllr (h:casional \\ inter \ isilOr II-XI Carn!\ UrOth

Podin'jJs gl'iSl'igcJld RL'd-IlL'ckl..'d Cirl'hl' Aquatic SUI1111h..'r \ isitur III-X ('arlli\ nrnllS

fYlhliccf!.I' c( "lIrillis Sla\ L)n;an (irehc AquatiL' \\'illier \ isitor Carni\ llnlUS

f'1",I"cl'Ocul'lIx c"rlw CllrInoranl \\'llllded \\L,tland SlIl11l11L'r \ is;tl)r III-X Carni\orlllls

I'C!CCWllfS ()!J()('Jv/u!/f.\ \\'hitc Pelican :\qualil' SUl11l1h..'!" \ bltur Carni\ nrOllS

lJul"IIJ'11s slcll"r;'1 Bittern AquatiL' SUl11l11L'l' \ i,itllr (keasillnal \\ inlcr \ isitor II-X Carni\ lmlllS

iV\clicuro.Y".l'('ficorar Night I krOIl \\'oolkd \\"dland SU1111ll(T \"isitor IV-X Carni\ orolls

1:~i!;r('l1(/ g(/r~c!I(/ Little Fgrc( \\'PDlkd \\ l'(lalld Summer \ i~ilor I\"-X Carni\ OnlUS

L~~rl'll" "Ih" (ireat WhilL' EgrL'1 ,\ljuatic SUllllller \ isitllr Occasillnal \\intL'r \ is;llll III-X Carn;\'llrlllls

,.Inlc" cillcrc" (jrey Hcrllll \\lllllkd \\L,tland SUl11mer \ isitllr (kL'clsillnal \\ inter \ is;tl)r II-XI ('arni\lll\""

,./1 de" l!lfrl!lfrc" PlIrpk l!cron ,\qllatlC SUl11l11er \ i,itur III-X Carni\llnlUS

CicUlli" cf, lIigl'll Black Stllrk \\ulllkd \\L,tland SUl11lllL'l' \isitllr IV-IX Carni\'llnlus

CicUlli" c/ cimlli" White Slurk \\el IllL'adl1\\ SUlllmer \i,itor II1- VIII Carni\urous

1'1"1"lc" ICII('()mc!i" Spuunbill ,\quatlL' SUllliller \ i,itur 1\-1.\ ('arni\'OI'lIUS

(\~'''IS 1.<",!!,111f.\ Whoupcr S\\ an ,\ljuatic \\'inlL'r \'isitor X-III CarninJl'lHIS IT:

(\~/llIS ofor

.'1ns('/' li,h,,!i.1

MUlL'S",all

Bean (jUUSL'

\quatic

\\'c't nlL'adl1\\

\\'inter \ isitur

Passage Occasiunal \\'inter \i,illll' IX-I\'

IkrhinJl'lHIS

l!crbi\u['()us

~ ;r:: >

Ails('/' "Ihi/i-olls

,lnSt'l' ((17.\('''

White-frul1ted (ilH'SL'

(ireylag (iuuse

Wet lllead'J\\

\\'etlllead'J\\

Passage Occasll1nal \\ inter \ isitur

SUIlliller \';sitor

\-111

II-XI

I krhi\'orllus

I krhinJl'lHIS o>, r

BIlIllI" ,II'- in,ll'I goose Wet Illeadu\\' \\intL'r \ isilll1' l!crhi\urous

/(/(Io,.,/({ ({{(/rWIle/ Shclduck Opell lalld \'agrant Occasiullal \\ inter \ "ilor kh. \ I Ilcrhi\'onlus

:lnus (.'r pl'!7c!rl/h' \\'igcon AljUalic P~lssage [I[-I\'.IX-X Olllninll'ous

Anus (.f Sfrt'/hTi{ (jad\\ all AquatiL' SUIllIllL'r \ i"tpr Passage I11-\ I Olllnin)J'(HIS

;lnus ('/"('n'u Teal Aquatic PClssclgL' IILlX-\ Olll11 i\'OI'Ol1S

Anus !J!lIll'rhrnc!lo,\ \1allard Aquatic RL'"dL'11t Passage 11-IlLlX-X Ollllli\ llrous

