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FACT/DEFINITION TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following are unique features of livingorganisms?(a) Growth and reproduction(b) Reproduction and ability to sense environment(c) Metabolism and interaction(d) All of the above

2. Cell division occurs _______ in plants and _______ inanimals.(a) continuously, only upto a certain age(b) only upto a certain age, continuously(c) continuously, never(d) once, twice

3. In unicellular organisms, with respect to growth andreproduction following can be true.1. Growth and Reproduction are inclusive events.2. unicellular organisms grow by cell division.3. Both are exclusive(a) Only 1 correct (b) Only 2 correct(c) Both 1 and 2 correct (d) Only 3 correct

4. In majority of higher animals and plants, _____ and _____are mutually exclusive events.(a) growth; nutrition(b) nutrition; consciousness(c) growth; reproduction(d) reproduction; consciousness

5. Non-living objects-1. Grows from external surface by collecting substance

on it.2. Grows from internal surface like living.3. Do not grow at all.Which of the followings option is correct?(a) Only 1 correct (b) Only 2 correct(c) Only 3 correct (d) All 1, 2, 3 correct

6. In multicellular organisms, _____ refers to the productionof progeny possessing features more or less similar tothose of parents.(a) growth (b) reproduction(c) metabolism (d) consciousness

7. The fungi, the filamentous algae, the protonema of mosses,all easily multiply by _____.(a) budding (b) fission(c) regeneration (d) fragmentation

8. Which of the following factors exclusively affectsreproduction in seasonal breeders, both plants andanimals?(a) Water (b) Temperature(c) Photoperiod (d) All of these

9. The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring inour body is known as(a) metabolism (b) growth(c) regeneration (d) reproduction

10. Which of the following term is used to refer the number ofvarieties of plants and animals on earth ?(a) Taxonomy (b) Identification(c) Biodiversity (d) Classification

11. ICBN stands for(a) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature(b) International Congress of Biological Names(c) Indian Code of Botanical Nomenclature(d) Indian Congress of Biological Names

12. Binomial nomenclature means(a) one name given by two scientists.(b) one scientific name consisting of a generic and

specific epithet.(c) two names, one latinized, other of a person.(d) two names of same plant.

13. In printed scientific names, only the ______ is capitalized.(a) class (b) species(c) genus (d) family

14. Each category of taxonomic hierarchy refers to as a unitof ______.(a) systematic (b) identification(c) nomenclature (d) classification

15. Systematics refers to the(a) identification and classification of plants and

animals.(b) nomenclature and identification of plants and

animals.(c) diversity of kinds of organisms and their relationship.(d) different kinds of organisms and their classification.

The Living World

Biology2

16. Taxon is a(a) unit of classification.(b) species.(c) highest rank of classification.(d) group of closely related organisms.

17. The practical purpose of classification of living organisms isto(a) explain the origin of living organsims.(b) trace the evolution of living organsims.(c) name the living organisms.(d) facilitate identification of unknown organisms.

18. Which of the following is not a characteristic of life?(a) Reproduction(b) Complex chemical organization(c) Adaptation to environmental changes(d) Differentiation from cells to tissues

19. Families are characterized on which of the followingfeatures of plant species?(a) External morphology(b) Anatomy of parts(c) Vegetative and reproductive parts(d) Seasonal similarities and variations

20. The order generally ends with(a) ales (b) aceae(c) eae (d) none of these

21. Which of the following taxonomic aid providesinformation for the identification of names of speciesfound in an area?(a) Monograph (b) Manual(c) Flora (d) Periodical

22. Which one of the taxonomic aids can give comprehensiveaccount of complete compiled information of any onegenus or family at a particular time?(a) Taxonomic key (b) Flora(c) Herbarium (d) Monograph

23. Which one of the following taxonomical aid is used foridentification of plants and animals based on similaritiesand dissimilarities?(a) Flora (b) Keys(c) Monographs (d) Catalogues

24. Herbarium is a(a) garden where medicinal plants are grown.(b) garden where herbaceous plants are grown.(c) dry garden.(d) chemical to kill plants.

25. The famous botanical garden ‘Kew’ is located in(a) England (b) Lucknow(c) Berlin (d) Australia

26. Keys are generally _______ in nature.(a) physical (b) chemical(c) analytical (d) qualitative

27. Each statement in the key is called _______.(a) lead (b) catalogues(c) manuals (d) monographs

28. The keys are based on contrasting characters generallyin a pair called _______.(a) flora (b) couplet(c) both (a) and (b) (d) manuals

STATEMENT TYPE QUESTIONS

29. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?(a) Only living organisms grow.(b) Plants grow only up to a certain age.(c) The growth in living organisms is from inside.(d) All of the above.

30. Growth in living organisms occurs by(a) division of cells.(b) increase in biomass.(c) accumulation of materrial by external agency.(d) both (a) and (b).

31. Which one of the following is not a correct statement?(a) Botanical gardens have collection of living plants

for reference.(b) A museum has collection of photographs of plants

and animals.(c) Key is a taxonomic aid for identification of specimens.(d) Herbarium is a store house that contains dried,

pressed and preserved plant specimens.32. Which two points are known as the twin characteristics

of growth?(i) Increase in mass(ii) Differentiation(iii) Increase in number of individuals(iv) Response to stimuli(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iv)(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iii)

33. Which of the following statements regardingnomenclature is correct?(a) Generic name always begins with capital letter

whereas specific name with small letter.(b) Scientific name should be printed in italics.(c) Scientific name when typed or handwritten should

be underlined.(d) All of the above

34. Which of the following statements are correct aboutherbarium?(a) It is a store house of collected plant specimens that

are dried and preserved on sheets.(b) Herbarium sheets contain information about date and

place of collection, names, family, collector’s name,etc.

