The liquid mob academy: A review of the post-modernity & the future of coping/adjustment through...

RUNNING HEAD: THE LIQUID MOB ACADEMY

The liquid mob academy:

A review of the post-modernity & the future of coping/adjustment through new media sources

for the “Scholar-to-Scholar” sessions for the

“Communication and the Future” Interest Division at the

2014 National Communication Association Annual Conference

Shane Tilton, Ph.D.

Department of Communication and Media Studies

Ohio Northern University

THE LIQUID MOB ACADEMY !2

Abstract

The purpose of this work will be to examine the role of new media sources, especially social

media hubs and mobile media platforms and those sources’ ability to help cope and adjust to the

changes in society and the speed of information. These sources represent the communication

technology structure of today’s society. The research for this work was built on a year-long

triangulation study that focused on the use of Facebook as it relates to helping people with a

move to a new city, which led to the development of three thematics explaining how new media

sources help with the coping/adjustment process. The thematics presented within the paper will

be a hybrid between the artifacts of the previous research and a modified review of the literature

on the elements of modernity. These thematics will also be explained through theory related to

modernity & post-modernity. Finally, the work will look at a model of how new media sources

help with the modern condition & the future of mediated communication. This model, the liquid

mob academy, bridges the gaps between social network theory and psychology of transition.

Keywords: coping, adjustment, post-modernity, social network theory, structure, new media


Foundation of Terms

The first element of this work deals primarily with the gradual change over time from a

stable home setting as the central point of the daily routine to a more mobile and dynamic

lifestyle that forces people to engage with new rituals that living in a modern world demands.

For example, these changes can be observed in the interactions that teenagers conduct on a daily

basis. Teens, for the most part, leave their family structure and their normal everyday routines to

pursue a degree and a chance for a good paying job. However, these students can be unsure about

their new collegiate environment. They can feel scared about moving away from their family,

friends and their local community. More teens are looking at online social networks, primarily

Facebook, to gain awareness of their new surroundings that they are moving into. Since the

advent of online social networks, there has been little research regarding how using this new

channels of communication help teens adapt and cope to the changes that rapidly occur in youth

culture.

The focus of this paper will explain three of the core functions of new media sources as

they relate to the ability of people to cope and/or adjust to the changes in modern society. Those

functions are: new media sources acting as a “stream of awareness,” new media sources as a

point of engagement between a person and the larger community and new media sources as a

“real world” community builder. The core of this work will relate to exploring these functions as

they relate to the overall discussion of use of communication tools to deal with the modern

condition. The interviews and artifacts described in this work came from my previous research

and the dissertation that followed (Tilton, 2012). 1

For those interested in the full methodology and analysis associated with this work, it can be found in 1

the referred citation.


For the purpose of this work, the term modernity will be defined as:

“...a shorthand term for modern society, or industrial civilization. Portrayed in

more detail, it is associated with (1) a certain set of attitudes towards the world,

the idea of the world as open to transformation, by human intervention; (2) a

complex of economic institutions, especially industrial production and a market

economy; (3) a certain range of political institutions, including the nation-state

and mass democracy. Largely as a result of these characteristics, modernity is

vastly more dynamic than any previous type of social order. It is a society—more

technically, a complex of institutions—which, unlike any preceding culture, lives

in the future, rather than the past” (Giddens, 1998).

The term new media source will be defined as the tools that alter the meaning of

geographic distance through the means of connected populaces, that allow for a huge increase in

the volume of communication and interactions between members of a common community, that

provide the possibility of increasing the speed of communication whether that communication is

synchronous or asynchronous, that changes the modes of communication to allow for interactive

and more mediated and that “allows forms of communication that were previously separate to

overlap and interconnect” (Croteau and Hoynes, 2003).

Finally, the terms coping and adjustment will generally be defined as the process of

managing environmental changes, creating the means to resolve imbalances from internal and

external stimuli and being aware of and knowing how to master, minimize, reduce or tolerate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/institution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/communication


stress or conflict. There are a few key differences between coping and adjustment. The first of

these differences was that coping normally includes functionally negative methods of dealing

with stress where adjustment excludes those methods of dealing with stress. In addition, coping

typically represents a temporary solution to the experience of stress where adjustment strategies

create long-term or permanent strategies in the management of stress. The temporary solution is

reflected by physical and emotional methods of dealing with stress that limit exposure to

stressful experiences while long-term strategies focus on the psychological aspects of stress and

create solutions that train individuals how to manage stress while at the same time allowing

those individuals to acknowledge that they are experiencing stress (Hampel & Petermann, 2006).

