ARTICLE IN PRESS

0360-1323/$ - se

doi:10.1016/j.bu

�CorrespondE-mail addr

Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982

www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv

The elements of forming traditional Turkish cities: Examination ofhouses and streets in historical city of Erzurum

Ilkay M. Ozdemir, Cengiz Tavs-an, Suleyman Ozgen, Ays-e Sagsoz�, Figen B. Kars

Faculty of Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey

Received 10 April 2006; accepted 5 May 2006

Abstract

When the historical parts of cities—which are the cultural mosaics and which reflect the feelings, thoughts, tendencies, life experiences

and the accumulations of the periods in which they were built—begin to disappear, it affects the historical identities of the cities

negatively. Investigating, learning, documenting and transferring to the future the values of these spaces, which are bridges between past

and future, are vitally important for the maintenance of the cities. This analytical study carried out in Uc- Kumbetler and its vicinity in

the historical city of Erzurum—where historical and traditional urban elements such as religious buildings, traditional houses, streets,

and fountains are intense—aimed at fulfilling these ends.

The study contains an introduction, a description of the area of study, an investigation of the historical buildings in the site, an analysis

of the streets and dwellings in the site, and conclusions. In the lights of the data obtained through the investigation and measurement of

the buildings in the site, the streets were analysed and evaluated under the headings of street types and factors affecting the perception;

and the dwellings were analysed and evaluated under the headings of interior space and elements-factors affecting the formation of

fac-ades.

r 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Keywords: Large tomb; Tomb; Fountain; Traditional dwelling; Traditional Turkish house; Traditional street

1. Introduction

Historical cities also has taken part in the rapid urbaniza-tion process that started in 1970 onwards, so disordered andunplanned urbanization caused damages in the historicalplaces which are the centres of the cities. The city ofErzurum, where such problems have largely been felt for along time, is famous not only for its rich cultural heritage butalso for its Erzurum Congress that was held on July 23, 1919by M. Kemal Ataturk in an effort to prepare for Turkey theindependence war [1]. In this city which has importanthistorical significance, cultural and social values, there aresome architectural elements that should be put underinvestigation, learned and transferred to future generations.

Since the society is known with not only its present andfuture but also with its entire past, the most remarkableand authentic reflection exists in the city texture. Changes,

e front matter r 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

ildenv.2006.05.008

ing author. Tel.: +90 462 37726 70; fax: +90 462 32532 05.

ess: sagsoz@ktu.edu.tr (A. Sagsoz).

improvements and new trends are natural for a healthysociety life. However, we often ignore to past values andtheir components. We will be able to find a better approachfor the future when we consider the past productions andthe atmosphere in which they were created. The ideas putforward by Kuban and Ozer also emphases the importanceof historical and traditional environments [2,3].Since it has an important geographical location Erzurum

has remained as a residential place from the early times(Fig. 1). So, past and present cultures have left their markthere. However, due to rapid and new urbanizationprocess, the historical texture is gradually getting damaged[4]. The history of Erzurum which is also known as UpperFırat Basin dates back to 4000 B.C. During its long andancient history, Erzurum was under the reign of Med, Part,Persian, Romans, Byzantine, and Seljuk yetc. and Otto-mans. Very few ruins remained from the Roman period.The present ruins date back to Seljuk, Beylics, andOttomans periods [5]. The traditional houses belong tothe 19th century and date back to the time of Ottomans.

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 1. Erzurum and its location on the map of Turkey.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982964

Uc- Kumbetler and its surroundings, which represent orreflect the traditional and architectural structure of thetown, where chosen as the study site (Fig. 2). Traditionalones of those houses belong to Ottoman Era and historicalones to Seljuk Era.

2. Method

In the framework of this study that aims at puttingforward the elements affecting traditional Turkish housesand streets, first of all; the method followed in this studywhich was done in Uc- Kumbetler with an importantinfrastructure and its vicinity in Erzurum as follows:

1.