(c) It serves as quick referral systems in taxonomicalstudies.

(d) All of the above35. Which of the following statements regarding growth is

incorrect?(a) In plants, growth by cell division is seen only upto a

certain stage.(b) Growth exhibited by non-living objects is by

accumulation of material on the surface.(c) A multicellular organism grows by cell division.(d) Growth in in vitro culture of unicellular organisms

can be observed by counting the number of cells.

EBD

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9

The Living World 3

36. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct forMetabolism ?(a) It is the sum total of all physical reactions taking

place inside a living system.(b) All plants, animals, fungi and microbes exhibit

metabolism.(c) Isolated metabolic reactions in-vitro are not living

but are living reactions.(d) All of the above

37. Which one of the following statements is correct aboutbiodiversity ?(a) It is the occurrence of varied type of organisms on

earth.(b) Each different kind of plant, animal or organism

represents a species.(c) The number of species that are known and described

range between 1.7–1.8 million.(d) All of the above

38. Which of the following statements are not correct ?(i) Lower the taxon, more are the characteristics that

the members within the taxon share.(ii) Order is the assemblage of genera which exhibit a

few similar characters.(iii) Cat and dog are included in the same family Felidae.(iv) Binomial nomenclature was introduced by Carolus

Linnaeus.(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)

39. Which of the following statements are correct?(i) Genus comprises a group of related species.(ii) Taxon represents a taxonomic group of individual

organisms.(iii) Family comprises a group of related genera.(iv) Taxonomic category class includes related orders.(a) (i), (ii), and (iv)(b) (ii) and (iv)(c) (i), (iii) and (iv)(d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

40. Which of the following statement(s) is/are not correct ?(i) Reproduction is the production of progeny

possessing features dissimilar to their parents.(ii) The fungi, the filamentous algae, the protonema of

mosses, all multiply by budding.(iii) Many organisms like mules, sterile worker bees do

not reproduce.(iv) Reproduction is not an all-inclusive defining

characteristic of living organisms.(a) Only (i) (b) Both (i) and (ii)(c) Both (ii) and (iv) (d) All of these

41. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ?(i) All living organisms have ability to respond the

environment stimuli which could be physical,chemical or biological.

(ii) Plants respond to external factors like light, water,temperature, other organisms, pollutants, etc.

(iii) Photoperiod affects the process of reproduction.(iv) Human being is the only organism who has self

consciousness.(a) Only (i) (b) Both (ii) and (iii)(c) Both (i) and (iv) (d) All of these

42. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ?(i) Classification is the providing of standardize names

to the organisms such that a particular organismknown by the same all over the world.

(ii) Taxonomy is the correct description of an organismand to recognition in its scientific name.

(iii) The system of naming with two components(binomial nomenclature) is proposed by CarolusLinneaus.

(iv) Zoological names are based on International Codefor Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).

(a) Only (i) (b) Both (iii) and (iv)(c) Only (iv) (d) All of these

43. Which of the following taxonomic categories is beingdescribed by the given statements (i-iii) ?(i) It is the basic unit of classification.(ii) It is defined as the group of individuals which

resemble in their morphological and reproductivecharacters and interbreed among themselves andproduce fertile offsprings.

(iii) Human beings belong to the species sapiens whichis grouped in the genus Homo.

(a) Species (b) Genus(c) Order (d) Family

44. Which of the following statement(s) is/are not correct ?(i) Genus comprises a group of related species which

has more characters in common in comparison tospecies of other genera.

(ii) Three different genera such as Solanum, Datura andPetunia are placed in the family malvaceae.

(iii) In case of plants, classes with a few similar charactersare assigned to a higher category called phylum.

(a) Both (i) and (ii) (b) Only (iii)(c) Both (ii) and (iii) (d) All of these

45. Which of the following taxonomical aids is being describedby the given statements (i-iv) ?(i) They generally established in educational institutes.(ii) They have collections of preserved plant and animal

specimens for study and reference.(iii) Insects are preserved in boxes after collecting, killing

and pinning.(iv) They often have collections of skeletons of animals

too.(a) Herbarium (b) Museum(c) Zoological parks (d) Botanical gardens

46. Which of the following statements regarding growth isincorrect?(a) In animals growth is seen up to a certain age.(b) Increase in body mass is considered as growth.(c) Growth by cell division occurs continuously

throughout their life span in animals.(d) Increase in mass and number of individuals is the

characteristics feature of animal growth.

Biology4

47. Select the correct statements (i-v) regarding taxonomiccategories.(i) Each step or rank in hierarchy is called taxonomic

category.(ii) Species is a group of individual organisms with

fundamental similarities capable of breeding amongthemselves.

(iii) Taxonomic studies of all unknown organisms haveled to the development of common categories likekingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family,genus and species.

(iv) Lower the category, greater is the difficulty ofdetermining the relationship to other taxa at the samelevel.

(a) (i) & (ii) only (b) (ii) & (iv) only(c) (i), (ii) & (iii) only (d) All of the above

48. Which of the following statements is incorrect?(a) The scientific name for humans is Homo sapiens.(b) Organisms placed in the same genus are least closely

related.(c) Moving from species to kingdom, more different

species are included in each higher category.(d) Species that are in the same genus share very specific

characteristics.49. Study the following statements and select the correct

description of botanical garden.(i) Plant species are grown for identification purposes.(ii) Labeling of each plant consists of its botanical name/

scientific name and its family.(iii) Specimens are preserved in the jars and containers.(iv) It is a type of store house which contains dried,

pressed and preserved plant specimens on sheet.(v) Plant specimen contains a labeling of information

about date and place of collection.(a) (i) and (ii) only (b) (i), (ii) and (iii) only(c) (ii) and (iv) only (d) All the five statements.