The understanding and conceptualization of online social networks presented in academic

works represents a static model of those systems. The network is shown as a "roads and nodes"

construction as it is the easiest to visualize. One of the prime examples of this visualization

would be the NodeXL project (Hansen, Shneiderman, & Smith, 2010). Analyzing social media

networks with NodeXL: Insights from a connected world. Morgan Kaufmann., which does an

amazing job attempting to construct the structure of interactions around a particular event or

hashtag. The minor problem with this modeling is that it "flattens" the interactions of a linear

event into a snapshot of information. Instead of thinking about these events and networks as a

series of interconnected nodes like the telephone lines and connected homes on the flat Earth, the

construction could be better thought as a more fluid series of interactions moves as globs of

different types of oil in a large fishbowl. The "roads and nodes" model of understanding online

social networks, especially SNS, works well for quantitative research as it has a basic connection

to the mathematical models and network theory already present in that discipline. With more


qualitative modes of inquiry, it may be better have some models that represent the more messy

nature of human interactions. The paper will attempt to conceptualize SNS using a more fluid

model with the help of previously conducted research and through the framework of previously

established theoretical works in the field to begin a broad discussion of how to model the

interactions on SNS with respect to the fluid nature of human communication and interactions.

Previous Work in the Field

From interviews conducted during the course of the research, the interviewees discussed

in very broad strokes how Facebook was a proxy for the campus life and their profile was more

of their “digital body” on the site allowing for some sense of presence within the network, where

presence is defined as “public displays of identity where people can explore impression

management” (boyd, 2008). This level of presence is allowing the users to “create” an ideal

version of themselves. Brian noted this level of presence on the site when discussing the

interactions on the student group pages that he’s a member of. “I know people look at me... the

way I dress… the way I talk... and they are surprised that I care about what happens here. But,

this is where I live and want to take care of it.” When asked about what he meant by his use of

“they/them,” he referred to the student body but didn’t get more specific than a general group of

students.

During the time of this research, the foci of the interactions on Facebook came from the

“Group” function of the site. Fourteen of the eighteen interviewees I worked with discussed how

most of the interactions on the service came from group pages as opposed to direct interactions

or from the personal profile page. As noted by the interviewees, one of the major reasons for this

was the design of Facebook. "For the most part, the first thing I check when I go onto Facebook


are my group pages. Most of the [student organizations] that I belong to on campus have a Group

page on Facebook and we use it to organize what we're going to do for the next couple of weeks.

For example, during Christmas break [one of the groups I belong to] planned a Christmas card

exchange. We had a section on the Group page that had where we wanted our Christmas Cards

sent," Caissie told me. "It was nice because it was a great way to share something from home

with the other members." The group that she was talking about was a campus student

organization that had regular meetings on campus. But, "the ability to share information such as

our addresses on Facebook helped us connect beyond campus and Facebook.” This expression of

sharing is still present in the structure of Facebook, even though Facebook has gone away from

the group being the foci of the Facebook experience, during the time of this research the personal

news feed was the center of the user’s experience on the site. The next two sections of this

chapter will examine the group-centered points of engagement found on Facebook and the

chapter will end with how the transition between group-centered engagement and personal feed

engagements affect the ability of first-year college students to use Facebook as a coping

mechanism/mode of adjustment when dealing with their first year of college.

It is from this previous work that the focus of the research and analysis will shift toward a

more general understanding of new media sources and their ability to help people deal with

stress now and in the future. The remaining section of this work will apply the information

gathered from this previous research to other established authors in the field of modernity and

social network to see if there are common connection between the thematics raised in the

previous research and the current understanding of modern life and the issues around the

modernity and post-modernity.