Determining the original design of historical buildingsand elements (total 6), streets (total 6), and houses(total 12).

2.

Analysing streets: Street types have been designed interms of such factors and features affecting theformation of straight-continuous streets and curved-continuous streets; factors determining perception underthe subtitles of complete closure, and half closurefeatures; ascent and descent, narrowing and widening,concavity and convexity, vegetations, direction chan-ging, horizontal line factor, continuity, importantemphases, back-set and ledge, elements and wallsformed secondary space, space differentiation.

3.

The preparation of housing typologies by investigatingthe characteristics of 12 houses which arrived today,representing the cities’ traditional houses: Generalfeatures are number of floor, horizontal and verticalbands, symmetry, materials; houses such as tandoorhouse (tand{r evi), the courtyard and the chief room(bas- oda); entrance features from the street, from thegarden, under the bay window and on the flat fac-ade;windows features in terms of locations, formations and

groups; bay window features in terms of directions, sizesand structures.

4.

The presentation and interpretation of the results thathave been taken from the analysis.

Street types and the elements and properties affectingthe formation of interior design and fac-ades have beenanalysed and tabled in terms of the criteria by means ofmatrixes in which each property is symbolised (Tables 1–3).

3. Research

3.1. The introduction of study area: the analysis of

traditional street and houses

Uc--Kumbetler and its vicinity are one of the oldestresidential places of Erzurum (Fig. 2). The most importantreasons for the selection of this area are that there arehistorical and traditional and urban elements, religiousbuildings, traditional houses, streets, historical fountains,and etc. altogether in the form of a street.The primary aim of this study is to carry out at

typological work on the Erzurum houses and streets whichare the traditional representations of Turkish houses andstreets. Another aim of this study is to give the presentsamples of houses and streets which will be recorded andtransferred to future generations since the traditionalhouses in the neighbourhood are continuously damagedthrough times and this damage is included in the scope ofthis study. The research is composed of three stages. In thefirst stage, Uc- Kumbetler and its vicinity are introduced inrelation to the historical work around. In the second stage,traditional streets are investigated and analysed. In thethird stage, matrixes are created for plan-fac-ade analysesand relief work. In the conclusion part, these analyses areevaluated and interpretations are provided.

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 2. Setting plan: historical buildings and traditional streets–houses in the study area.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982 965

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Table 1

Street types-affected elements and features formation of street

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982966

3.2. Uc- Kumbetler and the historical works in its vicinity

Though Uc- Kumbetler is composed of four kumbets(these being Emir Saltuk Kumbet, II. Kumbet, III. Kumbet(Figs. 3 and 4) and Mehdi Abbas Kumbet (Fig. 5) the areais still called Uc- Kumbetler since Emir Saltuk Kumbet, II.Kumbet and III. Kumbet is close to each other and theirlocations are restricted to a certain area.

‘‘Tomb’’ is a term that is used to refer to famous peoplein the form of memorial. It was done for famous people.They are generally covered with domes. Tombs aregenerally built from piles or rocks, depending on thearchitectural traditions of the time, or the availability ofthe material at hand. Pile tombs are sometimes coveredwith china. Those which are covered like a pyramid aregenerally called ‘‘kumbet’’. Kumbet in Seljuk architectureis a type of construction which resembles the Tombs andthey have generally polygon masses. Shortly, both types arein the form of memorial [6].

Uc- Kumbetler are located in the south of Erzurum C- ifteMinareli Medrese, and Ulu Mosque. In its close neigh-bourhood there are important religious constructions.Among these are the tomb of Mehdi Abbas, The tomb of

Rabia Hatun (Fig. 6), Gurcu Mehmet Pas-a Mosque, rightin the north of the Kumbet, and Rabia Hatun Fountain,and Gurcu Mehmet Pas-a Fountain and grave, and anotherstreet fountain (Figs. 7–9).