50. Which of the following is the correct sequence of thevarious steps of Herbarium formation?(1) Drying (2) Poisoning (3) Collection(4) Labelling (5) Mounting (6) Deposition\(7) Stitching(a) 3, 1, 2, 5, 7, 4, 6 (b) 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1(c) 3, 1, 2, 5, 7, 6, 4 (d) 3, 1, 2, 7, 5, 6, 4

51. Which of the following pair is correctly matched.(i) Fungi – Regeneration(ii) Mossess – Fragmentation(iii) Planaria – Budding(a) (i) and (ii) (b) Both (i) and (iii)(c) only (ii) (d) only (iii)

52. Dicotyledons like mango, brinjal and monocotyledons likeWheat and Rice are placed under a taxonomic categoryknown as(a) Phylum – Angiospermae(b) Division – Angiospermae(c) Class – Angiospermae(d) Sereis – Polypetalae

53. Amongst the given taxonomic aids, how many areassociated with preservation of specimens?Monograph, Flora, Key, Museums, Botanical Gardens,Catalogue, Herbarium, Manual(a) One (b) Three(c) Two (d) Four

ASSERTION/REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion is followedby a statement of Reason.(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is

the correct explanation of the Assertion.(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason is

not the correct explanation of the Assertion.(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.54. Assertion : Taxon and category are different things.

Reason : Category shows hierarchical classification.55. Assertion : The species is reproductively isolated natural

population.Reason : Prokaryotes cannot be kept under differentspecies on the basis of reproductive isolation.

56. Assertion: Information given on the label of herbariumsheets does not include family.Reason: Families are characterized on the basis ofreproductive features of plant species only.

57. Assertion: Flora contains the actual account of habitatand distribution of plants of a given area.Reason : Flora helps in correct identification.

58. Assertion : Panthera is a polytypic genera.Reason : Panthera has specific epithets like leo, tigris

and pardus.59. Assertion : Biological concept of species is based on

reproductive isolation.Reason : Most accepted species concept was given

by Linnaeus.60. Assertion : Botanical Gardens are ex-situ conservation

strategy of plants.Reason : National botanical Garden is situated at

Howrah.61. Assertion : Scientific names for plants have been

standardized through ICBN.Reason : Naming system which used three word format

was given by Linnaeus.62. Assertion : Two plants A and B are treated as two

taxonomic species.Reason : Both A and B are different in correlated

characters.

The Living World 5

MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS

63. Match the common name given in column I with theirtaxonomic category order given in column II and choosethe correct combination from the options given below.

A. Wheat I. Primata

B. Mango II. Diptera

C. Housefly III. Sapindales

D. Man IV. Poales

Column-I Column-II(Taxonomic

category–Order)(Common name)

(a) A – I; B – II; C – IV; D – III(b) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I(c) A – II; B – IV; C – I; D – III(d) A – III; B – IV; C – II; D – I

64. Match the common name given in column I with theirtaxonomic category family given in column II and choosethe correct combination from the options given below.

Column-I Column-II (Common Name) (Taxonomic category–

Family)A. Man I. PoaceaeB. Datura II. AnacardiaceaeC. Mango III. SolanaceaeD. Wheat IV. Hominidae(a) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I(b) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II(c) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV(d) A – I; B – III; C – II; D – IV

65. Match column-I (Biological name) with column-II (Class)and choose the correct option.

Column-I Column-II(Biological name)

(Class)A. Homo sapiens I. DicotyledonaeB. Musca domestica II. MammaliaC. Mangifera indica III. MonocotyledonaeD. Triticum aestivum IV. Insects(a) A – IV; B – II; C – I; D – III(b) A – II; B – IV; C – III; D – I(c) A – II; B – IV; C – I; D – III(d) A – II; B – I; C – IV; D – III

66. Match column-I with column-II and choose the correctcombination from the options given below.

Column-I Column-IIA. National Botanical I. Carolus Linneaus

Research InstituteB. Indian Botanical II. Taxon

GardenC. Binomial III. Howrah (India)

NomenclatureD. A unit of IV. Lucknow

classification

(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II(b) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II(c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I(d) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II

67. Match column I with column II and choose the correctoption.

Column-I Column-IIA. Family I. tuberosumB. Kingdom II. PolymonialesC. Order III. SolanumD. Species IV. PlantaeE. Genus V. Solanaceae(a) A – IV; B – III; C – V; D – II; E – I(b) A – V; B – IV; C – II; D – I; E – III(c) A – IV; B – V; C – II; D – I; E – III(d) A – V; B – III; C – II; D – I; E – IV

68. Which one of the following animals is correctly matchedwith its particular named taxonomic category ?(a) Tiger – Tigris, the species(b) Cuttle fish – Mollusca, a class(c) Humans – Primata, the family(d) Housefly – Musca, an order

69. Which of the following taxonomic category of houseflyis incorrectly matched?(a) Genus – Musca(b) Family – Muscidae(c) Order – Primata(d) Class – Insecta

70. Which of the following organisms is not correctly matchedwith its particular ?(a) Human beings – Sapiens, species(b) Lion – Panthera, genus(c) Cats – Felidae, genus(d) Datura – Solanaceae, family

71. In the given columns, column I contains the terms andcolumn II contains its description. Select the correct matchfrom the option given below.