Rheingold’s Smart Mobs

The first element to consider when looking at the ability of new media sources to help

people deal with stress is a deconstruction of Rheingold’s “smart mobs,” which he defines as “the

groups that use mobile media and computer networks to organize collective actions, from

swarms of techo-savvy youth in urban Asia and Scandinavia to citizen revolts on the streets of

Seattle, Manila, and Caracas.” The argument would be that smart mobs were the “first-wave” to

deal with modernity adaptation through the use of the early online community networks (both

computer based and mobile/wireless based). This early connected populace which included

bloggers, eBay users and early wireless phone users were adjusting the new sense of social

norms through the cooperative nature of communication technology.

The modern user of these services are being aided by the form factor of the current

mobile phone, which has built in GPS, a digital camera and a high definition display. The “real

world” is the foundation for new media sources to layer new visual and textual content. These

new layers are possible through the ability of mobile devices to read the cues of the real world

and use the display to create a “barrier” between the user and the environment in front of the user.

This barrier is really nothing more than the translation of the visual and locative information

from the sensors within the phone (GPS, camera, NFC, cell tower sensor) to a graphic user

interface within a phone as defined by app developers.

In addition, the “always-on Internet connections” provided by wi-fi hotspots means that

the “brick-and-mortar” of the real world aids the translation of the real world to the digital realm.

Translation in this case means that the user can filter and choose how to process their


surroundings, whether it’s his or her immediate vicinity or the world as a whole. In return, the

user can use the device to transmit her or his experience in any form they wish as long as the

device can translate it into digital bits. If you write, you can type. If you take a picture, it can be

posted. This translation between the analog and the digital allows the user to process their world

at his or her own speed. The user can then adjust to those changes that could cause the user

stress. The expression of the user’s experience through the new media channel(s) represents not

only a choice of distribution but also a mode of adapting to the world.

This adaption to the user’s surroundings is directly connected to the first thematic "new

media sources acting as a stream of awareness." In this case, the stream of awareness is coming

from the connected community. Rheingold's mobs where normally related to pieces of

technology. For example, he talked about the "oyayubisoku" or the thumb tribe. A thumb tribe is

built from the "techo-adept, fashion-saturated, identity-constructing, mobile-texting" portion of

the Japanese youth culture (Rheingold, 2002). The argument that Rheingold makes in this

analysis is that the hardware of communication technology helps not only mention a social

cohesiveness between members of a society that are indirectly connected through their phones,

but the groups act as sensors of the changing norms of Japanese society. Today the tools are more

advanced in terms of their capabilities, but the connective bonds aren't the tools by themselves.

There are new media sources (in this case, primarily the online social network sites) that inform

the connected populace to the changes in society.

Appadurai’s Academy

The next element that would be analyzed would be Arjun Appadurai’s “Modernity at

Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization.” Appadurai’s argument deals with the foundation


of the community within the “postnational, postmodern” mediated social network. Mainly

“Modernity at Large” looks at the academy’s role in thinking about how groups are connected to

the larger society. Appurudai suggest that we need to study the organizations, movements,

ideologies, and networks which comprise postnational social formations. His analysis comes

from studying the “permanent” frameworks present in society such as refugee camps that emerge

in the postnational order of the world. He continues with the need to study the local but with the

awareness that the local is the global. Finally, his concludes with the discussion point that the

academy can’t view local as static. It is always changing, interacting, creating new global

realities. A nation is unstable entity. He makes the point that the nation was once formed by

centralized sense of identity behind a common set of codes and cues that the citizen within a

nation could identify behind. Today, the concept of the nation is represented by the intersection

of the “flows” of values, cultures, and movements that are facilitated by different mediums and

technologies.

Looking at Appurudai's argument within the guise of coping/adjustment within the new

media source, his point leads to the second thematic "new media sources as a point of

engagement between a person and the larger community." In this case, he is observing the

disconnection between the traditional sense of nationalism from the citizen within the nation.

This disconnection is coming from multiple factors. One factor is the increase of the mobile

society.

According to Appurudai, it is the job of the academy to understand these factors as they

exist in modern society and understand how tools like new media sources helps maintain bonds

between members of a community in order to keep some sense of that community. The idea of


the nation-state is a problem in this discussion as it detracts from the major issues of dealing with

the changes in society. This goes beyond the modern or even the post-modern view of culture

and society. The point of focusing on the academy helps because it is defined as a central

organization within the larger social system that maintains some sense of social connection. This

social connection comes from maintaining interactions with others within the same community.