3.3. Traditional streets located in the study area: street

types, elements affecting the formation of street, and their

properties

Streets can be shortly defined as inner city roads. In thetexture of streets, three-dimensional, many vertical andhorizontal street lines are seen, partly as result of theorganic traditional streets which have small squares in partand many houses with different heights [7]. AnatolianTurkish Cities do not have clear cut differences from thenatural and physical environment they are born out of. Theway of residence is free. There is neither geometry norsymmetry. With its texture and silhouette, these houseswere built quite naturally. In these cities, the relationbetween the natural environment and the human wasformed in the best way.Turkish cities, unlike their counterparts in Europe, have

never been restricted to a closed area, and thus they have

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Table 2

Predominant evaluation: in respect of affected elements of houses facades-interior spaces

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982 967

always covered a larger area. In the formation of Turkishcities and streets, the most important factor has beenhouses. As well as topology, climate, and material facilities,social and cultural aspect of life has also been effective onwhat the houses and the streets are like. Due to theunderstanding of security in life, internal rather thanexternal life style has developed. Thus, the houses arefenced with courtyard and these courtyards are surroundedby high walls. The downstairs windows were kept smallerthan the ones in the upstairs, and they also had metaland wooden bars for reasons of security, bay windowswhich are in harmony with the street, the creation of thesmall squares where social interactions are provided, andthere were also such things as fountain, trees on theseplaces. All the things mentioned above are mostly relatedto the Islam and the understanding of ‘secrecy’ in Islamicbelief [9,10].

Thus, when we look at traditional streets we see thatalthough they have some similar characteristics, they aredifferent in essence and this has created different streettypes and typologies. Streets depend on countless factorssuch as time and its significance, relations, naturalrestrictions, individual emotion which will determine theselection of streets and the spatial movement and itsdirection and speed [11].

In this context, the traditional six streets located in thestudy area were classified as straight and curved streets andfactors determining perception under the subtitles ofcomplete closure, and half closure features; ascents anddescents, narrowing and widening, concavity and convex-ity, vegetations, direction changing, horizontal line factors,continuity, important emphasis, set-back and ledge,elements and walls making up bottom space, differencesin spaces (Table 1).

3.4. Traditional houses: interior design—elements and

features affecting formation of fac-ade

Religious beliefs have important effects on the basicformation of Turkish houses and rooms in Anatolia.Rooms in houses are separated from one another withpartitions due to ‘secrecy’ resulting from Islamic worldview, so two sections called ‘haremlik, the women’squarters, and selamlik (reception room), the men’squarters,’ are developed. Because of the patriarchalfamily structure, behaviours such as men’s domination,freehold, ownership and mastery have been influential ininterior design such as ‘the bas- oda or the chief room’ isformed to entertain family head and guests [9]. Turkishhouse has two floor and its unchangeable features are

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Table 3

Affected elements and features in the houses: in interior spaces (plans)-on the fac-ades

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982968

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 3. Uc- Kumbetler: plans and views.

Fig. 4. Uc- Kumbetler: north and south views.

Fig. 5. Views of Mehdi Abbas Kumbet.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982 969

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 7. Gurcu Mehmet Pas-a Mosque plan and view.

Fig. 8. Rabia Hatun Fountain and unknown name grave and street foundation, in the east of Uc- Kumbet.

Fig. 6. Rabia Hatun Tomb plan and views.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982970

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 9. Views of Gurcu Mehmet Pas-a Fountain and Uc- Kumbetler.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982 971

on the second floor which has supremacy [12]. Groundfloors are used as, depot, barn, cellar or winter room.Upper storey is mostly lived, and the sofa, rooms whichopen into it and kitchen are located there. The sofa leadingthe other rooms is a common quarters which the wholefamily stay, that’s, it is the basic characteristic of the plandevelopment [13,14].