A. Growth I. Production of offspring.B. Reproduction II. Composed of one or more cells.

C. Metabolism III. Increase in mass and increase innumber of individuals.

D. Cellular organization

IV. Sum total of all chemical reactionsoccurring in body.

Column I Column II

A B C D(a) I II III IV(b) III I II IV(c) III I IV II(d) II IV III I

Biology6

72. Match the taxonomic categories given in column I withtheir feature given in column II.

Column I Column IIA . Taxon I. Bas ic unit o f class ificationB. Species II. A taxonomic group of any rankC. Phylum III. Div is ion is the s ame category in

case of p lantsD. Genus IV. Iden tified based on a number of

s imilar charactersE. Order V. Group of related s pecies having

more character in common withothers s pecies

A B C D E(a) V II IV III I(b) III I IV II V(c) II I III V IV(d) III II IV I V

73. Select the correct taxonomic aids given in column I withtheir feature given in columns II.Column I Column II

A . Herbarium I. Includes those specimens whichcan be eas ily clas s ified on theirobs ervable characters .

B. Botan ical garden

II. Preserved specimens on sheetsbecome a s tore house for fu tureuse.

C. Museum III. Generally s et up in educationalins titu tes .

D. Zoological Park

IV. Includes those animals which areidentified based on their aggregatesof characters .

E. Key V. A ll animals provided s imilarconditions to their natural habitat.

VI. Includes an imals of related orders .VII. Includes collection of liv ing plants

for reference.VIII. It identifies an imals and plants on

the bas is of their s imilarities anddiss imilarities .

A B C D E(a) I II VIII V III(b) III I IV II V(c) II VII III V VIII(d) II III VII I IV

74. Select the correct Match.Column I Column II

A . Ex-s itu conservation I. Central national Herbarium

B. Quick referral sys tem II. M useumC. Preserved plants and

A nimalsIII. Flora

D. A ccount of habitatand dis tribution ofplant in an area.

IV. Royal Botanical Garden, Kew.

A B C D(a) II III IV I(b) I IV II III(c) IV I III IV(d) IV I II III

DIAGRAM BASED QUESTIONS

75. Consider following diagram and fill the following blankspaces/boxes.

Phylum/Division

Class

Family

C

B

Genus

A

(a) A-Strain, B-Order, C-Sub kingdom(b) A-species, B-order, C-kingdom(c) A-subspecies, B-Tribe, C-Domain(d) A-species, B-Cohort, C-Subdivision

CRITICALTHINKING TYPE QUESTIONS

76. Identify the correct sequence of taxonomic categories.(a) Species ® Genus ® Order ® Class ® Family ®

Phylum/Division ® Kingdom(b) Species ® Genus ® Family ® Class ® Phylum/

Division ® Order ® Kingdom(c) Species ® Genus ® Family ® Order ® Class ®

Phylum/Division ® Kingdom(d) Species ® Genus ® Family ® Order ® Class ®

Phylum/Division ® Kingdom77. Two plants can be conclusively said to belong to the

same species if they(a) have same number of chromosomes.(b) can reproduce freely with each other and form seeds.(c) have more than 90 per cent similar genes.(d) look similar and possess identical secondary

metabolites.

The Living World 7

78. ‘Taxa’ differs from ‘taxon’ due to being(a) a higher taxonomic category than taxon.(b) lower taxonomic category than taxon.(c) the plural of taxon.(d) the singular of taxon.

79. Taxonomic hierarchy refers to(a) step-wise arrangement of all categories for

classification of plants and animals.(b) a group of senior taxonomists who decide the

nomenclature of plants and animals.(c) a list of botanists or zoologists who have worked on

taxonomy of a species or group.(d) classification of a species based on fossil record.

80. Two animals which are the members of the same ordermust also be the members of the same __________.(a) class (b) family(c) genus (d) species

81. One of the most important functions of botanicalgardens is that(a) they provide a beautiful area for recreation.(b) one can observe tropical plants there.(c) they allow ex-situ conservation of germ plasm.(d) they provide the natural habitat for wildlife.

82. The disadvantage of using common names for species isthat(a) the names may change.(b) one name does not apply universally.(c) one species may have several common names and

one common name may be applied to two species.(d) all of the above

83. The most important feature of all living systems is to(a) utilize oxygen to generate energy.(b) replicate the genetic information.(c) produce gametes.(d) utilize solar energy for metabolic activities.

84. The common characteristics between tomato and potatowill be maximum at the level of their__________.(a) genus (b) family(c) order (d) division

85. Which one of the following is the first step in taxonomy ?(a) Naming (b) Description(c) Identification (d) Classification

86. Which of the following is the only taxonomic categoriesthat has a real existence?(a) Phylum (b) Species(c) Genus (d) Kingdom

87. In angiosperm, characters of flowers are used inclassification because(a) flowers are attractive.(b) flowers are large.(c) character of flowers are conserved.(d) none of the above.

88. As we go from species to kingdom in a taxonomichierarchy, the number of common characteristics(a) will decrease.(b) will increase.(c) remain same.(d) may increase or decrease.

89. Genus represents(a) an individual plant or animal.(b) a collection of plants or animals.(c) group of closely related species of plants or animals.(d) none of the above.

90. The taxonomic unit ‘phylum’ in the classification ofanimals is equivalent to which hierarchial level inclassification of plants ?(a) Class (b) Order(c) Division (d) Family

91. Which of the following is less general in characters ascompared to genus?(a) Species (b) Division(c) Class (d) Family

92. If an organism is in the same class but not in the samefamily then it may belong to same(a) genus (b) species(c) variety (d) order