New media sources frame these interactions through a quasi-centralized hub of engagement. The

“Newsfeed” on Facebook allows the individual to engage with others through the posting of

information on their own feed, reply to others’ posts and flagging others posts with the

ubiquitous “Like” denotation.

In understanding the nature of interaction within Facebook, the academy is better able to

gauge engagement within the network. The key aspect to remember when studying this point is

the fact that interaction is not the same as engagement. Interaction is a functional and/or physical

by product of the network structure either in the form of the graphic user interface or the nature

of the site. Engagement is a cultural byproduct where the individual “feels” part of the

community within the site. The academy would look at engagement as a representation of the

Vox Populi and as an understanding of the current status quo.

Bauman’s Liquid Norms

The last of the three major works that related to the overall discussion of the modernity of

coping/adjustment through new media source is Zygmunt Bauman’s “Liquid Modernity.” His

work deals with the condition of the modern experience and seems to best fit the discussion of

coping/adjustment within new media channels. It is fair in this section to point out how

Bauman's defines the modern condition, which is the continuation or development of modernity,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/social_development

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/modernity


rather than as a distinct new state, post-modernity. “Late modernity is defined by complex,

global capitalist economies and a shift from state support and welfare to the privatization of

services...a process fueled by the information revolution, the capacity to move capital and

information around the world instantaneously” (Bauman, 2000). He positioned this level of

modernity by first noting how the citizens within society are now "emancipated" from the normal

aspects of the culture, returning the citizen to the state of the individual. In this case, the citizen

is presented as a member of a nation while the individual is free from the nation. There isn’t one

set of criteria that defines an American or really any other citizen of a nation or community.

Those definitions are becoming more fluid due to the nature of communication, social norms and

community connections. The problems associated with these changes is that the individual has

the “mixed blessings” association with the new fluidity. According to Bauman’s, there a loss

between the individual and society. Once the individual has ben “cut apart” from the society

through a form of awakening, it is hard to regain that connection with that society. Therefore,

group membership tend to be more liquid as the individual picks and choose what elements they

are looking for in a group.

This analysis seems to directly connect with the last of the thematics, the new media

source as a real world community builder. Social networks and communities were defined by

location in the early history of humanity. The communities of commonality were expanded by

improved transportation and improved communication networks. Individuals became members

of various newer communities as they traveled to work, school and other social institutions.

These communities were strengthen through regular face-to-face interactions and other forms of

regular engagement (reading common text among the group, watch and listening to forms of

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/post-modernity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/globalization

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/information_revolution


mass media). These communities still depended on direct engagement to maintain the

individual’s place within the community and the overall social bonds of the community.

Beyond this common understanding of bonded, Bauman extends this discussion by

noting that community is merely a “short-cut” for the common feeling of togetherness that a

group may feel but it itself does not exist in real life and is just a mental co-construction that

forces the collective masses to define “a place without a place” that is closed off to others that are

not a member of the community. It is this sense of the other or the outsider that tends to increase

the level of stress that an individual can feel because the outsider is a threat to the individual

because they are not one of the group.

The use of new media sources as a real world community builder helps remove this

otherness as services like Facebook cut across the boundaries of the communities and create a

more fluid definition of the community structures. Groups on Facebook act as a community of

common interest and allows the members of this community to connect with others of similar

interest through the use of a common interface and the common language of engagement. In

addition, the groups formed on Facebook can choose to meet and interact in the real world, thus

expanding the social support structure of the individual and increasing the ability of the

individual to deal with stress online and in the real world.

The Liquid Mob Academy

It is fair to attempt to apply the theory within this work to describe a model that looks at

the gaps between the social network literature and the works within the field of the social

psychology of transition specifically dealing with stress related to transitions. Since the nature of

this work is to act as a review of the state of the field, it is important to highlight some additional


work. The majority of this paper focused to some of the common keyworks between the two

fields. The model created from this keyworks is being called the “liquid mob academy.” The term

comes from a composite of the previously listed research. It is also designed to reflect the

nebulous nature of new media cultural products. Yesterday’s bulletin board system became the

mailing list, which evolved into the message board services which left us with the current

category of social networking sites. The DNA of new media sources are in the ARPAnet and

CERN creations.