In according to Arel, the chief room separated fromother rooms is either on the corner of the sofa or nextto other rooms, but it is a distinct bay window thatsticks out from the outer wall of a house and has threesides, so it has a special place in general house design,its windows overlook neighbourhood and it providesvisual dominance [15]. Seating arrangements are done interms of status in the chief room and different zonesare made up. The farthest corner of it which views theentrance is the place where family head sits. It is the focalpoint where the other members of a family can easilycontrol (Figs. 10–12) [16]. Quarters in traditional housedesign is a multipurpose unit. In other words, it is acceptedthat the smallest unit of a house consists of a singlequarters and adjacent service places because each couldserve either as a bedroom, living room or dining room/eachquarters meets a lot of needs such as sleeping, eating meals[17] (Fig. 11).

As in traditional Turkish ones the houses in Erzurumwhich exist in the study area have a rich architecturalstructure. The houses studied in accordance with (indirection of) their measured drawing (Figs. 13–24) havebeen analysed (under the headings ‘elements and featuresaffecting formation of fac-ade and interior design’) andanalysis matrixes have been made up by transferring thedata on computer, so predominant tables have been drawn(Table 2) six of ten samples are under the headings‘elements and features affecting formation of fac-ade andinterior design’. The elements affecting formation of fac-adeare number of floor, horizontal and vertical bands, fullnessand emptiness, symmetry, material, entrance features,windows features and bay window features. The elementsaffecting the formation of interior design are: the tandoor

house, the courtyard and the chief room (Table 3), whichmainly compose of the houses in the region, were explainedin detail under those subtitles.

4. Conclusion

Traditional Turkish house and factors on the formationof streets, the results of the studies done to determine thegeneral features and typology are as follows:

Street types—elements and features affecting the forma-

tion of streets:

�

There are two styles of streets: straight-continuous andcurved-continuous. Curved-continuous streets havemore sloping backdrop than straight-continuous ones. � There have no complete closure feature, and half closurefeature exists mostly in straight streets. � All samples have ascents and descents features whichenliven streets. � Narrowing and widening are the other enliveningfeatures of streets. � Curved-continuous streets have concavity feature, butthere is no convexity. � Because of narrow streets, vegetations takes place in thegardens of houses and around religious buildings. � All streets have direction changing features whichconnect different streets. � There are effective horizontal line-factors in every streetas in fac-ades of houses. � Continuity feature is also noticeable because of landstructure effect. � There are important emphases especially in streets withreligious places and it is interesting that curved-continuous streets with sloping backdrop have thisfeature. � Set back and ledge which enliven streets and walls whichare one of the elements making up bottom design have apart in all streets. � Designs differentiate in curved-continuous streets andthere are important emphases mostly in these streets.

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 10. Planning order in a Turkish house: without hall (sofas{z), with interior hall (ic- sofal{), with exterior hall (d{s- sofal{), and with a central hall (orta

sofal{).

Fig. 11. Traditional Turkish room [13].

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982972

ARTICLE IN PRESSI.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982 973

In traditional houses, interior design—elements and

features affecting formation of fac-ade

There are two design types: with interior hall and withcentral hall. While design with interior hall has been builtto have a central space to prevent outer effects, design withcentral hall has been used in cold regions [12].

Fig. 13. Housing example number 1 (Mısırlılar H

Fig. 12. Affective of behaviour of territoriality border to different zones

of room [16].

�

ous

The tandoor house needing more sunlight, the court-yard, the winter room (haremlik, the women’s quarters),the cellar and the stable are on the ground floor becausethey don’t need much sunlight, and the chief room, thesofa and the other rooms (the lumber room, servantroom) are on the first floor.