93. Refer the botanical name of wheat "Triticum aestivum"and identify the statement which correctly describes it.(a) The second word belongs to genus and starts with a

small letter.(b) Both the words "Triticum aestivum" denote the

specific epithet.(c) The first word Triticum denotes the genus which

starts with a capital letter.(d) The first word Triticum denotes the specific epithet

while the second word denotes the genus.94. Which of the following characters given below displays

the description of lowest taxonomic category of organismsin the plant and animal kingdom?(a) It includes one or more than one order.(b) It is a group containing one or more families.(c) It is a group of related organisms that resemble one

another.(d) It is a group of organisms that are closely related

and share similar characteristics.95. Which of the following shows the correct example of

taxonomic category - Genus?(a) Potato, tomato and brinjal belong to Solanum.(b) Monkey, gorilla and gibbon are placed in Mammalia.(c) Solanum, Petunia, and Datura are placed in Solanacea.(d) Mangifera indica, Solanum tuberosum, and Panthera

leo.96. "X" being a higher category is the assemblage of families

which exhibit a few "Y" characters. The "Z" charactersare less in a number as compared to different generaincluded in a family. Identify "X", "Y", and "Z".(a) X - Order; Y - Similar; Z - Similar(b) X - Genus; Y - Similar; Z - Different(c) X - Species; Y - Different; Z - Similar(d) X - Class; Y - Different; Z - Different

97. Couplet represents the choice made between two oppositeoptions which results in(a) rejection of both the option.(b) acceptance of both the option.(c) either acceptance or rejection of both the option.(d) acceptance of only one and rejection of the other.

1. (d) All living organisms share certain unified and basiccharacteristics (includin energy utilization, regulationor homeostasis, growth, development, reproduction,adaptation) metabolism and interaction.

2. (a) All cells arise from pre-existing cells by a process ofcell division. Cell division is the phenomenon ofproduction of daughter cell from parent cell. It occurscontinuously in plants and only up to a certain agein animals. The continuous growth in plants termed“unique”, while in animals, cells divide up to a certainstage.

3. (c) In unicellular organisms, both Growth andReproduction are inclusive events as unicellularorganisms simply grow by cell division, in whichtheir population size also increases. Both the featuresare exclusive in higher organisms.

4. (c) Growth and reproduction are mutually exclusiveevents in majority of the higher animals and plants.Growth may be defined as a positive change in size,often over a period of time. Reproduction leads toproduction of progenies, possesing features moreor less similar to those of parents.

5. (a) Non-living objects have characteristic growth calledextrinsic growth in which object grows afteraccumulating substance over its surface. Livingorganisms show intrinsic growth (i.e., grows frominside).

6. (b) Reproduction ensures the continuity of the species,generation after generation. Genetic variations arecreated and inherited during reproduction. “Likebegets like” is the phrase to explain the similaritybetween parents and offsprings.

7. (d) Fragmentation is a sexual mode of reproduction inwhich an organism is split into fragments. Each ofthese fragments develops into mature, fully grownindividuals that are clones of the original organism.The fungi, the filamentous algae and the protonemaof mosses all easily multiply by fragmentation.

8. (c) Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction oforganisms to the length of day or night. It occurs inplants and animals. It can also be defined as thedevelopmental responses of plants to the relativelengths of light and dark periods. Photoperiodexclusively affects the reproduction in seasonalbreeders, both plants and animals.

9. (a) Catabolism – breakdown of substances eg.,RespirationAnabolism – Formation of substances. eg.,Photosynthesis.Catabolism + Anabolism = Metabolism.These are defining features of all life forms.

Simultaneous Catabolism and Anabolism called asAmphibolism.

10. (c) The term biodiversity is used for the variety andvariability among all forms of living organisms like plants,animals, and micro-organisms present in a given regionunder natural conditions. Biodiversity can be definedas the totality of genes, species and ecosystem of aregion. India is very rich in biodiversity.

11. (a) ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature)is one of the code of nomenclature which isindependent of zoological and bacteriologicalnomenclature. The foundations of ICBN was foundin Philosophia Botanica, a book written by C.Linnaeus.

12. (b) Binomial nomenclature means that the scientific nameof any organism consist of a generic epithet and aspecific epithet. Binomial nomenclature wasdeveloped by Linnaeus.

13. (c) In printed scientific names, only the genus iscapitalized. Genus is an assembly of related specieswhich evolved from a common ancestor and havecertain common characters. Eg, Solanum tuberosumand Solanum melongena are two species whichbelongs to the same genus of Solanum.

14. (d) Taxonomic hierarchy is the sequence ofarrangements of taxonomic categories in adescending order during the classification oforganisms. Each category of taxonomic hierarchyrefers to as a unit of classification.

15. (c) Systematics, often used interchangeably withtaxonomy, is the study of diversity of organisms,their comparative and evolutionary relationships onthe basis of findings from various fields of biology.

16. (d) Taxon (Plural: taxa) is a grouping of organisms ofany level in hierarchial classification which is basedon some common characteristics. It represents realbiological objects placed in any category whilecategory itself is an abstract term.

17. (d) Biological classification is the scientific arrangementof organisms in a hierarchial series of groups andsubgroups on the basis of similarities and differencesin their traits. It helps in building evolutionarypathways and in identifying new organisms.

18. (d) The characteristics of life include: responsivenessto the environment; growth and change; ability toreproduce; have a metabolism and breathe; maintainhomeostasis; being made of cells; passing traits ontooffspring. Differentiation from cells to tissues is nota characteristic of life.

19. (c) A family is a subdivision of an order consisting of agroup of related genera which in turn are composedof groups of related species. Families arecharacterized on the basis of vegetative and

Chapter 1 : The Living World

Hints & Solutions

reproductive parts of the plants species. Suffix addedin families of both plants and animals may be –aceaeor –ae.

20. (a) The order generally ends with ales. Order being ahigher category is the assemblage of families whichexhibit a few similar characters.

21. (b) Manuals contain information for the identificationof names of species found in an area. They alsoprovide information about keys, description of family,genus and species.

22. (d) Taxonomic keys are aids for rapid identification ofunknown plants. Flora is an inventory of the plantsof a defined geographical region. Herbarium is a safeplace for storing specimens as well as providesuitable atmosphere for research. Monograph is acomprehensive taxonomy treatment of a taxonomicgroup, generally a genus or a family, providing alltaxnomic data relating to the group.