The liquid mob academy refers to the complex nature of most interactions that occur

online. A person’s understanding of the Internet varies depending on the tools and services that

the person uses. The structure of the Internet evolves as the computing power increases, the

coding behind the computing becomes more structurally complex and the level of engagement

between members of the system increases. The online social network acts as a point of

engagement through effective interactive elements that the members can use to communication

with one another.

The liquid of the model comes from Bauman’s understanding of the modern condition.

The fluid nature of interactions, community, information, communication and society means that

models of networking can not be rigid and static. Looking at the history of social network theory,

the question of bonds between members were considered binary from Barnes’ (1972) model of

communal social networks. There was a connection or not. The strong ties/weak ties argument

further added a level of complexity. But the bonds were defined within a static field.

The idea of a new media source being liquid or fluid means the individual isn’t stuck in

one group, one organization or even one new media source. The fluid nature of online


engagement also leads to dynamic forms of communication that strengthens the individual’s

connection to varies communities of commonality online (Pool, 1983). It is through this

construction of the fluid that allow communication scholars to observe the nature of engagement

within a social network as a nuanced variant mode of communication as the audiences switch

through the numerous discourses that can occur online.

The mob of this model comes from Rheingold’s understanding of the group condition.

Mobs are especially important in understand the complex nature of new media source. They are

basically informal leaderless groups that in the arena of new media sources use technologies of

cooperation to maintain a connection to the whole. Using Rheingold’s positions and laws of the

mob (adapted from Elinor Ostrom), the organization within the new media source has a clear set

of boundaries to work within (both online and offline). There are rules that define the nature of

the group that can be adjusted through the actions of the group. It is in this way that the mob is a

“cooperation amplifier” designed to draw out the important aspects of the group while at the

same time allowing the individual to be separate when they wish to be. The mob forms the

informal social support system of the individual where the small contribution of the individual

are amplified through the works of the mob.

Academy is this model refers to the reflective state of the source. Appadurai’s Academy is

really nothing more than the outsider looking at and describing the modern condition. In the case

of new media sources, members within the network will reflect on the nature of the online

communication from time to time in the form of a post, pictures and videos. Members of the

traditional academy can use this reflection to discuss the state of the new media and culture in

general under some theoretical framework.


This model of communication is merely a method of attempting to work through the

multiple modes of visual, textual and mediated communication that occurred within online

communication. The liquid mob academy was constructed as a way of applying the thematics

discussed at the beginning of the paper to the users of online social network within the “realm of

the known” of communication and coping theory. The hope is that this model could help in the

“Digital Dualism versus Augmented Reality” conflict that occurs when discussing online

communication issues (Jurgenson, 2011).

The binary of the “Second Self” as described by Sherry Turkle (1984) has grown more

problematic through mobile and portable communication technologies and a ubiquitous

connected network. The question of a clear separation between a person's online communication

patterns and social interaction and the offline is nebulous at best (Jurgenson, 2011; Rugnetta,

2013). If it's as suggested by both by Jurgenson and Rugnetta that a person cannot escape their

online interactions then any presentations online by an individual has to be tempered by the

multiple circles and networks that a person would interact with in the offline condition. It is these

performances in front of multiple audiences that defines the way a person interacts and it's true

that people online have fluid connections between members of different and speak with a

different voice from different organizations. These connections cannot be treated as singular

roads and nodes structure. it is much more complex than that simple structure will recognize.

Future Communicative Actions via the Liquid Mob Academy

One of the key elements to discuss with looking at the role that networks play is how

these networks bridge the individual and the community at-large within communicative actions.

In terms of the communicative and the sociological explanations & discussions of online social


networks, the focus has been how simple processes at the level of individual nodes and links can

have complex effects that ripple through a population as a whole. How information is transmitted

via online social networks (OSNs), the roles that different users play in this process, and how

these structural shape the evolution of the network itself over time are traditional frames

discussed in Granovetter’s (1973) “strength of weak ties” hypothesis.

As part of his Ph.D. thesis research in the late 1960s, Mark Granovetter interviewed

people who had recently changed employers to learn how they discovered their new jobs. He

found that many people learned information leading to their current jobs through personal

contacts. From this information, Granovetter proposed to their two different perspectives on

distant friendships: one structural, focusing on the way these friendships span different portions

of the full network and the other interpersonal, considering the purely local consequences that

follow from a friendship between two people being either strong or weak. This strong-tie versus

weak-tie connection that has form the foundation of most social network theory and research for

the past 50 years (Easley & Kleinberg, 2010).