� The tandoor houses arrange and shape all spaces alongwith the courtyard [18]. The courtyard is directlyconnected with the rooms and the cellar because oftheir similar functions. The Tandoor house is composedof various parts such as tandoor top, small cooker,shelves called ‘terek’, the bench (seki), the cellar andkurun, (a traditional fountain like street fountains atkitchen’ wall) (Figs. 25 and 26). The courtyards in theback fac-ade are surrounded by two blank walls and onesin the centre are surrounded by one blank wall toprovide heat protection. They are square-shaped tobuild a swallow ceiling which is a thick cover. It is aspecial ceiling which covers the top of the tandoor houseand fits square corners. The first line is supported bywooden legs. The space is shaped like octagon byinstalling rectangular-edged rafters into corners diag-onally. The second line sticks in over it and it is shapedlike a square and then extends over it again being shapedlike octagon. Finally, the cover is elevated by over-lapping the lines and the last square becomes a light

e), ground-first floor plan and front views.

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 14. Housing example number 2 (Kilisliler House), ground-first floor plan, views, chief room.

Fig. 15. House 3 (Mr. Kemal House), ground-first floor plan and front views.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982974

hole, so it provides light and also ventilation (Figs. 27and 28).

� The courtyard contributes Turkish family to feel morefreedom indoor spaces [19]. The courtyard on the cornerof the ground floor arranges and shapes all spaces alongwith the tandoor house. Also, it is directly connectedwith the tandoor house and the other rooms directly.

This space, which takes the place of an open courtyardin Turkish houses, is closed to exterior because of theclimatic conditions here.

� The chief room, as a sign of hospitality, is usuallylocated upstairs because of secrecy. It is bigger than theother rooms and has more windows. It has a high ceilingfor enough ventilation and heating (Figs. 14, 20 and 28).

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 16. Housing example number 4 (Hanagasıgil House), ground-first floor plan and front views.

Fig. 17. Housing example number 5 (Mr. Avni House), ground-first floor plan and front views.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982 975

One or two rooms opening with a narrow hall are madeup on the front fac-ade on the first floor because onemore floor cannot be built over the tandoor house andone of the rooms is absolutely the chief room.

�

Big hall (eyvan) is a recess room which is mostly locatedon the first floor looking the front [18]. In the interiordesign of Anatolian Turkish House, plaster and woodendecoration are used in the work of cooker cupboard

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 18. Housing example number 6, ground-first floor plan and front views.

Fig. 19. Housing example number 7, ground floor plan and front views.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982976

(yukluk) and doors [4]. In the studied houses, woodendecoration was seen especially on the ceiling of the chiefroom. The wooden carving ceiling also symbolizes thewealth of this family and their hospitality. These roomsalso constitute the men’s quarter and men guests arewelcome here. In front of the door, there is a shoe

cupboard called ‘pabuc- luk’ which is usually in thedirection of street and it is separated by a simple archin some houses. The chief room is emphasized withvarious window styles or bay windows. The houseswhich have the higher chief room with a bay windowand two fac-ades inside show the high standard of living.

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 20. Housing example number 8, ground-first floor plan, front views and chief room.

Fig. 21. Housing example number 9 (Mr. Semih House), ground-first floor plan and front views.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982 977

�

In the examples studied, two-floor houses usuallyappeared and only two one-floor house examples wereseen. This also shows the middle class, the second classand the upper second class of the society. The middle

class and upper middle class have houses with two-storey (Fig. 29). This type design depends on theconnection of tandoor house and the courtyard. Thedoor of the house opens to the courtyard. The courtyard

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 23. Housing example number 11 (Ketecioglu House), ground-first floor plan and front views.

Fig. 22. House 10 (Ceylanogulları House), ground-first floor plan, front views and chief room.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982978

absolutely is connected with the tandoor house. InErzurum, people having low income live in houses withsingle storey. These consist of the tandoor house, the

courtyard, the chief room, the stable and the cellar. Oneor two more rooms are added to them. There is a strawhouse ‘merek’ adjacent to the stable. The street fac-ade

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 24. Housing example number 12, ground floor plan, front views and chief room.