Anus oj/. (Ieu/o Pilltail Aquatic SUIllIllL'r \"ilor Passage II-XI OIllIl;n)J'(lus

In(/,\' (/lh'U/U('(!u!u (jarg~lnCy' Aquatic SUIllIllL'r \1"101' Passage III-X Ollllli\ pruus

.-IIl"s c!. cly/h'll/U ShmeiL'r AqualiL' SUlllnlL'r \"iIOr Passage II-XI (Jllllli\ lln)US

hiliI''' li',in" Puehard Aquatic SUIllIllL'r \ "ito,- OCc'ts;ollal \\ inter \ is;lor II-XI Olllni\ orlHts

,-lI'fIJI'UlJl'ru('(/ ferrugillous Duck ,\quatic SUIlliller \isi[Or Occa,iollal \\ illter \ tsillll' III-XI (JIllIl;\ llruus

,·I,l'lhl'U luligul" Tufted Duck AquatiL' ra,,~agl' \\-inlcr \ i~itor 1\-1\' Omniyprou"

A4clglf.\ cl me/gull\l..'!' G,,"sander AquatiL' Willter \ isitor XI-III Cclrni\ "rlHts

J1iII'1I.I IP- unidentified kite SUllllllL'r \ i,itor III-IX Carn;\ orous Sc<" anger

H"li"eelus "Ihieill" \Vhite-tailed Eagle \\'ooded \\'elland Resident Diurnal hlrd of prey

G1psfilll'lll (JrilTon Vulture Open rocky land Residellt Diurnal hird of prcy

:IolontnsSeasonality Carni\"OrOlb S(:3\'angcr Ecotype

--l- ---=f,;..:,1",1"",,'Ii sh '.; aille Resident Diurnal bird of preySpecies Rocky land IV-XIVulturc spel'ies Summer \isitor Diurnal bird of preyG\p"elus/Aeg1pillsIGlps Woodland Ill-XShort-toed Eagle Summer \'isitor Oel'asional \\'inter \blIPr Diurnal hiI'd of preyeirc"clus gailiclis AquaticMarsh Harner Resident Diurnal bird of preyCircus aerugil1oSlf,)' Woodland\ r'_,.hn .. ·l/

I

, ~""UUH'-l t l':'IlUl r<.lssage....:JlIVVl.·leI Aquatic JIJ-XAyrhl'ojerina OlTIni\'orOliSSUmJller \"isitor Pa~sagePochard Aquatic II-XIA.vrhya I1vrOca Omni\"orousSlIlnmer \"isitor Occasional "-inter \ isitorferruginous Duck ;\quatic II-XIAythvajitl<l'.lil<t OmnivorousSummer \"isitor OCC8.SiOll'-lJ \\"inter \"isitor Tuftcd Duck Aquatic If I-XIlv!ergus (( melgonS(!r I()nln~\'orousPassag~ \\"intcr \"isitorGoosandcr Aquatic IX-I\'j\{ilvlis .1'1). OmnlYorousWinkr ,;,itorunidentified kite

XI-If IHaliaec'tlis alhieilla Carni\'orollsSlimmer \"isitor White-tailed Eagle Ill-IX\\'Dodcd \I'etland GI'jJsjiilvliS Carlli \'OrOllS -SL'a\'~lngerResident(JriffOIl Vulture Open rocky land Re,;idcnt Diurnal bird of prcy

Diurnal bird ofprey

Species Engli:-;h Namc Ecotypc Seasonal ity Months Food G.l}JOC/IiS '-lcgl"/JillS"/(;'F'"

('jrclIc'lus gulliells

('in'lIs £I('1"lIgilJoslf.\

,·lcc//Jifer gentili.\

!JlI/{'() hfllc()

/(/lIi!o c!lI:l'.\lIC!OS

/ li/Tuocllls jh'lllh/!/f.\

{elroo {c/fh

j>cn/;x Ih'l'J;,\

eor~(/Il{/ l)()r~OI1{/

(J'allil/lIla clllo}'O!'ff.\'

;'""IiC(f ulra

(;r//,\ grll.\

/('Iro.\ letra\

O/is /urdu

,)'('ol()lhl\ I"I/Sf;( ·()ltI

r;IIIOS0 Itlllo,\a

\'fllI/('I/;I/." onllltlllf.\

rOUf.\ c/ lIIgCI1101lf.\

('oll/mho jl(llfflllhl/.\

IJlih" huh"

.)'Iri,r aillco

'-'in jlwJllllc!/.\

('(i!"UC;US garrlllu\

IkllJrnJjJlI,\ maior

Ilullc!{/ (IlTl'I1\-;\

Tl/n!Jf\' /1/('1'1110

ii/nil/., l';,'C;l"r)I"If"

. I(Ton'l J!/( fill \' ,\1 I.