23. (b) Key is a taxonomical aid used for identification ofplants and animals based on the similarities anddissimilarities. The keys are based on set ofcontrasting characters, generally in a pair calledcouplet. Each character of a couplet called lead. Keysare generally analytical in nature.

24. (c) Herbarium is the store house of dead, dried, pressedand preserved plant specimens on paper sheets,called herbarium sheets. The sheets, along withdescription of plant specimen, are arranged accordingto standard system of classification, and are storedfor future use. All sheets carry labels havinginformation about date and place of collection,English, local and botanical names, family andcollector’s name etc. The herbarium sheets can beused as a quick reference for taxonomic studies.

25. (a) The famous botanical garden 'Kew' is located inEngland. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdomsponsored by the Department for Environment, Foodand Rural Affairs. It is an internationally importantbotanical research and education institution, itemploys 750 staff.

26. (c) Key is a type of taxonomical aid used for theidentification of plants and animals based on theirsimilarities and dissimilarities. Keys are generallyanalytical in nature.

27. (a) Each statement in the key is called a lead. Catalogueis a list or record, systematically arranged and oftenincluding descriptive material.

28. (b) The keys are based on contrasting charactersgenerally in a pair called couplet. Key is an importanttaxonomic aid used for identification of plants. Eachcharacter of the couplet or statement in the key iscalled as “lead”. Keys are generally analytical in

nature. There are separate taxonomic keys specific foreach taxonomic category such as Family, Genus, etc.

29. (c) Growth is the act or process, or a manner of growing;development; gradual increase. It is an exclusiveevent in majority of the higher animals and plants. Inplants, growth occurs continuously throughout theirlife span and in animal, growth is seen only up to acertain age. In living organisms, growth is frominside. Therefore, it cannot be taken as a definingproperty of living organisms.

30. (d) Accumulation of material by external agency causeextrinsic growth which can not be the feature of livingorganism.

31. (b) Biological museums have the collection of preservedanimals and plants specimens for study andreferences. Biological museums are generally set upin educational institutes, i.e. schools and colleges.The specimens may be preserved dry or inpreservative solution in jars or containers. Theinsects are preserved in insect boxes after collecting,killing and pinning. The larger animals, like mammalsand birds are stuffed and are chemically treated forlong term preservation. Museums also havecollection of animal skeletons.

32. (d) Increase in mass and increase in number of individualsare twin characteristics of growth. Growth is definedas increase in size and mass during the developmentof an organism over a period of time. It is measured asan increase in biomass and is associated with cell divisionby mitosis, subsequent increases in cell size, and withthe differentiation of cells to perform particular functions.

33. (d) All the statements regarding nomenclature arecorrect. Nomenclature is giving distinct scientificnames to various structures including livingorganisms for their identification. It is a set of rulesused for forming the names or terms in a particularfield of arts or sciences. Nomenclature is onlypossible when the organism is described correctlyand we know to what organisms the name is attachedto (called identification).

34. (d) Herbarium is a collection of plant parts that usuallyhave been dried, pressed, preserved on sheets. Theherbarium sheets also carry a label that providesinformation about date and place of collection.Herbarium serves the quick referral systems fortaxonomical studies. It can also termed as DryGarden.

35. (a) In plants, growth by cell division occurs continuouslythroughout their life span.This continuos growth inplant is axial (i.e., takes place on two axes) andunique. Plant growth consists of primary andsecondary growth, on the basis of time when it occurs.

36. (b) Metabolism is defined as the sum total of all thechemical reactions occurring in our body. All plants,animals, fungi and microbes exhibit metabolism.Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not livingthings but are nonliving reactions.

37. (d) Biodiversity is the term used to describe the varietyof life found on Earth and all of the natural processes.This includes ecosystem, genetic and culturaldiversity, and the connections between these andall species. The different aspects of biodiversity allhave a very strong influence on each other.

38. (d) Order being higher category is the assemblage offamilies which exhibit a few similar characteristic.Dog (Canis familaris) and Cat (Felis domesticus)belong to two different families—Cancideae andFelidae respectively.

39. (c) The term ‘taxon’ is used to refer to any rank or levelor category of the classification. Based on certainobservable characteristics like insects represent agroup of organisms which share some commonfeatures like three pairs of jointed legs hence insectscan be easily recognized and classified.

40. (b) Reproduction refers to the production of progenypossessing features more or less similar to those ofparents. The fungi, the filamentous algae, theprotonema of mosses, all easily multiply byfragmentation.

41. (d) All the given statements are correct. All livingorganisms have the ability to respond theenvironment stimuli which could be physical,chemical or biological. Plant responds to externalfactors like light, water, temperature etc. Photoperiodis defined as the developmental responses of plantsto the relative lengths of light and dark periods. Itexclusively affects the reproduction in seasonalbreeders, both plants and animals. Human being isthe only organism who has self - consciousness.

42. (b) Nomenclature is the providing of standardize namesto the organisms such that a particular organismknown by the same name all over the world.Identification is the correct descripton of an organismand its recognition in its scientific name. The branchof science which deals with the study of principleand procedure of classification known as taxonomy.It is of two types.(i) Classical taxonomy – Based on observable

morphological characters.(ii) Modern taxonomy – Based on external and

internal features of organisms.43. (a) All the given descriptions are related to taxonomic

category called species. Species, the lowest categoryin the taxonomic hierarchy, is the basic unit of

taxonomy. It is the group of individual organismswith fundamental similarities.

44. (c) Three different genera such as Solanum, Datura andPetunia are placed in the family solanaceae. In caseof plants, classes with a few similar characters areassigned to a higher category called division. Phylumis used in case of animals.