The liquid mob academy model of OSN tries to go beyond the trinary phases of these

relationships (strong, weak or no) to a more fluid discourse of the states of relationships. The

nature of OSN means that groups and profiles can be discussed in a dynamic modes. The

mediated forms of communication available via services like Facebook and Google+ means that

the level of connection and communication are amplified or condensed through the multiple

applications and auxiliary services (Baden et al., 2009).

The future of communicative actions via these networks can be discussed via the liquid

mob academy as it tries to not only deal with the nebulous nature of connections as ties in an


OSN, but also the model tries to examine how the ease of creating and posting content expands

the simple roads and nodes modeling started by Granovetter's work and expanded on by services

like NodeXL. The actual model would resemble more of a three-dimensional hierarchical

structure rather than a roads and nodes structure seen since Barnes' work on social networks in

the 1950's. The model as a functional construct will be discussed in future works. The easier 2

element to discuss now is how this concept can be used to understand coping and adjustment via

OSN.

Understanding Coping/Adjustment via the Liquid Mob Academy

As discussed before in this paper, coping has been operationally defined as the process of

managing environmental changes, creating the means to resolve imbalances from internal and

external stimuli and being aware of and knowing how to master, minimize, reduce or tolerate

stress or conflict. The construct of adjustment normally refers to the ability of an individual to

make physical, emotional and/or psychological changes when the individual is exposed to stress.

Adjustment, as it has been operationally defined for this research, would refer to functionally

neutral or functionally positive methods of managing stress where functionally neutral or

functionally positive refers to the physical, mental and/or psychological state of the individual.

The disadvantage of the online social network environment is the lack of face-to-face

communication. Acknowledging the fact that most of the coping & adjustment processes come

from the emotional release of the individual's experience through the interactions of others. The

"social sharing of emotion" will also lack the face work of emotional expression in the

John Arundel Barnes’ foundational work,"Class and Committees in a Norwegian Island Parish” from 2

1954 led to a more refined discussion of the structure of social networks in such works as “Three Styles in the Study of Kinship” (1971) & “Social Networks” (1972).


interpersonal processes found in online social networks. When the expressions move beyond the

dyad and the interpersonal, the expression can represent an episode reflected by the social

organization as a "shared social experience" that reflects an important stage or period in the

collective environment. This expression is typically mediated in the realm of online social

networks and throughout larger social constructs. When the expression becomes repeated,

constructed and normalized with a common language or code, the expression becomes a ritual

that the community understands. In the real world environment, these rituals are expressed as a

celebration of the community through a particular event or the rituals are connected to the realm

of the spiritual. Regardless of the mode that the ritual represents, the expressions present in the

ritual are made concrete through the verbal, the iconic or the physical. The sharing of the verbal,

iconic or physical "fetishes" of a ritual is the equivalent of the sharing of the experience. The

experience of one member of the community can be normalized through the sharing of the

fetishes and parts of the ritual. This sharing of the parts of the ritual reexamines these

experiences and expressions that led to the creation of the ritual and adds to the social narratives

related to the ritual and the community at large (Rimé et al, 2011).

The liquid mob academy model of OSN can help researchers understand how coping and

adjustment occurs because it tries to go beyond the socio-technological limitations of structural

discourse. The emotional and psychological elements within the networks could be argued are

the strongest in terms of relationship maintenance as the “para-social” connections are the

foundation of the basic forms of relationship in OSNs. The interactions and discourses via all

forms of communicative actions within these systems mark the intensity of these relationships


and these intensities can wax and wane over a relatively short period of time (Venolia et al.,

2010).

Limitations & Future Directions for the Liquid Mob Academy

One of the limitations of the liquid mob academy would be the lack of a quantitative/

mathematical model. This model is being developed to address this possible concern. The focus

of this work was to discuss some of the theoretical elements that have currently impacted the

study of OSNs. A qualitative approach to OSNs issues, especially when discussing how coping

and adjustment could be conceptualized, was the central focus of this work. The hope is that this

work will go beyond the primary level of the strong/weak/no tie interactions in relationships (the

current two-dimensional models) to something that reflects a more three-dimensional

understanding of these systems.


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