(;orl'lIll1." gl(/ll( loril/."

I ';cu 1);('(/

('OITfI'" ('oro\

('()/TIfS ("/ jUlgilc.'.!.{(\

('()JTII.\ C/. (orOl/c

( ·U/'l'!/.\ .\IJ.

\1111"11/" l'lIlgun"

ell.\.\crc!m}/nliclI\·

Vulturc spC'cics Ro(:ky land

Short-loL'd Eagk Wuodblld l\1ar,h Harrier ALJuatic

(jush'l\,k "'uudland Ci n.n L'

(joldell I~.agk

Bu//'ml \\'uudcd roch placc

BUOtL'd Lagle \\'"udland IHack (iruu,e \\'L't Illl'ddll\\

PartridgL' ()pen land

SpullL'd (rake "\Ljllalll \;lumhcn \"uuded \\'L'llalld ('uuI .\Ljllatic

\\'l'l mL'ado\\CrallC

l'llle llu,tard Open land

(irL·,,1 Bll,lard Open I'llld \\'uudlandWu",IeUt k

Black-Iailed (it,d\\ il \\'et Ille'adu\\

('urle\\' j.\Ljllatil Ikrnllg (iull . \qLJ;llll'

\\'~Hlllpigel)Jl \\umlland

lagle' (h, I S/I

LI\\ll\" (h, I \\'uudland

Shun-cared (h\ I \\'l't ml'ado\\

(inn l'Ruller

(ireat Spulleci \\'UUdpL'L"kcT \\'lH 'd Iand

Shlark OpL'n bnd

Blal'khird \\""dland 1\1 isl Ie Tn"h \\""dland llilidelltified \\ arhlc' \qllallc

.1,,, \\ ""dL1I1d (inn e\ lagple

S/FR''''Cll Ruuk " ·1 ('arnon ('ro\\ \,' I

llllidelltifiL'd l'J"O\\ " I [- \\Starling

Iluuse SpaITO\\ 1:-"

Resident Sllllllll~r \"isitor SUllllllcr \"isitor (h:c,l~ional \\'inkr \'i~itor

RcsidL'llt Re,idcnt

Re,ident

SUllllllcr \ i .... ilor

Re'ilknl Re,ilknl

SLllllllh:r \ i:-.itor (kl'asion.d \\ inter \ isitor

Summer \ l~llur

Sumlller \ isitor ()l'\':~I:-.iol1al \\ ink']" \ [sltor

Pas:-.age SUIl1I1lL'r \ isilm'

Rc,idcnl

Rc,idL'lll

Pa:-.sage Sllmllll'r \ i ..... itor

SUIlllller \ ISllllr Pa:-.:-.age

Pas:-.age

\'agrant

SumnlL'r \ i:-'Itor OCL''-!siol1al \\ inkr \ isitor

Re,ilknt

Residcnl

Rc:-.idL'nt \\'ink!" \ i:-.itor

SUIlll1ler \ i:-.itor

RL'sidL'nt

SUIllI11L'r \ [sitor Occa"ion,l1 \\ inkr \ i"itor

RL"'Lknt I{e ..... ident \\'inkr \ [:'lltor

RL'sident , Re,;,dcnt

ResidL'nl

Re.silknt

Re,idcnl

Re',idenl

: Summer \ lsi tor ()cca .... ional \\ l11kr \ isitor

I Rc:-.idelll

Carni vorollS,SCa\'angcf

IV-XI Diurnal bird of prey III-X Diurnal bird of prey

Diurnal bird "fprey Diurnal bird ofprL'y Carni\ orOllS

IV-IX Diurnal bird "f prey I krh inlrl1 liS

l-krbinlrolls·' Insl'l'! 1\ OI"OllS

III-XI ('arni\'onnls

III-XI Carlli\ oro us

II-XI ('arni\ Droll"';

II-V,VII-XI ('arI11\ orulI:-.