45. (b) All the given descriptions are related to museum.Museum is one of the taxonomic aids which may bedefined as a place where large collection of specimensof plants and animals are preserved for its furtherstudy and references. Museums are generally set upin educational institutes such as schools andcolleges. Museums often have collections ofskeletons of animals too.

46. (c) Growth may be defined as a positive change in size,often over a period of time. It can occur as a stage ofmaturation or a process toward fullness or fulfillment.Growth by cell division occurs continuouslythroughout their life span in plants.

47. (a) Taxonomic studies of all known organisms have ledto the development of common categories likekingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family,genus and species. Higher the category, greater isthe difficulty of determining the relationship to othertaxa at the same level.

48. (b) Genus comprises a group of related species whichhas more characters in common in comparison tospecies of other genera. Organisms placed in thesame genus are most closely related.

49. (a) Statement (i) and (ii) are correct regarding botanicalgarden. A botanical garden (or botanic garden) is agarden dedicated to the collection, cultivation anddisplay of a wide range of plants labeled with theirbotanical names. Botanic garden holds thedocumented collections of living plants for thepurposes of scientific research, conservation, displayand education.Statement (iii), (iv) and (v) are related to herbarium.

50. (a) Herbarium is a storehouse of collected plantspecimens that are dried, pressed and preserved onpaper sheets.

Herbarium sheet is 41 ́ 39 cm2 21 116 11 inches

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It serves two primary functions–(1) Accurate identification(2) Alpha taxonomic research. (based on gross

morphology)51. (c) Fungi shows Fragmentation, budding, etc but not

regeneration while Planaria truely regenerate duringits life cycle.

Mossess shows fragmentation for propagation oftheir progenies. Thallus tip, protonema fragmentsand even rhizoids can grow into new moss thallus.

52. (b) Division is a category higher than that of class. Termphylum is used for animals while division is used forplants. Classes with few similar characteristics areassigned to division.

53. (c) Herbarium and Botanical Gardens only havepreserved specimens. Rest all taxonomic aids haveliving organisms or their listed descriptions.

54. (a) A category is a rank or level in the hierarchialclassification of organisms. Taxon is a unit inclassification which may represent any level ofgrouping of organisms based on certain commoncharacteristics. There is some confusion in the useof taxon and category, for example Bryophyta is ataxon while division is a category.

55. (b) The species is genetically distinct and reproductivelyisolated natural population. Sexual reproduction isabsent in prokaryotes and some protists. In suchcases morphological differences, cytotaxonomy andchemo-taxonomy are resorted too.

56. (d) Herbarium sheet carry a label providing informationabout date and place of collection, English local andbotanical names, family, collectors name etc. Familiesare characterized on the basis of both vegetativeand reproductive features of plant species.

57. (b) Flora contains the actual account of habitat anddistribution of plants of a given area. It provides theindex to the plant species found in a particular area.

58. (a) Panthera is a polytypic Genus and it contain severalspecies like Panthera leo, Panthera tigris andPanthera pardus. These species have severalcommon features. Polytypic Genera have multiplespecies while monotypic genera have one speciesonly.

59. (c) Biological concept of species is based onreproductive isolation. The most accepted conceptof species proposed by Ernst Mayr. It is calledBiological concept of species. According to thisconcept,A species is (1) Closely related

(2) Share common gene pool.(3) Interbreeding.

– exception of this concept are – Mule, Hinny, Tigon,Liger

60. (c) Botanical Gardens provide ex-situ conservationstrategy as it reside large variety of plants collectedfrom various places, To enhance study, Researchand Recreation, Botanical gardens plays importantrole. National Botanical Garden present at Lucknow,while Indian botanical Garden situated at Howrah.

61. (c) International code for Botanical Nomenclature(ICBN). Standardize all scientific names for plants.ICBN came into existance in 1961. The naming systemuses three words (Trinomial system) was proposedby Lamarck. Trinominal system of nomenclaturefollowed by Polynomial system of nomenclature.eg., Corvus splendens splendens (Indian crow)Gorilla gorilla gorilla (Gorilla)

62. (a) Species is a natural population of individuals whichresemble one another in all essential morphologicaland reproductive characters so that they are able tointerbreed freely in nature to produce fertile offspring.Two different taxonomic species essentially havedifferent characteristics.

63. (b) A - IV; B - III; C - II; D - I64. (a) A - IV; B - III; C - II; D - I65. (c) A - II; B - IV; C - I; D - III66. (b) A - IV; B - III; C - I; D - II67. (b) A - V; B - IV; C - II; D - I; E - III68. (a) Tiger and tigris both are from same genus with

particular taxonomic category.69. (c) Housefly, Musca domestica, is a fly of the order

Diptera. It is the most common of all domestic flies.Primate is a mammal of the order primata.

70. (c) Cats belong to the family Felidae.71. (c) A – III, B – I, C – IV, D – II. Growth may be defined as

a positive change in size, often over a period of time.Reproduction is the process by which livingorganisms produce young on of their own type.Metabolism is defined as the sum total of all thechemical reactions occurring in our body. Cellularorganization refers to the components of a cell andhow these individual parts are arranged within the cell.

72. (c) A – II, B – I, C – III, D – V, E – IV. Taxon is a taxonomicgroup of any rank. Species, the lowest category inthe taxonomic hierarchy, is the basic unit of taxonomy.It is the group of individual organisms withfundamental similarities. Division is similar to phylumand used in case of plants. Genus is a group of relatedspecies having more character in common with othersspecies. Order is identified based on a number ofsimilar characters.