Fig. 25. Seki and its around, Hanagasıgil House.

Fig. 26. Kurun, Ceylanogulları House.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982 979

opens to a quite narrow courtyard, and the room whichis the only one looking the street is on the right or leftand it is usually the chief room. The tandoor house atthe end of the courtyard and opens to it. At the end ofthe courtyard, the stable and the straw house ‘merek’ arelocated.

� Vertical bands, but not horizontal ones, are emphasizedon fac-ades of all houses both functionally and aesthe-

tically [20]. The patterns plastered later are not takeninto consideration. These vertical bands function aslintel by attaching walls and decorating fac-ades.

� The amount of fullness is more than that of emptinesson the surfaces due to climatic conditions and limitationof material use. This feature results from the effect ofcold and dry climate, and the conditions of materialused accordingly.

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 29. Painting in water-colours, traditional Erzurum Houses (drawn-Ays-e Sagsoz).

Fig. 27. The Tandoor House: swallow ceiling and interior space, Hanagasıgil House.

Fig. 28. Ornament ceiling and interior space, Hanagasıgil House.

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982980

�

There is no exact symmetry on most of fac-ades.Symmetry is used on the ground floor or the firstfloor freely. Houses with bay have this feature incommon. � The main building materials are smoothly-cut-stonewall, rubble and wood mostly on the corners. Found a

lot in this region (on the first and second seismic belts),stone is used densely because of being volcanic-basedand light and the effects of climatic factors.

� Entrances are just from street directly. There is a secondlattice element called ‘t{rh{c- ’ to keep secrecy and keepthere coolness (Fig. 30).

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fig. 30. A sample door with Tırhıc- (Kilisliler House) and entrance courtyard (Hanagasıgil House).

I.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982 981

�

In Anatolian Turkish architecture, outer door opensto the courtyard if there is one, it opens to thehouse directly if there are not [21]. While entranceis on the right or left side of the building if it is underthe bay window, it is in the middle and opensto the courtyard of the house without a bay window[22]. � Generally rectangular windows are used and there aresquare windows. The courtyard, the lavatory, the stableand the straw house which do not need much light havesmall square (upper course) windows over them. Bigsquare windows on the ground floor mean that thishouse has been altered. Windows show the differences offac-ades of houses and this feature emphasizes the chiefroom on the fac-ade [23]. � There are console rafters on bays in terms of theconstruction. Consoles have two types: constructionlength and room length in terms of sizes; three-sided interms of directions.

5. Evaluation and comments

Historical and traditional environments are made upof inheriting architectural shapes formed by climatic,cultural and social factors from generation to generation.These forms which have been used for a long periodand unchanged are an important source of information.It is thought that the results of the analysis obtained aredata in terms of new constructions in the region. This sitehas been preserved better than the rest of the town becausethe studied historical works in this site are religiousconstructions.

Most of the house examples in the site are famous fortheir owner’s names (Figs. 13 and 24) and the conceptionof house-identity is dominant in traditional houses, feelingsuch as possession and dominance are important factors inpreserving. With a preserving need, these conceptions,which began with houses in traditional architecture, spreadto all parts of towns.

It is vital to take precautions quickly against demolitionof traditional buildings. There are other historical worksand houses in this site to study. The aim of the study is tofind out historic-traditional architectural features, get datafor new designs and transfer them to the future. Newstudies should be carried out in all towns and at least bedocumented well.

References

[1] hhttp://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/TURKHABER/90/T54.htmi.

[2] Kuban D. Evleri ve Kentleri Niye Korumali? Istanbul’dan

Goreme’ye Kultur Mirasimiz, Milliyet Gazetesi. p. 198.

[3] Ozer B, Tarih-Gelenek ve Cagdas Mimarlık. Yapi Dergisi, vol. 52,

1983.