Carni\'orolls

('arl1i\OrOlIS

('arni,orousIII-X

III-IX ('arlli \ oroll:-.

II-XII ('arni\ u]"ou:-;

IX ( 'arnin.lrOllS

II-XI 1krhi\ "rou,

:\"clurnal bird "f prey

NlKturnal hird "fprey

Diurnal pird l1g prL'y I\'-IX ( 'arninJroLls

11l.'iC'C'ti\ oroll~

II-XI I1l ...;,C'C'ti\ nrolls

()mniY(ll"(llIS

X-I\ ()mlli\'~)rOllS

InseC'ti\ orolls

Omni\ orOll~

( )llllli\"orULlS

Omni\ orou...; SC~l\ ;lI1gC'r

()llllli\'orOLl"i

Olllni\ orPllS

Ollllli\ orOlh

1111-:\ ·1 Oll1n~\ o]'uus

I ____ OJllllJ\ orous _

Table 3. General table including the ecological and seasonal characteristics of bird species

j CT1

Z r.-I o r ::j:r: o

~ ;; C L » o '""T1

:r: C ZCO) » ;;0

--<

,~

X 'J,

Spccies

jJodi( .('/) ~ (.,.isfoflf\"

j)/w!ocr()('onn" ('u/"/Jo

/)('/('('01111.\ sfJ.

Egr('I/" "I!>"

.In/co C;IICn.'(/

..In 1('" IJllrlilll'Ul

('ic'OIl;O (I n;''..!./'({

(';conld Sf).

Plu/u/co ICJ(coro£!cu

(""tIll/IS cl." ufo,. --I,< ,-Iflscr olhijn.ms G « Illser cj. (/Jl.\L'r

~

02 111.\,('1' Sf).

LLJ III(/,\ ('I'('('('U

IIIii' II- I'I"ll'l'hl'llclllJs

(illil\" SfJ.

/t 'lIn 'o/l'rill"

(lna/idol'illdd

11,,!i,,('c/((\ "I!>i,-;II"

{L'{ruo {e{ri,\

Flf!iC(( ({fru

(Jr/fs gr/ls

811!>" I",!>"

.. /t'C\II1i1d

Total )\;ISP \lNI

~I

Vinca I

.. " O,zcntll'ln

. (TI'/a,/lgcl)

I 1

1,1

o 'J

-Jd

S/ilml.'g \ILl"c' notc-Z,c1iz I Ti'/a C"i'/I1,JlOIll-1 krpal)DLPC I -\LPC

urulIJ) I, I TisLII,JI,­ Ti~za\'~h\ jn

BalatollvelllC'- , j" I 'I Kolek,- " Ti~nl\ ~l~\ ~'Iri rol: ,-i\­ "c',zlllch -I P , IK , 1S 'I SIT I' 1B 'I'IT'k"'· o111a~- l\_'~)rl:'- .~cg:;lr- __ LL'rl:~ll':--- __ ,I~/~lp\)g,lr- ('[\.'tly'ollJau­'"Ill fPl. h . C!:!\ c:-.i DC'I,I1,Jlllli

c Ll~' Zrdl II'd' i (ial T(I/",'''', LI,tafold"lr (""/I1,JlOIll Ikrp,ihf'\.('r('-.,/lfal I S/ill11cgBdgIJc!OIllQ Illl,zar,aro, 11;;:11' pata' ' 'dlilo

I I

-ll

I I I I I ! I I

I I

I I I

I I I I I I o 'J

o ')

I I I I ] I

I I 5 I

I I

-ll

1 1

I I

I 1

I I

~ ,)

I I

o I

I I

o 'J

11

I I

I I I I ') 'J

o 0

o 'J

~H L; o 'J I I " 1 I I

I

t I I ro 0 1 1 o " J 3 -J ',J J .1 o 'J

Table 4, List of identified bird taxa from the Middlc- and Late Neolithic sites in Hungary