73. (c) A – II, B – I, C – III, D – V, E – IV.74. (d) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III75. (b) There are 7 obligate hierarchial levels of taxonomic

categories. These started from species, which is theunit/basis of taxonomical studies. It constitute thegroup of interbreeding organisms. This is naturalunit of taxonomical group. Group of families withmore or less similar characteristics called order. Theupppermost category in which Divisions/Phylumpresent called Kingdom. It form the uppermostcategory of hierarchial system in taxonomical studies.

76. (d) Species is the lowest category in basic taxonomichierarchy and has the maximum commoncharacterstics with other species under the samegenus. The genus is an aggregate or a group ofclosely related species. Family is the group of closelyrelated genera, and has less common charactersticsthan species or genus rank.Order is a higher taxon and is the assemblage offamilies having similar characterstics.Class is a group of related orders.Phylum: The classes with similar features are groupedinto phylum in animals and division in plants.The phyla are grouped into still broader categories,called kingdom.

77. (b) Two plants can be conclusively said to belong tothe same species if they can reproduce freely with eachother and form seeds. The formed seed must be viable.Two animals can be regarded as species when theycan interbred each other and form fertile progency.

78. (c) Taxa is a plural form of taxon. Taxon is a grouping oforganisms of any level in hierarchial classificationwhich is based on some common characteristics. Itrepresents real biological objects placed in anycategory while category itself is an abstract term.

79. (a) Taxonomical hierarchy (introduced by Linneaus) isarrangement of various taxonomic levels in thedescending order, starting from kingdom uptospecies. The hierarchy indicates the various levelsof kinship. The number of similar characters ofcategories decreases from lowest rank to highest ranki.e., from species to kingdom. Thre are 7 obligatecategories which constitute taxonomical hierarchy.In addition to these obligate categories there aresome optional categories are as follows. e.g., Tribe,subclass, superclass, etc.

80. (a) Class is a group of related orders. The lizards, birdsand cattle belong to class reptilia, aves and mammalsrespectively.

81. (c) Ex-situ conservation means off-site conservation. Itis the process of protecting an endangered speciesof plant or animal by removing it from an unsafe orthreatened habitat and placing it or part of it underthe care of man. Botanical garden is one of themethod of ex-situ conservation.

82. (d) The disadvantage of using common name for speciesis that the names may change, one name does notapply universally, one species may have severalcommon names and one common name may beapplied to two species.

83. (b) Replication of the genetic information causes transferof genetic information from one generation to thenext. It is very important feature of all livingorganisms.

84. (b) Families are characterized on the basis of bothvegetative and reproductive features of plantspecies. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) andpotato (Solanum tuberosum) belongs to the samefamily solanaceae.

85. (c) Identification is determining the correct place in asystem of classification and finding out the correctname of the organism. It is carried out with the helpof keys. It not only assigns the organism to aparticular group, locate its correct name but alsoprovide information if the organism is new tosystematics and requires giving a new name.

86. (b) Species is the lowest or basic taxonomic categorywhich consists of one or more natural populationsof individuals that resemble one another more closelythan individuals of other species, interbreed freely,have a distinct genetic set up and are reproductivelyisolated from others e.g., Panthera Leo (Lion),Mangifera indica (Mango), Solanum tuberosum(Potato).

87. (c) Classification is the process by which anythinggrouped into convenient categories based on someeasily observable characters. In angiospermscharacters of flowers are used in classificationbecause characters of angiospermic flowers arepreserved for its further studies and references. Inany organism, reproductive character (i.e., Floralcharacters) are more stable and less susceptible toenviromental influence than vegetative characters.

88. (a) All the members of a taxonomic category possesssome similar characters which are different fromthose of others. The placement of individuals ororganisms in species, genus, family, order, class andphylum are determined by their specific similarcharacters and relationships. Maximum similarityoccurs in species which is also the lowest categoryin the hierarchy of categories. Similarity of charactersdecreases with the ascent in hierarchy.

89. (c) Genus is the first higher category above the level ofspecies. A genus may have one to several species.A genus having a single species is called monotypic.Currently, the genus Homo is monotypic with a singlespecies of Homo sapiens. A genus having two ormore species is called polytypic. The genus Pantherais polytypic. Some species of this genus are P. leo(Lion), P. tigris (Tiger), P. onca (Jaguar) and P.pardus (Leopard).

90. (c) Phylum is a taxonomic category higher than classand lower in rank to kingdom. The term phylum(coined by George Cuvier) is used for animals whilethe term division (coined by Eichler) is used forplants.

91. (a) Species is the lowest taxonomic category. Class is acategory made of one or more related orderspossessing similar correlated characters. Family iscomposed of one to many related genera. Divisioncomprises of several related classes.

92. (d) Order is a higher taxon and is the assemblage offamilies having similar characteristics. However, thecommon characteristic will be fewer than at family orgenus level. In mammals the common orders areprimates (monkey, gorilla and human), carnivora,rodentia and cetacea (whale and dolphin).

93. (c) Genus is an assembly of related species whichevolved from a common ancestor and have certaincommon characters. In the botanical name of wheat(Triticum aestivum), the first word Triticum denotesthe genus which starts with a capital letter.

94. (c) Species is the lowest category in taxonomic hierarchy.Species is a group of animals, plants or other livingthings that all share common characteristics and thatare all classified as alike in some manner.

95. (a) Potato, tomato and brinjal are three different speciesbut all belong to the genus Solanum. Genus is anassembly of related species which evolved from acommon ancestor and have certain commoncharacters. Solanum is a polytypic genera with morethan one species.

96. (a) Order being a higher category is the assemblage offamilies which exhibit a few similar characters. Thesimilar characters are less in number as compared todifferent genera included in a family.

97. (d) Couplet represents the choice made between twoopposite options which results in acceptance of onlyone and rejection of the other.