[4] Aru KA. Turk Kenti-Turk Kent Dokularinin Incelenmesine ve

Bugunku Kosullar Ic- inde Degerlendirilmesine Iliskin Yontem Ara-

stirmasi, Yapi-Endustri Merkezi Yayinlari, Birinci Baski, Istanbul,

Nisan; 1998.

[5] Tuglaci P. Osmanlı Sehirleri, Milliyet Gazetesi Yayinlari; 1985.

[6] Usta, GK, Usta A, Tuluk OI, Anadolu Turk Mimarligi Icin Gorsel

Sozluk, Trabzon, Kasim; 2001.

[7] Levi, EA, Anadolu Evinde Yuzey, Mimari Bic- imlendirmede Yuzey

Kuram ve Uygulama Sempozyumu Kitabi, Gazi Universitesi,

Ankara. p. 197.

[9] Ozdemir IM, Konut Tasarımında Otorite, Sempozyum: Ideoloji, Erk

ve Mimarlik, Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Mimarlik Fakultesi, Izmir,

11–13 Nisan; 1996. p. 222–8.

[10] Ozdemir IM. Space organization of Turkish houses since traditional

till today. XXVI IAHS World Housing Congress, Lisboa, Portugal;

29 June–3 July 1998. p. 522–30.

[11] C- evik S. Mekan-Kimlik-Kimliklendirme Trabzon Sokakları Ornegi.

PhD thesis, KTU, Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu, Trabzon; 1991.

[12] Kuc-ukerman O. Anadolu’daki Geleneksel Turk Evinde Mekan

Organizasyonu Acısından Odalar, TURING yayinlari, Istanbul;

1973. p. 14.

[13] Kuc-ukerman O. Kendi Mekanının Arayısında Turk Evi, Istanbul;

1988.

[14] Eldem SH. Turk Evi Osmanlı Donemi, Cilt 1, Turkiye Anit Cevre

Turizm Degerlerini Koruma Vakfi; 1984.

[15] Arel A. Osmanlı Konut Geleneginde Tarihsel Sorunlar, Ege

Universitesi, Guzel Sanatlar Fakultesi Yayınlari, vol. 11, Izmir;

1982.

[16] Turgut H. Kultur-Davranis-Mekan Etkilesiminin Saptanmasinda

Kullanilabilecek Bir Yontem, PhD thesis, Istanbul Teknik Universi-

tesi, Mimarlık Fakultesi, Istanbul; 1990.

ARTICLE IN PRESSI.M. Ozdemir et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 963–982982

[17] Kuban D. Turk-Islam Sanati Uzerine Denemeler, Istanbul; 1975. p. 229.

[18] Karpuz H. Turk Islam Mesken Mimarisinde Erzurum Evleri, Kultur

Bakanligi Yayinlari, II. Baski, Ankara; 1993. p. 28.

[19] Tuncer OC. Mimaride Turk Milli Uslubu Ilkeleri, M.T.U.S.,

Istanbul; 1984. p. 66.

[20] Karadayi A, Sagsoz AV. Kent Kimliginde Degisim Ve Gelisimin

Etkisi ve Ortaya Cıkan Yeni Kimlik Arayısı-Erzurum Ornegi, Yapi

ve Yasam’96 Fuar ve Kongresi, Nisan 1996, Bursa, Bildiriler Kitabı,

vol. I, 1996. p. 153–67.

[21] Deniz B. Manisa Yoresi Koy Ev Mimarisi, A.S.T.D.S. VI, Izmir;

1992. p. 17.

[22] Sagsoz A, Tuluk OI, Ozgen S. Influences of different ages and

cultures on each other from architectural point of view: examination

of historical buildings in Trabzon/Turkiye. Building and Environ-

ment 2006;41(1):45–59.

[23] Ozgen S, Erzurum Kenti Uc- Kumbetler ve Yakın Cevresinde

Geleneksel Konutlar-Sokaklar Uzerine Bir Arastirma. Master thesis,

KTU, Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu, Trabzon; 2001.